CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE %/"==^^%#- > SN- Cornell University Library F 627M9 H67 History of Muscatine county. Iowa /.cont olin 3 1924 028 914 285 DATE DUE of?' '"^^ s/ Loaf GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028914285 THE HI STORY MUSCATINE COUNTY, T o ^/s^ ^, CONTAINING ]|t$iur^ uf 1^0 i0Utti^^ ii$ itfes^ ¥utun$^ icx. Biogpaphieal Sketelies of Citizens, War Record of its VoJunteeps in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map of Muscatine County, Constitution of the United States, Miscellaneous Matters, &c., &c. iXjXjTJSTiaj^ariEiiD. CHICAGO : WESTEEN HISTOEIOAL COMPANY, 1S79. PREFACE. IT has been the purpose of the Publishers to condense, into the convenient form of a single volume, the scattered fragments of local history, and to give, for the sake of reference, an abstract of the many records of the county. In addition to such topics of value, there is herein given a very satisfactory paper on the geologic formations and history of the region, from the pen of Prof. F. M. Witter, whose research in and acquaintance with the locality, as well as with the abstract science, have peculiarly qualified him for such a task. The entomology of the county is also treated in a practical manner by Miss Alice B. Walton, who has made that branch of science a special study. The meteorological record, compiled by Mk. J. P. Walton, is a notable feature of the work. The Indian history is prepared from many sources, and contains several original conclusions, based upon accurate information. Of the history proper, it can be said that careful and painstaking efforts have been put forth to please the present and to benefit future generations of readers. The com- pilers desire to express their sense of obligation to the Press, the Pulpit, and the Pioneers, for their cordial co-operation ; and, also, to venture the hope- that the product of their labors may not prove unacceptable. It would be impos- sible to name individuals who have aided in the preparation of this volume, and we can, therefore, oifer but a general acknowledgment of the courtesy extended. That the History of Muscatine County, as here presented, may be satisfactory to all — a sentiment, we confess, that is a bold one, in view of the freedom and diversity of public opinion — is the sincere prayer of May, 1879. THE PUBLISHERS. CUI.VER, PaOI'., HoVNE' & Co., PnlNTKRS, OmCAQO. CONTENTS HISTORT NORTHWEST AKD STATE OF IOWA. Page. History Northwest Territory 19 Geographical Position 19 Early Explorations 20 Discovery of the Ohio 33 English Explorations and Set- tlements 35 American Settlements 60 Division of the Northwest Ter- ritory 66 Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 Black Hawk and the Black Hawk War 74 Other Indian Troubles 79 Present Condition of the North- west 86 OhicaKO 95" Illinois 267 Indiana 259 Iowa ..: 260 Michigan 263 Wisconsin 264 Minnesota y 266 Nebraska 267 History of Iowa : Geographical Situation 109 Topography 109 Drainage System 110 Page. History oi Iowa : Rivers m Lakes 118 Springs 119 Prairies 120 Geology 120 Climatology 137 j Discovery and Occupation 139 ■ Territory 147 , Indians 147 ' Pike's Expedition 151 , 'Indian Wars 152 , Black Hawk War 157 I Indian Purchase, Kesei-ves and • Treaties 159 ! Spanish Grants 163 I Half-Breed Tract.., '. 164 ! Early Settlements 166 ! Territorial History 173 ' Boundary Question 177 ! State Organization 181 Growth and Progress 185 Agricultural College and Farm.186 State University 187 State Historical Society 193 Penitentiaries 194 Paoe History of Iowa: Insane Hospitals 195 College for the Blind i 197 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 State Normal School 201 Asylum for Feeble Minded Children 201 Keform School 202 Fish Hatching Establishment..203 Public Lands 204 Public Schools 218 Political Record 223 War Record 229 Infantry 233 Cavalry 244 Artillery .\ 247 Miscellaneous 248 Promotions from Iowa Reg- iments 249 Number Casualties— OfBcers.250 Number Casualties — Enlist- ed Men 262 Number Volunteers 254 Population 255 Agricultural Statistics 320 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. Page. Adoption of Children 303 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes 293 Connmercial Terms 305 Capital Punishment 298 Charitable, Scientific and Religious Associations 316 Descent 293 Damages from Trespass 300 Exemptions from Execution 298 Estrays 299 Forms: Articles of Agreement 307 Bills of Sale 308 Bond for Deed 315 Bills of Purchase 306 Page. Forms : Chattel Mortgage 314 Confession of Judgment 306 Lease 312 Mortgages 310 Notice to Quit 309 Notes 306,313 Orders 306 Quit Claim Deed 315 Receipts 306 Wills and Codicils 309 Warranty Deed 314 Fences 300 Interest 293 Intoxicating Liquors 317 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 Page. Jurors 297 Limitation of Actions 297 Lan^dlord and Tenant 304 Married Women 298 Marks and Brands 300 Mechanics' Liens. .- 301 Koads and Bridges 302 Surveyors and Surveys 303 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 319 Support of Poor 303 Taxes 295 Wills and Estates 293 Weights and Measures 305 Wolf Scalps 300 ^ Page. Mouth of the Mississippi 21 Source of the Mississippi 21 Wild Prairie 23 La Salle Landing on the Shore of Green Bay 25 Buffalo Hunt 27 Trapping 29 Hunting 32 Iroquois Chief ^. 34 Pontiac,the Ottawa Chieftain 43 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 56 A Prairie Storm 59 Page. Map of Muscatine County Front. Constitution of United States 269 Vote for President, Governor and Congressmen 283 Practical Rules for Every- Day Use..2S4 United States Government Land Measure 287 Ilil^rSTRATIONS. Page. A Pioneer Dwelling 61 Breaking Prairie 63 Tecumseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 Indians Attacking a Stockade 72 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 Big Eagle 80 Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 Kinzie House 85 "A Representative Pioneer 86 Lincoln Monument 87 A Pioneer School House 88 iVIIS€£lil.ANf:OUi$. Page. Surveyor's Measure 288 How to Keep Accounts 288 Interest Table 289 Miscellaneous Ta'de 289 Names of the States of the Union and their Significations 290 Population of the United States 291 Page. Pioneers' First Winter 94 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. B. R., Crossing the Mississippi at Davenport, Iowa..; , 9] Chicago in 1833 95 Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, Chicago, 1833 98 Ruins of Chicago 104 View of the City of Chicago 106 Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 Pa&e Population of Fifty Principal Cities of the United States 291 Population and Area of the United States 292 Population of the Principal Coun- tries in the World 202 CONTENTS. BCXSTORY OF MUSCATIWE COUMTT. Pagb. Geographic and Geologic Feature8..323 Drainage and Surface Charac- teristicB 323 Geological 325 Land and Fresh Water Mol- lusks .'. 332 Prehistoric Kemains 333 Entomology 334 Meteorological 338 Indian Occupancy 346 Keokuk 349 Black Hawk 362 Poweshiek and Other Notables,373 A Scene on the Border 377 Sacs and Foxes 380 Maj. Beach's Indian Papers 382 AdTancing Civilization 385 Arrival of the Whito Man 393 Settlement of the County 395 Introductory 395 Who Was the First Settler 398 The First Post Office 402 Early Mills 402 First Sun-ey 403 How "Claims" were made. ..403 How Pioneers Lived 405 Incident of 1839., , 411 Organization of Old Des Moines. ..41 2 Wisconsin Territory Formed ...413 Belmont Legislature .T413 Wisconsin Judiciary 413 Temporary Seat of Govern- ment 414 First Road west of the River...414 Subdivision of Old Des Moines, 415 Revidon of the Organizing Act 416 The Oldest Records 417 Commissioners' Records 418 First Jail 420 School District No. 1 420 High Rate of Interest 420 Court House 420 County Judge System 421 Supervisor System 422 District Court 425 Page. First Grand Jury 425 First Ferry 426 First Petit Jury 426 Circuit Court 427 Probate Court 427 Marriage Records 428 Recorder's Records 429 Legislative Representation 429 Constitutional Coventiona 429 County Oificers 430 Population 431 Statistical Items 432 Old Settlers' Association 432 The Nye Tragedy 438 Some Pioneers 439 The Missouri War 442 The Name "Muscatine" 453 The Name "Hawkeye" 453 War History 454 Soldiers' Monument 456 Roster .461 Newspapers 493 Muscatine Journal 493 Muscatine Tribune 495 Other Papers 496 Wilton Press 496 West Liberty Enterprise 498 Educational 498 County Superintendents 500 Post Offices 500 Muscatine 501 Bloomington 501 First Frame Building 501 The First Three Years ^03 Anecdotes of Indians 504 Bloomington & Cedar River Canal Co 506 Second Survey 507 Improvement of the Slough. ..507 Incorporation 507 Muscatine in 1855 509 Town Records 510 City Official Roster 511 Public Buildings 515 Police Department 615 Police Court 515 Paob. Fire Department 515 Water Works 517 Post Office 521 Railroad Interests 522 River Navigation 523 Ferry 523 Religious 523 Schools 535 Academy of Science 541 Conchological Club 545 Secret Associations and Be- nevolent Societies 545 Miscellaneous Organizations. ..549 Banks and Corporations 550 Horse Stock 553 Star Ci-eamery 554 Business Interests 554 West Liberty 555 Schools 557 Churches 558 Lodges 559 Incorporations 560 Facts and Anecdotes 561 Wilton 570 First Settlers 570 Disastrous Fire 573 City Officers 574 Schoolhouse 574 Churches 575 Lodges and Bands 578 Corporations 579 Nichols 580 School 581 Churches 581 Lodge 582 Incidents 582 Moscow 583 Stockton 584 Conesville 585 Atalissa 586 Port Allen 588 Adams 588 Fairport 588 History of Muscatine County Horses '. 589 BIO»RAPHI€AI. SKETCHES. Paoe. Bloomington Township 625 Cedar Township 660 Fulton Township 663 Goshen Township 682 Lake Township 645 Page. Montpelier Township „ 656 Muscatine City 593 Moscow Township 665 Orono Township 640 Pike Township 649 Page. Sweetland Township 633 Seventy-six Township 653 Wilton Township 668 Wapsinonoc Township 689 I.ITHOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS, Page. 1 Carskaddan, J 321 Hanna.Thos 389 | Pagr. I Richmann, D. 355 Stein, S. G.. Bobbins, A. B .423 Page. 491 T.78I T77N T76; J. O TJ J ir» ^3L CO, R.iyr. SCOTT CO. R.l E. The Northwest Territory. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi River; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the " New Northwest," in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern Territory. " In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of the entire population of the United States. Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent on the globe. For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- west has been about as three to one in any other portion of the United States. (19) 20 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. EARLY EXPLORATIONS. In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New- World. He, however, penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer took advantage of these discoveries. In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent result; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at Point St. Igiiatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied —as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a THE KORTHWEST TEERITOBY. 21 B O M H O 1^ ^'•. -V u, » 1 # 1 1. '. K O O 22 THE NORTHWEST TBEKITO^Y. request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- dition, prepared for the undertaking. On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the j^ear previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, returned. The explorers launched their canoes upon the Wisconsin, which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were now upon the bosom of thB Father of Waters. The mystery was about to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. 23 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. THE WILD PKAIEIE. On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 24 THE NOBTHWEST TEREITOBY. up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, " did we see such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and reported their discovery— one of the most important of the age, but of which no record was preserved save Marquette's, JoUet losing his by the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward Marquette returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was passing the mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefuUj'- passed away while at prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been called Marquette. While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see the narrative elsewhere), he established himself again among the French trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind of LaSalle received from his aud his companions' stories the idea that by fol- lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to Frontenac, Governor General of Canada, and laid before him the plan, dim bat gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf of Mexico would bind the country so wonderfully together, qive un- measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the Kinw, -w^ho warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also reneivoil from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Ghsv- THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. •25 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded a fort, and passed on to Green Bay, the " Bale des Puans" of the French, where he found a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin Avith these, and placing her under the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors, <«&Si LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf, because of the tribes of Indians ca,lled by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The French pronounced it Kiakiki, which became corrupted to Kankakee. "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 26 THE NORTHWEST TEEBITORY. no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-wi, that is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. He called this fort " Creveeoeur'' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and was successfully made, though over an almost u iknown route, and in a bad season of the year. He safely reached Canaia, and set out again for the object of his search. Hennepin and his party left Fort CreveccEur on the last of February, 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- age they found several beautiful lakes, and "saw some charming prairies." Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony THE NORTHWEST T.ERKITOEY, 2T in hoHor of his patron saint. Here they took the land, and traveling aearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen,, BUFFALO HUNT. headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 28 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in hia vain endeavor to find gold and precioas gems. In the following Spring, De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess this entire country for his king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of -explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, reached the banks of the Mississippi. On the 13th they commenced their downward course, which they pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : '" We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three leagues (nine miles) f"om' its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place bej'ond the re^^h of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuvieme Avril, i632. The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Deum, and then, after a salute and cries of " Vive le Roi," the column was erected by M. de La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the i\lis- sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two succeeding voyages failed to find the outlet of the river by sailing along the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, throuo-h the THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 29 treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not accomplished until 1699, when D'lberville, under the authority of the crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives " Malbouchia," and by the Spaniards, " Za Palissade," from the great ./^ #/ } >^^ ^: ^r-S- -Ti (pyi 'iP^. %^^»?1M*^SP?V^'^^ TRAPPING. number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its western outlet, and returned to France. An avenue of trade was now opened out which was fully improved. In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it was purchased \>j 30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeat and death, he had networked and suffered in vain. He ^ had thrown open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country; had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." The French early improved the opening made for them. Before the year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois^ and founded, Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de I'lmmaculate Conception de la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, (pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer cloud moving sioiftly) was estab- lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain were laid by De la Motte Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty yeare the French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated * There Is considerable dispute about tl\is date, some assorting It was foiindocl as late as lT4-» "Whoik the new court house at Vincennes was eroctcd, all autliorltlos on the subject wore carefully exaniMied and J702 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the coitrt house ' THE NOKTHWEST TBEEITORY. 81 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company- did little for Louisiana, as the entire "West was then called, yet it opened the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1750, but little is known of the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all told. Most of the French till the soil ; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and horses, and live like prince^. Three times as much is produced as can be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 32 THE KORTHWEST TBEBITOEY. work them as they deserve." Father Ma,rest, writing from the post at Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. There is also in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large pieces are found in the streams." HUNTING. At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Michio-an, at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or lAIassillimacanac! Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of LaSalle were now fully realized. The Freucli alone were possessors of this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive countvv THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. 33 and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for securing the great profits arising therefrom. The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident soon occurred which decided him to fit- out an exploring expedition. While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continent to the commerce of China and Japan. He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant, Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition, and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money, the offer W9.s accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the necessary supplies for the outfit. On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After waiting a month in the liope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 84 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving lEOyUOlS CHUOF. among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of tlie arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an explorer in the West Hft THE NORTHWEST TBREITOEY. 35 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made Mm their patron saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohib Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec replied: "We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 36 THE NOETHWBST TEKEITORT. conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 1710, Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, had commenced movements to secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, by that power save to take some diplomsitic steps to secure the claims of Britain to this unexplored wilderness. England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1684, Lord H oward. Gov- ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colonj' of Virginia," for which the Indians received ^£200 in gold and a like sum in goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more paj- was called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant of land beyond the Alleghenies. This was'granted, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in tlie West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French THE NORTHWEST TEKEITORY. 37 settliug upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain possession of the whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- reuil, Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading- posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which were inscribed the claims of France. These were heard of in 1752, and within the memory of residents now living along the " Oyo," as the beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and a copy of the inscription with particular account of the discovery of the plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, and in November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- ino- the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were busy in preparing their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the king's ministers refers to it as " Pickawillanes, in the center of the terri- tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones Pickaweke." * The following Is a translation of the inscription on the plate; "In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV„ Kin" of France we Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisonlere, com- maiRler-in-chie'f of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin. this twenty- ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its tributaries; inasmuch as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms ana treaties; especially by those of Kyswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Ohapelle." S8 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY, This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and occurred near the present City of Piqua, Ohio, or at least at a point about forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomaxand Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when we wanted help, forsook us." At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by title the lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warnino- them away ; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain o'f forts already begun, and would not abandon the field. Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- THE NOETHWEST TEEKITORY. 39 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the lunk of major, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing of importance here, he pursued his' way amid great privations, and on the 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, and gathered their forces to be in readiness. The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 40 THE NOETHWEST TEKEITOEY. working away in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the fork of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. " The iirst birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep with cannon and stores. « * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men and tools, marched up the Monongahela." The French and Indian war had begun. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the French were determined to hold the country watered by the ^Mississippi and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from New- foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the morning of July 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under A.bercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes^ against Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt. The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux waS to capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, Beletrc; refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 42 THE NORTHWEST TBREITORY. French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while on their journey home. Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon John's Town" on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris ratified February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly THE NOKTHWEST TEKEITOEY. 13 PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander of the Cliippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unite in this enterprise. The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176^. Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned pale and trembled. He saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular commissariat department, issued bills of credit writte\i out on bark, which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went further south, living many years among the Illinois. He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon a,fterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly nave been carried out. It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies said • *' Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 46 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States. In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract of lich alluvial soil in Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. Louis. By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; but they do not appear to have besn taken possession of until 1765, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, ■dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 46 THE NORTHWEST TEBBITORY. ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life. As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only iorty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain. The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow." In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- tiemeuts and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 strenuously objected', giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present States' of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence. In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio. During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " United Illinois arid Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 48 THE NORTHWEST TBEBITOBY. strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all signally failed. When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time "Kaskaskia' contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes." From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. Fi'om it the following extract is made : "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five miles further up the river." St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here relate. It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had four gates — east, west, north and south. Over the first thi-ee of these THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 49 gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width. At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who per- formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house near the water side for the purpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present " new " town was laid out. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 60 THE NORTHWEST TEBKITOBY. and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British intended to penetrate the country from the north and soucn, ana annihi- late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, hut there was no one until Clark came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the countr}-. With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosincr rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 61 ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. With tliree companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. "With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently working upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlocked for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 52 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOBY. the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Virginia. In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature. In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of tha fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of Avar, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison. Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. 53 and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on the 29th of Januarj^ 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, he sent down the Mississippi a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof the title " Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known. Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British. " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- pendence, arrned forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier. Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sue for peace. 54 THE KOKTHWEST TEKBITOKT. During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was ei-ected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations. The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of tlie inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable manner, they fled the country in great haste. About this time arose the question in the Colonial Cono-ress con- cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. 55 and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it iintil Sep- tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the territory. Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States. Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years' a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest. During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, manv of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 56 THE NOETH'WEST TBBBITOEY. frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly m the Ohio valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- INDIANS ATTACIiING rEONTlEliSMEN. tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American, banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19tli of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 67 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 3d of the next September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on tJiat line east to the head of the Appalachicola River ; down its center to its junc- tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty. To remedy this latter evil, Congress appointed commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the set- tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, Indiana. While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in appearance. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 68 THE NORTHWEST TEERITOEY. delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were recorded until 1787. The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of affairs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio Avas sold to a company, who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete Avithoiit the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790. THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 59 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states A PEAIEIE STOEM. by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, lUenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- potamia and Pelisipia. There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of names,— the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles ■60 THE NOKTHWBST TEBKITORY. square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- giaia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787 " was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, and to it the reader is referred. The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed b)-- an application to the Government by John Cleves Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land ' between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October, had ordered seven hundred' troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New Eno-land Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressiuo- on over the Alleghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 61 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them. Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'" A PIONEEK DWELLING. On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood was called '■'■ Campus Martins ;" square number 19, '■'■ Capitolium f' square number 61, " Cecilia ;" and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 62 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies. The emigration westward at this time was very great. The com- mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them. On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals " : — " Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the mouth ; L. of Licking." Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (now Mays- ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first Was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearincr had THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789. On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but ^i^B&s r''.- BEBAKING PEAIEIE. was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians ; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States. Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 64 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a *ude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments of the Northwestern Territory. Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- ulations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the jNIississippi was secured. No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, wliich was this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated bv the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing tlie authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. 65 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that part of the Northwest. The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President of the , Council. The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair. The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 66 THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITOKY. DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that : "In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which oflFenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements ia such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * fo minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territor3^" After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides: " That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law THE NOKTHWEST TEBEITOBY. 67 was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirty-five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana. In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana. Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties "with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati. Before the close of the year, Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit. C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. « * * A stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." During this year. Congress granted a township of land for the sup- port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison. On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workino-s of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, and his connection with this conflict. THE NOBTHWEST TEEBITOKY, 6y TECUMSEH, THE 8HAWAN0E CHIEFTAIlSr. 70 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOBY. TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation. He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's plan was similar to Pontiae's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- paring for the work. In that year, Gen. Hi),rrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River. Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabash, where he built Port Harrison. From this place he went to the prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him' he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow-' ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- tonly murder the captive. In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the "Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 72 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest. >ifrUUi' ^STsu'if-^ INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal. In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 73 In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed. In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated. While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812', it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed iti the great earthquake which occurred while on its downward trip. The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world. On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, aad on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), vras laid out January 1, 1825. 74 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Oq the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of 1300,000. At this period all banks were under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points. Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea. Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- perity. BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States. Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he Went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one THE NOETHWBST TEREITOEY. 75 BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 76 THE NORTHWEST TBEEITORT. of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City ■of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers. The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre ' '' a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British „c . ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated. In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recoo'- nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of signing this treaty in 1816,' until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 77 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and Avas induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented. Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock. River, nearly three miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were £nally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated. This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. Before this action. Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the NoTB.— The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of Jo Daviess County. 111., we had occasion to go to the bottom of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 78 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEy. Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. On the 21st of September, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed b}' thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- mained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 79 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him by Henrj'^ Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." No sooner was the Clack Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union. The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 1830 was made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division. OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after, Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured his release by the following order : 80 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. BIG EAGLE. THE NORTHWEST TEREITORY. 81 " Special Order, No. 430. " War Department, " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, lowa^ will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- ment and set at liberty. " By order of the President of the United States. " Official : " E. D. Townsend, Ass't Adft Gen. " Capt. James Vandbrventek, ConCy Sub. Vols. " Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border lands between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe. Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission, who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 82 THE NOKTHWBST TEEKITORY. difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby, Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California ; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was not until the following May 'that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the THE NOKTH\V.EST TBREITOEY. 83 CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOO CHIEFTAIN. rf4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past. The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will pres^ent our readers with an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the source of the Mississippi River, each of which- may well find a place in the annals of the Northwest. Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of procuring water in the event of a siege. Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago^ River, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fift^'-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- ment to the British. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 85 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops. One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " " What? Where ? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. KIITZIB HOUSa. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms. Chicago wag then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to - Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 86 THE NOETHWEST TEERITOKT. PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- za.tion. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow e.l^'K-- / A EEPEESENTATIVB PIONEER. of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the Black Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the former city to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the THE NOBTHWEST TERRITORY. 87 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPEINGFIBLD, ILLINOIS. them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us, 88 THE NORTHWEST TEBEITOKY. from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting o B O O a Q « o !'H>l%,i|i,''i|»ii|i|iri the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the Western States. The struggle, on the whole, had a marked effect for the better on the new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one ; and, with the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor bv four THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates; but experienced navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard the enormous crops of the "West. Within the past five years it has become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi and Missouri. As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated' the principles which should govern the country. In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 90 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the cattle raising districts of the southwest. Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, and we must look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the "West and transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadUy grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest in the matter is on the increase. To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, fearing the prostration of business mightbring about an anarchical condition of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of leo-islation and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 91 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids, fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly K O H ; indistinctly defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 115 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for dams insecure. Missouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now tillable. The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a different character from those of the western system. They are larger, longer and have their val- leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the streams of the western system. Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified by the presence of ledges and low cliffs of the subcarboniferous limestone and gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas ■ ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- carboniferous rocks pass beneath the liver again, bringing down the coal-measure strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the proces& of the formation of the valley. The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa coal fields. Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the eastern system. Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa County. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope away in the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- ble mill sites. Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the trend occupied by that formation. The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its branches afford abundant and reliable mill sites. Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill sites are unusually secure. Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. Upper Iowa River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and< flows across the out- crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone, the lower magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufHcient for the location of small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The town I 118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the bluffs is occupied by the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the southeastern corner of the State. Considered in their relation to the present general surface of the state, the relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, if no others, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be doubted. LAKES. The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. The others may be properly termed fluvatile or alluvial lakes, because they have had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the Dcs Moines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. • 119 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in Bunea Vista County. Spirit Lake.— The width and length of this lake are about equal ; and it contains about twelve square miles of surface, its northern border resting directly on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. Okohoji ia/te.— This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same distance westward, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of water fowl. Olear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area of between four and five square miles. The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- cept Okoboji. Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are supposed to be the work of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to century, forming the embankments which have caused so much wonder. SPRINGS. Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, ov.'ing 120' HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata of the age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the valley of that stream. No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with soluble mineral substances. OKIGIN OP THE PRAIRIES. It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from the annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is tillable land. GEOLOGY. The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not only possess difierent physical characters, but also difier in the mode of their origin. These are drift, blufi" and alluvial, and belong respectively to the deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the surface of the State than both the others. The bluiF has the next greatest area of surface, and the alluvial least. All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the incomtant elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlvinc strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- tion furnishing the sand. In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 121 cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stifif and clayey. This preponder- ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate with the limestones of that region. The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the highest floods, and is very productive. The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in their order : SYSTEMS. AQE3. Cretaceous Carboniferous.. Devonian Upper Silurian Lower Silurian, Azoic GROaPS. PERIODS. Post Tertiary Lower Cretaceous. - Coal Measures. - Subcarboniferous. - Hamilton Niagara ' Cincinnati . Trenton. ■< Primordial. Huronian FORMATIONS. EPOCHS. Drift Inoceramous bed Woodbury Sandstone and Shales., Nishnabotany Sandstone Upper Coal Measures Middle Coal Measures Lower Coal Measures St. Louis Limestone Keokuk Limestone Burlington Limestone Kinderhook beds Hamilton Limestone and Shales Niagara Limestone Maquoketa Shales Galena Limestone Trenton Limestone St. Peter's Sandstone Lower Magnesian Limestone Potsdam Sandstone Sioux Quartzite THICKNESS. IN FEET. 10 to 200 50 130 100 200 200 200 75 90 196 175 200 350 80 250 200 80 250 300 60 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a color varying, in different localities, from a light to deep red. The process of metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole foi'mation that the rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. PRIMOKDIAL GROUP. Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the bluffs and steep valley sjdes which border the river there. It may be seen underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. Lower Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for building purposes. The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, near McGregor. St. Peter's Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, imirediately beneath the drift. TRENTON QROUP. Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Allar makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for economic purposes, yet there are in some places compact and evenly bedded layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to science and peculiar to Iowa. The Galena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 123' though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found. This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. CINCINNATI GROUP. Maquoketa Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic value is very slight. • Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found, in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group. UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. NIAGAKA GHOUP. Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles- wide. This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and. Farley are all opened in this formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. HAMILTON GROUP. ' Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- eaatw«*d. Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite ■ajarthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a J 24 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other material requiring strength and durability. All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- chiopod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near Iowa City, and is known as "Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye maAle." CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first tvro are found in Iowa. SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk. County, thence to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. The Kinderhook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, where they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along Engli.sh River, in Wash- ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for baildinc pur- poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into ornamental and useful objects. In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere and frost, it crumbles to pieces. The remains of fishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation that can be referred to the sub-kingdom verteerata ; and so far as yet recog- nized, they all belong to the order selachians. Of ARTICULATES, Only two spocics havo been recognized, both of which belong to the genus philUpsia. The sub-kingdom mollusca is largely represented. The EADIATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so in fact as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- vailing classes are : lamellihranchiates, in the more arenaceous portions ; and brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this formation. The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- sions are eminently crinoidal. The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. The great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all parts of the world. The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of ■fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On BufiSngton Creek, in Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus phillipsia. Fossil shells are very common. The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- derms — are found in most extraordinary profusion. 126 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, Van Buren, Renry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation, nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a length of twenty-five or thirty feet. Of the articulates, only two species of the genus ■phillipsia have been found in this formation. Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found, but crinoids are most abundant. Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten*; is very great. It is first seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefi"erson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone River, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- ceous and calcareous. The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus pMlUpsia, and two ostracoid, genera, cythre and heyricia. The mollusks distinguish this formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the two preceding it. The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of Iowa. Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North America. It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred miles. At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. THE COAL-MEASUBB GROUP. The cpal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- ness of about two' hundred feet. A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State : Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner of Jefierson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County; and thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. Lower Goal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the river. No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, is not well supplied with stone. But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of marine origin. Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class acrogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. Middle Coal Pleasures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, Wan'en, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which ofier many con- trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have been discovered. Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds. Some of the shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are represented by corals. The raollusks are most numerously repre- sented. Trilohitcs and ostracokh are the only remains known of articulates. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 12& Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and ganoids. Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by the middle coal measures. The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, gasteropoda, lamelli, hranohiata, hrachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely composed of their small fusiform shells. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice produced their entire removal over considerable areas. It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following will ■ approximate the outlines of the area: From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ; 130 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. thence to Sergeant's bluffs; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of beginning. All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. Nishnabotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- mous leaves. Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City. This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. PEAT. Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- mated, contain the following areas : Counties. Acres. Cerro Gordo 1,600 Worth 2,C00 Winnebago 2,000 Hancock 1,500 Wright 500 Kossuth 700 Dickinson 80 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel. GYPSUM. The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in the form of ordinary rock cliif and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- lying drift. There can be no doubt that the different parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet. The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- scape. As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort Dodge. The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable deposit does not occur in "heaps" or "nests," as it does in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufiicient in amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty feet thick. Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch; and it has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand instead of the drift clays, it would have no. doubt long since disappeared by being dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it from the sur- face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. Emery's report. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 133 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. Age of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is that it is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable value. As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the palseozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, perhaps older than the Cretaceous. Lithological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sulphur have been found in connection with it; nor has any salt been found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole reo-ion, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal lamina3 of alter- nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its character. Frc"^ these facts, and also from the further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; itrt stratification and impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the same waters. Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- tion with those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- ysis by Prof Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- cally made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested- by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any in the country, even for the finest uses. In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other source. For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that it i3 protected from the dissolving action of water, which HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 135 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- ing stone. MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIMB. Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- ing the coal-measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it is evidently ,the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 136 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in similar small quantities and under similar con- ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which hid a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- rent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anhydrite) has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. (Ce'.es'ine.) The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- tioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crystaline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer; those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of tlie perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with those of the shales which imbed it. The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical fact. SULPHATE OP BARYTA. [Barytis, Heavy Spar.) This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small crystalline masses. SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. {Epsomite.) Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate - of lime, being in very small quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epsomite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. CLIMATOLOGY. No extended record of the climatology of Iowa haa been made, yet much of great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- able to health. The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and December. The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each case being two full months. The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her Autumn, and nothing can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the south to British America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupatioa of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish possessions in America. Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no effort to occupy it ; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi Valley was re-discovered and occupied by Frnnce. The unparalleled labors of the zealous Fr< ncS Jesuits of Canada in penetrating theunknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had arrived at the great village of the Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of which they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, and AUouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. The purpose of discovering the great river about which the Indian na- tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St. Mary's. When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far and near ; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of Chicago. In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French Government. Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the vemn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West. The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by white men. The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley were cruel and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could swallow both canoes and men. But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- ing, on the ISth day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- -ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery proceeded until tlicy reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the town, ornamented with wliite skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which these good people had oft'rrtd to tlie Grciit Manitou, or God, to thank Him for HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them abundant chase." This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the Tvest bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines (Monk's River), its present name. Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery of Iowa more properly belong to the history of another State. In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in the flame of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense region watered by the great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he called " Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, "Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, Reigning April 9th, 1682." At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of "Waters on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day tO' be inherited." By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained Louisiana; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. Crozat met w^ith no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor on the Gulf was closed against his vessels ; the occupation of Louisiana was deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- bition of France. Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat "sought to develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only prospei'ity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter bjtwe:n themselves and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in August, 1717." Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France was deeply involved in debt; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a legal existence of twenty-five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company with 'the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of Finance. Among the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at.Dauphine Island in 1718. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in 1720. The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both private and public credit were overthrown, capi- talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin River, and driven west in 1746. The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- ville returned to assume command for the King. A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River was comparatively unknown. In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six hundred " converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. ments toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley. The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this- purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the French. In 17C3, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on -the head waters of the Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, hut would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the English settlements." On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort Necessity. Here, on the od day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4tli, Washington accepted terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of the Ohio. This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of France, and war was formally declared in May, 175G, and the " French and Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 17<).3, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by therespective governments, on the 3dof November, 1 762 — France relinquished to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145, whole country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the Rocky- Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly a century, was ended. At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States,- the English Government ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the Mississippi River and north of the thirty- first parallel of north latitude. At the same time. Great Britain ceded to Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the southern limits of the United States. At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- dary of the United States. The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately aifected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. Spanish emissaries, aniong the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges, provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence T-46 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi. By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the United States should be permitted, for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing treaties." In the same month. President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- ing a plan which expressly left to France " all her territory on the west side of the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- ous Union of States west of the " Father of Waters." In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to " think of it." A few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, approved October 31, 1808, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the 20th day of December following, on behalf of the Presi- dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. AVilkinson took possession of the Louisiana HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- drew her opposition early in 1804. By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. If the original design of Jefierson's administration had been accomplished, the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To Napoleon's, desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana purchase. By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the authority of the ofiicers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present- State of Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas Territory. On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri- tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the TERRITORY OF IOWA was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west of the Mis- sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of THE INDIANS OP IOWA. According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that cannot be omitted. For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been pade or attempted ; not even a trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- puted possession of the native tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State so aptly styled ''The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the Northern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- sion of the country for many years. When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called such— and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island; another was on the east bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third w;is at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fotN'th was near the mouth of tlie Upper Iowa. The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River ; another about twelve HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River. The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : " Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in lecgth, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The main area of this bottom rises perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near the river bank, was s'.tuated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that lime, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the foe. " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the vUlage, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. " At the foot of themoundabovementioned, the lowas had their race course, where they diverted themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which meansa skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. " Paish-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timber along the river bank, and with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous assault on the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabitants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as suoa as the fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po leaped from their couchant position in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their r.icrng sports. The firjt impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their wives and ch llren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the pl.Tce of attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and the survivors only readied their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole village was in fliimes, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring clem°nt, and tho agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with the exuUing shouts of the victorious foe, filled their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives ani children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and together with their arms were in the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moine? River, which tliey effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek Hills." The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took possession 150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, vfhere the beautiful and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluifs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation. North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike • nation, who often disputed possession with their rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the " neutral ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to dis- cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One of the Musquakas was shot in tlie breast by a squaw as they were rushing into the Sioux's camp. lie started to run away, when the same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. pike's expedition. Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of militai-y posts and trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations. on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors. At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated, Pike held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as. follows : "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco. Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the river, in latitude about 41° , 21' north. The channel of the river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river, a short distance below the mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he waited sometime for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men would soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque. At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer obtained but little information from him. After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river, but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- tory of another State. It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence ; up that river on both sides, along the great lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. INDIAN WARS. The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. As previously shown, at the time when the United States assumed the con- trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to submit without a struggle to- what they considered the encroachments of the pale fixces. Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his tribe, was Black Hawk, who was born at tlio Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the eliicf of liis own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, havin;^ led campaigns against the Osages, and other neio-hborin^ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- inent in affairs on the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement that " it does not appear that he -was ever a great general, or possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused probably more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says : "I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or -braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- ing sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he Avas very much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to Rock Island : " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us well." The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- terview with the commander ; after which they returned home apparently satis- fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was build- ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound themselves " that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, who became very indig- nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing arrows ; but finding their elforts unavailing, ihey soon gave up and returned to Rock River. When war was declared between the United States and Great Britain, m 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with the British, partly because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that they wei*e "forced into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circum- stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished them, iu tlio event of a war taking place with Enirland, not to interfere on either side, but to remain neutral, lie did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that British traders would not be permitted to coiiie on the Mississippi to furnish us with good'!, but that we should bo supplied with an American trader. Our HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; that we should go there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had done." Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexora.ble ; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. ''Few of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- doned the service and came home. With all his skill and courage, Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the Peace party." Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and having all the old men and women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the village ; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk. Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He was of a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience. Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that oco:ision, would have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance w;is over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which lie admitted the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their bra\'e9, slain in battle, called loudlv for vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, " and it is my duty to lead you to" bat- tle, if, after fully considei-ing the matter, you are determined to go. But before HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 YOU decide on taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. "But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi." This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- don the rash undertaking. But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- redations. When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former, and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816, when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but Black Hawk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not know that by signing the treaty he was giving away his village. This weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of the whites ; and when, a few years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his fathers. It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the whites, during the absence of tbe chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the west side of the Mississippi. When they returned, they found their wigwams occupied by white families, and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to repossess their village at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to which they attributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. If this was true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against what they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island with a military force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. some of his own people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without tlie permission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and tlieir children. The Galenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h^s band crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief. Other old set- tlers, who all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had" not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, 1832, Geoi-go Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the frontier settlements. * * * Yvom every information that I iiave received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were committed by the British band of Sac Indians. It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. It is suiScient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second eff'ort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the Spring of 1838, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they remained till the 4th of June, lASo, when orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, which occurred on the Bd of October, 1838. INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this council, the United States were represented by Gen. Wmfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to_ the confederated tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 160 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and fathers had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. This territory is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty was ratified February 13, 1833, and took efi'ect on the 1st of June following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white settlers. By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- Icuding within its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was known as " Keokuk's Reserve, ' and was occupied by the Indians until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them and Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assem- blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk was their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des Moines River, where an agency was established for them at what is now the town of Agency City. Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side. This was the first land title granted by the United States to an individual in Iowa. Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph ]M. Street was transferred from the agency of the Winncbagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm was selected, on which the necessary buildings were erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superin- tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills were erected, one on Soap Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the t^vo former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in what is now " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who estab- lished his post at what is now the site of Eddyville. The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has be(Mi reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to Kansas. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the "New Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 1846. 1. Treaty loith the S'iBua;— Made July 19, 1815 ; ratified December 16, 1815. This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 1812. 2. Treaty with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the loth of September, 1816, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British in the war just then closed. 3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of September, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois. 4. Treaty with the lowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others. 5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 6. Treaty of 182^. — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sao and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 7. Treaty of August 19, 1825. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty,^ in order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : .. '. . Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up the fork to its source ; thence cross- ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its junction with the Missouri River. „ , „ 8. Treaty of 1830.— On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this treaty February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. „ , , ^ , 9 Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes.— M the same time of the above treaty re- specting the " Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. River to the Missouri River; thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above the Kansas ; tlience along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to appoint opposite the source of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning. It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, two thousand dollars ; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars ; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and (o the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831. 10. Treaty with, the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United Slates should give the Winnebagoes, begin- ning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 11. Treaty of 1SS2 with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 12. Treaty of 18S6, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thou- sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to various parties. 13. Treaty of 1837.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Bock Island, as laid down in tie above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide In the middle, and ran off to a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1826, and between the Mississippi and Mis- souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 16. Treaty of IS^S. — The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 ; ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sao and Fox Indians " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." By the terms of this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 163 SPANISH GRANTS. While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was tinder Spanish rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should be briefly reviewed. Dubuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- man, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands on the Mississippi River for mining purposes, on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead Mines." In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as '' about seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than tAventy thou- sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- buque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the United States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited. By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, Henry Chotean brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who 164 HISTOKY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the G overnor of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect title." Giard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows : " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as being " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the Uuited States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa. THE HALF-BREED TRACT. Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom wore scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-breeds, whose number \\as never definitely ascertained. There were some respectable and excellent people among them, cliildron of men of some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. JMuir, a gentleman educated HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in tlie United States Army, stationed at a military post located on tlie present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. . A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was afterward known as " The Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jeiferson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson. Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half-breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was sufScient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no diiEculty in proving their mixed blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham wore appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to eff'ect these objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the "judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's ofiice, October 6, 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. EARLY SETTLEMENTS. The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on trafiic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper JMississippi, he had married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following romantic account is given : The post at wliioli ho was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- moor his canoe, paddle it across the livor and come dii-ectly to her lodge. She felt assured, according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future husband, and had come to tho fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- tion, the doctor honorably married her j but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 181ii-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a, term of years to Otis Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to her people on the Upper Missouri. Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and. Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former fi-om as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was therefore eminently desirable. In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine in their hills, hut this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides, and traversed in different directions the whole region lying between the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- tions to be executed as soon as circumstances would permit. 168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Dubuque. At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not bei-n extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at what is now the Jones Street .Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- ported the following, written by Mi-. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : We, a Commiltee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with tlie following exceptions, to wit : Akticlh I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working said ground one day in six. Aktiole II. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying. The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr. Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- ture elected by the people, tlie law drafted by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus elected as duly respected, as any have been since. The miners who had thus erected an independent government of tlicir own on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to Avork successfully for a long time, and the new settlement attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. The execution of tliis order was entrusted to Col. Zacliary Taylor, then in com- mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in Julv, sent an officer to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would he driven off by armed force. Tlio miners, however, were reluctant about leaving the ricli "leads " tliey had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- poned to obey the order to remf>ve with any considertible dejjvee of alacrity. In due time, ( 'ol. Taylor dispatcluMl a deiachiiie'iit of troops to enforce his order". Tlie miners, anticipatin,;;' their arrival, liad, excepting tlirec, rocrossed the river, and from the etist baiil< saw ilu^ troojis land on tlie western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape * EBtnblisUod by tho Siiporinti'nclcnt o[ V. S. Lciiil Minos lit Fpvor Rivor. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white occupants. In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been protecting on the west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk- war, and the negotia- tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was agam ordered by the War Department to remove the minei's, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be ; the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Government can be given. But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went into force, when they could return. , Among these were James L. Lang- worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand pounds of lead. Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. Taylor, ordered. some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into eifect, the troops were withdrawn, and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas and Capt. Thoipas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatisfaction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and privq,tions enough in opening the way for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished in about ten years. During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them from Galena. In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and mfluential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865. The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting held in 1834. In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. In 1834, a military post was- established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamm Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been impatiently looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a place since known as the faim of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's ciibin was burnt by the soldiei-s. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the orisiinal town of Burlington in 1834. All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocknig into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buifalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows. The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : " Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, ho bought for $100 a claim on the land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 1836. In 1836," LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, Wilham St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove. The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. Prentice was appointed Postmaster. The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there." The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that- year. The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 172 . HISTORY or THE STATE OF IOWA. The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners in 1833. The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer "of 1834. The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to per- manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. The first family that lived in this part- of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, in 1832. The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Dubuque, in 1834. The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and enterprising people. As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading post, and built a cabin on the bluifs above the large spring now known as " Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluffs, and had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Blufi"." In 1827, an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- ment of this strange community was at a place first called " Miller's Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was installed as President of the Quorum of Tweh-e, and all that jiart of the State remained under Mormon control for several years. In 1846, they raised a bat- talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1S48, Hyde started a paper called the Frontier Grnardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852. the order was promulgated that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in, and in a few years nearly all tlic first settlers were gone. May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on board tlie steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first- steamer to ascend the Dos Moines River to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy ' peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, privation and suifering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affaii's, wise statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. TERRITORIAL HISTORY. By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed under the authority of the ofiicers of Indiana Territory. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a State, March 2, 1821, " Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed and a post ofiice Ivas established at Dubuque in 1883. In September, 1834, however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. partially organized. Jolin King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate Justices, in each county, were appointed by the Governor. On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efibrts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in THE TEERITOEY OF WISCONSIN, of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice ; David Irwin and William C. Frazer, Associate Justices. September 9, 1886, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase : Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- Craney. House : Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington; com- menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced " all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of New York, Attorney ; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal ; Au gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land OflSce at Burlington, and Thomas Mc- Knight, Receiver of the Land Ofiice at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the Distric<\ Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charlesi Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameii Clarke, editor of the Crazette, was appointed to succeed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOth of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo elected, at Burlington. The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram,, Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M.. Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Parker, Warner Lewis, Stephen, Hempstead. ffouse. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler,=* William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Hardin Nowlin. Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- mously and the latter with buc little opposition. At that time, national politics * CyniB S. Jacobs, who was elected for Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington before the meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. f Samuel B. Murray was returned as elected from Clinton County, but his seat was successfully contested by Burcbard. 176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : "William W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a majoritjjof thirty-six over Engle. The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1889, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates. Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- son County. Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by the Mississippi River to its source; thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of tlie United States ; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- disputed possession of the India,ns, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. The Coramissioncvs, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots' and erect public buildings tlicreou, Congress having granted a section of land to be selected by the Territory for tliis purpose'. The Commissioners met at Napo- HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, whicli assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when ■ complete should not exceed $51,000, and if they had already adopted a jjlan involving a greater expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn by Mr. John Y. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice Avas laid with appropriate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the address on that occasion. When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4tli of that month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of Iowa City being the security offered, but only $5,500 was obtained under the act. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri was a difiicult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or " the rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, ho-\vever, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners of Clarke County , Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing 178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but afterward Congress authorized a sui,t to settle the controversy, which was insti- tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots who furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power was vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the forms of civil government. By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the country had spread far and wide ; even before the Indian title was extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As soon as the country was open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpassing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It is not to be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that within less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred and fifty thousand people. As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed westward. The following extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shows how the immigrants 'fathered on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ■ceded territory west of a line running north and south through Redrock, until October 11-, 1845. These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve •o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence. Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundovyn of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchase. While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-48 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; and when their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession. The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public lands could net be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. The " claim laws " were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, p. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love," and the "consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, Well do the " old settlers " of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. broken up ; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of youth, we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps on the willows." Another, from another part of the State, testifies : There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for ?600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon which I only received $50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37J cents per bushel. Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, $1 .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls." "A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial." On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at $33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for $15,600. During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the " Old Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- ancy was accounted for by the fact that the oflScers in charge of the work were constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements amounted to very .nearly $24,000. With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the ofiBce of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and James Clarke. STATE ORGANIZATION. By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and adopted the first State Constitution. The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Lefiler, was instructed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- lows : Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi Eiver, opposite mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by Joha C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; theuoe westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner of Missouri? thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri Rirer; thence up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri ; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would have been near the west line of what is Aow Kossuth County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,285. A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month another Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted' to the people for ratification on the 3d day of August following, wjien it was accepted ; 9,492 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution " 182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American Union. Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and House of Representatives. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State Universitj'," approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- tion was generally condemned. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant financial ope- ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under water and how much was burned." The report was referred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building and grounds by the University. At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for completing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. But the question of the permanent location of the seat oF government was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third reading. At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the eflfort was more successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated to the State by citizens and property -holders of Des Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent. The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. The removal of the archives and ofiices was commenced at once and con- tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude ; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds "—drawn by ten yokeof oxen was de- posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work. The hoard consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex officio. President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. Wilson, Fairfield ; James Dawson, Washington ; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine ; James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, Des Moines ; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary. The act of J870 provided that the building should be constructed of the best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most approved manner; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted to protect the settlers. " The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," was laid with appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav-, ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 185 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation ruled the hour. " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely removed The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation. GEOWTH AND PROGRESS. When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michigan, in 1884. From 1836 to 1888, the Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa Territory : Year. Population. 1852 230,713 1854 326,013 1856 519.055 1859 638,775 1860 674,913 1863 701,732 1865 754,699 1867 902,040 The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only in popula.- tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the older States. Tear. Population. 1838 ; 22,589 1840 43,115 1844 75,152 1846 97,588 1847 116,651 1849 152,988 1850 191,982 1851 204,774 Year. Population. 1869 1,040,819 1870 1,191,727 1873 1,251,333 1875 1,366,000 1876 1877 186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people j high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities and towns. Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty- loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her present citizens. Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the "Star of Empire" had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Desert." Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of the Pacific. THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. Ames, Story County. The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by an act of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jefferson and Tama Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- bly appropriated |20,000 for the erection of the college building. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, of Des Moines, -was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The ^20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly -were expended in putting in the foun- dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- vious to their admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each county ; the remainder^ equal to the capacity of the college^ are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. The course of. instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following branches : Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly connected with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is. also an " out-law " called the " yl'/yl. Chapter Omega." The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of IMili- tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- mology ; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and Political Economy; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Iowa City, Johnson County. In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized " to set apart and re- serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- lic land are authorized to be surveyed." William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north of Kange 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the university derived from the lands. The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State, "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, provided, how- ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State ofiices should be held in the Capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to $2,000 a year, the University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the University, its ofiicers and the gi'ants and donations made and to be made to it by the State. Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theodore S. Parvin, George Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of Trustees. The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, with equal rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- tine. Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purciiased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive $500 annu- ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was organized Nov. 21, 1849 ; Samuel Ray, Principal ; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to continue in operation. At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was no efi'ectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and Guffin. In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857. In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lO'WA. There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was published. At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on D. Franklin Wells. This was the first degree conferred by the Board. Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force Sc-.ptember 3, 1857, provided as follows : The State Tlniversity shall be established at one place, withou^ branches at any other place ; and the University fand shall be applied to that institution, and no other. Article XI, Section 8, provided that The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor, who was ex oflficio President, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- poses. The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- lution was adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal Department. At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi P. Aylworth, Cellina II. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney and Sylvia M. Thompson. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 191 An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no discretion in the matter. The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday) ; and at fliis date the actual existence of the University may he said to commence. August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof Oliver M. Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in the Collegiate Department. The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for fifteen months, to visit Europe; and Prof Nathan R. Leonard was elected President ^ro tern. The North Hall was completed late in 1866. At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof Leonard continued as President fro tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered upon his duties in September, 1868. The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, which had been m successful operation for three years, under the management of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 192 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the Board, held August 18, 1870, to take efiect on the 1st of December following. His resignation was accepted. The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction " was established, and the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected in his stead. At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was established. In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of the State with the University. In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- ident. In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. PRESIDENTS. FROM TO James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1867 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 Thomas II. Benton, Jr 1869 1863 Francis Springer 1863 1864 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1868 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1ST2 1876 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio 1S76 1877 Joshua G. Nowbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 John H. Gear 1878 HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 193, VICE PRESIDENTS. ^^^^ ^^ Silas Foster 1847 1851 Robert Lucas 1851 1853 Edward Connelly 1854 1855 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 SECRETARIES. Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 Anson Hart 1851 1857 Elijah Sells 1857 1858 Anson Hart 1858 1864 William J. Haddock 1864 TREASURERS. Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850' Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 William Crum 1862 1868 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 John N. Coldren 1876 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 C. W. Slagle 1877 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in the Homoeopathic Medical Department. STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve varioua accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the Society. There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year. The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of " Annals of Iowa." THE PENITENTIARY. Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter to appoint his own assistants. The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- tain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- perience in prison management have been gained. ■ It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of the future. HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they ? Hon- est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. Located at Anamosa, Jones County. By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663 feet. IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Mount Pleasant, Henry County. By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and |50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. McGugin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua ; John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties;" 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses; and 25, servants. Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 cabinet makers, 23 brewers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. Trustees, 1877 : — T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; "William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant Physician ; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- son, Steward : Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, Chaplain. HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. Independence, Buchanan County. In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W . Bemis, of Indepen- dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be off"ered by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter oi Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, specifications and drawings of the building, which, when completed, were sub- mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for f88,114. The con- tract was signed November 7, 1868, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. C. Parker, B. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. Fisher, President ; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing the local govern- ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of l^e following Septem- ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873, In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building was completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by patients in the Fall. In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, and it is now overcrowded. The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- dence; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; and Stephen E. Robinson, M. D., West Union. KESIDENT OFFICERS. I Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent ; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. Vinton, Benton County. In August, 1852, Prof Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1858, the institution was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. McClary, Secretary ; James H. Gower, Treasurer ; Martin L. Morris, Stephen Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 198 HISTOEY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Samuel Bacon, Principal ; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name should be changed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that of "Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr. Bacon's administration. Although Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician he had few superiors. On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. In June of that year, a quarter section of land was donated for the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- niture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to Vinton, and early in October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time, Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, when the present incumbent, Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- tice. Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; yet it was eiiormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter (lisve<2;ard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars a year for each pupil. HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 199 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City byan act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301 ; the number attending the Institution, 50. The first Board of Trustees Avere : Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crum, W. E. Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot Avas ardently devoted to the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class under his charge. A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire ; and August 6 following, the roof of the new west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in run- ning order. The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 1857-8 was' not well pleased with the condition of affairs, and reported that the building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management were very essential. Trustees, 1877-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. Davenport, Cedar Falls, Grlenwood. The movement which culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- stitution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of 'October 1863, for the .purpose of devising measures for the support and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was the public interest in the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- phan Asylum. 200 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, John R. Needham, J. W. Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- responding Secretary, Mis3 M. E. Shelton; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14^ 1864, in the Repre- sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General Assembly were present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- kuk, was Chairman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward. At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home. The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee announced that they were ready to receive the children. In three weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the num- ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty more applica- tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, was appointed Matron. She resigned, in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont County. The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State. In that year, the General Assem bly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different counties, and which Avere established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in Avhich such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who held their office two years, or until their successors were elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly. The Home in Cedar Falls Avas organized in ISOf), and an old hotel building was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- mates. October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls and appropriitted the buildings and grounds for that purpose. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at Glen wood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial pursuits. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. Cedar Falls, Black HawTc County. Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- ^lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors of the new institution. The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted for as required by law. At this meeting. Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected Principal of the School. On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned. A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during the third term. The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm Lake, Buena Vista County, 1882. Board of Officers. — J. J- Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; William Pattes, Steward ; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron— all of Cedar Falls. Faculty.—^. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Prmcipal, Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. Grlenwood, Mills County. Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and ^2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years. Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, ahd W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at Glen wood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down and the lumber destroyed or carried away ; the win- dows broken, doors off their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cellars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much assistance. 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, Teacher. The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. THE REFORM SCHOOL. Eldora, Hardin County. By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a temporary establishment. The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & Haddock, Sep- tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent Ibcation for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no compensation for their services. The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future benefit of the boys and girls. A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by conviction of the offense for which he or she was committed. This is one step in the right direction. In the future, however, still further advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their labor, even while restrained for the public good, will be recognized. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. Ifear Anamosa, Jones County. The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this meeting, the Superintendent was authorized to build a State Hatching House ; to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters of the State. In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, S0,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species. By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi. In 1876-6, 633,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 803,500 Lake Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- thusiastically devoted to the duties of his oflice and has performed an important service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. THE PUBLIC LANDS. The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, are as follows : 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. 2. The 16th Section Grant. 3. The Mortgage School Lands. 4. The University Grant. 5. The Saline Grant. 6. The Des Moines River Grant. 7. The Des Moines River School Lands. 8. The Swamp Land Grant. 9. The Railroad Grant. 10. The Agricultural College Grant. I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 1841, which granted to each State therein specified 600,000 acres of public land for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were granted. The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved January 16, 1849, the Legislature established HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with exclusive a.uthority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trustees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, persons desiring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment thereof with interest at ten per cent, pgr annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examination. When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fund. These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two «»ntire townships was reserved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support ')i a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : ACRES. In the Iowa CSty Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 Total 45,957.94 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. V. SALINE LANDS. By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University. These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur^ Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was mad© for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Ignited Slates of America in Congress assembled, That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Io\¥a, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Forli (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the public lauds (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Sp;o. 2. And be it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any Stale to be formed out of the same, except as said improvement shall progress ; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territorv or HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 State may sell and cornrey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Previded the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved Aug. 8, 1846. By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines Hiver," the Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board. Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole exten*; of the grant, and this selection was ap- proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General Land OflSce, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that " the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opinion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines River in Iowa. On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des Moines River above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General Land OfiBce to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Ofiice. The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. March 10, 1852 143,908.37 " By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 " Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 " Total 271,572.24 acres. The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commissioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell " any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than $1,300,000." On the 24th of January, 1858, the General Assembly provided for the elec- tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its contract with the State. March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided thr it was limited to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 209 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled. The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to^ time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navi- igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were located above the Raccoon Pork. The last certificate of the General Land Ofiice bears date December 30, 1853. After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the Company. March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds, or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- eral Government not previously sold ; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 671 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government. By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had been settled. 210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void (see 23 How., 66). The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which Avas granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is now held by bond fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. Ih confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, Congress enacted : That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Provideii, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the person or persons, respect- ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On tlie same day, the (lovernor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners ^vere instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of Jtdy, 1862. But the General Assem- bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from the State. Especially was the determination to protect the actual settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final settlement of the limits of tlie grant by Congress. VU. — TUB DES MOINES lUVER SOIIOOL LANDS. Tiicse lands constituted a part of the 500,000 aero grant made by Congress in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in 'Webster County, selected by the Agent of the State under tliat grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Olfice February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 1853, by tlie Superintendent of Public Instruction, -who authorized John ToL man, School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860, provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, $949.53. By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- tain swamp lands ; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that " the said company shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On the 30th of August, an eaijoarte injunction was issued. In January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 1869. VIII. — SWAMP LAND GRANT. By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3, 1867, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land OflSce ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirmar tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 4, 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the General Assembly by joint Resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessai-y in rela- tion to these swamp lands. IX. — THE RAILROAD GRANT. One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 Council Bluifs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence on said naain line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to private entry until they had been first oiFered at public sale at the increased price. Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following, that is to say : that a. quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as aforesaid, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, provided that the Unes of their respective roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and pro- vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, 1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the company so failing. The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad Company, which accepted them. By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- pany was required to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the completion of its road. A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted to the State, and the act evidently contemplate the sale of them hy the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its .214 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- posing of the lands. Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 1854, entitled "J.re act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands which have been or may be certified to them," these certified lists, the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen ; and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to the State were as follows : Burlington & Missouri River R. R 287,095.34 acres. Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.36 " Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other words, that it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition to the act of the Legislature Avas necessary to complete their title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 9th of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the onlv HISTORY OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 215 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were afterward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land Grant. It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when accepted by the companies, was that it became a conditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the State. The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to that point. Tl^e original grant had been made to the State" to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of what had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also provided that " if any of said roads are not completed within ten years, no fur- ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 216 HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona fide settlement and improvement had not been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. 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Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 square miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- gamon, with their numerous affluents. The, total extent of navigable streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature standing at about 51° Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal connecting the Illinois River with Lake Michigan, and thence with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 coiinties ; the chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 51 Senators, elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for (90) 258 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized property presented the following totals: assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly thi. whole of the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1673, at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements formed the nucleus was, in 1768, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,639,891, in 1870. TUB NORTHWESTERN STATES. 25& INDIANA, The profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- ing^ one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their numerous affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most parlioularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, liops, etc., iu-e extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis (llie capital). Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis- bursements, $3,5;)2,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. In 1809, the present limits of tlie State were defined, Michigan and Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the time being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent bank- ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the public 260 ^ THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. -works which had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great "Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. Population, 1,680^637. IOWA. In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram; has a length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 miles, and embraces an area of 65,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form Tespectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogieally, Iowa is important ■as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, copper, zinc, and iron, are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, and esculent roots; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- communication by means of its nayigable rivers. The State is politically divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital}, Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the American territorial acquisitions from France, by Ihe so-called Louisiana purchase in 1 803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, THE KOETHWESTERN STATES. 263 when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. MICHIGAN. United area, 66,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions ai-e heavily wooded, and the ^outh one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairj^-stuffs. In 1870,. the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value of land was $398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lakes Huron and Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of land to $266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. Education is largely diffused and most excellently conducted and pro- vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are clrief among the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Chippeway origin, and 264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. signifying " Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, tlie pioneer of a series of trad- ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. WISCONSIN. It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the west side the banks of the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula between its waters and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, which latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. Tlie chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of tlie surface. The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological sj'stem represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 265 and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of varying quality, but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number of 102,904 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,966. The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal estate aggregating $602,207,329._ Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 696 ; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of tribal relations. 266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. MINNESOTA. Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles; its oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 64,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavily- timbered bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides the Mississippi — which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigo^h. Quite a concatenation of sheets of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are of lacustrine formation. In point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and potter's clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon bj- a railroad S3'stem. The political divisions of this State number 78 counties; of which the chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Manlcato. Minnesota has already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State ; this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 267 Education is notably provided for on a broad and catholic scale, the entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being $857,- 816 ; while on November 80 of the preceding year the permanent school fund stood at $2,476,222. Besides a University and Agricultural College, Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the right side to the amount of $136,164, being a gain of $44,000 over the previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota by the whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and, May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation of States. Population, 439,706. NEBRASKA. Maximum length, 412 miles ; -extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west division, near the base of the Rocky Mountains, is a sandy belt of country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres, a tract of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of ricli, bottomy loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to this branch of husbandry. It is beheved that the, as yet, comparatively infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. Few minerals of moment have so far been found within the limits of 268 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt Creek in its southeast section. The State is divided into 67 counties, independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, the total assessed -value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. IIUNT1N(; ruAIJJlE "\VOLVES IN AN liAKLY DAY. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 269 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ITS AMENDMENTS. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in vrhich he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral states which may be included within this Union, according to theii respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- tations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 270 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, . the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of th Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence, of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the officG of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- lature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sec. 0. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- sation for their services, to bo ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all eases, except treason. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any ofSce under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President, the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in whicB it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that . house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- itations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several ^tr.tes, and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads ; 272 ^^^ ITS AMENDMENTS. To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; , To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci' pline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the Uiaited States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev enue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Akticle II. Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : Each state shall appoint, in such ihanner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. [*The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- jority, then, from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, • This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendmf^Q> 274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- dent.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No persqn except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. ■ The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES 275 occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- ment between them, with respect to tlie time of adjournment, he ma_y adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Akticle III. Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other case's before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be bj jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And 276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicfon of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- lence. Aeticle V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- fied by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by con- ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred -and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VL All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under tire Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES 27 T bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial oifi- cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Aeticlb VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States' of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEO. WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire^ John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. Nathaniel Goeham, RuFus King. Connecticut. Wm. Sam'l Johnson, Roger Shekman. Delaware. Geo. Read, John Dickinson, Jaco. Bkoom, Gunning Bedford, Jb., RiCHAED BASSETT. Maryland. Jambs M'Heney, Danl. Caeeoll, Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer. New York. Alexandee Hamilton. New Jersey. WiL. Livingston, Wm. Patebson, David Bbeabley, JoNA. Dayton. Pennsylvania. B. Feanklin, Robt. Moebis, Thos. Fitzsimons, James Wilson, Thos. Mifflin, Geo. Clymee, Jared Ingeesoll, gouv. mobeis. Virginia. John Blaie, James Madison, Jr. North, Carolina. Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. South Carolina. j. rutledgb, Chaeles Pinckney, Chas. Coteswoeth Pinckney, PlEECE BUTLEE. Greorgia. William Few, Abe. Baldwin. WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 278 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. Articles in- Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution OP THE United States op America, Proposed hy Congress and ratified ly the Legislatures of the several states, pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment cf religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of tlie people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- scribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 281 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage otliers retained by the people. Akiicle X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of tlie United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- jects of any foreign state. Article XII. The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to- be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve iipon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 282 AKD ITS AMENDMENTS. ity-; then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Aeticlb XIII. Section' 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- priate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 'Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 283 Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. COTJNTIES. 1877. Governor. 1876. Preiident. ConxTlES. 1877. Governor. 1876. President. Kep. Dem. Gr. Pro. Bep. Dem. Eep. Dem. Gr. Pro. Kep. Dem. Adair 082 876 1547 1166 410 1432 ' 178( 1612 1180 1290 747 1453 418 633 1592 1316 903 662 1279 1064 617 1873 2144 898 1641 893 1269 1226 2315 197 1687 213 1933 1233 1311 1260 1031 909 1160 842 340 1402 1348 1770 651 382 321 1132 1619 1977 1396 161 397 1640 1049 352 712 1111 981 682 769 192 768 75 744 839 1093 348 . 74 1107 267 16 1770 2327 651 216 1231 961 1143 1384 8 3415 28 1067 208 336 1331 215 .604 496 265 96 661 86; 424 647 149 64 1120 1961) 1164 753 681 486 69 729 26 667 95 466 196 726 161 19 171 141 116 206 72 383 37 813 20 66 286 19 1241 803 31U 32 767 16 38 36 32 1334 1376 1709 1711 427 2901 2979 2018 1737 2227 770 1828 . 022 799 1876 2328 1274 864 1674 1405 667 2662 3854 1043 2136 1586 1647 2233 3325 259 2798 246 3029 2032 1178 1658 1310 1099 1434 1187 281 2152 1557 2809 1194 623 212 1870 2126 3375 2166 693 626 1646 1419 352 1355 1592 1305 757 1416 200 780 106 771 979 1446 448 175 1090 816 94 2621 3398 638 762 1631 1282 1466 2917 48 4977 36 1709 751 379 1682 610 417 629 425 99 980 1386 14S5 600 183 57 1348 2485 1804 1440 1884 1868 1772 463 2167 2524 1328 1203 261 1792 1823 1976 1448 1435 1396 680 1034 1122 1763 306 295 1106 311 779 370 3171 2223 1496 964 6C0 3031 888 436 1260 1426 1325 899 1490 170 1726 1087 1316 860 644 2074 1100 02S 391 2345 1218 1526 236 2863 2316 817 804 17 1077 10S6 1S06 837 1102 460 119 928 441 1775 21 40 508 367 4S7 9.) 1885 2059 882 71 128 1903 639 132 344 833 293 616 1306 1029 944 1221 832 127 40 1009 667 132 100 18 14 322 13 360 75 89 103 9 616 1011 760 350 98 35 432 247 632 171 201 13 341 273 OS 106 89 209 585 108 12 14 60 690 95 604 28 30 26 47 387 14 • 33 203 S 39 30 94 121 346 47 13 37 16 2345 2591 2364 638 3169 4331 1020 1478 262 2246 3221 2736 3056 1452 1063 713 1418 1749 2523 403 329 2243 343 835 374 4321 2605 2509 1246 661 3819 897 439 1843 2337 1727 1238 2113 2582 2430 2407 1602 1299 498 27.59 1034 7o;i 674 3563. 1862 Appanoose 09J Lee 449 244 10 1 223 20 95 74 11 SO 446 40 86 94 19 67 167 66 111 80 12 19 525 6 12 63 2i)lT 1044 4& 1538 Buena Vista... . 1701 23C4 Marshall 1189 Caxroll. . . Mills 11 6& Mitchell 671 Oedar 304. 1240 Cherokee Montgomery 769 2075 Clark 110 Clay 59- Page 861 Palo Alto 333 77 44 1353 218 420 07 1 177 300 3 49 644 100 863 830 301 1265 742 303 404 l-t;;i 60.' Dallas Pocahontas Polk i-tr 238a Pottawattamie.... 2414 IO83. Dee Moines 422 Sac lOs 406 Scott 2853. Shilby 631 889 162 16 334 551 27 30 10 220 Story 187 133 679 Xama 1317 Taylor 67S 27 8 21 57 2 154 19 140 619 64 63 130 290 101 112 3 47 795 Van Buren 1661 364 422 29 238 523 1041 201 116 104 642 224 1018 576 Wapello 2412: 1315 Washington 1508- 1341 Webster 087 Henry Winnebago Winneshiek SO' 270 226 8 117 238 14 03 161T 997 Ida Worth 149' 228 15 263 109 Wright Totals 184 121 54n 4-'10:i 70353 3422f 10639 17131-; 59211 I1212J Jefferson Majorities Total vote, 1877, 245,766 i 1876 (including3949 Greenback), 292,943. VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. District. Rep. Dem. E. Maj. Total. Maj. '74. District. Eep. Dem, R. Maj. Total. Maj. 74. 17188 16439 17423 20770 19274 18778 14814 14683 16100 9379 11154 14719 2374 1756 1323 11301 8120 4059 32002 31122 33523 30140 30428 33497 D. 1863 E. 657 D. 63 R. 3824 R. 6243 R. 2724 VII 19496 19358 19603 11688 15236 10683 7808 4122 8980 31184 34504 30140 E. 230O VIII R. 212T IX E, 684»- 168280 118356 49033 *292111 VI Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,466 Greenback vot:?s. Practical Rules for Every Day Use. How to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are given. Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which will be the gain or loss. Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. How to change gold into currency. Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. How to change currency into gold. Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. How to find each partner^ s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership business. Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- tient will be the gain or loss per cent. Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be each one's share of the gain or loss. How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa. Note,— It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminislied by 1-5 or 20 per cent of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by }i or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight. To find the net weight or gross price. Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) To find the gross weight or net price. Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and point off one deciiual place. How to find the contents of a corn-crih. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or (2S4) MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 by 4i ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the answer in bushels. Note.— In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it lias beau cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn wili shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided It is sound and clean. How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal place — ^the result will be the contents in barrels of 31i gallons. How to find the contents of a barrel or cask. Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in RETEEg3D order, so that its units will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. How to measure hoards. Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc. Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. How to find the mimber of acres in a hody of land. RuLE; — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. How to find the number of bricks required in a building. Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22^. The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height nd thickness (in feet) together. Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shingles are exposed 4i inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by twice the length of the rafters. 286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. To find the length of the rafters, at one-foukth pitch, multiply the width of the building by .'56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration. Note.— By i{ or U pitch Is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be >i or )^ the width of the building liigher than the walls or base of the rafters. Sow to reckon the cost of hay. Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and remove the decimal point three places to the left. How to measure grain. Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8,' and point off one place to the left. Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra bushel. The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8. If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn. Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square 3'ards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres. The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- ing, keep these objects constantly in line. Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious con- trivance, may always carry ivith them the scale to construct a correct yard measure. Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger ol the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. To find hoiv many rods in length will make an acre, the w'idth being given. Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. MTSCELLANEOTTS INFORMATION. 287 How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods being given. Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left. The diameter being given, to find the circumference. Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. Hoxv to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- ness throughout will contain when squared. Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on. Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. Howard's neiv rule for computing interest. Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left. Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is found \>y inverting the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, In- verted, becomes >^ of a month, or 10 days. When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, three ones. Ttulefor converting English into American currency. Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. A township — 36 sections each a mile square. A section — 640 acres. A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square-^40 acres. 288 MISCELLANBOTJS INFORMATION. The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-east corner. The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 25 links " 1 rod. 4 rods " 1 chain. 80 chains " 1 mile. Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet. Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- corn ; three of which made an inch. Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of measure is four inches — called a hand. In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes used, which is a length of nine inches. The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches. A fathom is equal to 6 feet. A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league. In cloth measure an aune is equal to 1 J yards, or 45 inches. An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches. HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac- quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 28& 187^ A. H. JACKSON. Dr. Cr. Jan. 10 u 17 Feb. 4 u 4 Marct 8 u 8 " 13 " 27 April 9 i( 9 May 6 il 24 July 4 To 7 bushels Wheat. _.at $1.35 By shoeing span of Horses To 14 bushels Oats at $ .45 To 5 lbs. Butter ...at .25 By new Harrow By sharpening 2 Plows By new Double-Tree To Cow and Calf To half ton of Hay By Cash .""-!."!."."."!. "'!!!!! By repairing Corn-Planter To one Sow with Pigs _ By Cash, to balance account _ 48 6 17 50 05 18 2 35 4 35 $88 50' 00' 40 35 00 75- 15- 05 1875. CASSA MASON. Dr. Cr. March 31 By 3 days' labor at $1.25 $6 8 10 3 2 20 18 00 10 00 75 70 00 20 $3 35 12 18 9 75 00 " 21 " 23 May 1 To 3 Shoats To 18 bushels Corn.. By 1 month's Labor at 3.00 at .45 1 To Cash ■ . June 19 By 8 days' Mowing at $1 50 00 26 To 50 lbs. Flour July 10 " 39 Aug. 13 13 To 37 lbs. Meat By 9 days' Harvesting By 6 days' Labor To Cash at $ .10 at 3.00 at 1.50 00 00 Sept. 1 To Cash to balance account $67 75 $67 75 INTEREST TABLE. A Simple Kctlh fok aocueately CostPUTiHa Interest at Attv Givhk Pkr cent, foe anv Length of Time. Multiply the priTlcipaE (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to days; then-divide this product by the g«oM«Tit obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by tlie per cent, ct interest andt/ie quotient thus obtained will be the required interest. ILLOSTEATION. Solution. Eequirethainterestof $463.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An $462.50 interest month is 30 days ; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. $463.50 multi- .48 pliedby .48 gives $233.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the percent, of jnterest) giveseo, and — . — SSS'S.OdOO divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, whicli is $3.70. If the rate of 370000 interest in the above example were 13 per cent., we would divide the $323.0000 by SO 6)360 \ 185000 (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., we would divide by 90; jf 8 per cent., by 4S: and in lllce manner for any other per cent. 60/$222.0000($3.70 180 420 480 ~00 MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. I 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 13 dozen, 1 Gross. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Porlc. 30 quires paper 1 Ream. 20 things, 1 Score. | 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f^ high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood.. ■290 MISOELLAIJEOUS INFORMATION. NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region. Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time owned that section of the country. Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." Arlcansas, from Kansas, the Indian word for "smoky water." Its ■prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," after Charles the Ninth of France. Greorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first established a colony there in 1732. Tennessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," i. «., the Mississippi which forms its western boundary. Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." Ohio means " beautiful ; " Iowa, " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota, " cloudy water," and Wisconsin, " wild-rushing channel." Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-weir, which was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more properly applies to the river that flows through it. Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. Cortes named California. Massachusetts is the Indian for " The country around the great hills." Connecticut, from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long River." Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of England. New York was named by the Duke of York. Pennsyhania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William Penn, its orignal owner. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 291 Delaware after Lord De La Ware. New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George' Carteret, who was Oovernor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green Mountain. New Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was formerly called Laconia. The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly resemble. Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States and Tereitories. Alabama Arkansas -California Connecticut Delaware Florida Oeorgia niinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine .■ Maryland JMassachusetts — Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York t North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Bhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Total States Arizona Colorada Dakota District of Columbia Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total TerritorieS3 Total Un ited states Total Population. 993 471 247 454 015 74 8 109 ,891 637 792 899 on 915 915 894 351 059 706 922 395 993 491 300 096 759 361 260 923 791 353 606 520 579 551 163 014 670 38.113,253 9,658 39,864 14,181 131.700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 442,730 38,555,983 POPULATION OF FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES. New York. N. Y Philadelphia, Pa... Brooklyn, N. Y St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Cincinnati, Ohio New Orleans, La. .. San Francisco, Oal. Buffalo, N. Y Washington, D. C. Newark, N. J Louisville, Ky Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburg, Pa Jersey City, N. J ... Detroit, Mich Milwaukee, Wis.... Albany, N. Y Providence, E. I. . . , Rochester, N. Y Allegheny, Pa Richmond, Va New Haven, Conn. Charleston, S. C — Indianapolis, Ind. .. Troy, NY Syracuse, N. Y Worcester, Mass Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Cambridge, Mass. . . Hartford, Conn Scranton, Pa Reading, Pa Paterson, N.J Kansas City, Mo... Mobile, Ala Toledo, Ohio Portland, Me Columbus, Ohio Wilmington, Del..., Dayton, Ohio Lawrence, Mass Utlca, N. Y Oharlestown, Mass Savannah, Ga Lynn. Mass Fall River, Mass. . . Aggregate Population. 942, 674, 396, 310 298, 267, 250, 216, 191, 149, 117, 109, 105, 100, 92, 86, 82, 79, 71, ,293 022 099 864 977 354 526 239 418 473 714 199 059 753 829 076 546 577 440 422 904 386 180 038 840 956 244 465 051 105 928 226 634 180 092 930 ,579 260 ,034 ,584 ,413 ,274 ,841 ,473 ,921 ,804 ,323 ,235 ,233 ,766 292 MISCELLANEOUS INFOBMATION. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Area In States and square TERKiTOKiES. Miles. States. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Intilana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan* Minnesota , Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . Ohio Oregon 50, 52, 188 4. 8, 59,: 58, 55, 33, 55, 81, SI, 41, 31, 11, 7, 56, 83, 47, Ba, 75, iia. 95, * Last Census of PopuLATiorr. 1870. 1,350,544 528,349 857,039 722 198 981 674 120 268 000 410 809 045 818 600 346 776 184 800 451 531 156 350 9P5 090 280 320 000 704 964 244 Michigan taken in 1874. 996,992 484.471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,184,109 2,539,891 1,680,637 1,191.792 364,399 1,321,011 786,916 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1,184,059 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 123,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,388,759 1,071,361 2,665,260 90,923 Miles E. R. 1875. 1878. 1,651,912 1,334,031 598,429 246,280 52,540 1,026,502 4,705,208 671 25 013 820 227 466 ,108 ,904 ,529 160 ,760 183 539 871 830 ,606 ,835 ,612 990 ,580 828 593 790 ,865 ,470 ,190 ,740 109 States ahd Territories. States. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia..., Wisconsin Total States. Territories. Arizona Colorado I>akota Dist. of Columbia. Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyoming Total Territories. Area in square Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,885 45,600 837,504 10,818 40,904 83,000 53,924 1,950,171 113,916 104,500 147,490 60 90,988 143.776 181,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 965,032 POPULATION. 1870. 3,581,791 817,353 705,606 1,258,580 818,579 3.30,551 1,825,163 442,014 1,054,670 38,113,253 9,658 39,864 14,181 131,700 14,999 20,595 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 442,730 Miles R. E. 1875. 1872. 258,239 985,145 5,113 136 1,201 1,520 865 675 1,490 485 1,785 69,587 392 375 '498 1,865 Aggregate of U.S.. 2,915,203 38,555,983 60,852 • Included in the Railroad Mileage of Maryland. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; Population and Akba. COUKTRIES. China British Empire Russia United States with Alaska. . France Austria and Hungary Japan Great Britain and Ireland. . German Empire Italy Spain Brazil Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium Bavaria Portugal Holland >- ew Grenada Chill Switzerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurtemburg Denmark Venezuela. Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Llberha ,San Salvador Uayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Dnnilngo ('osta Rica Hawaii Population. 446, 886, 81, 38, 36, 500.000 817,108 926,410 925,600 469,800 904,400 785,300 817,100 906,092 439,921 642,000 000.000 463,000 173.000 981,500 000,000 021,300 861,400 996,200 688,300 000,000 000,000 669,100 600,000 000,000 ,812,000 ,818,600 784,700 500.000 461,400 .467,900 ,180,000 ,300,000 ,000,000 823,138 718,000 600,000 672,000 3.50,000 300,000 860,000 136,000 165,000 62,950 Date of Census. 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 '1869 1871 1870 ■i87'l 1870 1871 1871 1871 '1871 1871 1871 '1870 Area in Square Miles. _. 741, 846 4,677,432 8,003,778 2,603,884 204,091 240,348 149,399 121,315 160,807 118,847 196,775 3,853,029 672,621 761,526 292,871 636,964 11,373 29,892 34,494 12,680 367,157 132,616 15,992 471,838 497,821 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218,928 63,787 2,969 9,676 7,335 10,806 68,171 66,728 47,092 17,827 21.505 7.633 Inhabitants to Square Mile. 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 238.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 75.3 28.9 6.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.8 7.7 80. Pekln Loudon St. Petersburg... Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Rio Janeiro Constantinople .. Mexico Stockholm Teheran Brussels Muuicll Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima Chuquisaca Buenos Ayres Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carlsruhe Athens Guatemala Quito Asuncion Darmstadt Monrovia Sal Salvador Port au Prince.. Managua Monte Video Comayagua San Domingo San Jose Honolulu Population. 1,648,800 3,251,800 667,000 109,199 1.825,300 833,900 1,664,900 3,251,800 885,400 244,484 332.000 480,000 1,075,000 210.300 136,900 130,000 314,100 169,500 224,068 90,100 45,000 115,400 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,600 162,042 47,000 36,600 43,400 40,000 70,000 48,000 80,000 3,000 16,000 20,000 10,000 44,500 13,000 80,000 2,000 7,63a ABSTRACT OF IO¥A STATE LAWS. BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. DESCENT. The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of tAvelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, descends as does real estate. One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. (29-S) 294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased wife. The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her husband's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- visions of the will. The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband or surviving wife. Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them. Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- ants. Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to like rules. FiftJi. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or her^ express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- ble for extra services. Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall diiect. Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter are forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the cliiiinant to equitable relief. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295, Claims are classed and pat/ahle in the following order: 1. Expenses of administration. 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 5. Public rates and taxes. 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice' given by the executors of their appointment. 7. All other debts. 8. Legacies. The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow, in her own right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of th«> deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. TAXES. The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are liable for the taxes thereon. The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State ;, property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of suck lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall' be duly- filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the- assessment. 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions;, used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- dents in any such institution, used for their education. 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- scribed by their charter. 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging ta the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous- to the listing ; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value ; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the Intent of this clause. 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public- 296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by them. 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars in value. 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is made. There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or forest trees or hedges. Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insurance. All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting oflBcer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public purpose. The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after l\Iarch 1st of each year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per cent, interest as before. If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. ABSTKACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 JURISDICTION OF COURTS DISTRICT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. CIRCUIT COURTS have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general probate business. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed ^100 or the imprisonment thirty days. LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a stutute penalty; and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. Those against a public officer within three (3) years. Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for relief on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within five (5)- years. Those founded on written contracts; on judginents of any court (except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within ten (10) years. Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, within twenty (20) years. All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any of the above periods. Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to bring action. JURORS. All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties. United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors. Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with the jury to inflict it or not. A MARRIED WOMAN may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may control the same or contract with reference thereto, as other persons may con- vey, encumber, control or contract. She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband may. Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months ; all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a i'armer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke* of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. An article, otherwise ^xempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase money thereof. Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value. A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. ESTRAYS. An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated as an estray. Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make, oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. Ihe estray shall then be ajppraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- plied with the law and paid costs. An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and moderation. If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to above, or work it before haiving it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall foifeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with costs. If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after the taking mp, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a comnlete title Tests in the finder. 300 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. MARKS AND BRANDS. Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person residing in his township. DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of distraint. When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; and if the owner jails to satisfy the party within twenty -four hours thereafter, the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- cuit Court. Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. FENCES. A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- teen inches from the ground. The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if found insiif- ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 301 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a month interest, by action. In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double damages. No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- tion fences. Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above. ■• And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor SIX months' notice thereof. Where a. fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall sudh a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose the crops of the other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove crops. MECHANICS' LIENS. Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor done or materials furnished. It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or 'labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by affidavit. A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as above. Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- pal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above ; and tha.t actions to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much better be done with an attorney. ROADS AND BRIDGES. Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- ing five dollars. The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at one time, without their consent. Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk aci'oss any such bridge. The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that a highway, commencing; at ■ and running thence and terminating at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps will be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be acknowledged. The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- with. Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, twenty-five cents. SUPPORT OF POOR. The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- ship Trustees. In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court for an order to compel the same. Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor person. 304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the Circuit Court. When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such estate. The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, wife or husband. If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and the property taken returned. The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. LANDLORD AND TENANT. A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party before he can terminate a tenancy at will ; but when, in any case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if thei*e be no building. The landlord shall have a lien for ins rent upon all the crops grown on the premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed fiiUs due ; but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the term. The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the laiuUord is entitled to a writ ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 305 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the affidavit. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit : Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 Osage Orange Seed 32 Millet Seed 45 Stone Coal 80 Lime 80 Corn in the ear 70 Wheat 60 Potatoes 60 Beans 60 Clover Seed 60 Onions 57 Shelled Corn 56 Rye 56 Flax Seed 56 Sweet Potatoes 46 Sand 130 Sorghum Seed 30 Broom Corn Seed 30 Buckwheat 52 Salt 50' Barley 48 Corn Meal 48 Castor Beans ,. 46 Timothy Seed 45 Hemp Seed 44 /Dried Peaches 33 Oats 33 Dried Apples 24 Bran. 20 Blue Grass Seed 14 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. DEFmiTION OP COMMERCIAL TERMS. $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, United States Currency. £ means pounds, English money. @ stands for at or to; Hb for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; '^ for per or by the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft), and Flour at $8@$12 f bbl. fo for -per cent., and # for number. May 1. Wheat sells at |1.20@|1. 25, "seller June." Seller June ts^^xos. that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed " bears." Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " biills," as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as poss ible. 306 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. NOTES. Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and lairie of payment are mentioned : flOO. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowey. A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- stituted for money in the above form. ORDERS. Orders should be worded simply, thus : Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to F. D. SiLVA. RECEIPTS. Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. Thomas Brady. If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. BILLS OF PURCHASE. W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. Bought of A. A. Graham. 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 Received payment, $6 60 A. A. Graham. CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. -, Iowa, , 18- after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions. A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the whole note to become due and collectable at once. If this note ia sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. No. — . P. 0. , . CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. VS. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justiy indebted to , in the ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 sum of dollars, and the further sum of | as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , Bnd $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . Said debt and judgment being for . It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment. Dated , 18—. . The State of Iowa, 1 County. J being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to becomei due said as aforesaid. Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said ■ this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts "must be clearly and explicitly ■stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment •of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 308 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, One Hun- dred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first above written. John Jones, Thomas Whiteside. agreement with clerk for services. This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part, and George Barclay, of McGregor, County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — WITNESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date hereof, should both live such length of time, without absenting himself from his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month ;■ provided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay. Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. George Barclay. BILLS OF SALE. A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal property. The purchaser must take, actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged and recorded. COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, administra- tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mcntionod property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatsoever. In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. Louis Clay. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 NOTICE TO QUIT. To John Wontpay : You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises you now occupy to wit : \_Insert Description.] on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. [_Iieversefor Notice to Landlord.] GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, in manner following, to-wit : First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the Recorder's ofiice, in the county where such land is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said father. Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her 31U ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield. I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- ever. In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy -two. Charles Mansfield. Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses thereof. Peter A. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa, Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. CODICIL. Whereas I, Charles INIansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles Mans- field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. {Form No. 1.) SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. State of Iowa, County, '' I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — day of , A. D- 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid oflf, satisfied and discharged in full. . [seal.] State op Iowa, \ County, J Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared . to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above written. . ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of — County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of , to wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . [Acknowledge as in Form No. l.J SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain^ sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 312 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate situated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit : [Here insert description.) The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and convey all rights of homestead therein. This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- ditions, to-wit : First. Said first part agree to pay said or order Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the same. Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so paid. Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- ments, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall be made by the Sheriif on general or special execution with the other money, • interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of , where the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] FORM OF LEASE. This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of -, A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of. , and State of Iowa, of the first part, and , of the county of and State of Iowa, of the second part, witnesseth that the said party of the first ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 313 part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described premises, to wit : l^Here insert descripiion.'\ for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 18T— , &% the rent of dollars, to he paid as follows, to wit : [Here insert TeTms.~\ And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes whatever ; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever ; that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by supei'ior force^ inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the lessee, or persons of family, or in employ, excepted ; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date first above written. In presence of FORM OF NOTE. , 18—. On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become due at once. 314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHATTEL MORTGAGE. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the following described personal property, now in the possession of in the county and State of , to wit : [^Mere insert Description.'] And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for the sum of dollars. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, including f Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. Signed the day of , 18 — . . [Acknowledged as in form No. l.J . WARRANTY DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by of , County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said — ■ and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : \_]IeTe insert description.] And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described premises. Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . IN PRESENCE OF [Acknowledged as in Form No. l.J ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. Signed this day of , A. D. 18—. Signed in Presence op [Acknowledged as in form No. l.J BOND FOR DEED. Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars, One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this agreement. On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor as above stipulated. [Acknowlsdge as in form No. l.J 316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, vfho desire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the ofiice of the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- ducted, a certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by which such society shall be known, the particular business and objects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence. Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall ha-C'e signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management of the affairs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in~ such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such by-laws. Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a M'ife, ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 317 €hild or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or bequest shall be valid only to the' extent of such one-fourth. Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of ofBcers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and binding a^ if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in this State. The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society in the county. The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and eifects of such existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated or continued. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such Hquors, he mast give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- three per cent, on t!ie cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him since the date of his last report ; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what price; also the kind and quantity of liquors ©n hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all times to the inspection of the public. No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS". Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by the importer theriof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments, pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void. Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- ever, shall not be affected by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be aifected by the above provision. Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall be injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- icating liquors contrary to law, shall be liable. The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- mile limits. The power of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohibited by law is extended o\er the two miles. Iso ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous li(iuors shall be sold on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of the place where said election is held ; oxcc;^t only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the prescription of a practicing physician. ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- TION. The business of publishing books by subscription, having so often been brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is made : * A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promi&e to pay, and not the too often exag- gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they can not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as can- vassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, would examine carefully what it is ; if they can not read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) Appanoose Alamakee Audubon Adams Adair Buena Vista . Benton Boone Butler Bremer Black Hawk.. Buchanan Clay Cherokee Cass Crawford Cedar Cerro Gordo. . Clayton Clinton Chickasaw Carroll Clarke Calhoun Davis Decatur Dubuqu:' Des Moines Delaware Dickinson Dallas Emmet Floyd Fayette Franklin Fremont Grundy Green Guthrie Hardin Humboldt Howard Harrison Hancock Hamilton Henry Ida Iowa Jackson Johnson Jasper Jones JeflFerson Keokuk Kossuth Lee Lucas Lyon Lmn Louisa Mitchell Mahaska Marlon Mills Madison Monroe Marshall Monona Muscatine Montgomery... O'Brien Osceola Polk Pochahontas.. . Pottawattomie Poweshelk Page Plymouth Palo Alto Ringgold Scott Story Shelby Sioux Sac Taylor Tama , Union Van Buren Wayne Warren Wlnneshelk ... . Woodbury Worth Washington ... Wohster Wlnnnbapo WiJiiht Wapello Totals No. of Acres of Im- proved Land. No. of Acres Unim- proved Land. 161059 IW' 21146 65439 83182 83118 297518 156987 149498 145967 213025 19056 37059 54638 110864 58058 248869 529S0 212291 299855 96504 58065 93694 26996 150933 I1575I 187831 143666 472029 15770 132135 9989 147098 179304 69S59 11590' 1460S9 59910 87259 128S31 29114 115823 94848 10162 63966 182080 7292 191041 193290 241021 278881 203907 167389 203123 31 550 183332 108952 15872 281118 151007 126384 161083 156821 23819 43735 55680 3T034 53911 71810 58908 47001 150881 71418 39919 28974 45304 283414 41417 No. of Acres under Culti- vation in 1874. 125188 151908 57337 94' . 309744 50487 116003 87172 98361 58165 62305 29850 57765 25586 32130 98156 43i.'46 198832 47926 49838 47220 39930 S6906 171048 837451 841615 39935 50249 9194 89357 142401 71257 179752 63298 669 98999 48793 78692 59757 818841 62649 S2922 70176 122490 82' 53m4 183U19 7SM 473:.2 66273 48j3J 5060' 32070 31106 66811 S5572 419 481197 175471 6I9I2 32225 5SS29 1912S 43374 89326 367394 47201 23.5315 1I0J22 33216 99328 iii; laiiiio 6709 16986 54352 66265 27010 239408 108642 124877 104S10 181256 157240 33375 45412 92785 15262 1664 8; 48648 173622 74104 39159 78803 26618 131597 9.5275 146244 97618 161367 11961 114626 8387 110708 133758 65390 Spring Wheat. T,.„ „, No. of L°; 5 Bushels 135108 52323 76892 97765 27013 61871 72287 9005 52050 110831 6614 158488 142101 193019 216949 140684 123590 149672 28836 133380 88857 12766 173655 1 00066 9J13S 150368 13:i,'14 9933 137979 91730 1)73{ 39344 129699 86026 26131 14031 11015(1 19;i9 90619 171.14" 115484 41379 161 50373 183M" 99887 47230 88515 21179 79112 214941 45S':6 ]i;!;ii3 iniisu 13373- 23:iicu 33097 8215; 157384 70:110 12121 239,)? 135173 9606 61880 6376 17947 27550 15514 99406 32506 5790' 48878 89361 64291 17481 31693 40123 21000 4046' 28199 40162 26756 i7r"" 11040 5378 8211 49240 10615 60401 6701 29256 3911 6206 6077! SI096 13229 67884 19391 27489 83464 12046 S61I5 23918 4889 2067G 16026 8108 48410 43613 45806 79926 36090 16237 83278 10798 10851 13954 8132 52178 19764 65534 84302 45136 24385 37553 II 038 69393 15S31 82375 1381 14904 8709 37686 7434 83369 57312 22039 33023 80116 10M6 47093 20053 220J9 22;l9l! 1105(1 15-440 97013 10586 7151 1(137 4217; 11217: 1.3M3 2309 41646 80351 8939 13029 17363 334903 ,3690711 12009731 77789 937639 89235 281376 435014 162737 1343666 429257 779If 644795 1108024 812342 153159 40150' 676209 324894 640544 415463 1305125 1010346 643519 S40161 217090 T7169 634135 113396 71728 25822 445848 1510 941439 863670 455909 206901 9766U7 257700 393574 497-251 20902 582803 143701 700C6 294682 180220 48815 670247 550000 666779 1107170 462178 164904 'Winter 'Wlieat, Indian Corn. I No. of Bushels 131.39 72624 153587 76742 856697 189939 1088811 395532 6-29663 3)-2961 628314 101413 1125382 183811 410471 551539 157526 7475' 563339 30774 388971 76;S'^6 333792 443716 23203 78851 76-2315 830897 817944 251286 110094 206813 143730' 141133 58808 76346 654079 181340: 2-, 837: 41048' 469879 891051 162281 19010(1 151333 1049 181 10 7 70 26 1847 12 3 3 7 10 5379 817 84 1964 97 174 3600 21030 428 63 20 55 150 56405 12239 1720 117310 50 11 46 "sii 491 100 31 6192 148 140 16400 31 12 ■206 189 82 25 263 21 968 '16625 44 360 1080 7942 1274 409 66739 1363 200407 3-29 54 160 16367 63 ' i-2:o' 10 325 125 40 244 '"'m' 10928 143 Gl 1439 5 11 2697 2212 543 484 6584 200 "629 166 394 ■473 20235 160 "i76'2' 618 20 960 121834 1236 910 14193 "'276' 'i(li.39' 7592;: 64871 24325 9225 25474 83244 46151 38685 28754 56392 48831 8797 9459 40582 17957 78224 9512 37948 89297 168-21 16014 39066 10656 62127 60484 67118 1029-24 56150 3183 57652 2197 26462 37091 24066 73845 40175 783037 88902 41304 9998 9916 447-20 2067 20441 62672 2301 62618 53962 77142 100217 63423 6.5061 75697 9781 69863 47022 2645 91773 49642 11274 83775 84630 59543 69494 45575 67699 21577 34760 39-251 6379 2310 77)97 6931 47-233 80713 71336 10097 6641 35613 59071 61273 17674 6780 8662 48260 78-251 24063 60211 656-25 80280 27185 146.17 3,5.30 7330>5 23113 1371 100^9 57035 t^o. of Bushels 2385243 905920 394655 969777 1402128 228231 1595752 1270878 1026641 1939590 1811250 180120 315215 1901062 2846921 265443 1471263 3061338 5:4'279 550041 1580-260 3511-20 2116569 1763140 1702391 2307938 1690^35 44455 S 0/ B^'^h^efs Acres. Harv'fd 14273 642448 1296480 758983 r 1482582 783027 1669134 1879961 297381 307912 1620192 57899 670731 2415670 108465 2713830 1665518 S158I78 4525389 1909534 1695510 3327282 I197n 1902530 10396 S4S99'23 2184668 411961 3835063 1538976 2953630 1733916 1715973 1441467 106062 17279 8272010 2-29-263 1750038 3671105 2239013 1757 7f 14295 1145937 2-226346 178311 S-2(l:S 279716 1419080 2842859 U30930 1823622 240518" 3561303 977316 490371 122-291 283-2211 917911 62125 231821 2143791 13756 12776 788 3951 4455 2791 15490 10401 18827 14259 16804 17431 4436 3545 9079 2902 20-243 7199 20024 23704 11744 3238 12337 2993 13643 10535 26115 9242 20577 2403 9937 1649 15461 20770 9532 5419 11786 42-27 4145 10982 8974 10210 3462 1S53 5103 13393 455 11756 23662 17760 15-267 I3'3flO 14003 15582 5143 11817 12666 3477 22670 6792 1407? 16646 10937 6528 8743 11512 13611 2304 13287 53-22 8107 1390 12188 2641 6278 11416 9768 4161 2979 9118 15915 11-273 2-264 4691 8035 8718 1S574 61-27 12596 13242 81191 24307 3073 4445 16701 7491 13-27 4184 11370 4700176 1362845.12 98299-1 29144352 $131636747 "Value of Product* of Farm in Dollars, 387346 442829 33283 141293 159739 67069 446070 404620 4-21719 618671 638196 556209 98766 115695 176281 99158 67588' 22809' 669895 70-2059 446300 107577 367643 73182 345707 344551 643322 287392 632113 37282 335124 3241 487729 70440' 328679 17964: 401943 120948 153505 356915 90944 340-268 69140 48816 168262 338-221 14060 819071 621166 62-219' 53-2239 464824 446128 447603 27857 279069 342164 13789 585618 176755 542662 496248 335746 232639 285103 241081 465245 66473 406562 201635 53931 20829 431841 40494 163081 833565 34050' 1-20437 40859 25500' 52S868 343265 716' 45096 6599 269657 384469 187748 353098 367896 2S1510 6-21(1308 9i6r 161557 4»»20 207493 461C9 135176 293590 ^ //, (^ <^:si^sA^.^ci)>A< HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC FEATURES. The following paper upon the physical geography, the geologic formation and the conchology of Muscatine County, and also the evidences of pre- historic man in this region, was prepared expressly for this History by Prof. F. M. Witter, member of the Academy of Science, and Superintendent of Public Schools of Muscatine. DRAINAGE AND SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS. The Mississippi River forms the southern boundary of the county for about fourteen miles, beginning on the east, and the eastern boundary for about six miles, making almost a right angle at the city of Muscatine. The Cedar River enters the county near the center on the north, and runs southwest, leaving the county two miles east of the southwest corner. About two-thirds of the county is between these two rivers. The general drainage, therefore, is south and southwest. Pine Creek, Sweetland Creek, Geneva Creek, Mad Creek, Pappoose Creek, Lowe's Run, and several other small creeks, drain the south and east side of this region into the Mississippi. Sugar Creek and its chief branch. Mud Creek, Musquito and Little Musquito Creeks, with others unnamed, carry the water from northwest of the divide between the rivers, into the Cedar. The third of the county northwest of the Cedar is drained into that stream by the Wapsinonoc. From the east along the Mississippi to Muscatine, the bluff is about one- fourth of a mile from the limit of high water, and rises rather abruptly, gen- erally in steep ridges pointing toward the river, to the average height above high water of about one hundred and fifty feet. Below Muscatine, the bluff continues nearly west, bending slightly to the south some four miles before it leaves the county, while the river runs almost south from Muscatine, forming a bbttom in this county between the river and the bluff, about six miles square. The greater part of this tract is known as Muscatine Island, once correctly so-called, because Muscatine Slough branches from the river in the southwestern part of the city and runs generally in this county, within a mile of the bluff and reaches the river again some ten or twelve miles below our southern boundary. This slough is closed now in the city by artificial works. Some two or three miles back from the bluff of the Mississippi, the surface is moderately rolling. A considerable portion, indeed, of the divide, especially in the northern and eastern part, is quite level. The bluffs along the Cedar are not so high and bold as along the Mississippi. The bottoms of the Cedar are from two to three miles wide from bluff to l>luff. Muscatine Island and a large part of the bottoms along the Cedar, are A 324 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. scarcely above high water. The former is protected by a levee. Bui little land is covered by ponds, lakes or swamps. Muscatine Slough is generally about eighty feet wide and ten feet deep, supplied largely by springs. It expands near the southern border of the county into Keokuk Lake, a sheet of water some two miles long, one-half mile wide, and four to six feet deep. Some low land, along the Cedar, is being reclaimed by a system of ditching. Soil. — The whole county, with the exception of the river bottoms and Muscatine Island, may be said to be covered with unconsolidated material of uncertain thickness, perhaps from fifty to one hundred feet, called Drift. It consists of clay, sand, gravel, and granitic bowlders. The gravel and bowlders do not come to the surface anywhere in any considerable quantity, and but a small region is injured by sand. This is along the east bluff of the Cedar, from the northern border a few miles into the county. The surface of all the higher portions is a rich black loam. The bottoms are river deposits, and in some instances, contain rather too much sand and gravel for the ordinary crops. Muscatine Island has become famous outside of Iowa for its sweet potatoes and watermelons. The light, sandy and gravelly soil so near the level of the river, makes it well suited for early vegetables, and the products named above. The bluffs along the Mississippi are generally covered with timber, which extends up the little streams, and the valley of the Cedar is well supplied. Perhaps three-fourths of the county may be regarded as prairie. Water. — Springs are quite common along the bluffs, especially on the Mis- sissippi, and good wells are easily made almost anywhere. Muscatine Slough and Keokuk Lake, together with the Mississippi, afford an abundance of excellent fish, and the low grounds throughout the county are the resort in fall and spring of innumerable water-fowl. Good opportunities offer for pisciculture, and experiments in this direction are now being made about four miles west of Muscatine, by Mr. John Miller. Water-power is not very feasible. A good turbine is operated on Pine Creek, about one mile from the Mississippi, and a dam is thrown across the Cedar at Moscow. The Cedar is the chief, if not the only, stream that could afford any considerable water-power. Along this stream, except at Moscow where there might be a vast power employed, the banks are generally low and insecure, and no good foundations for dams or mills are apparent. Building Materials. — Comparatively little of the native timber is now used for building or, with the exception of posts, for fencing. Pine, either as logs or lumber, is so easily brought from the north that it is cheaper than oak, elm, maple, cotton-wood, etc. Brick of good quality can be made from the clays almost anywhere in the county. A deposit under the city of Muscatine, known as Loess, makes the best of beautiful red brick. Wood being abundant, brick are cheap. Limestone is quarried at several points on Pine Creek, about six miles from the Mississippi ; near Moscow, on the Cedar, and on Geneva Creek and vicinity, and sandstone at Wyoming Hills, on the Mississippi, about seven miles east of Muscatine; at Geneva Creek; Muscatine; two miles west of Muscatine along the bluff and three miles west on Lowe's Run. Rock from all these places make good foundations and some sandstones have been cut into sills, caps, keys, coping, etc. Fuel. — From the eastern border along the Mississippi to Muscatine, with little interruption, there seems to be considerable coal. It is not generally of HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 325 the best quality, and does not appear to reach back more than one or two miles from the river. The bed is on an average about twenty feet above high water, and is therefore very easy of access and cheap to work. The inexhaustible coal of Keokuk and Mahaska Counties near us on the west, and the timber in the county and on the islands in the Mississippi, afford an abundance of cheap fuel. Ores and Ochres. — Iron in the form of an oxide with sand, an impure car- bonate and a sulphide, may be found where our sandstones are exposed, but it is in such small quantities that it can be of no practical utility. A small amount of sulphide of zinc has been taken from near the coal in Muscatine. Fragments of sulphide of lead are occasionally found in the Drift. Some beds of red ochre exist near Muscatine, but no use has yet been made of it. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. Little or no disturbance has occurred in this county since the oldest rocks to be seen within its borders were laid down. For this reason the study of the order and history of the successive groups is comparatively simple. The streams, with the exception of the Mississippi, Pine Creek, Mad Creek, Lowe's Run and the Cedar at Moscow, have not cut through the Drift which thickly covers almost the entire county. Along the Mississippi east of Pine Creek, between high and low water, a rock is exposed consisting apparently of clay, fine sand and limestone. It is of little or no economic value, somewhat fossiliferous, casts of Spirifer Qapax, being the chief fossil. This argillaceous limestone, or a little more of the nature of sandstone with few or no fossils, is seen at the mouth of Pine Creek just above high water in the Mississippi. Passing up Pine Creek one mile, to the mill, a limestone appears in the bank of the creek, containing several species of fossils, among them good specimens of S. cwpax not casts, a species of Orthoceras, Favosites, etc. About one mile still farther up is a bold bluff of sandstone, the base of which must be some thirty feet or more above the highest limestone at the mill. A talus covers everything near the creek, so that the junction between the sand- stone above and limestone below, cannot be seen. This bluff rises vertically perhaps seventy-five feet, and bears on the top a number of fine old pines from which the creek takes its name. Following the west branch of Pine Creek some three or four miles further, it cuts into the limestone twenty-five feet or more, and the sandstone is seen as a thin bed on top. Here the corals and brachiopods must have had a sort of metropolis. In half a day I found over twenty-five species of fossils in these limestones. S. capax, Strophodonta, Atrypa reticularis &nA aspera, Athyris, Acervularia davidsoni, Favosites {hamiltonensis ?) the same as found at the mill five miles below and at Moscow about ten miles northwest, a fine species of what is prob- ably a Phillipsastrea, a fragment of a fish tooth, and many other fossils. The Phillipsastrea grew in a layer, hardly two inches thick, spreading over the uneven surface, sometimes a foot or more in extent. It is exceedingly com- pact, presenting the color and appearance of ivory when polished. There are dark, radiating centers, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and from three-fourths of an inch to an inch apart. The spaces between these centers are nearly white, and dimly show waving rays joining the rays in the dark centers. No boundary line can be traced between the calicles or corallets. It appears to me to be a new species. Passing about ten miles northwest, to Mos- cow, or some two miles beyond, where the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 326 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTT. Railroad has opened a quarry, many of the same fossils abound. I have taken, at this place, Acervularia davidsoni, Favosites — named above, Spirifer pen- natus, Platyaeras — a fragment of a large tooth, of a fish, etc. This fragment is one and three-fourths inches long, and seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, being nearly cylindrical. At the mouth of Pine Creek, the limestone beneath the sandstone is hardly above high water in the Mississippi : at the mill, it is about ten feet above the creek ; and near Melpine, the sandstone has disappeared, or nearly so ; and at Moscow probably lower beds of the limestone appear. The lime- stone at Moscow is not less than seventy-five feet higher than at the mouth of Pine Creek, making no note of what is very probable, that the upper rocks, near Moscow, are of a lower horizon than those at the ruouth of Pine Creek. This is the best, in fact, the only, section of rock-exposure across the county, nearly at right angles to the Mississippi. From this, it appears the surface of the limestone on which the sandstone, seen at short intervals along the entire Mississippi blufi" in this county, rests, must dip toward the river. The sandstone, therefore, thins out and disappears three or four miles back from the river. The limestone, at Moscow and on Pine Creek, is of the Hamilton Group of the Devonian Age. At the mouth of Geneva Creek, three miles above Muscatine, between high and low water, a limestone is exposed, rich in Stromatopora, and containing Uuomphohis, Ter- ebratula, Orthoceras expansum (f), Ohoetites, etc. This rock is an impure limestone, indicating a changeable state of the water — sometimes muddy, when much of the life was destroyed, and then it became clear, when the corals and other forms of marine life flourished. Here the sandstone is seen some eighty rods back in the blufi". It must rest on this impure, argiUaceous limestone. About one mile above Muscatine, in Burdett's slough, and a little below, just above low water, a very sandy rock of the limestone order is exposed. It contains casts of S. capax and some corals. About two miles from the mouth of Mad Creek, this rock has been quarried. This is the last seen of limestones in this county. They appear to dip to the southwest a little more rapidly than the river, and disappear. The surface of limestone along the river, was depressed at Wyoming Hills, as would appear from some bituminous shale nearly at low water, the remainder of the steep blufi" rising about two hundred feet in two great steps of sandstone. This shale may be of the same horizon as the coal-beds — some three or four miles above the hills, and about the same distance below. This sinking must have occurred after the coal and before the sandstone was deposited, since the latter does not appear to have been disturbed. The coal just below Pine Creek and Geneva Creek, is from twenty-five to thirty feet above high water ; but the bituminous shale, at Wyoming, about midway between these two points, is scarcely above low water, and as no indication of coal is seen above the shale at this point, the coal-bed here must bend down some twenty-five or thirty feet. Throughout a part, at least, of the rock exposure along the Mississippi, the limestone is succeeded by a soft, non- fossiliferous, bluish shale, best seen at the foot of the bluff", in East Muscatine. At this place it is ten feet or more in thickness. It is probable the bed of coal just above rests on this shale. The coal wliich succeeds the shale is of fair quality, and some twenty inches to two feet in thickness. This bed is now worked just below the mouth of Pine Creek, and just below the mouth of Geneva Creek. Several years ago, large quantities were mined under the city of Muscatine, but these drifts are now abandoned. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 327 West and southwest of Muscatine no coal has been found, nor at any point in this county more than a mile or two back from the Mississippi. This leads to the conclusion, that the coal of this county is a part of the great coal-fields of Illinois, and that the bed thins out and disappears a mile or two from the river. It is certain, that whatever coal is found in this county must lie above the limestone, of the age of that quarried on Pine Creek, near Melpine. In the northwestern part of .the city of Muscatine, about one and one-half miles from the river, near Pappoose Creek, perhaps twenty-five feet above its bed, and on a gentle hillside, in leveling for a brick-yard, a bed of coal was discovered. The bed has, for a considerable distance, no roofing other than the Drift. The floor of the bed is very uneven, rising, in diiferent directions, quite rapidly. The coal is believed to be of better quality than from the apparently lower beds along the river. Whether this is really a higher bed of coal, or whether some disturbance of the nature of a fault has occurred here, is not yet certain. This bed may extend back a mile or more; but from a study of the rocks exposed on Mad Creek and Lowe's Run, it must be a small field. Over the coal, with the exception of that last named, is some thirty-five to forty feet of sandstone. In some parts this is heavily bedded, nearly pure sand, hardens on exposure, and is a good stone above ground. In other parts it is argillaceous, laminated, and contains numerous globular or cylindrical concretions, not generally more than two inches in diameter, or ten inches long, of sulphide of iron. In the city of Muscatine, more than twenty years ago, some most remarkable cases of concretions were brought to view. They were spheres, from five to six feet in diameter, impregnated with iron sulphide, and laminated or stratified the same as the containing rock. A good figure of one of these is given on page 276, Part I, Volume I, of Hall's Geology of Iowa, and on page 100 of Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. The cylindrical con- cretions generally commenced around what is thought to be a cone from some cone-bearing tree of that age. In this sandstone, which is exposed on Pine Creek, about two miles above its mouth ; at Wyoming Hills ; near the mouth Bf Geneva Creek ; in the city of Muscatine ; two miles west of the city, along the blufi"; four miles north of Muscatine, on Mad Creek, and three miles west, on Lowe's Run, are two or three species of Lepidodendrons ; at least three species of fossil ferns, two Pecopteris, and one Neuropteris; one or two species of Galamites; probably two species of Sigillaria; an Asteroph^Uites, and sev- eral other species of fossil plants. There can be no doubt, that the coal and overlying sandstone belong to the Coal-Measure Period, but are not connected with the coal-fields along the Des Moines west and southwest. No rocks are known to exist in this county, above or newer than the sandstone just described. Drift. — It has already been stated that, with little exception, the surface of this county is covered with a deposit called Drift. This must rest on the sand- stone as far as it extends, and then on the limestone next below. It is mainly to this Drift that we owe the wealth and continued prosperity of our people. It determines the character of the soil, and consequently the kind and quantity of products. Drift consists of clay, sand, quartz and granitic pebbles and bowlders. We have seen that no rocks in beds are in sight in this county, except soft sandstones and but little harder limestones, and these are more or less filled with fossils. What, then, shall we say of those hard rocks, in some cases weighing tons, more or less globular, with no fossils, in and on this loose material which makes our soil ? A very slight inspection leads to the con- clusion that they are strangers here, which have strayed from their homes. Many of these bowlders are flattened, and have scratches or grooves running 328 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. across these flattened surfaces. Good specimens of such may be found a mile or two from Muscatine, up either branch of Mad Creek. In probably every State in the latitude of Iowa, and north, where the Drift has been moved from a firm stratified rock beneath, scratches and. grooves are seen in the rock similar to those on the bowlders. So far as I know, nothing of this kind has been seen in this county ; but in other parts of Iowa they occur. Our sandstones would not retain such marks. If the Drift were removed from the limestones, I have no doubt such marks would be found. From the fact that, beneath the Drift, hard rocks in situ are often grooved, and bowlders in the Drift are like- wise grooved, it is plain that the bowlder must have been pushed or dragged, under considerable weight, over the rock below. How far these bowlders have been moved is not always easy to determine ; yet we know it must have been from the region where ledges of such rock as that of which the bowlder is com- posed exist at the surface. No such ledges exist in Iowa ; in fact, none nearer than Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. That these bowlders came from the North is certain, from the fact that a degree or two south of us, no bowlders occur, except under special circumstances ; but they extend north almost without limit. If we ask how this transportation has taken place, we can find no other agency capable of doing such work except ice. It must have been ice that pushed these bowlders over the country from Lake Superior to Muscatine. The ice must have- covered the whole of Iowa and Illinois, Indiana and Ohio as far south as 38 or 39 degrees of north latitude, and, at the same time, all the region north. There is reason to believe it was not floating ice, but rather of the nature of one great glacier, extending from the arctic regions over the whole of North America to the limit mentioned above. This mass of moving ice, earth and rocks was, most likely, several hundred feet thick. We can easily understand how not only the bowlders and the rocks over which they passed were grooved, but all the softer rocks were crushed to sand, clay or fine mud. By this means, no doubt, many of the upper layers have been entirely ground up and removed. The time in the history of the world when this took place has been called the Glacial Epoch. The unconsolidated material of our fertile hills and rolling prairies is the product of the glacier. In many instances, in digging wells in nearly all parts of the county, at from eight to fifty feet below the surface, limbs, and even trunks of trees, often in a good state of preservation, have been found. Two instances in the city of Muscatine, one at Mr. Benjamin Hershy's creamery, one near the Summit, one in Wilton, two near Durant, and three or four in the vicinity of Sweetland Centre, have come to my notice. I have seen a few instances of what appeared to be an old surface, black, rich-looking soil, from twenty to thirty feet below the present surface. One or two cases have occurred where the water in wells has had a very disagreeable odor, as if it came from some old swamp or other decaying material in the Drift. I have in my possession a limb, about one inch in diam- eter, cut through by a beaver. This limb, with several others, was taken from a well about fifteen feet deep, in the northern part of Sweetland Township. It seems most probable that, after glaciers had spread over this region, and driven away or destroyed all life, a milder climate ensued, during which time forests grew, a rich vegetable mold accumulated, and beavers flourished. The trees, so far as I have been able to ascertain, were pines, willow and magnolia. The climate must have been much as it is now. This was followed by a second period of cold, quite similar to the first in action and effect, burying the forests, in some instances, fifty feet deep. The river-channels that had been formed through the long ages from the Coal-Measure Period to the Glacial Epoch, during which HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 329 time this region was above the sea, were filled with the crushed rocks along their shores, and transported material from the north. When the last Glacier began to recede, our present hills were outlined, and the courses of our rivers and creeks determined. At the southern end of the Glacier, great floods of water were seeking the lowest line to the sea. The loose and very soft earth under and in the glacier may have been nearly level, but the waters would quickly find the lowest places, and thus ravines would begin, down which occasionally great masses of ice would float. In this way the slowly-retreating and sometimes advancing glacier aided in forming our main channels. The sculpturing of the landscape into its multitude of hills was left to the rains and snows. Fossils in the Drift. — Plant life has already been mentioned, but it should be stated that almost nothing has been done toward a full study of this subject. It will require much time and patience to bring the whole into its proper place. If gentlemen who are so fortunate as to bring to light some good specimen or fact would have the kindness to inform some person interested in such subjects, so that it could receive a careful examination and be made a matter of record before it is too late, real service would be rendered to science. In general it is said there are no fossils in the Drift, except such as may have been torn loose from the fossiliferous rocks over which the glaciers moved. This, I think, in the main, is true, and yet, if limbs of trees cut by some species of beaver, perhaps Oastoroides ohioensis, described on page 423, Monograph of the Rodentia, United Staces Geological Survey of the Territories, F. V. Hayden, Geologist in Charge, are found deep in the Drift on what appears to have been a rich, loamy surface, the remains of the animal that did the cutting must be of the same age and in the same formation. I should expect to find the remains in this county of some large rodent, the species per- haps extinct, could the old forest-bed, to any considerable extent, be examined, and this, it seems to me, is in the Drift. One mile south of Wilton, in the south bank of Mud Creek, about eighty rods east of the crossing of the C, R. I. & P. R. R., a large part of the skeleton of a huge pachyderm was exhumed in the summer of 1874. These remains were about eighteen feet below the surface in a sort of sand and clay, perhaps a modified Drift or Lacustrine deposit. The country for some miles around is quite level. No teeth were found, and consequently the species and perhaps even the genus is not certain, but it is thought to be Mastodon americanus. About fifteen years ago, at the brick-yard on Mulberry street in Muscatine, the tusk of an elephant or a mastodon was found. It was so much decayed that it could not be preserved. Some two or three years ago, there was found in a ravine in the western part of Muscatine a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon. The tooth is now in the possession of Mr. P. B. Speer, of Muscatine. It is six and three-fourth inches long and three and seven-eighths inches wide. There are five rows of double points on the upper surface, the longest being an inch and a half high. It has two roots. Near Wapello, on the Iowa River, about twenty miles southwest of Muscatine, fragments of bones of some large animal were found, also the tooth of an elephant. Mr. H. Lofland, of Muscatine, had the kindness to bring me an impression of the tooth on paper from which I collect the following facts : Length, 9.5 inches ; greatest breadth, 3.5 inches ; fifteen transverse,' wave-like elevations on its grinding surface. It is certain that this county was the home of elephants and mastodons either during the warm period in the Glacial Epoch along with the beaver, or immediately at its close. The scarcity of the remains of these animals, it seems to me, strengthens the view that they became 330 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. extinct here about the close of the Glacial Epoch. The burying of wood and the mastodon at Wilton are likely to have occurred about the same time and from the same cause. Loess. — After the hills of Drift had become clothed with trees, vines and grasses about the same as now, and innumerable little laud-mollusks found food, deep shade and hiding-places beneath old logs and thick leaves, and the American reindeer, Rangifer caribou, was perhaps monarch of our forests, a formation known in the Mississippi Valley as the Loess was deposited where Muscatine stands. It hardly covers more than three or four square miles coin- ciding closely with the limits of the city. I am not aware that it exists any- where else in the county except on the top of Wyoming Hills. The Loess at Muscatine rests on Drift, a part of which is somewhat strati- fied and a part may be a sort of river deposit. Bowlders nearly two feet in diameter, coarse gravel, sand and clay may be seen under the Loess. This coarse material rises about sixty feet above high water, where its junction with the Loess occurs. This base has been pierced in several places in the city to the depth of forty-five to fifty feet, with little change of material except in two instances to find wood at the bottom. The Loess rises nearly to the top of the highest hills. Its greatest thickness must be close to one hundred feet. It resembles ashes in texture and color except a slight shade of yellow. It shows little or no stratification, contains no gravel or bowlders. It stands in vertical, exposed walls almost like good rock. This property is believed to be due to lime and very fine sand which on exposure to the air unite and harden. Scattered through the Loess in considerable numbers, apparently without regard to order or arrangement, are stony concretions of very irregular forms, tend- ing strongly, however, to be globular ; from a half-inch or less in diameter to two inches or more. These concretions, almost without exception, are very much cracked on the inside, the cracks extending from a wide opening near the center to a sharp edge close to the surface. They appear as if when first formed they were solid, then the outer surface hardened and became unyielding, and afterward the mass about the center contracted considerably and became too small to fill the space it formerly occupied. Because of these fractures, rarely visible at the surface, what appears to be as hard and firm as ordinary limestone, is reduced to many fragments by a gentle blow. An ordinary sample of the unconsolidated Loess when treated with cold muriatic acid lost 12 per cent of its weight. The material that would not dissolve appeared, under a lens of a power of over five hundred diameters, to be irregular grains of quartz sand. The concretions treated in the same manner lost 60 per cent in weight and no definite grains could be seen with the same power of lens. There is enough iron in the Loess to give to brick made from it a bright-red color. Vast numbers of land-shells are most perfectly preserved in all parts of the Loess unless it be near the bottom. These mollusksmust have flourished on the hill* adjacent to the Loess Lake. At one point near the top, pond-shells abound. The following is a list of the shells found in the Loess : Land — Heli.r *striatella, Anthony; *fidva, Drap. ; pulchella, Mul. ; *lmeata, Say ; Pupa muscorum, Lin. ; blandi, Morse ; simplex, Gould ; Succinea *obliqua. Say; *aviira. Say; Water — Liiimea [humilisf). Say; Helicina occulta, Say. Not one of the fifty-four species of mollusks now inhabiting the rivers nor of the twenty-one species in the ponds of this county, is found in the Loess, and only five of the twenty-six species belonging to the land. H. striatella and S. *ThQBe are still living in or Qour the olty, but some are very rury. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COJNTY. 331 avara, two species apparently almost extinci here now, are very abundant in the Loess. Between Iowa avenue and Chestnut, north of Fifth street, in grading Lot 2, Block 99, a boi;e was taken from the Loess about eighteen inches long, somewhat flattened and about two inches wide, covered from an eighth to a quarter of an inch in thickness with the same material as the con- cretions. This was near the bottom of the Loess. Between Linn and Pine, north of Sixth, on Lot 4, Block 124, about thirteen feet below the surface, in the Loess, nearly the entire skeleton of a ruminant was discovered. It was so completely decayed that little could be preserved except fragments of the jaws with the teeth, the whole covered the same as the bone mentioned above. Dr. Joseph Leidy, pf Philadelphia, at first thought this was an undescribed species of extinct deer and proposed to call it Cervus muscatinensis, but afterward he concluded it was the American reindeer, 'Rangifer caribou. Since no stratification is observed in the Loess, it could not have been dis- turbed by currents. It therefore must have accumulated in a lake which was subject to little or no change during Loess time. The bed of this lake at the close was almost at the top of the highest hills. The top of the blufi' along the river in the southern part of the city is Loess. Either a barrier existed between this lake and the river, which has since been entirely swept away, or the river was more than one hundred and fifty feet higher along the blufiB than it is now. Supposing the water in the river to have been on a level with the water in the lake, the vast valley between the bluffs, from four to eight miles wide, must have been filled with material similar to that seen along the bluffs under the Loess. The Loess deposit must have extended some distance into this valley, for it could not have terminated as we see it in the river-bluffs. The great river may have been more of a swamp than a river, three or four miles wide. Since the Loess was deposited, the river has carried away the material from bluff to bluff, about one hundred and fifty feet deep. The hard Hamilton limestone, the top of which is seen about high water near Pine Creek, and low water a mile east of the city, dips below the river to the south and west. The soft blue shale, with its coal and overlying sandstone resting on this, offered but little resistance to the river when it was twenty or thirty feet higher than now, and, consequently, the bluffs are generally remote from the river, where the latter is now confined by the limestone. The space between the present limit of the river and bluffs of sandstone is nearly level, and, no doubt, underlaid by the limestone over which the river once washed. Muscatine Island owes its existence to the character of the rock in the Iowa bluff. Whether the basin in which the Drift, under the Loess, rests was exca- vated in the rocks before the Glacial Epoch, during that time, or since, certain it is, the rocks were removed at least to the limestone which is below low water, the excavation filled fifty to sixty feet deep with loose material, on top of which is the Loess, and since then the river has returned from near the tops of the highest hills to its present place. It is doubtful if this could have occurred without a change of level. It seems to me the land must have subsided till the highest points were but little above the river. Some stream, probably the Cedar, reaching into Northwestern Iowa, carried the same kind of water into this Loess Lake that renders the Missouri and its upper tributaries so famous. Here the mud gradually settled, as it does now in the reservoir in St. Louis from the water of the Missouri. Patches of Loess are known to exist at Clinton, Iowa City and Des Moines, and from twenty to fifty miles of the western border of Iowa was in the great Loess Lake of Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri. 332 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. After the Loess was deposited, the final topographical features of the county hegan to appear. The river valleys and the picturesque bluffs are newer than • the Loess. At no very distant day, the river, or a large branch of it, followed mainly the line of Muscatine Slough. The Sand Mound, the northern part of which is in the southeastern corner of the county, is, no doubt, a part of the debris of the sandstones crushed by the glaciers, washed away by the river, or both. The loose material in the river bottoms of the county is alluvium. It is constantly being changed along the rivers from side to side. Rivers have a sort of pendulum motion, and the banks yield where they strike. The geology of the county may be summarized as follows, in regard to Ages and Groups : Devonian Age, Hamilton G-roui}, seen along the Mississippi from the eastern border nearly to the city of Muscatine, on Pine Creek one mile above the mouth, and on the west branch of the same creek, about six miles from the mouth ; also on Cedar, near Moscow. Carboniferous Age, Coal-Measure Group, seen along the Mississippi from the eastern border to a point about two miles west of the city of Musca- tine, on Mad Creek about four miles from its mouth, on Pappoose Creek about two miles from its mouth, and on Lowe's Run, three or four miles west of Mus- catine. Quaternary Age, Drift, covering all the county except the Loess, men- tioned above, and the alluvium along the river bottoms. LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS. The mollusks found in Muscatine County are here named : Helicid^, Helix falbolabris. Say ; §alternata, Say ; §arborea. Say ; fclausa. Say; ||concava. Say; ffulva, Drap. ; ||hirsuta. Say; flabyrinthica. Say; Jlineata, Say ; ||minuscula, Binney ; *monodon, Rackitt, ||monodon, var. leaii. Ward ; §multilineata, Say, multilineata, varieties Jalba and Jrubra ; fperspectiva, Say; Anthony; fprofunda striatella. Say ; also a white var. of profunda ; ftl^y- roides. Say ; Jviridula, Menke ; Cionella Jsubcylindrica, Linn. ; Pwpa ||armifera. Say; ||contracta, Say ; f fallax. Say ; fpentodon, Say ; jSwrnwea Javara, Morse ; §obliqua. Say ; §ovalis, Gould ; izmar-campestris, Binney ; Philomycid^ ; Tehennophorus ||carolinensis, Bosc. ; Auriculid^ ; (Jarychium ||exiguum, Say; Limn^eid* ; imwea ||desidiosa. Say ; fpallida, Adams ; freflexa. Say; jlreflexa, var. zebra, Tryon ; Physa fgyrina. Say ; ||heterostropha, Say ; virgata, Gould; PZfl!wor6is||albus, Mull.; ||bicarinatus. Say ; ||deflectus, Say; ||exacutus, Say; 1 1 parvus. Say ; §trivolvis. Say ; (Se^wiewiwa ||wheatleyi,Lea; Ancylus ffus- cus, Adams ; Valvatid^ ; Valvata ||tricarinata, two forms. Say ; V1VIPARID.S ; Lioplax Jsubcarinata, Say ; Melantho §subsolida, Anthony ;" F^vjoam §inter- texta. Say ; RissoiD^, Amnicola ||cincinnatiensis, Anthony ; Jporata, Say ; Bythinella fobtusa, Lea; Somatogyrus ||isogonus. Say; Strepomatid^, Pleu- rocera ||subulare, Lea; Corbiculad^, Sphcerium Isphsericum, Anthony; llstamineum, Conrad; ||transversuto, Say; Pisidium tcompressum. Prime; Unionid^, Anodonta ||corpulenta, Cooper ; ||edentu]a. Say : *ferussaciana. Lea ; §grandis. Say ; ||imbecili8. Say ; fplana, Lea ; ||suborbiculata, Say ; Mar- ^an'iana llcomplanata, Barnes; ||confragosa, Say; *deltoidea. Lea; fmargin- ata, Say ; Jrugosa, Barnes ; Unio ||a3Sopus, Green ; ||alatus and apparently a var., Say; ||anodontoides. Lea; Hasperrimus, Lea ; fcapax, Green ; §cornutus and a nearly white var., Barnes; Jcrassidens, Lam.; Jdonaciforrais. Lea; §dorfeuillianus. Lea; §ebenus, Lea; ||elegans and a white var.. Lea; ||ellipsis, Lea; Sgibbosus, Barnes; ||gracilis, Barnes; ||gvaniferus, Lea; ||lrevissimus, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 333 Lea ; ligamentinus, Lam. ; §luteolus, and varietes, Lam. §metaneorus, Raf. ; §mississippiensis, Conrad ; *monodontus, Say ; fmultiplicatus, Lea; ||occidens, Lea; ||orbicu]atus and var., Hild.; Jparvus, Barnes; plicatus, Barnes; Jpustu- latus, Lea; ||pustulosus, Lea; fpyramidatus, Lea; §rectus, Lam. ; ||securis, Lea; Jsolidus, Lea; ftenuissimus, Lea; §trigonus, Lea; ||tuberculatus, Barnes; ^triangularis, Barnes ; Jwardii, Lea ; zigzag, a var. of donaciformis, Lea. The soft parts of the Unionidse afford an abundance of bait for fishermen. The thick, heavy shells are capable of being made into a great variety of useful and ornamental objects. All our shell-bearing mollusks give lime to the soil. Broken shells were used by the primitive men of this county in making their earthen vessels, and shells held an important place with this people as an article of adornment. There is no evidence that our river- mollusks were ever used here as an essential article of food. I suppose the chief obstacle in the way of cultivating for the table, especially the Anodonta grandis, so abundant in Keokuk Lake, is the changeable character of our waters. Whether a fine, fat young grandis could ever get the reputation of oysters from Saddle-Rock or Far-Rock»way is a question for the " coming man " to solve. PREHISTORIC REMAINS. Along the bluffs of the Mississippi, in this county, generally in the most commanding positions, are great numbers of tumuli, or artificial mounds of earth. These vary from slight elevations, scarcely perceptible, to mounds ten feet high and fifty to one hundred feet across at the base. No particular order among them has yet been observed, except they are in groups of from fifteen to twenty- five each, or even more. The mounds in a group are, usually, not more than from fifty to one hundred feet apart. One group of small mounds is on Sec- tion 14, Township 77 north. Range 3 west, of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This is on the east bluff of the Cedar, and is the only group on this stream that has come to my notice in this county. With the exception of a few mounds on Section 22, Township 77 north. Range 1 east, all others, so far as I know, are on points of land on the Mississippi bluffs that would have been above the water in Loess time. The exceptions referred to above are in a fine state of preservation, and stand on a bottom about eighty rods wide, a few feet above high water, and about forty rods from the Mississippi River. Comparatively little has been done to systematically explore the mounds of this county. Some earthen vessels, stone axes, arrow and spear points and plummet-like implements, made of hematite, have been taken from the mounds. Fragments of pottery, stone axes, etc., are frequently found along our ravines. Whatever may have been the chief purpose of these mounds, it is certain some of their dead were buried in them. Human bones, generally almost like ashes, are common in the mounds. It is hardly possible that all the dead were put in mounds, as it is quite certain that many mounds contain each the remains of but two or three persons. When this ancient people fiourished in this county, whence they came and whither they went, are questions over which the shadows of the past still hover. Some race or races of men lived along the borders of the great Missouri Lake in Loess time. Prof. Samuel Aughey, of Lincoln, Neb., has found arrow and spear points in the Loess near Omaha, Sioux City, etc., along with the remains of the elephant and mastodon ; and Mr. F. F. Hilder, Secretary of the Archaeological Section of the St. Louis Academy of Science, in a recent letter to me, says : " About a year ago, I had *No live shells have been found in the county. t'^ei'J' «"■"■ +Kare. |Common. JVery common. 334 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. the good fortune to find an arrow-head of black chert, very rudely formed, in the undisturbed Loess of this city, about six feet below the surface." Twenty-two miles south of Muscatine, in and around the village of Tools- boro, in Louisa County, numerous mounds, larger than those of this county,, have been carefully examined, and finely-wrought earthen vessels and pipes, also copper axes, awls, beads, and a sheet of that metal ; marine shells, now living in the Gulf, shell beads, and, probably, charred corn, have been exhumed. In the same vicinity, earthworks exist — in one instance, straight for over eighty rods, and, in another, circular, inclosing perhaps ten acres. These are nearly obliterated by cultivation. I call attention to these remains beyond this county only because that point appears to have been the center of strength and wealth, for this region. ENTOMOLOGY. Aside from its scientific phase, the study of the insect-life of this region is one which is of great importance. The subject possesses limitless shades of interest to the careful observer, and is worthy of patient research. The Misses Walton, of Muscatine, have made a special study of this branch of science, and already have preserved a fine cabinet of specimens. Miss Alice B. Walton contributes to this volume the following paper relative to the entomology of Muscatine County, and, indirectly, that of the State: '' The study of the entomology of Iowa has been more neglected than that of any other department of its natural history. Hardly any data of the appearance or disappearance of its destructive and beneficial insects have been preserved, or, of what are known to science as ' insect years ' ; that is, sea- sons in which insects are the most abundant. These generally follow severe winters, with continuous cold weather, and also dry, warm springs, while a mild winter, or a cold, rainy spring, is as injurious to insect-life a.s it is to vege- tation. The winter of 1875-76 was an open one, and, during the summer of 1876, insects were, comparatively speaking, scarce. The winter of 1876-77 was cold, and the following summer was a good one for insect collectors. The winter of 1877-78 was one of the mildest on record, and, during the whole of the season, swarms of mosquitoes could be seen, on every warm day, flying along the edges of timber-land. Even small Lepidoptera were occasionally captured during the months of December and January. The succession of a number of very mild days would cause insects to be wholly or partially aroused from their torpidity, and the sudden changes of temperature would kill them. The next summer proved no exception to the general rule, and cabinets received but few valuable additions. " The advent of new destructive species of insects, the amount of damage they are capable of and the present outlook as to the permanency or final extinction of such pests, form an interesting topic for general readers. "'Destructive insects' are usually those which live upon vegetation, and are, as by a law of compensation, subject to depredation from so-called 'canni- bal insects.' The cannibals may be distinguished from the vegetable-feeders by the fact that the former are swift ;ind rapid in their movements, while the lat- ter move with a slow and sluggish motion. Every true insect passes through four stages in the course of its lifetime. First, the egg ; second, the larva, which is the grub, maggot or caterpillar state ; third, the pupa, during which most insects are torpid and incapable of eating, and fourth, the imago, or per- fect-winged state. Among the destructive insects, the chinch-bug {Rhyparo* HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 335 ■ohronius leuoopterus, Say) first made its appearance in this county in 1844, when it produced in the wheat what was known among the early settlers as ' spot.' These ' spots ' were from one foot to several rods in diameter in the fields of standing grain. A few days before the wheat was ripe, it would turn white and become blighted. On examination, the cause proved to be this bug, the worst foe with which the Western grain-grower contends. Its ravages have been severe. It did the most damage from about 1850 to 1865, and, during these fifteen years, fully one-third of the wheat crops in this section of Iowa were lost. For the past few years, however, it has troubled the small grain but little. The corn never suffered as much from its depredations as the wheat. But, happily, the chinch-bug has several insect-foes, prominent among which are two species of a small beetle called in common parlance lady-bug or lady-bird. The spotted lady-bug [Hippodamia maoulata, De Geer) is red, spotted with black, and the trim lady-bug [Ooccinella munda, Say) is rather light yellow. Both of these are found in this county, and probably several smaller species also thrive here. All of these should be respected and protected by every one, as they are almost universally found among the antagonists of destructive insects. " The locust borer {Clytus robinice, Forrester) was first observed as causing damage to the locust-trees, sometime about the year 1850. It is a black beetle, gayly barred and marked with yellow. It is about an inch long, and may be found' during the month of September, on the trunks of the locust or among the blossoms of the golden-rod. The boring of the larvEe in the locust trunks has completely abolished the cultivation of that tree in this county. " In the years 1864 and 1865, there appeared a most unwelcome visitor, the Colorado potato-bug [Doryphora decemlinea,ta. Say), and immediately every inventive genius turned his faculties toward discovering a method for its sub- jugation. " Many a boy has spent the summer mornings with a tin pan in one hand and a stick in the other, going from hill to hill, ' bugging ' the potatoes, knocking the bugs into the pan, and burning or scalding them. Finally, a mixture of twelve parts of flour to one of Paris green, sprinkled on the vines in the morning, in the dew, proved the most effective manner of warfare. " For the first two or three years after their appearance, many of the potato- fields were entirely devastated. Not only the potatoes were eaten, but also every weed that grew among them. Now, however, man and the natural insect- enemies, of which more than a score can be named (among them the lady-bug), seem to have gained the supremacy, and the damage done at present is little or nothing compared to what it was ten years ago. It may entirely disappear from this locality, but, in all probability, there will always be a few survivors found here. " In 1875, the maple-tree louse {Lecanium acerioola) first infested the maple- trees at Muscatine, in numbers sufficient to injure them. Previous to that time, the maple had been extensively used as a shade-tree, but subsequently the insect has destroyed more than three-fourths of those trees in the city, and the tree is no longer cultivated for its shade. Elms have been generally substituted. The louse appeared around Davenport as early as 1868, and even now is not found in the country around Muscatine, but is confined to the city. This insect has at least one known enemy, our little friend the lady-bug. " A small plant-louse {Phylloxera vitifolice, Fitch) attacks several varieties of grapes. As yet, no practical damage has been reported from this cause, although it seems to be acquiring a greater range in the variety of its food. It 336 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. is a native insect, indigenous with the wild frost grape. Among the tame varieties of grapes, it prefers the Clinton, Delaware and a small white hybrid. Last season, it was. observed on the Isabel. This is the same Phylloxera which causes so much trouble in Southern France. It was imported into France from America. " The cut- worms are the larvae of a nocturnal genus [Agrotis) of Lepidoptera. Quite a number of species of this genius are to be found in this county. A new species, working in the corn, was reported last summer. " Every seventeen years, we are visited by what are commonly miscalled 'locusts' [Cicada septendecim, Linn.). This insect appeared here in 1837, 1854, 1871 and will appear in 1888. They are not found on the prairie, but are in the timber-lands. The early settlers claim that the brood of 1837 was larger than any subsequent one. The clearing of the timber-land may be the cause of their decrease. Of their habits, Walsh remarks that more has prob- ably been written concerning them than of any other insect. " The white grubs first began to seriously damage meadow-lands about 1870. They are the larvse of the May beetle [Lachnosterna queroina, Knoch). " There are many other destructive insects found in this locality, but these are the principal species. A large number of useful and beneficial insects can be taken here, but blessings are often passed unheeded, and many of these, at present, remain in oblivion. They are, for the most part, small parasites, and the classes of insects known as cannibals. Their habits and history have not received the study and attention which haie been given to their more unworthy relatives. " Of the sub-orders of insects, the Coleoptera, or beetles, and the Lepidop- tera, or scale-winged insects, such as butterflies and moths, have been studied here more thoroughly than the remaining five. " It may be interesting to state a few facts and call attention to some of the common species of the winged beauties. For the sake of convenience, Lepi- doptera have been divided into three large groupo called Diurnal, Crepuscular and Nocturnal. The Diurnal are the butterflies, which belong to the daytime. The Crepuscular are the sphinges and twilight fliers. The Nocturnal are the moths which fly at night. Part of the moths and sphinges fly in the daytime. So that this classification is not, strictly speaking, technical, but merely, as before stated, for convenience. " Among the most common Diurnals we have the small, yellow butterfly (Colias philodice, Godart) familiar to every one ; the white butterfly (Pieris pro- todice, B. and L.), the imago of the cabbage-worm which is quite injurious to that crop ; the Danias archippus, Harr., that large brown and black butterfly which is seen in its beauty and perfection in the fall, when it migrates south- ward, often in great numbers. These three are the most numerous. " The very large magnificent yellow, marked with black, butterfly, commonly called the yellow swallowtail, is Papilio turnus, Linn. It expands from three to four inches, and is seen in June and July, flying through woods and orchards and hovering about lilacs. We have several other species of Papilio, black marked with difi"erent colors, which are not easily distinguishable on the wing. "The Vanesea antiopa, Linn., is also rather common in this county. It expands from two and one-half to three inches. Its wings are purplish brown above with a yellow border, just inside of which is a row of blue spots. This insect has a great taste for rotten apples. " The Crepuscular — the Sphinges — are those large, narrow-winged, heavy- bodied, Lepidoptera that hover over flowers in the twilight, extracting the HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 337 honey through their long maxillae or 'tongues,' which are hollow like a tube, and in some species is four inches long. It is common to hear these insects called 'evening humming-birds,' from the resemblance of the motion of their wings to that of the humming-bird. But they are not birds, they are Sphinges. Some of the handsomest of these are the imagoes of the tobacco and tomato worms. " The common or the marked Nocturnals are difficult to point out, because of their nocturnal habits. There are five found here which are large and hand- some. Telea polypJiemus, Linn., is a very light brown. On each secondary or hind wing, is a blue, black, and yellow eyelike spot with a transparent pupil. On each primary or front wing, is also found another transparent spot edged with yellow. It expands about five inches, and its larvae feed on the oak. Samia cecropia, Linn., is the largest insect we have. Two specimens in our collection, which were hatched from cocoons, measure six and three-quarters and nearly seven inches, respectively. The average expansion is about six inches. Its colors are gray-brown, dull red, black and white. A wavy, white line crosses each wing, and also near the center of each is a large white spot. Near the tip of each primary is an eye-like spot. The body is dull red, striped with white. ^' Saturnia lo, Harr., and Callosamia promethea, Drury, are both found here, though quite rare. Saturnia lo is light brown. Expands two inches and has a large eye-like spot on each secondary. Callosamia promethea expands about three inches. The male is dark bluish brown. The female has a very light reddish brown tint. " The Actias luna, Linn., is a pale-greeuj moth. It expands about four inches. It has a transparent eye-spot in the center of each wing, and the two secondaries are each prolonged into a tail, which gives it a peculiar appearance. Perfect specimens are hard to obtain. These five are not the most common, but the largest. The great majority of the Nocturnals are small, some of them expanding less than half an inch. " In giving an account of our local Entomology, only a few points can be dwelt upon. There are many other interesting facts that could be enumerated but of necessity must be omitted. In order to give some idea of the Lepidop- tera that can be found here, the following, though imperfect, list is given. It does not, in all probability, contain one-half which could be collected in this county. " Rhopalocera. — Papilio philenor Linn. ; Papilio asterias Drury; Papilio troilus Linn. ; Papilio turnus Linn. ; Papilio var. glaucus Linn. ; Papilio cresphontes Cram. ; Pieris protodice Boisd. ^ Lee. ; Colias csesonia Stoll. ; Colias eurytheme Boisd.; Colias keewaydin Edw.; Colias philodice G-odart; Terias lisa" ^OMcJ'. ; Danais archippus Cra?w.; Argynnis idalia Drwr?/ ; Argyn- nis cybele Fahr. ; Argynnis aphrodite Fahr. ; Argynnis myrina Cram. ; Argynnis . ; Phyciodes tharos Boisd. ; Grapta faunus Edw. ; Grapta interrogationis var. Fabricii Edw. ; Grapta interrogationis var. umbrosa Lint. ; Grapta progne Cram.; Grapta comma Harris; Vanessa antiopa imw. ; Pyra- meis cardui Linn.; Pyrameis hunteria Drury; Pyrameis atalanta Linn.; Junonia lavinia Cram.; Limenitis Ursula Fahr.; Limenitis misipus Fahr.; Apatura celtis Boisd. ; Euptychia eurytus Fahr. ; Chrysophanus hyllus Cram. ; Lycsena neglecta Edw. ; Lycaena pseudargiolus Boisd. ; Lycsena comyntas Crodt. ; Epargyreus tityrus Fahr. ; Thorybes pylades Scudd. ; Hesperia hobo- mok Sarr.; Hesperia vialis jffc^M). ; Hesperia numitor ^a6r. ; Hesperia tessel- lata Scudd. ; Hesperia . 338 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. '^ Sphingidce. — Macroglossa diffinis ^oi'sc?. ; Macroglossa thysbe Fahr.; Thyreus abbotii Swain; Thyreus nessus Cram.; Darapsa myron Oram.; Chserocampa tersa Linn. ; Deilephila lineata Fahr. ; Philampelus pandorus Hubn. ; Philampelus achemon Drury ; Smerinthus geminatus Say ; Macrosila Carolina Linn. ; Macrosila quinquemaculata Haw. ; Sphinx cinerea Harr. ; Sphinx gordius Cram. ; Ceratomia amyntor Hubn. " Zygcenidce. — Eudryus unio Hubn. ; Eudryus grata Fabr. ; Scepsis fulvi- ■collis Hubn. " Bombycidce. — Hyproprepia fucosa Hubn. ; Utethesia bella Linn. ; Calli- morpha lecontei Boisd. ; Arctia nais Drury; Arctia decorata Saunders; Arctia persephone Grrote; Arctia arge Drury ; Pyrrharctia issabella Smith; Leucarctia acrea Drury ; Spilosoma virginica Fabr. ; Spilosoma latipennis Stretch.; Euchsetes egle Drury; Nerice bidentata Walk.; Telea polyphemus Linn. ; Actias luna Linn. ; Samia cecropia Linn. ; Clisocampa americana Harr. ; Xyleutes robinise Peck. '■'■ Noctuidce. — Acronycta ohWmia, Smith ; Microcoelia obliterata Gfrote; Jas- pidea lepidula Grrote; Agrotis c-nigrum Linn.; Agrotis subgothica Hew.; Agrotis messoria Harr. ; Agrotis clandestina Harr. ; Mamestra adjuncta Quen. ; Mamestra subjuncta Ghrote ; Mamestra renigera Stephens ; Perigea xanthioides Gruen. ; Dipterygia pinastri Linn. ; Hyppa xylinoides Ghien. ; Hydroecia nictitans Linn. ; Gortyna rutila Ghien. ; Arzama obliquata (?. ^ R. ; Heliophila pallens Hubn. ; Heliophila pseudargyria Ghrote ; Pyrophila pyramid- •oides Grrote; Pluisa aerea Hviin. ; Plusia balluca G-eyer ; Plusia simplex Gruen. ; Chamyris cerintha Treits. ; Erastria carneola Ghien. ; Erastria nigritula (r^Mere. ; Drasteria erechtea Craw. ; Euclidia cuspidea ^mJ/k; Cato- ■cala meskei Grrote; Catocala ultronia Gruen. ; Catocala neoparta Ghien.; Catocala innubens Gruen. ; Catocala neogama Ghien. ; Catocala paleogama var. phalanga Gueu. ; Homoptera lunata Z>rMry; Pseudoglossa lubricalis G-eyer, Plathypena scabra Fabr. " Geometridoe. — Petrophora diversilineata Hubn. ; Eutrapela transversata Drury ; Heterophelps triguttata Her. Sch. ; Haematopis grataria Fabr. ; Acid- alia enucleata Ghien. ; Angerona crbcataria Fabr. ; Endropia efifectaria Walk. ; Endropia marginata Pack. " PyralidcB. — Botys verticalis Albin. ; Desmia maculalis West. " Tortricidoe. — Argyrolepia quercifoliana Fitch. " Pterophoridoe. — ^Pterophorus periscelidactylus JVteA." METEOROLOGICAL REPORT. The following interesting chapter upon the subject of the climate and the events dependent upon the condition of the weather, was compiled expressly for this work by Mr. J. P. Walton, now Reporter for the Smithsonian Institution, and the Signal Service of the War Department at Washington, D. C. Prior to the year 1839, the reports concerning the weather are mei'elv tra- ditional. On the 1st of January, 1839, Hon. T. S. Parvin now of lowa'City, commenced a meteorological record at Muscatine, taking and recording three observations daily. This labor he continued until 1861, when Rev. John Ufford, now of Delaware, Ohio, took charge of the instruments and records for two years. In 186:], they passed into the hands of J. P. Walton, who stil retains them and continues taking observations. Thus we have a continuous HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUHTY. . 339 record of three times a day, for more than, forty years. This is probably the oldest and most authentic record in the West. When the early settlers reached the banks of the Mississippi, they found drift-wood and high-water marks which indicated that the river had been high at a recent date, fully twelve inches higher than in 1851, or than it has been since. Tradition places this event in 1828. The autumn of 1837, was warm and pleasant. The river was high. Steam- boats ran all the fall and brought settlers and provisions until winter set in, which was about the middle of December. The winter of 1837-38 was open and wet during the first half The month of February and the first ten days of March were quite cold. The early settlers say that ice floated in the river nearly two months. The river closed February 14, and good hauling lasted three weeks. It opened March 24. The spring of 1838, was late in coming. But grass grew early and sufficient for cattle to live upon by the first of April. Weather dry during May and the first half of June. The river was high and steamboats were numerous, all loaded with emigrants. The summer and autumn were delightful. The crops were fine but the ague, which afflicted three- fourths of the early settlers, interfered with their being gathered. The river was low in the fall. Boats scarce. Ice commenced running about the 20th of November, when the winter of 1838-39 commenced, which was not unusually severe, there being only from eight to twelve inches of snow throughout the season. The river closed December 4, and opened the first day of March, 1839. March, April and May, of 1839, were unusually pleasant with sufficient rain for good crops. June was warm and quite damp. July and August dry and not excessively warm. September dry, with an early frost on the 12th. October warm but quite wet. There being fourteen rainy days during the month. On November 23, four inches of snow fell and winter set in. Ice commenced running on the 24th of December. In the winter of 1839-40, the river closed January 15, and opened on the 29th of February. Thirty-three inches of snow fell during the winter, but the weather was not excessively cold. TheMarch and April in 1840, were dry. river high and spring early. May was a wet month, with thirteen rainy days. June wet ; July, August and September cold. The thermometer did not reach 90 degrees this season. October and November pleasant. Vegetation killed by a frost on the 24th of October. Winter commenced very moderate on the 1st of December. The winter of 1840-41 was an average winter. The thermometer went below zero eleven times. River closed December 31, and opened March 1. March of 1841, was cool. April and May warm; June, July and August, hot. Thermometer, nineteen days above 90 degrees. September, October and November pleasant. A light frost September 11. A killing frost October 3. Winter began on November 26. The winter of 1841-42 was light. The thermometer touched zero but seven times during the winter. The river closed December 27, and opened February 28. March, April and May were moderately warm. June was cool. July the same, but the thermometer reached 90 degrees eight times, it being quite changeable, ranging from 50 to 90 degrees. August was more settled with a mean of 68 degrees. September and October, warm. On the 15th of Novem- ber, the longest winter on record, commenced. December was steadily cold with a mean of 21 degrees. The winter of 1842-43 is known as the long winter. The river closed November 27, and opened on April 8, 1843. Ice formed three feet thick on 340 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. the river. Snow was thirty inchest deep in the woods, during these five months. The thermometer was down to zero thirty-five days. Spring began on the 10th of April, but " came in earnest when it came." May was quite warm; June, moderate; July and August, hot, the thermometer 90 degrees twenty-two days; September and October, warm. November, moderate. December, warm, with a mean of 31 degrees. The winter of 1843-44 was quite open. The river closed January 24, and opened February 23. The spring of 1844, was early. The summer was an average one. The autumn months excellent. The winter set in December 8, but the month of December was very moderate. The winter of 1844-45 was light. The river closed December 27, and opened February 18. The thermometer went to zero but four times in the early part of December. The spring of 1845 was early. The sum- mer long, with July hot. September and October warm. Frost the 12th of October. Winter set in November 28. December cold. Down to zero ten days. The winter of 1845-46 was cold during the first month, and moderate the last two. The river closed December 1, and opened January 20. The spring of 1846 opened early, but a light frost occurred on the 15th day of May. June cold. July and August warm. September, October and November pleasant. December warm. The winter of 1846-47 commenced November 26, but did not end until the 17th of March, 1847. December was moderate. January cold, with sev- enteen days below zero. February rather moderate. The river closed Jan- uary 6,' and opened March 19. March almost as cold as February. April, May and June cold and backward. July and August considerably below the average. September, October and November were warm for the season. A light frost on the 9th of October. December moderate, with a mean temper- ature of 25 degrees. The winter of 1847-48 commenced November 26, and ended March 6. The river closed December 15, and opened February 16. The winter was mild, with but little cold weather. March and April, of 1848, were about average months. May was warm. June, July, August and September cold. Thermometer was not above 85 degrees. Frost the 22d of September. Oc- tober mild. November and December were cold. The winter of 1848-49 commenced November 24, and ended February 20. The river closed December 15, and opened February 12. December had six days below zero. January, eleven — one day 24 degrees below. February ten days. A cold, but not a long winter. The spring of 1849 was cold and backward. The thermometer down to 30 degrees on the 1st of May. June, July and August cold. Highest thermometer, during the year, 89 degrees. Frost June 6. September, October and November delightful. The first frost October 8. December, steady cold weather. The winter of 1849-50 began November 27, and ended February 23. River closed December 17, and opened February 19. January, 1850, quite moderate and wet. February cold, during the first part, and warm at the close. Eight inches of water M\. March and April backward and showery. May backward and cold. June warm and pleasant. July and August warm and showery. September, October and November moderate, with early frost on September 7. December pleasant, with seven inches of snow on the ground. The last steamboat passed down on the 2d of the month. Ice running in the river on the 3d. HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 341 The winter of 1850-51 commenced November 28, and ended March 9. River closed January 30, and opened the 21st of February. January mod- erate, with five inches of snow. February mild. First half of March, snowy ; last half, mild. April moderate, with a hard snow on the 29th. A hard frost on the 5th of May. Light frost on the 24th. Twenty-one rainy days in June, fourteen and three-fourths inches of water fell. On the 8Dh of June, the Mis- sissippi River was higher than it had been since 1828. July cold and wet. Eight inches of water fell. August cold and rainy. Fourteen inches of rain fell. On the night of the 10th, 10.71 inches of water fell, which washed out bridges generally, and carried off houses along the creek. Four persons were drowned, while trying to escape from the flood. This was the final hard rain of the season. September about as warm as August, with a light frost on the 25th, and a hard frost on the 28th. Aurora borealis on the 29th. October pleasant and smoky. November 11, snow fell seven inches deep. The last boat of the season on December 12. Ice commenced running on the 13th. Winter began December 10, (vhich closed the wet season of 1851. The wettest on record up to this time. The winter of 1851-52 was cold, during the last half of December, and the whole of January. February was mild and muddy. The river closed December 18, and opened February 24. First boat up, March 5. Running ice on the 19th. The month cold. The average temperature, 36 degrees. Ice five inches thick on the 31st. April backward. May warmer. Frost on the 20th. June, July and August cold and dry. September warm and wet. The first frost on the 26th. October and November cold and wet. Ice commenced to run in the river on November 19. November and December were not excess- ively cold. The winter of 1852-53 was moderate. There were not more than eight days in which the thermometer went below zero. The river closed December 19, and opened February 25. First boat March 7. March, April and May forward, but subject to frost ; the last on the 25th of May. June was remark- ably hot, its mean temperature being 71 degrees. July, cold ; mean temper- ature — 68 degrees. August the same as June, with a mean of 71 degrees, but dry. The first frost September 10. October and November cold and dry. December moderate, with ice running on the 2d. There was an abundant harvest of grain and fruit this year. The winter of 1853-54 had but little snow all winter. January cold ; eleven days down to zero. -February milder. River closed December 31, and opened March 1. First boat the 5th. March, April and May were warm and forward. The last frost on May 2. June, July, August and September were hot and dry. Thirty-nine days with the thermometer 90 degrees in the shade. At one time there were twelve consecutive days above 90 degrees. October warm, with the first frost on the 15th. November dry and pleasant. Decem- ber mild. Ice began running on the 5th. The winter of 1854-55, was a light winter. The latter part of February was cold with a deep snow. The river closed on January 22. Opened on March 7. March was cold. April and May warm, with a frost that killed most of the fruit on the 6th of May. June, July and August, moderate for the season. Septem- ber pleasant. The first frost on the 27th. The river very low. The river became high on the 12th of October. Ice commenced running in the river on December 12, and closed the 25th. Thirteen inches of snow on the ground. . In the winter of 1855-56, December, January, February and first half of March, were cold with ice two and one-half faet thick. River opened the 29th 342 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. of March. April moderate. May warm. June and July warm. August cold with the river very low. A dry season, but crops were good. First frost August 24. First half of October dry. The backward and early frost greatly damaged the corn crop. November unusually wet. No Indian summer. December was cold and changeable. River closed December 6. Winter of 1856-57. December cold and snowy. January very cold, the mean for the month was 6° above zero. Nineteen days below. One day 30° below. February more moderate with enough snow to block all the railroads. On the 7th, a heavy rain fell which carried out bridges and did considerable damage. The river opened on February 27, with a high stage of water. The first boat of the season on the 28th. The river above Muscatine did not open until the 22d of March. Spring backward. April 30, not a green thing to be seen. The country was destitute of hay or straw ; cattle suflFered for the want of it. Season a month later than usual. June 5, light frost. First strawber- ries on the 21st of June. July and August moderately warm. First frost October 14. A great deal of corn was frost-bitten. November wet and showery. Ice running the 19th. A steamboat on the 25th. The river closed the same day. Opened on the 30th. December was mild and muddy. No ice in the river. Boats running nearly all the month. The winter of 1857-58 mild. Boats ran all the month of January, and some of February. May was wet, and farmers unable to plow. River very high. June hot and wet. July rainy and cold. August and September cold and wet. First frost on the 12th of September. Corn ripened well. Wheat and oats a failure. Ice commenced running on the 19th of November. The river closed suddenly on the 25th, and opened on the 30th. December mild. Boats running very late, the last one on the 28th. The winter of 1858-59 was open and soft. The river closed January 7, and opened February 21. March mild. The spring and summer about aver- age. October and November very pleasant. A hard frost on the night of September 1 greatly injured the corn and buckwheat. The winter of 1859—60 was well supplied with snow. January cold. February milder. The river closed December 8, and opened February 28. River low. First steamboat March 1. On the 20th of May, hail covered the ground one inch deep. June 3, the Camanche tornado passed about thirty miles north of here. July was hot. August and September pleasant, with a light frost on September 11. Severe frost October 11, which killed flowers and vegetation. Winter set in November 19, with snow that lasted all winter. December cold. River closed December 15. Winter of 1860—61. January cold. February moderate. River opened March 2. March cold. April and May seasonable. June, July and August hot ; 100 degrees in the shade August 2, 4, and 7. September rainy. Frost on the 23d of October. Winter commenced November 30. December mild. Eight inches of snow on the ground the 22d. The winter of 1861-62, was a winter of deep snow. River closed Decem- ber 28, and opened March 25. January had twelve days below zero, and forty- four inches of snow fell. February, twenty-three inches of snow, and eleven days below zero. Winter ended on March 6. Ninety-four inches of snow had fallen during that season, and rsilroads were blocked up. The spring was not backward. June, July and August, hot and dry. September, October and November, warm. First frost October 10. Winter began November 25. December mild. River closed on the 7th, and opened on the 12th. Clear of ice on the 13th. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 343 The winter of 1862--63, was an open winter. Thermometer down to zero but twice in January and February. But little snow or rain. Spring early. Good feed by April 7. Light frost May 18. Cherries as large as peas, but not damaged. June 2, frost killed cucumbers in many localities. June and July cold and dry. August warm and rainy, with a very light frost on the 30th. September 1, there was a frost which damaged the corn and fall crops in the Northwest, but it did not damage Muscatine. September 19, frost. Snow October 22. Ice commenced running in the river November 28. Last boat down the 27th. Ferry-boat went into winter quarters December 14. River closed the 18th. Eight inches of heavy snow the 28th that broke in roofs of several buildings. The winter of 1863—64, was a winter of good sleighing. January cold and dry. February milder. The last teams crossed the ice on the river on the 24th. Ice started on the 25th ; stopped, started and stopped again on the 26th, and went out the 27th. March cold and raw. Five inches of snow fell. The first steamer up the 7th. April cold. Frost enough May 11 to look white on the grass. Last half of May hot. July 1, grass crop short, but better than last year. Wheat excellent. Corn rather backward. Rye and barley good. Potatoes looked well. Apples and grapes plenty. July, August, September and October, very excellent weather. A frost September 19. A killing frost October 9. A light snow October 21. November cold, stormy and unpleas- ant. Ice plenty on the 18th. Ferry-boat froze up on the 21st. River froze over the 24th. Ice broke up on the 25th. Boats commenced running on the 26th. December 1, the last boat down ; 9th, ice stopped running ; 12th, teams crossed on the ice. December 31, ice fifteen inches thick on the channel. The year 1864 was dry. Only 32.73 inches of water fell. But little snow fell during the winter of 1864-65. There was not enough at one time to make sleighing. The weather was not excessively cold. The last tean^ crossed on the ice February 21, and wild ducks were flying. The ice started above the city on the 22d, but did not go out until March 1. March cold and backward. Wheat was sown until the middle of April. Grass not sufficient for cattle until about the 25th. Frost did considerable damage. Last frost May 11. June, warm with plenty of rain. July and August cold. September warm. A light frost October 3. A killing frost October 29. Indian summer all through November. It rained but one day. Twenty-two days without a cloud. December cold, but not stormy. Plenty of ice in the river. Ferry-boat laid up on the 11th. Ice stopped running the 13th. The year 1865 was dry and favorable ; but 33.71 inches of water fell. The winter of 1865-66 was colder than the average. There were thirty- seven days of sleighing and seventy-seven days of crossing on the ice. March 7, the ice on the river started, and ran about one hundred yards and stopped, and went out on the 9th. March cold and backward. The last snow disappeared on the 31st. Even by April 8, the ice of last winter still lay along the river- banks. April 26, grass enough for cattle. May 5, the river at its highest. It was said to be only six inches below 1851. May 29, frost damaged corn and fruit. June and July warm. August and September pleasant. A light frost October 11. Killing frost on the 31st. November 28. the first appearance of winter. November 30, ice floating in the river. December 1, the last boat down. Ferry-boat laid up on the 17th, and the ice stopped running. December 27, teams crossed on the ice ; 31.94 inches of water fell during this year. The winter of 1866-67 was moderate, with snow in January and February. Ice froze eighteen inches thick on the river. March cold. Last team crossed 344 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. the river on the 21st. Ice started on the 29th and stopped. March 30, migra- tory hirds made their appearance fully one month later than usual. The ice went out April 1. Ferry-boat "Decalion" made her first trip the 6th. April 1-8, the first frog singing. This was one of the latest springs on record. May 1, grass plenty in the sloughs for cattle ; 17th, a light frost. June 29, the river as high as last season. July, August and September dry and pleasant. Light frost on the 10th of September. Killing frost October 20. October 31, the first white frost of the season. November 30, ice running in the river. This fall was one of the best ever known. Indian summer for near three months. December 1, the last boat up. Ferry-boat went into winter quarters on the 7th. River froze over on the 18th. On the 28d, teams crossed on the ice. A dry year. Amount of rain-fall, 32.24 inches. The winter of 1867-68 was colder than the average. January and February had eighteen days below zero. But little snow. Ice twenty inches thick on the river. February 10, the thermometer was 32 degrees below zero, the lowest point on record. March 7, ice started out and stopped, and went out the 10th. First steamboat the 13th. Grass abundant by the 1st of April. May 3, a tornado that destroyed a number of buildings passed three miles north of the city. June and July hot. July had nineteen days 90 degrees above zero. It was the hottest July for thirty years. August moderate and dry. September wet, with light frost on the 16th. A killing frost October 4. The fall good until November 17. Winter began the. 17th. November 14, a fine display of meteors was observed. Thirty were counted in fifteen minutes. December was cold. Ferry-boat laid up on the 8th. River closed the 19th, and opened the next day. Closed the second time the 25th. A few teams crossed on the 29th ; 43.14 inches water fell during this year. The winter of 1868-69 was moderate, with ten inches of snow in December. January and February mild. Ice started in the river on the 12th, and went out on the 15th. Migratory birds the 16th. First boat the 20th. March 7, river closed. Ice went out the 23d, having been closed sixteen days. Horses crossed for seven days. April cold and backward. May seasonable. June and July cold and rainy, with severe floods. August but little better. Septem- ber and October dry and fine. A light frost September 26. A hard one October 13. November cold, wet and disagreeable, and fifteen inches of snow fell. Winter began the 12th. Ice running the 20th. Last boat December 8. The winter of 1869-70, commenced in November. December was mild, with thermometer at zero but once. January mild. Zero but three times, although there was an.abundance of snow. River closed on the 9th. February mild and dry. Ice started March 19 and stopped. March 18, teams crossed. March 22, ice went out. March 23, first boat. . April 25, the river was three inches higher than in 1851. Spring forward. May 14, strawberries ripe. June intensely hot ; 100 degrees in the shade on the 80th. Ten days with the ther- mometer 90 degrees above zero. July had eighteen days above 90 degrees, and four over 100 degrees. On the 19th, it was 1021 degrees. August was quite moderate, having four and a half inches of rain-fall. September and October rainy. First frost October 12. November wet. December dry. Ice began to run on the 14th. Stopped the 21st. Teams crossed the 23d. The winter of 1870-71 was moderate, with considerable snow. Crossing the river for two months. The ice started February 24, and went out the 25th. First boat March 6. Plowing began March 2. A violent, steady, stiff gale on the 8th of April blew down and unroofed many buildings. Plenty of grass for cattle. The spring was forward. The last frost May 10. June moderate. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 345 July cold. August warm. A light frost on the 31st. A killing frost Septem- ber 29. October and half of November pleasant. Winter set in November 19. The river closed on the 30th. December cold, with seven stormy days, and ten inches of snow fell. The winter of 1871-72was a cold winter. January and February, dry. Iceon the river thirty-three inches thick. March dry and very much like a winter month. Ice on the river broke up on the 26th. There was not a day between October 18, 1871, and March 27, 1872, that it did not freeze. The longest cold term on record at this place. The thermometer did not reach a higher point than 49 degrees above, or did not go lower than 14 degrees below zero. Plums and cherries in bloom April 30. Ten days later than last season. The sum- mer season warm and rainy. Light frost, September 2. Killing frost, Octo- ber 10. Ice began running and winter commenced November 13. Snow, November 14. River closed the 30th. The first team crossed December 9. The winter of 1872-73 was cold and severe, breaking up March 5. The ice went out on the 14th. April cold. May, June and July warm. August hot ; seventeen days above 90 degrees. On the 31st, 101 degrees. Septem- ber, pleasant. -Light frost, the 8th. October, cold. Thermometer 17 degrees on the 31st, and a litj;le ice floating in the river, November, cold. Six severe snowstorms with a fall of eight inches of snow during the month. River closed December 20. The winter of 1873-74 was long, moderately cold and plenty of snow. It began in October and lasted until the middle of March. Ice started March 10. First boat, March 11, had to break a way through the ice. April 5, good sleigh- ing. May 18, a slight frost. June, hot ; nine days 90 degrees or more. On the 26th, 101 degrees. July, hot. The 3d and 4th, 99^ degrees. The 5th, 103 degrees (the highest known range at this place). The 25th, 100 degrees. August, hot; lOOJ degrees on the 11th. September, rainy ; 3.86 inches rain fell on the 18th. Light frost the 15th. Ice one-sixteenth inch thick Octo- ber 12. Fall, excellent. Winter began November 18. December, warm. The winter of 1874-75 was early and soft at first. January was the coldest one on record, there being twenty-two days the thermometer was below zero. One day 19 degrees below. The mean temperature was only 8.07 degrees, being 11.02 degrees colder than the average. February was as cold as Jan- uary. Fifteen days to zero. March milder. Ice went out the 29th. First boat appeared April 5. May 20, apples in bloom. Light frost the 21st. June, July and August quite cold., but two days up to 90 degrees. There was a heaVy frost in some parts of Iowa on the 23d of August, but none here until September 18. Killing frost October 12. An excellent fall. River closed November 30. In the winter of 1875-76, December was very open. Ice broke up the 5th. Ferry-boat started the 6th, and ran ten days. The ice closed up the second time the 18th, and went out the 21st. Steamboat up January 7. Ferry-boat laid up the second time January 10. The river closed the third time February 3. February 10, ice broke up. Winter gone and not enough snow to start a sleigh. The ice- dealers had to go to Northern Iowa for ice. March muddy and backward. Wheat all sown by April 30, and cherries in bloom. Light frost May 9. Light frost June 19. July warm and wet. A flood the 15th, that did considerable damage ; 3.64 inches rain. August 11, a beautiful meteoric display. Fifty meteors in forty-five minutes. The fall a good one. Winter commenced November 21. Ice in the river the 30th. It closed Decem- ber 5. 346 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. The winter of 1876-77 began early, and was cold with but little snow. December cold. January very cold. Eighteen days down to zero. February very moderate. Ice in the river went out the 19th. Considerable wheat sown by February 20. Corn about half planted by May 19. The spring backward. June 35, a storm of wind and hail visited this county, blowing down several buildings and completely destroying by hail one-fourth of the crops of the county. The summer was moderately warm. The fall very rainy and disagreeable. A light frost September 18. A killing frost November 1. The corn ripened middling well. Winter came in November 27. Ice in the river the 29th. The winter of 1877-78 was a remarkably soft winter. Mud all winter. Only two or three days of good roads. Ice not more than six inches thick and that in still ponds. Dealers went north for ice. The season opened with a good spring. A hot July, eleven days above 90 degrees. On the 12th, 100 degrees. A light frost September 11, and not a killing frost until October 19, which made and ripened one of the best corn crops Iowa has ever had. The winter of 1878-79 commenced December 6. The river closed the 19th. Teams crossed on the 22d. The last team crossed March 4. Seventy days' crossing the ice. The ice went out the 7th. March cold and backward. Ten inches of snow fell during the month. Wheat sown, but no grass. The extreme range of thermometer at Muscatine is 135 degrees, from 32 degrees below to 103 degrees above. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. The Indian history of this State is interesting, principally because of the presence here of two of the most noted characters of modern tribes. The nature of this work precludes the introduction of an exhaustive treatise on the rise and decline of the Indian races of this region, and enables us merely to gather from reliable sources the fragments of incident, anecdote and analysis which have floated loosely about for years. In fact, our province is purely that of a compiler ; but sufficient care has been taken with the work to make it valuable in the generations which are to follow. The actual historian who shall inves- tigate the ample field of aboriginal existence may peruse these pages with a feeling of security in their correctness, if the associates of Keokuk and Black Hawk themselves are to be believed ; for much of the informatioji here pre- served was obtained in direct line of recital, either to the writer or to the party duly accredited with the extract. There still live many persons who witnessed the strange sight of a remnant of a race of men departing forever from their early homes, and such will, doubt- less, be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of melancholy in the contemplation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of living power upon the theme ; nor can the harsh character of fact denude the subject of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky victim and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the stern force of truth is powerless to dispel. Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes; in its march all who canpot grapple to its cai-. This law is as inexorable as fate. " You colo- nize the land of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen Montague, "you civilize that portion of the earth; but is the savage civilized ? He is exterminated ! You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of wealth, but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is sacrificed to HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 347 the next. You diflFuse knowledge, and the world seems to grow brighter ; but Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. Every improvement, every advancement of civilization, injures some to benefit others, and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of to-mor- row." This portion of Iowa was once the home of the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians. From _a little work entitled " Sketches of Iowa," prepared in 1841 by John B. Newhall, of Burlington, the following summary of their general character is taken : " The Sacs and Foxes have been among the most powerful and warlike tribes of the Northwest. History finds them fighting their way from the shores of the northern lakes, gradually, toward the Mississippi, sometimes warring with the Winnebagoes, and at other times with the Ohippewas, often instigated by the French. At an early period, they inhabited the region of country bordering upon the Wisconsin River, and planted large quantities of corn. The whole history of their wars and migrations shows them to have been a restless and spirited people, a people erratic in their pursuits, having a great contempt for agriculture and a predominant passion for war. By these ruling traits they have been constantly changing, suffering and diminishing. Still they retain their ancient chivalry, ever ready for war, regardless of the superi- ority of their foes. Thus, at the present time (1841), four or five hundred of their warriors are out to fight the Sioux of the North, with whom there exists a most deadly hostility, originating from old feuds, the origin of which they scarcely know themselves. Their numbers, of late years, have been somewhat augmented by the policy they have pursued of adopting their prisoners of war and receiving seceders from other tribes, and, at the present time, they number about seven thousand souls. " The Sacs and Foxes speak the Algonquin language. This language is still spoken by the Ohippewas, Pottawatomies, Ottawas, and several other tribes. It is soft and musical in comparison with the harsh, guttural Narcoutah of the Sioux, which is peculiar to themselves, having but little afiinity to the Algon- quin tongue. Their ideas of futurity are somewhat vague and indefinite. They believe in the existence of a Supreme Manitou, or good spirit, and a Malcha Manitou,"or evil "spirit. They often invoke the favor of the good Manitou for success in war and the hunt, by various sacrifices and ofi"erings. Storm and thunder they view as manifestations of His wrath ; and success in war, the hunt or in the deliverance from enemies, of His favor and love. Everything of great power or efficiency, or what is inexplicable, is a 'great medicine,' and the med- cine-men and prophets are next in consideration to chiefs. At the decease of their friends, they paint their faces black, and the time of mourning is gov- erned by the affinity of the kindred. Their ideas of the condition of departed spirits and the ceremony of burial may be deemed interesting. Often, in per- ambulating their deserted villages, has my attention been arrested, in gazing through the bleached and mutilated slabs made to protect the moldering dust of a noted chief or 'brave,' who is frequently placed in a sitting posture, his gun and war-club placed by his side, moccasins upon his feet, his blanket (or the remnants thereof) wrapped about his body, his beads and wampum suspended to his neck, where he sits 'like a warrior taking his rest,' in the silent sleep of death. " The situations of their villages are, oftentimes, extremely beautiful and picturesque. The rude architecture of their lodges; the droves of Indian ponies galloping over the prairies, and snorting at the approach of white men ; 848 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. the squaws busily engaged in preparing food, or, perhaps, ' toting ' a back-load of fagots that would frighten a New York porter, while their 'lazy lords' sit smoking upon the grass or quietly sleeping in their lodges ; the young papooses swarming the river-bank, and, with bow and arrow, exercising their infant archery upon every prairie floWer or luckless bird ; or, perchance, the gayly-painted warrior, mounted upon his prancing steed, his feathers streaming to the breeze as he gallops from village to village with the fleetness of the wind, are objects which, to the traveler unaccustomed to Indian habits and character, are full of intense interest and novelty. " Sometimes, midway between two villages, or, perhaps, off in the prairie, may be seen a hundred young 'warriors' from each clan — 'picked men,' who have won laurels on the battle-field. They have met (per agreement) to exer- cise their feats in the race or the ancient games, the prize being, perhaps, two or three horses, a rifle or a war-club; the old warriors or chiefs of each village looking on as judges. Great interest is manifested on these occasions, and the same ambitious emulation for rivalry is exhibited in these ' children of nature ' as among those who play their part beneath the gilded domes of the city. " The Sacs and Foxes frequently visit the towns on the river — Burlington, Madison, Muscatine, etc. The dress of the males generally consists of leggings, fitting closely from the loins to the ankles, usually of smoke-tanned deerskin, and often of blue and sometimes of red cloth, trimmed with fringe and beads, in a variety of fantastic forms. They wear a white, and, frequently, a scarlet- colored blanket thrown over the shoulders. Their moccasins are of deerskin, often trimmed, with extreme taste, with beads and porcupine-quills. Their head- dress is of various fashions, and ofttimes indescribable. A chief or warrior's head- dress consists of a profusion of scarlet-colored hair, and long, black beards of the wild turkey connected to the scalp-lock, and not unfrequently a silver band or a richly-beaded turban. Their ears are strung with rings and trinkets, their arms with bracelets of brass, tin, silver and steel, and their necks are often strung with a profusion of wampum. A tolerably correct idea may be formed of the riches and taste of a young Indian by the number of strings of wampum around his neck. This may be considered their legal tender, as no treaty was ever formed or pipe of friendship smoked betwixt different Indian tribes without an exchange of wampum. "No Indians exult more than the Sacs and Foxes in a triumphant skirmish with their enemies, and none more proudly exhibit their bloody trophies. They frequently have several scalps suspended on a spear or connected with their dress. As an evidence of the value they place upon these emblems of merci- less victory, I will relate an incident of my attempt to get one of a veteran Sac brave. I had witnessed him, for several days, passing my window on a little pony, proudly waving his bouquet of scalps, connected with beads, ribbons and eagle's feathers, and tied with a rattlesnake-skin upon a spear. Having a desire to obtain one, after three days' unsuccessful negotiation, during which time I offered him money, calico, beads, powder and tobacco, he finally con- sented to part with it for one box (i. e., |1,000). " They place great reliance in dreams, and the intrepid warrior who awakes in the morning from a night of troublesome dreams is dejected and melancholy. Sometimes they imagine that an evil spirit or sorcerer has inflicted a spell, after the manner of the witches of former times. I think it was last year that Keokuk had an aged squaw killed because she had inflicted a spell upon some of his children." HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 349 In corroboration of the last statement, we append the account of that sum- mary act given us by James Jordan, whose acquaintance with the Indians began at a very early day. He said : " In 1837, the chief's son was prostrated with fever. Keokuk was absent at the time, but there chanced to be in the camp an old squaw, who was alleged to be invested with supernatural powers. When Keokuk returned, his valiant heir informed him that the witch had cast an evil spirit into the settlement, which had increased the fever and rendered it impos- sible to overcome disease while she lived. Thereupon, Keokuk took the old woman without the settlement and deliberately cut oif her head with a cleaver. This summary act was witnessed by Mrs. Phelps, wife of Billy Phelps, one of the original locators of that section." The scene of this sacrifice was near Independent, Van Buren Co., adjac- ent to Jordan's farm. Mr. Newhall was mistaken as to the date of the tragedy. KEOKUK, THE ORATOR CHIEFTAIN. Among the noted chiefs of later years, Keokuk, or "Gunning Fox," held a foremost place. He was the grand sachem of the Sacs and Foxes, the chief pre-eminent over all the tribes. He was of commanding presence, but given rather to the pleasures of the chase than the dangers of the battle-field. Still, he was not deficient in personal bravery, and held his place with firmness, both by reason of his ability to lead on all occasions and his wonderful eloquence as a speaker. From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the Annals of Iowa, 1865, by Uriah Biggs, one of the pioneers of Van Buren, the following interesting extracts are made : "Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the records of the country, and a truthful history of his life would be read and cherished as a memento of one of nature's noblemen. As an orator, he w^as called to rank with the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, culling his figures from the stores of nature, and, basing his arguments in skill- ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the United States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social amenities of life, and was fond of displaying those agreeable traits of character in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by flattery ; and in the field of wit, he was no mean champion. It is not my purpose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of these traits of his character. " While residing near Ottumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- mon Prophet, Jo Smith, inviting Keokuk, as King of the Sacs and Foxes, to a royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest impor- tance to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of ponies was soon wending its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and suite in stately procession and savage pomp. "Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview, and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience was given publicly, in the Mormon Temple, and the respective chiefs were attended by their suites, the Prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, 350 HISTORY OF MCSCATINE COUNTY. and the Indian potentate by the high civil and military functionaries of his tribes, and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. " The Prophet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation he had received from a divine source, that the North American Indians were these identical lost tribes, and that he, the Prophet of God, held a divine commission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing with milk and honey.' After the Prophet closed his harangue, Keokuk 'waited for the words of his pale-faced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and in making his reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scat- tered condition of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was his duty to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not named, that were of the highest importance to him and his people. The red men were not much used to milk, and he thought they would prefer streams of water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether the new government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. Jo Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keo- kuk was not the proper material with which to increase his army of dupes, and closed the conference in as amiable a manner as possible. " He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent degree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh ; but, unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- quainted even with the elements of their mother- tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their powers of reproduction. He had sufiicient knowledge of the English tongue to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling efi'orts was depicted upon his countenance while he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an orator was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who understood his language, and where the electric efl"ects of his elo- quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the strongly predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the influence of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black Hawk were invading Illinois, in 1832. " Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the Iowa River. But, after Stillman's defeat, the war spirit Kiged with such ardor that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved with the current of the rising storm, and when the dance was over, he called a HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 351 council to prepare for war. In his address, he admitted the justice of his complaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration of their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the spirits of their braves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. ' I am your chief,' he said, ' and it is my duty to lead you to battle if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But, before you take this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances for success.' He then represented to them the great power of the United States, against whom they would have to contend — that their chances for success were utterly hopeless. ' But if you now determine to go upon the war-path, I will agree to lead you upon one condition — that before we go we kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave his bones on the other side of the Missis- sippi." " This was a strong and truthful picture of the project before them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- quence and tact in allaying a rising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not only in his own tribe, but also among neighboring tribes, where his people had been the aggressors. Some of these incidents have been preserved by writers on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy upon Gen. Harrison at the Sac and Fox Agency, which was interpreted by Antoine Le Claire, and considered by many who heard its delivery as one of his best efforts. This speech, however, was not written down, and is lost to history ; but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the high- est order, and furnish another positive refutation of Buffon's theory on the deterioration of men and animals on the American Continent." The occasion referred to by Mr. Biggs, in the foregoing paragraph, when Keokuk delivered so remarkable a speech, is one of the most entertaining anec- dotes we have been able to secure. That it may be given in connection with this mention of the scene, we interrupt the order of the paper now being quoted, and insert it here. The story was preserved by Maj. Beach, who succeeded Gen. Street, upon the latter's death, as Agent of the Sacs and Foxes. The Agency was located about six miles east of the present site of Ottumwa, near what is now known as Agency City. Maj . Beach published a series of hastily- written papers on the subject of his experience with the Indians, and from those articles (which are given in the Western Historical Company's History of Wapello County, 1878), is taken the following sketch : " When Gen. Harrison became President of the United States, in March, 1840, Hon. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, was appointed to replace Gov. Lucas as Governor of Iowa Territory. The oiEce then included within its commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their agen- cies. For several months previous to this date, feelings of antagonism had existed between the old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the other bands, which spirit was mainly excited and kept alive by the traders, who were influenced by their rival interests. Gov. Lucas was characteristically obstinate, and leaned decidedly toward the Hardfish side of the controversy. Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an object with Keokuk to gain his favor, or, at least, to have him committed to a strictly impartial course ; while Hardfish's efforts would be put forth to induce him to follow in the track of his predecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent 352 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. to obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit the Gov- ernor at Burlington. " It was the wish, however, of the Indian Department to discountenance and prevent such pilgrimages of Indians through the settlements, and the Agent promised Keokuk that he would inform the new Governor of his desire. Maj. Beach told Keokuk that, owing to the wishes of the Department, the Governor might prefer to have the meeting take place at the Agency, in Wapello County. " The Hardfish band — or rather their instigators, Eddy and his satellites — less patient, and ignoring their proper channel of communication with the Superintendent through the Agent, hastened to Burlington in a large body, and, having encamped a short way from town, sent in a written notice of their arrival and the purpose of their visit, with the request that the Governor would cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. Under the Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have soon satisfied the demand ; but Gov. Chambers forwarded word that when he wanted to see any of them, he would, of course be prepared to have them fed ; that he had no intention of converting his executive headquarters at Burlington into a council-ground for his red children, and that it was his purpose to visit them in their own country at a very early day. Hardfish went home with a new idea in his mind concerning Governors. " Shortly after that failure, th6 agent received a communication from the Governor, informing him of the facts here related, and notifying him to use all means in his power to prevent the intrusion of his charge upon the white settle- ments. The letter also announced the Governor's intention to visit the Agency in a short time, due notice of which would be given. " The Governor at last set his time, the bands were all informed, the Gov- ernor arrived at the Agency and a grand council was to be begun. Meanwhile all the Indians except the Iowa River Foxes, who were indisposed to come so far on a matter that did not directly concern them, had gathered and were encamped about the Agency. The Keokuk band occupied the ground along the branch behind the mills, which was then full of plum, hazel and crab-apple thickets. The Hardfishes were on the edge of the river timber, south of the Agency. Long before the appointed hour, the latter tribes, arrayed in full toggery, arrived at the designated place of meeting. The men and ponies were caparisoned in their richest styles of ornamentation. They at once began a display of equestrianism, and performed for some time. They then dismounted, and, after securing their animals, formed in line and marched into the Agency- yard where the Governor was to receive them. Quite a respectable number of whites were in attendance, to witness the scenes and partake in the ceremonies of the occasion. Hardfish took the Governor by the hand, in a way of greet- ing, spoke a few words and sat down upon the grass, surrounded by his followers. " Now, it was a sacred duty with the Governor to cherish the memory of his friend. Gen. Harrison. He had been Aide-de-Camp to the General in the war of 1812, and rumor told that their mutual sentiments were more like those of father and son than those of simple friendship. Keokuk had been apprised of this fact, and, as subsequent events revealed, knew how to 'make it tell.' The appointed hour of assembling came and passed, but yet no sign of Keokuk or his party was made at the Agency. As time passed, the Governor, with his sense of promptness offended, grew impatient at the delay. He finally expressed opinions approbatory of Hardfish and derogatory of Keokuk. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 353 " At length, when the council seemed about to prove a failure by default, the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came iioating on the air. The notes grew more audible as the band approached, but never swelled up to the full tone of joyful marches. As the front of the procession wound slowly into view, the lances and staves, instead of being decked with gaudy ribbons' and feathers, were seen to be wrapped about with withered grass. No sound of bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and the Indian persons, instead of being painted with vermilion and dressed in bright colors, were streaked with the somber, funeral substitute of clay. In fact, all the paraphernalia of woe betokened some sad afiBiction. The Agent, after a hurried word with the inter- preter, told the Governor that this was a funeral march, and that some one of their leading men must have died during the night, and probably lay yet unburied in their camp. The Hardfishes seemed as much at a loss as anybody, wondering who could have died without their knowing it. ' "The solemn dirge ceased, and, dismounting, the several hundred savages formed in line, on foot, and marched, with Keokuk at their head, into the yard. The Chief advanced toward the Governor, who also moved forward to greet the Indians. Keokuk ordered his followers to halt, and, through his interpreter, said : ' Say to our new Father that, before I take his hand, I will explain what all this means. We were told, not long ago, that our Great Father at Washington was dead. We have heard of him as a mighty Varripr, who had passed much of his life among the red men, and knew their wants. We believe that we would always have had friendship and justice at his hands. His death has made us very sad, and, as this was our first opportunity, we thought it would be very wrong if we did not use it to show that the hearts of his red children, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss. We have kept our Father waiting here while we have performed that part of our mourning which we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead.' Then amid the murmurs of approbation from his people, he stepped forward and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with which the Governor seized and clung to it showed that the Chief had touched the right spot in his heart, and that the Hardfishes must thereafter be content to take a back seat. " When, years after, Maj. Beach was enjoying a day of the Governor's hospitality, at Maysville, Ky., the incident came up in conversation. The Governor was told that he must not credit Keokuk with the paternity of the entire plot, and that his ingenuity was put into requisition only to manage the details. The kind old gentleman seemed greatly amused." Of the visit of the Hardfish band, in the summer of 1840, and of the. rebuff received at the hands of Gov. Chambers, the local press of Burlington, of that date says nothing ; but an earlier visit paid Gov. Lucas by the same faction is recorded in the Patriot and Eawheye. January 23 and 24, 1840, a large delegation, headed by Hardfish and Nasheaskuk— Black Hawk's oldest son encamped near the town and signified a desire to open council with the Governor. From the cordial reception tendered the Indians by the Governor, one is naturally led to believe that the official sympathy was decidedly on the side of the Hardfish faction, as asserted by Maj. Beach. There was a double grievance borne to the ears of the Father by his red children, for not only did the Chief declare that a spirit of partiality had been manifested toward the Keokuk wing, in the matter of trade and traders, but the young brave, Nasheaskuk, carried signs of mourning over the recent desecration of his father's tomb. The grave of Black Hawk had been robbed of its dead (as will 354 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. be shown further on in this chapter), and the Indians demanded the restoration of the body. With these two causes of anger — the one supposititious, perhaps, and the other real — the Indians sought their Father for counsel. Gov. Lucas received them with every mark of respect, and prepared for a great demonstration. He assured Nasheaskuk that the spoliation of the grave of his father was a crime under the white man's laws, and would be sternly dealt with. The explanation of the code satisfied the perturbed brave, who joined in friendly converse with the leaders during the remainder of the council. The proceedings termi- nated with a mighty powwow, and, strange to relate, the scene of the dance was none other than the historic church. Old Zion. The Governor is said to have provided for the occasion all necessary privileges, and a festive ceremony betokened the friendliness of the natives. While the dancing was in progress, Hardfish and Nasheaskuk stood by, silent spectators of the scene. Neither of those great men esteemed it dignified for them to join in the dance. It is said that Nasheaskuk disapproved of all festivities, but undoubtedly that sentiment prevailed only when he was in the presence of white men. It is a fact that Indian leaders frequently refrained from demonstrations of any emotion when away from the seclusion of their lodges. Again taking up the thread of Mr. Biggs' recitals, we quote from the ji nnals : "We have thus far portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character; but, like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared to the great Grecian orator ; but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- nate love of money ; and, toward its close, he became a confirmed inebriate. His withering reply to the Mormon Prophet was intended by him as a pure stroke of wit ; it nevertheless expressed his ruling passion. " A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe, during their time of resi- dence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated as ' Keokuk's band' and 'Black Hawk's band,' the latter recognizing Hardfish as their leader; This distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common intercourse when sober ; but when their blood was fired with whisky it sometimes assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a return of a party making a visit to the ' half-breeds ' at the town of Keokuk, on the Mississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- gerous stab in the breast from the son of Black Hawk. The writer of the present sketch saw him conveyed by his friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unable to rise. " Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault with Keokuk's administration. The payments were made in silver coin, put in boxes, contain- ing $1,000 each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The several traders received each his quota, according to their several demands against the tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably consumed the far greater portion of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs and dis- tributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made of these allowances to the traders, on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on the goods actually furnished; and it is alleged that some of these accounts were spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and above the character of the items exhibited in these accounts, an afiidavit was filed with Gov. Lucas by )t*^'*w«Hif \ • '/IS* HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 35T an individual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk had proposed to the maker of the affidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account against the tribe for the sum of $10,000, and he would admit its correctness, and, when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and share alike. To swell the traders' bills, items were introduced of a character that showed fraud upon their face, such as a large number of ' blanket coats,' articles which the Indians never wore, and 'telescopes,' of the use of which they had no knowledge. This shows the reckless manner in which these bills were swollen to the exorbitant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly charged with being in league with the traders to defraud Hardfish's band. At this time, the nation numbered about two thousand three hundred souls, and only about one-third of the whole number belonged to Keokuk's party. Gov. Lucas warmly espoused the popular side in the controversy that arose in rela- tion to the mode and manner of making the annual payment, and the matter was referred to the Indian Bureau, and the mode was changed so that payments were made to the heads of families, approximating a per-capita distribution. This method of making the payments met the unqualified disapprobation of the traders, and, after one year's trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led his tribe west to the Kansas country, in 1845, and, according to reports, died some years after of delirium tremens." Maj. Beach tells of one of the numerous religious rites of Keokuk's band: " The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable ; in fact, were ^ very friendly and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much of incident or marvel, until the final sale of their remaining Iowa domain. Sometimes incidents would occur possessing excitement or amusement enough to encroach for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become tedious, of which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two that may amuse the reader. " The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were very religious people in their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremonies and feasta in the worship of the Great Spirit. Fasts did not seem to be pre- scribed in any of their missals, however, because, perhaps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impossible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take care of itself Some of these ceremonies bore such resemblance to some of those laid down in the books of Moses as to have justified the impression among biblical students that the lost tribes of Israel might have found their way to this continent. "Maj. Beach was a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to those Indians who took no part in celebrating it. A large lodge had been set up for the occasion on the level green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that a view of the proceeding was unobstructed from without. Close around was a circle of guards or sentinels, evidently in the secret, as they were near enough to hear, but far enough away from the center to prevent eavesdropping. Low tones were observed by the speakers. Inside of the first circle of sentinels was a still more numerous row of guards, and a strict watch was maintained. Keokuk seemed to be the. chief performer among those who were actively engaged. One old fellow, who held relations of importance with the tribe, seemed to be the one for whom all the display was made. He was distinguished from those about him by being clothed in a much scantier pattern of raiment than the rest. The first part of the ceremony seemed to be a general posturing of the subject, for the performers ■358 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. would place the old Indian on his feet ; then they would force him to sit down, and then compel him to assume some other attitude. Meanwhile, they kept up a vigorous powwowing over him, gesticulating in their wildest manner. Finally, after they had placed him in a sitting position, with a pile of blankets at his back, Keokuk advanced toward him, pistol in hand, and apparently took deliberate aim at the fellow's forehead. There was an explosion quite audible to outsiders, followed by a little puff of powder-smoke, and the old savage fell over as though he was shot dead. The attendants quickly covered him with blankets, and the wise ones of the tribe gathered about in solemn manner. Seated by the supposed dead man, the council indulged in many long talks. At last, Keokuk was inspired with some power from the Great Spirit, and, hastily stepping forward, he seized the hand of the prostrate man. He lifted the dead Indian to a sitting posture, apd speedily restored him to full life. The outside witnesses looked on with mute surprise and awe throughout the intire performance. It was evident from their manner that they believed the old Indian had really been killed, and that their mighty chieftain had raised him to life and health. The ceremony was designed, doubtless, to represent the close relationship between Keokuk and the invisible forces of the Happy Hunting- Grounds, but this is merely speculation, for no interpretation of the ceremony was ever made, so far as Maj. Beach could learn." Catlin, in his work on the North American Indians, speaks of his visit to Keokuk's lodge, in company with the Indian Agent, Gen. Street, probably in the summer of 1839. At that interview and at a subsequent one, Catlin found the chief to be an "exceedingly vain man." The artist-author sketched the chief's portrait in full Indian costume. H^ also drew another picture of him, mounted on the "finest horse in the West." This animal is alluded to no less than three times by Catlin, and was so unusually beautiful as to create a degree of admiration for him that was general. Mr. LeClaire claimed to have sold the animal to Keokuk for $300, but that claim is disputed by Capt. Hillhouse. at present a resident of Burlington, who asserts positively that he was the original owner of the famous steed, and that he sold him to the, chief for the sum stated. Catlin relates no specially interesting incidents or anecdotes of the Sacs and Foxes, but confines his letters mostly to descriptions of his own personal suc- cesses as an artist. He drew innumerable sketches of savage scenes and native Americans, many of which are accepted as standard works of art or reference. His letters were, however, of a superficial, desultory character, scarcely worthy of careful perusal, so far, at least, as this particular section is concerned. Of sundry general customs brief mention is made, as, for example, of the more common dances. From those portions of the work, we quote: " The slave dance is a picturesque scene, and the custom in which it is founded in a very curious one. The tribe has a society which they call 'slaves," composed of a number of the young men of the best families in the tribe, who volunteer to be slaves for the term of two years, and subject to perform any menial service that the chief may order, no matter how humiliating or degrading it may be; by which, after serving their two years, they are exempt for the rest of their lives from all menial occupations. These young men elect one of their number to be their master. * * * On a certain day they give a great feast, and open it with this dance. " Another curious custom is called ' smoking horses.' When Gen. Street and I arrived at Keokuk's village, we were just in time to see the amusing scene, on the prairie, a little back of his lodges. The Foxes, who were making HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 359 up a war party to go against the Sioux, and had not suitable horses enough by twenty, had sent word to the Sacs, the day before, according to ancient custom, that they were coming on that day, at a certain hour, to ' smoke ' a number of horses, and that they must not fail to have them ready. On that day, the twenty men who were beggars for horses were on the spot, and seated them- selves in a circle on the ground, where they fell to smoking. The villagers flocked around in a dense crowd. Soon after, appeared on the prairie, at half a mile distance, an equal number of young men of the Sac tribe, who had each agreed to give a horse, and who were then galloping the horses about at full speed. Gradually, as they went around in a circle, they came nearer the cen- ter, until they were at last close upon the ring of young fellows seated on the ground. Whilst dashing about thus, each one with a heavy whip in his hand, as he came within reach of the group on the ground, selected the one to whom he decided to present his horse, and, as he passed him, gave him the most tre- mendous cut with his lash over his naked shoulders. This was repeated until the blood trinkled down the fellow's back. Then the Sac placed the bridle of his horse in the sufferer's hands, and said, ' I present you a horse ; you are a beggar, but you will carry my mark on your back.' The privilege of marking the recipient of his bounty seemed ample compensation for the gift." The discovery dance, by which the approach of enemies or wild animals was detected, was a notable ceremony ; also, the berdashe dance, which is performed about a man, dressed in woman's clothes, who submits to all sort of degradation, and thereby becomes a " medicine " or sacred main. The word "medicine " was so diversified in its meaning as to excite pro- found surprise among the English-speaking races. All sacred, great or peculiar men or things were spoken of as medicine. No Indian would think of going to battle without his medicine-bag or charms. The medicine dance was performed for fifteen days before the wigwam of a fallen brave, by the survivors of a battle. The widow erected a green bush before her door, and under that she sat and cried, while the warriors danced and brandished the scalps they had taken, and at the same time recounted the brave deeds of the dead. The beggar's dance will be recalled to the minds of the earlier settlers of this region. The bedecked savages would dance and powwow from door to door, demanding presents for the good of the tribe and the pale-faces. The list of dances was as varied as the superstition of the tribes was dense. No adequate description can be given in a work not exclusively devoted to the history of the red men. Catlin was at Rock Island on the day the treaty was signed. He says (p. 216, Bohn's ninth edition, 1857) : "As an evidence of the great torrent of emigration to the Far West, I will relate the following occurrence which took place at the close of the treaty : After the treaty was signed and witnessed. Gov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, addressed a few judicious and admonitory sentences to the chiefs and braves, which he finished by requesting them to move their families and all their property from this tract within one month, which time he would allow them to make room for the whites. Considerable excitement was created among the chiefs and braves by this suggestion, and a hearty laugh ensued, the cause of which was explained by one of them in the following manner: 'My Father, we have to laugh. We require no time to move. We have all left the lands already, and sold our wigwams to Chemo- kemons (white men), some for f 100 and some for $200, before we came to this treaty. There are already 400 Chemokemons on the land, and several hundred 360 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. more on the way moving in ; and three days before we came away, one Chemo- kemon sold his wigwam to another Chemokemon for $2,000, to build a great town.' " The treaty itself, in all its forms, was a scene of interest. Keokuk was the principal speaker on the occasion, being recognized as the head chief of the tribe. He is a very subtle and dignified man, and well fitted to wield the des- tinies of his nation. The poor dethroned monarch, Black Hawk, was present, and looked an object of pity. With an old frock coat and brown hat on, and a cane in his hand, he stood the whole time outside the group, and in dumb and dismal silence, with his sons by the side of him, and also his quondam Aide- de-Camp, Nahpope, and the Prophet. They were not allowed to speak, nor even to sign the treaty. Nahpope rose, however, and commenced a very earnest speech on the subject of temperance! But Gov. Dodge ordered him to sit down, as being out of order, which probably saved him from a much more per- emptory command from Keokuk, who was rising at that moment with looks on his face that the devil himself might have shrunk from." Mr. Charles Negus contributed the following anecdotes of Keokuk to the Annals of Iowa : " In the fall of 1837, the General Government called to Washington a dep- utation from most of the tribes residing in the valley of the Mississippi. Prominent among others were delegations from the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, between whom at the time open hostilities existed. The ostensible object in calling these deputations to the seat of government, at this time, was alleged to be for the purpose of restoring peace among the hostile nations, but negotiations were held for the purchase of lands. Gary A. Harris, Commis- sioner of Indian affairs, under the direction of J. K. Pointset, Secretary of War, conducted the business. The council was held in a church, and the negotiations between the Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were spirited and attracted much attention. "After the council was opened by a few remarks on the part of the United States, the representatives from the Sioux spoke. Their great effort seemed to be to show that it was useless to undertake to make a peace with the Sacs and Foxes, for they were treacherous and no confidence could be put in anything they might agree to do. 'My father,' said one of their orators, 'you cannot make these people hear any good words, unless you bore their ears with sticks.' 'We have often made peace with them,' said another, 'but they would never observe a treaty. I would as soon make a treaty with that child (pointing to Keokuk's little boy) as with a Saukee or Musquakee.' " Keokuk did most of the talking on the part of the Sacs and Foxes, and with the spectators was the Cicero of the occasion, and in reply to these philip- pics of the Sioux, he said : ' They tell you that our ears must be bored with sticks, but, ray father, you could not penetrate their thick skulls in that way, it would require hot iron. They say they would as soon make peace with a child as with us ; they know better, for when they make war upon us, they find us men. They tell you that peace has often been made, and that we have broken it. How happens it, then, that so many of their braves have been slain in our country ? I will tell you, they invade us ; we never invade them ; none of our braves have been killed on their land. We have their scalps, and can tell where we took them.' " It may be proper here to notice some of the events in Keokuk's life. Keokuk was a descendant of the Sac branch of the nation, and was born near or upon Rock River, about the year 1780. He, like Black Hawk, was not an HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 361 hereditary chief, but rose, by his energy and skill in managing the Indians, to be the head man in the nation. The first battle he was ever engaged in he encountered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was presented with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. During .the war of 1812 with Great Britain, a force was sent by the Government of the United States to destroy an Indian village at Peoria, on the Illinois River. A runner brought the news to the village that the same troops were going to attack the Sacs, and the whole tribe were very much alarmed. A council was instantly called, and it was determined to immediately abandon their village. Keokuk, who as yet had not been admitted into their councils, was standing by and heard the result of their deliberations. He went to the door of the council-lodge and asked the privilege of addressing the council on the subject about which they had been deliberating. He was admitted, and expressed his regret at the conclusion they had come to, and argued the pro- priety of preparing for a defense before a retreat, and concluded by saying, ' Make me your leader, let yout- young men follow me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old men and women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay here, but let your braves go to battle ! ' This speech had its desired effect, and the warriors at once declared they were ready to follow Keokuk, and he was chosen their leader. The intelligence turned out to be a false alarm, but the conduct of Keokuk had its effect and raised him to the first rank among the braves. "On another occasion, Keokuk, with his band was hunting near the country of the Sioux. Very unexpectedly a mounted band of Sioux came upon them, fully equipped for a hostile attack. The Sacs were also upon horse-back, but they had not the force or preparation to openly resist the attack of the enemy, nor could they safely retreat. In this emergency, Keokuk immediately formed his men into a circle and ordered them to dismount and take shelter behind their horses. The Sioux raised their war-whoop and chained upon their enemy with great fury, but the Sacs, protected by their horses, took deliberate aim, gave them a warm reception and caused them to fall back. The attack was repeated, and, after several unsuccessful assaults, the Sioux retired much the worse for the encounter. Subsequent to this, when the Sacs supposed the Sioux were on friendly terms with them, they went out on a bufialo-hunt, leaving but few braves to protect their village. Unex- pectedly, Keokuk came upon an encampment of a large number of Sioux painted for war, and apparently on their way to attack his village. His war- riors were widely scattered over the prairies and could not speedily be collected together. These circumstances called into requisition the tact of a general. Keokuk was prepared for the emergency ; he mounted his horse, and unat- tended, boldly rode into the camp of the enemy. In the midst of their camp, he saw raised the war-pole, and around it the Sioux were engaged in the war- dance and uttering expressions of vengeance upon the Sacs. Keokuk dashed into the midst of them and demanded to see their chief. At the approach of the chief, he said to him, 'I have come to let you know that there are traitors in your camp. They have told me that you were preparing to attack my vil- lage. I know they told me lies, for you could not, after smoking the pipe of peace, be so base as to murder my women and children in my absence ; none but cowards would be guilty of such conduct.' When the Sioux had got a little over their surprise, they gathered around him, evincing an interest to seize him, when he added in a loud voice, ' I supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard is true, the Sacs are ready for you.' And 362 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. immediately put spurs to his horse and left the camp at full speed. Several guns were fired at him, and a number of the Sioux mounted their horses and chased him, but he escaped unhurt. Brandishing his tomahawk, and making the woods resound with the war-whoop, he soon left his pursuers in the distance. " He immediately collected his warriors and prepared to defend his village. His enemies, finding that they had been discovered and fearing that Keokuk, by his bold adventure to their camp had planned some stratagem, abandoned their enterprise and returned home without molesting the Sacs. Keokuk was more distinguished as an orator and statesman than as a general. He was one of the most eloquent speakers in his nation, and was not surpassed by any in managing his own people, and others with whom he had inter- course." BLACK HAWK, THE BRAVE. The most conspicuous figure in the list of noted Indians of the Northwest is Black Hawk. In many of his tastes and characteristics, he was more like the white man than the savage. In personal appearance, he was distinguished. He was five feet and eleven inches tall, weighed about one hundred and forty pounds, and had an eye black and piercing as a wild beast's. After his dramatic life-work was finished, the old man dwelt in solitude near the scene of his battle under Pashapaho, at lowaville, and while there became intimately acquainted with James Jordan, who still lives (1879) on the farm claimed at an early day. Mr. Jordan's name will be recognized by scores of the readers of this work, and his statements will be received by all as worthy of credence. Mr. Jordan's opportunities for knowing the Indian, and also for acquiring a thorough knowledge of the language in which he spoke, were unusual. For years, the two families lived side by side, and maintained a degree of intimacy peculiar and incidental to the isolated life then led. A feeling of friendliness sprang up between the native and the pioneer resident, which was but little removed from that of brotherhood. BLACK hawk's BIRTH. Mr. Jordan asserts that many errors have crept into history concerning Black Hawk. The most important one is that which fixes his birth in 1767. It will be observed in the State history, which precedes this sketch, that he was born in the Sac village, about three milss from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in Illinois, 1767. Mr. Jordan pronounces the date an error. From Black liawk's own lips, he learned that the time of his birth was 1775, but the day is not given. The date, 1767, is given in no less £in authoritative manner than that of Schoolcraft's standard work on the North American Indians, prepared under his supervision by order of Congress. The temerity of venturing to correct a statement made by so eminent an investigator, is not possessed by the compiler of these pages, but we feel that tjie duty of one who attempts to preserve his- toric fact is plainly of a character which necessitates apparent rashness. In the case in question, there is little doubt but that all writers subsequent to Schoolcraft have unhesitatingly accepted his conclusions, and have given less care to researches in that direction than would have been given had some more obscure fuan chronicled the event. Hence the general unanimity of belief that the brave began life in 1767. As it is a question — since here we venture to raise the. doubt — which future historians will probably seek earnestly to solve, let us review the grounds we HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 363 have for regarding Mr. Schoolcraft in error, and then leave the subject to be definitely determined by more competent writei's. One can scarcely conceive of a more perplexing question than that of an Indian's age, if taken on general principles. Few among the more intelligent ones are able to tell their years. Their methods of computing time are vague at best, and it is no uncommon thing to find an old Indian claiming greater age than is reasonably his allotted share. The birth of children among savage tribes is not a matter of record. Modern, as well as the more remote, events in the lives of such tribes partake of the traditionary character of recital, which leads to confusion. If, for example, a prominent figure in their history once becomes invested with qualities which distinguish him, he is ever afterward referred to by symbolic epithet. The names of Indian chiefs are chosen from their vocabulary, rich in natural similitudes. Is it not reasonable to suppose that if once announced, even without authority, an Indian brave's age, like his name, will remain unquestioned among the people of his tribe ? Is it not also reasonable to believe that such an expression concerning Black Hawk's age may have been made, and that Mr. Schoolcraft found that the prevailing opinion pointed to 1767 as the date? Having thus understood it, and hearing it repeated frequently, what more natural conclusion could he have drawn than that it wa^s correct 1 Assuming (in the absence of positive proof either way) that Mr. Schoolcraft conversed with Black Hawk personally, on this subject, it will undoubtedly appear to those who remember the Indian's reticent manner with the whites, that an acquiescence in the general belief would be more likely to follow a casual inquiry concerning his age, than a refutation of the popular idea. It was only to those who could converse with him in his native tongue, and who were associated with him continually, that Black Hawk cast aside his customary reserve. He did not entertain an instinctive love for the whites, especially for Americans ; and there is no evidence at hand to convince us that Mr. School- craft enjoyed the confidence of the brave. So much can be said in negative argument of the case. As to affirmative argument, we have the positive assurance of Mr. Jordan that Black Hawk frequently talked upon the subject, and declared all state- ments fixing his birth in 1767 erroneous. The pioneer and the native families lived side by side. The two men associated almost like brothers. Mr. Jordan spoke the language of the Sacs as fluently as his own, and thus inspired a degree of friendliness unattainable by those who were unfamiliar with the tongue. The whole question, in fact, resolves itself into one of veracity on the part of Mr. Jordan. If there exists documentary evidence, under Mr. Schoolcraft's hand, that Black Hawk told him positively of his age, then the matter lies between these men. If no such proof is extant, the reasons for accepting the statement made by Mr. Jordan are already defined. There is a physiological argument in support of Mr. Jordan. If Black Hawk was born in 1775, he was sixty-three years of age at the time of his death. Physicians will admit that there is no more critical period in man's life than that, and the breaking down of a vigorous constitution would be likely to occur then, in the case of an active person like Black Hawk. We know of no rule which makes the Indian warrior, who has led a life of conflict and excitement, an exception to this apparent law of nature. The stories of Black Hawk's early battles, and especially his first one, may be offered in contradiction of the statement made by Mr. Jordan. Is there positive proof that his first scalp was taken in any particular year ? It is said that he was sixteen years of age when that brave deed was performed ; but 364 HlriTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Other traditions make him still older at that time, while some even cast a shadow on the truth of the story. Of course, if testimony, fixing the date of any event, and the brave's age at the moment of its occurrence, can be produced, the simultaneous record will settle this question at once. Who will solve the enigma ? The age of Black Hawk is not the only point in his history upon which conflicting evidence exists. The name in the original is variously given as to orthography. In Schoolcraft's history it is spelled Muc-co-da-ka-ka-ke. Catlin spelled it Muk-a-tah-mish-o-kah-kaih. Jordan spells it Mu-ca-tah-mish-arka-kah. Maj. Beach spelled it Muck-a-tah-mish-e-ki-akki-ak. The difference of spelling, however, is of no consequence, as it unquestion- ably resulted from an attempt to produce, with English letters, the peculiar pro- nunciation of the Indian tongue. The literal translation into English is a black hawk. Another error exists concerning the ofiicial position of the man. He was not a chief either by inheritance or election. His father was a leading spirit, perhaps a prophet or a man of commanding influence in the councils of the Sacs. At an early age, Black Hawk was allowed to don the war-paint, because of his having slain an enemy of his tribe. This rather traditionary statement comes unsupported, but is given for what it is worth. The story runs that the youth was but sixteen years old when he hung his first scalp upon his wigwam. In character, the Indian boy was brave, cautious and ambitious. He aspired to rank and sought the gratification of his passion for power by stealthy means. He possessed marvelous oratorical abilities, in that gift equaling the great speaker Keokuk. As a warrior, he was dependent more upon strategy than upon the qualities which white men deem essential to military prowess; but Black Hawk was not a cruel or blood-thirsty man, who slew merely for the sake of slaughter. He was a parodox in some characteristics, and the report given by Mr. Jordan, of his latter days, contradicts the generally-believed accounts of his early methods of self-promotion. However, one can accept the statements of his friend without too great a tax on one's credulity, when it is remembered that the last years, and not the first, were spent in this vicinity. Black Hawk the youth was very different from Black Hawk the old and defeated man. History teaches that Black Hawk's efforts at generalship were failures, when military method was required. His power lay in sudden and fierce attacks, with dramatic strategy and rush of mounted braves. It was by such means, and the employment of his great eloquence in council, that he gained his place as a leader. He assumed the place of authority over Keokuk, his ranking oflS- cer, and maintained his hold upon his men without ever claiming to be a chief- tain. He called himself a Brave, and delighted in the title. The Sacs and Foxes, according to their traditions, once dwelt upon the shores of the great lakes. Gradually they were pushed westward, until in time they came to occupy a large portion of Northern Illinois. In spite of the pressure of the whites, this band occupied a site on the east shore of the Mis- sissippi, near Rock River. Here Black Hawk was, in 1832, the controlling spirit. "He was never a chief, either by inheritance or election," declai-es Maj. Beach, "and his influence was shared by a wily old savage, of part Win- nebago blood, called the Prophet, who could do with Black Hawk pretty much as he pleased ; and also by a !Sac named Nahpope, the English of which is Soup, and whom the writer found to be a very friendly and manageable old native, as was also Black Hawk." HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 365 The following graphic account of the slaughter of the lowas, by the war- riors under Pashapaho and Black Hawk, is from a paper prepared by Uriah Biggs, and published in the Annals of Iowa. The battle-field was on the present site of lowaville, which was long ago the principal seat of the Iowa nation of Indians, and was where Black Hawk afterward died. At the time of the massacre. Black Hawk was a young man, and the graphic account of his first steps toward chieftainship, as related by Mr. Biggs, is made up of the details given by the Indians who participated in the battle : " Contrary to long-established custom of Indian attack, this battle waa brought on in daytime, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well-settled usages of Indian warfare. The battle-field is a level, river- bottom prairie, of about four miles in length and two miles wide, near the middle, narrowing down to points at either end. The main area of the bottom rises, perhaps, twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the riverj covered with trees that belted the prairie on the river-side with a thick forest, and the river-bank was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of the prairie, and near the river-bank, was situated the Iowa village, and about two miles above the town, and near the middle of the prairie, is situated a small natural mound, covered at that time with a tuft of small tree and brush growing on its summit. " In the rear of this mound lay a belt of wet prairie, which, at the time here spoken of, was covered with a dense crop of rank, coarse grass ; bordering this wet prairie on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated and broken river-bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent, por- tions of it thickly clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy approach of the cat-like foe. Through this forest the Sac and Fox war-party made their way in the night-time, and secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush through the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victims might afford, to aid them in the contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their spies could take a full survey of the situation of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which means they were soon convinced the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. " At the foot of the mound above noticed, the lowas had their race-course, where they diverted themselves with the excitements of the horse, and skilled their young warriors in cavalry evolutions. In these exercises mock battles are fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense, of victory and defeat, are carefully inculcated, by which means a skill in horsemanship is acquired which is rarely excelled. Unfortunately for them, this day was selected for these equestrian sports, and, wholly unconscious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race-ground, leaving the most of their arms in the village, and their old men and women and children unprotected. '' Pashapaho, who was chief in command of the enemy's forces, perceived at once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors through the tall grass, and gain the cover of the timber along the river-bank, and, with the utmost speed, reach the village and commence the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush, to make a simulta- neous assault on the unarmed men, whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously prosecuted. Black Hawk, with his forces, reached the village undiscovered and made a furious onslaught upon its defenseless inhabitants, by firing one 366 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalping-knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they engulfed the village as soon as the fire-brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. " On the instant of the report of fire-arms at the village, the forces under Pashapaho leaped from their couchant position in the grass, and sprang tiger- like upon the astonished and unarmed lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The first impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed to reach their arms in the village, and protect, if possible, their wives and children from the attacks of merciless assailants. " The distance from the place of the attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in the flight by the bullets and tomahawks of their adversaries, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and they only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring element, and the agonizing groans of the dying mingled with the exulting shouts of a victorious foe, filled their hearts with a maddening despair. Their wives and children who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and, together with their arms, were in posses- sion of the victors, and all that could now be done was to draw off" their shat- tered and defenseless forces and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek hills. "The complete success attending a battle does not always imply brave action ; for, as in the present instance, bravery does not belong to a wanton attack on unarmed men and defenseless women and children. Yet it is due to Pashapaho, as commander of an army, to give him full credit for his quick per- ception of the advantages circumstances had placed within his reach, and for his sagacity in at once changing the programme of attack to meet occurring events, and the courage and intrepidity to seize these events and insure his suc- cess. The want of these essential qualities in a commander has occasioned the loss of many a battle in what is courteously termed civilized warfare. " The lowas, cut off from all hope of retrieving their loss, sent a flag of truce to Pashapaho, submitting their fate to the will of their conqueror, and a parley ensued, which resulted in the lowas becoming an integral part of the Sac and Fox nation ; but experiencing the ill-usage that is the common fate of a conquered people, they besought the United States authorities to purchase their undivided interest in the country, and thus allow them (;o escape from the tyranny of their oppressors. The purchase was accordingly made in 1825, and they removed to the Missouri River, and have so wasted in numbers as to scarcely preserve their existence as an independent tribe. The sole cause of this war was the insatiable ambition of the Sac and Fox Indians, as this was their first acquaintance with the Iowa nation or tribe." On page 74 of this volume is given the generally accepted version of the causes which led to the Black Hawk war of 1832 ; but that story is vague and unsatisfactory. On page 167, another, and, in the main, a correct account is given. From Mi-. Jordan we learn facts of more than local interest in this dis- puted case, and give them here. Somewhere about 1828-29, a man named Watts, while driving cattle through this Slate, about where lowaville now is, was beset by Indians. Watts had ^^;ith him a man whose name is not remembered now. This man was killed by a savage. The murder was committed on Indian territory, and a demand wiis made on Black Hawk for the criminal. He was delivered up to the United HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 367 States authorities and taken to St. Louis, where he was tried and condemned. Some of the tribe went to St. Louis to intercede for their companion, but did not accomplish their purpose. The Indian was hanged. However, while the Indians were in St. Louis they fell victims of sharpers, who obtained a professed title to Black Hawk's village on the Rock River, by presents of less value than the Government price of the land. When the embassy returned with their ill-gotten trinkets, Black Hawk was wroth and denounced the fraud. Subse- quently, probably the next spring, on the opening of the season of 1830, the men who had obtained such title to the land came on, and drove the Indian women and children from the village, during the temporary absence of the braves. Black Hawk made issue with the fraudulent possessors of his home, and offered to stake thirty of his braves against thirty white soldiers to test the question of title by a fight. The offer was declined by the military, but the whites said they would pit the United States army against the Indians of his tribe. Black Hawk took up the gauntlet, and hence the famous, but disastrous, Black Hawk war. This version, it will be seen, substantially corroborates the story obtained by research in Illinois. Of the Black Hawk war, it is not within the province of this sketch to speak ; it belongs to the history of Illinois, and has been repeatedly written up. After the defeat of Black Hawk, in 1832, he w'as captured and taken to Prairie du Chien. After an imprisonment in Jefferson Barracks, and, subsequently, in Fortress Monroe, whither he was taken, he was returned, at the intercession of Keokuk, to this region. In his old age. Black Hawk sought the company of the garrison, his band was broken up, and the once great chief was left alone in his declining years. Black Hawk's phrenological developments indicated large self-esteem, destructiveness and combativeness. An incident is related of his vanity, which goes to prove that his strong points were counterbalanced by weak ones, or, rather, that his undisciplined nature betrayed its weakness, as would not have been the case had conventionality produced its usual result of indifference in manner. The citizens of Fort Madison gave a bally in the winter of 1838, and Black Hawk was one of the lions of the occasion. He was accompanied by his squaw and son, and the two men were gaudily equipped in full-dress uni- forms, silver epaulets, etc., things presented to them while in Washington the preceding fall. This fine military outfit was made extremely ludicrous by being combined with cowhide brogans and old-fashioned chapeaus. But Black Hawk was wholly complacent and satisfied, and the three received much flattery dur- ing the evening. Later during the festivities. Black Hawk was seen contemplating himself in a large mirror at one end of the hall, quite unconscious that he was being ob- served. He was soliloquizing to himself, "Nish-e-shing (great or good) Black Hawk one big Cap-a-tain. Howh, howh ! " Black Hawk evinced great fondness for military glory and display. There was an ardent love of fame that never ceased to burn in his spirit, even through the trial of Keokuk's promotion above him as chief of the two tribes. When Black Hawk was captured after the battle of Bad Axe (his last battle), an ofiicer in the army at that time relates that the agonized feelings of the con- quered warrior were peculiarly touching in their manifestations. He says : " I shall never forget the appearance of Black Hawk when they brought him into the fort a captive. He was clad in a dress of white tanned deerskins, with- out paint or ornament, save one small feather attached to his scalp-lock. His 368 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. fan was the tail of a calumet eagle. He sat down, pale and dejected, his face in his hand, his legs crossed, and occasionally casting his eyes upon the officers. He felt that he was a prisoner, and was speechless." Being permitted to speak in his own defense, he arose and said : " You have taken me prisoner, with all my warriors. When I saw that I could not beat you by Indian fighting, I determined to rush upon you and fight you face to face. I fought hard ; but your guns were well aimed, and the bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in winter. My warriors fell around me. It began to look dismal. I saw my evil day at hand. The sun rose dim on us in the morning, and at night it sank in a dark cloud and looked like a ball of fire. That was the last sun that shone on Black Hawk. His heart is dead and no longer beats in his bosom. He is now a prisoner to the white men ; they will do with him as they wish ; but he can stand torture, and is not afraid of death. He is no coward — Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing of which an Indian ought to be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, their squaws and papooses, against white men who came year after year to cheat them and take away their lands. He is satisfied; he will go to the world of the spirits contented; he has done his duty; his father will meet him there and commend him. Black Hawk is a true Indian, and disdains to cry like a woman. He feels for his wife, his children and his friends ; but he does not care for timself. Farewell, my nation ! Black Hawk tried to save you and avenge your wrongs. He drank the blood of some of the whites ; he has been taken prisoner, and his plans are stopped. He can do no more; he is near his end; his sun is setting, and he will rise no more. Farewell to Black Hawk." It seems that Keokuk had predicted downfall and disaster to Black Hawk for madly rushing into the war, which prediction was fulfilled. Yet Keokuk showed to his defeated rival the utmost consideration, and when the tribes were informed that the President considered Keokuk the principal chief, instead of showing a spirit of triumph over him, Keokuk rather aimed to soften the blow. Maj. Garland made the announcement, and said that he hoped Black Hawk would conform to the arrangement, and that dissensions would cease. From some mistake of the interpreter, Black Hawk understood that he was ordered to submit to the advice of Keokuk. He instantly lost all command of himself, and arose, trembling with anger, and exclaimed, "I am a man, an old man; I will not obey the counsel of any one ! No one shall govern me ! I am old. My hair is gray. I once gave council to young men — am I to be ruled by others? 1 shall soon go to the Great Spirit, where I shall be at rest. I am done." A momentary excitement ran through the assembly. The show of spirit . was not expected from one who had been so recently punished. Keokuk, in a low tone of voice said to him, "Why do you speak thus before white men? You trembled; you do not mean what you said. I will speak for you." Black Hawk consented, and Keokuk rose. " Our brother, who has lately come back to us," he said, "has spoken, but he spoke in anger. His tongue was forked. He did not speak like a Sac. He felt that his words were bad, and trembled like a tree whose roots have been washed by many rains. He is old. Let us forget what he has said. He wishes it forgotten. What I have said are his words not mine. , Then Black Hawk requested to have a black line drawn over the words he he had spoken in anger. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 369 Mr. Biggs did not entertain as high an estimate of Black Hawk's character as some did. He wrote, concerning him : " My first and only interview with Black Hawk was at Rock Island, at the time of the treaty for the Iowa Reserve, in 1836, about one year before his death. I was introduced to him by his intimate acquaintance and apologist, the late Jeremiah Smith, of Burlington. He asked where I resided, and being told on the Wabash River, in Indiana, he traced on the sand the principal Western rivers, showing their courses and connections, and exhibiting a gen- eral knowledge of the prominent features of the topography of the Western States. " The interview occurred after his first visit to Washington, where he was taken by way of the Ohio River to Pittsburgh, and returned by Philadelphia, Baltimore, Albany, Buffalo and Detroit, affording him a good opportunity to form a salutary impression of the military resources of the United States, and also to acquire a general knowledge of its geography. Its great military strength seemed to arouse his keenest observation, and furnished the main topic of his remarks upon the country as he passed through, as well as on his return to his tribe. The colloquy at this interview afforded an occasion to express his bitter reflections upon this painful theme. Mr. Smith, unfortunately for the repose of Black Hawk's feelings, and unconscious of its effect, mentioned the writer of this skecch as a surveyor of public lands, a character always unwelcome among the Indians. This remark I much regretted, as Black Hawk's countenance was instantly covered with gloom, and he rather petulantly said : ' The Chemokemon was strong, and would force the Indians to give up all their lands.' " The colloquy here ended, as this barbed arrow, inadvertently thrown by Mr. Smith, had occasioned a tumult in Black Hawk's mind that rendered fur- ther conversation on his part disagreeable. The impressions of the writer in regard to Black Hawk's personal appearance were those of disappointment. He was attired in a coarse.cloth coat, without any semblance of fit or proportion, with his feet thrust into a pair of new stoga shoes that were without strings, and a coarse wool hat awkwardly placed upon his nearly bald pate, and pre- senting a very uncouth and rather ludicrous personal bearing. " 'This toggery, perhaps, had its share in lowering my previously-estimated claims of Black Hawk to distinction among the celebrated men of his race. 'The fine head, Roman style of face and prepossessing countenance,' that so favorably impressed the distinguished author of the ' Sketch-Book,' on visiting him while a prisoner in Jefferson Barracks, were no longer apparent to my dull comprehension. "It would, indeed, be difficult to find a name in history that attained so great a notoriety, associated with such limited mental endowment and true mili- tary skill. Every prominent act of his life gave evidence of the lack of sound discretion and prudent forethought. We find him as early as 1804 visiting the Spanish Governor at St. Louis, at the time the United States Agents called to accept the transfer of the authority of the country. Black Hawk being informed of the purpose of their visit, refused to meet these agents of the new government, he passing out at one door as they entered at the other, and embarking with his suite in their canoes, and hastening away to Rock Island, saying he liked his Spanish father best. This was a mere whim, as he had, as yet, no acquaintance with the Government and people of the United States. He, however, at once determined on hostility to both ; and this ill-advised and hasty determination was his ruling passion while he lived. 370 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. "Lieut. Pike, on behalf of the Government, made him a friendly visit to Rock Island, the following year, and, as a token of friendship, presented Black Hawk with an American flag, which he refused to accept. He embraced the first opportunity that offered to form an alliance with the British authorities in Canada, and eagerly attached himself and 500 warriors of his tribe to the British standard, at the commencement of the war of 1812. Here, his lack of capacity to command an army where true courage and enduring fortitude were requisite to success, was fully demonstrated. His warlike talents had hitherto been only tested in stealthy and sudden onslaughts on unprepared and defense- less foes; and, if successful, a few scalps were the laurels he coveted, and he retired, exulting in the plunder of a village and these savage trophies. His campaign against the Osages and their neighboring tribes, lasted only long enough to make one effort, and afforded no evidence of the fortitude and patient skill of the able military leader. His conduct under the British flag as ' Gen. Black Hawk ' showed him entirely wanting in the capacity to deserve that title. He followed the English army to Fort Stephenson, in expectation of an easy slaughter and pillage ; but the signal repulse the combined forces still met by the gallant Col. Croghan, completely disheartened him, and he slipped away with about twenty of his followers to his village on Rock River, leaving his army to take care of themselves. " He entertained no just conception of the obligation of treaties made between our Government and his tribe, and even the separate treaty by himself and his 'British Band,' in 1816. was no check on his caprice and stolid self- will, and its open violation brought on the war of 1832, which resulted in his complete overthrow, and ended forever his career as a warrior. " The history of his tour through the United States as a prisoner is a severe reflection upon the intelligence of the people of our Eastern cities, in regard to the respect due to a savage leader who had spent a long life in butchering his own race, and the frontier inhabitants of their own race and country. His journey was, everywhere throughout the East, an ovation, falling but little short of the respect and high consideration shown to. the nation's great bene- factor. La Fayette, whose triumphal tour through the United States happened near the same period. But as an offset to this ridiculous adulation in the East, when the escort reached Detroit, where his proper estimate was understood, Black Hawk and his suite were contemptuously burned in efligy. But due allowance should be made for the ignorance concerning true Indian character, among the Eastern people, as their conceptions are formed from fanciful crea- tions of the Coopers and Longfellows, immensely above the sphere of blood- thirsty War Eagles and the filthy, paint-bedaubed Hiawathas of real savage life." Maj. Beach relates the following incident derived from personal obser- vation : "Black Hawk's lodge was always the perfection of cleanliness — a quite unusual thing for an Indian. The writer has seen the old woman busilv at work with her broom by the time of sunrise, sweeping down the little ant-hills in the yard that had been thrown up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation seemed to pay him but little attention in the waning years of his life, Gen. Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more cheerfully than other- wise he would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow — an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of. The old squaw and daughter were instructed in the art of milking her, and she was held among them in almost as great reverence as the sacred ox Aiiis. was held among the ancient Egyptians. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 371 " This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency was in the process of erection, and Black Hawk had established his lodge on the banks of the Des Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close by was the trading-house of Wharton McPherson, with whom the writer stayed one night in August of said year (1838), and, as he rode past the lodge, Mme. Black Hawk was compla- cently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under a heavily-branched tree, industriously brushing the flies and mosquitoes from the bovine, with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her daily occupation, in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed at a dis- tance. This was the last occasion that ever . the writer had an interview with Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (September 15, 1838), and was even then so infirm that he could barely move about his wig- wam." THE DEATH OF BLACK HAWK. The brave old Indian passed the last of his declining years in the immedi- ate companionship of James Jordan, near lowaville. He made occasional visits to Fort Madison and other towns, and even as late as. the summer of 1838, but a short time prior to his death, he was in Fort Madison. He called upon Mr. Edwards, editor of the Patriot, who was an admirer of the Indian, and while there, the question of the Brave's age came up. Mr. J. M. Broadwell, then an employe in the office, remembers that Black Hawk counted on his fingers the number sixty-three, thus corroborating the statement made by Mr. Jordan con- cerning the Indian's birth. The birth of Black Hawk is not the only disputed date in his eventful career, for the ending as well as the beginning has been variously stated. We are glad to be able to give a correct account of the death, burial and final dis- position of the old warrior. The best authority on this subject is Mr. Jordan. From him the following statement was obtained : On the 1st day of September, 1838, Mu-ca-tah-mish-a-ka-kah sickened with fever. The old brave requested Mr. Jordan to send to Fort Edward (now War- saw) for Dr. Peel. A letter was duly dispatched, in which the Doctor was promised the sum of $300 if he would attend the summons. The message was slow in going, and before a response could be made the soul of .the brave old Indian had passed to the happy hunting-ground. Black Hawk died September 15, 1838 (not October 1, as has been fre- quently stated), and was between sixty-three and sixty-four years of age at the time of his decease. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he used to say just before his death, that he was sixty-three fingers and a pairt of a finger (meaning a year for each finger held up). Before he died, he requested Mr. Jordan to observe certain ceremonies in his burial. His body was to be clothed in full uniform, a suit of military clothes presented him by Gen. Jackson, or by some high official in the administration, upon which were a pair pf epaulets va,lued at |500. Three medals, which had been given him by the British, the French and the American Governments, respectively, and valued in the aggre- gate at $1,200, were to be placed upon his breast. He was to be buried in a sitting posture, with his feet placed in a hole a few inches deep, and his body held in position by a board at his back. About his corpse was erected a frail tomb made of woodfen slabs set upon the ground in the form of an inverted V. His war-club — a shaved post four or five feet high— was placed in the front of his rude tomb, upon which a great number of black stripes were painted, corresponding with the number of scalps he had taken during life. Openings were left in his tomb so that his friends and curious visitors 372 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. could witness the process of decay. The locality was designated by Black Hawk himself, as the site of his last friendly council with the Iowa Indians. This point was upon Mr. Jordan's farm, on Section 2, Township 70 north, Range 12 west. The injunction was carefully carried out. The. body was dressed as the Brave had directed, and blankets and gloves were added. Some time later, Mrs. Black Hawk came to Mr. Jordan with the alarming story that her hus- band's head had been stolen. Upon investigating the sepulcher, it was found that the head had dropped over from its own weight. Mr. Jordan replaced the member and repaired the tomb. The alarm thus given was not entirely groundless, however, for on the 3d of July, 1839, Dr. Turner, of Van Buren County, stole the body and made off with it. It was taken to Quincy, 111., and there the bones were cleaned by a professional anatomist. The accounts differ as to the place where the bones were - cleaned ; one being given as above, and another that it was St. Louis first and then Quincy ; but Quincy was probably the scene of that deed. The bones were not "wired," but merely polished and varnished. When the family of Black Hawk learned of the robbery, they were uncon- trollable in their grief and anger. Nasheaskuk, the son, and Hardfish, the sub- chief who had succeeded to the leadership of Black Hawk's band, came to Burlington with about fifty braves, and made formal complaint to Gov. Lucas about the desecration of the grave. The Governor assured Nasheaskuk that the laws of the land made the stealing of a body a penal offense, and that every- thing should be done that was possible to secure the return of the remains. The council was satisfactory to the Indians, and lasted two days, being the 23d and 24th of January, 1840. The ceremonies finally ended with a grand dance and powwow in old Zion Church, with the Governor as master of festivities. Such a record is ludicrous now ; but there was no alternative but to take possession of the numerously-employed edifice on such occasions. The following summer and fall were consumed in a search after the missing bones, and not until the winter succeeding were they discovered. The Hawh-Eye of December 10, 1840, contains the following item : " The bones of Black Hawk which were stolen from the grave about a year since have been recovered, and are now in the Governor's office. The wampum, hat, etc., which were buried with the old chief" [the editor evidently regarded Black Hawk as a chief through misunderstanding of his position. — Ed.] " have been returned with the bones. It appears that they were taken to St. Louis and there cleaned ; that they were then sent to Quincy, 111., to a dentist to be put up and wired previous to being sent to the East. The dentist was cautioned not to deliver them to any one until a requisition should be made by Gov. Lucas. The Governor made the necessary order, and the bones were sent up a few days since by the Mayor of Quincy, and are ijow in the possession of the Governor. He has sent word to Nasheaskuk, Black Hawk's son, or to the family, and some of them will probably call for them in a few days. Mr. Edgerton, the phrenolo- gist, has taken an exact drawing of the skull, which looks very natural, and has also engraved it on a reduced scale, which picture will shortly appear on his chart. Destructiveness, combativeness, firmness and philoprogenitiveness are, phrenologically speaking, very strongly developed." Thus it is shown that Black Hawk died in September, 1838 ; his body was stolen in July, 1839 ; his tribe made complaint to Gov. Lucas in January, 1840, and in DecembiT of that year the bones were recovered and carrieil to Burlington. HISTOfeY OF MUSCATINE COUIITY. 373 The i;emains were packed in a small box and placed in the Grovernor's office. A message was sent to the bereaved family, then staying on the Des Moines, some ninety miles distant. A cavalcade was soon in motion, bearing the disconsolate widow and a retinue of her friends to Burlington. On the evening ot their arrival the Governor was notified of their readiness to wait upon him, and fixed the audience for 10 A. M. the next day. Several visitors were in attendance. The box containing the august remains opened with a lid, and when the parties were all assembled and ready for the awful development the lid was lifted by the Governor, fully exposing the sacred relics of the renowned chief to the gaze of his sorrowing friends and the very respectable auditors who had ascended to witness the impressive scene. The Governor then addressed the widow through John Goodell, the inter- preter of the Hardfish band, giving all the details of the transfer of the bones from the grave to Quincy and back to Burlington, and assured her that they were the veritable bones of her deceased husband; that he had sympathized deeply with her in her great affliction, and that he now hoped she would be con- soled and comforted by the return of the precious relics to her care, in full con- fidence that they would not again be disturbsd where she might choose to entomb them. The widow then advanced to the lid of the box, and, without the least apparent emotion, picked up in her fingers bone after bone, and exam- ined each with the seeming curiosity of a child, and replacing each bone in its proper place, turned to the interpreter and replied that she fully believed they were Black Hawk's bones, and that she knew the Governor was a good old man or he would not have taken the great pains he had manifested to oblige her, and, in consideration of his great benevolence and disinterested friendship, she would leave the bones under his care and protection. She saw that the skeleton " was in a good dry place," and concluded to let it remain there. Maj. Beach said that he notified the widow of the willingness of the authorities to surrender the bones, but that she seemed indifferent to the matter. At all events, nothing was done by the family to secure a re- interment of the remains. Shortly after the scene just related transpired, Gov. Lucas was succeeded by Gov. Chambers, and the bones of Black Hawk were taken from his former office to the office of Dr. Lowe, on Main street. Drs. Lowe, Hickcock and Rock were then occupying rooms adjoining the three-story building used by A. Moore as a hardware store. A. D. Green in the second story, and the Historical and Geological Institute in the third story. The bones had been given to the latter institution, but had not been removed to a place in the third story. On the night of January 16, 1853, a fire consumed the whole building and the adjoining structure, in which Dr. Lowe's office was. The bones of the celebrated Indian were then and there cremated. Thus, amid fire and tumult Black Hawk found a final earthly resting-place in the ashes of the ruined structure, and the last act of his eventful career was not less dramatic than the first public appearance of the brave. Literally and truthfully may we say, dust to dust, ashes to ashes ; and may they rest in peace. It has been asserted that the bones were saved from destruction by Dr. Rock, but the Doctor positively declared to Judge Rorer that the rumor was an idle °°^" POWESHIEK AND OTHER NOTABLES. Poweshiek, the chief of the Musquakies, or the band of the confederated Sacs and Foxes who inhabited this particular locality, was a fine specimen of the physical man. He stood about six feet in height, weighed nearly two hun- dred and fifty pounds, and had, withal, a frank and rather pleasing countenance, 374 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. when sober. His besetting fault was excessive indolence, which led to frequent lapses from sobriety. He and his family were more cleanly than his tribe were wont to be, and in intelligence he was equal to the great rulers of the red men, Keokuk and Black Hawk. The lazy habits of the chieftain, however, placed him at a decided disadvantage beside the more noted leaders. He would not join in the deliberations of the council if the acceptance of the notice involved personal exertion. Hence it is that one who really was worthy of the honors of leadership forfeited his right through personal weaknesses. Poweshiek was a man of honor, so far as his word was concerned, and he was absolute in his command over his tribe. It is related, as illustrative of his power over men, that once, when a theft had been committed on a small party of travelers through his domain, Poweshiek ordered that none of his followers leave the village until search had been made for the missing property. So completely were the Indians under subjection to his will that even the culprit remained and was detected. Severe punishment followed the discovery of the crime, but the guilty Indian received it without a murmur, nor did he think of violating Poweshiek's command to remain, when, by stealthy evasion, he might have escaped the penalty of his crime. Poweshiek's village was on the Cedar River, about four miles below the site of Iowa City ; but he frequently was seen in this locality during the early days of settlement. The evidences of a large village are still visible on the farm of William G. Holmes, below Iowa City. The Indians suffered greatly from small- pox at that place, and hundreds of them died from that terrible plague. Powe- shiek died from excessive drinking before the Indians left Iowa for the West. Wapello, the chief from whom that county was named, was a powerful ruler among his people, and was also a fast friend of the whites, especially of the first Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Incidents illustrative of his character are dis- persed through the following pages. He died in 1841, and was buried by the side of his friend, the General, on the Agency Farm. His grave was recently cared for by the Managers of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, which passes near by, and is now in a condition to withstand the shocks of time for years to come. He died at the forks of the Skunk River, on the 15th of March, and his remains were brought from that place to the scene of burial in an ox-wagon, and buried toward evening of the same day, with the customary Indian ceremonies. It was his own request that he might be laid by the side of Gen. Street, who had been for many years in the Indian service, and was very popular with them. Prior to the establishment of the Agency in Wapello County, Wapello and his band dwelt at the mouth of Crooked Creek, near Marshall, in Henry County. Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosh all play conspicuous parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last-named will serve as an illustra- tion of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to either of the others, but he seems to have held a prominent place in councils, because of his native talents. His full name was George Washington Kishkekosh (the last meaning cut-teeth, or savage biter) and he liad accompanied Black Hawk as one of his suite of braves during the tour of that renowned chief through the East as a prisoner of war. With his leaders, he had been hospitably entertained at hotels and other phices, and hiid a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly-looking fare that was set before tiicm. How ho was enabled, after such an experience, to return with a good stomacli to the frugal diet and indifferent cooking of his own people, wc are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 375 his partiality for clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this respect, as the following instance will show : One night, he, with his company of three or four braves, slept at the house of a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and they were to remain to breakfast. Kish had an eye on the preparation of the meal, and observed one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the house (it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer of her savage guests) neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. Kish thought he would rather do without his breakfast than eat after such cook- ing, and privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they mounted their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at a house some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and related the circumstance. These people, though generally accustomed arid limited to the poorest fare, were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made gluttons of themselves whenever they could get enough of it. On another occasion, Kishkekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, went to the 'house of a settler on a friendly visit, and he treated them to a feast. Besides Kish and his wife — who was a very lady-like person — the party consisted of his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello and his two wives (for polygamy was not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha Wapetioe, his wife, and all their children. This old woman, on being a,sked how old she was, replied : " Mack-ware-renaak-we-kauk " (may be a hundred)," and, indeed, her bowed head and hideously shriveled features would justify the belief that she was fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than usually becoming style, probably out of respect to their hostess, who, knowing something of their voracious appetites, had made ample preparation for them. When the table was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as well as acquired cleanly tastes, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion before eating anything himself. With an amusingly awkward imitation of what he had seen done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the others, showing the ladies special attention, and helped them to a part of everything on the table with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came to help himself his politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate like a person with a bottomless pit inside of him, instead of a stomach, taking everything within his reach, without regard to what should come first or last in the course, so that he^only liked the taste of it. At length, after having drunk five or six cups of coffee, and eaten a proportionate a-jiount of solid food, his gastronomic energy began to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and with apparent concern for his want of appetite, said : " Why, Kish, do you not eat your dinner ? Have another cup of cofi'ee and eat something." In reply to this hospitable urgency, Kish leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. And then, in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his huge mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as much as to say he could almost touch the victuals. Of course the others had eaten in like proportion, making the most of an event that did not happen every day. Kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated other usages among the whites, even more radically different from those of his savage people. 37f> HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. It is well known that among the Indians, as among all unenlightened races the women are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are made to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game after the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how far away it may be, he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his 'dignity to bear the burden. They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their masters to ridej pack up their tents and household goods when preparing to move, and set them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. Kishkekosh had noticed the different fashion of the white settlers in regard to their women, and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelligent being, and he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He made an effort to institute reform among his people by having the men do a fair share of the work that, according to ordinary usage, fell to the squaws. He set them an example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not probable that any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long-continued laziness of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province was alone that of the hunter or warrior, yet the movement itself indicates capacity in this savage chief for progress and enlightenment. The Indians throughout this region had a novel way of dealing with drunken people. After the Black Hawk war, they chose rather to live upon their annu- ities granted them by the Government than upon the products of the chase, as they had hitherto been forced to do, jind as this gave them a good deal of leisure, they spent most of their time in drunken orgies, which proved a great mortality to the tribes, since many accidents happened to life and limb from that cause. It was, therefore, a custom for a few of the red men and the squaws to keep sober, so that when the inebriates got too wild, there would be some one to keep a restraining influence upon them. When a poor wight became unsafely drunk, he was tied neck and heels, so that he could be rolled about like a ball, which operation was kept up, despite his pleadings, until the fumes of liquor had vanished, when he was released. The sufferer would beg for mercy, but to no avail ; and after he was sobered he showed no resentment, but seemed to recognize the wisdom of the proceeding. The following anecdote of Pashapaho is worth preserving. Maj. Beach relates the incident as coming under his own knowledge, and, though not exactly relevant from locality, yet it illustrates the Indian characteristics : " Some time in 1832, a plan was laid to attack Fort Madison, then a United States garrison. Pashapaho, -a noted chief of the Sacs, who loved a "wee drap," was the projector of the scheme ; but the treachery of a squaw brought the plan to a sudden end, and the savages, on their approach to the fort, were met with the grim paraphernalia of war, ready for their reception. The pkn was nOt original with Pashapaho, for, in many respects, it resembles the famous effort of Pontiac on the fort at Detroit, during the early days of American settlement by the English ; and the plan was, like that, defeated by a squaw. " Under pretense of a counsel with the commandant, Pashapaho designed entering the fort with concealed arms, and at a given signal the Indians were to overpower the troops. However, because of the warning already o-iven, when the procession marched toward the fort the gates were suddenly thrown open, and a loaded cannon was revealed in tlio path. The gunner stood beside the piece with lighted match, while just in the rear was drawn up the "arrison in battle array. Old Pash deemed discretion the better part of valor and the signal for attack was never given. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 377 " Some years later, Pashapaho, who was also called the ' Stabbing Chief,' made an attempt to effect a lodgment in Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island, but his method was different from the plan on Fort Madison. During the year previous to the attempt, some of the braves of his tribe, while out on the prairie upon a hunting expedition, fell in with a body of hostile Sioux, the life-long enemies of all other tribes. The Sacs had the advantage in point of numbers, and captured a number of Sioux scalps. Complaint was made to the War Department, and orders were sent from Washington to Rock Island to demand of the chiefs the culprits, and to hold them prisoners in the fort. This was done. They were brought into the fort and surrendered, and throughout the winter, say for five months, they enjoyed the hospitality of Uncle Sam, in the shape of good quarters and plenty to eat, with no trouble of providing for it. In fact, they lived in an Indian's heaven, until released by some arrangement whereby blood-money was to be taken from the anunities of their tribe and paid over to the Sioux. " The next fall, old Pash, probably not finding his larder as well stocked for the winter as he desired, conceived the idea of imposing himself as a guest, indi- rectly, on his Great Father, the President. So, calling, one day, upon Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that, being out upon a hunt, he had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, and had succumbed to the morbid desire to lift his hair. The act was so contrary to his usual humane character that he mourned the deed and acknowledged his wickedness. He knew that his best of friend, the Great Father, whom he held in high esteem and affection, would hear of it and be very angry ; and, therefore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter demanding his arrest, he had promptly come in to make a voluntary surrender of himself. Col. Daven- port, who saw into the scheme, lauded him as an honorable Indian, and told him that his offer of surrender was ample evidence that he would respond when- ever he was called to render account for the deed he had done. The Colonel could not think of making him a prisoner a day earlier than the Great Father commanded ! No more was ever heard of this matter." A SCENE OF THE BORDER. The following graphic sketch of a scene in army life, at an early day, is from the pen of 'Eliphalet Price, and is introduced for'the purpose of preserv- ing so capital a description of a common Indian custom : " During the summer of 1827, soon after the war-cloud of difiiculties with the Winnebago Indians had been adjusted by a visit of the chiefs to Washing- ton, accompanied by Gen. Cass, a Sioux Indian, while hunting upon the Iowa shore, near the mouth of Paint Creek, shot and scalped a Winnebago, believing him to be the murderer of his brother, but who proved not to be the murderer, but the brother of ' Big Wave,' a chief of the Winnebagoes. " The band of this chieftain, together with others of the nation, numbering about two thousand, becoming indignant at this act, immediately assembled at Fort Crawford and demanded of Col. Taylor (afterward President Taylor) the procurement and surrender of the murderer. The oflBcers of the fort, appre- hensive that new difficulties might arise with this factious tribe if their demand was disregarded, concluded to make an effort to obtain the murderer. Accord- ingly, an officer was dispatched to demand him of the Sioux nation,»who imme- diately gave him up, and he was brought down the river and confined at Fort Crawford. Soon after his arrival at the fort, the Winnebagoes assembled again and insisted upon an unconditional suiTender of the prisoner to them, which 378 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Col. Taylor refused, but dispatched Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise, the Sur- geon of the garrison, to have a talk with them and endeavor to preserve the life of the Indian by paying a satisfactory consideration in horses. At the con- ference, the Winnebagoes talked in a threatening and overbearing manner, declaring that nothing would satisfy them but the taking of the life of the Sioux in their own wav and by themselves. "Reynolds, "finding that no terms could be made with them that would con- form to the suggestions of Col. Taylor, determined to make a proposition of his own, which was as follows : The Sioux should have a chance to save his life by being brought out upon the prairie, three weeks from that day, and, in a parallel line, seven paces to the rear of him, should be placed twelve of the most expert runners of the Winnebago nation, each armed with a tomahawk and scalping-knife, and, at the tap of the drum, the Sioux should be free to start for the home of his tribe, and the Winnebagoes free to pursue, capture and scalp him if they could. To this proposition the Winnebagoes acceded at once, and seemed much pleased with the anticipation of great sport, as well as an easy conquest of the prisoner, whose confinement in the garrison during the three weeks they believed would prostrate whatever running qualities he may have possessed. Their best runners were immediately brought in and trained every day, in full sight from the fort, and so accurate did they become in the hurling of the tomahaAvk, that they could hit, with unerring aim, a tin cup swinging from the branch of a tree, at a distance of twenty-five feet. " Lieut. Reynolds, who kept a pack of hounds and two or three fleet horses, and who was known throughout the hunting-range of the post as a dashing sportsman, having become warmly enlisted on the side of the Sioux, determined to have his Indian in the best possible condition for the contest. Accordingly, Dr. Elwise took him in charge, prescribing his diet, regulating his hours of repose and directing the rubbing of his body and limbs with flesh-brushes twice a day, immediately before going upon upon the parade-ground, to perform his morning and evening trainings. So carefully was \ie trained for this race of life or death that he was timed upon the parade ground, in the presence of the garrison and a number of spectators, the third day before the race came off', and performed the almost incredible feat of a mile in 3 minutes and 9 seconds. Reynolds had for some time been satisfied that the fleetest runner in the Win- nebago nation could not overtake him, but to guard against the unerring aim of the tomahawk required a different kind of training. This was done by placing the drummer behind a screen, some twenty paces in front of the Sioux, so that the sound would reach him an instant before it did his opponents, and upon receiving the signal sound, he was trained to make two quick bounds, in a direct line, to the right, and then start upon the race. " The day at length arrived. About three thousand Indians, French trad- ers, and border hunters had assembled to witness the scene ; in fact, it was regarded as a gala-day by all— except the prisoner. Reynolds, on the part of the Sioux, and the celebrated chiefs, ' War-kon-shuter-kee ' and ' Pine Top,' on the part of the Winnebagoes, superintended the arrangement of the parties on the ground. " The point agreed upon for starting was upon the prairie a little to the north of Prairie du Chien, and immediately in the vicinity of the residence of John Lockwood, an Indian trader, while the race-track lav alono; the level nine-mile prairie stretching to the north and skirting the shore of the Missis- sippi. ' The Sioux appeared upon the ground accompanied by a guard of soldiers, who were followed by his twelve opponents, marching in Indian file HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 379 and singing a low, monotonous chant, each being naked, with the exception of the Indian breechlet. Their ribs were painted white, while their breasts were adorned with a number of hieroglyphical paintings. Along the face, alternate stripes of white and black were painted in parallel lines, extend- ing from the chin to the forehead. The hair was platted into numerous thongs tasseled with a red or white feather, atid fringed with small bells, while their moccasins were corded tightly around the hollow of the foot, as well as around the ankle, with the sinews of the deer ; in the right hand, each carried his toma- hawk, while the left grasped the sheath that contained the scalping-knife. " The prisoner was about twenty years old, a little less than six feet in height, of muscular, well-proportioned contour, and manifested in the easy movements of his body a wiry and agile command of his muscular powers ; his countenance presented a mournful and haggard appearance, owing partly to the rigid discipline he had undergone in training and party to his having painted his face black, with the figure of a horse shoe in white, upon his forehead, which denoted that he was condemned to die, with the privilege of making an effort to save his life by fleetness. Around his neck, he wore a narrow belt of wampum, from which dangled the scalp he had taken from the Winnebago. '' Soon after the parties were formed in line upon the ground, Reynolds approached the Sioux, and, taking off one of his moccasins, showed the chiefs that it contained a thin plate of steel, and asked if they objected to it, to which they replied with much merriment that he might carry as much iron as he pleased. The Lieutenant, observing that his Indian appeared restless and uneasy, requested Dr. Elwise to come forward, who, after examining his pulse, discovered that he was much excited, and that his nerves were in a tremulous condition. Reynolds immediately took him by the arm and led him out some distance from the front of the line, where he asked him if he was afraid to run, to which he replied : ' I can outrun all the Winnebagoes ; but I am afraid that I cannot outrun all the horses that are mounted by armed Indians. The Lieutenant saw at once the cause of his alarm, and informed him that they should not interfere ; he intended to ride the fleetest horse upon the ground and keep near him, and, as he was armed, would see that no horseman approached him with hostile intentions. At this announce- ment, the countenance of the Indian brightened up with a smile ; his whole person seemed lifted from the ground as he turned to his position with a stal- wart stride. " The chiefs and Reynolds soon after mounted their horses and took a posi- tion each upon the right of his party. The spectators were removed from the front to the rear by the guard, when the parties were ready for the start. Reynolds, who was to give the signal for the tap of the drum, had, in this arrangement, planned a movement for which the Winnebagoes were unpre- pared. The drummer, by this arrangement, was not to give the drum tap until two minutes had expired, after the giving of the signal, which, as made known to the Winnebagoes, would be the elevation of his cap high above his head. " Reynolds, after taking a last view of the field to see that all was clear, gave the signal. In an instant, the Winnebagoes threw themselves into posi- tion, with uplifted tomahawk, the eye intently fixed upon the prisoner; every muscle of the body and arm was forced to its utmost strain, and in this position they were held by the drummer for the full period of time prescribed by Rey- nolds. The gloating visage of the Indian, his excited mind, and the terrible 380 HISTORY OF MUSCA'lINE COUNTY. Strain upon his muscular powers, it was easy to discover, was fast exhausting him : at length the loud tap of the drum was given, when the Sioux, with the crouching leap of the panther, bounded to the right while the whizzing whirl of the tomahawk sped its flight far to his left. The race was now fairly com- menced ; three of the Winnebagoes ran with great fleetness for a mile, keeping within twenty yards of the Sioux. Reynolds, who rode a fleet animal and was a master horseman, could move his body upon the saddle with that commanding ease which enabled him to keep all parts of the field in view without changing the course of his animal, soon discovered that his Indian had entire command of the race. Durir.g the flight of the first half-mile, it was with difiiculty that he could restrain the Sioux from leaving his competitors far to the rear, and thus impair his powers of endurance that might be needed to guard against treachery in the distance. At length, discovering that a few of the Winneba- goes had fallen out of the race, he gave the signal for him to increase his speed, and, in a moment after, the distance between him and his competitors began to widen rapidly, showing the superior speed and endurance of the Sioux, acquired, mainly, through the discipline of the white man. At the end of two miles, the last of the contending Winnebagoes withdrew from the race. There was not an Indian horse upon the ground that could keep up with him after he had increased his speed, and, at the end of the fourth mile, Reynolds, finding that his horse was much fatigued, and the prairie free from enemies, also withdrew from the race. The Indian did not look back or speak as far as he was followed or could be seen, but kept his eye fixed upon the white' flags that had been placed in front of him at short distances apart, far several miles, in order that he might run upon a straight line. "It was soon after reported by the Winnebagoes that he had been shot by one of their boys who had been placed in ambush near the_ upper boundary of the prairie. This, however, proved not to be true. The boy had shot a Win- nebago through mistake, who had also been treacherously secreted for the pur- pose of intercepting the Sioux. This mistake, however, was never known to Reynolds or Elwise, and. it was not until several years after this event, and while Gov. Doty was holding a treaty With the Sioux nation, that this Indian apjieared in the council as one of its chiefs, and, after briefly relating this adventure to the Governor, he inquired where Lieut. Reynolds and Dr. Elwise were at that time. He was informed that both had died in Florida. Upon receiving this information, he immediately withdrew from the convention, painted his face black, and retired to the gloom of the forest, nor could he be prevailed upon to return until he had gone through the Indian ceremony of mourning for the dead." THE TRIBAL RELATIONS OF THE SACS AND FOXES. iMr. Negus wrote the following sketch concerning the migrations, tribal relations and social customs of the Sacs and Foxes and the afiiliatino- bands : " At the time of the acquiring by the United States! of the country west of the Mississippi River, most of the territory now embraced within the "limits of Iowa was in the possession of the Sac and Fox Indians, who at one time had been a powerful nation, and were in possession of a, large tract of country. Those Indians were formerly two distinct nations, and resided on the waters of the St. Lawrence. " But for many years before they left Iowa, they lived together, and were considered one people (though they kept up some customs among' themselves, calculated to maintain a separate name and language). HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 381 " The Foxes first moved to the West, and settled in the vicinity of Green Bay, on Lake Michigan. But they had become involved in wars with the French and neighboring tribes, and were so much reduced in numbers that they were unable to sustain themselves against their hostile neighbors. '' The Sacs had been engaged in a war with the Iroquois (or Six Nations), who occupied the country which now composes the State of New York, and had become so weak that they were forced to leave their old hunting-grounds and move to the West. They found the Foxes, their old neighbors, like themselves, reduced in numbers by the misfortunes of war, and, from a matter of necessitv as well as sympathy, they united their fortunes together and became as one people, and as such remained so as long as they lived within the limits of Iowa, and probably will so long as they remain a nation. The date of their emigration from the St. Lawrence is not definitely known. Father Hennepin speaks of the Fox Indians being at Green Bay in 1680, which at that time was called the Bay of Puants. " After the union of the Sacs and Foxes at Green Bay, and when their nation had become powerful, they crossed over and extended their hunting- grounds west of the Mississippi, and, uniting with other tribes, began to act on the offensive. " All the valley from Rock River to the Ohio, on the east of the Mis- sissippi, and on the west of the Des Moines River was inhabited by a numer- ous and warlike nation of Indians called the Minneways, signifying ' men.' This great nation was divided into different bands known by various names (such as the Illinois, Cahokins, Kaskaskins, Peorias, etc.), and occupied sepa- rate parts of the valley. This nation had long been prosperous and powerful, and feared and dreaded by other nations ; but a circumstance happened which brought the vengeance of their neighbors upon them, and they in their turn wete humbled. " Pontiac, a Sac chief, very much beloved and respected by his people, had been wantonly murdered by some of the Minneways. This act aroused the anger of the Sac and Fox nations, and, forming an alliance with other tribes, they commenced a fierce and bloody war against the diff'erent bands of the Minneways. This war was continued till that great nation was nearly destroyed, and their hunting-grounds possessed by their enemies. '' At the time the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the Sac and Fox nations were in possession of most of the State of Illinois, and nearly all the country west o'f the Mississippi, between the Upper Iowa River and the Jeifreon (in Missouri) west to the Missouri River. The Sacs had four large villages where most of them resided ; one at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near where Montrose is now located, which consisted of thirteen lodges ; the second village was on the east shore of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Hender- son River, about half way between Burlington ^nd Oquawka ; the third village was located on Rock River, about three miles from the Mississippi, which was their largest and principal village ; the other was on the west side of the river, near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. The Foxes (or Reynards) had three vil- lages : one on the west side of the Mississippi, six miles above the ra,pids of Rock River; the second, 'twelve miles in the rear of the lead mines at Du Buque,' and the other on Turkey River. " The lowas, who may be regarded as a band of the Sacs and Foxes, at this time had one village near the mouth of the lower Iowa River, and another on the north side of the Des Moines, near where is now located the town of lowaville. 382 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. "These Indians had their separate villages and different chiefs ; but they occupied in common the same hunting-grounds, were united in their wars and alliances, and the Sacs, Foxes and lowas were generally regarded as one nation. " It appears that the lowas at one time were identified with the Sacs who lived on Rock River ; but, from some cause, at a period not definitely known, there were eight families who left that village and started out as a baud by them- selves, and for a long time 'they recognized eight leading families' in their band. ' These clans bear the title or nime of the particular animal or bird from which they are supposed to have sprung.' And they were known as the Eagle, the Pigeon, the Wolf, the Bear, the Elk, the Beaver, the Buffalo and the Snake families. " These families were known severally in the tribe by the peculiar manner in which they cut their hair. The Eagle family was marked by two locks of hair on the front part of the head, and one on the back-left part. The Wolf family had scattered bunches of hair left, representing islands, whence their families were supposed to have sprung. The Bear family left one side of the hair of the head to grow much longer than the other. The Buffalo family left a strip of hair long from the front to the rear part of the head, with two bunches on each side to represent horns." The other families, with their peculiar bodies, were lost or had become extinct long before they left Iowa. " In 1830, and for many years after, the lowas were estimated at about 1,100 souls ; but in 1848, they were stated to be a fraction under 750 ; and, in 1852, the Sacs only numbered about 1,300, and the Foxes about 700, which indicates that this once powerful nation will soon become extinct. When the lowas left their village on the Des Moines, they ' ascended the Missouri River to a point of land formed by a small stream on its east shore, called by the Indians Fish Creek, which flows in from the direction of, and not far from, the celebrated Red Pipestone Quarry, many hundred miles from their former village. The nation composed of the Sacs, Foxes and lowas, and particularly those about Rock I^iver, raised large quantities of corn, beans HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 407 domestic comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : A forked stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each were laid. The wall ends of the pole either rested in the openings between the logs or were driven into auger-holes. Barks or boards were used as a substitute for cords. Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a home-made feather bed, she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it with. her whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behipd it for tapestry added to the coziness of the resting-place. This was generally called a " prairie bed- stead," and by some the " prairie rascal." In design, it is surely quite equal to the famous Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe, in an artistic sense, as one could wish. The house thus far along, it was left to the deft devices of the wife to com- plete its comforts, and the father of the family was free to superintend out-of- door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. Here the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness of timber offered greater con- veniences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the groves afforded protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the prairies. Yet from these fires much of the young timber was killed from time to time, and the forest kept thin and shrubless. The first year's farming consisted mainly of a "truck patch," planted in corn, potatoes, turnips, etc. G-enerally, the first year's crop fell far short of supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frugal living, such as flour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible, and once used were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go before another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke out their limited supplies. But even when corn was plentifuU the preparation of it was the next diffi- culty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some grated it on an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet- iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rough side out. Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be done when the corn became so dry as to shell off when rubbed. Some used a coffee-mill for grinding it. And a very common substitute for bread was hominy, a palatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in a weak lye till the hull or bran peeled off, after which it was well washed, to cleanse it of the lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use, as occasion required, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of preparing hominy was by pestling. A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the end of an upright block of wood. After thoroughly cleaning it of the charcoal, the corn could be put in, hot water turned upon it, when it was subjected to a severe pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. 408 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. When breadstuffs were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And as the time may come when the settlers' method of threshing and clearing may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. The plan was to clean "off a space of ground of suiBcient size, and if the earth was dry, to dampen it, and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then the pheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be upper- most, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then, as many horses or oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these were kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several •' floorings " or layers were threshed, the straw was carefully raked oif, and the wheat shoveled into a heap to be cleaned. This cleaning was sometimes done by waving a sheet up and down to fun out the chaff as the grain was dropped before it ; but this trouble was frequently obviated when the strong winds of autumn were all that was needed to blow out the chaff from the grain. This mode of preparing the grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, with the addition of smut, often ren- dered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread than mud ; yet upon such diet the people were compelled to subsist for want of a better. Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of. The distance to be traversed was often as far as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and creeks offered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods and the breaking-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncom- mon occurrence, and that, too, when time was an item of grave import to the comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families. Often a swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to who- ever should attempt to ford it. With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. Indian trails were common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. They are described as mere paths about two feet wide — all that was required to accommodate the single-file manner of Indian traveling. An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by many of our public highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths trodden by them were, as a matter of convenience, followed by the Indians, and lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were found neces- sary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the buffaloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes and fords in their migrations from one pasture to another. Then, the Indians following. possessed of about the same instinct as the buffaloes, strove to make no improve- ments, and were finally driven from the track by those who would. When the early settlers wore compelled to make those long and difficult trips to mill, if the country was jirairio over which they passed, they found it comparatively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By travel- ing until night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTV. 409 much difficulty. But in winter such a journey was attended with no little dan- ger. The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal was reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and risks, and the poor man was impatient to immediately return with the desired staff of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that his turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to pay expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the day or job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own flour, as, in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of the other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to endure the trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the affairs of home. These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered the cost of breadstuffs extremely high. If made in the winter, when more or less grain-feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so con- siderably reduced on reaching home that the cost of what was left, adding other expenses, would make their 'grain reach the high cost figure of from $3 to $5 per bushel. And these trips could not always be made at the most favorable season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could hardly be spared from other essential labor ; yet, for a large family, it was almost impos- sible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. This description of early milling applies rather to the pioneers west of this county than to those who settled near the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, but it was not unconxmon for people here to cross over into Illinois to get their grinding done. Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, was the prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which was the wolf.. While it was true, in a figurative sense, that it required the utmost care and exertion to "keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as true in a literal sense. There were two species of these animals — the large, black, timber-wolf, and the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first, it was next to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve as a prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not deemed safe property until years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exterminated. Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement — as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, which was not uncommon, particularly during the winter, they were too indis- creet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot of the settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their wild, plaintive yelp or bark could be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating intense excitement among the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal melody. It has been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species^-the hound — has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the wolf. Attempts were often made to capture him with the common cur, but this animal, as a rule, proved himself wholly unreliable for such a service. So long as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being apparently acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place him- self in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that "discretion is the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of sur- render. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these two scions of the same house ; and, not infrequently, dogs and wolves have 410 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. been seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recognize a flag of truce ; his baying seemed to signify " no quarter," or at least so the terrified wolf understood it. Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and polecats were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding source of annoyance was the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the trials of the settler in the most exasperating degree. Persons have been driven from the labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. The trials of the pioneers were innumerable, and the cases of actual sufi'er- ing might fill a volume of no ordinary size. Timid women became brave through combats with real dangers, and patient mothers grew sick at heart with the sight of beloved children failing in health from lack of commonest neces- saries of life. The struggle was not for ease or luxury, but was a constant one for the sustaining means of life itself Illustrative of those days, the following incident is related, which is but one of thousands of similar character which might be told : A settler, in the northwest part of the county, had labored hard to improve the last fine days of autumn, preparing to shelter his wife and little ones from the approaching storms of winter. While thus employed, he had not noticed the rapidly decreasing store of provisions in his house, until his attention was finally forced to the subject. He then hastily provided himself with such an outfit as was required to make the journey into Illinois, and started with his team, expecting to be gone but three or four days. He reached his trading- place in safety, and started to return home, laden with the meager supplies which then served to sustain the lives of such brave men as himself, and to ren- der at least endurable the existence of the pioneer wives and children. No sooner had he turned his face toward home, than a terrific storm set in; from the northwest. Winter came down suddenly that year. The Mississippi froze over so rapidly, that boats were ice-bound, and stores, destined for the new localities above on the river, hid to be hauled for miles on sleds. When the pioneer reached the Mississippi, he found it filled with huge masses of floating ice. The ferry-boat was no longer in operation, and crossing was impossible. In vain he offered extravagant sums to the ferryman, if he would but land him upon the solid ice on the Iowa bank. No proposition that he could make, was tempting enough to induce the carrier to cross the stream. Meanwhile the storm continued, and the prospect of relief grew blacker. The pioneer realized the desperate strait into which his family had fallen, because of the limited store of provisions, and the lack of fuel to keep the cold from the miserable cabin he called home. For eight long days the river continued impassable, and by that time the man became desperate. He resolved to cross, even at the risk of life. During those days of waiting, other men had congregated at the ferry, and were also impatient to make the passage over. The hero of this sketch had vainly tried to induce those men to aid him in cutting the ferry-boat loose from the ice, and force away to the open water; but they had laughed at the possibility of such a feat, and had refused to comply with his request. Unaided and alone, the man performed the laborious task, and was at last rewarded, by seeing a path made open to the unfrozen current. No sooner had this been accomplished, than one of the most indolent of the crowd hastened to harness his own team ami drive upon the small boat, which would accommodate but one at a time. Our pioneer sprang forward, to prevent the outrage on his richts, and a scene ensued, which was most disastrous to the cowardly intruder. After a most tedious and perilous fight with the ice, the pioneer landed in Iowa, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 411 and pushed eagerly on toward home. When he reached the Cedar, the ice had rendered the passage of a team impossible. The ferryman, with true Western generosity, offered to cross with the pioneer in a skiff, but refused to take pay for his services, because the deed was such as hazarded life, and money, he sajd, was no inducement to him to make the trial. Making a small package of pro- visions, and strapping it to his back, the pioneer and his friend set out on their desperate undertaking. Fortune favored them, but the skiff was drifted far below the usual landing-place. The two men dragged the boat on the shore ice, to a point considerably above the landing, so that the ferryman might the more readily regain his home. The pioneer waited, until a shout from the fer- ryman told him all was safe, and then started on his weary tramp homeward. Snow had fallen to the depth of several inches, while in places it was drifted into enormous banks. Hour after hour the lonely man plodded on ; now fall- ing from exhaustion, and again toiling along in utter desperation. At last, when strength and hope alike were failing Ijim, he came upon a well-known land- mark. Courage returned, and through the darkness of the night, he saw, with joy, many a familiar object. As he approached his cabin, he saw that neither light nor fire betokened the presence of his loved ones. With trembling hand he shook the frail door, while he feebly called upon his wife, fearing that no voice would answer. But kind providence had willed that no harm should befall the little group about that desolate hearth. A moment more, and the devoted wife was locked in the embrace of her husband. It transpired, that a distant settler had heard of the danger in which the family stood, and kindly rendered them the required aid. AN INCIDENT IN 1839. There lies upon our table, as we write, a hand-bill which is just forty years old to a day, and which has something of a history. The bill bears the imprint "J. G. Edwards, Printer, Burlington, I. T.," and is upon heavy, tough paper, which appears almost like parchment. The letterpress is inclosed by an ornamental border composed of square cuts, nearly an inch in size, rejjre- senting a female face surrounded by radiating lines, which are in turn encircled by a vine with leaves. Leaves of similar form, at each of the corners of the cut, give a square face to the same. This quaint border is relieved at the top and bottom of the bill — which is 12x15 inches, and reads the long way of the sheet — by a section of smaller pieces, of fanciful design, in the midst of which, at the top, is inserted a small steamboat cut, and at the bottom, the imprint. The letterpress of this bill reads as follows : ■' Stop thief. — A heavy Reward. — The subscriber was robbed, on the 10th inst., of 220 dollars in Gold Coin (English, French and American) 50 dollars in bank notes of Indiana, Illinois and Green Bay, an One Patent Lever Gold watch. Gold face, with plain cases, made at Troy, New York. The name of the thief is said to be MOSES ELROD. He stammers very bad when speak- ing, has a light complexion, stout built, round shoulders, about five feet, nine or ten inches high, and is about 30 years of age. He wore away a new light silk Hat, a brown coarse coatee, jeans vest and trowsers, with Brogan shoes. He was seen the same day in a canoe going down the Mississippi, below Bloom- ington. A generous reward will be paid for the apprehension of the thief or the recovery of the money and watch, or for either, by the subscriber. Please inform Messrs. Warburton and King, St. Louis, Messrs. Lamson, Bridgman and Co., Burlington, I. T. or the subscriber. HARVEY GILLETT. " Geneva, Muscatine Co., I. T. April 11, 1839." 412 HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. The particular bill in question was handed to Amos Walton, the Postmaster at Geneva, who posted it up in his house in that place, soon after it was issued. J. P. Walton, then a young lad, saved the bill, and a long time after the theft was committed, he chanced to show the bill to a party who was acquainted with the matter. From him the history of the escape of Elrod was obtained. In 1839, incidents, which would to-day seem trifling, were of great moment, and when it was known that a robbery had been committed, public feeling ran high. As soon as Mr. Gillett missed his property, the little village of Geneva was in a whirl of excitement. Mr. Gillett himself started at once for Burlington, for the purpose of heading-off the culprit, and there obtained the bills of which we make a copy. The trip was wasted, however, for before he returned certain parties had effected the arrest of Elrod near New Boston. The guilty man was placed in the hands of James Davis, then Sheriff, who was expected to keep him safely until the next session of the court. There being no jail in the county at that time, the task of guarding the prisoner was anything but easy or agreeable. During the interval of waiting, Davis handed Elrod over to his Deputy, who was obliged to resort to the primitive method of chaining him up, like a dan- cing bear. At night, the prisoner was chained to his bed-po^t, and by day was obliged to carry about a huge log-chain attached to a stone. The citizens began to grow impatient over the law's delay, and finally resolved upon disposing of Elrod after the summary fashion much in vogue in new countries. The threat of lynching reached the ears of the Deputy's wife, who was not disposed to sub- mit to anything of the sort. She, therefore, prepared some provisions, and persuaded her husband to leave the chain unfastened that night. Then inform- ing the prisoner of the arrangements, and where he could find the food, the family retired. The next morning, it was discovered that the man had escaped, and, as the money and watch had been recovered, no further effort was made to capture him. Probably this prudent act on the part of the Deputy's wife saved Muscatine County the disgrace of a lynching. No violent demonstrations against prisoners were ever made, nor was there ever an execution in this county — a fact that few counties can boast of in this State. ORGANIZATION OF OLD DES MOINES. When the colony at Burlington had assumed suflScient size to warrant the thought of adopting legal restraints, the pioneers found themselves under the governmental control of the Territory of Michigan. In that year, this region was attached to Michigan Territory for judicial purposes, and, in the spring of 18-34, instructions were sent to Mr. Ross, from Detroit, to organize Des Moines County. The new county was composed of the territory south of Rock Island to the mouth of the Des Moines River, and thence west along the Missouri line for fifty miles. The necessary laws and documents were received by Mr. Ross, and, as organizing officer, he gave notice of the impending election by advertis- ing in suitable manner. The ofHcevs chosen at the first election, in the fall of 1834, were as follows: Col. William Morgan was elected Supreme Judge, and Henry Walker and Young L. Hughes, Assistants of District Court, which was the highest court in Iowa at that time ; Col. W. W. Chapman was Prosecutino' Attorney; W. R. Ross, Clerk; Solomon Perkins, Sheriff; John Barker, Justic'e of the Peace ; W. R. Ross, Treasurer and Recorder ; John Whitaker, Probate Judge; Leonard Olney, Supreme Judge; John Barker and Richard Land, Jus- tices of the Peace, the latter appointed by the Governor of Michio-an Territory. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 413 In October, 1835, Hon. George W. Jones was elected Delegate to Congress from the Territory of Michigan. Mr. Jones was interested in the development of the great Western wilderness, and favored the erection of a new Territory- west of the lakes. He worked for that purpose in Congress, and was successful. Apropos of his achievement in that direction is here given an anecdote concern- ing his adroit avoidance of Mr. Calhoun's opposition to his bill : The Hon. George W. Jones, or the General, as he is more familiarly known at home, was a great ladies' man. Knowing the opposition to his territorial bill on the part of Mr. Calhoun, and that a speech from that distinguished statesman would defeat it, he set his wits to work to procure the absence of Mr. C. when the bill would be called up. To accomplish this, he paid very marked attention to a hidy friend of Mr. Calhoun, then at the capital, and was so kind, polite and entertaining that she, feeling under obligations to him for the same, inadvertently expressed the hope that circumstances might throw it in her way to render him some service. This was just what the General wanted, and he immediately said, "You can, if you will, do me the greatest favor in the world," and went on to explain the "Territorial Bill," and the opposition of Mr. Calhoun thereto. "Now," said the General, "it will come up on such a day, and when I send you my card call out Mr. C, and, on some pretext, keep him out an hour or two." She consented and carried out the arrangement, and during that absence the bill was passed, and Mr. Calhoun did not have an opportunity to oppose it. WISCONSIN TERRITORY FORMED. April 20, 1836, the bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin was approved. Gov. Henry Dodge was appointed to the Executive office by President Jackson. The first proclamation was issued by him September 9, 1836, convening the Legislature at Belmont on the 25th of October. A delegate in Congress was ordered elected at the same time as the legislators were chosen. The counties of Dubuque and Des Moines then contained 10,521 population, as was shown by the census ordered by Gov. Dodge. BELMONT LEGISLATURE. The election was ordered to be held on the second Monday (not the first, as stated by some writers) in October. The Belmont Legislature convened, as required, October 25, 1836, and was composed of the following members, as shown by the official report printed in 1836 : Brown County — Council, Henry S. Baird, John P. Arndt ; House, Ebenezer Childs, Albert G. Ellis, Alexander J. Irwn. Milwaukee County — Council, Gilbert Knapp, Alanson Sweet; House, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall, Charles Durkee. Iowa County — Council, Ebenezer Brigham, John B. Terry, James R. Vine- yard; House, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley, J. P. Cox. Dubuque County— Council, John Foley, Thomas McCraney, Thomas McKnight ; House, Loring Wheeler, Hardin" Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle, Patrick Quigley. Des Moines County — Council, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, Arthur B. Inghram ; House, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. WISCONSIN JUDICIARY. The second act passed by the Legislature provided for the establishment of Judicial Districts. Charles Dunn was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 414: HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Wisconsin, and performed judicial duties in the First District ; David Irvin, Associate Justice in the Second District; and William C. Frazier, Associate Justice in the Third District. THE TEMPORARY SEAT OF UOVERNMENT. The eleventh bill passed was one fixing upon Madison as the permanent seat of government of Wisconsin, and selecting Burlington as the temporary seat, pending the erection of suitable buildings in Madison. The story of this bill is interesting, since it aifected the destiny of Burlington in no slight degree. When Wisconsin was created, Dubuque sought to secure the seat of govern- ment. Those engaged in that effort were not far-seeing enough to perceive the transient character of the boundaries of Wisconsin as first defined. The loca^ tion of Dubuque was, by chance, near the geographical center of the immense region embraced in the original Territory, and failed to realize that the ultimate division of the country would be marked by the two great rivers. The paper at Dubuque and the leading men endeavored to persuade the Legislature that the proper locality for the seat was there ; but wiser councils prevailed. Bur- lington, by uniting with the eastern counties, held the power necessary to decide the question. Perhaps reciprocal promises were made by the Burling- ton delegation, and perhaps not ; of that we have no clear evidence ; but one thing is certain, when the voting came on, Des Moines County, with its ten votes, joined the eastern counties and carried the bill, fixing the permanent seat at Madison. A clause was inserted in the bill providing, " That, until the public build- ings at the town of Madison are completed — that is to say, until the 4th day of March, 1839 — the sessions of the Legislative Assembly of Wiscon- sin Territory shall be held at the town of Burlington, in the county of Des Moines, provided the public buildings are not sooner completed." Congress had appropriated a sum of money for the erection of those buildings and the purchase of a library. The clause was a wise one for Des Moines, since nature had foreordained the division of Wisconsin at the Mississippi River, and the creation of a Terri- tory, and ultimately a State, out of Des Moines and Dubuque. By forfeiting all pretense of claim to permanency, Burlington secured the temporary seat of Wisconsin, and thereby held the nine points of possession on the capital of the future State. Of course, no one asserted the possibility of Burlington holdim^ the seat of Iowa after the development of the region ; but the purpose was to advertise Burlington to the country, and profit by the prestige of being the most prominent locality at the start. It was a shrewd piece of figuring, and worked great good to the new aspirant for settlers' favor. At the same time, it secured the seat away from its natural rival, Dubuque. THE FIRST ROAD WEST OF THE RIVER. Act No. 20 of the Legislature provided for the establishment of a Territo- rial road west of the Mississippi River, commencing at the villao-e of Farming- ton, then to be the seat of Van Buren County: thence to Moffit's Mill, near Augusta ; thence direct to Burlington ; thence to Wapello ; thence to Dubuque, and thence on to Prairie du Chien. The Commissioners wore Abel Galland] Splomon Perkins, Benjamin Clarke, Adam Sherrill, Willi;un ,Iones and Heury F. Lander. •' HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 415 SUBIVISION OF OLD DES MOINES. Act No. 21 was the next important bill (after the one locating the seat of government) passed by the Legislature, so far as the county of Des Moines was concerned. It is here given in full : An Act dividing the County of Des Moines into several new Counties : Section 1 . Be it enacted by the Council and House of Representatives of the Territory of Wis- consin, That the country included within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the most southern outlet of Skunk River, on the Mississippi : thence a northern direction, passing through the grove on (he head of the northern branch of Lost Creek ; and thence to a point cor- responding with the range line dividing Ranges Seven an J Eight ; and thence south with said line to the Des Moines River; thence down the middle of the same to the Mississippi, and thence up the Mississippi to the place of beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Lee. Sec. '2. Be it further enacted. That the country included in the following boundaries, to wit: , Beginning at the northeast corner of Lee ; thence south with the west line of said county, to the Riv,er Des Moines ; Ihence up the same to where the Missouri line strikes the same ; thence west with the said Missouri boundary line to the Indian boundary line ; thence north with the said boundary line twejity-fovir miles ; thence east to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Van Buren. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following limits, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of Lee : thence up said river to a point fifteen miles above the town of Burlington, on the bank of said river ; thence on a west- erly direction to a point on the dividing ridge between the Iowa River and Flint Creek, being twenty miles on a due west line from the Mississippi River; thence a southerly direction so as to intersect the northern line of the county of Lee at a point twenty miles on a straight line from the Mississippi River ; thence east with the northerly line of the said county of Lee to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Des Moines. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the southwest corner of Des Moines; thence northwest with the line of said county of Van Buren, to the Indian boundary line; thence north with the boundary line; twenty-four miles ; thence southeast to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence south with the west line of the county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Henry. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following limits, to wit: Beginning at the Mississippi River, at the northeast corner of Des Moines; thence up the said river twelve miles above the mouth of Iowa; thence west to the Indian boundary line ; thence with said boundary line to ihe northwest corner of Henry ; and with the line of the same to the northwest corner of the county of Des Moines ; thence east with the line of the same county of Des Moines to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Louisa. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted. That the country included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa ; thence up said river twenty-five miles on a straight line ; thence west to the Indian boundary line ; thence with said boundary line south to the northwest corner of the county of Louisa ; thence east with the line of said county of Louisa to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Musquitine. Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That the country included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning on the Mississippi River at the northeast corner of the county of Musquitine ; thence up said river to the southeast corner of Du Buque ; thence with the line of the said county of Du Buque to the Indian boundary line ; thence with said line south to the northwest corner of the county of Musquitine; thence east with the said line of the said county of Mus- quitine to the beginning, be and the same is hereby set off into a separate county, by the name of Cook. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That the District Court shall be held at the town of Madison, in the county of Lee, on the last Monday in March and on the last Monday in August in each year ; in the town of Farmington, in the county of Van Buren, on the second Monday in April and the second Monday in September of each year ; in the town of Mount Pleasant, in the county of Henry, on the first Friday after the second Monday in April and September in each year; in the town of Wapello, in the county of Louisa, on the first Thursday after the third Monday in April and September in each year ; in the town of Bloomington, in the county of Musquitine, on the fourth Monday in April and September in each year. Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, That the county of Cook be and the same is hereby attached to the county of Musquitine for all judicial purposes. 416 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Sec. 10. And be it further enicted, That the proper authority of the several counties hereby established, so soon as the said counties shall be organized, shall liquidate and pay so much of the debt now due and unpaid by the present county of Des Moines, as may be their legal and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable property which shall be made therein. Sec. 11. This act to be in force from and after its passage, and until the end of the next annual session of the Legislative Assembly, and no longer. P. H. Engle, Speaker of the Bouse of Representatives.. Henbt S. Baibd, President of the Council. H. DODGE. Approved December 7, 183B. REVISION OF THE ORGANIZING ACT. The second session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature convened at Burlington in the winter of 1837-38. At that session a bill was introduced redefining the boundaries of the five counties created out of old Des Moines. It was at this time that Dr. Eli Reynolds attempted to secure the removal of the county seat of Muscatine to Geneva, as is related in the preceding chapter. Hereafter is quoted the bill in full, because of the scarcity of the old records. It may prove of value for reference in days to come [p. 210 Session Laws Wis. Ter. Leg., Burlington, 1838] : An Act to establish the boundaries of Lee, Van Buren. Des Moines, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine and Slaughter, to locate the seats of justice in said counties and for other purposes: Seition 1. Be it enacted by the Council and the Bouse of Representatives of the Territory of Wisconsin, That the boundaries of Lee County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the main channel of the Mississippi River, 4ue east from the entrance of Skunk River into the same, thence up said river to where the township line dividing Township Sixty-eight and Sixty- nine north leaves said river ; thence with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the towwuship line between Townships Sixty-nine and Seventy north ; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west ; thence south with said line to the Des Moines River ; thence down said river to the mid- dle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence up the same to the place of beginning, and the seat of justice is hereby established at the town of Fort Madison. Sec. 2. The boundaries of the county of Van Buren shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning on the Des Moines River, where the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight intersects said river, thence north with said line to the township lin^ dividing Townships Seventy and Seventy- one north ; thence west witli said line to the range line between Ranges Eleven and Twelve west ; thence south with said line to the northern line of Missouri; thence east with said line to the Des Moines River ; thence down said river to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby retained at the town of Farmington, until it may be changed, as herein- after provided. For the purpose of permanently establishing the seat of justice for the county of Van Buren, the qualified electors of said county shall, at the election of County Commission- ers, vote by ballot for such places as they may see proper for the seat of justice of said county. The returns of said election shall, within thirty days thereafter, be made by the Sheriif ef the county to the Governor of the Territory, and if, upon examination, the Governor shall find that any one point voted for has a majority over all other places voted for, he shall issue a proclama- tion to that effect, and the place so having a majority of votes shall, from the date of such proc- lamation, be the seat of justice of said county. But if, upon an examination of the votes, the Governor shall find that no one place has a majority of the whole number of votes polled on that question and returned to him, he shall issue a prjclamation for a new election in said county, and shall state in his proclamation the two places which were highest in vote at the preceding election, and votes at tlie election so ordered shall bo confined to the two places thus named. The Governor shall, in his proclamation, fix the time of holding said second election, and it shall be conducted in the same manner, and by the same officers as conducted the election for County Commissioners ; and the Sheriff of the county shall, within thirty days thereafter, make return of said second election to the Governor, who shall thereupon issue a second proclamation, declaring which of the two places named in first proclamation was the highest in vote at such second election, and declaring said place from that time to be the seat of justice for Van Buren County, provided that the spring term of the District Court for said county shall be held at Farmington, the present seat of justice of Van Buren County. Skc. 3. 'i'he boundaries of Des I\loines County shall be as follows, to wit : Besrinning at the northeast corner of Lee County; thence west with the nortliern line of said county to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west; thence north with said line to the township lino dividing Townships Seventy-two and Seventy-three north ; thence east with said line HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 417 to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Burlington. Sec. 4. The boundaries of Henry County shall be as follows, to wit: Beginning on the Range line between Ranges Four and Five west, where the township line dividing Townships Seventy-three and Seventy-four north intersects said line; thence west with said line to the range line between Ranges Eight and Nine thence south with said line to the townsnip line dividing townships Seventy and Seventy-one north ; thence east with said line to the range line between Ranges Seven and Eight west; thence south with said line to the township line dividing Townships Sixty-nine and Seventy north ; thence east with said line to the range line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence north with said line to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Jlount Pleasant ; and all the territory west of Henry is hereby attached to the same for judicial purposes. Sec. 5. The boundaries of Louisa County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of Des Moines County : thence west to the northwest corner of said county ; thencs north with the range line between Ranges Four and Five west to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-tive and Seventy-six north ; thence east with said line to the Mis- sissippi River ; thence down the same to the place of beginning; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Lower Wapello. Sec. 6. The boundaries of Muscatine County shall be as follows, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of the county of Louisa; thence west with the northern line of said county, to the range line between Four and Five west ; thence north with said line, to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-eight and Seventy-nine north ; thence east with said line, to the range line between Ranges One and Two east ; thence south with said line to the Mississippi River ; thence down the main channel of the said river to the place of beginning ; and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Bloomington. Sec. 7. The county included within the following boundaries, to wit : Beginning at the northeast corner of the county of Henry ; thence west to the northwest corner of the same ; thence north to the township line dividing Townships Seventy-six and Seventy-seven north; thence east with the said line to the line between Ranges Four and Five west ; thence south with the said line to the place of beginning, is hereby set off into a separate county by ihe name of Slaughter, and the seat of justice of said county is hereby established at the town of Astoria ; and all the territory west is hereby attached to the county of Slaughter for judicial purposes. ' Sec. 8. That the several counties hereby established shall liquidate and pay so much of the debt, as was due and unpaid by the original county of Des Moines, on the 1st day of December, eighteen hundred and thiny-six, as may be their fair and equitable proportion of the same, according to the assessment value of the taxable property therein. Approved, January 18, 1838. THE OLDEST RECORDS. Muscatine County was formally organized under the first law, although no records are preserved showing election returns or official appointments. The oldest record now in existence is that in which the marriage licenses were entered. Were it not for this book there would be no evidence of the clerk- ship held by Robert McClaren, who was appointed in the winter of 1836-37. The exact date of this appointment is not obtainable, nor are any papers to be found bearing upon the subject. The fire which destroyed the old Court House, in 1864, burned many of the loose documents stored in the building. The older settlers remember that Mr. McClaren was the first Clerk of both the United States District and the County Commissioners' Courts, but a diversity of opinion exists as to the time of his appointment. The earliest official document issued in this county was the marriage license of Andrew J. Starks and Merilla Lathrop. The document bore date February 13, 1837, and was granted by Mr. McClaren, as Clerk of the Commissioners' Court. The issuance of this paper proves that the Commissioners' Court was in existence in February, 1837, and it is recollected by the older settlers that Arthur Washburn and Edward B. Fay were the first members of the old " Board of Supervisors," as the Michigan laws designated them. Those gen- tlemen were appointed to the office soon after the original law establishing the 418 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. county took effect. Nevertheless, it is a fact that no documentary evidence, other than the marriage licenses referred to, is preserved which proves the exist- ence of the first court. If minutes of their meetings were kept, they are no longer extant. The next oldest records in the county oflBces are those of the United States Dis- trict Court, which held its first session in Bloomington, April 24, 1837. The first act of the Court was to appoint John S. Abbott Clerk. Why Mr. McClaren was not confirmed in the office does not appear. In October, 1837, according to the only records, the first meeting of the Commissioners' Court was held. It has already been shown that the records, in this respect, are wrong. The meeting which was held in October was the first that was formally recorded, possibly, but was really the second or third. The records are in the handwriting of S. Clinton Hastings, who did not take his office of Clerk until a time subsequent to October, 1887. The Clerk of the session was J. R. Struthers. Hence, it is easily understood that the sparse minutes were written after the meetings, and from memory of the transac- tions. Hereafter is given an abstract of the early records : The first Justices of the Peace were John G. Coleman, Silas S. Lathrop and Benjamin Nye, who were appointed by Gov. Dodge, in 1836-37 — the exact date is unknown. They solemnized marriages early in the year 1837. COMMISSIONERS' RECORDS. The first entry in the original record book of the Commissioners' Court was transcribed by S. Clinton Hastings, after he became Clerk. There is no date given, but by inference it can be seen that the meeting was held October 4, 1837. The entry reads : " The Supervisors of the county of Musquitine met this day, at the house of Robert C. Kinney. Present, Messrs. Washburn and Fay." From the succeeding pages, the reader draws the inference that the meeting was held October 4, 1837. The adjournment of the Board was "until the 5th inst.," and the following entry begins with the date, " October '6, 1837." The only business transacted at the October session was the issuance of orders on the Treasurer for various sums. No. 1 was for $27, in favor of Thomas M. Isett, for services as surveyor of a county road. Seven orders in all were issued, four of which were for road work ; one to James Davis, for summoning grand jury, $28.74, and two to John G. Coleman and Silas S. Lathrop, Justices of the Peace, respectively, for services in the case of the United States vs. John Ruby. Samuel Parker was allowed $6.50, for "furnishing a room for holding court, etc." Samuel Shorteridge, James R. Struthers and S. C. Hastings were appointed Assessors of the county, with salary fixed at $2 per day while actually engaged in work. J. R. Struthers was allowed iii'2 for serving as Clerk of the Board for two days. This entry shows that Mr. Hastings was not Clerk until 1838. The second session of the Board was an extra one, and convened at the house of J. G. Coleman, on the 17th day of February, 1838. The Board was then composed of John Vanater, E. Thornton and Aaron Usher, with Mr. Hastings Clerk. The session lasted but one day, and no business was tran- sacted other than the allowance of accounts against the county. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 419 March 17, the Board met in the office of Thomas M. Isett, and was com- posed of Daniel Comstock, E. Thornton and Aaron Usher. John S. Abbott was appointed Clerk. The official bond of Jonathan Pettibone, County Treasurer, was accepted. The orders issued to Clerks and Judges of Elections, at this session, show that the county had pi-eviously been divided into five election precincts, viz., Clark, Moscow, Montpelier, Pairhaven and Bloomington. No record of the division appears on the Commissioners' books. The first evidence obtained relative to the appointment of Election Judges and the location of polling precincts is from the proceedings of the session of April 2, 1838. At that time, Bloomington, Fairhaven, Moscow and Mont- pelier were named, and Clark Precinct was discontinued. The Judges appointed were : E. E. Fay, Samuel Hollidayand Thomas Burdett, Bloomington; George Stormes, William Kidder and "William Bagley, Fairhaven ; Benjamin Ludlow, William Addir and Goodwin Taylor, Moscow ; Peter Hesser, William Cham- bers and Stephen Nye, Montpelier. On the 8th of May, the Fairhaven Precinct was removed to Wapsenoknock, as it was originally spelled. It is now spelled Wapsinonoc. July 2, a license was granted James W. Neally to keep a ferry at Blooming- ton, across the Mississippi, from the 1st of August, 1838, for one year. The rates prescribed were as follows : Each footman, 25 cents ; man and horse, 50 cents; wagon and two horses, $l.-50 ; each additional horse, 25 cents; wagon and yoke of oxen, $1.50 ; stock cattle, 25 cents ; sheep and hogs, 6 J cents. The rates of ferriage across Cedar River were then fixed as follows : Each footman, 12| cents ; man and horse, 25 cents ; wagon and two horses, 75 cents ; additional horse, 12J^ cents ; wagon and yoke of oxen, 75 cents ; addi- tional oxen, 25 cents ; loose cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., 6^ cents. It cost $7.50 to procure a license to maintain a ferry across Cedar River. Alexander Ross was granted a license for ferry at Moscow, across the Cedar River. July 3, the Board accepted the report of the Assessors, and ordered a tax of one-half of one per cent levied for county purposes. September 8, Sarvim Jenners was appointed Clerk of the Board, but held the office only one session. At this date the precinct of Wyoming was estab- lished. October 1, the Board consisted of Err Thornton, Aaron Usher and John Vanater, and John G. Morrow was appointed Clerk. John Vanater was allowed $8, for serving as a committee of one to go to Burlington, and advise with the Receiver of the United States Land Office, relative to the purchase of a quarter-section of land for county purposes. This was the first step taken toward the entry of the site of Muscatine. At this session, it transpired that Err Thornton and John Vanater had each received the same number of votes, at the preceding election, for County Com- missioner. The matter was settled, by the men drawing lots for the term of two years, and the same fell to the share of John Vanater. January 9, 1839, Messrs. Vanater and Thornton were allowed certain expenses for going to Burlington and securing the town site. It was also ordered by the Board, at that meeting, that a survey be made of the' town quarter, and that the proprietors of the claim be allowed the refusal of the lots, at the graduation prices. If that privilege be refused, then the lots to be forfeited. The total sum to be raised on the quarter was $18,000. 420 HIriTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. FIRST JAIL. At this session, the Board ordered that a Jail be erected in the town of Bloomington, on the square reserved for public buildings. The structure was described in the specifications as follows: Length, 24 feet; width, 16 feet; floors of timber laid crosswise, each layer 1 foot square ; wall of two courses of timber, 12 inches square; 10 inches apart; the space between the timbers to be filled in with broken stone. Posts 10 feet in the clear, two stories high. The inside of rooms planked with 2-inch planks, driven full of 20-penny nails, one on every square inch. The partitions on lower story of 3-inch stuff". A trap-door was placed in the upper floor, and a door of heavy planks opened into the second story, but there were no doors opening on the ground floor. Entrance was effected by ascending outside stairs and passing into the upper rooms, from whence prisoners were dropped down into the lower cells through the trap-door in the floor. The doors were lined with sheet iron, and the exposed wood-work filled with nails. Two grated windows admitted light and air in the lower rooms. The building was ordered completed by July 4, 1839, and stood until 1857, when J. P. Walton purchased it for $30, and afterward sold the solid oak timbers of which it was composed for $800. Mr. Walton still has the old door-key. Block 24, of the town plat was reserved for the use of the county, in the erection of public buildings. In March, the Board ordered a survey of Section 35, and appointed George Bumgardner Surveyor. August, 1839, the Board was composed of John Vanater, Madison Stewart and Moses Perrin, with J. G. Morrow, Clerk. At the August election there were six precincts, viz., Bloomington, Wyoming, Stormes, Pine, Moscow and Wapsinonoc. November 4, Edward E. Fay was appointed Clerk of the Board. SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 1. The Board constituted School District No. 1, November 4, the territory embraced in the limits thereof being Township 78 north, Range 2 west. HIGH RATE OF INTEREST. The Board loaned money, obtained by the sale of lands on Section 35, at the rate of 20 per cent per annum interest. THE COURT HOUSE. November 6, the Board ordered that proposals for building a Court House in the town of Bloomington be requested, by advertisement in the Burlington Territorial Gfazette for the space of five weeks. The bricks were ordered to be ten inches long, five inches wide and two and one-half inches thick. The building to be completed by September 1, 1841. November 23, the plan sub- mitted by Stephen B. Bropliy was accepted as the standard of the proposed edifice. Mr. Brophy was allowed $200 for plans and specifications of the building. The Board subsequently modified the order conconiing the size of the brick, making them nine inches long instead of ten, and then required the walls to be twenty-two inches thick. William Brownell obtained the job of erecting the Court House. The edifice was built of brick, laid upon stone founda- tion walls, the latter being hammered for the upper three courses. The brick used were made by Stephen Headly. The building was completed by the HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 421 required time. The cost was fl5,000. In 1864, the greater part of the edifice was destroyed by fire. It was reconstructed at once at a cost of $29,000. Many of the old papers relating to the organization of the county were destroyed by the fire. At the April election, in 1840, the election precincts were as follows : Pine, Wyoming, Moscow, West Liberty, Stormes and Bloomington. In April, William Brownell was employed to " dig and wall a good well on the public square," for which he was to receive $1.50 per foot. It was to be an open well, with windlass and bucket. Thomas M. Isett, at about this time, surveyed the ground for the Court House. In September, 1840, the county was divided into Commissioners' Districts as follows : Townships 77 and 78 north, Range 1 east ; Townships 77 and 78 north, Range 1 west and Township 78 north. Range 2 west, First District. Townships 76 and 77, Range 2, Second District. Townships 76, 77 and 78, Range 3 ; Townships 76, 77 and 78, Range 4, Third District. October, 1840, the Board was composed of John Vanater, R. Stewart and Benjamin Nye, with Edward E. Fay, Clerk. In November, Mr. Nye received seals for the^Commissioners' Court, the Probate Court and the District Court, from Joseph M. Isett, then representing this county in the Legislature. In the summer of 1841, the Board reduced the rates of ferriage as follows : footmen, V2^ cents; man and horse, 25 cents; wagon and two horses, 50 cents ; additional horse, 12J cents ; wagon and yoke of oxen, 50 cents ; addi- tional yoke of oxen, 25 cents; cattle, sheep, etc., 6|^ cents. In August, 1841, the Board consisted of John Vanater, Benjamin Nye and William Leffingwell, with E. E. Fay, Clerk. In the years 1842-43, the only change was the election of Abraham Smalley, Clerk. In 1844, the Board consisted of John Vanater, Milo Bennett and Charles Neally, with Abraham Smalley, Clerk. After August of that year, George Earll was Clerk, and, in July, 1845, William Leffingwell acted in that capacity. In October, 1845, Milo Bennett and John Zeigler and Charles Neally were Commissioners. In October, 1846, John Zeigler, Daniel L. Healy and John H. Miller were Commissioners, and Z. Washburn Clerk. In 1847, John Zeigler, Daniel L. Healy and John H. Miller were Com- missioners, and William Leffingwell Acting Clerk. Nathaniel Hallock was Clerk. In July, 1848, a tax of 2 mills was ordered to be levied for the purpose of purchasing and establishing a Poor-farm. In 1848, the Board was composed of H. H. Games, D. L. Healy and William Beard, with N. Hallock Clerk. In 1849, D. S. Healy, H. H. Games and A. T. Banks, with N. Hallock Clerk. In 1850, Amos Lillibridge, H. H. Games and William Keyes, with N. Hallock Clerk. ^^^ county judge system. In 1851, the Board of Commissioners was abolished, by act of the Legis- lature, and the County Judge system instituted. The Court had equal powers with the former Board, in all business matters relating to the county, and had co-ordinate jurisdiction with justices' courts. Preliminary examinations in 422 HISTOEY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. criminal cases were sometimes made before it. The first Judge elected, by general vote of the county, was Arthur Washburn. In 1856, George Meason was chosen to succeed him, and, in 1857, Edward H. Thayer became Judge. The Court had jurisdiction in all probate matters and the former Probate Court was abolished when the Judge system came into vogue. THE SUPERVISOR SYSTEM. After ten years of trial, it was discovered that the County Judge system was not entirely satisfactory. One man held too great a power for the general interest of the community. .With the usual vigor and impetuosity of Ameri- cans, the people of Iowa at once dashed to the other extreme, and delegateil one man from each township to serve as a County Supervisor. From 1861 to 1870, the Board was composed in this county of the following members: 1861 — John B. Dougherty, Chairman; Evans F. Burgan, Elijah Younkin, Silas Ferry, Joseph Crane, Vernet Tracy, Michael Price, John Zeigler, John R. Merritt, R. H. Patterson, J. B. Robb, Henry Resley, Andrew Heberling, William C. Evans. 1862 — John B. Dougherty, Chairman ; E. F. Burgan, Elijah Younkin, Silas Ferry, Joseph Crane, Vernet Tracy, Michael Price, Marshall Farnsworth, J. E. Robb, William Hoyt, R. H. Patterson, William C. Evans, George W. Hunt, Andrew Heberling. 1863 — Joseph Crane, Chairman ; Thomas M. Isett, E. F. Burgan, R. H. Patterson, John Fullmer, Silas Ferry, A. Heberling, E. Younkin, G. W. Hunt, William C. Evans, J. E. Robb, William Hoyt, Vernet Tracy, Marshall Farns- worth. 1864 — Joseph Crane, Chairman ; E. Younkin, Vernet Tracy, George Chase, John Fullmer, M. Farnsworth, R. T. Thompson, Richard Musser, J. E. Robb, William D. Viele, Thomas M. Isett, George W. Hunt, William D. Cone, E. F. Burgan. 1865— R. F. Thompson, Chairman ; J. D. Walker, William F. Tolles, William D. Viele, M. Farnsworth, George Chase, J. A. Purinton, Michael Price, William H. Stewart, Richard Musser, A. Cone, William H. Hazlett, George W. Hunt, Thomas Boggs. 1866 — James E. Robb, Chairman ; Stephen Herrick, Nathan Brown, R. T. Thompson, Charles Page, Andrew Dobbs, C. M. Mc Daniel, William H. Hazlett, J. A. Purinton, A. Cone, Michael Price, J. D. Walker, William H. Stewart, George Chase. 1867 — James E. Robb, Chairman ; Nathan Brown, George Chase, A. Cone, Charles Cope,, Andrew Dobbs, William H. Hazlett, Stephen Herrick, Charles. Page, J. A. Purinton, Jacob Snyder, W. H. Stewart, J. E. Walker, James A. Eaton. 1868— J. D. Walker, Chairman ; A. Cone, B. S. Cone, Charles Cope, Andrew Dobbs, J. A. Eaton, E. E. Edwards, Caleb Elliott, W. H. Hazlett, C. C. Horton, George Metts, J. A. Purinton, Jacob Snyder, W. H. Stewart. 1869 — W. H. Stewart, Chairman; Charles Cope, J. A. Eaton, E. E. Edwards, Caleb Elliott, H. S. Griffin, Daniel Harker, W. H. Hazlett, J. A. Purinton, C. C. Horton, Mathew Porter, Joseph Nelson, J. S. Riggs, A. Dobbs. 1870 — J. A. Parvin, Chairman ; Byron Carpenter, James A. Eaton, Daniel Harker, H. S. Griffin, William Fultz, W. H. Hazlett, C. C. Horton, Joseph Nelson, J. A. Purinton, M. Porter, J. S. Riggs, W. H. Stewart, Alonzo Shaw. O^Cc<^ HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY, 425 In 1871, the system was again changed to one similar to the original Com- missioners' plan. By legislative enactment, it was made optional with the peo- ple whether they had three or five Commissioners, or Supervisors, as they are called. This county chose the smaller number, and, since 1871, the Board has been composed of the following members : 1871 — William H. Stewart, Chairman ; Byron Carpenter, James E. Eobb. 1872 — William H. Stewart, Chairman ; James E. Robb, Byron Car- penter. 1873 — A. F. Demorest, Chairman ; J. E. Robb, Byron Carpenter. 1874 — A. F. Demorest, Chairman ; J. E. Robb, Byron Carpenter. 1875 — A. F. Demorest, Chairman ; Thomas Birkett, J. E. Robb. 1876 — J. E. Robb, Chairman ; Thomas Birkett, I. L. Graham. 1877 — Thomas Birkett, Chairman ; A. Cone, I. L. Graham. 1878 — I. L. Graham, Chairman ; Thomas Birkett, A. Cone. 1879 — Thomas Birkett, Chairman ; A. Cone, Cornelius Cadle. DISTRICT COURT. The first session of the District Court of the United States ever held in Muscatine County convened in Bloomington, Monday, April 24, 1837. Hon. David Irvin, Judge of the Second Judicial District of Wisconsin Territory, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the same, presided. W. W. Chapman, United States District Attorney, in attendance. The record reads : " The Court being satisfied of the character and qualifi- cations of John S. Abbott, doth appoint him Clerk of this Court ; and there- upon, the said John S. Abbott, with John Vanater and Eli Reynolds, his secu- rities, appeared and entered into bonds, conditional according to law ; and the said John S. Abbott, as Clerk, took the oath of office." It was ordered that the temporary seal of the Court be a diamond-shaped piece of paper, fastened to the records by means of a wafer, and impressed with the reverse of a United States dime. FIRST GRAND JURY. It was ordered that a venire facias be forthwith issued by the Clerk for a grand jury. The following men were summoned : Robert Bamford, Benjamin Baston, Edward E. Fay, Robert C. Kinney, Jonathan Pettibone, Eli Rey- nolds, A. L. McKee, Joseph Mounts, Thomas J. Starke, Nathan Parsons, Samuel Parker, William Sparks, Christopher Barnes, John Briggs, Levi Chamberlain, Norman FuUington and Anderson Pace. Mr. Bamford was chosen Foreman. The jury was duly sworn in and retired " to their chamber," as the Court was pleased to term the retired spot to which they repaired ; but soon returned and announced that their investigations had resulted in finding no indictments. The first grand jury was thereupon discharged. James W. Woods, familiarly and generally known in the days which fol- lowed his admission to Western courts as " Old Timber," was appointed Dis- trict Attorney pro tem. for Muscatine County. Mr. Woods' first official act was to move that the venire facias just referred to be set aside and a new one be issued. The motion was sustained, and the fol- lowing men were chosen as grand jurors : Robert Bamford, Chairman ; Robert 426 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. C. Kinney, Jonathan Pettibone, Eli Reynolds, Joseph Mounts, Thomas J. Starke, Nathan Parsons, Samuel Parker, William Sparks, Christopher Barnes, John Briggs, Levi Chamberlain, Norman Fullington and Anderson Pace. The second effort proved more fruitful of results, for the cases of the United States vs. James Casey, Moses Couch, Edward E. Fay, for selling liquor to the Indians ; the United States vs. Eben Long, perjury ; the United States vs. Anna Walliker and Jacob Walliker, adultery ; the United States vs. John Knapp, assault and battery on the Sheriff, who attempted to arrest him for gambling ; the United States vs. James Casey, Christopher Barnes and Norman Fullington, for assault, were all duly entered on the docket, true bills having been found. The offenses were all bailable, and sums ranging from §55 to §100 were ordered in the several cases. Some of the parties were favored with no less than six separate indictments. In all, there were seventeen presentments. The most remarkable feature of the affair is, that two or three of the grand jurors were themselves indicted, either for assault and battery, or for gambling. These indictments were returned the second day of the session. The first case of record is that of Jonas M. Higby vs. John G. Cooper, assumpsit. Lawyer Woods succeeded in getting the writ quashed because of the lack of a seal thereto. THE FIRST FERRY. The next record is that of the granting of a ferry license to Robert C. Kin- ney to keep a ferry across the Mississippi River, " departing from the town of Bloomington at a point south of the branch immediately north of the old trad- ing house." John S. Abbott became Kinney's security. Alexander Wolcott McGregor was admitted to practice in this Court. James Chambers was granted license to keep a ferry across the Mississippi at Salem. Moses Couch was granted license to keep a ferry across the Mississippi, " departing from a point above and within a half mile of the branch immediately above the old trading-house in Bloomington for one year." John Vanater was his security. S. C. Hastings was granted a license to keep a ferry across the Mississippi at West Buffalo. The rates of ferriage were established as follows : For each footman, 18f cents ; each man and horse, 37J cents ; each wagon and two horses, $1 ; each wagon and yoke of oxen, fl ; each additional horse or yoke of oxen, 18| cents; loose cattle, 12i- cents ; sheep, hogs, etc., 6} cents. The first appealed case was entered in the second day's proceedings, being that of James and William W. Chambers vs. Isaac I. Lathrop, appealed from the Justice's Court of Benjamin Nye. Continued to the next term. FIRST PETIT JURY. The following men formed the first petit jury: John G. Coleman, Samuel C. Comstock, John Holliday, E. N. Thurston. Thomas Burdett, John Hesser, S. S. Lathrop, W. II. Sams, Hamilton Christy, Isaac I. Lathrop, Addison Reynolds. But eleven names are given in the records. The petit jury wa;^ allowed one day's \y.\.y and mileage; the grand jury was allowed two days' pay and no mileage. The foregoing completes the business of the first session of Court. The second term of the Court began May 21, 1838. Judtjo Irvin on the bench, and W. W. Chapman District Attorney. The term^ continued one week. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 427 The next session of Court convened under the Territorial laws of Iowa, October 8, 1838, with Judge Joseph Williams on the bench and M. D. Brown- ing, District Attorney. The first grand jury under the new refjimc was as fol- lows : Norman Fullington, Niles Higgenbothan, Isaac I. Lathrop, John Cobb, John Burge, Lewis Burdett, Jackson Starks', Thomas Burdett, Daniel Edgin- ton, Joseph Morford, Samuel Kinney, Henry Johnson, Henry Reece, Lewis McKee, John Pettibone. Under the Constitution of l!S46, Muscatine County was a part of the Second Judicial District. James Grant, of Scott County, was Judge in 1847 ; Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque County, Judge in 1S52. Under the Constitu- tion of 1857, Muscatine County was attached to the Seventh Judicial District. John F. Dillon, of Scott County, Judge in 1858 ; J. Scott Rjchman, of Mus- catine County, Judge in 1863 ; W. F. Brannan, of Muscatine County, Judge in 1872, and Walter I. Hayes, of Clinton County, Judge in 1875, and now on the bench. Since 1858, the office of Prosecuting Attorney has been a district office. Henry O'Connor, of Muscatine County, was chosen in 1858; Lyman A. Ellis, of Clinton County, in 1862, and II. II. Benson, of Muscatine County, in 1879. CIRCUIT COURT. In 1869, the Circuit Court was instituted, because of the growing business of the State. The probate affairs are administered on in this Court, which also has co-ordinate jurisdiction in law and chancery cases with the District Court. Two Circuits were formed of the Seventh Judicial District, with Muscatine and Seott for the Second Circuit. Afterward, the four counties were united, and then again divided as before. The Circuit Judges who have presided in this Circuit are H. II. Benson, 1869 ; D. W. Ellis, 1873, and D. C. Richman, the present incumbent, 1877. PROBATE COURT. The first business transacted in the Probate Court of Muscatine County was in the case of Harlow N. Orton, and bears date November 8, 1838. Hon. Arthur Washburn was the Judge presiding. It appears that Orton died intestate, leaving no widow, and that Van Renssalaer Thompkins was appointed adminis- trator of the estate of the deceased. It was discovered that the claims against the estate amounted to $534.43. July 9, 1842, the Court ordered that the administrator be discharged from all further liabilities in the case. There were two other cases filed during the year 1838, viz.: Estate of Lester Andrews, Benjamin Nye, administrator, letters dated December 1 ; and estate of Harvey W. Eaton, John M. Kidder, administrator, letters dated December 13. During 1839, the following cases were filed : January 23, William H. Sams, lunatic ; John Vatiater and James G. Morrow appointed guardians. Estate of Jonathan Moorehouse, filed March 13 ; letters of administration granted to Le Grand Moorehouse. Estate of Parson Wright, filed July 9 ; letters of admin- istration granted to Melinda Wright. Estate of Andrew Smalley, filed August 10 ■ letters of administration granted to Abraham Smalley. Estate of William M. Fell filed August 81 ; letters of administration granted to Joseph Manley. 428 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Estate ot Charles E. Dana, filed September 2 ; Mary S. B. Dana, administra- trix. Estate of John S. Abbott, filed September 10 ; Adam Ogilvie, adminis- trator. Estate of Samuel Bailey, filed September 18 ; William F. Dewebber, administrator. Estate of Stockton Briggs, filed September 21 ; John Briggs, administrator. Estate of Reynolds Wright, filed September 16 ; the last will and testament of the deceased was that day admitted to probate, being the first will filed in this county. The provisions of the will were that each of the three sons and each of the three daughters receive $1, and that the balance of the estate be bestowed upon the widow, Phebe Wright, who was made executrix. The instrument was dated April 30, 1839, and witnessed by P. B. Harrison, L. Thornton and E. Thornton. Thus, during the life of the Court prior to 1840, the several classes of busi- ness were transacted. The volume of business after 1840 constantly increased. The Judges of Probate were: 1838, Arthur Washburn: 1840, Henry Reece ; 1841, T. S. Parvin ; 1846, Pliny Fay ; 1847, T. S. Parvin. From 1851 the County Judges discharged the duties of this office. When the Super- visor system came in vogue, the County Judges became solely Judges of Probate as follows : 1851, Arthur Washburn ; 1855, George Meason ; 1859, Edward H. Thayer ; 1862, J. Carskadden ; 1864, Henry M. Perkins ; 1866, H. H. Benson. In 1869, Judge Benson became Judge of the Circuit Court, to which tribunal the probate business was carried, and is now transacted before. MARRIAGE RECORDS. The first license issued in Muscatine County was dated February 13, 1837, and was signed by Robert McClaren, Clerk of the Commissioners' Court of Muscatine County. The contracting parties were Andrew J. Starks and Merilla Lathrop. The certificate of marriage shows that the ceremony was performed by Err Thornton, Justice of the Peace, on February 16, 1837. The second license was issued March 4, 1837, to James Caughran and Har- riet Bamford, by Robert McClaren. The ceremony was performed the same day, by John G. Coleman, Justice of the Peace. The third license was dated March 23, 1837, to Joseph White and Lany Barricklow, by Mr. McClaren, and Silas S. Lathrop, Justice of the Peace, per- formed the ceremony the same day. The fourth license was dated April 15, 1837, and issued to John Marble and Hester Cobb, by Mr. McClaren. The ceremony was performed, the same day, by 'Squire Lathrop. The fifth marriage in the county was performed April 24, 1837, by Err Thornton, the contracting parties being Arthur Washburn and Melvina Bratt. These five licenses were issued prior to the assembling of the first session of the District Court, at which time Mr. McClaren was succeeded in the ofiice of Clerk by John S. Abbott, who was appointed by Judge Irvin. There were eight marriages authorized, in addition to the foregoing, during the year 1837, viz. : May 20, by Justice Coleman, Washington A. Rigby and Lydia Barr ; June 5, by Justice Coleman, Norman FuUington and Melvina Baker • June 7, by Justice Coleman, Thadius Burd and Mary Adair ; June 21, by Henry Sum- mers, John Pierce and Jane C. Deven ; June 31, by J. G. Coleman, Matthias Mounts and Susan E. Daniels ; July 20, by S. S. Lathrop, John De Wolf and Mary Ann Bagley ; September 20, by 0. R. Tomkins, David Miles Hanson and Malinda Harper ; September 21, by J. G. Coleman, James Mitchell and Sylvia Dies. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 429 KECORDER'S RECORDS. The first instrument filed for record in Muscatine County was a deed executed by Charles Hendei'son to Peter Smith, the former of Muscatine County, the latter of Scott County. The property transferred was as follows : Lots Nos. 5 and 6, in fractional Section No. 8, Township 78 north, Range No. 2 west ; and Lots Nos. 5 and 6, in fractional Section No. 9, same town and range as above. The area was 150 70-100, the consideration $188. Lewis McKee was Register of Deeds when the instrument was filed, December 5, 1838. The first mortgage was filed December 10, 1838, between Wire Long, of Muscatine County, and Daniel Hortz, of Des Moines County. The instrument covered the southwest fractional quarter of Section No. 27, Township No. 77 north, Range No. 1 west, containing 127 2-100 acres. LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATION. In 1836-38, Eli Thornton represented this section of old Des Moines County in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature. In 1838-39, Muscatine County had a separate existence. The first del- egation represented Muscatine, Louisa and Slaughter Counties. In the Coun- cil, James M. Clark ; in the House, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. Clinton Hastings. 1839-40, in the Council the same; in the House, S. Clinton Hastings and T. T. Clark represented Muscatine and John- son. 1840-42, S. C. Hastings represented Muscatine and Johnson in the Coun- cil. 1840-41, Thomas M. Isett, from Muscatine, alone, in the House. 1841-42, Samuel HoUiday, in the House. 1842-44, Pleasant Harris, Coun- cil. 1842, E. Thornton, House. 1843, Edward E. Fay, House. 1845-46, S. C. Hastings, Council. 1845, A. T. Banks, House. In the State Legislature: Senate — 1846, Muscatine, Johnson and Iowa Counties, Thomas Hughes; 1848, same district, Freeman Alger; 1852, Mus- catine alone, Jonathan B. Fletcher; 1854, George W. Wilkinson; 1858, A. 0. Patterson; 1862, William G. Woodward; 1864, John A. Parvin; 1870, Samuel McNutt; 1874, Gilbert H. Wood; 1878, Thomas Hanna. House — 1846, Muscatine, Elijah Sells; Muscatine, Johnson and Iowa, I. C. Day; 1848, same, George D. Stephenson, Joseph E. Harrison, respectively; 1850, Muscatine, John A. Parvin ; 1852, Elijah Sells, Freeman Alger ; 1854, Reasin Pritchard, John H. Pigman ; 1856, D. C. Cloud, J. A. Mills ; 1858, Muscatine, Freeman Alger ; Muscatine and Cedar, William Lunday ; I860, Michael Price, George C. Shipman ; 1862, same ; 1864, Jacob Butler, Samuel McNutt; 1866, Samuel McNutt, R. M. Burnett; 1868, same ; 1870, John Mahin, William C. Evans: 1872, William C. Evans, Elmus Day; 1874, Charles C. Horton, D. G. McCloud; 1876, Charles C. Horton, F. A. J. Gray; 1878, L K. Terry, F. A. J. Gray. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. The Representatives in first Constitutional Convention^ which convened at Iowa City, October 7, 1844, and lasted until November 1, were Jonathan E. Fletcher, Ralph P. Lowe, Elijah Sells. The Constitution adopted by this Convention was rejected by the people, at an election held on the 4th day of 430 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. August, 1845, there being 7,235 votes cast for its adoption and 7,656 against its adoption. The second Constitutional Convention met at Iowa City, May 4, 1846. Muscatine County was then represented by J. Scott Richman. The Constitu- tion adopted by this body was sanctioned by the people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1846, there being 9,492 votes in favor, to 9,036 votes against it. This Constitution was presented to Congress in December, 1846, and, on the 28th day of the same month, an act was passed by that body for the admission of Iowa into the Union. The first election for State officers was held on the 25th day of October, 1846, in anticipation of the act of Congress, pursuant to a proclamation of Gov. James Clarke, when Ansel Briggs, of Jack- son County, was elected Governor; Elisha Cutter, Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor ; and Morgan Reno, Treasurer. The third Constitutional Convention was held at Iowa City January 19, 1857. Muscatine County was represented by John A. Parvin. The Consti- tution adopted by this Convention was sanctioned by the people at an election held on the 3d day of August, 1857, there being 40,311 votes cast for, and but 38,681 votes against the change. The Constitution took effect September 3, 1857. THE COUNTY OFFICERS. Auditor. — When the Circuit Court was created, the office of County Aud- itor, or Business Agent, was instituted. Robert H. McCampbell was then chosen, and has ever since held the position. Recorder. — The following men have held this office : 1838, Lewis McKee ; 1841, Irad C. Day; 1847, F. H. Stone; 1851, A. T. Banks; 1855, William G. Robb ; 1858, John W. Lucas ; 1862, Brinton Darlington ; 1865, Charles S. Foster ; 1867, W. M. Kennedy, the present incumbent. Treasurer. — This office has been held bv the following men : 1837, Lewis McKee ; 1839, Hezekiah Musgrave ; 1841, John A. McCormick ; 1843, T. S. Battelle ; 1847, F. H. Stone ; 1851, A. T. Banks ; 1855, William G. Robb ; 1858, John W. Lucas ; 1862, Brinton Darlington (a portion of the time, the offices of Treasurer and Recorder were filled by the same man) ; 1865, M. L. Miksell ; 1867, R. T. Thompson ; 1871, Henry Molis, Sr.; 1873, Joseph Mor- rison, the present incumbent. Superintendents of Schools. — W. F. Brannan, Charles Woodhouse, D. H. Goodno, G. B. Denison, R. H. McCampbell, Frank Gilbert (to fill vacancy), C. H. Hamilton, T. N. Brown, R. W. Leverich. Sheriffs. — 1838, James Davis ; 1840, Denton J. Snyder ; 1844, George W. Humphrey ; 1846, Lyman C. Hine ; 1850, John J. Reece ; 1852, David G. McCloud; 1856, William Gordon ; 1862, Harris H. Hine ; 1866, Abraham E. Keith; 1872, James A. Eaton; 1876, R. C. Jewett. OkrJcs of the Courts. — Prior to the year 1809, the Clerk was elected as District Court Clerk, but the office now includes both District and Circuit Courts. The records show that John S. Abbott was the first Clerk appointed in Court, although Robert McClaren filled the office, by appointment of the Governor, from February, 1837, until Court convened, in April. The elected Clerks have been: 1838, J. G. Morrow; 1844, John A. Parvin ; 1848, Rich- ard Cadle; 1850, William Leffingwell ; 1854, Richard Cadle; 1858, Charles S. Foster ; 1862, John W. Jayne ; 1868, John D. Walker ; 1874, John H. Munroe. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 431 POPULATION. By the several census reports, the population of the county of Muscatine has increased as follows : 1838 1,247 1840 1,942 1844 2,882 1*846 1,485 1847 (State) 3,010 1849 4,516 1850 5,773 1851 6,170 185ii ■ 6,812 1854 9,555 1856 12,569 1859 16,503 1860 ; 16,444 1863 16,989 1865 17,241 1867 .20,699 1869 21,336 1870 21,688 1873 21,382 1875 21,623 The last census, that of 1875, showed the population to be as follows in the several townships of this county : 1 O 9 WHITE POPULATION. COLOBED POPULATION. NAMKR OF TOWNSHIPS, TOWNS AND CITIES. 1 1 1 m 1 g 9 0. & I 225 67 189 221 131 no 109 1495 87 160 147 262 173 202 197 272 610 190 624 638 413 419 357 3668 250 461 431 723 501 453 538 683 543 193 538 597 349 375 310 3739 251 379 418 692 470 480 508 661 1153 383 1162 1235 762 794 667 7407 501 840 849 1415 971 933 1046 1344 •2 1 3 1156 Cedar 383 Fulton 1162 1235 762 Moscow 1 794 667 Muscatine, city of, (C. H.) Orono 66 64 130 7537 501 Pike 840 849 Sweetland 1415 Wapsinonoc exc of West Liberty 8 1 1 2 8 3 ""5 16 4 1 7 ' 987 West Liberty, town of...^ 937 1047 Wilton, town of 1351 Total 4107 10959 10503 21462 80 81 161 21623 Since the above report was made, the population of Muscatine Uity has largely increased, and is now estimated at 10,000 and upward. 432 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. STATISTICAL ITEMS. The country west of the bluff lands of the river is exceedingly fine. The county is well watered and well timbered. It is a county rich in natural advantages. In a State which might be made the granary of the nation, and which has the capacity of producing breadstuffs sufficient to feed the people of the United States, if a system of cultivation equivalent to that of many of the countries of Europe were to be inaugurated, one unconsciously falls into the habit of accept- ing marvels in the form of development with a sang froid which none but Americans can exhibit. An invention which is destined to revolutionize methods and expand capabilities in almost an infinite degree, produces a moment- ary ripple on the surface of society, and then is accepted with a practical estimate of its applicability to the machinery already employed. From the census reports of 1875, the following summary of products is compiled : Number of acres of improved land in the county, 178,945 ; number of acres returned as unimproved, 48,832 ; number rods of fence, 759,050. From 82,375 acres there were produced 416,471 bushels of spring wheat; from 63 acres, 629 bushels of winter wheat ; from 54,760 acres, 1,715,973 bushels of Indian corn; from 13,287 acres, 405,562 bushels of oats; from 2,358 acres, 59,127 bushels of barley ; from 2,641 acres, 29,455 bushels of rye; from 232 acres, 3,445 bushels of buckwheat; from 2,030 acres, 183,116 bushels of potatoes. In addition to these crops there were 13,672 bushels of sweet potatoes, 2,342 bushels of onions, 3,155 bushels of flaxseed, 16,507 gallons of sorghum sirup, 22,000 tons of tame hay, 6,394 bushels grass-seed, 42,094 bushels of apples, 620 bushels pears, 261 bushels peaches, 3,557 bushels cherries, 321,572 pounds grapes, 6,349 gallons wine made. The hog crop in 1875 numbered 40,169 ; sheep, 4,550 ; _wool clipped, 20,317 pounds. There were 498.,968 pounds of butter made by private parties. VALUATION OF THE COUNTY IN 1878. Auditor McOampbell made the following report to the Auditor of State for the year 1878 : Total number of acres assessed 266 148 Valuation of farm lands }!3,138 395 Village and city property — Stockton J 5,392 Atalissa I2,95fi Moscow 7,263 Muscatine 969,700 Conesville 9,992 Nichols 10,940 Fairport 7,415 West Liberty 90,120 Wilton I5l',790 $1,265,568 Value railroad property 506 776 Aggregate personal property l,4o8!298 Total valuation of county §6,349 032 OLD SETTLERS' ASSOCIATION. On the 9th of February, 1856, an Old Settlers' Society was formed at Muscatine, by the following persons : Judge Joseph Williams, T. S. Parvin, Pliny Fay, Joseph Bridgeman, Suel Foster, H. A. Jennison, H. H. Hine, Z. HISTORY- OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 433 Washburn, G. W. Humphreys, J. P. Walton, M. Ward, W. Chambers, Jr., GHles Pettibone, Joseph S. Allen and A. T. Banks. Judge Williams was elected President, and Mr. Parvin, Secretary. The Society still exists. Judge T>. C. Kichman is President, and Mr. Peter Jackson, Secretary. Mr. Peter Jackson, Secretary of the Old Settlers' Society, has carefully preserved all obituary notices of those pioneers who have passed away. From such records is here compiled a chapter on the lives and public services of those men and women who were identified with the early settlement of this county. To give even brief mention of all who have died after having gained honorable residence in Muscatine County, is a task beyond the limits of any one volume, and to the end that a safe guide may be followed in our work, we have selected only such names as appear in the Secretary's book. Hundreds of men live in a community for years without becoming public characters, but are none the less worthy of a place in the pages of local history. Still, it is obvious that unless a record is preserved, from time to time, or at their death, no writer can obtain the necessary data wherewith to construct a fitting memoir. With a general recognition of the labors of the many, in their efforts to create a new county, therefore, and without intentional errors of omission, the writer takes up the thread of his text. The first name mentioned in the Pioneers' Record, is that of Judge Arthur Washburn, who came from New York State to Iowa, and located in this region in 1835. In 1886, he was appointed to the first postmastership created in Mus- catine County, while it was yet a part of old Des Moines. The office in ques- tion was located near " the mouth of Pine," and was called Iowa. For several months thereafter, the sparse settlement in this section of Iowa went to that Post- master rather than to that office, for their scattering mail. The office was located in the little trading store kept by Maj. William Gordon. In 1838, after the legal birth of Muscatine County, Gov. Lucas appointed Mr. Wash- burn Judge of Probate. In 1851, when the office of County Judge was cre- ated. Judge Washburn was elected to that position, which was financial agent of the county, as well as business administrator. During his incumbency, the Judge raised the credit of ihe county to par, by his economical management of its affairs. Judge Washburn held numerous offices besides those already named, and in them all discharged his duties honorably. His death occurred early in 1856, and resolutions of respect were adopted by the pioneers. Edward E. Fay, the first Postmaster of Bloomington. died in 1840. Mr. - Fay held several positions of honor and trust, and is to this day remembered with affectionate regard by his associates in the early scenes. Adam Ogilvie, Thomas M. Isett, Amos Walton, John Vanater — these are names which awaken a train of recollection among the survivors of the early days. Judge Joseph Williams figures more prominently in the history of the county and Territory than any other pioneer, perhaps, because of the high office held by him from the first. He was born in Greenburg, Westmoreland Co.. Penn., December 28, 1801. In 1888, President Van Buren appointed Mr. Williams Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Iowa, and Judge of the Second Judicial District. It is related of him that his genial character and generous spirit oftentimes led him into what some deemed lapses from judicial dignity, insomuch that he not infrequently joined his " bar " in a social dance after his official duties were done. In fact, he would not only dance, but even play the violin for others to dance by, and hence his political opponents termed him "the fiddling Judge." When President Tyler came into office, an effort was made to secure the removal of the Iowa Judges, and, 434 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. it is said, certain men were even determined upon as the successors of the trio. When Judge Williams received word of the movement, he took steps to counter- act it. A paper purporting to represent the sentiment of the District, but really gotten up in Bloomington, had been sent to Washington. Gen. Dodge had forwarded a copy of the document to Iowa, and the interested parties were not slow in getting up a counter-statement. Armed with this indorsement, Judge Williams repaired to tlie capital, and, on his way met certain ladies, who were traveling thither by the same coach. So genial was the Judge that he soon gained the admiration of his fair companions. Neither knew the other, but what was the n^utual surprise of all when, upon the Judge's presentation to the President, they ascertained that the Judge was an aspirant for executive favor, and the ladies were members of the President's household. The acquaintance so pleasantly begun was thereupon continued, and the result of the chance meeting was the re-appointment of the original bench. When Iowa was admitted as a State, Judge Williams was elected to the Supreme Judgeship. In 1848, Hon. S. C. Hastings succeeded him in that office; but in 1849, the Judge again became the occupant of the Supreme Bench. He retained his office until 1855. In 1857, President Buchanan appointed him one of the Judges of the Territory of Kansas, a position which he held until the admission of Kansas as a State. In 1863, Gen. Veach, at Memphis, Tenn., found it necessary to organize a judicial tribunal at that post, the operations of the war having suspended the ordinary legal institutions. Judge Williams accepted a seat as one of that commission. Early in 1870, the Judge left his home in Lake Township, whither he had returned some four years prior to the last date, and went to Fort Scott, Kan. He was suddenly attacked with pneumonia, shortly after his arrival, and died March 31, 1870. His remains were brought back and interred in the county he had so long honored. Were it possible to do so, we should be glad to record here the innumerable anecdotes connected with Judge Williams' public life ; but no memoranda were preserved, and even his address, delivered before the Old Settlers' Society in 1869, is but a mere recollection. His fund of incident and story was inex- haustible. He was a genius in his way, benevolent to the extent of personal injury to himself, and plain and unassuming in an extreme degree. He was a Christian man, and joined the little band of Methodists in forming the first class, of which his wife was also a member. He also aided in the establishment of the first Sunday school in Bloomington. He was an able jurist, an incorrupti- ble Judge, an honest man. Mrs. M-d,rj Williams, his wife, died September 10, 1871. Judge W. G. Woodward was born in Hanover, N. H., May '20, 1808. In 1839, he removed to Bloomington. His education was acquired at Dart- mouth College, from which he graduated in 1828. He was admitted to the bar by Rufus Choate, in 1832. He was n highly-educated, polished gentleman, and, with his accomplished wife, added t!;rcatly to the society of Bloomington. He was chosen Prosecuting Attorney of the county at an early day. In 1855, he was elected by the Legislature Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1861, he was chosen State Senator, and became one of the most active members. In 1862, he was appointed Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, and retained the office until 1869, wlien he retired to ])rivate life. His death occurred February 24, 1871. Isaac Magoon, a pioneer of 1839, died in 1846. Mrs. Hannah Magoon, his widow, died October 12, 1871, aged eighty-three years. Mrs. Magoon was universally respected for her many excellent qualities. HISTORY OK MUSCATINE COUNTY. 435 Gen. J. E. Fletcher came to Bloomington in the summer of 1838. He was a native of Thetford, Vt., and from that State he brought his wife. In 1839, he purchased lands about six miles from the county seat, and located thereon. His public life dates back to the Territorial days. He was one of the delegates, who framed the State Constitution, and, in 1846, was appointed Indian Agent for the Winnebagoes, which office he filled- for eleven years. The location of the agency was twice moved during his administration. He first had quarters at Fort Atkinson ; thence he moved to Mankato, on the Minnesota River ; thence to a point above St. Paul. During liis official term, the Winnebagoes, Sioux and Ghippewas were frequently at war; but by his brave and judicious management, he generally averted disastrous results. During all those years of wild life and arduous duties, the Greneral was accompanied by his wife, who rendered him great assistance. Mrs. Fletcher also devoted much time to the education of the Indians. The General, Mrs. Fletcher and their son. Dr. Fletcher, then a mere lad, became proficient in the Indian tongue. In 1858, the General returned to Muscatine County with his family. Ho was a man of noted character, of energy and industry. His, death was mourned by many friends. He died in April, 1872. David R. Warfield was born at Eastern Shore, Md., March 19, 1816. He became a resident of Bloomington in December, 1837. In the summer of that year, his cousin, Charles A. Warfield, in exploring the country from St. Louis up the river, decided to locate at Bloomington. He accordingly purchased the Bartlow claim, and two or three others, embracing, in all, that tract of land north of the east part of the city, from Eighth street for one mile back, and from a few rods west of the Iowa City road, a mile east, including about one- half of the Chester Weed farm. Mr. Suel Foster relates the following incident connected with Mr. Warfield's arrival: "In December, 1837, I think it was near Christmas, I returned to Bloomington, from a temporary trip, and was told that three men had been on the other side of the river for several days, and were anxious to get over. The ice was running so thick, that no one could cross. I found two men, who were willing to venture in a skiff, to bring the three new settlers to Iowa. By this means, A. 0. and D. R. Warfield and Capt. Dunn were brought across in safety, and from that day became residents of the county. A. 0. Warfield remarked, that he and David had been in Bloomington a few days before the period of which I write, having walked from Burlington, the boats having stopped running. They had crossed over into Illinois, for provisions, preparatory to setting up bachelor's hall. They were on their return, laden with pork and other necessaries, which they had obtained of Stanton Prentiss, near the mouth of Copperas Creek, when the ice prevented their crossing. A. 0. and Charles A. were brothers. D. R., the cousin, became interested with them in the valuable tract referred to. In the spring of 1838, Asbuiy and David built a saw-mill on Mad Creek, near the northeast corner of the town plat, where considerable lumber was sawed. During the 'Missouri War,' Maj. D. R. Warfield was called out to defend his country, and he and I were messmates. In 1841, the Major married Miss Josephine Steinberger." The notices of the Major's life and death are uniformly eulo- gistic of a man who ever exerted a wide and beneficial influence. The last years of his life were devoted to farming. He died in April, 1872. Mrs. D. R. Warfield, wife of the pioneer, died January 8, 1875. She was one of the Steinberger sisters, a niece of Gov. Lucas, and filled a most enviable and admirable place in the society of early times. She came to Bloomington in 1840. 436 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. George Bumgardner, the original County Surveyor, came to Bloomington in 1837. His name is inscribed on the pages of all the early records relating to deeds and plats of property in the Recorder's office. He it was who laid out and defined the line of Bloomington, after the formal purchase. Not only did he establish city boundaries, but he also laid the foundation of the Methodist Episcopal Society, in company with John A. Parvin, Joseph Williams, and others. Dr. Eli Reynolds, the founder of the extinct town of Geneva, a few miles above Bloomington, and the first Representative from the region in the Belmont Legislature, located at New Boston in 1835. In 1836, he planned Geneva, and right manfully did he labor to secure the seat of justice there. As a mark of his ability, it is shown that two townships are attached to Muscatine County which might naturally belong to Scott. Those eastern towns were placed where they are still found in order to give a more central location to Geneva. How- ever, the best laid plans sometimes fail, and, when the news of the Doctor's intent came to the ears of the residents of Muscatine, there was a hurrying to and fro, and petitions were sent to Gov. Dodge in protest against the proposed change. The bill, meanwhile, had passed the Legislature of 1837-38, at Burlington, and needed but the signature of the Governor to make it a law. But that signature was never given. The measure failed of approval, and Bloomington was retained, in the amended act of organization, as the county seat. Geneva is no more. Dr. Reynolds resided in the home of his creation for about twelve years. Subsequently, he lived at Fairport and at Moscow. He died at S. R. Drury's house, at Drury's Landing, May 10, 1873. For fifty-six years he was a practicing physician. William St. John, one of the 1886 pioneers, and for many years of the firm of Ogilvie & St. John, died April 18, 1874, in Morrison, 111., where he had resided for about nine years. Mr. St. John was associated at an early day with many of the schemes of improvement then in vogue, and was a highly- esteemed citizen. Gen. Ansel Humphreys came to Bloomington in the spring of 1840. He was born in Hartford County, Conn., June 1, 1792, and from his youth up he was possessed of great activity and energy. By the exercise of those mental and moral attributes which nature had endowed him with and qualified him for, he soon became a leading spirit in this community. He gained his title by a commission of Major General in the Connecticut militia, which he resigned' to move West. He served with distinction in various civil offices in his native State, and held a commission as United States Commissioner for the State of Iowa from 1851 to the date of his death, which occurred April 21, 1873. John H. Pigman, a pioneer of 1840, died April 4, 1874, aged seventy-three years. He held the office of County Surveyor at the time of his death, and served, in 1854, as member of the State Legislature. Hon. Jacob Butler was born at Franklinton, opposite Columbus, Ohio, in 1817. In 1841, Mr. Butler removed to Bloomington, and formed a lawpartner- ship with Judge Lowe. His early education was acquired through his own untiring exertions, and that fact serves as an index to his character. From the first year of his residence in Iowa he began to exert a wide influence upon the growth and history of the town of his choice. No citizen received prompter or more generous recognition of merit. His first appearance in official life fol- lowed his election to the General Assembly, in 1863, at which session he was elected Speaker of the House. He was again brought into prominence as President of the Northwest Conference of the Congregational Association, held HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 437 at Chicago. He was Trustee of Iowa College, Director of the American Mis- sion Society, President for more than three years of the Muscatine National Bank, President of the Muscatine Gas Company, and President of the Iowa Railway Construction Company. In 1872, he represented the Liberal party on the electoral ticket of Greeley and Brown, and, at the time of his death, was Vice President of the Marine Company Bank of Chicago. Mr. Butler married for his first wife Sarah, daughter of Rev. Charles Cummings, D. D., of New York, and sister of Mrs. Dr. J. S. Horton, of Muscatine. His second marriage was with Esther, daughter of Judge Maynard, of Corning, N. Y. In religious sentiments Mr. Butler was liberal, but he maintained an honorable connection with the Congregational Church from 1854. In many things he was eccentric, but that characteristic was rather the outgrowth of a strong mind and determined purpose. His death occurred April 23, 1874, in Mt. Pleasant of acute meningitis. The citizens, the bar and the pulpit united in expressions of profound regret at his death. For many years, he won and retained the admiration of his fellow-citizens by his eloquent tongue and his powerful intel- lect. The fate which brought him to a mental condition the reverse of his normal state was most deplorable. His memory will ever be fresh among those who knew him in his manly health and vigor. Chester Weed was one of the most generally known and respected men in this region of the State, as a merchant and public-spirited man. For thirty years, the firm of Weed & Bridgeman (the latter a brother-in-law of the for- mer) was known and respected. He was a native of Connecticut, and imbibed the characteristics of the race from which he sprang, in all their better nature. His father. Dr. Benjamin Weed, came to Bloomington in 1839, and, in 1841, the son followed. In 1843, after having acted as clerk in the store of Joseph Bennett for some time, Messrs. Weed and Bridgeman formed the mercantile copartnership which became, in the course of years, so extensively and favorably known. He was identified with the most beneficial interests of the place, and was ever a generous citizen, a thoroughly respected man. in 1873, Mr. Weed was married to Miss Cora Chaplin, and the bridal couple made an extended European journey, the second enjoyed by Mr Weed. He loved the good and the beautiful, and left his impress on those with whom he came in contact. The local press, in speaking of his sudden demise, remarked that there was " no one on whom his mantle could fall." William Chambers, Sr., was born in North Carolina, June 5, 1793. He served with distinction in the war of 1812. In the spring of 1836, he came, with his family, to Muscatine County, whither he was preceded a few weeks by his son Vincent, with whom he settled on a farm about six miles from town. In 1866, he took up his residence, with his son, in Muscatine City. His death occurred in December, 1874. The bereavement to the family was augmented by the sad coincidence of the death of Mrs. Mary Chambers, wife of John, one of the pioneer sons. The wife was the daughter of John S. Lakin, who came to Bloomington in 1840. She was married July 13, 1854, and, about 1871, removed, with her husband, to Leavenworth, Kan. The body was brought to Muscatine, and the funerals were solemnized at the same time. Both father and daughter were respected by the entire community, and the dual afSiction created a profound impression upon the society which knew them so long. J. B. Dougherty, Sr., a pioneer of 1842, who purchased the first drug store of W. H. Hollingsworth at that time, and continued in the business until 1875, died July 14, 1875. He was identified with the growth of the town, and always took a deep interest in its prosperity. 438 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. William E. Leffingwell died October 23, 1876. He came to Muscatine County in 1836, where he at once began the labor of improving a farm in Wapsinonoc Township. In 1844, he became a resident of town, and was repeatedly honored by ofBce at the hands of his fellow-citizens. He served as County Commissioner, Clerk of the County, Justice of the Peace, City Treasurer, and Mayor. He left behind him an honorable record, and is remembered with affectionate regard by all who knew him. Col. George W. Kincaid, accompanied by his wife, came to this region in 1839, and located in what is now Seventy -six Township. Col. Kincaid, although past the age of military duty, was foreinost in the cause of the Union in 1861, and was the prime mover in the effort to raise a regiment of old men. The Thirty-seventh Regiment, known as the famous Gray-Beards, was mustered in under his supervision, and he commissioned Colonel thereof September 17, 1862. He was Vice President of the Pioneers' Association of Muscatine County. Gen. John G. Gordon, who acquired the title by commission from Gov. Briggs, of Iowa, in 1847, came to this county in 1844. He was never a seeker after office or notoriety, and held no place of prominence ; but, as an earnest worker in the ordinary methods of life, his rank was among the foremost. He died in 1877. Samuel Lucas located four miles west of Bloomington in 1838. He resided upon the same farm continuously until the time of his death, in 1878. The foregoing pages contain but briefest mention of such names only as the Pioneers' Association records contain, who now are numbered among the dead. Of the host of other men who, coming at a later period, have helped to build up the city of Muscatine and form the character of the county, we ^cannot speak in detail. If names are omitted which should appear in these pages, the cause of the delinquency lies not with the writer. Many more might, doubt- less, be added to the list, and the historian who comes after us will find mate- rials for a greater work. ^ TIIB NYE TRAGEDY. The tragic ending of the life of Benjamin Ny^, who disputed titles with Err Thornton as to first settlership, f(jrms one of the few dark pages in the history of this county. The story is thus told by one who remembers the facts in the case : " Nye was a type of the rougher sort of pioneers, and a worthy man and one who possessed the confidence of his neighbors so far as to elect him County Commissioner, and to other local offices, was fearless as a lion and implacable as an Indian. It is stated that in some way becoming involved in a controversy with a noted border desperado known as Maj. Gordon, Nye attacked him, and in the fierce fight with ' bowies ' which followed both were supposed to have been fatally wounded. Nye, at least, recovered, and first came into contact with George McCoy as a farm hand in his employ. McCoy wooed the daughter of his employer, but had to run away with her in order to get married, which Nye never forgave to be on speaking terms thereafter. In 1840, McCoy was elected Sheriff of Cedar County, serving as such several terms ; but getting the fever, in 1849 he started for California, leaving his wife and children livino- in Tipton, in a house that stood where Casad's coal office now is, and under the shadow of that same old cottonwood, which was placed there by McCoy's own hands. Leaving suddenly, McCoy placed all his affairs in the hands of an old personal and political friend, S. A. Bissell, afterward known as Judge IMssell, who was then a very important figure in local aff'airs of all kinds, and held a high HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 439 oflScial position, especially enjoining upon him care for his wife and children. The latter injunction was alleged to have been too literally obeyed — at all events ■when McCoy had been in California about a year the news came from his far- away home in Iowa that the family cradle had just been re-occupied and the census at his hearthstone increased by one. He dropped everything and hastened back with vengeance in his heart. But the journey was a long one in those days, and time was given for much reflection — so much so, that instead of doing hasty murder on his arrival, he avowed his only object to be, to obtain his own children and take them back to California with him. The friend in charge, on hearing of McCoy's arrival, took to his bed and was sick for some time, but no doubt was greatly relieved, when McCoy finally sent him word that he might go to and from his oflicial duties without fear, even if the permission was coupled with such a threat, in case he should be found elsewhere, as kept him most religiously to the pre- scribed line of march. In the mean time the wife and children were at Ben. Nye's, in Muscatine County; and, although McCoy was reminded of the char- acter of his father-in-law, and advised to proceed by legal process only, he took a wagon and a couple of trusty men — one of whom is a resident of Tipton to-day — and, learning that Nye would be in Muscatine on business, on the 3d of March, 1852, made a raid on his nremises, got the children in the wagon and was away without hindrance. But it so fell out that Nye soon returned ; and, learning the situation, sprang into his own wagon, and drove at racing speed, until he overtook McCoy eight miles on the road toward Tipton. Pass- ing the team of the latter, he turned his own across the road, handed the lines to his companion, and jumping out demanded the children. McCoy produced a revolver, and warned him that death would be the penalty of interference ; but the old borderer advanced to the wagon without flinching, and actually seized one of the children, although the pistol had twice been fired at him meanwhile. But being unarmed, he then suddenly changed his tactics, and rushing to the fence, seized a heavy stake, and again advanced. McCoy, by this time, had jumped from the wagon, and stood with his pistol leveled. He waited an instant too long, however, and down came Nye's club, and the pistol went whirling into the road, while the arm that held it fell disabled at its own- er's side. But this time the old grizzly had met his fate! Without hesitation, McCoy drew a huge bowie-knife with the other hand, and springing upon his antagonist, twice buried it to the hilt in his body — the last time actually turn- ing it in the wound. Either gash was sufiicient to let life out, but still Nye's determination defied death for several days. McCoy, on his part, put his chil- dren in a place of safety, and went at once to Muscatine and surrendered him- self to the authorities. He was e;xamined before Judge Williams, and released upon the plea of having acted in self-defense, and is, to-day, a Justice of the Peace and prominent citizen in a flourishing California village. Mrs. Azuba Nye, widow of Benjamin, and the first white female settler in Muscatine County, died on the original claim made in 1834, March 4, 1879. SOME PIONEERS. The county was formally organized in the year 1837, as is shown in detail elsewhere in this work. It is impossible to give a list of those who came to the county in 1837, for the number reached far up into the hundreds. The year following, a census was taken, which showed the population of Muscatine County to be no less than 1,247. 440 HISTORY or MUSCATINE COUNTY. It is a fact which cannot be denied successfully that all new countries attract a certain element of society which is far from desirable. The " floating popu- lation " which hangs upon the outskirts of civilization does no good to a region infested by it ; but its presence is almost sure to be made manifest by an era of lawlessness which retards the material growth and improvement of the country. Fortunately, Muscatine County was soon rid of that idle, speculative class. The leaders in the community were men of such stanch determination and honest purpose that idlers found the locality an unpleasant one for them, and moved further West. The opening-upof still new regions, during the ten years succeeding the first improvements in this county, induced many to select homes along the Iowa Valley and elsewhere, with a view to making themselves leaders and original proprietors in the towns which sprang into existence, and also to become large owners of the fertile prairie-lands of the interior. These causes, among others not so apparent, produced a marked change in the population of this county, in 1846. The census returns taken under the Territorial govern- ment were as follows : 1838, 1,247; 1840, 1,942; 1844, 2,882; 1846, 1,485. We are able to give some of the prominent names in the roll of settlers who came prior to 1840, and are recorded in the Old Settlers' Society's register. We do not pretend that the list i.s a complete one, but we give all whose names have been furnished us by reliable parties. The settlements in the several townships are spoken of more in detail in the chapters devoted especially to the towns and villages. We give the names appended in about the order of their coming, by years only. Beginning with the assumption that settlement was made in 1834, we have: Err Thornton, Lott Thornton, Benjamin and Azuba Nye. 1835 — James W. Casey, John Vanater, John McGrew, Arthur Washburn, Dr. Eli Reynolds. 1836 — Suel Foster, Moses Couch, William Gordon, John J. Huber, Thomas Burdett, H. Burdett, Addison Reynolds, Samuel Gilbert, Hiram Gil- bert, William St. John, Thomas B. Holliday, John H. Miller, John Holliday, Samuel Holliday, Elias Holliday, Levi Thornton, J. H. Benson, Edward E. Fay, J. Craig, John Reece, Henry Reece, Joseph Reece, Harvey Gillett, William Beard, William P. Wright, L. C. Hine, Mr. Higley (the pioneer peddler), and his son Jonas, Joshua Stearn, Browning Stearn (first settlers on Muscatine Island), Frank Casey, W. H. Sams, Solomon Bair, William Hunter, John Cobb, John Marble, Daniel Edginton, Samuel Kinney, R. C. Kinney, Aaron Blanchard, Samuel Parker, Giles Pettibone, Jonathan Pettibone, John Champ, Silas Maine, Charles Maine, Norman FuUington, Adam Ogilvie, T. M. Isett, Mr. Norton and wife, William Chambers, Sr., and his sons Vincent, William, Isaac, Anderson and John Aaron Brewer, James Chambers, S. C. Comstock, J. H. Franklin, Henry Mockmore, Robert Bamford, Charles Drury, who laid out Moscow in 1886. 1837 — Joseph Bridgman, Richard Lord, Silas Lathrop, Isaac Lathrop, Samuel Shortridge, John Briggs, Asa Gregg, Henry Funck, Adam Funck,William Sparkes, Thomas Starks, S- Clinton Hastings, Robert Davis, H. Wiley, Silas Goldsbury, George Bumgardner, William G. Holmes, Addison Gillett, Samuel Stormes, John Frierson, John Main, Ahimaaz Blanchard, George Storms, Jeremiah Fish, Charles H. Fish, Pliny Fay, H. H. Hine, John Miles, David Kiefer, Robert Smith, Jacob Kiser, Wilson Wright J. Richman, Robert Gra- ham, John Lawson, Martin Sutherland, Alexander Ward, L. T. McGrew, Amos Walton, Isaiah Davis, Alexander Ward, Myron Ward, John Kindler, Dr. Maxon, A. Whiting, William Todd, H. Sany, S. Richardson, F. Richardson, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 441 C. Rayburn, A. Cone, Daniel Mauok, Isaac Mauck, S. C. Trowbridge, Giles Pettibone, John Morford, J. Berg, J. C. Cole, J. S. Yates, J. G. Morrow, Mr. Mitchell, Mr. Vandever, John Miller, S. Colver, Dr. H. Lee, Jacob Long, James Bidwell, Peter Bidwell, John ^. Abbott, Robert McClaren, Benjamin Baston, John Shefrey, A. L. McKee, Luke Cunningham, Joseph Mounts, Thomas J. Starke, Nathan Parsons, James Davis, Samuel Parker, Christopher Burns, Levi Chamberlain, Samuel Starr, the Coombs family, Anderson Pace, Aaron Usher, Niles Higginbotham. 1838— T. S. Parvin, Judge Joseph Williams, M. M. Berkshire, A, T. Banks, J. E. Fletcher, Samuel Lucas, Thomas Morford, D. R. Warfield, A. 0. Warfield, Josiah P. Walton, John W. Walton, S. W. Stewart, W. D. Viele, Peter Jackson, Henry W. Moore, Abraham Smalley, J. A. Reuling, A. M. Winn, Andrew McCurdy, J. Williams, Jr., William Morford, R. Morford, B. T. Howland, J. W. Brady, George Barney, Mr. Hawkins, Irad C. Day, D. R. Petriken, W. S. Ayers, A. West, James Beatty, John M. Kidder, J. M. Brock- way, A. Brockway, W. Tebow, Charles Browning, James Phillips, A. Farns- worth, Samuel Bamford, Horace Doming, John Isler, Amos Lillibridge, Azel Farnsworth, Benjamin Lilly, Alonzo Standai-d. 1839.— John A. Parvin, J. M. Kane, G. W. Kincaid, J. McCloud, J. A. Purinton, E. T. S. Schenck, C. A. Abbott, Mathew Mathews, Clark Mathews, W. W. DeWeber, Hiram Mathews, Benjamin S. Olds, G. E. Daniels, G. W. Humphreys, Samuel Tarr, S. N. Candee, F. H. Stone, James Weed, Z. Wash- burn, J. K. Williams, M. Gilbert, J. E. Israel, George M. Kinsley, Dennis Jeffers, Joseph Bennett, D. C. Cloud, William Leffingwell, J. Scott Richman, William A. Gordon, John Giles, S. D. Viele, Samuel Sinnett, Isaac Magoon, George D. Magoon, W. G. Woodward, A. R. Woodward, Alexander Dunsmore, Shepherd Smalley, John Smalley, William Smalley, Jackson Smalley, Henry Smalley, Tiley Smalley, S. Whicher, J. Ziegler, J. A. McCormick, G. W. Hunt, A. M. Hare, H. Q. Jennison, Stephen B. Brophy, L. Truesdale, William Brownell, G. A. Springer, P. Fryberger, Benjamin and Edward Mathews, who were brought here by C. A. and D. R. Warfield, as emancipated slaves from Maryland, Daniel S. Smith, Silas Hawley, Barton Lee. It is possible that some errors have crept into the arrangement of the fore- going list, but great care has been taken to avoid such mistakes. The names are all copied from records and papers, or taken from statements made to the writer in person. The settlers here enumerated were in the county prior to 1840, beyond question, and probably came as indicated. The list might be swelled to include hundreds of other names, but such a task as the preparation of the roll would be is obviously impossible. Among the men who have claimed Muscatine as their place of residence, the one who has gained the most wide-spread celebrity is Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain). When but a young lad, he came with his mother and brother from Hannibal, Mo., and located in Muscatine. Orion Clemens purchased an interest in the Journal, and Samuel worked as printer in the office. This was in 1853-54. After a time, the restless spirit possessed young Clemens and he started out upon a " tramp," with little besides that magic passport to a print- ing office — a "composing-rule." It was during his sojourn at Hannibal and at this place that Clemens imbibed that profound reverence for the profession of Mississippi pilot, which he so admirably described in his Atlantic Monthly papers. The young printer journeyed on from place to place, until he finally reached Philadelphia, and while there wrote letters to the Journal at this place, descriptive of the City of Brotherly Love. The first letter published was one 442 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. concerning the Fairmount Water Works. These letters evinced so much native talent on the part of the writer that they were generally commented on. Sub- sequently, Clemens reached California, in his wanderings, and there he blos- somed out into a successful humorist. His later triumphs are too fresh in the minds of the people to need special mention here. Judge S. Clinton Hastings occupied the most prominent position of any of the earlier politicians. He was chosen Representative in Congress in 1846, and served one term. He was appointed to the Supreme Bench, as Chief Jus- tice, January 26, 1848, and served until January 15, 1849. He exercised a decided influence on local politics during the formative yeais of the county, and his name is found in many of the oiEcial records and early law documents. In 1849, he removed to California, where he was placed upon the Supreme Bench, and is now one of the capitalists of the Pacific Slope. Judge Henry O'Connor, now Solicitor of the State Department at Wash- ington, was, for a quarter of a century, a power in the politics of Muscatine County. As a lawyer of marked ability and a gentleman of admirable quali- ties, he is known and respected by his former associates. Hon. T. S. Parvin, who came in 1838, was from the first a prime mover in all educational and other beneficial enterprises. He is esteemed the foremost man among those who laid the foundation of schools in Muscatine, and is remembered for his untiring devotion to the higher interests of the town. His removal to Iowa City was a serious loss to this place. THE "MISSOURI WAR." One of the most exciting events of early times was the difiiculty known as the "Missouri war," an amusing, but, for the time, an absorbing, controversy, which arose as to the limit between Iowa and Missouri. Instead of relegating the whole matter to Congress the moment it arose, Gov. Lucas became deeply excited and ac;ed absurdly. It may be asked why the subject is introduced into the pages of a history of Muscatine County. The answer is ready enough : Muscatine furnished a whole company of troops, and took a leading hand in the impending fray. The pioneers have assured the writer that a full account of the "war" would be expected, and so we have endeavored to supply the needed history. Suel Foster once prepared a readable sketch of the cause and progress of the " war," and from that paper is here quoted a liberal portion of his version : " In August, 1836, Mr. Foster was living about two miles from the mouth of Rock River, and about three miles from the present site of Rock Island. Early one day that month, the Sac and Fox Indians began to assemble at their previous home, which was destroyed during the Black Hawk war of 1832. After paying tribute to the dead which were buried there, the Indians called for Maj. George Davenport and Antoine LeClaire. The business of the meeting was kept a profound secret. The result of this conference was the formation of a company known as the Half-breed Land Company. The object and pur- pose of the Company was the purchase of the tract of fertile lands in Lee County, which had been secured to the half-breeds for settlement. Some 30,- 000 acres were embraced in the reserve. There were about forty-five half-breeds in the tribe, and from these deeds were obtained by the Company. As might have been expected, the loose business ideas possessed by the Indians soon led to confusion in titles, as the half-breeds would profit by selling their lands to HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTV. 443 whoever would pay for the same. In this way, as. many as a dozen claims were known to exist on the same tract of land. " Finally, the question of priority became a legislative bone of contention, and even continued to be as late as 1856. The multiplicity of stockholders in the original Company, who first purchased shares for $2, but afterward at as high a figure as f 10, led to still greater complications. To make the land hold out to fit the shares was a serious problem. Finally, it was detected by a shrewd observer, that the boundary of the Half-breed Tract was " the head of the Des Moines Rapids," which was the name generally given to the rapids in the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the. Des Moines River. The inter- ested parties interpreted the act to mean the rapids in the river Des Moines, near Keosauqua, Van Buren County, which gave nearly twelve miles more territory, north and south, at the point involved." From this point of the story, we quote from a paper by Charles Negus, who made the subject a matter of special study : '■ Soon after the organizing of the Territorial Government of Iowa, there arose a dispute between Missouri and Iowa about the jurisdiction of the State and Territorial authorities over a tract of country in the southern part of Iowa, which Missouri claimed as being within the boundary of that State as defined by Congress. " The act of Congress, passed March 6, 1820, authorizing the Territory of Missouri to form a State Government, provided that (if the State should ratify the boundaries) the State of Missouri ' should consist of all the territory within the following boundaries : Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of 36° north latitude ; thence west, aloijg that parallel of lat- itude, to the St. Francis River ; thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of 36° 30'; thence west along the same to the point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, where the same empties into the Missouri River ; thence from the point aforesaid, north along the west meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines, making said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line, etc.; thence east from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of the said river Des Moines ; thence down and along the middle of the said river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi,' etc. These boundaries, as defined by Congress, were adopted by Missouri, through the Convention which formed the State Constitution. " The northern boundary of the State, which was defined as 'the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines,' though It might have been well understood at the time, was vague and uncertain, and subsequently gave grounds for an open dispute. " In the treaties made with the Sacs and Foxes and the Iowa Indians, on the 4th of August, 1824, for the purchase of a portion of their lands, it is set forth that they sold to the United States all their lands within the limits of the State of Missouri, which are situated, lying and being between the Missis- sippi and Missouri Rivers, and a line running from the Missouri to the mouth of the Kansas River, north 100 miles to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri, and thence east to the Mississippi. The line, as defined in this treaty, commencing at the mouth of the Kansas River, thence running 100 miles due north, and thence east until it strikes the Des Moines River, had been run in 444 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 1816, by John C. Sullivan, and duly marked by blazing trees, driving stakes nd erecting mounds. " But in a period of between twenty and thirty years, those marks had become so obliterated that they were not easily to be found, and the rapids of the river Des Moines was so uncertain a place that it was hard for •those first settling the country, at the time Iowa was first opened for white settlement, to designate where the northern boundary of Missouri was located. There being several rapids in the Des Moines River, and one of considerable fall, near Keosauqua, in Van Buren County (a fall in eighty rods of twenty-one inches), the Missourians claimed that the latter were the rapids referred to in the act of Congress authorizing Missouri to form a State Con- stitution as a point in defining their boundaries. And, in 1837, the authorities of Missouri, without the co-operation of the United States, or of the Territory of Iowa (then Wisconsin), appointed Commissioners to run and mark the north- ern boundary. " The Commissioners so appointed, instead of commencing to run the line upon the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines in the Mississippi, proceeded to search for rapids in the Des Moines River itself, from which to commence. They finally fixed upon the ripples in the great bend in the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, which they assumed to be the rapids of the Des Moines River named in the act of Congress of 1820, and in the Constitution of Missouri, notwithstanding those ripples had never been known as the 'rapids of the river Des Moines.' From this point, the Commissioners proceeded to run and mark a line, which the authorities of that State claimed was the northern boundary, while the early history of the West showed, and it was subsequently decided by the Supreme Court of the United States, that the rapids of the river Des Moines were in the Mississippi River. " Gen. Pike, who first explored the Upper Mississippi, after the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, in his journal, kept while ascending the river in 1805, says he ' arrived at the foot of the rapids Des Moines at 7 o'clock,' and thus goes on to give an account of the difficulties he had in getting over those rapids with his boat, on his way up the Mississippi River. And, after passing the rapids, in writing to Gen' Wilkinson, he dates his letter, 'Head of the Rapids Des Moines.' Also, in his map of the Upper Mississippi, Pike lays down the Rapids Des Moines as being in the Mississippi River, a short distance above the mouth of the Des Moines River. And, before the United States acquired possession of this territory in 17T'J, Zenon Tendeau acting as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in one of his ofiicial acts, says : ' It is permitted to Mr. Lewis (Tesson) Ilonore to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the river Des Moines.' Upon this grant, Houore made an actual settlement and improvement immediately upon the banks of the .Mis- sissippi River, at the ^head of the Des Moines Rapids in that river some eighteen or twenty miles above its mouth. "These, with other references, go to show that, at an early day, the rapids in the Mississippi opposite the southern extremity of Iowa, were known as the ' rapids of the river Des Moines,' but the authorities of Missouri claimed and contended for many yciirs that the rapids referred to by Congress, and in their Constitution were in the Des Moines River and near Keosauqua. The northern boundary of that State, as lonj;; as there were no settlements there, was a matter of little consequence to her citizens, and there was no one to dispute their claims until after the Black ILiwk Purchase, which was made in 18o'2. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 445 "The Territory of Wisconsin, in organizing the county of Van Buren, made her southern boundary extend to the southern line, and the same bound- aries were claimed by Iowa as soon as she assumed a territorial government. The territorial government of Iowa went into operation on the 4th day oi July, 1838, and at that time the boundaries between Missouri and Iowa had not been settled, and there was a strip of Government land about ten miles wide which both governments claimed. The county of Van Buren, as organized by the Legislature of Wisconsin, before Iowa assumed a territorial government, embraced within her boundary a portion of this disputed tract of land. " The County Court of Clarke County, Mo., in levying the taxes for that county, enrolled the settlers on this disputed tract, as being citizens of that State and belonging to that county, and, having placed their names upon the tax-list, ordered Uriah S. Gregory, the Sheriif of that county, to collect the taxes. Accordingly, the Collector of Clarke County went on the disputed tract to collect the taxes, but the tax-payers refused to pay, and the oflScer undertook to collect them by levying upon their property ; but while endeavoring to do this, some of the citizens of Van Buren County sued out a warrant from a magistrate and placed it in the hands of Henry HefHeman, the Sheriff of Van Buren County, who arrested the Missouri oflScer, and, there being no jail suit- able for retaining prisoners nearer than Muscatine, he was taken to that county and there lodged in jail. " This act aroused the citizens of Clarke County, and an application was made to Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, for the military power of the State to aid the civil officers in maintaining their authority, and to enforce the law of Mis- souri over the disputed tract. He accordingly dispatched Gen. Allen, with a thousand men, to the place of contention. " Gov. Lucas, of Iowa, was as determined and fixed in his purpose to main- tain the rights of his State as the authorities of Missouri were to exact theirs, and for this purpose, ordered Maj. Gen. J. B. Brown to call out the militia and march with his forces to Van Buren County to protect the citizens. "At this time, the militia of Iowa was poorly organized; but Gen. Brown gave orders to his subordinates to beat up for recruits, and the citizens were not backward in enrolling themselves by voluntary enlistment, and, in a short time, about five hundred men, with arms, were assembled in Van Buren County, and others were on their way, amounting, in all, to about twelve hundred men, and the gathering of military forces had all the appearance of a fierce and bloody civil war. But before there was any collision between the two forces, Gen. Brown, from his officers, selected Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Ft. Madison, as an embassy to the enemy to try to negotiate a peace. " On arriving- at Waterloo,'the county seat of Clarke County, they f:ound that the County Court of that county had rescinded the order to the Sheriff to collect the taxes on the disputed tract, and had sent a special delegation to wait upon Gov. Lucas and the Legislature of Iowa, then assembled at Burlington, for the purpose of making some amicable adjustment of the difficulties, and that Gen. Allen, with his forces, had withdrawn from the contest. Upon receiv- ing this information, the embassy returned to their headquarters, and the Iowa forces were disbanded and permitted to return to their homes. "Col. McDaniels and Dr. VVayland, the representatives of Clarke County, came to Burlington and waited upon Gov. Lucas, who, not evincing much dispo- sition to adjust matters, they then went before the Legislature, which body, after hearing their proposition, passed a set of resolntions, with a preamble, expressing 446 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. their views. In the preamble, they set forth the difficulties existing between Iowa and Missouri, and that Iowa, under any circumstances, deprecated any military collision between the forces of the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa, and reciprocated the kind feelings evinced by the delegation from the County Court of Clarke County, and Resolved, That the officers now on the part of Missouri be respectfully requested to suspend all further military operations on the part of said State until these resolutions can be submitted to His Excel- lency Gov. Boggs ; that His Excellency Gov. Boggs, be requested to authorize a suspension of hostilities on the part of the State of Missouri until the 1st day of July next, with a view to having the unfortunate difficulties now existing between the State of Missouri and the Territory of Iowa adjusted by the act of Congress ; that His Excellency, the Governor of Iowa, be requested to suspend all further military operations until the decision of His Excellenpy Gov. Boggs, may be obtained relative to the proposition herein contained ; that the Governor be requested forthwith to furnish a copy of these resolutions to the Governor of Missouri, one to the County Court of Clarke County and copies to the officers in command of the disputed grounds, to be by them presented to the officers of the Missouri forces. " These proceedings on the part of the Legislature had a tendency to quiet things for a time. The Sheriff of Clarke County was, however, indicted at the next term of the court in Van Buren County for his attempt to collect taxes in the disputed tract ; but the Prosecuting Attorney entered a nolle prosequi, and he was discharged from custody. " On the 10th of November, 1841, Thomas Reynolds, Governor of Missouri, who was the successor to Gov. Boggs, addressed a letter to John Chambers, who was at that time Governor of Iowa, in which he informed him that the Legisla- ture of jSIissouri, at their last session, passed an act directing the Governor of Missouri to bring a suit on behalf of Uriah S. Gregory, the late Collector of Clarke County, against Henry Heffleman, the Sheriff of Van Buren County, for the purpose of having the question of boundary between Iowa and Missouri finally adjusted in the Supreme Court of the tfnited States. As Heffleman and others who arrested Gregory resided in Iowa, such a suit should have been commenced in Iowa. Gov. Reynolds wished to know, if suit was thus commenced, whether the authorities of Iowa would consent to make such an agreed case on the record as would insure a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the question of boundary. " To this. Gov. Chambers replied that this question, as it appeared to him, was one over which the Territorial authorities had no control ; for, ' by an express reservation in the laws organizing the Territory of Iowa, the boundary remained subject to the future control of Congress.' And Gov. Chambers also expressed his doubts whether, under the Constitution of the United States, the Supreme Court, even upon an agreed case and by consent of parties, would take jurisdiction of an alleged controversy between one of the States and a Territory remaining subject to the laws of Congress. But he assured Gov. Reynolds that he would lay his communication before the next Legislature of the Territovv, and if that body should differ from the views he had entertained upon the sub- ject, their decisions should immediately be made known to him. But it appears that the liCgislature concurred with the views of Gov. Chambers, for there were no steps taken to comply with the request of Missouri as made by Gov. Rey- nolds. '• The expenses of Iowa in calling out the militia to maintain her rio-hts and enforce the laws on the disputed ti-act were upward of |13,000. Some of HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 447 those expenses were borne by individuals whose circumstances were such that they could not well afford to lose the amount justly due them. Congress was memorialized by the Territorial Legislature to make an appropriation to meet these expenses, and on two occasions a bill was passed through the House, pro- viding for their payment, but both bills failed to pass the Senate. " Samuel C. Reed, of Van Buren County, who lived near where the troops were rendezvoused to defend and maintain the rights of Iowa against the intru- sion of Missouri, having furnished them provisions to the amount of nearly ^'200, being a man in limited circumstances, and having waited several years with the hope of getting something from the General Government, and tiot succeeding, petitioned the Territorial Legislature to allow and make an appro- priation for his claim. " Reed was regarded as a patriotic and generous man, and he did all he could to sustain the rights of Iowa in her troubles with Missouri, and having met with misfortunes and being much reduced in his circumstances, his appeal to the Legislature elicited their sympathy, and they passed a bill allowing his claims, with 6 per cent interest, and made an appropriation for paying it ; but this did not meet with the appi'obation of Gov. Clark, at that time Governor of the Territory, and he returned the bill with his veto. His objections were, that the Legislature should make no discrimination among those who aided the author- ities in the troubles with Missouri ; if the Territory undertook to pay one they should pay all ; that if Iowa should assume these debts, the United States, which was in duty bound to pay them, would not ; that Iowa was soon to become a State, when she would have a representation and vote in both branches of Congress, and then, in all probability, would be able to get an appropriation to defray those expenses. But, for one cause or another, neither Reed nor any of the others who furnished means or rendered services in the war with Missouri, got pay for that which was justly their due. "For the purpose of ascertaining and defining the southern boundary of Iowa, Congress, on the 18th of June, 1838, passed an act in which it was pro- vided that the President should cause to be surveyed, and distinctly marked, the southern boundary line of Iowa ; and for that purpose, he was required to appoint a Commissioner on the part of the United States, who, with the neces- sary surveyors, was to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed by the State of Missouri, and one to be appointed by the Governor of Iowa, in ' running, marking and ascertaining ' the boundary line ; and it was made the duty of the Commissioner who was to be appointed by the President, to prepare three plats of this survey, one of which was to be returned to the Secretary of State of the United States, one to the ofiBce of the Secretary of State of Mis- souri and one to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa. " And it was also provided that if the Commissioner on the part of Missouri or of Iowa should fail to attend, or if either or both the State of Missouri or the Governor of Iowa should fail to appoint, then the Commissioner of the United States, by himself, or such Commissioner as did attend, should proceed to run the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. But the line so run and marked was not to be fully established until the survey should be submitted to, and the boundary thus ascertained and marked be approved of and ratified by, Congress. "In pursuance of this act, the President appointed Maj. A. M. Lee as Commissioner on the part of the United States, and Dr. James Davis was appointed for Iowa, but Missouri failed to make any appointment. Maj. Lee, in company with Dr. Davis, proceeded to make the survey as required by 448 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Congress, and made their report to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa on the 15th of January, 1839, about the time the difficulty was taking place on the dis- puted tract in Van Buren County. But it seems that the line surveyed by Lee and Davis was never approved of by Congress, and consequently did not become the boundary between Missouri and Iowa. " Soon after the troubles in Van Buren County, the Legislature of Iowa passed a law that if any person should exercise any official function within the jurisdiction of the Territory, or within the limits of any of the counties therein, by virtue of any commission or authority not received from the Territory or Government of the United States, every person so offending should be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. That if any person residing within the limits of the Territory should accept of any office or trust from any State or authority other than the L'nited States or the Territory of Iowa, every person so offending should be fined not exceeding $1,000, or be imprisoned not exceeding five years. " Soon after the organization of the county of Davis, this law was called into requisition. The county of Adair, as it was then organized, embraced within its boundaries a portion of what now composes Davis County. The Sheriff of Adair Connty. Preston Mullinix, and his Deputy, William P. Linder, were indicted in Davis County ; the Sheriff for exercising his office within the bound- aries of Iowa, without legal authority and contrary to the statutes, and the Dep- uty for an assault and battery and kidnapping and falsely imprisoning one Frederick Acheson, a citizen of Iowa, which acts were done on the dispu.^'rid tract. '• Mullinix and Linder were both arrested and held under bail to answer to the indictment at the next term of court. At that time they both appeared and Linder went to trial, which resulted in his conviction and a sentence of a fine and ten days' imprisonment in the Penitentiary. The trial of Mullinix, the Sheriff, was continued to the next term of court, and he was required to enter into a recognizance (without security) for his appearance, which he refused to do, and the Court ordered him to be committed to prison. " As soon as these transactions were made known to Gov. Chambers, he pardoned Linder and remitted his fine, and also pardoned Mullinix for the offense for which he stood committed, and ordered him to be discharged from prison. After the arrest of Mullinix and Linder, the county of Adair was divided, and the territory adjoining Davis County was embraced with the limits of Schuyler County. " After the county of Schuyler, Mo., was organized, about the 1st of Jiin- uary, 1846, Samuel Riggs, the Sheriff of Davis County, Iowa, had put into his hands a writ of attachment against the property of an individunl on the tract of land in dispute, and while attempting to serve the writ, he was arrested bv the Sheriff of Schuyler County, on a charge of attempting to execute the func- tions of his office in Missouri, and was required to give security for his appear- ance at the next terra of the court in that county. A few ilavs after this, another attempt was made by a large number of men from Missouri to resist the execution of n, process in the hands of the Sheriff of Davis County but without success, for the Sheriff and his posse, though inferior in numbers, executed the writ and secured the property attached. This dispute, as to who had juris- diction over this country, had a bad influence in the community, and caused many reckless and dcsprrato characters to rendezvous in that vicinity, with the hope that in the contest with the authorities they might escape the punishment justly due their crimes. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 449 " The arrest of the Sheriff of Davis County called forth a special message from Gov. Clark, then Governor of the Territory, to the Legislature of Iowa, ■which was then in session, and they passed a special law authorizing the Gov- ernor to draw upon the Territorial Treasurer for the sum of $1,500, and that the sum, or any amount thereof, which he might think proper, should be placed at his discretion for the employment of counsel to manage and defend all cases growing out of this difficulty, in which the Territory or any of the citizens thereof should be a party on the one side, and Missouri or the authorities of that State upon the other. The Court of Schuyler County convened at Lan- caster, the county seat, on the 9th of May, and an indictment was found against Riggs, who immediately appeared and answered thereto in discharge of his bail. " David Rorer, of Burlington, a gentleman of high legal talents, was em- ployed by Gov. Clark, on behalf of Iowa, to defend Riggs. Rorer attended this term of Court for the purpose of defending him, but from a desire on the part of both parties to defer judicial action in the case until an adjustment of the disputed boundary question could be effected, the case was continued until the next term of Court, and Riggs was discharged upon his own individual recognizance, and he was subsequently discharged entirely. To compensate him for his trouble and expense, the Iowa Legislature passed a law authorizing him to file his petition in the District Court of Davis County, claiming compen- sation for his time and expenses in defending himself against all prosecutions which had been commenced against him by the authorities of Missouri, for exercising his office on the disputed territory ; and they provided that the Court should hear the case and determine the amount which was justly due Riggs, and the amount so determined was directed to be paid out of the State Treasury. " On the 17th of June, 1844, Congress passed an act respecting the north- ern boundary of Missouri, in which it was provided that the Governor of Iowa, by and with the advice and consent of the Council, of the Territory, should appoint a Commissioner to act in conjunction with a Commissioner to be appointed by the State of Missouri, and the two were to select a third person, and it was made their duty to ascertain, survey and mark out the northern boundary of Missouri, and to cause plats of their survey to be returned to the Secretary of the United States, and to the Secretaries' offices of Missouri and Iowa — which plats were to be accompanied with their proceedings in the premises. The Commissioners were empowered to employ surveyors and other hands necessary to accomplish the survey, and the line established and ratified by them, or any two of them, was to be final and conclusive, and to be and remain >as the northern boundary line of the State. But it was provided that this act should not go into effect until it should be assented to by Missouri and Iowa. Iowa was willing to accede to this proposition, and the Legislature of Missouri passed an act assenting to this mode of settling the difficulty ; but the Governor of Missouri, John C. Edwards, placed his veto on the bill, and it failed to become a law. The Governor's objection to this mode of settling the difficulty seemed to be, that it involved legal rights, and should be adjudicated by a judicial tribunal. "After this, application was made by both contending parties to Congress to pass a law authorizing them to institute a suit in the Supreme Court of the United States, and have the controversy judicially settled. This application was made on the part of Missouri by an act passed by the Legislature, on the 25th of March, 1845, and on the part of Iowa by a memorial of her Council 450 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. and House of Representatives, passed on the 17th of January, 1846, in which both parties asked for ' the commencement and speedy determination of such a suit as might be necessary to procure a final decision by the Supreine Court of the United States, upon the true location of the northern boundary of the State.' Congress respected these requests and passed the necessary law. " After the passage of the law by Congress, authorizing the settling of the dispute in the Supreme Court, the Legislature of Iowa passed an act empower- ing the Governor to agree with Missouri for the commencement of such a suit as might be necessary to procure from the Supreme Court of the United States a final decision upon the true location of the southern boundary of the State. This act made it the duty of the Governor to cause to be procured all evidence which might be necessary to the legal and proper decision of such a suit, and to employ, counsel and do whatever else might be necessary to maintain the rights of the State. Charles Mason was employed on the part of Iowa, who hunted up and prepared the testimony of the trial, and he got Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, to assist him in arguing the case before the Court. The State of Missouri filed the original bill against the State of Iowa, and Iowa filed a cross-bill against Missouri. " This case was tried at the December term of 1848, and the Supreme Court decided that the hne as surveyed by Sullivan was the northern boundary of Missouri, which decision gave Iowa all the territory she claimed. The Court appointed Henry B. Hendershott, of Iowa, and Joseph C. Brown, of Missouri, Commissioners to run out and mark the boundary line. Brown having died before the work was commenced, Robert W. Wells was appointed in his place, but he resigned the trust, and William G. Minor received the appointment on the part of Missouri. " The Commissioners, for the purpose of making the necessary arrange- ments for the survey, met at St. Louis in March, 1850, and selected their sur- veyors. William Dewey was selected on the part of Iowa, and Robert Walker for Missouri. The Commissioners made their arrangements to meet with their surveyors and other parties, at the point where Sullivan had established the northwest corner of Missouri. They left their respective homes on the 10th of April and met on the 28th. To aid them in their work before they started, they obtained from the office of the Surveyor General at St. Louis, a copy of the field-notes of Sullivan's survey ; but the space of nearly thirty-four yeara having elapsed since this work was done, the marks of the survey being nearly all obliterated, they could not readily find the spot they sought. No precise traces of the old northwest corner remained ; the witness-trees to it were on the margin of a vast prairie, and had apparently been destroyed years before; con- sequently its exact position could not be ascertained from anything visible near the spot. " The point known as the old northwest corner of Missouri was the north- ern termination of Sullivan's line, running north and south, run by him in 1816, and was 100 miles north of the mouth of the Kansas River, and the point at which he turned east run to the Des Moines River. His field-notes showed that his miles were numbered north from the Kansas River, and east from the northwest corner of the State, beginning anew at that corner. Find- ing no conclusive evidence of the exact site or the required corner, thev undertook to trace those lines for the purpose of finding some evidence of the old survey. " Near the supposed spot of the location of the ninety-ninth mile-corner, on the north line, they found a decayed tree and stump, which corresponded in HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COaNTY. 461 course, distance and description with the witness-trees to that corner, and, cut- ting into the tree, they saw what they supposed to be the remains of an old blaze, upon which was preserved a part, apparently, of the letter M. This supposition was verified by their measuring two miles further south to a point which they found to be Sullivan's ninety-seventh mile corner, from one wit- ness-tree, which was perfectly sound ; the mkrks upon it, two or three inches beneath the bark, were plain and legible. On the east line, they found the witness-tree to the third mile-corner ; the wood upon which the marks had been inscribed was decayed, but their reversed impression appeai-ed upon the new growth which covered the old blaze, and was cut out in a solid block. Pro- longing these lines three miles from the point thus determined, their intersec- tion was assumed as the desired corner, and at that point was planted a mon- ument, designating the northwest corner of Missouri, as the boundary existed before acquiring that tract of land known as the ' Plat Purchase,' lying between the old west line of that State and the Missouri River, which point was found to be in the northeast quarter of Section 35, in Township 67 north. Range 33 west, in latitude 40° 34' 40" north, and, in longitude 94° 30' west from Greenwich. " At this point, they planted a large cast-iron pillar, weighing between fifteen and sixteen hundred pounds, four feet six inches long, twelve inches square at the base, and eight inches at the top. The pillar was legibly marked with the words ' Missouri ' on the south side, ' Iowa ' on the north side, and ' State Line ' on the east. From this corner they ran one west, keeping on the same parallel of latitude on which the pillar was erected, till they reached the Missouri River. They commenced the survey on the 24th of May, and reached the river, a distance of sixty-miles and sixty-one chains, on the 12th of July. At the terminus of the sixtieth mile, as near the bank of the Missouri River as the perishable nature of the soil would permit, they planted a monument similar to the one erected at the old northwest corner of Missouri, the words ' State Line ' facing the east. " The Commissioners then returned to the old northwest corner, and com- menced to run the line east, and, by close examination, they were enabled to discover abundant blazes and many witness-trees of the old survey, by which they easily found and re-marked the line run by Sullivan in 1816. The sur- veying of the eastern portion of the line was commenced on the 13th of August, and terminated on the 18th of September, it being a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, forty-one chains and eight links, which, with the sixty miles and sixty-one chains first surveyed, makes the southern boundary of the State between the Missouri and Des Moines Rivers, two hundred and eleven miles, thirty-two chains and eight links. " Near the west bank of the Des Moines River, where the boundary termi- nates, on the line was planted a cast-iron pillar, similar to the other two, with the words ' State Line ' fronting the west. The line was also designated by cast-iron pillars, four feet long, eight inches square at the base and five inches at the top, placed at intervals of thirty miles apart; and one four feet long, seven inches square at the base and' four at the top, at-intermediate spaces of ten miles apart ; all of which pillars' mark in iron monument every ten miles the whole length of the boundary line. " Sullivan's line was found in some places to deviate from a true east and west line, which was corrected by the surveyors. The iron pillars were planted in Sullivan's line, as found at the particular points ; but as the line was bend- ing in the ten-mile spaces between "the pillars, it was found necessary to erect 452 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. wooden posts at the termination of each mile, in order to mark the line with more accuracy. In the prairies, the mile-posts were marked with the letters 'B. L.' facing the east, the letter ' I.' facing the north, and the letter ' M.' facing the south, and the number of miles on the west face of the post. Where timber exists, the number of the mile is marked on witness-trees, or pointers, with let- ters appropriate to each stake, there being one tree marked on each side of the line wherever it was possible to do so. The front of each witness-tree is marked with the letters ' B. L.' In all cases where the posts are set in mounds, the post is invariably nine links west, to designate it from other surveys. This line, as surveyed and designated under the direction of the Commissioners Hendershott and Minor, was adjudged and decreed by the Supreme Court to be the true and proper boundary line between Missouri and Iowa. And thus closed a long and vexed dispute between the two authorities about the extent of their jurisdiction. Each State placed $2,000 at the disposal of the Commissioner, to defray expenses, but that sum was not enough. The Supreme Court allowed fees equal to $10,000, and that amount was finally equally divided between Iowa and Missouri." The local history of this matter lives fresh in the minds of those who joined the ranks of the "army." Judge S. C. Hastings was Captain ; Suel Foster was his Orderly Sergeant ; J. W. Brady and Barton Lee were chosen Lieuten- ants ; John Vanater was commissioned Colonel. J. E. Fletcher, Major General of Militia, was in the front, and Brig. Gen. Frierson was swinging his sword in anticipation of bloodshed. Maj. D. R. Warfield, William Gordon, and many others, were among the Muscatine men. The summons came in Decem- ber, 1839. One company of cavalry and two of infantry responded from this region. Of the incidents of the march to Burlington, Suel Foster furnishes the following: " After all the volunteers had been raised that could be enlisted, a draft was resorted to, to fill up the army. The baggage-wagons were loaded with a month's provisions, and they, with the infantry, were ordered to march, one cold day in December, 1839, when the snow was six inches deep. Capt. Hastings' cavalry was two hours later in starting, and then a halt was twice ordered and squads sent back to bring in deserters. One of the most trouble- some men was Dr. Lewis McKee. When about six miles down the slough, he suddenly became so cold that he was compelled to stop at a farmhouse and warm himself Orderly Foster was sent back to bring him up. Then Lieut. Brady and Sergt. Howland were sent for the Orderly, whereupon McKee swore that he would not stir a step until the whole company was sent to bring him. At this most alarming demoralization of the flower of the army, the Com- mander-in-Chief, Gen. Fletcher, rode hastily back and declared that he would arrest the whole lot, and court-martial them. McKee dryly remarked that, as the company was nearly all there, he would go with them. But Capt. Hastings became enangered, and finally sent a challenge to Gen. Fletcher. The latter declined to fight, on the score of Hastings' inferior rank. So the day wore away, and night found the company in camp some twelve miles from Bloomington. The Iowa River froze over that night, and the men crossed on the ice. Dr. Eli Reynolds, however, was less fortunate than most of the men, and broke through into the river, escaping with a thorough drenching. The drummer of the company, Maj. W. T. DeWeber, was very proud of his skill with the drumsticks, and displayed his ability to the utmost. At ni^ht, some one who h:ul less a,we of military life than love of a practical joke, burst in the head of his drum, and used it as drum was probably seldom used before. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 453 " Thus, with joke and disorder, the army went forth to battle ; but no foe- men met their glittering steel. The nearest they came to a fight was when they encamped in old Zion Church, in Burlington, and the hospitable citizens rolled in a keg of good whisky. After a few days' sojourn in Burlington, the troops were ordered home, where they doifed the panoply of war and returned to their peaceful avocations." THE NAME "MUSCATINE." There is always more or less obscurity surrounding the origin and significa- tion of Indian names. The title " Musquitine " (as it was originally spelled) was bestowed upon this county because of the Indian name given the island in the Mississippi River opposite it. The choice of the name for the city, when it was found that Bloomington was no longer desirable, was but a natural one. What the Indians meant by the term, however, is less easily determined. Mr. Suel Foster has ingeniously traced out the origin to a band of Indians who inhabited Wisconsin. In Bancroft's History, where the Indian tribes are spoken of and their homes defined, the following sentences occur : " The last village on Fox River ever visited by the French were found Kickapoos, Mus- coutins, and Miamis, who dwelt together on a beautiful hill, in the center of prairies and magnificent groves," etc. Further on, the historian, in speaking of Marquette and Joliet's explorations, says : "Marquette begged two guides of these Indians to pilot them to the portage from the Fox to the Wisconsin Rivers, when he and he his companion Joliet went on their voyage and first discovered the Upper Mississippi River." Mr. Foster argues that the remnants of this tribe, which existed in 1673, but not at the later period of white occupation of the West, were driven westward and found a lodgement in this vicinity. The island became known as the home of the Muscoutins among the more recent tribes, and hence the name. Mr. Foster also states that Antoine Le Claire once wrote him that there was no known meaning of the name among the Indians here. Mr. J. P. Walton oifers another interpretation. He declares that the Indians informed him that "Musquitine" meant "burning island," a title given because of the rank grass which grew thereon, and which was annually destroyed by fire. Mr. Walton also says that Le Claire gave the same interpretation of the word. This conflicting report from the celebrated half-breed, is not alto- gether surprising to those who know of his occasional errors of memory. THE NAME "HAWKEYE." The title " Hawkeye," as applied to a resident of Iowa or to the State itself, first appeared in print, so far as we have been able to ascertain, in the Fort Madison Patriot of March 24, 1838. That issue was the first one of the paper founded by James G. Edwards in this region. In an editorial, the following suggestion was made : "If a division of the Territory [Wisconsin} is effected, we propose that the lowans take the cognomen of Rawkeyes. Our etymology can then be more definitely traced than can that of the Wolverines, Suckers, Gophers, etc., and we shall rescue from oblivion a memento, at least, of the name of the old chief (Black Hawk.)" 454 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. September 5, 1839, Mr. Edwards, who had moved his office to Burlington, gave the name of Hawh-Eye to his paper, as is shown in the history of the press. He was. familiarly styled " Old Hawk " by his friends throughout the West, even to the day of his death. It is quite likely that the Indians had used their synonym of Hawkeye as a distinctive title for some of their associ- ates, but there is no evidence to show that the name had been offered prior to Mr. Edwards' suggestion of it, to apply to Iowa at large. It has been stated that the Indian trader S. S. Phelps was called "Old Hawkeye" by the red men ; but if he was, the cognomen went no further. Until conclusive evidence is adduced to the contrary, the people of Iowa will be disposed to accredit Mr. Edwards with the honor of having affixed to the State a name which will live as long as Iowa itself endures. MUSCATINE COUNTY DURING THE WAR. The honor of writing the history of Muscatine County from 1861 to the close of the war should fall to the lot of one of those brave men who partici- pated in the scenes of those days. The value of the history will depend upon the exhaustiveness of the work undertaken. In such cases, details form the chief interest, and no one is able to furnish those except the men who helped to perform the acts. We offer this suggestion: Let some one who has a knowl- edge of the events compile them before it is too late. As time rolls on, the difficulties of doing so desirable a labor will be increased, and speedy prepara- tions should be made to preserve the grand record of the county from oblivion. It is true that the history of the regiments is saved in the Adjutant General's Reports, and many sketches have been written concerning life in the field ; but we refer now not so much to the history of the regiments as to the history of the people who inspired the formation of those regiments. Let some one who can write the story of the heroism of fathers, mothers, sisters and wives — that vast host of loyal men and women who said, " Go ; and may God protect you and our nation ! " — tell of the devotion of the women, who, while their hearts were bleeding, smiled a farewell, lest the soldiers be disheartened ! Tell of the long weeks of anguish which followed the departure of the loved ones ; write of the deeds of bravery that have never been told. The soldier who sleeps beneath the Southern sod, in an unknown grave, deserves the plaudits of his fellow-men ; and does not the grief-stricken widow merit a share in the volume of praise ? The youth, who so readily accepted the trust of defending the nation from its foe, learned the meaning of patriotism from the history of the Revolution. The artist's pencil, the poet's pen, the historian's glowing words, portrayed to his mind the duties of an American. Shall we not, then, expect the future strength of loyal men to grow by feeding upon the record of patriotism during the days of the rebellion ? The people of Muscatine are worthy of especial praise. Dwelling almost upon the border of a Slave State, and holding daily intercourse with those who maintained the righteousness of slavery, they naturally imbibed the sentiments peculiar to the South on that grave subject. But when the stroke was made which aimed the dagger at the nation's heart, there was no wavering between two opinions. The Union must be preserved, even if slavery perished in the attempt to perpetuate the nation. When the war was forced upon the country, the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 455 their hands found to do — working the mines, making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting houses, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories — in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The people were just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857. The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoy- ant with hope, looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the insure- ment of comfort and competence in their declining years ; they little heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the "times that tried men's souls " — the struggle for American Independence — they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to dare attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers — a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquillity, they paid but little attention to the rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat and toil, blood and flesh of others — aye, even trafficking in the oflf- spring of their own loins. Nevertheless, the war came, with all its attendant horrors. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Maj. Ander- son, TJ. S. A., Commandant, was fired on by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed, was looked upon as the mere bravado of a few hot-heads — the act of a few fire-eaters whose sectional bias and hatred were crazed by the excessive indulgence in intoxicating pota- tions. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires that Maj. Anderson had been forced to surrender to what had first been regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well-organized purpose to destroy the Government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one should dare to question their right to hold in bond- age the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchance, through practices of lustful natures, were half or quarter removed from the color that God, for His own purposes, had given them. But they " reckoned without their host." Their dreams of the future, their plans for the establish- ment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from their inception to sad ' and bitter disappointment. When the Southern rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, they found this vast North unarmed, untrained in the art of war, and in a state of such profound peace as to warrant the belief that hostilities could not be begun by those who had, since the foundation of this Union, boasted loudly of their loyalty to the Constitution of the United States. The rumors of disaffection that had alarmed the more watchful had aroused but trifling fears in the breasts of the great mass of Northern citizens. War between the States had, prior to that time, been deemed an impossibility. The sentiments of fraternal unity were so deep-abiding in the hearts of the North that treason was regarded as an improb- able crime, and overt acts of antagonism to the Government too base in their intent to be worthy of serious consideration. But the hand of the aged Ruffin, as he laid the blazing torch upon the gun within Stevens' battery, lighted a flame which spread throughout the land with electric rapidity, and illumined the nation with a glare that revealed the truth of rebel threats. The boom of the first gun awakened the passive people to the dread reality of their position. From Maine to Oregon, from Superior to 456 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. the Ohio, the country arose, as with a single impulse, to respond to the demands of the hour. There was no need of prompting them, no need of canvassing for strength, no hesitating as to measures, no thought of compromise. But one course could be pursued, and that the people comprehended as though inspired by some higher mentor. The Union must be preserved. Each individual member of society felt the urgent necessity of prompt and concerted action. Towns did not wait to hear tidings from sister-towns ; each heard in the roar of brave old Sumter's guns a summons direct, imperative and irresistible, for aid in the defense of the nation's honor. Rivals in business and in politics grasped each other's hands and hurried forth, side by side, rivals no longer, save in their eagerness to enroll first their names upon the list of citizen-soldiery. Almost simultaneous with the news of the attack upon Sumter came the call from President Lincoln for troops. In the remote towns and rural localities, where telegraphic communication had not then penetrated, the appeal and the response were recorded at the same time. On the 15th of April, the President issued his call for 75,000 ninety-days troops. The State of Iowa was particularly fortunate in having for its Chief Executive Samuel J. Kirkwood, whose loyalty and unceasing devotion to the cause of the Union have embalmed his name forever in the annals of the State. Within thirty days after the President's demand was made public, Iowa had. a regiment in the field. If it was within the province of this work to relate the story of Muscatine's loyalty, the limits of this volume would be extended far beyond those anticipated by the publishers. Some future historian, we have no doubt, will find a fruit- ful topic in this record of war, and lay before the people of this county a narra- tive of unsurpassed interest. Surely the opportunity exists and awaits the patient labors of a competent writer. In another portion of this volume is given an outline sketch of the opera- tions of the regiments which represented this county. THE soldiers' MONUMENT. A public meeting was held in iVIuscatine, March 21, 1866, to consider what steps were necessary to raise a fund for the erection of a monument to the memory of the fallen heroes, who left their homes in this county and joined the Union army, and whose lives were sacrificed in the great struggle. In Sep- tember, 1867, articles of incorporation were decided upon, and a Soldiers' Monument Association was formed, with Thomas Hanna, President ; J. E. Robb, Vice President ; John Mahin, Secretary, and A. F. Demorest, Treasurer. From that time on, various methods of raising money were resorted to, until 1874, at which time W. W. Webster proposed to take the sum then in the treasury, amounting to about $700, and secure enough in addition to complete a monument, depending upon his own exertions for subscriptions and collec- tions. W. B. Sprague designed the work and superintended its execution, performing much of the labor himself. The monument stands to-day an evidence of the artistic skill of- the designer. " " The monument consists of a massive pyramidal base of four steps, the pedestal or die, the shaft and the statue. Upon a solid foundation of masonry, 10 feet square by 5^ feet deep, weighing thirty-four tons, the imposing structure stands. The base is composed of three blocks of limestone and one of marble. On the front of the upper block is carved a shield, upon which is inscribed the legend, "1861— Muscatine County. To her fallen sons— 1865." The die of the pedestal is a marble cube, three feet and four inches in size, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUISTTY. 459 with an ornate Grecian cap, showing heavy arched moldings on all sides. On the front, in bold relief and very handsomely carved, is a coat of arms, with shield, draped flag, spears and guns. Surmounting this is a laurel wreath. Upon this die and upper base-piece are inscribed nearly or quite ^ve hundred names, as are shown hereafter. From the die springs a graceful fluted column. At a height of eleven feet it terminates in a coronal of stars, the emblematic thirteen, and a Grecian cap ornamented with leaves. Upon this shaft rests the grand crowning-piece of the monument — the statue of the American volunteer, six feet two inches in height, representing a soldier in full uniform, with gun before him, at "parade-rest." The monument weighs thirty tons. The actual cost of the work was about $6,000, but the monument surpasses in excellence many which have cost twice or three times that amount. It was constructed upon the broad basis of patriotic pride, and not from sordid desires. Herewith is given a list of the names carved upon the die : First Infantry — S. Norman, A. L. Mason, -J. Wiley, W., G. Eckles, G. McGinnes, C. Michenor, T. J. Buchanan. Fifth Infantry— 1. C. Wales. Seventh Infimtry—W. W. DeHues, W. Wells, D. Welker, J. F. Hardy, 0. S. .Booth, C. Mahin, J. Dill, J. Tate, J. Henley, A. Truitt, H. Barker, F. Pitchforth, J. Brunting, J. Zaser, H. Borgers, J. Werst, D. B. Underwood, L. Cunningham, J. Hunt, J. K. Holmes, E. Mills, L. Pallat, J. Cochran, J Doder, W. D. Kenedy, B. F. McGill, C. Stratton, J. Schuller, J. H. Wales, J. Shelley. Eighth Infantry — P. Smith, W. R. Stotler, J. Walker, H. Barcus. Eleventh Infantry—^. W. 0. Burrell, E. B. Sparks, D. H. Collins, J. A. Robinson, J. G. Fisher, W. A. Akens, P. Gissne, P. Fox, J. Geodocke, G. P. Kingsland, H. Vanhessle, J. W. Wilson, H. Benedict, F. M. Stretch, M. Feldmann, G. W. Cakendar, J. Guttka, C. Biers, M. Shellabarger. W. H. Meeks, N. Fay, M. Reyburn, T. Kerr, D. Taylor, T. W. Corwin, A. Port. S. J. Alden, M. B. Bowles, C. 0. Cooper, A. Moore, J. P. Melan, H. Rice, F. J. Bailey, S. V. Krouse, D. B. Spillman, H. Leibert, T. J. Corey, P. Caven, W. Leverich, W. White, R. R. McReed, R. W. Vaun, S. Campbell, A. A. Brad- ford, A. Thorn, E. McDonald, W. G. Rogers, T. Hurnicutt, R. Curtin, J. H. Gregory, A. Rancipher, B. Spangler, R. Brook, S. Webb, S. A. Jackson, W. E. Mikesell, D. Coleman, G. W. Hawk, J. Insley, H. T. Prouty, H. Windrel, H. C. Ady, W. W. Evans, W. A. Gordon, H. M. White, C. G. Schenck, W. E. Budd, D. Taylor, H. Hyink, C. J. Fitchner, W. A. Hawley, F. H. Newell, J. L. Small, W. Robinson, J. F. Rubart, C. Sybrits, J. B. Sullivan, J. Will- iams, G. Clinton, J. Baxter, H. Vanater, C. Booten, B. S. Purinton, N. W. Wolf, E. Briggs, J. Brown, D. Grant, J. Leach, W. J. Etherton, 0. McGrew, A. Williams, H. Hazel ton, G. Daniels, W. Pittensbarger, M. Reyburn, Z. Beall, A. Fish, J. M. Jarrett, R. M. Curdy, J. Galvin, R. Garland, J. Kester, T. McKoough, J. W.- Tice, R. B. Hare, J. Ludlow. Fourteenth Infantry — T. B. Nicholas. Sixteenth Infantry— U. H. Washburn, N. Reed, T. Purcell, J. Dill, F. Dow, J. H. Howell, P. Hettinger, G. Bradford, M. 0. Hallock, 0. Mattison, A. Drake, J. Davis, J. Esterline, J. Freybarger, J. Embree, N. D. Younkin, A. H. C. Gottbrecht, W. Weaver, N. Reed. Seventeenth Infantry — A. G. Fisher. Eighteenth Infantry — 0. T. Stewart, J. G. Pratt, E. Hargraves, A. Heaton, W. Eberling, J. Stanley. Twentieth Infantry — A. Lindsley, B. Mills, T. Clemmons. 460 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. ' Twenty-seventh Infantry — A. Edwards, C. Lindsley, B. Miller, J. Sissell. Thirty-fifth Infantry— Gol 8. G. Hill, Maj. A. John, W. A. Clepper, C. Leary, E. Henet, F. Reed, J. Grossman, J. Temple, F. Harker, C. Hirsch- mann, J. A. Kyrk, H. Blanck, W. S. Chambers, D. Tice, J. Tice, L.. Dawson, I. Criner, J. Dill, J. Cargill, P. Harrison, T. Holliday, W. Everett, W. White, J. Strahorn, J. Longthern, T. Jester, B. Jester, J. Reeves, M. Etherton, J. Ramsey, L. Chappell, J. Carter, A. Davis, D. Block, F. Bowers, C. Mock- more, J. Chaudoin, W. Christ, F. Cork, J. Foster, W. Holmes, J. Joice, G. Krauff, W. McCurdy, S. Davis, W. Brown, W. Brady, N. Blackstone, A. Wohlgevant, G. Brownawell, S. Holmes, J. Springer, C. N. Burr, J. W. Beard, L. Hurst, W. Pickering, G. Moore, C. Narbaugh, A. Stoddard, N. Thomas, G. Pickering, B. Stamford, F. Wooden, H. Phelps, G. P. Ruger, C. Sherman, G. Burmeister, G. Wonderlich, G. Leutzbauch, "J. Schlegelmilch, H. Richenberg, C. Knoblauch, C. Doerfler, C. Barr, H. Irwin, F. Peterkin, C. Berg, L. Sanelsberg, J. Kurtz, J. Hessler, J. Hanley, S. Knouse, W. Herwig, F. Schmoker, W. Dimick, C. Wright, C. Poole, C. Tyler, P. Nichols, J. Prouty, D. Hammer, A. Walder, H. Winning, S. Tschillard, N. Schaffletzel, M. Smith, P. Parsons, M. Maher, J. Greenwood, F. Hill, J. Johnson, C. Haw- kins, W. Guild, G. Groters, G. Bischer, W. Biebush, J. Q- Adams, W. White, G. Redman, R. Mauvel, J. Dobsen, P. Courtney, T. Cook, J. Connerford, R. Carpenter, S. Keenan, J. Welch, G. Dickson, E. Doran, P. Slattery, W. Fan- ning, G. B. Hill, J. H. Graham, J. Regenbogen, J. Ernst, F. Holtz, H. Schmidt, G. Hill, S. Robshaw, J. C. Edgerton, T. A. Clark, C. C. Clark, E. J. Douglass, M. Cooper, H. T. Neff, W. L. Overman, G. A. Palmer, T. B. Worrall, L. Nitzell, J. Huler, P. Boston, P. D. Patterson, J. B. Welch, 0. G. Mathews, F. Peterke, C. Berg, L. Savelsberg, J. McElroy, J. McDonald, J. Alexander, P. Mylot, G. Robshaw, G. Lang, J. Dunn, J. Walton, M. J. Chown, W. Townsley, C. Gore, J. McCoy, W. Bonham, I. Edgington, D. Edgington, F. Epperly, T. Epperly, W. Fitzsimmons, H. Hitchcock, J. Bum- gardner, F. McDaniels, T. Brown, A. S. Lord, L. Wallingsford, A. Long, H. Sweeney, L. Ware, R. W. Escha, L. Wagner, I. McCartney, C. Parish, W. Ponbeck, E. Stearns, S. Parkhurst, G. Hunt, D. Wilgus, T. Williams, D. Currie, J. Norton, W. D. Conn, J. Evans, J. Lee, A. Lee, P. Reed, H. Devore, B. F. Linnville, R. Miller, J. Crawford, W. H. Hackett, T. Hempfill. Thirty- seventh Infantry — H. Mockmore, J. Tannehill, W. K. Tyler, D. Lefever, T. Craig, H. B. Brannan, A. Edwards, V. Darland. Second Cavalry — W. Wiggins, J. Toren, J. Schmeltzer, J. Schiller, J. Hodges, L. C. Loomis, L. H. Waterman, N. F. Avery, L. Avery, G. Brown, J. M. Terry, R. Hutcheson, G. D. Graves, I. R. Dunn, J. Wallingsford, E. Brown, J. Hancock, M. Lee, A. Opel, J. Simpson, P. Smith, G. Ridge- way, A. Cradock, C. Neuberner, G. W. Heinly, J. Coble, H. Berner, I. Nor- ris, I. M. Smith, J. Thompson, J. W. Vanderwort, H. Wigham, J. P. Dunn, G. Darland. Third Cavalry— F. G. Whittaker. Eighth Cavalry — L. Loomis, J. Horton, R. Cunningham, W. C. Vail. Ninth Cavalry — D. T. Watkins, L. Nietzel, J. Rigenbogen, J. Huler, P. Poston, P. D. Patterson, N. Cooper. Regiments Unknown — J. Jacks, S. "Jackson, W. H. Chapman, B. Lyons, C. Nichols, N. Rhienhart, F. Finn, T. W. Adams, Q. W. Sissol, W. R. Aikens, J. Clark. Second Ohio Infantry — H. M. Pigman. Fourth Ohio Infantry — J. Brookes. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 461 The monument was formally unveiled and impressively dedicated July 4, 1876. The War-Governor, Samuel J. Kirkwood, delivered a fitting oration ; civic and military displays were made in honor of the occasion, and the observ- ances were commensurate with the importance of the hour and the event. Appended is the full roll of those who enlisted in the Union army from Muscatine County : VOLUNTEER ROSTER. TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FKOM ADJUTANT GENHRAL'S REPOETS. -A-BrBZEeEJ-VI-A-TIOn^S- Adjt Adjutant Art Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt Captain Corp Corporal Comsy Commissary com commissioned cav cavalry captd captured desrtd deserted disab ^.disabled disd discliarged e enlisted excd exchanged hou. disd honorably discharged iny .invalid inf infantry I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry kid killed Lieut ^ Lieutenant Maj Major m. o mustered out prmtd promoted prisr prisoner Regt Regiment re-e re-enlisted res resigned Sergt Sergeant trans transferred vet... Teteran V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps wd ..wounded FIRST INFAISTTRY. [Note.- — This regiment was mustered out Aug. S5, 1861, at SI. Louis.] Sergt. Maj. Chas. E. Compton, e. April 18, 1861. Hos. Steward Sarouel Holmes, e. April 18, 1861. Drum Maj. Thos. M. Cummins, e. April 18, 1861. Company A., Capt. Markoe Cummins, com. May 9, '61. First Lieut. Benjamin Beach, com. May 9, 1861. Second Lieut. George A. Satterlee, com. May 9, 1861. Sergt. Hugh J. Campbell, e. April 18, '61, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Sergt. Wm. Fessler, e. April 18, 1861. Sergt. Christian Mellinger, e. April 18, '61. Corp. William Jackson, e. April 18, 1861. Corp. Henry Narvis, e. April 18, 1861. Corp. Joseph Belgar, e. April 18, 1861. Corp. Henry Tchellard, e. April 18, 1861. Musician George W. Conner, e. April 18, 1861. Biles. Jos., e. April 18, 1861. Baird, Eoht. B., e. April 18, 1861. Barrick, Jos., e. April 18, 1861. Bartholomew, Chas., e. April 18, 1861. Bitzer, Galbraith, e. April 18, 1861, 1st lieut. Co. E, 18th Inf. Blaekhart, Christian, e. April 18, 1861. Brown, Newton, e. April 18, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, 2d lieut. Co. E, 18th I. V. I. Cargil, Alexander, e. April 18, 1861. Clark, Judd, e. April 18, 1861, died Spring- field, Mo. Crab, John, e. April 18, 1861. Creitz, Lewis E., e. April 18, 1861. Cummings, Alexander S., e. April 18, '61. Daniels, Geo., April 18, 1861. Dean, Edwin, e. April 18, 1861. Demming, Chas., e. April 18, 1861. Donley, Felix, e. April 18, 1861. Davis, Peter E., e, April 18, 1861. Evans, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Ewing, David L.. e. April 18, 1861. Fingle, Peter, e. April 18, 1861. Fisher, Francis, e. April 18, 1861. Fisher, William, e. April 18, 1861. Fitzgerald, E. G., e. April 18, 1861. Fobes, Eeuben, e. April 18, 1861. Geiger, Francis, e. April 18, 1861. Getter, Wm., e. April 18, 1861. Greenhow, E. F., e. April 18, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Giflord, E. J., e. April 18, 1861. Hacker, Adam, e. April 18, 1861. Heaton, F. M., e. April 18, 1861, wd. Wil- son's Creek. Hine, Chas. W., e. April 18, 1861. Holmes, E. C, e. April 18, 1861. H[yink, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Hoover, Chas.,. e. April 18, 1861. Ingersoll, B. W., e. April 18, 1861. Jackson, Bennett F., e. April 18, 1861. Jones, Thomas, e. April 18, 1861. Johnston, Samuel, e. April 18, 1861. Kean, Addison, e. April 18, 1861. Keife, Mathias, e. April 18, 1861. 462 HISTORY OF MaSCATINE COUNTY. Kennedy, Jas., e. April 18, 1861. Kepner, Edwin, e. April 18, 1861. Kearn, Christian, e. April 18, 1861. Kirkendoll, Edward, e. April 18, 1861. Kilvington. John, e. April 18, 1861. Kilvington, Geo., e. April 18, 1861. Lantz, Samuel, e. April 18, 1861. Lantz, Geo., e. April 18, 1861. Long, Newton G., e. April 18, 1861. Lucas, Jesse, e. April 18, 1861, wd. Wil- son's Creek, Mo. Lobear, Jos., e. April 1861, wd. Wilson's Creek, Mo. Magiuas, Thos., e. April 18, 1861, died at Pond Spring, Mo. Manly, Samuel, e. April 1«, 1861. Miller, John W., e. April 18, 1861. Miller, Alex., e. April 18, 1861, wd. Wil- son's Creek, Mo. Mikesell, M. L., e. April 18, 1861. Moritz, Chas., e. April 18, 1861. Moellar, W., e. April 18, 1861. Morton, Thos., e. April 18, 1861, kid. bat. Wilson's Creek. Norman, Shelly, e. April 18, 1861. O'Connor, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Orr, Samuel T., e. April 18, 1861. Pratt, James G., e. April 18, 1861. Peckham, Geo. O., e. April 18, 1861. Perry, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Elchardson, J. W., e. April 18, 1861. Richter, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Reiley, Geo. B., e. April 18, 1861. Richie, Wm. S.,e. April 18, 1861. Ritz, C. S., e. April 18, 1861. Reed, Chas., e. April 18, 1861. Rupp, Wm. S., e. April 18, 1861. Sergall, John H., e. April 18, 1861. Seibert, Henry, e. April 18, 1861. Shaw, r. L., e. April 18, 1861. Stein, M. B., e. April 18, 1861, missing at Wilson's Creek. Strohm, John, e. April 18, 1861. Sweeney, David, e. April 18, 1861. Stockton, Chas., e. April 18, 1861. Taylor, Wm. G., e. April 18, 1861. Upham, A. E., e. April 18, 1861. White, Hiram A., e. April 18, 1861. Wiley, John J., e. April 18, 1861, died at Springfield, Mo. Woodward, Asa, e. April 18, 1861. Yazwell, John J., e. April 18, 1861. Zallner, John, e. April 18, 1861. Company B. Craig, Loren R., e. April 18, 1861. Sedgwick, Samuel W., e. April 18, 1861. Company C. Capt. Alex. L. Mason, com. May 9, 1861, kid. at battle Wilson's Creek. First Lieut. Wm. Pursell, com. May 9, 1861, wd. at battle Wilson's Creek. Second Lieut. AVm. F. Davis, com. May 9, 1861. Sergt. Chas. G. Hayes, e. April 32, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Sergt. Samuel V. Lambert, e. April 33, '61. Sergt. Alex. Buchanan, e. April 33, 1861, kid. at Wilson's Creek. Corp. Edmond L. Swem, e. April 32, 1861. Corp. Abram N. Snyder, e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Corp. Benj. F. Stone, e. April 22, 1861, wd. Wilson's Creek. Musician Leonidas Fowler, e. April 32, 1861. Musician Enoch O. Lundy, e. April 32, '61. Ake, Samuel, e. April 32, 1861. Armstrong, Samuel, e. Aug. 33, 1861. Anderson, John, e. June 14, 1861. Auge, Marcel, e. April 23, 1861. Branson, William, e. April 32, 1861. Beam, John, e. June 14, 1861. Butman, Asa, e. April 22, 1861. Buke, William, e. April 23, 1861, Bennett, 0. V., e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Baxter, Geo. W.. e. April 33, 1861. Beatty, John, e. April 22, 1861. Buckingham, Silas, e. April 23, 1861. Bouton, Jonathan R., e. April 22, 1861. Bridges, J. I., e. April 22, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Mo. Burris, Benj., e. April 22, 1861, died at Boonville, jSIo. Crocker, Lewis M., e. April 22, 1861. Chamberlain, H. C, e. April 22, 1861. Capell, E. F., c. April 23, 1861. Cochrane, Matthew, e. April 33, 1861. Cogdal, John F. M., e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek, Couch, Edw, L.,e, April 22, 1861, Davis, Z., e. April 23, 1861, Denton, Jacob, e. April 32, 1861. Etherton, Moses, c, April 22, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Fligor, David JNL, e. April 23, 1861. Fox. Chas. S., e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Friend, Wm. H., e. April 22. 1861. Fuller, H. U.. e, April 22, 1861. Fobes, Beni, F„ e. April 33. 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Gates, John C, e. April 22, 1861. Graves, Americus, e. April 22, 1861. Graw, John M.. e. April 23. 1861. Gibson, Chas. D., e. April 23, 1861. Gaskill, David, e, April 23, 1861. Gartenback, John, e. April 23, 1861. Hafemeister, Rudolph, e. April 33, 1861. Hart, William, e, April 23, 1861. Huxley, E. R., e. April 32, 1861. Hendrickson, Andrew, e. April 23, 1861. Harriman, John A., e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Hamilton, F. L., e. April 22, 1861. .Jewell, .Varon Y., e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Jenkins, Samuel, e. April 33, 1861. Heckler, Geo. W., e. April 23, 1861. Kent, J. L.. e. April 33, 1861. Kelley, Pierce, e. April 33, 1861. Kane, John, e. April 33, 1861. Karn, Jacob, n. .Vpril 33. 1861. wd. at Wil- son's Creek. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COOIJTY. 463 Meurer, Gotlieb, e. April 32, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Mingo, Lawrence, e. April S3, 1861. Madden, Richard R., e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Michener, Chas. C, e. April 22, 1861, kid. at Wilson's Creek. McCoy, Richard H., e. April 22, 1861. Manly, Wm., e. April 22, 1861. Narves, Albert, e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Norton, Jerome, e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Ogilvill, Wm., e. April 23, 1861. Oldridge, Jasper D., e. April 33, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Pickering, Wm., e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Patton, Eubert, e. April 23, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Parkin, Wm., e. April 13, 1861. Purcell, Thaddeus C, e. April 33, 1861. Ricketts, Jacob H., e. April 32, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Ray, Andrew, e. April 23, 1861, died at Boonville, Mo. Shane, A. A., e. April 22, 1861, wd. at Wilson's Creek. Schultz, Frederick G., e. April 22, 1861. Skinner, W. J., e. April 22, 1861. Straub, Chas. H., e. April 33, 1861. Stewart, Samuel, e. April 32, 1861. Schenck, Chas. G., e. April 22, 1861. Stewart, Wm., e. April 33, 1861, wd. Wil. son's Creek. Stone, W. G., e. April 23, 1861, wd. Wil- son's Creek. Tompkins, Silas W., e. April 33, 1861. Tullis, Smith H., e. April 32, 1861, died at Keokuk. Twigg, Wm. M., e. April 23, 1861. Underwood, Jas. R., e. April 23, 1861, wd. Wilson's Creek. Van Buren, E. P., e. April 83, 1861. Wright, Lyman, e. April 33, 1861. Wright, Oscar, e. April 32, 1861. Walters, Cyrus, e. April 22, 1861. SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louitville, July 12, 1865. Q. M. S. Frank Hoyer, e. July 33, 1861, from private prmtd. Q. M. S. Oct. 1, '63. Company A. Capt. John G. Reed, com. July 34, 1861, resd. June 7, 1863. Capt. William W. de Heus, com. 1st lieut. July 34, 1861, wd. at Belmont, prmtd. capt. June 8, 1862, captd. Resaca, died Oct. 15, 1864. Capt. Alexander Irwin, e. as private Oct. 15,1861, wd. at Lay's Ferry, Ga., prmtd. 3d lieut. Aug. 7, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. Sept. 16, 1864, prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1865. First Lieut. Thomas C Baldwin, e. as sergt. Nov. 15, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 18, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 18. 1862, disd. Dec. 21, 1862. First Lieut. \. W. Springer, e. as corp. July 23, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 15, 1863, resd. Sept. 15, 1864. Second Lieut. Stephen Estle, com. July 34, 1861, resd. April 16, 1862. Second Lieut. Marshall T. Williams, e. as sergt. July 33, 1861, prmtd 3d lieut. June 8, 1863, resd. Feb. 14, 1863. Second Lieut. T. W. Eichelberger, e. as Corp. July 23, 1861, captd. at Belmont, prmtd. 3d lieut. June 15, 1863, resd. Aug. 6, 1864. First Sergt. Thomas Pitchforth, e. July 16, 1861, kid. at Belmont. Sergt. Wm. Armstrong, e. July 33, 1861, disd. July 15, 1862. Sergt. Geo. S. Rutherford, e. July 33, '61, wd. at Corinth and Kenesaw Mountain, disd. April 4, 1865, disab. Corp. D. B. Foulke, e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Corp. Chas. Reynolds, e. Oct. 7, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Corp. Fergus Hansen, e. July 23, 1861, disd. April 25, 1862. Corp. M. F. Hurd, e. July 33, 1861, captd. at Belmont. Corp. W. B. Bargewbush, e. July 23, '61, wd at Belmont, disd. June 8, 1862. Corp. Thomas D. Moore, e. July 23, 1861, captd. at Belmont. Albertson, Jacob, e. July 13, 1861, disd. Jan. 13, 1863, disab. Arnold, Thos.,e. Dec. 20. 1861. Beemer, David K., e. July 23, 1861, disd. Nov. 33, 1861. Beemer, Levi, e. July 33, 1861, disd. April 11, 1863, disab. Biot, Jacob, e. July 23, 1861. Booth, 0. C.,e. July33, 1861, kid. at battle Belmont. Bosch, Bartus, e. July 28, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1863, wd. at Lay's Ferry, Ga. Bowman, John. e. Nov. 7, 1861, vet. Dec. 35, 1863. Brunting, John, e. July 33, 1861, died Feb. 4, 1863. Brooke, Basil, e. March 35, 1863. I Cain, A., e. July 33, 1861. Campbell, J. H., e. July 33, 1861, disd. April 39, 1863. Cochrane, Isaac, e. Dec. 20, 1861, wd. at I Corinth. , ^ Cochrane, James, e. Feb. 11, 1864, wd. at Lay's Ferry, died at Chattanooga. Cogdal, JohnF., e. April 7, 1862. Cross, John B., e. Jan. 20, 1864. Cunningham, S. C, e. March 5, 1863. Campbell, J. A., e. July 33, 1861, disd. Dec. Corey, W. S., e. July 33, 1861,,captd. at Bel- mont. .„„^ ,11 i Cunningham, L., e. July 16, 1861, kid. at Belmont. ^ .^ Denham, Jas., e. July 33, 1861, vet. Dec. 35, 1863, musician. 464 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Dill, John,.e. July 16, 1861, drowned near Burlington. Dickenson, Wm. A., e. Aug. 5, 1861, disd. Maxch 7, 1862. Dodder, Isaiah, e. July 16, 1861, kid. at Belmont. Drury, James, e. Dec. 20, 1861. Dibble, Chas. A., e. Aug. 27, 1862. Evans, Chas., e. July 24, 1861, disd. for dis- ability March 15, 1862. Erwin, J., e. July 23, 1861. Fowler, E. R., e. July 23, 1861, trans, to Sig. Corps U. S. A. March 28, 1864. Francisco, John, e. July 23,-1 861, captd. at Belmont, disd. Feb. 18, 1865, disab. Fagan, Thos., e. Oct. 30, 1862. Gebhart, A., e. July 23, 1861, captd. at Belmont. Goddard, J. S., e. July 33, 1861, vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Graves, Florentis, e. July 16, 1861, captd. at Corinth, vet. Dec. 25, 1863. Goodnow, Chas., e. July 16, 1861, prmtd. Corp., wd. at Donelson, vet. Dec. 25, '63. Graves, Americus, e. Dec. 20, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1868. Gates, Silas, e. March 25, 1862, disd. Sept. 13, 1862. Griffin, John D., e. March 27, 1862. disd. June 25, 1862. Hardy, John F., e. July 23, 1861, kid. at Belmont. Henley, John W., e. July 33, 1861, died Jan. 12, 1862. Heusted, Horace, e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. Dec. 30, 1861. Hesser, Heraan, e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. Dec. 24, 1861. Hesser, John, e. Feb. 12, 1864. Hunt, Jerome, e. Dec. 20, 1861, vet. Jan. 3, 1864, kid. Allatoona. Hagan, Samuel, e. Dec. 20, 1861, disd. Nov. 29, 1862. Hinckley, Wm. H., e. Dec. 20, 1861, disd. Sept. 33, 1862. Hulett, Mortimer, e. July 33, 1861, disd. Dec. 3, 1861, disab. Hill, Edwin, e. July 23, 1861, captd. Bel- mont and Big Shanty, Ga. Johnson, A. F., e. Sept. 11, 1862, wd. Lay's Ferry, Ga., disd. May 25, 1865, disab. John, Jonathan, e. July 23, 1861. Johns, Z. W.,e. March 25, 1862, wd. Atlanta, disd. Jan, 20, 1865, wds. Kennedy, W. O., e. Feb. 18, 1864, died Aug. 4, 1864, at Bome, Ga. Ketchani, W. P., e. July 23, 1861. Kennedy, W. N., e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. May 11, 1862. Kleintop, A., e. July 23, 1861. Leonard, John, e. July 33, 1861, vet. Dec. 33, 1863. Lamare, Prudent, e. July 33, 1861, disd. Jan. 4, 1863, disab. Lewis, John M., v. July 23, 1861, disd. April 2!), 1863, disab. Major, Fred. F., e. July, 33, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Dec. 3:i, 1863. McGee, Patrick F., e. Sept. 3, 1862. Miller, A. T., e. Aug. 25, 1862. Marcks, E., e. July 23, 1861, vet. Dec. 23. 1863. McNall, John O., e. Nov. 7, 1861. Mahin, J. W., e. July 23, 1861. wd. Bel- mont and Corinth, died Oct. 19, 1862. McNall, C, e. Sept. 9, 1861. McCormick, R., e. July 23, 1861. Mills, Eli, e. Oct. 15, '61, died July 16, '62. McJSTalton, G. W., e. July 23, 1861. McGill, Benj. F.,e. Feb. 29, 1864, kid. May 15. 1864, Lay's Ferry, Ga. McNall, D., e. July 23,1861, wd. Belmont. McNall, P. B., e. Feb. 12, 1864. Myers, John M., e. July 23, 1861, disd. Feb. 1, 1862. disab. Myers, Wm., e. March 29, 1864, wd. Lay's Ferry, disd. June 21, 1865, wds. Miller, A., e. July 23, 1861, wd. Belmont, vet. Dec. 33, 1863. Morgan, Thomas, e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. Dec. 21, 1861. Miller, Geo., e. July 33, '61, vet. Dec. 23, '63. Neron. John, e. July 23, 1861. Packer, L. M., e. July 23, 1861. Porchers, Henry, e. Dec. 20, 1861, kid. bat. Corinth. Parham, Jacob, e. July 23, 1861, disd. June 1, 1862. Pierson, Geo., e. July 23, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 23, 1863. Pallat, Leander, e. July 16, 1861, kid. at Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861. Preston, T., e. July 23, 1861. Reynolds, Wm., Oct. 7, 1861. Reed, John J., e. July 23, 1861, wd. Bel- mont, disd. Aug. 4, 1863. Reynolds, Eli, e. Oct. 11. 1861. Reed, S. P., e. July 33, 1861. Reynolds, Wm. D., e. Ort. 15, 1861, wd. Belmont. Reynolds, C. M., e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. March 11, 1863. Reynolds, Silas, e. Julv 23, 1861, wd. Cor- inth Oct. 4, 1863, trans, to 67th Co. 1st bat. Inv. Corps. Raseraan, J. B., e. Aug. 7, 1861, wd. at Bel- mont, disd. Dec. 30, 1861. Rich, John B.,e. July 33, 1861, disd. March 29, 1868. Re\'nolds, H. C, e. Feb. 13, 1864, wd. Lay's Ferry, Ga. Rush, John, e. July 23, 1861. Rutherford, Aug., e. Sept. 4, 1863. Reynolds, T. G,, e. Sept. 23, 18(52. Randleman, Thos., e. Julv 33, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Styers, Wm. H., e. Feb. 9, 1864, wd. Lay's Fen-y. Scholton, Dirk, e. Julv 33, 1861. Stratton, Charles, e. Nov. 7, 1861, died AuR. 31. 1863. 1 Sheelv, John, c. Julv 33, 1861, ^vd. at Bel- mont, disd. Julv 33, 1863. Shiphard, S.. e. Miirch 20, 1862. Schveuni, (}. W., o. Julv 33, 1861, wd. at Uehnont. HISTOR-i' OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 465 Strickland, John, e. March 4, 1863. Stein, Harrison, e. July 33, 1861, captd. at Belmont, disd. Dec. 3, 1862, disab. Steckle, Elisha, e. Aug. 25, 1861. Truett, Andrew, e. Julv 16, 1863, died Oct. 20, 1861. Thornbon, Wm. W., e. Feb. 13, 1864. Van Camp, J., e. July 23, 1861, wd. at Bel- mont, vet. Dec. 33, 1863. Van Dyke, Jacob, e. Nov. 7, 1861, disd. April 35, 1862. Waldren, Silas, e. July 33, 1861. Westervelt, John, e. July 23, 1861, disd. Jan. 4, 1862, sick. Wells, John, e. July 33, 1861. Wells, Wm., e. July 23, '61, kid. Belmont. Wood, Samuel S., e. Feb. 18, 1864. Wilbur, Daniel E., e. July 16, 1861, kid. at Belmont. Wildman, J. S., e. July 33, 1861, wd. at Corinth. Williams, J. V., e. July 23, 1861. White, Samuel, e. July 33, 1861, wd. Bel- mont, disd. Dec. 24, 1861. Wright, Geo. D., e. March 25, 1862. Wherry, Levi, e. March 21, 1862. Yeager, John, e. March 37, 1863. Company D. Oarrett, James, e. July 33, 1861. Company E. Friday, Benedict, e. March 31, 1863, wd. at Lay's Ferry. Hedamon, Timothy, e. March 31, 1862. McCormick, John, e. April 8, 1862, wd. at Corinth. Eoth, John, e. Feb. 22, 1862, vet. Feb. 34, 1864, wd. at Dallas, Ga. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Matthews, Isaac, e. Feb. 15, 1864. EIGHTH INFANTRY. [MoTX. — ThU regiment vjaa muatered out at Selma, A^., Apra 10, M66.] Company B. Armstrong, Wm., e. Sept. 33, 1861, captd. Shiloh, died Keokuk. Barber, Hiram, e.Sept. 11, '61, wd. Shiloh. Bowne, Cornelius, e. Aug. 15, 1861. Chatterton, Wm., e. Aug. 18, 1861. Clark, Chas.B., e.Sept. 9,'6], captd. Shiloh. Crawford, Wm., e. Sept. 15, '61, disd. Jan. 19, 1862, disab. Creamer, Samuel, e. Aug. 30, 1861, dis. April 26, 1862, disab. Evans, Benj., e. Aug. 15, 1861, captd. Shi- loh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Harris, Thomas, e. Sept. 17, 1861, captd. Shiloh, wd. May, 1863. Jayne, John W., e. Aug. 15, 1861, captd. Shiloh, disd. June 20, 1863, disab. Javne, Whitaker, e. Aug. 15. 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd. July 13, 1862. Munhoven, P. F., e. Sept. 17, 1861, captd. Shiloh. Nicholson, Z. G. A., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Reids, Alex., e. Aug. 15, '61, captd. Shiloh. Rowan, Jas. E., e. Aug. 30, 1861, captd. Shiloh, wd. Vicksburg. Rowan, John A., e. Aug. 15, 1861, wd. Shiloh, dis. Dec. 31, 1863, disab. Selder, Robt., e. Sept. 17, '61, captd. Shiloh. Trunkey, Almond, e. Aug. 15, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wathan, Ge»., e. Aug. 30, 1861, captd. Shi- loh, transferred to Marine Brigade. Walker, Jacob, e. Sept. 3, 1861, died May 19, 1863, w^ds. received at Shiloh. Company C. Roberts, J. N., e. Aug. 10, 1861, captd. Shi- loh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Company D. Davis, Chas. B., e. Aug. 14, 1861, wd. and disd. Aug. 34, 1863. Stotler, Walter, e. Aug. 14, 1861, captd. Shiloh, died June 33, 1864. Shannon, Thos., e. Aug. 14, 1861, captd. Jackson, Miss. Company K. Corp. Alonzo Wilson, e. Sept. 11, 1861, captd. Shiloh, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. fNoTX. — Thit regiment waa muatered out at Louieville, Ky. , July 15, 1863.] Col. Abraham M. Hare, com. Oct. 1, 1861' resd. Aug. 31, 1863. Col. Benj. Beach, com. capt. Co. H Oct 18, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. Nov. 6, 1864 com. col. July 39, '65, m. o. as lieut. col Asst. Surg. D. P. Johnson, com. Aug. 12 1863, disd. Sept. 34, 1864. Adjt. Cornelius Cadle, Jr., com. Oct. 30, 1861, C'r and A. A. G. U. S. V. May 1, 1863, brvt. lieut. col. L. S. V., brvt. col. U. S. V. March 13, 1865, maj. and A. A. G. April 3, 1865. Adjt. Frederick P. Candee, e. as sergt. Co. H Oct. 3, 1861, prmtd. adjt. Jan. 1, 1865. Q. M. Richard Cadle, com. Oct. 30, 1861, m. o. Nov. 1, 1864, term expired. Q. M. Henry Le Jarboe, e. as private Sept. 21, 1861, prmtd. Q. M. Nov. 21, 1864. Chaplain C. H. Remington, com. .Tune 25, 1863, resd. Aug. 7, 1863. Sergt. Maj. Lyman Banks, e. Sept. 35, '61, trans, for promotion in 8th La. Vols. Drum Maj. John M. Dunn, e. Sept. 21, '61. Company A. Capt. John W. Anderson, com. 1st lieut. ■ Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. capt. Aug. 22, 1863, disd. Dec. 18, 1864.- Capt. Ephraim Shellabarger, e. as corp. Sept. 3, 1861, prmtd. 3d lieut. Nov. 10 , 1864, prmtd. capt. Jan. 1, 1865. First Lieut. Eli F. Cassell, e. as 1st sergt Sept. 5, '61, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 33, '62 466 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Second J^ieut. Eichard R. Madden, com. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. Aug 20, 1862. Second Lieut. Wm. John Wvlie, e. as Corp. Sept. 2, 1861, prmtd.' 2d lieut. Aug. 21, 1862, wd. at Atlanta, honora- bly discharged. Second Lieut. Wm. S. Middleton, e. as private Sept. 2, 1861, wd. at Atlanta, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 1, 1865. Second Lieut. Wm. Bakey, e. as sergt. Sept. 13, 1861, com. (after m. o.) as 1st sergt. Sergt. David H. Collins, e. Sept. 5, 1861, died at Muscatine, Iowa. Sergt. Wm. Hart, e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sergt. Jacob J. Russell, e. Sept. 2, 1861, trans, to gunboat service Feb. 8, 1862. Sergt. Wm. Putnam, e. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. ill" A^^lj-lTlf"3 Sergt. Wm. Bakey, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. wd. at Atlanta. Corp. Jos. M. Taylor, e. Sept. 12, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. Corp. David Witmoyer, e. Sept. 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Moun- tain and Nick-a-Jack Creek. Corp. Wm. l.ewis, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Corp. Theron W. Corwin,e. Sept. 14, 1861. died at Benton Barracks, Mo. Corp. Chas. Bier, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. and captd. near At- lanta, died at Charleston, S. C. Corp. Martin Shellabarger, e. Sept. 20, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain. Corp. Richard Livingston, e. Sept. 17, '61, disd. Aug. 16, 1862, disab. Corp. August Mettege, e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet Dec. 7, 1863. Corp. Jos. C. Fisher, e. Sept. 9, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Musician Henry Kellogg, e. Sept. 2, 1861. Musician Jacob Bowman, e. Sept. 10, 1861, prmtd. principal musician, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wagoner John Kane, e. Sept. 23, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Abbott, Wm., e. Sept. 15, 1861, wd. at zVtlanta. Baver, Geo. F., e. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. Oct. 10, 1862. Barnard, Levi. e. Sept. 16, 1861. Bake\ , August, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Benedict, Geo., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. at Atlanta, disd. June 27, 1865, disab. Benedick, Henry, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta, died at Marietta, Ga. Burrell, Jas. W., e. Sept. 16, 1861, died at Memphis. Bowman, Gabriel, e. Sept. :'>, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta. Brenner, Carl, e. Aug. 31, 1861. vet. Feb. 29, 1864. (^Iiapnian, iienj. F., e. Feb. 9, 1861. Callciider, Ceo. W., e. Seiil. 1, 1861, kid. at Siiiloli. Cross, Levi, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Chapman, Benj. F., e. Sept. 22, 1861. Dotty, Milton, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Davidson, John H., e. Sept. 2, 1861, trans. to gunboat service. Dowell, Geo. M., e. Sept. 2, 1861, trans, to gunboat service. Downing, James H., e. Sept. 2, 1861, captd. at Corinth. Fustier, Ananias, e. Sept. 2, 1861, wd. at Kenesaw Mountain. Fustier, David, e. Dec. 21, 1863, disd. Oct. 10, 1863. Fustier, Chas., e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. at Atlanta, Ga. Fortwagler, E., e. Sept. 5, 1861. Fieldman, Wm., e. Sept. 3, 1861, kid. at battle of Shiloh. Fristler, Jos., e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864, wd. and captd. at Atlanta. Foley, Wm., e. June 19, 1863, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. at Atlanta. Fry, Noah, e. Sept. 13, 1861. Gilbert, Austin B., e. Sept. 16, 1861. Gates, Lewis W., e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Geodocke, John, e. Sept. 8, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Gardner, 0. A. A., e. Sept. 18, 1861. Henderson, Robt., e. Sept. 9, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 18ij4, wd. Atlanta, disd. April 11, 1865, disab. Henderson, Sliedriclc, e. Sept. 1, 1861. Jesler, Chas. L., e. Aug. 31, 1861. Johnson, James, e. Sept. 2, 1861, disd. Feb., 1862, disab. Kellogg, Francis M., e. Sept. 2, 1861. Kellogg, X. W., e. Aug. 26. 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Killinger, Daniel, e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Feb. 29, 1864. Ketmann, Barnard, e. Sept. 4, 1861. Kerr, Jesse VV., e. Sept. 14. 1861, disd. June 2. 1863. Kerr. T. J., e. Sept. 16, 1861. Kingland, Chas. P., e. Nov. 22, 1861, died on Hospital steamer Sept. 20, 1868. Madden, Henry, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Murer, Gotlieb, e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864, Avd. and captd. at Atlanta.^ Miller, Andrew, e. Sept. 6, 1861. vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Miller. Chas, C, e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1861. Martin, James, e. Dec. 31, 1863. McCiillough, John, e. Sept. IS. 1861. Myers, Simeon, e. April 23, 1864. Meeker, John W., e. Sept. 22. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1S64. Meeker, Wm. H., e. Sept. 22, 1861. Meeker, Thomas, Feb. 22, 1864, wd. at Atlanta. Myers, John, e. Sept. 19, 1861. Myers, Wm., e. April 22, 1864, wd. Kene- saw Mountain, disd. June 26, "65, disab. Newton, P., Feb. 8, 1864. Oaks, Jesse, Sept. 13, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 467 Peck, Turner M., e.Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. at Atlanta. Putnam, John W., e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Pauchen, August, Aug. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Bichards, Jas. W., e. Xov. 33, 1861. Richards, John D., e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Eose, A. D., e. Jan. 27, 1864, trans, to V. E. C. 1 Raid, Wm., e. Sept. 12, 1864, wd. Shiloh and Atlanta. Stretch, Milton B., e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Stretch, Alfred, e. Feb. 33, 1864. Springer, Lewis G., e. Sept. 15, 1861. Sparks, E. E., e. Sept. 35, 1863, wd. Atlanta, died of wds. Sanders, Morgan, e. Sept. 11, 1861. Stretch, F. M., e. Sept. 30, 1861, died at Quincy, 111., wds. reed. Shiloh. Tyler, Wm. C, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Tyler, A. G., e. Aug. 36, 1863, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. Atlanta. Taylor, Wm. E., e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. Townsley, John S., April 37, 1864. Taylor, John W., e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Vanhesseld, Henry, e. Sept. 7, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at Atlanta. Woodbury, Benj. D., e. Sept. 5, 1863. Wamsley, Dallas, e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. A tlanta. Wilson Chas., e. Sept. 30, 1861, disd. June 31, 1862, wd. Marietta, Ga., second en- hstmeut, disd. April 35, 1865. Wylie, Jesse, e. April 33, 1864. Wilson, Chas., e. Eeb.4, 1861. Company B. Second Lieut. John H. Munroe, prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 3, 1863, capt. and A. A. a. U. S. v., June 33. 1863. Company C. First Lieut. Wyatt B. Pomeroy, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 1, 1865. Sergt. Asa Putnam, e. Sept. 33, 1861, disd. Jan. 38, 1864, disab. Ashford, P., e. Aug. 30, 1863, wd. Atlanta. Stauber, J. L., e. Aug. 36, 1863, wd. Kene- saw Mountain, kid. Atlanta. Company D. Capt. Andrew J. Shrope, com. Oct. 3, 1861, m. o. Oct. 36, 1864, term expired. Capt. Jas. Kelley, e. as corp. Sept. 31, 1861, prmtd. capt. Oct. 37, 1864. First Lieut. B. F. Jackson, com. Oct. 3, 1861, disd. April 2, 1863. First Lieut. Aug. C. Blizzard, e. as private Sept. 14, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. April 3, 1863, res. Oct. 15, 1864. First Lieut. Francis M. Walker, e. as private, Nov. 21, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Dec. 17, 1864. Second Lieut. Andrew H. Walker, com. Oct. 3, 1861, prmtd. capt. Co. F. Second Lieut. Jas. M. Kean, e. as sergt. Sept. 14, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 7. 1863, m. o. Dec. 18, 1864. First Sergt. Eeuben Fobes, e. Sept. 31, 1861, vet. Feb. 39, 1864. Sergt. Matt. Kean, e. Sept. 14, 1861. Sergt. Sam'l Campbell, e. Sept. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Atlanta, died Aug. 19,1864. Sergt. Beecher Chatfield, e. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. Shiloh, disd. Aug. 15, 1863. Sergt. Jas. M. Leverich, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sergt. Henry Seibert, e. Sept. 17,1861, kid. bat. Shiloh. Corp. John A. Hughes, e. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. bat. Shiloh, disd. Sept. 39, 1862. Corp. Wm. H. Nellis, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. Corp. Wm. S. Fultz. e. Sept. 19, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Edward McDonald, r. Sept. 37,1861, kid. Adairsville, Ga. Corp. Jas. Wymer, Jr., e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Alex. Thorn, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died Bolivar, Tenn. Corp. Winston T. Shifflet, e. Sept. 16, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Musician David B. Spillman, e. Sept. 23, 1861, died Corinth May 18, 1862. Wagoner Harvey Walker, e. Sept. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, trans, to Inv. Corps Feb. 15, 1864. Ayres, Hiram, e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Ayers, Newton, e. Sept. 27, 1861. Bailey, F. J., e. Sept. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died Gordon's Plantation, N. C Blakely, Jos. H., e. Sept. 17, 1861. Blakely, H. H., e. Sept. 17, 1861. Bean, John, e. Sept. 17, 1861. Berry, Israel, e. Sept. 19, '61, disd. Dec. 11 1863, disab. Bradford, Albert, e. Sept. 30, '61, disd. Jan. 18, 1863, disab. Cory, Thomas. J., e. Sept. 14, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Clarke, Jas. S., e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. At- lanta, trans, to V. R. C. Campbell, Alex. C, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet- Jan. 1, 1864. Cooper, Irwin, e. Sept. 34, 1861. Craven, Peter, e. Sept. 35, '61, kid. Shiloh. Derby, Chas. W., e. Sept. 26, 1861. Duncan, Perry, e. Sept. 31, 1861, wd. acci- dentally. Farrier, T. T., e. Feb. 37, '64, wd. Atlanta. Herr, Benj. F., e. Sept. 16, 1861. Hall.Wm. ^. ^ ^ Hart, Mandrid, e. Sept. 16, '61, disd. June 13, 1862, disab. Hartraan, Reuben, e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1,1864. Knous, Sylvester, e. Sept. 18, 1861, died May 13, 1862, on hospital boat. 468 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Keevar, John J., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to V. E. C, Kiser, Geo., e. Sept. 23, 1861. Leverich, Wm., e. Sept. 14, '61, kid. Shiloh. Laport, Chas., e. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. Shilob, dis. Jan. 29, 1863, disab. Lodge, Albert, e. Sept. 16, 1861, dis. Nov. 4, 1863. Leverich, Marion, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Lefeever, John W., e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Lodge, Oscar F., e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. Oct. 29, 1863, disab. Moor, Abner, e. Sept. 17, '61, kid. Corinth. Millsap, John, e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. Shiloh, dis. May 29, 1862. McBea, R. R., e. Sept. 17, 1861, wd. Shiloh, died April 13, 1862. Moor, Andrew, e. Sept. 20, '61, disd. March 18, 1863, disab. Miissellman, Jos. P., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Nellis, John A., e. Feb. 24, 1864, Ours, Geo. F., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Pomeroy, B. W., e. Sept. 14, 1861. Pentico, Peter, e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Prescott, Oregon, e. Sept. 19, 1861. Porter, Jos. C, e. Sept. 21, 1861. Reeves, Van v., e. Sept. 16, 1861. vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Lovejoy's Station, disd. Jan. 14, 1865. Heeves, M. T., e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sterrett, Perry, e. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. Ken- esaw Mt. Shifflet, Ira H., e. Sept. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Vann, Mortimer U., e. Oct. 23, 1861, died Feb. 23, 1862. Wall, Wm. K., e. Sept. 17, '61, wd. Corinth, disd. Feb. 27, 1863, disab. White, Wm., e. Sept. 16, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Walton. Wm. H., e. Sept. 19, 1861, disd. June 11, 1862, disab. Walter, Chas., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Wiker, Albert, e. Feb. 8, '64, wd. Atlanta. Wiker, E. M., e. March 21, 1864. Yager, Austin B., e. Feb. 24, 1864. Company C. Musician Hiram White, e. Oct. 5, 1861, Musician Chas. Neally, e. Oct. 5, '61, disd. June 5, 1862, disab. Snively, Wm., e. March 25, 1864. Company H. Capt. Geo. 0. Morgridge, e. as private Oct. 18, 1861, prmtd. capt. Nov. 15, 1864. First Lieut. Geo. D. Magoon,com. Oct. 18, 1861, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864, term exp. First Lieut. Abrahiim E. Keith, prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. It), 1804, prmtd. 1st. lieut. Dec. 16, 1864. Second Lieut. Qeo. R. MHiite, com. Oct. 18, 1861, m. o. Oct. 18, 1864. Second Lieut. Geo. W. Sweeney, e. as pri- vate Sept. 31, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 17, 1864, res. June 3, 1865. Second Lieut. J. D. Caughran, e. as pri- vate Oct. 9, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. after- ward m. o. as com. sergt. First Sergt. Samuel C. Dunn, e. Sept. 21, 1861, disd. May 13,1863, disab. Sergt. Christian Kern, e. Sept. 31, 1861. Sergt. Daniel Seller, e. Sept. 35, 1861, disd. June 6, 1863. Sergt. Harold M. White, e. Oct. 14, 1861. Sergt. Wm. C Budd, e. Sept. 21, 1861, kid. Meadow Station, Tenn. Sergt. Wm. E. Thomas, e. Sept. 21, 1861, disd. Dec. 11, 1863, disab. Sergt. Henry Kesner, e. Sept. 31, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. twice at At anta.disd. Dec, 1864. Sergt. Roger N. Ingersoll, e. Oct. 12, 1861. Corp. Chas. W. Sullivan, e. Sept. 28, 1861, disd. Sept. 13, 1863, disab. Corp. Wm. Kerr, e. Sept. 21, 1861, disd. Aug. 28, 1862, disab. Corp. Jesse M. Dill, e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, trans, to 63d U. S. col. troops. Corp. Lyman Banks, e. Sept. 25, 1861, prmtd. sergt. maj. Feb. 1, 1863. Corp. E. W. Hershe. e. Oct. 16, 1861, disd. June 6, 1863. Corp. Thos. G. Lewis, e. Oct. 14, '61, disd. Nov, 35, 1863. Corp. Addison M. Keene, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Corp. Justin E. Coe, e. Sept. 31, 1861, captd. Atlanta. Corii. Geo. O. Peckham, e. Oct. 6, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Wm. P. Sparks, e. Oct.'.3, 1861, captd. Atlanta. Corp. Edward Kirkendall, e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, sergt. Musician Frederick Killian, e. Oct. 10, '61. Musician Madison M. Kneese, e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Allen, Jas. M., e. Oct. 3, 1861. Ady. H. C, e. Oct. 14, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Ady, Wm. D., e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Brookhart, Daniel, e. rSept. 31, 1861, wd. Shiloh, captd. .Vtlanta. Brooks, Bobt., e. Oct. 14, 1861, died March 10, 1862. Couch, Edw. L.. e. Sept. 31, 1861. vet. Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to col. regt. Candee, F. P., e. Oct. 3, '61, vet. Jan.l. '64. Couchran, I. L., e. Oct. 16, 1861, trans, to V. R. C. July 1, 1864. Davis, David N., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Dick, David M., e. Sept. 21, 1861. Evans, AVarren W., e. Oi-t. 14, 1861. wd. Shiloh, died Muscatine, Earl, Sanuu-1, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Fitchner, (^liristopher, e. Sept. 21, 1861. Fox, Clias. s., e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Gordon, Wm. A., e. Oct. 3, 1861. Goldsberry, Levi S., e. Oct. 16, 1861. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 469 Hyenk, Henry, e. Feb. 15, 1864, captd. At- lanta. Holmes, E. C, e. Sept. 23, 1861. Hawley, Wm. A., e. Feb. 26, 1864, kid. Nick-a-Jack Creek. Hare, Russell B., e. Oct. 6. 1861. Hauk, Geo. W., e. Sept. 22, 1861, died Jef- ferson City. Hanna, Hiram, e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, trans, to col. regt. Hazelett, Wm. H., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Hanson, Henry, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Hastings, Frederick, e.'Sept. 23, 1831. Hacker, Adam, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Hopkinson, Albert, e. Oct. 18, 1861, disd. Sept. 6, 1862, disab. Kiston, Richard, e. Feb. 15, 1864, captd. Atlanta, died Andersonville. Krautz, Conrad, e. Sept. 21, 1861. Krautz, August, e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1863. Keitt, A., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Kiser, Robt. I.., Oct. 10, 1861, disd. Sept. 29, 1862, disab. Libby, Lewis, e. Oct. 10, 1861. Lobeer, John, e. Oct. 16, '61, vet. Jan. 1, '64. Mikesell, Martin L., e. Oct. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Monroe, John H., e. Sept. 23, 1861. Mikesell, Wm. E., e. Sept. 21, 1861, kid Shiloh. Moore, John W., e. Oct, 16, 1861. McCulla, Lewis J., e. Oct. 16, '61, vet. Jan. I, '64, trans, to 1st Mo. Art. Nason, John, e. Feb. 24, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Neidig, Benj. F., e. Sept. 21, 1861, disd. April 11, 1862, disab. Newell, Finley H., Sept. 21, 1861, kid. Shi- loh. Palmer, Thos. F., e. Xov. 4, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps Feb. 15, 1864. Parvin, Daniel J., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, '64, wd. Atlanta, disd. Feb. 25, '65. Prouty, Hugh T., e. Oct. 14, 1861, died Jackson, Tenn. Rippy, Jos. H., e. Sept. 21, '61, wd. Shiloh. Rancipher, A. H., e. Oct. 7, 1861, died Memphis. Keed, Charles, e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Richards, Wm. C, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sedgwick, Lowell, e. Nov. 4, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, disd. Feb. 22, 1865. Small, Jas. L.. e. Sept. 24, 1861. Schenck. Chas. G., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died April 6, 1863. Small, Isaac L., e. Sept. 21, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Sweeney, David M., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Sweeney, Geo. W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Spangler, Benj., e. Sept. 21, 1861, died June 29, 1862. Sedgwick, Samuel W., e. Oct. 14, 1861. Smith, John J., e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Nick-a-Jack Creek. Taylor, Daniel, e. Oct. 14, 1861, died July 10, 1862. Tillard, John M., e. Nov. 22, 1861. Wintermute, B. R., e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Warren, Jos. W., e. Oct. 3, 1861. Zoellner, John H., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Zediker, John R., e. Sept. 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta. Company I. Capt. Chas. E. Compton, com. Oct. 19, . '61, maj. 8th La. Regt. A. D. June 6, '68. Capt. Christian B. Mellinger, com. 1st lieut. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. capt. June 7, 1868, drowned at Quincy, 111. First Lieut. Alfred B. Wiles, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 28, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 7, 1863, m. o. Oct. 26, 1864, First Lieut. John W. Linville, e. as priv. Sept. 11, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieiit. Oct. 27, 1864. Second Lieut. Ewing B. Lewis, e. as 1st sergt. Sept. 16, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 7, 1863. Sergt. Geo. E. Daniels, e. Sept. 10, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. Sergt. John W- Fauner, e.-"Sept. 17, 1861. Sergt. Joshua I. Swain, e. Sept. 11, 1861, vet. Jan 1, 1864, wd. at Atlanta, trans. to V. R. C. Sergt. Thomas J. Parmer, e. Sept. 8, 1861, wd. Camp McClellan, disd. Feb. 7, 1862. Sergt. Holland McGrew, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, disd. April 26, 1864, disab. Sergt. Samuel L. Mack, e. Sept. 11, 1861, captd. at Corinth. Sergt. Enoch Briggs,'e. Sept. 2, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Corp. Geo. F. Greenhow, e. Sept. 8, 1861, disd. July 30, 1862, for wds. received at Shiloh. Corp. Jasper J. Williams, e. Sept. 12, 1861, disd. March 1, 1862, disab. Corp. Jacob Hall, e. Nov. 6, 1861, trans, to 1st Mo. Light Art. Corp. Felix Donley, e. Sept. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Peter E. Davis, e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Corp. Nathan W. Wolff, e. Sept. 8, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps. Corp. Orlando McGrew, e. Sept. 17, 1861, died at Muscatine. Musician H. B. Hawley, e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Musician John K. Baxter, e. Sept. 11, 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1863, disab. Barter, James H., e. Sept. 10, 1863, died at Moscow. Beall, Z., e. Sept. 8, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, kid. near Atlanta July 23, 1864. Bernholt, Hans, e. Sept. 16, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. June 14, 1862. Booten, Benj. C., e. Sept. 10, 1861, disd. April 10, 1863, disab. 470 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Browning, E. J., e. Oct. 16, 1861, disd. March 15, 1863, disab. Brown, John, e. Sept. 13, 1861, killed at Atlanta. Clinton, Geo., e. Oct. 19, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd., died at Marietta, Ga. Craig, Wm., e. Sept. 11, 1861, wd., disd. July 12, 1862. Crouch, Wm.C, e. Sept. 11, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. DuffleJd, John W., e. Sept. 6, 1861, trans, to 1st Mo. Light Art. Etherton, Wm. I., e. Sept. 11, 1861, died at Vicksburg. Pish, Abraham, e. Oct. 15, 1861, died at Jefferson City. Ferrv, H. L., e.'Sept. 7, 1861. Faulkner, Chas. J., e. Nov. 6, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Gard, B. F., e. Sept. 11. 1861, wd. near At- lanta. Gard, Wm. H., e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. Shlloh, disd. Oct. 3, 1862, disab. Gard, John W., e. Sept. 11, 1861, wd. at Atlanta. Galvin, John, e. Oct. 9, 1861, died at St. Louis. Garland, Richard, e. Sept. 13, ]861, died at S(. Louis Feb. 4, 1862. Gatton, John, e. Sept. 11, 1861, wd. at Atlanta. Geller, Nelson, e. Sept. 23, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. Aug. 25, 1862, disab. Ildwe, Emerson, e. Sept. 17, 1861, disd. Nov. 15, 1863, disab. Hayes, Michael, e. Nov. 6, 1861, trans, to 1st Mo. Light Artillery. Hadley, Chas., e. Sept." 7, 1861, wd. at Atlanta. Hall, Wm., e. Sept. 9, 1861, disd. July 30, 1862, disab. Hamilton, John, e. Sept. 2, 1861, disd. Nov. 16. 1862, disab. Haugan, John, i-. Oct. 9, 1861. Hiizleton, Henry, e. Oct. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and died at Atlanta. Hiiikhouse, Harman, e. Sept. 16, 1861. Hoover, Chas., e. Sept. 9, 1861, disd. Jan. 14. 1863, disab. Howe, Orlando, e. Oct. 7. 1861. Kester, John, e. Sept. 3, 1861, kid. Shiloh. Kief, Matthias, e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. Atlanta. Kittle, Richard, e. Sept. 7, 1861. Kni!ese, Henry, e. Sept. 2, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. Lahey, John, e. Nov. 6, 1861, trans, to 10th Ohio Battery. Leech, John, e. Sept. 3. 1861, wil. at sliiloh, died May 23, 1863. Luillow, John, ('. Odt. 15, 1861, disd. Sept. 2c1(>r IlinjJKii,, .Julv31,1863,kl Pleasant Hill, La. ... Corp. Wm. M. Beniflel, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Corp. John W. Berry, e. Aug. 11, 1863, captd. Jackson, Mi.ss. Corp. Julius A. Covell, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Corp. Henry Cargill, e. July 18, 1863, wd. Pleasant Hill, disd. May 34, 1865, disab. Corp. Wm. Griswold, e. Aug. 11, '63, disd. Aug. 33, 1863, disab. Corp. Ed. Hunt, e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Mound City, 111. Corp. Wm. H. Randall, e. July 31, 1863. Musician Noah Y. Griffin, e. July 34, 1862, disd. Feb. 12, 1863, disab. Musician Ocran Dickinson, e. Aug. 7, 1863 Wagoner Wm. G. White, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. Jackson, Miss., died Annapolis, Md. Abbott, M. T., e. July 28, 1862, disd. June 10, 1868, disab. Anderson, S. S., e. July 21, 1862, disd. Jan. 9, 1865, disab. Baird, Geo. W., e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. Jan. 10, 1868, disab. Blessing, Jeremiah, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Brown, Jacob, e. Aug. 1-3, 1862, disd. May 19, 1868, disab. Berry, J. L., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Black, D. T., e. Aug. 14, 1863, captd. at Jackson, Miss., died at St. Louis. Carter, John, e. Feb. 20, 1804, died at Memphis, Tenn. Chappel, Levi, e. Feb. 30, 1864, wd. and captd. at Pleasant Hill. Clough, John M.,e. Aug. 5, 1863. Chambers, Wm. S..'e. Aug. 9, 1863, disd. April 14, 1865, disab. Cease, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. April 20, 1863, disab. Cargill, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at ]\iemphis. Criner, Isaac C, e. Aug. 14, 1863, died at Mound City, HI. Dill, John A., e. Aug. 6, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Dungan, John, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Dawson, Levi, e. Aug. 9, 1863, died at Memphis. Denton, Chas. H., e. Aug. 3, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Everett, R. M., e. Aug. 3, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill. Everett. Wm. B., e. Aug. 11, 1862, kid. near Black River, Miss. Etherton, Moses, e. Aug. 2, 1863, died at Memphis. Feuistel, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Fishhiu-n, Wm. H.. e. Aug. 11, 1862. Frazer, D. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill. Greenblade, Henrv, e. Aug. 8, 1863. Girtner. Henry, e.'Aug. 9, 1863. Grassman, John, e. .\ug. 9, 1863, died at St. l..ouis. Goldsberry, ,\ . M., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Hobby, Wm., e. Julv 19, 1863, disd. Feb. 10, 1868, disab. Henning, Wm. M., p. .Vug. 25, 1863, disd. Dec. 14, 1863, disab. Hahn, Jeremiah, e. Aug. 1, 1863. Ilesser, Chas. W., e. Aug. 9, 1862. HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 475 Harker, Theo., e. Aug. 9, 1863, died Sept. 33, 1863. Hayden, R. J. C, e. Aug. 13, 1863, disd. July 5, 1865. Hayden, Samuel, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Harmon, Jas. A., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Harrier, Nathaniel, e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. Jan. 10, 1863, disab. Hardin, John E., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Jan. 10, 1863, disab. Harris, A. J., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Hopkinson, J., e. Aug. 11, 1863, disd. Feb. 18. 1863, disab. Herchman, Conrad, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died at Pocahontas, Tenn. Jester, Elias, e. July 31, 1863, disd. Jan. 35. 1864, disab. Jester, Thomas B., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died at Milliken's Bend. Kemptner, Edw., e. July 33, 1863. Kintyle, Israel, e. July 34, 1863. Klepfer, Wm. A., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Long, John ,s., e. Aug. 5, 1863. Longthorn, James, e. Aug. 6, 1863, died June 31, 1863. Mateer, George, e. Julv 31, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill, disd. May 35, 1865. McKillip, Dennis, e. Aug. 5, 1865, wd. at Pleasant Hill, disd. May 19, 1865. McCann, Benjamin, e. Aug. 5, 1863, disd. June 15, 1865, disab. McCombs, Wm. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863. McClerren, A., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Morris, Jas. P., e. July 30, 1863. Keeves, John A., e. Aug. 8, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Reynolds, M. G., e. Aug. 11, 1863, disd. Feb. 16, 1863, disab. Reed, Franklin, e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Muscatine. Randleman, Jas. M., e. Aug. 3, 1863, disd. Jan. 3, 1863, disab. Ramsey, Richard W., e. July 36, 1863, disd. Aug. 33, 1863, disab. Stafford, A. J., e. July 19, 1863, trans, to V. R. (1. Simons, Geo., e. July 30, 1863. Stakeraan, Adam, e. July 30, 1863. Sibley, Chas. D., e. Jan. 37, 1864. St. Peter, Theo., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Serett, Leroy, e. Aug. 9, 1863, disd. Jan. 3, 1865, disab. Smith, Charles, e, Aug. 11, 1863, trans, to V. R. C. Strohm, Jacob, e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Cairo, 111. Smith, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1863, disd. Nov. 34, 1864, disab. Stone, Joseph J., e. Sept. 30,1863. Satterthwait, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1863. Seary, Charles, e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. Feb. 4, 1863, disab. Tebon, Jas. O., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Tice, J. M., e. Aug. 3, 1863, disd. May 33, 1865, disab. Temple, Joshua, e. Aug. 6, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Tice, David E., e. Aug. 9, 1863, trans, to V.R.C Vance, William, e. Aug. 36, 1863, disd. July 38, 1865. Walker, Andrew, e. July 30, 1863. Williams, Robert, e. July 30, 1863, disd. March 14, 1863, disab. Wilds, George H., e. July 11, 1863. Wintermute, , e. July 14, 1863. ' Waterman, Joseph M., e. July 14, 1863, wd. at Bayou de Glaize, La., disd. June 8, 1865, disab. Company B. Capt. Wm. M. Stewart, com. 3d lieut. Sept. 18, 1863, prmtd. capt. Aug. 8, 1863. First Lieut. Chas. S. Porter, com. Sept. 18. 1862. Second Lieut. Benj. F. Hershe,e. as corp. Aug. 15, 1862, prmtd 3d lieut. Aug. 8, 1863, m. o. as 1st sergt. First Sergt. Wm. H. Pickering, e. Aug. 14. 1863, died Bear Creek, Miss. Sergt. Chas. H. Waterman, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Bayou de Glaize, La., and Tupelo, Miss. Sergt. Samuel Lantz,e. Aug. 14, 1863. Sergt. Willis Davis, e. Aug. 9, 1863, trans. for prmn. 69th IT. S. Colored Inf. Sergt. E. O. Upham, e. Aug. 7, 1863, trans- fer prmn. 4th U. S. Heavy Art. Corp. Wm. L. Davis, e. Aug. 7, 1863, trans, for prmn. 59th U. S. Colored Inf. Corp. Henry Canover, e. Aug. 9, 1863. Corp. Chas. Cockmore, e. Aug. 15, 1868. Corp. Wm. H. Woodward, e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans, to naval service. Corp. Walter Kennedy, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. March 16, 1865. Corp. Eubert Patton, e. Aug. 7, 1863. Corp. Wilson A. Ewing, e. Aug. 7, 1863, disd. Nov. 10, 1863. Corp. John Suler, e. Aug. 10, 1862, disd. Feb. 15, 1863, disab. Musician David A. Prosser, e. Aug. 7, 1863. Musician E. W. Connor, e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. Jan. 8, 1863, disab. Wagoner Patrick O'Connell, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Brockway, E. A., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Brockway, Geo. A., e. Dec. 5, 1863. Bowers, Frank, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Bayou de Glaize, La., died Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Burr, Chas. N., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died St. Louis. Burr, Daniel 0., e. Aug. 13, 1863, wd. Monsure, La. Blackstone, Newton, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Brown, W- P-, e. Aug. 13, 1863, kid. Tupelo, Miss. Bullock, Myron, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Pleasant Hill. Beard, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1863, kid. Tupelo, Miss. Baldwin, L., e. Aug. 14, 1863. 476 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Brady, Wm. L., e. Aug. 10, 1862, died Chickasaw Springs. Brownawell, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Pleasant Hill. Cone, Wm. D., e. Dec. 5, 1863, trans, to V. E.G. Brownawell, Geo., e. Aug. 14, 1862, kid. Tupelo. Chaudoin, Jesse P., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died Memphis. Christ, Wm. B., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Pocahontas, Tenn. Clark, F. M., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Keokuk. Davis, Shepard, e. Aug. 30, 1863, died Memphis. Desbrow, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Jan. 30, 1864, disab. Dora, A. Bass, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Eaves, Geo. W., e. July 32, 1863. Foster, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Funk, A. S., e. Aug. 15, 1863, wd. Pleasant Hill, La. Gans, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. Monsure, La. Graham, Jas. H., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Gertenback, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Goldy, John D., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Henderson, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Hopson, Addison, e. Aug. 11, 1863. Hunter, John C, e. Aug. 15, 1862, Hunter, Chas. H., e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans. to Inv. Corps. Hoflner, Wui., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Hurst, Lemuel, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Memphis. Holmes, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Holmes, Michael, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Dec. 23, 1862. Irwin, Samuel, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Jackson, David, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Jacoby, John M., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. Pleasant Hill. Joice, John, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Mem- phis. Kimball, Geo. A., e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans. for promotion U. S. Colored Inf. Knapp, David S., e. Aug. 14, 1862. KnofC, George, e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Cairo. Knowles, Aug. S., e Aug. 15, 1862. KJnox, Erastus. e. Aug. 7, 1863. Lovell, Wm. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Dec. 29, 1863, disab. Lundy, Cyrus C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Levea, Jerome, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Lowry, Wm. B., e. Aug. 14, 1862. McCampbell, B. H., e. Aug. 14, '62, trans. for promotion 1st Ark. Inf. McCurdy, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Bear Creek, Miss. Norman, Frank, e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 3, 1863, disab. Moore, Geo. E., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vicksljurg. Matthis, C, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Narbaugh, C, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Cairo, 111. Nichola, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Olds, G. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Osborn, Abraham, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Purcell, Isaac N., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Jan. 24, 1863, disab. Pickering, Geo., e. Aug. 14, 1863, [died at Vicksburg. Perry, John F.,' e. Aug. 7, 1862, trans, for promotion 9th La. Inf. Phillips, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died^at St. Louis. Euger, C. P., e. Aug. 8. 1862, died at;Bear Creek, Miss. Eichardson, E., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. July 16, 1864, disab. Kyerson, David, e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Bayou de Glaize, disd. Nov. 30, 1864. Eayner, Thomas, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Euth, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Eeynolds, W. B., e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps. Sheriff, Henry, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Stoddard, A., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Bear Creek, Miss. Schultz, M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Springer, John L., e. Nov. 6, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill, died at New Orleans. Stanford, B., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Dec. 24, 1862. Smith, A. F., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. May 36, 1865, disab. Stanley, H., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Jan. 8, 1868. disab. Sherman, Chas. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Chickasaw Springs. Schmeltzer, Conrad, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Stull, Lewis L., e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. April 5, 1863, disab. Turpin, Martin, e. Aug. 15, 1863. T'rhlganan, A., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Wooden, C. P., e. Aug. 14, 1863, died at Cairo, 111. Wise, John A., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Feb. 14, 1864. disab. Waters, Lewis, e. Aug. 18, 1863, wd. at Bayou de Glaize, La. Waters, Wm. G., e. Aug. 14, 1863, trans. to luA'. Corps. Wright. Joel, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Pleas- ant Hill. Wilkerson, Geo. W., e. Nov. 21, '62, trans. to Inv. Corps. Company C. Capt. Geo. C. Burmeister. com. Sept. 18, 1863, wd. at Yellow Bayou, died at St. Louis. Capt. Jos. Mayer, com. 1st lieut. Sept. 18, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 17, 1864. First Lieut. Frank S. Koehler, e. as 1st sergt. .\.ug. 16, 1863, prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 5, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut, June 17, 1864. Second Lieut. Conrad Kranz, com. Sept. 18, 1863, resd. Aug. 4, 1868. Sergt. I.,orenz Goetztaan, e. Aug. 15, '62. Sergt. Chas. A. Eink, e. Aug. 15, 1862. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 477 Sergt. John Hill, e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. at Jackson, Miss. Sergt. Constantine Hinkle, e. Aug. 17, '63. Corp. Bernhardt Naneeve, e. Aug. 22, '62. Corp. Frederick Mayer, e. Aug. 21, 1862. Corp. Frederick Miller, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. Conrad Brenner, e. Aug. 8, 1863. Corp. Wm. Achter, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. Jacob Hoefer, e. Aug. 22,1863, wd. at Nashville. Corp. John Huber, e. Aug. 16, 1862. Corp. John Hillweg, e. Aug. 23, 1862, wd. at Nashville, disd. Mav 39, 1865. Corp. Wm. Kaiser, e Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. Jos. Bosten, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. Wm. Cantwell, e. Aug. 18, 1862. Musician Adam Hartman, e. Aug. 23, 1863. Aller, Hubert, e. Aug. 14, 1863. died Sept. 7, 1863 (committed suicide). Brenne, Geo., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Brenner, Adam, e. Aug. 23, 1862. Berg, Chas., e. Aug. 33, 1863, died at Jack- son, Miss. Bloch, Jacob, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Bosten, Peter, e. Aug. 23, 1863, died Duck- port, La. Bobleter, John M., e. Aug. 30, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1863, disab. Bolinski, John, e. August 20, 1862, disd. March 22, 1863, disab. Bender, E., e. Aug. 19, 1862. Boch, -John, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Bauer, Jacob, e. Aug. 23, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Doerfier, George, e. Aug. 33, 1863, died at Keokuk. Daller, John, e. Aug. 32, 1862, died at Memphis. Eckhard, Henry, e. Aug. 31, 1863, trans. to Inv. Corps. Egli, Jacob, e. Aug. 21, 1863, disd. April 8, 1863, disab. Ernst, John, e. Aug. 23, 1862, wd. Vicks- burg, died hosp., 3d Div. 13th A. C. Funk, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Frenzel, John, e. Aug. 33, 1863. Frohner, John, e. Aug. 15, 1863, captd. at Jackson, Miss. Gerhard, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Sept. 18, 1863. Geisler, Fred, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Goesser, Fred., e. Aug. 33, 1863, disd. Feb. 16, 1863. Hessler, Jacob, e. Aug. 8, 1863, died at Selma, Ala. Hettinger, Geo., e. Aug. 15. 1863. Hoke, Henry, e. Aug. 20, 1863. Helz, Matthew, e. Aug. 33, 1862, wd. at Tupelo, Miss. Hess, Jacob, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Haner, Jos., e. Aug. 32, 1863, wd. at Old Eiver Lake, Ark. Hemie, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, 1863, died at Young's Plantation. Holtz, Fred, e. August 23, 1863, died at Memphis. Irwin, Wm., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Irwin, Henry, e. Aug. 32. '62, died Daven- port. Kindler, August, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Kurz, Henry, e. Aug. l4, 1862. Kurz, John, e. Aug. 18, 1862, died Selma, Ala. Kessler, Henry, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Knapp, Geo. P., e. Aug. 18, 1862. Keifner, Henry, e. Aug. 30, 1862. Knoblauch, Chas., e. Aug. 32, 1863, kid. on stmr. Pembina, accidentally. Leutsbauch, John, e. sVug. 18, 1862. kid. Tupelo, Miss. Lang, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, 1863. Lucas, August, e. Aug. 33, 1863,' disd. Feb. 16, 1863. Lange, Henry, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Markart, Gustav, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Sept. 4, 1863, disab. Mark, Henry, e. Aug. 17, 1862. Martin, Plenry J., e. Aug. 20, 1862, died St. Louis. Moss, E. M., e. Aug. 18, 1862. Monroe, F. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Jan. 13, 1863, disab. Merkel, Christian, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. Pleasant Hill, La., disd. July 14, 1865. Neupert, Jacob, e. Aug. 21, 1863. Othmer, August, e. Aug. 23, 1863. Pickelder, John, e, Aug. 11, 1862. Peturka, Franz, e. Aug. 33, 1862, kid. Pleasant Hill, La. Reeckenberg, Henry, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died Sept. 14, 1863. Regenbogen, John, e. Aug. 14, 1863, died Selma, Ala. Rank, Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Rexroth, Lorenz, e. A.ug. 15, 1863, trans. Inv. Corps. Savelsberg, Lorenz, e. Aug. 9, 1863. Shafer, John, e. Aug. 9, 1863. Schomberg, Jacob, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Spohn, Geo., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Schomker, F., e. Aug. 30, 1863, wd. Pleas- ant Hill, died Nashville. Strutz, Chas., e. Aug. 32, 1863, died Vicks- burg. Sauer, D., e. Aug. 33, 1862. Sibley, Albert, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Schmidt, H., e. Aug. 23, 1863. Schmidt, Conrad, e. Aug. 30, 1862, died Col'umbus, Kv. Schmidt, Herman, e. Aug. 33, 1863, died Memphis. Schmelzer, Wm., e. Aug. 18, 1863, disd. March 18, 1863, disab. Schlegemilch, John, e. Aug. 33, 1862, kid. Tupelo. Staufer, Ulrieh, e. Aug. 23, 1863, disd. April 8, 1868, disab. Teichman, R., e. July 22, 1864. Volberg, Peter, e. Aug. 31, 1863. Weiman, Geo., e. Aug. 11, '63, disd. March 18, 1863, disab. Weber, Frederick, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. July 4, 1864, disab. Wunderlich, Geo., e. Aug. 33, 1863, died Muscatine. 478 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. "Wunderlich, Jacob, e. Aug. 18, 1863. "Wanak, Chas., e. Aug. 17, '63, wd. Tupelo, Miss., disd. May 33, 1865, disab. Young, Geo. Henry, e. Aug. 33, 1863. Company D. Capt. W. A. Clark, com. 1st lieut. Sept. 18, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 7, 1864. First Lieut. Henrv Hover, com. 3d lieut. Sept, 18, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 7, 1864. Second Lieut. Oscar T. Wright, e. as sergt. Aug. 14, 1863, com. 3d lieut. Dec. 9, 1864, wd. Pleasant Hill, La., m. o. as 1st sergt. First Sergt. George F. Greenhow, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Sergt. John Phillips, e. Aug. 9, 1863, captd. at Jackson, Miss. Sergt. Chas. N. \^ore, e. Aug. 6, 1863, trans, for promotion to lieut. col. inf. Sergt. Peter Ligson, e. Aug. 7, 1863, wd. at Old Eiver Lake, Ark., trans, to V. E. C. Sergt. Henry Tshellard, e. July 17, 1863. Sergt. Jas. H. Greenwood, e. July 33, 1863, died at Selma, Ala. Corp. John E. "Willetts, e. Aug. 8, 1863, trans, for prmn. to 64th U. S. Col. Inf. Corp. John G. Zahn, e. July 17, 1863, trans, to V. K. C. Corp. Joseph W. Prouty, e. Aug. 10, 1863, died at Cairo, 111. Corp. Lyman Wright, e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans, to Y. K. C Corp. Mnthias Wilson, e. Aug. 9, 1863, disd. May 30, 1865. Corp. Chas, W. Hine, e."Aug. 11, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill. Corp. Wm. AV. Berdine, e. Aug. 3, 1863, disd. Feb. 5, 1863, disab. Corp. David Worsham, e. July 16, 1863. Corp. John Johnson, e. Aug. 2, 1863, died at Eock Island, 111. Corp. William L. Aylsworth, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Corp. Crawford Brackley, e. Aug. 15, '63, wd. at Old Eiver Lake, Ark. Musn. Mathlas Beckey, e. July 18, 1863. Musn. George B. Hill, e. Aug. 3, 1863. died at Muscatine. Wagoner Eichard .V. Warren, e. Aug. 6, 1863. Adams, John Q., e. Aug. 1, 1863, died at Memphis. Alger, Jos. M., e. .Vug. 33, 1863. Bodeman, E. T., e. July 14, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill. Bard, Louis, e. Aug. 33, 1863, disd. May 4, 1863, disab. Brayton, Chas. W., e. Aug. 6, 1863, disd. May 4, 1863, disab. Beatly, Stewart, e. Aug. 7, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill- Bebush, Wm., c. Aug. 11, 1863, died at Memphis. I'.ischer. George, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died at Jefferson Barracks. Bowman, Eudolph, e. Aug. 11, 1863. Bowman, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Chapman, 0. S., e. July 36, 1863. Cutcomb, Wm., e. .lug. 9, 1863. Chase, T. K., e. Aug. 11. 1863. Dicks, Joel, e. Aug. 3, 1863, disd. May 9, 1863. Dimmick, H. E., e. Aug. 6, 1863, wd. at Old Eiver Lake, Ark. Dimmick, W. A., e. Feb. 13, 1864, died May 35, 1864. Drake, John 0., e. Aug. 6, 1863, disd. June 10, 1863, disab. Eberhart, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Elliott, Wm., e. Aug. 14, 1863, disd. March 14, 1863, disab. Fay, Hamilton, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Gaellert, V., e. July 33, 1863. Groters, G. J., e. July 24, 1863, wd. Tupelo, and died there. Geurkink, G. J., e. Aug. 11, 1863, disd. March 16, 1863. Gardner, Edw., e. Aug 11, 1863. Hammer, Dennis, e. Aug. 1, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Hawkins, Chas. O-, e. Aug. 3, 1863, died at St. Louis. Heath, Hiram, e. Aug. 9, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Hill, F., e. Oct. 30, 1863, kid. at Bayou de Glaize. Johnson, Peter, e. Aug. 13, 1863, disd. May 38, 1863, disab. King, E. H., e. Julv 28. 1863, disd. Feb. 16, 1863, disab. Kirkpatrick, Mark. e. Aug. 13, 1863. disd. Sept. 13, 1863, disab. Mee, Wm. J., e. July IS, 1863, disd. Aug. 18, 1863, disab. McCutcheon, Eufus, e. July 19, 1863. McKibett, James, e. Aug. 3, 1862. Metcalf, Lafavette, e. Aug. 6, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill and Tupelo. Mackey. John. e. Aug. 7, 1863, disd. Jan. 36, 1863, disab. Myers, H. M.. e. Sept. 37, 1863. Meerdink, H., e. Aug. 15, 1863, wd. at Pleasant Hill. McCrary, >J'athan, e. .Vug. 15, 1S62. disd. Oct. 5, 1863, disab. Nichols, F. M., t. Aug. 1, 1863. Nichols, P. C, e. Aug. 1, 1863, died near Bear (.'reek, Miss. Poole, Ewalt, e. .Vug. 6, 1863, died at West Liberty. Phillips. Noah, e. Aug. 6, 1862. Parson, Peter, e. Aug. 9, 1863, kid. Pleas- ant Hill. Pray, Lewis, e. Aug. 11, 1S62. Eandall, H. C, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. :Mav 9, 1863, disab. Eeady, James, c. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, to Y. E. C. Eobinson, H. 0., e. .Vug. 14, 1862. Eeid, Isaac M., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. at Pleasant Hill, La., disd. Dec, 36, 1864. Sedgwick, C. W., e. ,Vug. 14, 1862. trans, to HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 479 Sehnier, F. R., e. Aug. 19, 1863. Smith, M. K., e. Aug. 1, '62, died Keoliulv. Schular, Geo. W., e. Aug. 5, 1862, dis. Feb. 17, 1868, disab. Swem, Jas. M., e. Aug. 1, '63, wd. Tupelo. Sliaffleatzel, Nicholas, e. Aug. 7, 1862, kid. Pleasant Hill. Stoclser, (i., e. Aug. 12, 1863, trans, to V. R. C. Sliolel, John W., e. Aug. 18, 1863. Thompson, John J., e. July 18, 1863. Tschillard, Louis, e. July 18, 1863, died Memphis. Terry, O. S., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Tyler, Corydon, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died in regimental hospital. Thompson, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Winning, Harmon, e. July 19, 1862, died in regimental hospital. White, P. Z.. e. Aug. 1, 1862, wd. Pleasant Hill. Wright, E. R., e. Aug. 6, 1862. Waldie, Adam, e. Aug. 7, '63, wd. Pleas- ant Hill, died Alexandria. Wright, Chas. E., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died Memphis. Company E. Capt. FelLx W. Doran, com. Sept. 18, 1863, resd. Feb. 11, 1865. Capt. John A. McCormicli, e. as 1st sergt. Aug. 7, 1863, prmtd. capt. April 30, 1865, m. o. as Ist sergt. First Lieut. Wm. C. Kennedy, com. Sept. 18, 1863, disd. April 18, 1865. First Lieut. Edward R. Jorden, e. as sergt. Aug. 13, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. May 35, 1865, m. o. as sergt. Second Ijieut. Patrick F. Anson, com. Sept. 18, 1863, resd. June 18, 1863. Sergt. Patrick Mylot, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died Benton Barracks, Mo. Sergt. Thos. Doyle, e. Aug. 12, 1862. Sergt. Jas. P. Dunn, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Pleasant Hill, disd. Oct. 8, 1864. Sergt. John Foley, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd. Tupelo, Miss. Corp. Patrick Slattery, e. Aug. 32, 1863, kid. Old River Lake. Ark. Corp. Patrick T. Kelley, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Corp. Michael Purcell, e. Aug. 30, 1863. Corp. John Shea, e. Aug. 12, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps. Corp. Jas. H. Cogley, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. John Price, e. Aug. 31, 1863. Corp. E. T. Doran, e. Aug. 8, 1863, died Jefferson Barracks. Musician Frank G-. Bell, e. Aug. 23, 1862. Musician Richard Manuel, e. Aug. 22, 1863, kid. at Bayou de Glaize, La. Wagoner Philip Murphy, e. Aug. 33, 1863. Wagoner Edward Moylan, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Alexander, John, e. Aug. 14, 1863, died Memphis. Boyle, Peter, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Burke, David, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Byrne, Sylvester, e. Aug. 83, 1862. Carey, Dennis, e. Aug. 22, 1862. Coffey, Anthony, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Coffey, Michael, e. Aug. 23, 1862, wd. at Pleasant Hill. Connor, Bryan, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Comerford, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Courtney, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, 1862, kid. at Spanish Fort. Cook, Thomas, e. Aug. 22,^1862, died Bear Creek, Miss. Coughlin, Richard, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died Muscatine. Carpenter, Richard, e. Aug. 15, 1863, died Middleton, Tenn. Carroll, Patrick, e. Aug. 14, 1863. Dean, John, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Demmmg, Chas., e. Aug. 2, 1863. Dixon, Geo., e. Aug. 15, '63, died Vicksburg Dobson, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Dobsou, Thomas, e. Aug. 19, 1862, drowned Grand Ecore, La. Downes, John, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Doyle, Wm., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Doyle, James, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Dunn, John, e. Aug. 7, 1862, died near Bear Creek, Miss. Fagen, Terence, e. Aug. 32, 1862, died at Memphis. Fanning, Wm., e. Aug. 33, 1862, wd. at Pleasant Hill and [.Old River Lake, Ark., died Memphis. Flanigan, R. W., e. Aug. 11, 1863. Fitzpatrick, M., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Feren, L., e. Aug. 32, 1862. Flannery, M., e. Aug. 22, 1863. Hearn, Patrick, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Higgins, Edw., e. Aug. 22, 1863, disd. Feb. 30, 1863, disab. Joslyn, O. v., e. Aug. 13, 1863. Keenan, Chas., e. Aug. 9, 1863. Keenan, Stephen, e. Aug. 15, 1863, kid. at Jackson, Miss. Keely, Michael, e. Aug. 15, 1863, wd. and captd. Pleasant Hill. Keenan, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Kelly, Cornelius, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Pleasant Hill, disd. June 1, 1865. Kelleher, Michael, e. Aug. 22, 1863. Lang, Peter, e. Aug. 33, 1863, dis. Dec. 18, 1863, disab. I^ang, Jas., e. Aug. 33, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Loftus. Thomas, e. Aug. 9, 1863. Ligan, John, e. Aug. 33, 1862. Mahr, Edw., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Mem- phis. McCoy, John, e. Aug. 23, 1863. McElroy, John, e. Aug. 13, 1863, wd. Old River Lake, Ark., died Memphis. McDonough, John, e. Aug. 23, 1863, kid. Old River Lake, Ark. Milliken, Robt., e. Aug. 33, 1863. Moylan, Edw., e. Aug. 13, 1863. O'Malley, Michael, e. Aug. 30, 1863. Quinn, Michael, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Redmond, Patrick, e. Aug. 15, 1863, kid. Old River Lake, Ark. 480 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Ryan, Lawrence, e. Aug. 22, 1862, wd. at Tupelo, disd. July 14,1865. Ryan, Edw., k Aug. 22, 1862. Robshaw, Geo., e. Aug. 22, 1862, died Bear Cr66k IMiss E,eynolds, Stephen, e. Nov. 4, 1862. Sullivan, John, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Sullivan, Patrick, e. Aug. 22, 1863, kid. at Old River Lake, Ark. Slattery, M., e. Aug. 22, 1862. Taylor, Thos., e. Aug. 12, 1863, wd. Tupelo, disd. July 5, 1865. Valaningham,J. O., e. Aug. 22,1862, disd. Jan. 10, 1863, disab. Walsh, M., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Walsh, Jas. B., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Walsh, Jas., e. Aug. 30, 1863, died Jeffer- son Barracks. Walton, Aug., e. Aug. 15, 1862. White, M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died JefEerson- ville, Ind. Wilkes, Benj., e. Aug. 23, 1862. Company F. Capt. Abraham N. Snyder, com. Sept. 18, 1862. First Lieut. Geo. W. Baxter, coai. Sept. 18. 1863. becond Lieut. Geo. W. H. Lucas, com. Sept. 18, 1863. Sergt. Thomas M. Brown, e. Aug. 15, '62, wd. Spanish Fort. Sergt. Wiiliam A. Dickirson, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Sergt. Elias H. Laren, e. Aug. 13, 1863, disd. Feb. 12, 1863, disab. Sergt. Alonzo Garrison, e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans, for promotion to 69th Col. Inf. Corp. John B. Cross, e. Aug. 13, '63, disd. Feb. 1, 1868, disab. Corp. Thos. W. Purcell, e. Aug. 12, 1863. Corp. Richard McCoy, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Corp. Wm. Fitzsimmons, e. Aug. 30, 1863, wd. Monsure, La., died St. Louis. Andrew, Lord, e. Aug. 13, 1868. Benson, Jos. W., e. Feb. 8, 1864. Bumgardner, John, Aug. 11, 1863, died Muscatine. Bretz, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Brookhart, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Barlow, N". V., e. Aug. 11, i862. Brannan, T. J., e. Aug. 13, 1863. Brush, Samuel, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died Mound Citv, 111. Bonham, B. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Bear Creek, Miss. Chown, Wm., e. Aug. 11, 1863, died Bear Creek, Miss. Cross, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862. disd. Feb. 12, 1863, disab. Cross, Perry, e. .Vug. 14, 1862. Edgington, D. S., e. Aug. 20, 1863, died Mound City, 111. Eichclberger, H., e. Awj;. 14, 1862. Everling, Jolm, c. Aug. l.'i, 1H03. Fullmer, Wm. P., e. Aug. 11, 1HC3, Frisliic, I., e. Aug. 11, 1863. Fitzsiuunons, Thomas, e. Aug. 20, 1862. Gates, Wm., e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. Tupelo, Miss., disd. May 6, 1865. Gore, C W., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Selma, Ala. Hartman, Wm. J., e. Aug. 31, 1863, disd. Feb. 9, 1863, disab. Hitchcock, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1862, died Vicksburg. Hubbard, H. E., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Hesler, Henry, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Heininger, Geo., e. Aug. 14, '62, disd. Feb. 23, 1863, disab. Jones, Jonas, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. Ingersoll, Jas. R., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 1, 1863, disab. Kirkpatrick, Wm. M., e. Aug. 15, '62, died Memphis. Kelley, Jas. S., e. Aug. 13, '62, wd. Tupelo, disd. July 5, 1865. Lucas, Wm. R., e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 13, 1868, disab. Long, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died Mem- phis. McCoy, John H., e. Aug. ;15, 1862, died Muscatine. Meek, Theo., e. Aug. 14, 1863. McCullough, Jas., e. Aug. 14, 1863. McBride, Jas., e. Aug. 30, 1862. Perry, Henry, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Reighley, Geo. W., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Rider, W. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862. Rummery, Jas., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Sheely, Michael, e. Aug. 11, 1862. Shellenburger, D. W., e. Aug. 15. 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Sweeny, Harrison, e. Aug. 11, 1863, died Muscatine. Snvder, Samuel B., e. Aug. 12, 1862. Snyder, A. J., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Jan. 5, 1868. Stretch, Alfred, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Feb. 1, 1863, disab. Taylor, Harvey, e. Aug. 13, 1863, died Duckport, La. Wesson, Daniel B., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Wallingsforth, L. C., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died Duckport, La. Woods, Robert H., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Weaver, John, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Wagner, Levi, e. Feb. 4, 1864, died Mem- phis. Wagner, Henry, e. Feb. 4, 1864. Company C. First Lieut. Lewis F. Creitz, com. Sep!. 18, 1863. Second Lieut. Abram Sliane, com. Sept. 18, 1863. First Sergt. J. W. Harris, e. Aug. 12, '63. trans, to Inv. Corps. First Sergt. Geo. W. Wise, e. Aug. 15, 1863, wd. at Bavou de Glaize, La. " Sergt. Robert P. Gilbreth, e. Aug. 3, '62, Irans. I'or prom. 71st U. S. Ool.'lnf. Sei-gt. Evans P. Hoover, e. .Vuu'. 12, 1863. Sergt. Jesse J. Norton, .'. .Vu'c 5, 1863, died at Atalissa,. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 481 Sergt. Linus S. Corey, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Corp. J. C. Edgarton, e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. Corp. John Ours, e. Aug. 3, 1862. Corp. Philip Patterson, e. Aug. 3, 1863. Corp. Nathan Gaskill, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. John Inman, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Corp. Wm. S. P. Keller, e. Aug. 3, 1863, died at Cairo, 111. Corp. Benj. F. Lyons, e. Aug. 5, 1862, disd. Jan. 9, 1864, disab. Corp. S. B. Hanna, e. Aug. 5,11862, disd. Jan. 9, 1865, disab. Corp. Wm. H. White, e. Aug. 10, 1863. Corp. David M. Baxley, e. Aug. 15, 1863, captd. at Middleton, Tenn. Corp. Levi B. Jennings, e. Aug. 15. 1862, disd. Oct. 20, 1863, disab. Corp. W. 0. Phipps, e. Aug. 14, 1863, wd., died at Cairo, III. Corp. Cyrenus Parish, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Wagoner Chas. Burgan, e. Aug. 7, 1862. Arnett, S. J., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. Bayou de Glaize, La., disd. June 21, 1865. Barkhurst, Sam'l, e. Aug. 5, 1863, died at Vicksburg. Burgan, Geo., e. Aug. 3, 1863. Bernett, John, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Bevington, Jos. W., e. Aug. 15,'.1863, disd. Jan. 20, 1863, disab. Byers, Jas. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Jack- son, Miss., died at Atlanta. Brooker, E. W., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Barkalow, M. B., e. Aug. 15, 1863, vtd. at Tupelo. Benton, D. G., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Currie, D. C, e. Aug. 15, 1863, missing at Bayou de Glaize. Crogen, Davis, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Cooper, Alfred, e. Aug. 13, 1862. Clark, Theo. A., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Cairo, 111. Clark, Chas. C, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Columbus, Ky. Douglas, E. J., e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Atalissa. Duncan, P. T., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Garber, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1803, died at Keokuk. Griffith, Wm. T., e. Aug. 15, 1863, captd. at Jackson, Miss. Gallanar, Levi, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Harden, John H., e. Aug. 13, 1863, trans. to Inv. Corps. Herr, Levi, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. April 13, 1863, disab. Harris, James S., e. Aug. 12, 1863. Hart, Geo. W., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Duck Port, La. Jelly, A. J., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Jones, Jos. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Jewell, H. B., e. Aug. 9, 1883. Jennings, Levi B., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Kellar, W. S. P., e. Aug. 5, 1863. Kingsbury, Emmor, e. Aug. 5, 1862. Kyger, Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Lampy, C. H., e. Aug. 13, 1862. Lambert, S. V., e. Aug. 30, 1863. Mott, Manford, e. Aug. 15, 1862. McCartney, I. R., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Wilton. Mayer, C. IST., e. Aug. 7, 1862. McQuillan, G., e. Aug. 14, 1863. McCartney, Geo. W., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Feb. 17, 1863, disab. Mensch, John, e. Aug. 15, 1863, wd. at Bayou de Glaize, La. Neff, H. T., e. Aug. 5, 1863, died Tupelo. Overman, Wm. L., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Cairo, 111. Ponbeck, Wm. H., e. Aug. 5, 1863, died at Columbus, Ky. Palmer, Geo. A., e. Aug. 5, 1862, trans, to V. R. C.- Patterson, Paul, e. Aug. 5, 1863. Perry, Jas. H., e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Cairo, 111. Parish, C, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Preston, Chas. K, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Rodebush, M. L., e. Aug. 8, 1862. Rayner, Theo., e. Aug. 20, 1862. Suas, Owen, e. Aug. 13, 1863. Sterns, Edgar H., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Memphis. Sterrell, Geo. T., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Aug. 11, 1863, disab. Turner, John H., e. Aug. 13, 1863, died at Memphis. Wright, W. H. H., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. March 6, 1863, disab. Worrall, Thos. B., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Keokuk. Wells, John V., e. Aug. 13, 1862. White, E. I., e. Aug. 10, 1863, captd. at Middleton, Tenn. Ward, Robt. M., e. Dec. 4, 1863. Wilgus, Daniel R., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Wells, Jordon B.,e. Aug. 11, 1862. WiUiams, T. E., e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Indianapolis. Ind. Wallace, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. April 10, 1863, disab. Williamson, Elias D., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Baton Rouge. Wildasin, Geo., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Company H. Musician Orange S. Terry, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Benton, Hiram, e. Oct. 11, 1863, disd. May 10, 1868. Beard, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Chaudoin, .Jesse P., e. Aug. 11, 1862. Evans, Francis, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Estle, Wm. B., e. Atg. 32, 1863. Gruwell. Jas. C., e. N"ov. 7, 1863. Hoffner, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Jacoby, John M., e. Aug. 11, 1863. Knox, Erastus, e. Aug. 7, 1863. Mahin, James, e. Sept. 37, 1863, disd. Jan. 21, 1865, disab. Moore, Geo. R., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Nason, R., e. Oct. 39, 1863, disd. Jan. 26, '63, disab. Rose, Levi, e. Aug. 10, 1862. 482 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Rose, Foster, e. Aug. 10, 1862, disd. Dec. 35, 1862. disab. Smith, A. F., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Wilcox, Wm. H., e. Nov. 8, 1862. Company I. Capt. Wm. D. Conn, com. 18, 1862. First Lieut. Benj. F. IJaiidali, com. 1862, resd.,lune 24,1863. First Lieut. AVm. T. Knight, e. as sergt. Aug. 9, 1862. prnitd. 2d lieut. June 22, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. April 30, 1865. Serg-t. Geo. A. Keller, e. Aug. 7, 1863, trans. to V. E. C. Sergt. Benj. F. Linville, e. Aug. 15, 1862, kid. at Pleasant Hill, La. Corp. James E. Marshall, e. Aug. 14, '62. Corp. John Crabb, e. Aug. 10, 1862. Corp. Walter L. Cornell, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corp. Cor|i. Nelson Kidder, e. Aug. 9, 1862. Corp. Thomas Martin, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Keokuk. Corp. Thomas Bone, e. Aug. 14, '62, captd. while foraging, wd. Tupelo, disd. Feb. 7, 1865. Musician Geo. I. Fishburn, e. Aug. 9, '62. Musician Geo. Frederick, e. July 22, 1862, wd. at Tupelo. Baker, Alford, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. July 28, 1865. Berry, J. W., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Berg'erson, Lars W., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Dec. 20, 1862. Bagley, H. H., e. Aug. 15, 1863, died at Memphis. Brussett, Peter, e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. May 18, 1863, disab. Chase, Ira, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Cox, Henry, e. Aug. 15, 1862. Cooper, Marshall, e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Mound City, 111. Cargill, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. Chambers, Wm. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Chase, Geo. W., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Crawford, John A., Aug. l."i, 1863, wd. and died at Tupelo. Delong, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Drake, Daniel T., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Devore, Hiram, Aug. 15^ 1862. Drake, Wm., e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. May 26, 1863, disab. Evans, H. A., e. Aug. 15, 1863, trans, to Inv. Corps. -Edwards, Jacob, e. Aug. 15, 1803, disd. Feb. 18, 1863, disab. Farvell, Matthew, e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. while foraging. Foster, H. ("., e. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Sept. 4, 1863, disab. Fulton, Samuel, e. Aug. 15, 1863. Hughes, Jas. M., a. .Vug. 15, 1S63, disd. Oct. 15, 1863, disab. Hattcii, Geo., e. Aug. 15, 1862, trans, to V. 11. C. Hall, John H., c. Aug. 15, 1863, disd. Jan. 25, 1863, disab. Hackett, Wm. T., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Hemphill, Wm. W., e. Aug. 8. 1862. Hemphill, Thos. L., e. Aug. 8, 1863, died at Moscow. Hess, Chas. R., e. Aug. 9, 1862. Hatten, Wm. S., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Higley, Alvin T., e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Oct. 28, 1862. Hutton, Chas., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Hawk, Lewis S., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Kissinger, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 16, 1863, disab. Knight. David R., e. Aug. 9, 1862. ' Lowe, N". M.. e. Nov. 8, 1862, trans, to V. P C Lewis, N. J., e. Oct. 3, 1863, disd. Nov. ' 20, 1862. Leonard, Francis, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. Feb. 21, 1863, disab. Merlin, Chas., e. Oct. 2, 1862. Murphy, H. J., e. Aug. 2, 1862. Miller, R. L., e. Oct. 18, 1862. Marten, John W., e. Aug. 8, 1863. Mathews, O. J., e. Aug, 15, 1863,^died on steamer E. C. Woods. Marten, Robt. M.. e. June 2, 1863. Parsons, John, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Vicksburg. Pettie, T. J., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Roby, J. B., e. Aug. 15, 1863. Reed, Wm. P., e. Aug. 9, 1863, died Camp Wood, Miss. Ramsey, R. W., Julv 36, 1862. Spitzer, Henrv, e. Aug. 9, 1863, disd. Feb. 33, 1863, disab. Smitli, H., e- Aug. 8, 1863. Stoneburner, Isaac, e. Aug. 8, 1862. died at St. Louis. Skiles, McArthur, e. Aug. 15. 1862, disd. Nov. 21, , disab. Triplett. Wm. G., e. Aug. 15, 1862. Tharp, James, e. Aug. 9, 1863. disd. May 31, 1862, disab. Tully, Amos, e. Aug. 15. 1862, died Ticks- burg. Webster, Geo., e. .\ug. 15. 1862. Company K. Park, Daniel G.. e. Nov. 19, 1862, disd. Oct. 4, 1864, disab. y-Mi Eps, John C. e. Nov. 19, 1862, trans. to Inv. Corps. Wilkerson. Geo. W.. e. Nov. 21. 1862. Heller, :Marcus, e. Nov. 2T, 1862. COJIPANY l^NKNOWX. Brockwav, Geo. A., e. Dec. 5. 1863. Cone, Wm. D., e. Dec. 5, 1863. Robshaw, Samson, e. Jan. 4. 1863. Young, Will. H. H., e. Dec. 0, 186;i. Kleppi'r, l<:manuel. e. Feb. 27, 1864. Nitzcl, Leonhart. e. March 25. 1864. Romig. Conrad F.. e. Feb. 29, 1864. Strohni, Wm. II., e. Feb. 26. 1864. Scriitan, Edwin, e. Feb. 27, 1864 Wliite, Samuel, e. Feb. 34, 1804. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTy. 483 THIETY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. [Note.— Mij Segimmt wat muttered out at Davmport, loum. Date not given in Adjutant Craerai'i ReporU.] Col. Geo. W. Kincaid, com. Sept. 17, 1862. Adjt. David H. Cloodno, com. JSTov. 4, '63. Company B. Capt. Jas. O. Wells, com. Dec. 15, 1862. First Lieut. Samuel Farr, com. Dec. 15 1863, resd. May 3, 1863. First Lieut. Chas. H. King, e. as 1st sergt. Sept. 30, '62. prmtd. 1st lieut. May 4, '63. Second Lieut. Kobert Mills, com. Dec. 15 1863, resd. May 3, 1863. Second Lieut. Jas. C. Stirlen, e. as priv. Sept. 10, '62, prmtd. 2d lieut. June 14, '63. Sergt. Wm. Collins, e. Oct. 7, 1862. Sergt. Nash Wherry, e. Sept. 15, 1863. Sergt. Asa Petty, e. Sept. 23, 1863. Sergt. Wm. Patterson, e. Aug. 37, 1862, died Alton, 111. Corp. Lebert Terry, e. Sept. 15, 1862. Corp. Moses F. Gates, e. Oct. 7, 1862, disd. Nov. 5,4863, disab. Corp. David Washburn, e. Aug. 27, 1863. Corp. Ira Miner, e. Oct. 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 38, 1865, disab. Musician Theo. Hand, e. Nov. 1, 1863. Musician Cyrus Lyon, e. Sept. 30, 1863. Berger, John, e. Oct. 15, 1863. Bowman, Jos., e. Oct. 9, 1862, disd. Nov 5, 1863, disab. Blank, D., e. Oct. 14, 1863, disd. May 21, 1863, disab. Brannon, H., e. Sept. 3, '63, died Atalissa. Bradfield, Samuel, e. Sept. 27, 1863. Brown, Richard, Oct. 1, 1863, disd. May 21. 1863, disab. Blake, Robert, e. Nov. 28, 1863. Croghan, Jas., e. Oct. 8, 1863, disd. Dec. 17, 1864, disab. Cunningham, John, e. Sept. 3, 1863, disd. Feb. 3. 1865, disab. Craig, Thos., e. Sept. 3, 1863, disd. Aug. 37, 1864, disab. Crouch, Thos., e. Sept. 9, 1862, died in Muscatine Co. Chase, Sam'lR., e. Sept. 29, 1862, disd. Jan. 1863, disab. Deming, Jas., e. Sept. 33, 1863, disd. Nov. 32. 1864, disab. ■ Dix, John, e. Oct. 6, 1862. , Dorland, V., e. Nov. 19, 1862. Embree, Jas., e. Sept. 10, 1862, disd! May 35, 1863, disab. Evans, Thos., e. Oct. 4, '63, disd. May 25,' '63 Edwards, A., e. Aug. 37, 1863, died St. Louis. Frederick, August, e. Dee. 4, 1863. Gard, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1862, disd. Nov. 33, 1864, disab. Greenhow, Thos., e. Oct. 8, '62, disd. Aug. 27, 1863. Griswold, John, e. Sept. 24, 1862. Harrison-, Peter, e. Sept. 35, 1863, disd. May 31, 1863, disab. Hawley, Jas., e. Sept. 36, 1863, disd. Nov. 5, 1864, disab. Hians, C, e. Sept. 11, 1863, disd. Nov. 10, 1864, disab. Hucke, Jacob, e. Sept. 38, 1863. Heritage, Chas., e. Nov. 24, 1862. Inman, Hiram, e. Sept. 26, 1863. Jones, John A., e. Dec. 3, 1862. Jones, Enoch, e. Dec. 16, 1862. Kennedy, John, e. Nov. 30, 1862, disd. Feb. 10, 1863. Kile, Wm., e. Dec. 30, 1862. Kellogg, David, e. Oct. 7, 1862. Lefever, Daniel, e. Sept. 8, 1863, died St. Louis. Lhuillur, Thos., e. Oct. 4, 1863. McNall, Enos, e. Oct. 9, 1863, died St. Louis. Marshall, Sam'l, e. Sept. 5, 1863. Mullen, Thos., e. Aug. 30, 1863, died Al- ton, 111. McDonald, John, e. Sept. 8, 1863, died St. Louis. Mockmore, Henry, e. Sept. 3, 1862, died at Fairport. Martin, Adam, e. Oct. 6, 1862, disd. July 13, 1864, disab. Ninohouse, Benj. Wm., e. Oct. 20, 1862, died St. Louis. O'Shaughnessy, M., e. Sept. 1, 1862, disd. April 2, 1865. Paschall Jos., e. Nov. 5, 1863. disd. Feb. 6, 1864, disab. Rowland, Geo., e. Oct. 15, 1863. Rickey, Jas. R., e. Sept. 30, 1863. Reeves, John H., e. Dec. 4, 1863. Smith, Jos., e. Sept. 33, 1862, disd. Dec. 17, 1864, disab. Shott, John, e. Sept. 1, 1862, disd. May 31, 1863, disab. Sehnier, John, e. Sept. 30, 1862, disd. May 31, 1863, disab. Sheeley, John, e. Sept. 3, 1863. Tannehill, James, e. Nov. 18, 1863, died Feb. 24, 1863. Tyler, Wm. K., e. Nov. 10, 1863, died at Alton, 111. Wilhehn, Samuel, e. Oct. 31, 1863, disd. Nov. 11, 1863, disab. Wilkerson, Geo. W., e. Sept. 3, 1863, disd. Nov. 9, 1864, disab. Wittenbergher, A., e. Oct. 2, 1862, disd. Nov. 9, 1864, disab. Worrall, Geo., e. Sept. 3, 1862, disd. Jan. 7, 1865, disab. Way, Jos., e. Nov. 25, 1863, disd. May 32. 1863, disab. Company C. Bemis, Geo. W., e. Nov. 20, 1863. King, Curtis, e. Nov. 9, 1863. Company D. Musician Frank G. Busch, e. Nov. 18, 1862. * Crawford, Jas. R., e. Nov. 37, 1863. Kreiger, Geo., e. Nov. 32, 1862. Kakart, John K., e. Sept. 19, 1862. Rollins, John, e. Nov. 1, 1862, disd. April 4, 1865, disability. 484 HIBTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. Company E. Barnes, Geo. R., e. Dec. 16, 1863, died St. Louis. Company H. Oroshong, Jno. B., e. Nov. 14, 1862. Kahart, Jno. H., e. Sept. 19, 1863, disd. May 21, 1863, disab. Company F. Doering, Jolan, e. Nov. 26, 1862. Gehring, Hermon, e. Nov, 22, 1862, dis. May 8, 1863, disab. Jones, John T., e. Nov. 10, 1862. McKinney, Robt., e. Nov. 29, 1862. FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. (One Hundred Days.) [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Davenport, Sept. IS, 186/,.] Adjt. Evert F. Richman, com. May 27, 1864. Company B. Capt. Galbraith Bitzer, com. June 1, 1864. First Lietit. Romulus Hawley, com. June 1, 1864. Second Lieut. Fesdick B. McGill, com. June 1, 1864. First. Sergt. Noah V. Griffin, e. May 13, 1864. Sergt. B. S. Stone, e. May 4, 1864. Sergt. John A. Wise, e. May 12, 1864. Sergt. John Mason, e. May 2, 1864. Sergt. E. A. Crockett, e. May 5, 1864. Corp. N. Cunningham, e. April 29, 1864. Corp. Jonathan Hopkinson, e. May 7, '64. Corp. J. F. G. Crane, e. May 4, 1864. Corp. P. P. Rainwater, e. April 29, 1864. Corp. F. Coover, e. May 5, 1864. Corp. Washington Wall, e. May 2, 1864. Corp. Amos Wylie, e. May 4, 1864. Musician Wm. Eichelberger, e. May 4, '64. Musician Franklin Freeman, e. May 14, 1864. Wagoner John Koehler, e. May 3, 1864. Acton, David, e. May 19, 1864. Bailey, W., e. May 2; 1864. Baker, Geo. D., e. May 4, 1864. Barkhurst, Jos., e. May 16, 1864. Bitzer, Adam, e. May io, 1864. Blizzard, Isaac, C, e. May 17, 1864. Bringham, F. J., e. May 11. 1864. Chase, A. D., e. May 3, 1864. Christy, John, e. :\ray 14, 1864. Connor, E. P., e. May 3, 1864. Cook, Geo. B., e. May 3, 1864. Coriell, Chas. O., e. May 7, 1864. Darr, C M., e. May 7, 1864. Dobbs, Marion B., e. M:i\ 2, 1864. Draper, Robt. P., e. May !), 1864. Evans, Wm. F., e. May !t, 1864. Foster, Jeremiah, (^. May 3, 1864. Foster, Wm. H., e. May'lO, 1864. Fry, Thomas, e. May 1(3, 1864. Hall, John, e. May 37, 186 L Hardy, Chas. C, e. May IH, 1864. Hawley, Geo. R., c. Ma.y 2, 1804. Hendrickson, John, e. May 10, 1864. Hennings, Wm. N., e. May 4, 1864. Horton, E. W., e. May 16, 1864. Iddings, Chas. R., e. May 7, 1864. Kiser, Reuben, e. May 9, 1864. Marshall, Chas. M., e. May 1, 1864. Kelly, Cyrus, e. April 29, 1864. Matthews, G. C, e. May 12, 1864. McCoy, N. A., e. May 2, 1864. Miller, Geo. W., e. May 7, 1864. Moore, Jehiel, e. May 4, 1864. Moss, Levi S., e. May 5, 1864. Nelson, David, e. April 39, 1864. Palmer, Wm., e. May 81, 1864. Ray, Jas. M., e. May 9, 1864. Richman, F. F., e. May 13, 1864. Ruckteshel, C, e. May 12, 1864. Schutrum, Geo., e. May 20, 1864. Smith, Owen, e. April 29, 1864. Smith, Jacob, e. May 23. 1864. Sullivan, E., e. May 4, 1864. Townsend, Robt. D., e. May 10, 1864. Wall, Geo. S., e. May 4, 1864. Washburn, A. L., e. May 10, 1864. Wherry, Jas., e. May 2, 1864. Wiley, Wm. F., e. May 3, 1864. Williams, John P., e. May 16, 1864. Winn, John, e. May 10, 1864 Woods, John W., e^ April 29, 1864. Ziegler, John, Jr., e. May 14, 1864. Company D. BOwlsby, Levi F., e. May 14, 1864. Farnsworth, H. P., e. May 4, 1864. Fenstemaker, B. F., e. May 14, 1864. Marsh, Jas. T., e. May 4, 1864. Marsh, Wm. M., e. May 4, 1864. Schell, Jas. P., e. May i3, 1864. SECOND CAVALRY. Col. Ed. Hatch, com. maj. Sept. -5, 1861, prmtd. lieut. col. Sept. 12, 1861, prmtd. col. June 30, 1863, wd. Moscow, Tenn. brig. gen. U.S. ^'. April 27, maj. gen. by brevet Di-e. 15, 1864. Lieut. Col. Chas. C. Horton, com. 3d lieut. Co. A Sept. 3, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 3, 18G1, prmtd. capt. June 4, 1862, prmtd. maj. Sept. 29, 1863, prmtd. lieut. col. Nov. 37, 1864. Q. M. Benj. F. Diffenlxicher, e. as private Co. A, prmtd. 2d lietit. June 4, 1862, prmtd. Q. M. Oct. 1. "63, disd. Feb. 1,'64. Bat. Q. M. Jas. Hannam, com. 3d lieut. Co. A Nov. 3. 1861, prmtd. Bat. Q. M. Jan. 1, 18(!3, m. o. April 36, 1863. Second B. s. M Lyman C. Loomis, e. Aug. 30, 1861, oaptd. Booueville, Miss., died at .Vnnaiiohs, Md. B. C.S. ('has. S. Millar, e. Aus^-. 30, 1861. Musician Geo. A. Funk, e. JDee. 11, 1861, m. o. .Vug. 36, 1863. Company A. Capt. Frank Hatch, com. Sept. 5, 1861, resd. June 3, 1862. First Lieut. Thos. D. Smith, com. Sept. 2, 1861, resd. Oct. 36, 1861. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 485 First SergtGeo. H. Zeigler.e. Aug. 1,'61. Sergt. Amasa Kinnan, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Q. M. Sergt. Edw. Hennikee, e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Com. Sergt. Milton H. Sweet, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Sergt. Frederick L. Ayer, e. Aug. 1,1861, kid. bat. Farmington. Sergt. L. I. Washburn, e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. June 33, 1864, for promotion capt. 7th U. S. Art. Sergt. Wm. Lawrence, e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. March 15, 1863, disab. ' Sergt. John B. Gaddis, e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. at Farmington, died July 2, 1863. Sergt. Chas. Walton, e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. at Coldwater, Miss. Sergt. John M. Terrv, e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Sergt. Benj. Wagoner, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. Jas. F. Dwigans, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. John Q. Potter, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. Edw. J. Stafford, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. Albert W. Woodford, e. Aug. 1, 1861, died June 33, 1863. Corp. Ira Smith, e. Aug. 11, 1863, trans. to Y. K. C. Corp. Birney McLean, e. ^Vug. 1, 1861. Corp. Wm. L. McNeil, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. Thos. J. Anthony, e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Corp. Jacob H. Martin, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Corp. Daniel Thompson, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Bugler Jacob Scheller, e. Aug. 1. 1861, disd. Oct. 28, 1868. Bugler Van B. Mills, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Bugler Chas. G. Petmacky, e. Aug. 1, '61. Bugler David N. Moyer, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Farrier M. G. Farrier, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Farrier JSTewman Eastman, e. Aug. 1, '61. Farrier Christian Baabe, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Saddler Lemuel Winslow, e. Aug. 1, '61. Saddler A. J. Burkett, e. Sept. 14, 1861. Wagoner Geo. Gabriel, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Wagoner Wm. M. Lowe, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Boyles, John H., e. Dec. 31, 1863. Barclay, John, e. .Vug. 1, 1861, drowned at Hermantown, Tenn. Band, Oliver L., e. Aug. 1, '61, disd. Xov. 27, 1862. Beamer, Jacob, e. August 30, 1863, vet. March 1, 1864. Bernghart, M., e. Aug. 1, 1861, died at La Grange, Tenn. Bickford, John, e. .Vug. 1, 1861. Cullen, Frank, e. Oct. 1, 1861. Craddock, A. S., e. .Vug. 1, 1861. died at Corinth. Corbutt, Jas., e. Aug. 31, 1862, died Feb. 3, 1863. Cadle, Wm. L., e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. March 9, 1864, for promotion to capt. 3d Miss. Art. Cadle, Chas. F., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Carter, Wm., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Chapman, G. S., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Cissler, W., e. .Vug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864, Courtney, John, e. .Vug. 1, 1861, disd. Feb. 37, 1863. Dwigans, Wm. K., e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. at Sackatouchie Eiver, Miss. Dunn, Bernard, e. Dec. 9, 1861. Donnelly, Thos. L., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Dibble, Isel, e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. Aug. 1, 1862, disab. Dickinson, Levi D., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Esty, John T., e. Sept. 3. 1863. Finn, B. Frank, e. Aug. 1. 1861, died Jan. 17, 1863. Fox, Samuel B., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Geiger, Jas. M., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Gibbons, Geo., e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. George, Geo., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Graves, Geo. e. Aug. 1, 1861, died June 31, 1862. Hartinger, John W., e. Aug. 25, 1862. Heminger, A., e. Aug. 1, '61, vet. March 1, 1864. Hutchinson, Eobert, e. Aug. 30, 1862, vet. March 1, 1864, died at Eastport, Miss. Hobby, Wm., e. Dec. 7, 1863. Hartman, Wm. G., e. Dec. 15, 1863. Idding, Samuel, e. Dec. 9, 1863. Jobes, W. H. H.,e. Aug. 1, 1861. Jenkins, Benj. F., e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Johnson, A. I., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Johnson, John, e. Aug. 18, 1863. King, Geo. W., e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Kelley, Edw., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Lawrence, I. N., e. Aug. 30, 1863, died at Holly Springs, Ark. Lawrence, John W., e. Aug. 30, 1863. Lynn, Hugh, e. Aug. 30, 1862, died Jan. 18, 1862. Legg, Otis, e. Aug. 30, 1863, wd. at Farm- ington. Leech, P. E, e. Aug. 30, 1863. Lucas, Wm., e. Aug. 30, 1863, disd. Dec. 13, 1863, disab. Mills, Amos C, e. xVugust 31, 1862, vet March 1, 1864. Morehead, Jas. A., e. Aug. 1, 1861, kid. at Memphis, accidentally. McLain, Byron, e. Oct. 31, 1863, wd. at Tupelo, died at St. Louis. Mowrv, Jas. A., e. Aug. 21, 1861, died Feb. 10, 1863. Miller, .-ilex., e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Moore, Leslie, e. Aug. 1, 1861, died at St. Louis. Moore, 'Martin, e. Aug. 1, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps. Mc Wilson, Wm., e. Aug. 30, 1862. •McNeil, Jas. C, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Noble, Isaiah, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Nation, James W., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Perry, Mark E., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Pierson, John, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Parker, PI. M., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Powers. Thos, e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. 486 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Root, Ferdinand, e. Aug. 1, 1861. Reynolds, Alex., e. Sept. 11, 1862. Reynolds, P. M., e. Aug. 1, 1861, died at Rienzi, Miss. Reynolds, I. W., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Ridgway, Geo., e. Aug. 1, 1861, died Mem- phis. Smith, Robt., e. Aug. 1, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Smith, Josiah, e. Aug. 1, 1861, died ISTov. 22, 1861. Spencer, Griffith, e. Aug. 1, 1861, trans, to V. R. C. Spencer, "\Ym., e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. June 14, 1863. Straub, Chas., e. Sept. 14, 1861. Snyder, B. F., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Shoffer, John, e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. Tupelo. Scudder, F. R., e. Aug. 1,1861, disd. April 30, 1862, disab. Thompson, John R., e. Aug. 1, 1861. Terry, Wm. H.,e. Oct. 10, 1861, disd. March 13, 1864, disab. Taylor, B. F., e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. at Oko- lona. Miss. Verrink, Wm. M., e. Aug. 1,1861. Wright, John M., e. Aug. 1, 1861. "Wallingstord, John O., e. Aug. 1, 1861, died Farmington, ^Miss. Wiimsley, R., e. Aug. 18, 1863. Wallingford, Hugh B., e. Jan. 29, 1864. Company C. Gordon, Jas., e. .Vug. 14, 1861, captd. at Chilahoma, Miss. Company E. ('apt. Jas. P. Metcalf, e. as sergt. maj. Aug. 1, 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 1, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. .March 5, 1863, prmtd. capt. May 3, 1864. Corp. John C. Branch, wd. Hatchie River, vet. March 1, 1864. Bahl, W^m., vet. March 1, 1864. Bahl, Henry, vet. March 1, 1864. Downey, Albert, e. Aug. 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 19, 1868, disab. Smith, Thos., e.Sept. i, 1861. Company F. First Lieut. Thos. G. Beaham,c.as com'y sergt. Aug. 12, 1861, prmtd. 3d. lieut. Dec. 1, 1861, bat. adj. Jan. 23, 1863, re- turned to Go. and A. D. C. V. S. Vols. I Nov. 6, 1863. I Company C Capt. Wm. Lundy, com. Sept. 14, 1861, wd. at Farmington, Miss., res. June 35, 1862. Capt. Jos. AV. Fvstra, com. 3d lieut. Sept. 14, 1861, prmtd. c:ipt. June 26, 1862, m. 0. Oct. 8, iy(U, term expired. First Lieut. Wm. Pickering, com. Sept. 14, 1861, res. April 14, 1862. Q. M. Sergt. Chas. Coi>c, c. Aug. 80, 1861, captd. Palo Alto, JMiss., vet. Mnrcli 1, 1864. Sergt. John M. Guild, e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Sergt. Hanson B. Waters, e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Sergt. L. H. Waterman, e. Aug. 30, 1861, wd. Farming-ton and died. Sergt. James Kennedy, e. Aug. 30, 1861, captd. Boonevi]le,Miss.,vet. March 1, '64 Corp. Jacob Haight, e. Aug. 30, 1861, wd. at Farmington, disd. Nov. 5, 1862. Corp. Philip Smith, e. Sept. 21, 1861, wd. and captd. at Cofleeville, died Dec. 15, 1862. Corp. John Montgomery, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Corp. Francis M. Evans, e. Aug. 80, 1861, disd. .Sept. 16, 1862, disab. Corp. Wm. Palmer, e. .\ug. 30, 1861. Corp. Geo. Ady, e. Aug. 30, 1861, wd. and captd. Coffeeville, Miss., vet. March 1, 1864, disd. July 1, 18(j4. Corp. Wiu. W. Miller, e. Aug. 30, 1861, captd. at Corinth. Corp. Wm. Finlev. e. Aug. 30. 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Corp. C.J. Russell, e. .Vut;-. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Corp. David A. Revnolds, e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March l,"l864. Corp. E. Henderson, e. .\.ug. 30, 1861, wd. Feb. 21, 1864, vet. March 1, 1864. Bugler AVm. Knox, e. .\uu'. 30,1861, trans. to Brig. Band Cav., vetl March 1, 1864. ' Bugler Beni. E. Lilly, e. Aug. 30, 1861, \'et. March 1, 1864. Bugler Jdliu J. Kurz. e. Aug. 30, 1^01. Farrier John R. Higgins, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. March 1. '64, died Memphis, Tenn- Farrier 1). C. Ferguson, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Saddler Jas. AValter. e. Aug. 30, 1861. Wagoner .lacob Coble, e. Aug. 30, 1861, died Memphis. Teamster M. A'. Corwin, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Teamster Wm. Martin, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Teamster Jacoli Thompson, e. Auu'. 1, '61, kid. Prairie station. Avery, Nathan F,, e. Aug. 30, 1861. disd. Fell. 11, 18H'2, disab. .Vvery, Luther, e. Seiu. 21, 1861, died St. Louis. Barkalow, Benj. P.. e. .Vug. 30, "61, captd. Palo .Vlto, vet. March 1, 1864. Bedford, .las., e. .\ug. 30, 1861. missing Nov. 2U, 1862. Brown, Edward, e. .Vug. :50. 1861, died Feb. 4, 1862. Christy, T. B., e. .Vuu'. 30, 1861. Cramer, Wm. H., e. .Vug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Cochran, John, e. .Vug. W. 1861, disd. Mav 9, 1865. Cray, Z., e. .Vug. 30, 1861. DifEehdarfev, Jacob, e. .Vug. 30, '61, captd. Boonevillc, ^iiss., tvaiis. to 40th Co. 1st Bat. Inv. C(u-ps. Enibvee. B. J., e. .Vug. 30, 1861, captd. Palo .Vlto, Miss. Ellis, -lohn B.. e. .Vug. :iO. 1861, captd. Boiineville, Miss.. vi>t. iNlarch 1, 1864. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 487 Eves, C. C, e. Aug. 30, 1861, captd. Palo Alto, Miss., vet. March 1, 1864. Franzen, Geo., V. Oct. 14, 1861. Finley, Jas., e. Aus;. 80, '61, captd. Boone- ville, Miss., vet. March 1, 1864. Hemperly. John P., e. Sept. 31, 1861. Henesee, M., e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet March 1, 1864. Hershev, Johu F., c. Aut;. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Jones, Hampton, e. Any. 30, 1861. Kephart, Benj., e. .Vug. 30, 1861. Kurz, John J., e. Aug.'SO, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Lambert, Geo., e. Aus. 30, 1861, vet. March 1. 1864. Lee, John, e. Dec. 7, 1861. Ledger, Geo., e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Mills, Lewis J., e. Dec. 9, 1863. MeBlur, Wm., e. Aug. 30, 1861. Millar, Chas. S., e. Aug. 30, 1861, prmtd. com. sergt. 3d Bat., retd. to company, vet. March 1, 1864. Marford, Jos., e. Aug. 30, 1861. McDonald, Alex., e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Norton, Adelbert, e. Aug. 30, 1861. O'lTearn, John, e. .Vug. 13, 1863. Opel, .Vdam. e. Aug. 30, 1861, died Mem- phis. Pickett, Richard, e. Oct. 14, 1861. Pettv. Josiah, e. Aug. 30, 1861. Pond, Levi, e. Feb. 34, 1864. Staelfer, Geo., e. Aug. 30, 1861. Stowe, Daniel L.. e. March 1, 1864. Tandervort, John W., e. .Vug. 1, '61, died Sept. 38, 1863. Wall, Eufus A., e. Aug. 1. 1861, disd. July 14, 1863. Walter, Jas., e. .Vug. 1, 1861. Wigem, Hugh, e. Aug. 1, 1861, died Oct. 3, 1863. Williams, Edmond, e. .Vug. 1, 1861, wd. Wall's Hills, Miss., and Prairie Station. Wright, John M., e. Aug. 1, 1861, wd. near West Point, Miss. Webb, Geo. W., e. .lug. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 33, 1863, disab. Company H, Saddler Geo. Alexander, e. Aug. 30, 1861, vet. March 1, 1864. Company I, Richardson, John, e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. at Prairie Station, died Andersonville. Company M. Burner, H. H., e. March 1, 1864, died at Holly Springs, Miss. Bromer, H. H., e. Sept. 17, 1863. Richire, Chas. C, e. Aug. 30, 1863, disd. Sept. 10, 186;?. COMPANY UNKNOWN. Beard, N. H., e. April 5, 1864. Bennett, Peter e. Jan. 37, 1864. Dorr, Frank, e. Feb. 39, 1864. KafEenheimer, lirban, e. Jan. 37, 1864. Stuart, Samuel, e. Feb. 39, 1864. Thomas, Daniel N., e. Feb. 19, 1864. EIGHTH CAVALRY. [NoTi:. — This rtoiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga., Aug. IS, 1S65.] Company G. Reed, John P., e. Aug. 30, 1863. Company K. First Lieut. James Horton. e. Sept. 3, '63, served two years ia Utli Penn. Cav., kid. at Lovejoy's Station, Ga. Sergt. Rudolph Hoffmaster, e. Aug. 4, '63, wd. at Xewnan, Ga. Sergt. Jas. M. Dolsen, e. .Vug. 35, 1863, kid. at Chattahooehie River, Ga. Sergt. Harvey A. Bryant, e. .Vug. 17, '63, captd. and murdered by guerrillas. Corp. Sam'l Craig, e. Aug. 35, 1863. Corp. John Williams, e. Aug. 31, 1863. Corp. V. L. Stevens, e. Sept. 1, 1863. Barrett, Jas., e. Aug. 33, 1863. ISawley, Wm., e. Aug. 37, 1863. Burgett, Chas., e. Aug. 31, 1863. Crais, Wm., e. Aug. 31, 1863. Dicks, Wm. H., e. Aug. 30, 1863. Dicks, Joel; e. Aug. 30, 1863. Dolsen, Geo. W.,-e. Aug. 37, 1863, captd. and wd. at Newnan, Ga. Dougherty, John, e. Aug. 8, 1863. Edwards, Wm. E., e. Aug. 17, 1863. Farris, Wm. I., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Fritz, Geo., e. July 10, 1863. Gardner, H. D., e. .Vug. 4, 1863. Hancus, Henry, Sept. 1, 1863. Kerr, W. H., e. Aug. 8, 1863, wd. and captd. iSTewnan, Ga., died at Macon. Lvon, Wm. P., e. July 39, 1863. Major, Wm. H., e. Aug. 36, 1863. Merrell, John W., e. Aug. 36, 1863. Raymond, A. H., e. Aug. 31, 1863. Richarz, Theo., e. Aug. 14, 1863. Sheets, Leveret, e. Aug. 33, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. Standard, Geo. ^Y., e. Aug. 31, 1863, kid. at Oxford Furnace, Ala. Turner, Josiah, e. Aug. 8, 1863. NINTH CAVALRY. [Note. — Tliis regiment was mustered out at Little Bock, Feb. 3, 1S66.] Company A. Capt. John G. Reed, com. Nov. 30, 1863. First Lieut. Samuel Pollock, com. Nov. 30, 1863, resd. June 7, 1865. First Lieut. David M. Coe, e. as 1st sergt. Oct. 13, '63, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 3, '65. Q. M. S. John Law, e. Sept. 12, 1863, disd. Jan. 37, 1864. Com. Sergt. Wm. A. Mathews, e. June 30, 1863. Sergt. Jas. M. Allen, e. Sept. 13, 1863. Sergt. Wm. T. James, e. Sept. 11, 1863, disd. Feb. 1, 1865, disab. 488 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Sergt. Henry Richter, e. Oct. 6, 1863. Sergt. Wm. G. Moberly, e. Sept. 15, 1863. Corp. Wm. Triggs, e. Sept. 29, 1863. Corp. John H. Cimmamon, e. Oct. 7, '63, trans, to Inv. Corps. Corp. Stephen Lyons, e. Sept. 33, 1863. Corp. Robert H. Cunningham, e. Sept. 22, 1863. Teamster Geo. Davis, e. Oct. 2, 1863. Farrier Henry Hess, e. Sept. 31, 1863. Saddler Conand Hucke, e. Sept. 24, 1863. Trumpeter Wm. C. Mason, e. Sept. 11, '63. Armington, M. B., e. Aug. 7, 1863, disd. April 33, 1864, disab. Anderson, Jos., e. Sept. 18, 1863. Buffington, S. A., e. Oct. 14, 1863. Busket, Jacob, e. Oct. 10, 1863, trans, to 173d Co., 3d Bat. V. R. C. Blair, N., e. Sept. 28, 1863, disd. Nov. 15, 1864, disab. Baird, Geo. W., e. Sept. 35, 1863. Booth, John, e. Sept. 10, 1863. Bohreu, E., e. Nov. 4, 1863. Binkle, Jacob, e. Nov. 37, 1863. Blizzard, E., e. Sept. 34, 1863. Crammer, C. E., e. Sept. 17, 1863. Carter, Alfred, e. Sept. 14, 1863. Davidson, John H., e. Oct. 2, 1863. Dusenbury, Jas., e. Oct. 10, 1863. Dellebar, Reamer, e. Sept. 7, 1863. Daniels, Wm. H., e. Sept. 4, 1863. Esley, J. M., e. Sept. 39, 1863. Fintel, F. C, e. Sept. 33, 1863, died Clarks- ville, Ala. Garian, E., e. Oct. 9, 1863. Greeley, Moses, e. Oct. 13, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark. Gephart, Chas., e. Sept. 7, 1863. Gertenbach, John, e. Sept. 33, 1863, disd. July 38, 1865, disab. Howard, A., e. Oct. 16, 1863. Hyink, H., e. Sept. 14, 1863. Helberman, A., e. Sept. 35, 1863. Hazelmyer, Geo., e. Sept. 17, 1863. died at Muscatine. Joy, Wm. I., e. Sept. 31, 1863. Jones. T. C, e. Oct. 3, 1863. Johnson, T. J., e. Nov. 15, 1863. Kilburn, Marcus, e. Oct. 24, 1863, died at Duvall's Bluff, Ark. Leech, L., e. Oct. 10, 1863. Mee, S., e. Oct. 7, 1863. MiUer, B., e. Oct. 19, 1863, died Austin. Ovrick, John D., e. Sept. 23, 1863. Reed, John I., e. Sept. 10, 1863. Rickey, Geo. A., e. Sept. 22, 1863. Reeves, Wm., e. Sept. 35, 1863. Reynolds, Eli, e. Sept. 26, 1863. Slirader, August, e. Oct. 6, 1863. Siiieltz, Jacob, e. Sept. 19, 1863, died Jef- ferson Barracks. Swift, Wm. D., e. Sept. 10, 1863, died at Bayou de Ark, Ark. Stewart, John, e. Sept. 5, 1863. Stanley, Alex., e. Sept. 9, 1863. Wendman, Wm., e. Oct. 7, 1868. VVatkins, D. T., e. Sept. 17, 1863, died Du- vall's Bluff, Ark. Wiley, Jos., e. Oct. 10, 1863, died Browns- ville, Ark. Walker, Hugh, e. Sept. 7, 1863. Weaver, Robt. B., e. Sept. 33, 1863. Wilson, Wm. R., e. Sept. 17, 1863. Wahl, Chas., e. Oct. 12, 1863. Company E. Blessing, Wm., e. Sept. 19, 1863. Blessing, Samuel, e. Sept. 20, 1863. Fisher, Wm., e. Sept. 19, 1863. Raffeasperger, Jos., e. Sept. 15, 1863. Shrope, Richard, e. Sept. 16, 1863. South, Chas., e. Sept. 19, 1863. Walton, Wm. H., e. Sept. 15, 1863. Wall, Wm. K., e. Oct. 17, 1863. Company C. Caldwell, Jesse, e. Sept. 16, '63, wd., disd. Sept. 1, 1865. Rowland, Geo. P., e. Oct. 7, 1863. Kerr, Chas., e. Sept. 39, 1863. Kimbrough, Andrew, e. Sept. 33, 1863. Lee, Chas. A., e. Sept. 25, 1863. Lewis, Wm., e. Sept. 14, 1863. MISCELLANEOUS. Second Infantry. Corp. Andrew W. Nichols, e. April 30. '61, wd. Ft. Donelson, m. o. June, 1864. Corp. Frank W. Kaspar, e. April 34, 1861, wd. Ft. Donelson, m. o. June, 1864. Highley, Robt. e. April 34, 1861, m. o. June, 1864. Sergt. Wm. Brawner, e. May 1, '61, prmtd. serg-t. maj., m. o. June, 1864. Funk, Samuel L., e. Sept. 9, 1861, disd. Nov. 38, 1861, disab. Myers, David W., e. Dec. 21, 1861, m. o. June, 1864. Estell, John B., e. May 5, 1861, disd. July 18, 1861. Second Veteran Infantry. Park, Jas. C, e. Oct. 21, 1863, m. o. July 13, 1865. Welty, Jos. H., e. Feb. 29, 1864, m. o. July 13, 1865. Corp. David W. Myers, e. Dec. 31, 1861, vet. Dec. 23, 1863, m. o. July 12, 1865. Fifth Infantry. Corp. Lilburn W. Henderson, e. June 34. 1861, m. o. Aug., 1864. Corp. Wm. C. Brook, e. June 34, 1861, m. o. Aug., 1864. Bryant, Harvey A., e. June 24, 1861, disd. Jan, 17, 1862, disab. Sharkey, Thomas, e. June 24, 1861, m. o. Aug., 1864. Wales, Thomas C, e. June 24, 1861, died Dec. 13, 1861. Sixth Infantry. Lieut. Col. Markoe Cummins, capt. Co. A. 1st Regt., m. 0. by sen. mil. com. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 489 Chaplain John Ufford, e. July, 1861, m.o. July 31, 1865. Datenhoff, John, e. Feb. 29, 1864, m. o. July 21, 1865. Green, Daniel W., e. Feb. 29, 1864, wd. near Atlanta, Ga., m. o. July 12, 1865. Ninth Infantry. Vaughn, Bailey, e. Feb. 30, 1864, m. o. July 18, 1865. Bumgardner, Samuel V., e. Feb. 26, 1864, m. o. July 18, 1865. Tenth Infantry. Sergt. Alcinas Y. Fording, e. Aug. 22, '61, died April 1, 1862, at Bird's Point, Mo. Thirteenth Infantry. Corp. David Y. Hammer, e. Oct. 10, 1861, kid. bat. Atlanta. Atwood, James W., e. Sept. 28, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. kid. bat. Atlanta. Keller, C. F. C., e. Sept. 28, 1861, trans, to U. S. C. T. Residuary Battaiion Fourteenth infantry. Elwell, John S., e. Feb. 10, 1864, m. o. Aug. 8, 1865. Seventeenth Infantry, Adjt. Asst. Surg. Wm. D. Barclay, com. July 11, 1862, resd. Oct. 23, 1862. Twentieth Infantry. Hillweg, John, e. Aug. 11, 1862, m. o. July 8, 1865. Bennett, E. A., e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. July 23, 1864, disab. Granfell, T. M., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. Oct. 29, 1862, m. o. July 8, 1865. Gardner, Chas. H., e. Aug. 6, 1862, m. 0. July 8, 1865. Lindsay, A. J., e. Aug. 9, 1862, died Oct. 18, 1862. Corp. Wm. Diffendaffer, e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. July 8, 1865. Bamford, Austin B., e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. 0. July 8, 1865. Gillespie, Milton, e. Aug. 15, 1863, m. o. July 8, 1865. Henderson, N. W.re. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. July 8, 1865. Lindsey, Chas. E., e. Aug. 15, 1865, trans. Twenty-Fourth Infantry. . Corp. Elias Gabriel, e. Aug. 2, 1862, wA., disd. Jan. 5, 1865, as sergt. Corp. Winfield S. Cotton, e. Aug. 5, 1863, disd. Feb. 13, 1863. Wagoner Jas. A. Rollins, e. Aug. 13, '62, m. 0. July 17, 1865. Blakely, Z., e. Aug. 3, 1863, corp., died Sept. 10, 1863. Carl, H. L., e. Aug. 15, 1862, m. o. July 17, 1865. Crisman, Wm., e. Aug. 20, 1863, wd., disd. June 10, 1864. Crisman, S. A., e. March 9, 1864, wd., disd. Dec. 16. 1864. Crisman, F. A., e. March 9, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. Slater, Jacob. e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. March 7, 1863, sick. Scott, H. W. W., e. Aug. 7, 1863, wd. April 8, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. Brent,' Theo. R., e. .Vug. 19, 1863, m. o. July 17, 1865. Millitt, George S., e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. July 17, 1865. Neidig, Samuel, e. Oct. 6, 1862, m. o. July 17, 1865. Twenty-Seventh Infantry. Eddy, N. W., e. March 5, 1864, wd. at Tupelo, m. .0. Aug. 8, 1865. Twenty-Eighth Infantry. First Lieut. Carlisle Cassidy, e. as sergt. Aug. 6, 1863, prmtd. 1st I'ieut. July 31, 1863, resd. April 6, 1864. Second Lieut. Samuel J. Ketchum, e. as sergt. June 24, 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. April 7, 1864, m. o. July 31, 1865. Cassiday, Larue, e. August 6, 1862, wd., March 16, 1863, m. o. July 31, 1865. Greaser, John, e. July 25, 1862, m. o. July 31, 1865. Steffy, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Nov. 21, 1863, disab. Thirty-first Infantry. Asst. Surg. Abram B. Hershe, com. July 3, 1863, not mustered. Thirty-eighth Infantry. Asst. Surg. Robt. McKutt. Thirty-ninth Infantry. Chase. A. H., e. Feb. 29, 1864, m. o. June 5, 1865. Holladay, Samuel, e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. Parker's Cross Roads. Fortieth Infantry. Corp. Wm. M. Baker, e. Avig. 13, 1862, m. 0. Aug. 2, 1865. Baker, Geo. W., e. Aug. 13, 1862, m. o. Aug. 3, 1865. Frits, Jacob, e. Feb. 26, 1864, m. o. Aug. 3, 1865. Frits, Daniel, e. Feb. 26, 1864, died Oct. 20, 1864. Flack, John W., e. Feb. 26, 1864, m. o. Aug. 3, 1865. Tule, Jos., e. Feb. 26, 1864, m. o. Aug. 2, 1865. Forty-first Infantry. Sergt. Edw. L. Swem, e. Sept. 23, 1861, m. 0. May 17, 1866. First Cavalry. [Note. — Thit regiment wot mustered out ai Sehna, Ata., Sept. 19, 1865.] Asst. Surg. Abram B. Hershe, com. Oct. 3, 1863, declined. 490 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Limbocker, 0. C, e. May 19, 1863, m. o. Feb. 15,1866. Kay, John, e. July 18, 1861, kid. Osceola, May 29, 1863. Madison, John W., e. Sept. 3, 1863, trans. to 8th Mo. Cav. Brace, Jas. H., e. Feb. 39, 1864, m. o. Feb. 15, 1866. Third Cavalry. Blackstone, Wm. ('., e. Aug. 30, 1862, disd. March 19, 1863, disab. Fifth Veteran Cavalry. Wolf, Geo., e. Feb. 19, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. William, James, e. May 31, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. Finker, Wm. K., e. March 15, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. Bryan, John W., e. March 13, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. Jones, C. C, e. March 12, 1864. Ireland, Jas. S., e. May 9, 1864, died at .Indersonville while prisoner Oct. 5, '64 Corp. Henry Matter, e. June 34, 1861, m. o. Aug. 11, 18U5. Phillips, Thos., e. Feb. 1, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. Sixth Cavalry. Altekruse, Edward .V., e. Nov. 34, 1863, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. Beemer, D. R., e. Oct. 10, 1863, m. o. Oct. 17, 1865. Paul, August, e. Jan. 23, 1863, m. o. Oct. 17, iHOo. Strait, riias., e. Jan. 9, 1863, m. o. Oct. 17, 1805. Walker, Wm. H., e. Jan. 9, 1863, m. o. Uet. 17, 1865. Seventh Cavalry. Frisbee, Wm. S., e. March 16, 1863, m. o. May 17, 1866. Ayers, Geo., e. May 24, 1863, m. o. May 17, 1866. Smith, Wm., e. April 36, 1863, m. o. May 17, 1866. Thornton, F. M., e. May 31, 1863, m. o. May 17, 1866. McKinney, Oscar, e. June 1, 1863, disd. July 80, 1868. Com. Sergt. Edward L. Swem, e. Sept. 33, 1861, vet. Feb. 38, '64, m. o. June 32, '66. Nichols, Allen R., e. Any. 17, 1864, m. o. 1866. First Infantry, A. D. Anderson, John, e. Sept. 3, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Anderson, Geo., e. Aug. 38, '63, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Hanly, Albert, e. Sept. 4, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. Johnson, John, e. Sept. 36, 1863, m. o. Oct. ■ 15, 1865. First Battalion Light Artillery. Sr. First Lieut. Thos. ,\. Ijams, e. as 1st sergt., prmtd. jr. 3d lieut. Dec. 11, 1803, prmtd. sr. 3d lieut. March 19, 1864, disd. for disab. Oct. 13, '64, and re-appointed sr. 1st lieut. Feb. 14, 1865. Fess, Louis, e. Feb. 29, 1864, died Sept. 2, 1864. Fifteenth U. S. Infantry. Knapp, Edwin, vet. Feb. 1, 1864. Eleventh Illinois Infantry. Capt. Harrison C. Vore, com. Feb. 15, '62, term expd. Aug. 23, 1864. Capt. Isaac D. Vose, com. 1st lieut. Dec. 31, 1863, prmtd. capt. .Vug. 23, 1864, m. o. July 14, 1865. Sixteenth Illinois Infantry. Caldwell, Jesse H.. e. May 34, 1861. Nineteenth Illinois Infantry. James, Wm. T., e. June 17, 1861, m. o. July 9, 1864. Twenty-Second Illinois Infantry. Farrell, Geo,, e. June 11, 1861, kid. Chick- amauga Se]it. 19, 1863. Thirty-Seventh Illinois Infantry. Hunter. Jas. R.,e. Sept. 1, 1861. Fifty-Fifth Illinois Infantry. Capt. Thos. B. Mackey, e. April 28, 1861. Second Lieut. Asahel C. Smith, e. Sept. 10, 1861. Wing, Turner, e. Sept. 10, 1861. Wardin, William, e. Sept. 10, 1861. Fifty-Seventh Illinois Infantry. Wabeser, Chas., e. Oct. 26, 1861, disd. July 11, 1863. disab. One Hundred and Second Illinois Infantry. Allen, Wm., e. .\ug. 19, ]8(;3, m. o. June 6, 1865, as corp. Ninth Illinois Cavalry. AVagoner, .facob, e. Sejit. 1, 1861, vet., m. o. Oct. 31, 1865. Second Wisconsin Infantry. Rowland, Chas.. e. .Vpril 20, 1861. Twelfth Wisconsin Infantry. Brisbin, Wm. O., e. Oct. 30, 1861. Third Missouri Infantry. Cronert, jMcu'itz, e. Sept. 16, 1863. Storts, Jacob, c. Sept. 16, 1863. Sixth Missouri Cavalry. Second Lieut. Stei)lien M. Wood, e. Dec. 22, 1861, appointed Q. U. Tenth Kansas Infantry. Sergt. Eli II. Gregg, e. .Vug. 23, 1861. Miller, Chas. F.. e. Oct. 28, 1861. Wilson, .Vllen, e. Sept. 24, 1861, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 493 THE NEWSPAPERS. THE MUSCATINE JOURNAL. The press of Muscatine ranks high among the papers of the State. The large and constantly increasing editions of the several publications, as well as the number of miscellaneous magazines and periodicals of all sorts taken here, proves conclusively that Muscatine is a county of readers. That being the fact, it is not surprising to find two daily newspapers in a city of from ten to twelve thousand. Each of the dailies has a weekly edition, and the Journal issues a tri-weekly, also. These several publications each reach a different class of readers, making the aggregate percentage of subscribers a large one for a county having 26,000 inhabitants. The germ from which the papers of Muscatine sprang was called the Iowa Standard, a weekly paper, issued by Cram & Bailey, October 23, 1840. The prosperity of the institution could not have been marked, since the excitement arising over the location of the capital at Iowa City soon weaned the publishers from their purpose here. In the spring of 1841, the Standard was borne to the new field of ambition and speculation. There it reared its head for a time, but soon grew weak from transplanting, and died. The removal of the Standard did not deprive Bloomington of a paper, however, for the issuance of a sheet in those days acted like an infection, in many instances. So it was here. One week after the pioneer journal ventured into the world, another aspirant for favor appeared. The appearance of the rival organs of public sentiment was not consonant with their titles, as the sec- ond was called the Bloomington Herald. Usually the herald precedes the standard-bearer, but in this instance the order was disregarded. At all events, the Herald came out October 27, 1840, under the direction of Hughes & Russell. The controlling spirit of the Herald was John Russell. He was a jolly, good-natured man, caring for scarcely anything but a living support for his paper and the enjoyment of the few personal pleasures available in the new town he had chosen as his home. The methods of conducting a paper in those days are ,not comparable to those in vogue now, for the early papers were made up mostly of selected mis- cellany. A few editorials, on general topics, and occasionally a brief mention of home politics, were given; but no such department as the "local" of to-day was then understood. Nor, indeed, would if have been possible to main- tain a paper dependent for news upon so uneventful localities as most Western places were then. The Herald was a good paper, however, judged by the standard of excel- lence which obtained in 1840. The most absorbing theme of local interest which the editor was called upon to elaborate was a social party or a sleigh- ride. When election-time approached, there was always something to write about ; but, locally, elections were governed by the better spirit of general good, and politics was rather one-sided during the early years. The paper did not seek to provoke political discussions, any more than it did to call Eastern attention to the new town. It appears to have been rather indifierent to the advancement of this region. It was published in the days of small things, and is not to be spoken of lightly now. It performed its mission, and gave more or less publicity to the fact that Bloomington was a most desirable place to set- tle in. , 494 HISTORY OF >IUSCATINE COUNTY. Of Mr. Hughes, the senior partner, little is said by the older settlers of to-day. He was of a retiring disposition, and filled his place honorably, but without creating any markeil impression on the paper or town. In 1845, Mr. Russell disposed of his interest in the Herald to Dr. Charles 0. Waters, who became editor, and held that position until in 1846. The tone of the paper was decidfidly improved under Dr. Waters' management, as he was both a scholarly and a forcible writer. The next change occurred in 1846, when Mr. M. T. Emerson became the successor of Dr. Waters. Being a Whig in politics, Mr. Emerson changed the character of the journal to conform to his ideas of right, and threw into the labor of improving the paper his whole energies. He was a printer as well as writer, and made many noticeable alterations in the mechanical as well as edito- rial departments. The career which opened up so brightly was soon ended by the hand of death. In 1846, the paper became the property of N. L. Stout and William P. Israel, the former assuming editorial charge. Mr. Stout was a strong partisan, and, during his regime, the columns abounded in vigorous denunciations of that great system which made the South the theater of civil war in later years. It required no slight courage to announce one's self as an Abolitionist in 1846,. especially in a region bordering on the great thoroughfare which floated the commerce of the South. However, a fear of results did not deter the editor of the Herald from expressing his views on the subject of slavery, and the Herald became a noted sheet throughout the Northwest. In November, 1847, John Mahin entered the oiEce as an apprentice, at the age of thirteen years. In the winter of 1848-49, F. A. C. Foreman came from New Boston, 111., where he had published a paper with the singular name of The BroadJiorn. and took possession of the Herald. Mr. Foreman was a man of evil habits. His appetite for drink not only ruined his business prospects, but also brought deep affliction upon his uncomplaining wife, who, day after day, would work faithfully at the case, setting type, and meanwhile rocking her infant's cradle which was, at such times placed beneath the rack on which the cases rested. Her husband was indifferent to this spectacle of heroic endeavor. After some four months of mismanagement, Foreman was obliged to succumb to financial pressure. The Herald Vfas then suspended for about six months, when Noah M. McCor- mick came from St. Louis, revived the paper and called it the Muscatine Journal. Although Mr. McCormick did not display much ability as a writer, he was, nevertheless, a good business manager, and succeeded in making a longer strug- gle than his predecessor was capable of. In July, 1852, the Journal was sold to Jacob and John Mahin, father and son respectively. These gentlemen conducted the paper jointly until Septem- ber, 1853, when they associated with them Mr. Orion Clemens, a brother of "Mark Twain." Mr. Clemens was a good printer, a sensible writer and an upright man. He maintained a high and dignified tone, while, at the same time, he infused a lively degree of spirit into the columns of the paper. In June, 1854, the tri-weekly edition of the Journal was established. In January, 1855, J. Mahin & Son sold out the concern to Charles H. Wilson and Orion Clemens, who instituted the Baih/ Journal in June of that year. Mr. Clemens disposed of his interest, soon after that, to James W. Logan, and tlie firm of Logan & Wilson was continued until January, 1856, when D. S. Early bought out Mr. Wilson. The same year, Mr. Early's interest was HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 495 purchased by John Mahin and F. B. McGill. Messrs. Logan, Mahin & McGill conducted the paper until August, 1857. At that date, John Mahin assumed sole charge of it, and continued as manager without change of proprietors until January, 1866, when L. D. Ingersoll purchased a half interest and became editor. Mr. Ingersoll's connection lasted just two years, when John and James Mahin became owners of the Journal, under the firm name of Mahin Brothers. The death of the junior member of the firm, James Mahin, which occurred December 9, 1877, necessitated a change in the management. January 1, 1879, the name and style of the "Journal Printing Company" was adopted, with John Mahin, President ; J. B. Lee, Treasurer, and A. W. Lee, Secretary. Incorporation is soon to be effected. Of those who have been mentioned in connection with the Journal and its predecessor, the Herald, the following brief notice is preserved : John Russell died of cholera in Keokuk, during the visitation of the plague in 1850. Thomas Hughes removed to Iowa City. Dr. Waters removed to Chicago. N. L. Stout died in Kansas. William P. Israel died in Muscatine. Mr. Foreman ramoved to the Western part of the State, where he died. N. M. McCormick removed to California. Jacob Mahin died in Missouri in 1873. Orion Clem-' ens removed to Lee County. Charles H. Wilson to Washington, in this State. J. W. Logan, to Waterloo. D. S. Early, to Pennsylvania, and L. D. Inger- soll, to Washington, D. C. Several persons have been engaged as writers for the Journal whose names do not appear in the foregoing sketch. One of these was Mr. Hugh J. Campbell, who became a prominent politician in New Orleans. He contributed largely to its columns in 1860-61. W. F. Davis, now dead, wrote during the campaign of 1864. Both of these men were forcible writers and displayed decided ability. John Van Home, now editor of the Tribune, was engaged a short time during 1860, and also in 1868. Mr. Van Home is one of the best writers, who has ever been connected with Iowa journalism, being not only scholarly and well informed, but also graceful, easy of expression and agreeable in style. Judge J. Scott Richman was an occasiohal contributor to the paper. Mr. L. D. Ingersoll, the "Linkensale" of the Iowa press, is now well known by all news- paper readers as a trenchant writer. Among the local editors of the Journal, F. B. McGill, E. 0. Upham, Frank Eichelberger, T. W. Eichelberger, D. A. Prosser, E.' F. Richman, 0. G. Jack and Frank Mahin are all remembered by those whose acquaintance with the paper extends back twenty years. Mr. John Mahin, whose apprenticeship began in 1847, and whose life has been spent in the office of the Journal, is the oldest newspaper man, in point of service, in Iowa. There is but one who can claim a longer continuous term, but his does not begin until one year later than Mr. Mahin's. We refer to Mr. W. W. Junkin, of the Fairfield Ledger. Mr. Mahin was out of the office for one year, and, with that brief intermission, has been there since September, 1847. This is a rare and most remarkable record. The Journal now publishes three regular editions, viz., daily, tri-wcekly and weekly. The paper is conducted with marked ability and is a power in the ranks of Republican journalism. THE MUSCATINE TRIBUNE. In 1848, H. D. La Cossitt established the Democratic Enquirer, and remained as its head until 1853, when, for six months, W. B. Langridge administered its affairs. Mr. La Cossitt returned, and, in 1854, sold to Jerome Carskadden and T. Meason Williams. In 1855, the paper became the prop- 496 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. erty of Williams, Gibson & Co., with Judge Robert Williams as editor. The paper was conducted with vigor, and became an influential advocate of the principles of the Democratic party. Judge Williams informs the writer that he was the first editor in Iowa to advance the name of James Buchanan for the Presidency, in opposition to the Western idea of presenting Stephen A. Douglas. During his residence in Pennsylvania, his native State, the editor had formed a personal friendship for Mr. Buchanan, and his- advocacy of that gentleman was upon personal grounds. In January, 1856, the Enquirer passed into the hands of Daniel S. Biles and E. W. Clark ; but the latter retired, after a few months, and was succeeded by Samuel McNutt, who became editor and half proprietor of the paper. This arrangement lasted but a short time, and Mr. Biles took charge of the oiBce, continuing as its head until 1860. The paper was then suspended. John Trainer King bought the office, and established the Review, which was published as a daily. In 1861, Edward H. Thayer succeeded Mr. King, and changed the name of the paper to the Courier. In 1864, Barnhart Brothers purchased the office, and subsequently associated with them W. W. Witmer. Under this arrangement, the Courier continued until 1872. In 1870, the Telegraph was established, by E. 0. Upham and Charles Sib- ley. This paper continued for about six months, when the name was changed to the Weekly Tribune, under the management of George W. Van Home. In 1872, Mr. Van Home purchased the Courier, and merged it into the Tribune. In 1873, Mr. Van Home became associated with E. H. and William Betts, and in April, 1874, began the publication of the Daily Tribune, with a weekly edi- tion. In April, 1877, Mr. Van Home retired from the office, and the business is now under the sole management of the Betts Brothers. The Tribune is one of the most enterprising and readable papers in the State. Its daily edition appears in the morning, and contains a record of the events of the times, given in entertaining form. Its local, as well as its editorial columns, are fresh and readable, and the paper is manifestly conducted by gen- tlemen of ability and of devotion to the profession of their choice. OTHER PAPERS. In 1860, a campaign paper, called the Messenger, in support of Bell and Everett as Presidential candidates, was published by Samuel C. Dunn. Since then, several other publications have appeared, such as the Roarin' Rag, by B. Neidig, an advertising sheet for his job office, but a spicy paper withal ; the New Era, by Washburn & Whicher, real estate dealers ; the Summing Bird, by 0. G. Jack ; and a brief-lived paper called the Democrat. The German press was represented by the Zeitung, established in 1857, by Charles Rotteck. This venture proved unprofitable, and the office was removed to Keokuk the following year. The Deutsche-Zeitung was established in 1874, by J. W. Weippiert, and was continued with success. This spring, G. W. Weippiert succeeded his father in the proprietorship of the paper. WILTON PRESS. The Wilton Chronicle was the first paper published at Wilton, and was established in October, 1867, by Charles Baker and M. H. Thompson, editors and proprietors. It was a seven-column paper published entirely at home. In appearance it was very creditable, and the matter it contained was prepared with care, having reference chiefly to the affairs of the town. This first number HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 497 contained an interesting description of the business of the town, a history of the business men and their establishments. Of the first num- ber there were 1,000 copies printed, and yet/ the demand exceeded the supply. Among the most extensive advertisers were Frank Bacon, E. E. Bacon, A. C. Blizzard, C. B. Strong and Addis & Strickland. The Chronicle was neutral in politics, but was well edited and newsy, and was attended with as good a degree of prosperity as usually falls to the lot of embryo country journals. In March, 1868, the name of 0. D. Eaton appeared as associate editor. At this time, there were employed in the office S. J. Mathes, Giles 0. Pearce and Jesse Markee. During the ensuing season, the paper was conducted with great vigor — the Presidential canvass between Grant and Colfax and Seymour and Blair. The billows of party politics ran high, and the publishers of the Chronicle, desiring to soar above a neutral posi- tion, communicated their intention to make their paper " fearlessly and impla- cably Republican." Accordingly, about the 1st of June, it took the position indicated, and, amid varied vicissitudes and changes, maintained it to the close of its career. In the autumn of that year, after election, Mr. Thompson with- drew from the firm, and the firm of Baker & Eaton continued the publication of the Chronicle till the spring of 1869, in the mean time starting the West Liberty Enterprise. In May of this year, while the firm remained the same, the two members divided their labors, Mr. Baker remaining with the Chronicle, while Mr. Eaton gave his time to the Enterprise. In September, 1869, the firm of Baker & Eaton was dissolved — Mr. Baker being left sole editor and proprietor. Early in tlie winter, Mr. Baker sold the office to Henry C. Ashbaugh, who con- ducted the Chronicle as editor and publisher for nearly a year. In the mean time — June, 1870 — Mr. Baton returned and commenced the publication of a second paper, which he called The True Republican. Mr. Eaton succeeded tolerably well in this enterprise, and in January, 1871, he purchased of Mr. Ashbaugh the subscription-list and good-will of the Chronicle. The two papers were consolidated by Mr. Eaton as the Republican and Chronicle until May of that year, when he sold the entire establishment to C. E. Cheesbro, who reduced the size of the paper and rechristened it the Wilton Chronicle. Early in the fall of that year, the paper was again sold to Mr. Baker, and in the following winter, Mr. Baker took as a partner H. J. Vail, who continued about a year, when he withdrew, and Mr. Baker was sole owner again until August, 1873, when he leased the office to Messrs. G. 0. and G. B. Pearce for one year. In July, 1874, they changed the name from Chronicle to Herald. During the administration of the Pearce Brothers, valuable additions were made to the material of the ofiice^— so much that when Mr. Baker took his away they had suflicient for every purpose. When their term of lease expired, they purchased the subscription-list and good-will and continued the publication until Novem- ber 23, 1874, when they sold to J. E. Stevenson. In the month of August, 1874, J. M. Rider & Co. established a second paper, called the Wilton Expo- nent, the first number of which appeared Friday, August 21, the next day after the great fire. Both papers continued publication until March 10, 1876, when they were consolidated, and the names Herald and Exponent were merged into the Review, edited and published by Rider & Stevenson. March 10, 1877, Mr. Stevenson retired, and the paper was published by J. M. Rider until April 20, same year, when Mr. William Lee, of Tipton, became a half-partner, and the firta was styled Rider & Lee. The paper has been continued under this management, with J. N. Rider as editor, since that date. 498 HIgTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. WEST LIBERTY ENTERPRISE. The Enterprise was established in April, 1868, by Mr. Baker, of Wilton, Iowa, and edited by Exune Saint, of West Liberty. In the fall of the same year, the paper was sold to 0. D. Eaton and George Trumbo. The following year, 1869, Mr. Trumbo became sole proprietor ; substquently, he formed a partnership, in 1873, with A. R. Fuller ; but in January, 1874, again the same was dissolved, and, in February of that year, the material and good will were sold to J. W. McElravy, who is the present owner and editor of the paper, which, under his management, has been made a success. He has changed and enlarged it to a six-column quarto, and reduced its price. The circulation of the Enterprise has been at least doubled since McElravy purchased the same. Having taken hold of the paper without any previous experience in journalism, he is all the more deserving of credit for the results achieved. EDUCATIONAL. While the question of how to get a living was the foremost one in the minds of the pioneers, the less direct, thouirh none the less important, one of how to educate their children was not overlooked. Almost contemporaneous with their own dwellings, they began the building of such schoolhouses as they could, crude and primitive in the extreme, for such only would their appliances admit, and put together without regard to externals. These same pioneer schoolhouses will, in the future, be a theme for the artist — quite equal in every way to those supplied by the peasantry in the Old World, with their quaint, simple fashions and unperverted lives. The eye of the connoisseur delights in those realistic representations of still life — the white-haired old grandfather, whose toil of years has only brought him his cottage and bit of land ; the still hard-working " gude wife," with bent body and withered but cheerful old face ; the next generation, just in the prime of labor, rough, uncouth, and content to have for recreation a pipe and a mug of ale ; and the children with rosy cheeks and stout limbs, dressed in veritable costumes their grandmothers wore before them. And no wonder such a picture ^pleases and charms the jaded senses of the worn-out worldling. But even that is not more fresh and unaccustomed than his log shanty, with its one small room, a window of but few panes ot glass, and possibly a dirt floor; and with rough-hewn benches ranged round the walls for seats, over which the pupil made a fine gymnastic flourish whenever he felt it necessary to reach his teacher, with his foreflnger firmly planted on the knotty word or sum that puz- zled him. These are the picturesque features of the artist's pencil. And what "learn- ing" there was must have been a ''dangerous thing," for it was certainly " little ; " the grading was far from exact ; the system was a kind of hit-or- miss affair; but, nevertheless, it was "school," and from the first there was a deeply-rooted prejudicie among the Iowa settlers in favor of schools. School for week-days and a uieeting-honse for Sunday ! this same little pen of a house served two purposes. And could anything exeept the groves themselves — " (xod's first temples" — be nearer to nature as a tabernacle than was this, whore some chance circuit preacher would have for his congregation every man, woman and child in the entire settlement? None of those hypercritical HISTOET OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 499 listeners there, you may be sure, who gauge the preacher by his " intellectual- ity," his "magnetism" or his "culture." It was the Word preached — welcome, pure and life-giving always — and not the preacher, which these listen- ers crowded to hear. If he but had the good Methodist zeal, then he was sure of devout hearers. He did not need to have "traveled," except upon his lone circuit over the prairie ; nor did he feel it necessary to use his pulpit in the interest of politics — if he knew his Bible, he was qualified; nor did his flock feel called upon to put their hands into their pockets and contribute toward sending their Pastor on a summer vacation to the sea-side or to Europe. All these improvements have come in with better churches and more advanced ways of thinking. That was the old way, and a direct contrast to the new. Now, nothing which the architect's taste can devise is too good for school- house or for church. Look at the plenitude of tidy, commodious buildings in every county, and not designed for double service, either, but dedicated solely to the use of the schoolma'am, who hereabouts is thoroughly skilled in her pro- fession. She has had, aside from such education as her means have enabled her to obtain, good practical drill in the normal institutes. She not only knows her text-books, but she knows how to teach. And then the ingeniously-devised school-book, in which every point of information is adjusted to such a nicety that they are rather works of art and books of entertainment than but the dull means to a desired end. The little flocks of children who run along the country road in their bare feet and sun-bonnets and chip hats, do not have to squirm and twist their uneasy legs all day over a page in the English reader which they cannot under- stand. They begin their morning's work with a chorus, which puts them all in good humor to start with. Then they come to timed classes, at the tinkle of the bell ; they are entertained and diverted as well as instructed at every step. Before there is any possibility of restlessness, they go through a five-minutes round of calisthenics, which put a wholesome quietus upon their muscles and their mischief. Wise play is so mixed with teaching that they never really discover which is which until they find themselves ready to teach school them- selves in turn. This is the case of the present compared with the labor of the past. And in this way is the generality of education secured. The ways are smoothed, the tediousness beguiled and the deprivation supplanted by an afiluence of aids. In 1854, Gov. Grimes, in his inaugural message said : " The safety and perpetuity of our republican institutions depend upon the diifusion of intelli- gence among the masses of the people. The statistics of the penitentiaries and alms-houses throughout the country show that education is the best pre- ventive of crime. They show, also, that the prevention of these evils is much less expensive than than the punishment of the one and the relief of the other." So, with all our new-fangled methods, our ornamental, well-ventilated and well-furnished schoolhouses, our accomplished instructors with modern notions, we are not extravagant. We are simply taking from the expenses of crime and pauperism and putting it into enduring and beautiful shape. We are helping to sustain the Government by rearing up in every town and in every country neighborhood a generation of enlightened and intelligent people, cosmopolitan in the sense of schools, if not in that wider cosmopolitanism which comes alone from actual contact with the great world. 500 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. The following statement is compiled from last general report of the County Superintendent of Schools: Numter of district townships 10 Number of independent districts 27 Number of subdistricts 65 Number of ungraded schools 86 Number of graded schools o Total number of teachers employed , 205 Total number of persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years 7,845 Total enrollment 5,540 Average attendance -• 3,355 Number of schoolhouses 85 Valuation of schoolhouses and property $128,255 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. Previous to the passage of the revised school law in 1858, the office of County Superintendent had no existence in Iowa. A part of the duties devolv- ing on the County Superintendent were performed by the County School Fund Commissioner. The revised school law of 1858 created the office of County Superintend- ent. Previotis to that date, the county school officer was known as the School Fund Commissioner. His duties were in part the same as that of the County Superintendent, such as distributing blanks and making reports to the State Superintendent ; but his principal duties were that of taking charge of the school funds of the county, arising from the sale of the school lands ; that is, his duties were more that of a financial agent than of Superintendent of Schools. The first election of County Superintendent was in April, 1858. William F. Brannan, a lawyer, was the first County Superintendent, and held the office until January 1, 1860. His successor was Rev. Charles Woodhouse, Univers- alist, whose term expired on January 1, 1862. D. H. Goodno, teacher, suc- ceeded Mr. Woodhouse, and, on the 1st of October, 1862, Mr. Goodno resigned to accept the position of Major in the Gray-Beard Regiment, as it was called, under Col. Kincade, and the Board of County Supervisors appointed George B. Denison, teacher, as Mr. Goodno's successor, who held the office during the remainder of" Mr. Goodno's term, and, in October, 1863, was elected for the full term, and was succeeded, January 1, 1866, by R. H. McCampbell, teacher. Mr. McCampbell was re-elected in 1867, and, on the 1st of January, 1869, resigned, to accept the office of County Auditor ; and the Board of Supervis- ors appointed Frank Gilbert, teacher, to fill out the unexpired term. In Octo- ber, 1869, Charles Hamilton, teacher, was elected, and held the office from Jan- uary 1, 1870, to January 1, 1872, when he was succeeded by Thomas Brown, teacher, who was re-elected and held the office till January 1, 1876. The present incumbent, R. W. Leverich, teacher, was elected in October. 1875. and re-elected in 1877. His term of office will expire January 1, 1880. POST OFFICES. The post offices in the county are as follows : Adams, Atalissa, Conesville, Fairport, Melpine, Moscow, Muscatine, Nicliol Station, Pine Mills, Pleasant Prairie, Stockton, Summit Ridge, Sweetland Centre, West Liberty and Wilton Junction. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 501 MUSCATINE. During the summer of 1833, Maj. George Davenport, who was trading with the Indians at Rock Island, sent a man named Farnham and two assistants to erect a log trading-post at "Sandstone BlufiFs," or "Grindstone Bluffs," as some are disposed to call them, the present site of Muscatine. A two-roomed log building was erected by those men, and, some time later, a small stock of goods was opened for sale by Farnham, under Davenport's direction. In 1884, according to the statement of Mr. McGrew, who passed over the site of the city in that year, while prospecting, there was no other building than the trading-house. The house was built on the river-bank, just above where Iowa avenue now touches the shore. Mr. Farnham continued to sell goods there until the fall of 1835, at which time he died, in Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111. During the winter of 1836, John Vanater, who had prospected this region at a much earlier date, negotiated with Maj. Davenport for the claim and trad- ing-post at this point. On the 20th day of February, 1836, quitclaim deeds were issued by Davenport in favor of Col. Vanater and Capt. Benjamin Clark, for $200. The size of the "claim" was one-half mile square, running one-quarter of a mile each way up and down the river, from the house, and half a mile inland. The line extended about sixty feet beyond what is now called Eighth street. In May, 1836, the proprietors employed Maj. William Gordon, then a res- ident of Rock Island, to survey a town on their claim. When the first plat was made, the name of " Newburg " was given the town ; but before the work had progressed very far that title was discarded, and the name of BLOOMINGTON was bestowed upon the new aspirant for notice and fame, which designation was retained for about twelve years. Owing to the proximity of Bloomington, 111., mail-matter was frequently sent astray, and to avoid that difficulty the name was changed to correspond with that of the county ; the township, how- ever, still retains the name of Bloomington. In these pages we shall speak of Bloomington and Muscatine according as the town was styled during the period then written about. In 1836, the original proprietors began to sell undivided interests in the town. In August of that year, Dr. John H. Foster and Suel Foster paid $500 for a one-sixth interest. This was purchased of Capt. Clark, and was his last remaining portion. He resided at that time at Clark's Ferry, which now is called Buffalo. Other parties bought claims in the property at about that date. Among the number whose names are now recalled were Moses Couch, Charles H. Fish, T. M. Isett, Adam Funck, Henry Fun.ck, Robert C. Kinney, William St. John, G. H. Hight, B. White, William Devoe and J. W. Neally. September 28, 1836, William Gordon (who was no relation of Maj. Will- iam Gordon, the original surveyor, by the way) landed at this place, and, the following day, began work on the FIRST FRAME BUILDING in Bloomington. It was designed as a hotel, and was used for that purpose for many years. In 1879, its remains are still standing. The building was 502 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. erected for R. C. Kinney. At that time there were but two buildings in the place. Mr. Gordon says he found the following persons in the village when he oame : William St. John, Giles and Jonathan Pettibone, J. Craig, John Champ, Norman FuUington, Moses Couch, Lyman C. Hine, Suel Foster, John Vanater, James W. Casey, Adam Ogilvie, T. M. Isett, Mr. Norton and wife and R. C. Kinney and wife. The year previous to this, as is shown in the general history of the county, in May, 1835, James M. Casey (or Kasey, as it is sometimes spelled in the records) made a claim just down the river from Vanater & Clark's, and called tis place " Casey's Landing," or " Newburg." It was from that name the first plat derived its temporary designation. The original limits did not include Casey's claim in the town survey. As that is now a part of Muscatine, it is proper to say that the first proprietors were J. W. Casey, Edward E. Fay, William St. John, Norman FuUington, H. Reece, Jonathan Pettibone, L. C. Hine, H. H. Hine, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, J. E. Fletcher, Breese & Higginbotham, Abij ah Whiting, W. D. Abernathy, A. Smith and others. This claim was one mile square, including the territory occupied by the cemetery, by Butlerville, and down to the slough. The winter of 1836-37 was an exceeding cold one. The river froze over very early, there was plenty of snow and the mercury went down to 32° below zero one day. For five days and nights the mercury remained below zero. Flour was sold at $25 per barrel, and salt sold at $6 per bushel. Supplies had to be carried by team from St. Louis. This intense cold has been equaled but once since that date. On the 10th of February, 1868, the mercury reached 32° below zero. The second frame building erected in Bloomington, and which for many years was the best building in the place, was erected in the spring of 1837, for John Vanater, by William Gordon, assisted by Henry Reece, John Reece, James Reece, Jonathan Pettibone, L. C. Hine and James Craig. These men boarded at the " Iowa House," Kinney's famous hostelry, at the time they were thus ■engaged. The frame of the building then in process of erection was made of timbers cut from near the site of the structure, and was of oak. No pine lum- ber was obtainable in those days. Even the weather-boards were of oak. The town pointed with pride to this building for several years. Vanater opened a tavern therein as soon as it was completed, and he was succeeded by John Cole- man, the first resident Justice. The sixth marriage that took place in the county was solemnized in the "parlors" of the hotel, by Esquire Coleman. The contracting parties were Washington A. Rigby and Lydia Barr. Josiah Parvin soon became manager of the hotel. Some say that Mr. Mitchell kept the house for a time, but that statement is pronounced erroneous by others, who say that Miss Mitchell was, for a time, the ruling spirit under other management. The house stood on the corner of Iowa avenue and Second street, but was moved to Third street, to make room for Silverman & Bro.'s building. In 1837, Adam Ogilvie opened the second store in Bloomington, counting the trading-house as the first. Joseph Bridgman began the dry goods business in 1837, the first house of the kind in town, and still continues in trade — the oldest merchant in the county. William Gordon, Henry Reece and H. H. Hine had carpenter-shons in the place in 1837. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 603 A terrible accident occurred on the river about seven miles below Bloom- ington, August 18, 1837. The steamer "Dubuque" exploded its boiler, kill- ing twenty-two persons. Capt. Smoker was in command of the ill-fated craft. Seventeen of the victims were brought to the town and interred where School- house No. 1 now stands. William Gordon performed the sad duties of under- taker on that occasion. The records of the Commissioners' Court show that he was allowed $136, for his services and for the seventeen coffins furnished by him. The remains of the dead were removed when the schoolhouse was erected, and re-interred in the cemetery. J. A. Parvin landed April 18, 1839. In May, he leased a small cabin on the hill and opened the first school in the county. He paid $8 rent for the building, and his school was very small. In 1839-40, he moved to a building near the Court House Square, and, in the spring, moved into the " town house," on Iowa Avenue. In 1840, J. A. Parvin bought out Adam Ogilvie's stock of goods and com- menced his mercantile career. • THE FIRST THREE YEARS. While credit is given Col. Vanater for being the first resident on the plac of Bloomington, it is true that the first settler on the present plat (1879) was J. W. Casey, who built his cabin in the fall of 1835, on a claim immediately south of the claim made by Davenport. In locating towns on the Mississippi, the great object was to find a sufficient depth of water to float a steamboat near the shore, so that landing could be efi'ected. Mr. Casey had sounded the water along the shore, and found that the deepest point was opposite the high bluif, extending down nearly to the head of Muscatine Island. He, therefore, made claim to the land south of Farnham's claim. Mr. Casey was an active, energetic man. When Mr. Vanater succeeded to the proprietorship of the trading-house, positive competition sprang up between the two men as to which place was the more desirable location for a town. Vanater asserted the superiority of his land, and Casey urged with equal vehemence the advantages of his landing. In time, both claims grew in value, and then a dispute arose as the boundary- line between the claims. To settle that controversy, Maj. William Gordon, who had a claim adjoining Benjamin Nye's, near Pine River, but who was living at that time at Rock Island, was called upon to survey the town into lots. Gordon was a graduate of West Point, and was a civil engineer as well as a military man, although not then in commission. Vanater's claim extended a quarter of a mile up and down the river from the trading-house, but as the cabin was a double log building, thirty-two feet long, it was necessary for the surveyor to have some definite point to begin at. Vanater told the surveyor that the outside of the stick-chimney, on the west end of the cabin, was the proper point to start the measurement from. The Major ran the lines accord- ingly, and Vanater's town site was made to encroach about twenty feet on Casey's claim. Soon after this, the claim laws were established, and the matter was submitted to arbitration. In the fall of 1836, Mr. Casey died and was buried on the high land where Schoolhouse No. 2 was erected years afterward. This was the first adult death in the county. In November, 1837, a child was born in the family of a Mr. Barclow, and in that month, or in December following, a young daughter of Mr. Barclow was buried. 504 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Charles H. Fish laid off the upper addition to the city at about this time, and a cemetery was marked out upon the plat. Numerous interments were made therein during the succeeding ten years. Mr. Fish moved to Bloomington in 1837, with his wife, son and two daugh- ters — William, Emeline and Caroline. Mr. Moses Couch, who came in 1836, was joined by his wife in 1837. Mrs. Reece and her sons — Henry, John, James and Joseph, came in 1837. During the early years, that curse of Western settlements — fever and ague — made this locality a desolate one, to a great extent. The ladies referred to here were among the most efficient and self-sacrificing in their care of the suf- ferers, and deserve lasting tribute. In 1836, as has been stated, R. C. Kinney opened the first tavern. The original part was 16x30 feet in size, divided into three rooms below and three above. This was the first frame building in Bloomington. It is a great pity that no record of the events which transpired in that house was preserved. In 1837-38, Mr. Barton kept boarders in a log cabin which stood on the ground between Mr. Bridgeman's store and his dwelling. John Vanater built the second hotel in the spring of 1838, where the Tribune building stands. The building was afterward moved to Third street. The first brick building was erected in 1839, by Matthew Matthews, on Lot 6, Block 13, on Water street. The mason-work was done by his brother Hiram Mathews, who came to the town that year. The Court House was begun in 1839, as is shown elsewhere. John Coleman, one of the first Justices of the Peace in this county, kept his office for a year or so in the old Vanater Hotel. Among the cases that were tried before him were several for the crime of Sabbath-breaking. Three men were one day sentenced to pay $3 each for making a pig.trough on Sunday. Joe Leverich, a man famous for his connection with a band of notorious men, was once fined heavily for blasphemy. He carried his case to the District Court and there created immense sport for Judge Williams and the bar. ANECDOTES OF INDIANS. The existence of the trading-post here made this point a famous one for the Indians during the first few years after the whites settled in Muscatine County. Hundreds of Indians would come to the slough, or some other convenient place, and pitch their temporary tents. Poweshiek, the chieftain, had his village on the Iowa River further up, and the camps made on the Mississippi after the year 1836 were but transient abodes. Many of the white settlers became very friendly with certain of the Indians, but the general characteristic of the red men is silence'and dogged reserve. Some of the subchiefs were more disposed to be friendly than the Indians usually were because of their more frequent intercourse with the whites. Kishkekosh, who is spoken of at considerable length in the foregoing pages, was the central figure in a lively social scene in Bloomington in 1839. The incident is related by Suel Foster" as follows : "In the spring of 1839, Stephen Whicher gave a large social party, which event for those days was of a novel kind. His guests were composed of the entire elite of the town, and about twenty Indians with their squaws, who came dressed in calico breeches, roundabouts, moccasins ornamented with beads and trinkets of various kinds attached to their persons. The Indians were also rigged out in their best for the party, with painted faces, gay blankets, buckskin breeches, and fantastic wammises ornamented with their war trophies, jewels in their ears and noses, brass bands on their arms, long ornamented pipes, weasel HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 505 and skunk skin tobacco pouches, war clubs trimmed with feathers, bears' claws and tusks, and strings of highly ornamented wampum. This was probably the most peculiarly constructed social gathering that ever met in the State. The first thing on the programme of the evening was a war-dance by the Indians. The large front room being cleared, and nothing lacking but music, Mrs. W. brought out some tin pans, a fire-shovel and tongs, which with a few sticks made ample music. Kishkekosh, the noble chief, first stepped on the floor alone, divested of nearly-all his garments, and presenting a fine, well-formed and powerful form, led the dance in a majestic, savage style. Soon one and another of the men joined, until the floor was nearly filled, the whole circling around in all sorts of savage and fantastic shapes and forms of attitude, keeping time with the din of the pans and tongs, at the same time uttering low guttural sounds — hew-wa-wa-hew-ha-wa-we-ho-hew-ha-woo — which increased in loudness and tone until it became a savage howl, and then charged at each other until the ladies were greatly frightened. The doors being closely guarded sf^ as to allow no one to escape, the tumult soon became general. As the dance subsided one of the painted warriors suddenly sprang at and kissed one of the fairest of the fair white ladies, who, not appreciating the honor done her, screamed a scream more piercing and frightful than the howling of the Indians. As a return for this extraordinary entertainment, the Indians insisted that the whites, especially the " white squaws," should, have a dance. A violin was accordingly procured, and several dances were performed in the most elegant frontier style, which appeared to delight the Indians as much as their performance had the whites. The entertainment was kept up until the wee small hours, when the parties dis- persed to their respective homes and wigwams, thus ending one of the most brill- iant and social entertainments in the history of Iowa." A good story is told by Suel Foster of an Indian scare which occurred in the winter of 1836-37. There was a man of the name of Maine then living on the island some two miles below Muscatine, who kept a barrel of whisky for traffic with the Indians, who were very fond of that article. On one noted occa- sion, when there had been a new arrival in his family, this old man having taken a little too much himself, was troubled bv several Indians who, having already drank enough to make them feel quarrelsome, insisted upon having more whisky, which he refused. The Indians, determined not to be refused, threatened him to such an extent that he started toward town to secure help. As he left, an Indian fired— at the whisky-bai-rel, and tapped it in the head. The crack of the rifle brought a neighbor woman who was helping in the house to the door, and finding the Indians sucking at the bullet- vent in the whisky-barrel, she resdlutely caught up a hoe, drove the Indians ofi", and set the barrel on end. But the aff'righted Maine, when he heard the rifle, imagined' that his family and the woman there were being murdered, and he alone would escape to tell of their fate. The nearer town he got the faster he ran, and the more piteous were his cries for help. The villagers were alarmed, and as soon as he could get breath to utter an audible word, he said: " The Indians have murdered all my family, and as I ran they fired at me, but I have outrun 'em. Go down ! go down ! !" There was a hasty gathering of guns and what means of defense could be found, and guards were placed to protect the village. The " landlord," R. C. Kinney, who is said to have been the fattest, laziest, quietest, can't- run-man in the town, exclaimed : " God of Heaven, what shall we do ! John Champ, take my horse and go to Moscow and give the alarm ; tell them that the Indians have killed all the folks on the island, and that we will run in that direction, and they must come and meet us." The braves who charged on the whisky-barrel got so 506 HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. shot with the fire-water that they set fire to the rank grass, discharged their guns, and, after screaming and yelling at a fearful rate for a while, quietly entered their canoes and left for Cowmack Island. THE BLOOMINGTON &, CEDAR RIVER CANAL COMPANY. During the early years of settlement in this Territory, the ambitious men turned their thoughts to the development of schemes for water transportation. Railroads were then in their infancy, and the most daring speculators did not even dream of securing Congressional aid for such methods of communication. In 1838-39, the country west of Bloomington was mainly tributary to that town ; but the only means of reaching the Mississippi was by team. The valley of the Cedar supplied a large amount of trade to Bloomington, a point more accessible to the settlers of that fertile region than any other on the river. As a natural result of the advantages of location, Bloomington held the traflic for some time undisturbed, but, with the growth of rival river-towns, came also a realization of the necessity of inducing a continuance of the patronage. The prevailing mania was for the improvement of water-courses, during the period of which we write, and, as an inevitable outcome, a company of Bloomington men conceived the idea of uniting the Cedar with the Mississippi River, by digginga canal from Bloomington to the Cedar, and by that means diverting the trade of the valley to the growing town. The Gedar, during certain seasons of the year, was navigable as high up as Cedar Rapids, and a most extensive territory would be rendered accessible if such a project as that of the proposed canal was carried out. The gentlemen who appear as incorporators of the enterprise were Joseph Williams, John Vanater, Adam Ogilvie, Charles Alexander Warfield, Suel Foster, William Gordon, Harvey Gillett, William D. Viele, Stephen Tony, James W. Talman and John D. Foy. They secured the passage of a bill incorporating the "Bloomington & Cedar River Canal Company," which was approved January 12, 1839. The provisions of the charter were as follows : The above-named gentlemen were styled Commissioners of the Company ; they were endowed with all the usual corporate rights ; the capital stock of the Com- pany was $200,000 ; shares of stock were placed at $10 ; the canal was to extend from the Mississippi River at Bloomington to the mouth of Rock Creek, where it emptied into the Cedar River ; the Company had the right to take such lands as were needed to develop their work, by appointing appraisers and allowing a fair valuation for property thus seized, provided no mill-sites were destroyed; in short, all possible contingencies ware provided for in the terms of the charter. Besides the supposed advantages to trade, it was also argued that the canal would furnish power for factories, and thereby serve a double purpose. Mr. Foster, whose name is given as one of the incorporators, was opposed to the scheme, from the first, and wrote several articles to prove the absurdity of the undertaking. His name was used without authority. When he heard of the project to produce power in this way, he at once said that the elevation between Bloomington and the Cedar River was at least eighty feet, and could not be overcome. Subsequent exploration proved that the highest point was eighty- four feet above the Mississippi, and it is needless to add that the scheme was never carried out. In 1866, the project of constructing a canal from Mus- catine to Moscow was revived, with the view of securing a water-power ; but the scheme failed of success. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 507 SECOND SURVEY. 1Q J^t 'T^^ °^ ^^ *"'"'? °^ Bloomington, after the purchase was made, in 1840, by (xeorge Bumgardner, and the plat is now framed in the County -Kecorder s oince. •' IMPROVEMENT OF THE SLOUGH. In 1845, another company was formed, for the purpose of damming the slough and reclaiming the lands annually overflowed. The dam was con- structed and proved beneficial, improving many thousand acres; but the sec- ondary object in view — that of supplying power — was not achieved. The present oc&upation of the fertile "island" is largely owing to this improve- ment. The improvements of recent date are both extensive and permanent, and a large industry has grown up in the immediate vicinity. INCORPORATION OF THE TOWi*. The town of Bloomington was incorporated by act of the Territorial Leg- islature, approved January 23, 1839. The original description was " all that part or tract of land in Township 76 north. Range 2 west, and Township 77 north. Range 2 west, which has been surveyed and laid oif into town lots for commercial purposes," then known as Bloomington. The bill was merely the usual form of incorporating acts, and need not be reproduced. It may be found on page 248, statute laws of the Territory of Iowa, 1839, known as the " Blue Book." At the time of its incorporation, the town contained a population of seventy- one souls, and boasted of thirty-three buildings. Early in 1839, or late the preceding year (the record does not show which), John Vanater, Aaron Usher and Err Thornton, County Commissioners, selected the southeast quarter of Section 35, Township 77, Range 2 west, under the act of Congress donating to each county a quarter section of land for the purpose of erecting county buildings. They assessed the quarter (which now lies nearly in the center of the city) at $18,000, and taxed the lots therein to that amount. The other divisions of the present town plat, viz., a fractional part of the northeast quarter of Section 35 ; also a fractional part of the southwest quarter of Section 36, called Warfield's Division ; a fractional part of the northwest quarter of the same section, known as Smalley's Division ; a fractional part of the southwest quarter of Section 35, known as St. John's Division, together with what there is of the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 76, Range 2 west, styled Foster's Division ; the east half of the northwest quarter of the same section, known as Higginbotham's "Float," and the west half of the same quarter, known as Williams' Division — were entered about the same time by the individuals whose names they bear, as trustees or the claimants of lots in their several divisions. The following is a specimen of the bonds entered into by the parties concerned : AGREEMENT made and concluded by and between Thomas M. Isett, Jesse Williams and Niles Higginbotham (a committee appointed by the holders and rightful owners of lots within that part or portion of the town of Bloomington, in the county of Musquitiue and Territory of Iowa, on the Mississippi River, called and known by the citizens of said town as the "Upper Town," or part of said town, as described in the following resolution, adopted by the claim- ants of lots in said town, at a meeting held at Burlington, Not. 27th, 1838 (viz. : Resolved, the boundaries of the upper addition to the town of Bloomington, be the lines as agreed to and marked by John Vanater and Farrington Barricklow, of the one part, and Charles A. Warfield, of the county aforesaid, of the other part), viz.; It is HEBEB.V AGREED by the said Charles A. Warfield, on his part, that he will officiate as the bidder or representative of the proper and rightful owners or claimants of each and every the lots 508 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. within that part of the said town of Bloomington, called and known as the Upper Town, and described as aforesaid, at the land-sales now holding and progressing at the city of Burlington in said Territory, when and at the time such lands upon which said lots are, or said upper town is, laid out or located ; and that he, the said Warfield, will well and truly bid in and purchase the said land from the United States, or so much of the said laud as has not been sold by the Government of the United States to the Commissioners of Musquitine County, so that all the lots within the plat of the said described town called Upper Town shall be bought and purchased by him, the said Warfield, in trust for and to the use of each and every of the bona-fide -and rightful claimants of said lots. And it is further agreed, on the part of said Warfield, that so soon, or as conveniently after the said sale and purchase of the said lots in the manner aforesaid, as may be, he will well and truly release or convey, by such deed as shall be good and valid in law, all and every of the said lots in said portion or part of the said town as aforesaid described, to each and every the proper owners or claimants of the same, in fee simple, so as that the said claimants shall forever possess and have the same to the only proper use, benefit and behoof of themselves, their heirs and assigns — all which said stipulations he will faithfully keep and perform. And on behalf of the said lot-holders, it is agreed by the said committee, for them, that they, the said lot-holders or claimants, shall, by themselves or agents, pay or cause to be paid unto the said Warfield, their trustee aforesaid, 25 cents for each lot so as aforesaid bought in for them, for his trouble in and about the purchase of the said land at the land office ; and also to pay to the said Warfield the cost or expenses of purchase of the said land from the United States for them, the said lot- holders, at the land-sale aforesaid, and the said owners or claimants, each and every of them, shall prepare and furnish, free of expense, to the said Warfield, the deed or deeds for his or their own lot or lots. It is also covenanted, agreed and understood, by and between the afore- said parties, to this agreement that all the laud or ground constituting the landing fronting the said described part or portion of Bloomington, from the line of the town survey or plat on the street adjoining or next to the Mississippi River, is to be bidden off and purchased by the said Warfield to and for the use of the public, and by him to be conveyed in fee simple to Thomas M. Isett, Jesse Williams and Niles Higginbotham, in trust for the town of Bloomington, whenit shall hereafter become incorporated, and to be for the citizens of said town for public use until said town shall become legally incorporated. It is also understood and agreed, That the said Charles A. \Varfiekl is to bid in all the land or ground laid out according to the said town plat for streets and alleys, in trust for the public use, and after the same is so bid in or purchased by deeds, or other assurance good in law, to make and deliver to the said committee, in trust for the citizens or the town of Bloomington, now and after the same shall be incorporated, to the said town fore»er. And it is furthermore agreed to, by and between the parties aforesaid. That all the claimants of lots who shall fail to make payment, or fail to comply with the requisitions of this agreement, to the siid Warfield, within six months from the date of purchase of the said lands and lots at the land-sales aforesaid, then the said owners or claimants so neglecting or refusing, shall forfeit his or their lot or lots ; and the lot or lots so forfeited shall be sold at public sale for the benefit of the town of Bloomington, as aforesaid ; Provided, nevertheless, that it shall be the duty of the snd Warfield to give public notice in one or more newspapers of the Territory of Iowa for at least four weeks successively next preceding the expiration of the term of six months, as aforesaid. And the said Warfield furthermore covenants and agrees. That so much of the said land, or parcels of land, as may be purchased by him at the land-sales aforesaid, owned or claimed by A. Smalley, adjoining the town of Bloomington aforesaid, shall be conveyed by him, the said Warfield, to the said Smalley, his heirs or assigns, by a good and sufficient deed in fee sim- ple — the said Smalley paying to the said Warfield the purchase money paid to the Government of the United States, or their agents, at the land-sales aforesaid, by the said Warfield. And for the faithful and true performance of all and every the agreements and stipulations mentioned and contained in the foregoing agreement, the said Thomas M. Isett, Jesse Williams, and Niles Higginbotham, for and in behalf of the lot-holders or claimants aforesaid, and the said Charles A. Warfield, bind themselves each to the other in the sum of sixty thousand dollars. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this, the twenty-eighth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight. CHAS. A, WARFIELD, [l. s.' THOMAS M. ISETT. [l. s.' JESSE WILLIAMS. [l. .=;.' In presence of Charles H. Fish, Geo. W. Fitoh. In 1841, the first brick hotel waa built by Josiah Parvin. It still stands as the National House. In 1843, the first saw-mill was erected and run by C. Cadle. It stood where Chambers' old mill stands. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 509 In 1840, the citizens of Bloomington appointed Suel Foster a committee to purchase, from the Government, the land on which a part of the town is located. The land was to be purchased in trust for such persons as might be able to present a certificate of an equitable claim thei-efor, paying him the original cost and his expenses. If any property remained unclaimed after the expiration of six months from the date of his purchase, such parcels were to become forfeited to the town of Bloomington. Mr. Foster entered the land, as agreed, paying therefor $39.2'2J. The area was 31.38 acres, and extended along the river from the mouth of Pappoose Creek nearly to Broadway. In 1843, the city, by its attorney, demanded of Mr. Foster a deed for the unclaimed lands, but he claimed as his own a strip of ground of indef- inite width, between Water street and the river, after allowing sixty feet for the latter thoroughfare. Suit was brought against Mr. Foster in the District Court, in 1844, in chancery. The case was decided against Mr. Foster, who carried it on appeal to the Supreme Court. That tribunal affirmed the decision of the lower court in 1851. The matter created considerable excitement at the time, but we deem it worthy of mention here merely because it affected the title to public property. Those who desire to learn of the several points raised can satisfy themselves by examining the Supreme Court reports of 1851. In 1846, or ten years after its first settlement, Bloomington had a popula- tion of 1,600. In 1848, Joseph Bennett erected a steam flour-mill. The building was five stories high, 50x85 feet, and run five buhrs. The capacity was 500 barrels of flour per day. The first telegraph message was received in Bloomington August 23, 1848. 0. H. Kelley was the operator who took the dispatch from the instrument. The first book store was established by Hinds & Humphrey, in 1848. In 1849, the name of Bloomington was changed to that of Muscatme, by order of the District Court. A GLANCE AT MUSCATINE IN 1855. "One bright afternoon, in the summer of 1855, a distinguished-looking gentleman stepped from the deck of a packet to the unpretentious wharf of Muscatine. The leading citizens of the city paid their respects to the stranger and presented him to the people. He whom the people delighted to honor was none other than the famous English statesman, Richard Cobden. As the traveler gazed about him at the bold and rugged bluffs, he observed : " When the boat came around that point above, and the amphitheater of your town appeared in view, with the sight of those beautiful residences suspended by the high bluff above the river, I thought the picturesque Rhine had not the equal of that picture." The traveler saw none of the harsher and cruder features of the place. The lavish hand of nature had bestowed charms which ' even the " improvements " of man had not and could not efface. Surely the similarity between the castellated Rhine and the Mississippi in its wildness ceased when the visitor permitted his fancy to be overcome by a sense of the actual attempt to implant the germs of civilization. The rude streets, uncom- pleted and terminating abruptly in the towering walls which nature had silted up; the temporary and unpicturesque remains of the buildings which the early settlers were compelled to call their homes ; and the evidences of newness which were to be seen on every hand, surely these marks of infancy in the life of the Western towns would effectually dispel the idea of poetic comparison which even the wildest flight of imagination might for a moment create. 510 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. But all that atmosphere of newness has disappeared, and those who see the beautiful city of Muscatine to-day join heartily with Prof. Swing in pronoun- cing this the most lovely scene on the Upper Mississippi. August 18, 1857, the city was first lighted with gas ; a grand celebration marked the event. „„ TOWN KECORDS. • The original records of the town of Bloomington are preserved in good form. The first entry is as follows : At a corporation election held at the house of R C. Kinney, in the town of Bloomington, on Monday, the 6th day of May, A. D. 1839, the following persons receiTed the number of votes opposite their respective names : FOR PRESIDENT. Vote*. Honorable Joseph Williams 38 Arthur Washburn 1 Lyman C. Hine 1 FOR TRUSTEES. ' Arthur Washburn 38 Henry Reece 21 B. P. Howland 20 Suel Foster 15 Charles H. Fish 13 Lyman C. Hine 8 William Gordon 7 Jonathan Pettibone 2 Thomas M. Isett 2 FOR RECORDRR. Moses Couch 29 James G. Morrow 10 FOR STREET COnUIISSlGNER. Giles Pettibone 10 The returns were approved and certified to by Moses Couch and Arthur Washburn, Judges, and John Marble, Clerk. The first meeting of the Board was held at the office of Arthur Washburn May 10, 1839, when the officers were sworn in and took their offices as follows : Joseph Williams, President ; Arthur Washburn, B. P. Howland and Henry Reece, Trustees, and Moses Couch, Recorder. On the 16th of May, Moses Couch was appointed City Treasurer. John Marble was appointed Marshal ; John J. Reece, Street Commissioner, in lieu of Mr. Pettibone, resigned, and Charles H. Fish, Assessor. The first ordinance adopted was in relation to the sale of spirituous liquors. The second one was for the " preservation of good order." No further business was transacted during the first year. As the official roster is given in full elsewhere, we make no further special mention of elections. During the first year, the Board had no regular place of meeting, but convened in offices, shops, etc., as the case required. The session of May 19, 1840, was held at the post office, and the Board voted to call a meeting at the schoolhouse for the purpose of voting on the amount of corporation tax to be levied. The schoolhouse referred to stood on , Iowa avenue, and was a building used for public purposes generally. The vote was duly taken May 23, and a majority of the electors decided one quarter of one per cent on the town valuation as the proper thing. During the summer of 1840, the Board was mainly occupied in superintend- ing the construction of a culvert over Pappoose Creek, at Second street. ' The first order on the Treasurer was issued July 21, of that year, to C. B. Leavitt, for work on that culvert. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 511 In those days, liquor stores were politely termed "groceries," and licenses at the rate of $25 per year were required to conduct them. Frequent allowances were made to men, who have since become identified with the progress of the town, for "removing stumps from the streets." In 1878, W. F. Brannan, Esq., revised and arranged the city ordinances, and under his supervision they were published in convenient form. That fact obviates the necessity of this work's entering into a review of che city opera- tions. The charter and revised ordinances are to be seen at the Recorder's ofiBce. CITY OFFICIAL ROSTER. List of officers of the town of Bloomington, from March, 1839, to March, 1851: 1839 — Joseph Williams, President ; Arthur Washburn, Henry Reece, Benj. P. Howland, Trustees ; Moses Couch, Recorder ; Giles Pettibone, Street Com- missioner. 1840 — John Lilly, President; Henry Reece, John W. Richman, R. P. Lowe, Trustees; E. E. Fay, Recorder; Matthew Matthews, Street Commis- sioner ; Hiram Matthews, Marshal ; D. J. Snyder, Treasurer. 1841 — Thomas Darlington, President; John S. Lakin, Edward Ballard, Suel Foster, Trustees ; Arthur Washburn, Recorder ; William St. John, Street Commissioner ; John W. Weller, Treasurer ; John Marble, Marshal. 1842 — David Clark, President ; William Frye, Hiram Wilson, William St. John, Trustees ; Arthur Washburn, Recorder ; Daniel Mauck, Street Commis- sioner; Lyman C. Hine, Treasurer. 1843 — John A. Parvin, President ; William Frye, J. J. Hoopes, L. C. Hine, Trustees ; Pliny Fay, Recorder ; Daniel Mauck, Street Commissioner ; John Zeigler, Treasurer ; William Parvin, Marshal. 1844— Stephen L. Foss, President ; A. J. Fimple, A. M. Hare, J. R. Ben- nett, Trustees ; Thomas Crandol, Recorder ; Daniel Mauck, Street Commis- sioner ; William Leffingwell, Treasurer ; Hiram Matthews, Marshal. 1845 — Charles Evans, President; John M. Kane, William Leffingwell, A. J. Fimple, Trustees ; John Lilly, Recorder ; Hiram Matthews, Street Commis- sioner ; William Parvin, Treasurer and Marshal ; John Seller, Sexton. Mr. Seiler has served in this office continuously since 1845. 1846 — Stephen L. Foss, President ; Hezekiah Musgrove, Joseph P. Free- man, Alexander Jackson, Trustees ; Douglas Dunsmore, Recorder ; Hiram Matthews, Street Commissioner; William Parvin, Treasurer and Marshal. 1847 — J. M.. Barlow, President; J. L. Cummins, Harris H. Hine, Edward Olmstead, Trustees ; Richard Cadle, Recorder ; Hiram Matthews, Street Com- missioner; John M. Kane, Treasurer and Marshal. 1848— Thomas M. Isett, President; E. H. Albee, John M. McCormick, Pliny Fay, Trustees ; Richard Cadle, Recorder ; David Freeman, Street Com- missioner; John M. Kane, Treasurer and Marshal. 1849 — Elias Overman, President; J. G. Gordon, Jacob Butler, G. S. Branham, Trustees; Richard Cadle, Recorder; Charles Browning, Street Commissioner; William Parvin, Treasurer and Marshal. This year the cor- porate name was changed to Muscatine, by the District Court, at its June ses- sion. 1850— William D. Ament, President ; G. W. Hunt, Alfred Purcell, Ansel Humphreys, Trustees; Thomas Crandol, Recorder; Charles Browning, Street Commissioner; W^illiam A. Drury, Treasurer and Marshal. 512 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. In 1851, by act of the State Legislature, a special city charter was granted Muscatine. From March of that year to the present time, the city officers have been as follows: 1851 — Zephaniah Washburn (resigned), Aulay Macaulay, Mayor ; Henry Reece, J. B. Dougherty, Absalom Fisher, John C. Irwin, H. D. Lacosett, B. Bartholomew, Aldermen ; Gr. S. Branham. Marshal ; C. F. Browning, Wharf- master ; Thomas Crandol, Recorder; William D. Ament, Treasurer; L. C. Hine, Assessor ; C. G. Heilenberg, City Engineer. 1852 — Thomas M. Isett, Mayor ; Henry Reece, J. B. Dougherty, Absa- lom Fisher, George C. Stone, William St. John, Samuel Bamford, Alder- men ; Alexander Jackson, Marshal ; Thomas M. Williams, Recorder ; S. B. Crane, Wharfmaster ; John I. Reece, Assessor; William D. Ament. Treasurer. 1853 — John G. Stine, Mayor ; George C. Stone, William St. John, Samuel Bamford, Marx Block, A. M. Hare, Jacob Hershe, Aldermen ; Charles F. Browning, Marshal ; Henry C. Lamb, Recorder ; William D. Ament. Treas- urer ; L. C. Hine, Assessor; S. B. Crane, Wharfmaster. 1854 — John A. Parvin, Mayor; Marx Block, A. M. Hare, Jacob Hershe, Jacob Butler, Charles Nealley, William Young, Aldermen ; Abial Fry, Mar- shal ; D. P. Johnson, Recorder; M. Berkshire, Assessor; Edward Hoch, City Measurer. 1855 — J. H. Wallace, Mayor; Jacob Butler, Charles Nealley, William Young, F. S. Phelps, D. C. Cloud, C. Cadle, Aldermen; Jacob Israel, Mar- shal ; J. B. Dougherty, Treasurer ; William L. Browning, Wnarfmaster. 1856— William Leffingwell, Mayor ; F. S. Phelps, D. C. Cloud, C. Cadle, I. R. Mauck, A. M. Hare, B. W. Thompson, Aldermen ; John A. McCormick, Marshal ; D. P. Johnson, Recorder ; J. B. Dougherty, Treasurer ; A. J. Fimple, Assessor; L. C. Bailey, City Engineer. 1857— John J. Stine, Mayor; I. R. Mauck, A. M. Hare, B. W. Thomp- son, Edward Hoch, J. R. Nisley, A. Fisher, Aldermen ; Elias linger. Mar- shal; D. P. Johnson, Recorder; H. Lofland, Treasurer; William Leffingwell, Assessor ; Samuel Tarr, Street Commissioner ; Marx Block, Wharfmaster. 1858 — George Meason, Mayor ; Edward Hoch, J. R. Nisley, A. Fisher, S. G. Hill, J. P. Freeman, C. Hershe, Aldermen ; Elias Unger, Marshal ; D. P. Johnson, Recorder ; H. Lofland, Treasurer ; Peter Jackson, Assessor ; Romulus Hawley, Street Commissioner ; John Bartholomew, Wharfmaster. 1859— George Meason, Mayor ; S. G. Hill, J. P. Freeman, C. Hershe, W. C. Kennedy, Henry Punck, Robert Williams, Aldermen ; J. R. Nisley, Recorder; R. R. Lauther (resigned), Abel F. Adams, Treasurer; Z. Wash- burn, Assessor ; Romulus Hawley, Street Commissioner. 1860 — George Meason, Mayor; W. C. Kennedy, Henry Funck, Robert Williams, S. G. Stein, Henry Molis, C. Hershe, "Aldermen ; William Dill, Marshal ; R. T. Wallace, Recorder ; A. F. Adams, Treasurer ; R. T. Wallace, Wharfmaster. 1861— George Meason, Mayor ; S. G. Stein, Henry Molis, C. Hershe, Luke Sells, F. Thurston, Abraham Johns, Aldermen ; William Dill, Marshal ; Hugh J. Campbell, Recorder ; John Wiley, Assessor ; Romulus Hawley, Street Commissioner ; R. T. Wallace, Wharfmaster. 1862— George Meason, Mayor; Isaac R. Mauck, Ilonry Molis, Richard Musser, Luke Sells. F. Thurston, A Johns,* J. S. Patten, Aldermen ; William Dill,* T. B. James, Marshal ; E. 0. Upham,* L. H. Washburn, Recorder ; John Wiley, Treasurer ; Charles S. Porter,* Abial Fry, Collector; William *Thoso goutlenieri ii'»lgnod tboir rospeotivo olBoos to enliat In tlio army, when their places wove flUed by appoiatmeat. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 513 Dill, Assessor ; Marx Block, Wharfmaster ; Romulus Hawley,* Cyrus Haw- ley, Street Commissioner ; Cornelius Cadle, City Measurer. 1863 — Henry Funck, Mayor; Philip Stein, E. T. Wallace, Benjamin Mid- dleton, Isaac R. Mauck, Henry Molis, Richard Musser, Aldermen ; T. B. James, Marshal ; D. S. Biles, Recorder; John Wiley, Treasurer; William Leffingwell, Collector ; L. T. Goldsberry, Assessor ; Marx Block, Wharfmaster ; William A. Thayer, Street Commissioner ; Joseph S. Mulford, City Measurer. 1864 — S. D. Viele, Mayor ; Henry W. Moore, Ferdinand Kaufmann, W. H^. Simpson, Philip Stein, R. T. Wallace, Benjamin Middleton, Aldermen ; T. B. James, Marshal; D. S. Biles, Recorder; A. F. Demorest, Treasurer; William Leffingwell, Collector ; T. B. James, Assessor ; Marx Block, Wharf Master ; William A. Thayer, Street Commissioner ; John Chambers, City Measurer. 1865— Benjamin Hershey, Mayor ; Philip Stein, S. B. Crane (died in office), George Schneider, L. H. Washburn, Henry W. Moore, Ferdinand Kaufman, W. H. Simpson, Aldermen ; T. B. James, Marshal ; D. S. Biles, Recorder ; John Wiley, Treasurer ; William Leffingwell, Collector ; William Gordon, Assessor ; Daniel Sterneman, Wharfmaster ; William A. Thayer, Street Commissioner ; Edward Hoch, City Measurer. 1866 — Benjamin Hershey, Mayor; F. Wienker, J. A. Reuling, C. F. Kessler, Philip Stein, L. H. Washburn, Noah Green, Aldermen ; T. B. James, Marshal ; D. S. Biles, Recorder ; Henry Molis, Treasurer ; William Leffingwell, Collector ; William Gordon, Assessor ; George Schneider, Wharf- master ; Michael Murphy, Street Commissioner. 1867 — George Meason, Mayor; C. E. Kent, Alpheus Palmer, L. H. Washburn, F. Wienker, J. A. Reuling, C. F. Kessler, Aldermen ; J. G. Wells, Marshal ; John H. Munroe, Recorder ; A. F. Demorest, Treasurer ; William Dill, Collector; 'Lewis Coe, Assessor for county purposes; J. P. Freeman, Assessor for city purposes ; William H. Snyder, Wharfmaster ; Romulus Hawley, Street Commissioner ; Cornelius Cadle, City Measurer. 1868 — E. Klein, Mayor; William Spring, V. Chambers, John Cackler, C. E. Kent, C. Cadle (to succeed Palmer, removed from city), L. H. Washburn, Aldermen ; John K. Scott, Marshal ; John H. Munroe, Recorder ; William Leffingwell, Treasurer ; 0. W. Brown, Collector ; William Gordon, Assessor for county purposes ; Lewis Coe, Assessor for city purposes ; Marx Block, Wharf- master ; James S. Patten, Street Commissioner. 1869— William B. Keeler. Mayor ; Joseph Bridgman, C. U. Hatch, J. B. Dougherty, William Spring, V. Chambers, John Cackler, Aldermen; John K. Scott, Marshal ; John H. Munroe, Recorder ; C. E. Kent, Treasurer ; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for county purposes ; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for city purposes; George R. White, Wharfmaster; James S. Patten, Street Com- missioner; Cornelius Cadle, City Measurer., 1870— S. G. Stein, Mayor; Henry Funck, Henry Molis, John Cackler, Joseph Bridgman, C. U. Hatch, J. B. Dougherty, Aldermen ; Robert Williams, Police Judge ; Galbraith Bitzer, Marshal ; John H. Munroe, Recorder ; C. E. Kent, Treasurer; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for county purposes; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for city purposes ; W. G. Block, Wharfmaster ; John Beard, Street Commissioner. 1871— S. G. Stein, Mayor ; Michael Murphy, John Daiber, A. F. Adams, Henry Funck, Henry Molis, John Cackler, Aldermen ; Robert Williams, Police *ThiB gentleman resigned his office to enlist in the army, wlien his place was filled by appointment. 514 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTT. Judge; D. L. Ewing, Marshal; Robert Williams, Recorder; C. E. Kent, Treasurer ; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for county purposes ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for city purposes; W. Gr. Block, Wharfmaster ; Patrick Murphy, Street Commissioner. 1872 — J. P. Ament, Mayor; Jacob Dold, I. L. Graham, Galbraith Bitzer, Michael Murphy, John Daiber, A. F. Adams, Aldermen ; Robert Williams, Police Judge ; D. L. Ewing, Marshal ; Robert Williams, Recorder ; C. E. Kent, Treasurer ; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for county purposes ; P. A. Brumfield, Assessor for city purposes ; W. G. Block, Wharfmaster ; B. H. Eversmeyer, Street Commissioner. 1873 — J. P. Ament, Mayor; M. Murphy, 0. P. Watters, John Lantz, Jacob Dold, I. L. Graham, Galbraith Bitzer, Aldermen; Robert Williams, Police Judge; D. L. Ewing, Marshal; Robert Williams, Recorder; William Leffingwell, Treasurer ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for county purposes ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for city purposes ; W. G. Block, Wharfmaster ; William Calder, Street Commissioner. 1874 — Richard Musser, Mayor ; Alexander Jackson, J. J. Hoopes, M. Benham, Michael Murphy, Jacob Fisch (to succeed Watter, resigned), John Lantz, Aldermen ; Robert Williams, Police Judge ; D. L. Ewing, Marshal ; Robert Williams, Recorder; William LeiSngwell, Treasurer; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for county purposes ; George Wiley, Assessor for city purposes ; W. G. Block, Wharfmaster; R. H. Eversmeyer, Street Commissioner. 1875 — Henry Molis, Mayor; Frank Moran, Jacob Fisch, T. R. Fitzgerald, Alexander Jackson, J. J. Hoopes, John Lantz (to succeed Benham, resigned), Aldermen; Robert Williams, Police Judge; D. L. Ewing, Marshal; Robert Williams, Recorder ; William Ldffingwell, Treasurer ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for county purposes; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for city purposes; George F. Funck, Wharfmaster; Michael Purcell, Street Commissioner. 1876 — J. P. Ament, Mayor ; George W. Dillaway, John Byrne, Maurice Neidig, Frank Moran, Jacob Fisch, T. K. Fitzgerald, Aldermen ; Robert Will- iams, Police Judge ; D. L. Ewing, Marshal ; Robert Williams, Recorder ; William Leffingwell, Treasurer ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for county purposes ; George Wiley, Assessor for city purposes ; George B. Funck, W^harfmaster ; Michael Purcell, Street Commissioner. 1877— T. R. Fitzgerald, Mayor; Edward Hoch, John Knopp, Galbraith Bitzer, George W. Dillaway, John Byrne, Maurice 0. Neidig, Aldermen; Rob- ert Williams, Police Judge ; D. L. Ewing, Marshal ; Robert Williams, Recorder; Henry Molis, Treasurer; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for county pur- poses ; D. P. Johnson, Assessor for city purposes ; George F. Funck, Wharf- master; Michael Purcell, Street Commissioner. 1878 — Richard Musser, Mayor ; John Hahn, Samuel Cohn, J. B. Mark, Edward Hoch, John Knopp, GaWraith Bitzer, Aldermwn ; Robert Williams. Police Judge ; J. A. Eaton, Marshal : Robert Williams, Recorder ; James Jackson, Treasurer ; D. 1*. Johnson, Assessor for county purposes ; George R. White, Assessor for city purposes; George F. Funck, Wliarfmaster ; Romulus Ilawley, Street Commissioner ; George Schneider, Steamboat Register. 1879 — George W. Dillsiway, Mayor; John Hahn, H. J. Lauder, Samuel Cohn, F. Huttig, J. B. Mark, G. Sparks, Aldermen ; Robert Williams, Police Judge ; R. T. Wallace, Marshal ; Robert Williams, Recorder ; James Jack- son, Treasurer; D. P. Johnson, Assessor; George F. Funck, Wharfmaster; Romulus Hawley, Street Commissioner. HISTORY OF MUSCATINf) COUNTY. 515 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The city owns a substantial building on Third street, corner of Sycamore, which was purchased of the German Presbyterian Church Society, in 1876, for $2,500. The edifice was originally used as a church, but has been remodeled to suit its present uses. The upper floor is now divided in a spacious hall, with a Council-chamber and a Police Court or Recorder's room in the front. These rooms are ample in size, and the requirements of the several departments are fully served. In the lower portion of the building, the Central Fire Depart- ment is stationed, where a well-stocked hose-cart and hook-and-ladder truck are kept. The city owns no Jail, but makes use of the County Jail. Prior to the purchase of this building, the Council met in leased rooms in the Winn Build- ing and in the Tremont House Building. Although the Court House did not properly come under the head of city buildings, it is, nevertheless, an edifice which gives additional character to the structures of the city. Placed in the midst of a fine square, in a locality some- what retired and free from the noise of the principal business thoroughfares, but still easy of access, the building forms a conspicuous object in the view as seen from many of the surrounding points of eminence. The Court House was rebuilt in 1864-65, and is now a satisfactory and creditable building. The spacious park is adorned with numerous fine trees. The noble monument which commemorates the deeds of those who fell in defense of the Union, stands in the foreground. The Jail is located immediately in the rear of the Court House, but across Fourth street. This building was recently^ remodeled and made secure, by the addition of better cell arrangements, and is now a substantial structure. Joseph Mulford and H. H. Hine were the contractors who reconstructed the Jail. POLICE DEPAKTMBNT. The police of the city are under the charge of a Marshal, who is annually chosen by the Council. At present, that responsible office is filled by R. T. Wallace. There are the following policemen now on service : Thomas S. Berry, Newton M. Brown, John Kerwick and George W. King, the latter hav- ing charge of the stone-yard at the Jail, where the unwelcome tramps are placed at work. ^ POLICE COURT. Judge Robert Williams is the present Police Judge, and has held the office since the institution of the Court, in 1870. The powers and jurisdiction of the tribunal is co-ordinate with that of Justice of the Peace, and has additional powers in some directions, to fit the case. Judge Williams is also Recorder of the city, a position filled by appoint- ment of the Council, and has both offices in the City Building. FIRE DEPARTMENT. Muscatine can rightfully boast of its Fire Department. It is composed of young men who take great pride in their connection with their several com- panies. Although some efforts were made in quite early times to establish companies, and those efi"orts were successful to a greater or less degree, it is but right to date the present system only from the time when the companies now in existence originated. The Department is in possession of no data which go back of those which are here recorded. As in many other places, there 516 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. were, doubtless, bucket-brigades and volunteer companies, but no evidence of their existence is in the hands of the Chief of the present system. We join with those who give amplest praise to the citizen-firemen, who risk life and limb in times of danger, with no other motive or purpose than the relief of imper- iled humanity. Since the institution of the Department, in 1876, Joseph Morrison has been Chief, and H. F. Bodman, Assistant Chief thereof Champion Hose Company No. 1 was organized January 7, 1875, at which time a number of German citizens met at the Mayor's ofiBce for the purpose of establishing a regular system. Mr. Gus Schmidt was the leading spirit in this commendable enterprise, and has since been an eflBcient member of the company. The officers elected in 1875 were as follows: Foreman, M. Saal ; First Assistant, B. Schmidt; Second Assistant, C. Henkel; President, Gus Schmidt ; Secretary, D. Mayer ; Treasurer, H. F. Bodman. The original membership was forty-eight. On the 27th of February following the organiza- tion, this company received from the city a Champion Chemical Engine, and a number of buckets, hooks, ladders, etc. The name adopted was that of the " Champion Fire Company." The election of officers in 1876 resulted in the choice of Gus Schmidt for Foreman; H. F. Bodman, First Assistant; John Neupert, Second Assistant ; Sam Cohn, President ; B. Schmidt, Secretary ; Joseph Fessler, Treasurer. A Standing Committee was chosen, as follows: C. Ruckeleschel, John Koehler, Joseph Fredrichs. May 31, 1876, the city placed a hose-cart with hose at the service of the company, and the name was thereupon changed to that of " Champion Hose Company No. 1." Since then, the officers have been : 1877 — Foreman, Gus Schmidt ; First Assistant, B. Juettner ; Second Assistant, C. Hetzel ; President, C. Bierman ; Secretary, B. Schmidt ; Treasurer, James Fessler ; Standing Committee, J. Fredrichs, C. Ruckeleschel and John Koehler ; 1878 — Foreman, Gus Schmidt ; First Assistant, C. Hacker ; Second Assistant, Gus George; President, B. Juettner; Secretary, B. Schmidt ; Treasurer, J. Fessler ; Standing Committee, A. P. Hess, H. F. Bodman, John Hartmann ; lfS79 — Foreman, Gus Schmidt; First Assistant, C. Hacker; Second Assistant, John Neupert; Treasurer, Joseph Fessler ; Secretary, B. Schmidt ; Standing Committee, C. F. Bodman, A. P. Hess, John Hartmann. Membership, forty-six men. Rescue Hose-Company No. '2 was organized April 27, 1878, with a mem- bership of thirty men. The original officers were : G. Bitzer, Captain ; A. B. Hampton, First Lieutenant ; Joseph Morrison, Second Lieutenant ; C. G. Whipple, Secretary ; J. A. Pickler, Treasurer. In June, Joseph Morrison was elected Chief of Fire Department, and William Fisher was chosen Second Lieutenant. Mr. Whipple resigned August 17, and William C. Betts was elected to the vacant place of Secretary. Mr. Hampton resigned March 1, 1877, and William Fisher was elected First Lieutenant. Frank Ashci-aft was elected Second Lieutenant May 3. In 1877, the official roll stood: G. Bitzer, Captain; William Fisher, First Lieutenant ; John Ellis, Second Lieutenant ; Charles F. Garlock, Secretary ; John Berry, Treasurer. In June, 1878, the election resulted in the choice of G. Bitzer, Captain ; William Fisher, First Lieutenant; John Berry, Second Lieutenant; Charles F. Garlock, Secretary; John Berry, Treasurer. The membership, March 25, 1879, is forty-five. Excelsior Hose Company No. o was organized in June, 1876, with twenty- four members. Its motto is, "Always reliable." Herewith is given the official roll: 1876— Foreman, F. Moran ; First Assistant, P. Ryan; Second Assistant, D. Burke ; Secretary, J. H. Cosgrove ; Treasurer, P. P. Anson ; 1877— Foreman, P. Toohey ; First Assistant, D. Burke ; Second Assistant, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 517 M. J. Fahey ; Secretary, J. H. Cosgrove ; Treasurer F. P. Anson ; 1878 — Foreman, P. Murphy ; First Assistant, D. Burke ; Second Assistant, M. J. Fahey ; Secretary, C. P. Neflf ; Treasurer, F. P. Anson ; 1879 — Foreman, P. Murphy ; First Assistant, D. Burke ; Second Assistant, J. Pfeiffer ; Secre- tary, C. P. Neff; Treasurer, J. W. O'Brien. Present membership, forty- two. Relief Hook and Ladder Company No. 1. — This Company was organized April 12, 1877, with a membership of twenty-eight, and went into active service on the arrival of their truck, the 1st of May. The oflScers of the Com- pany, to April 1, 1878, were : Foreman, Lyman Banks ; Assistant Foreman, W. S. Halstead ; Recording Secretary, A. N". Garlock ; Financial Secretary, W. C. Kegel ; Treasurer, J. E. Coe ; Steward, R. C. Williams ; Standing Com- mittee, James Mayes, F. W. Swan and Julius Molis. Officers to April 1, 1879: Foreman, Lyman Banks, First Assistant Foreman, H. W. Hanson; Second Assistant Foreman, F. W. Swan ; Recording Secretary, A. N. Garlock ; Financial Secretary, W. L. Mull ; Treasurer, J. E. Coe ; Steward, C. C. Smith ; Standing Committee, H. J. Lauder, F. W. Swan, J. H. St. John. The mem- bership at present is forty-five. Company quarters, rear room, under City Hall. Truck first-class ; made by G. W. Hannis, Chicago. Muscatine has, happily, escaped, thus far, from serious loss by fire. The most extensive one which has occurred was August 23, 1851, at which time Joseph Bennett's sash and blind factory was destroyed, with several adjoining cheaper buildings. The loss was estimated at about $40,000. Other minor fires have occurred, as might naturally be expected. WATER-VifORKS. The admirable system of water-works now in operation in this city was first suggested by Mr. William C. Wier, now deceased. That gentleman vis- ited Muscatine, in the summer of 1875, with the view of enlisting the capitalists in such an enterprise. In the fall of that year, a stock company was organized, and in December the Muscatine Water Works Company was authorized by the City Council to become incorporated under the laws of the State. The lead- ing men in the undertaking were J. A. Bishop, G. W. Dillaway, S. and L. Cohn, W. W. Webster, W. S. Robertson, R. M. Burnett, W. C. Wier, R. Musser, R. M. Baker, J. T. Kreke, S. G. Stein, L. W. Olds, H. Funck, J. Rubelmann, and P. Stein. The charter was for twenty-five years, and covered all points essential to the completion of the works. On the 6th day of Novem- ber, 1875, the Company was organized, and, on the 12th of that month, the following provisional Board of Directors was chosen : G. W. Dillaway, R. Musser, J. A. Bishop, A. Jackson, H. W. Moore, R. M. Burnett, J. Carskad- den, G. A. Garrettson and W. S. Robertson. In 1876, the Board chose G. W. Dillaway, President ; R. Musser, Vice President ; H. W. Moore, Treasurer ; J. Carskadden, Secretary. In order to give a sketch of the detailed progress of the work, we here insert the Secretary's report to the corporation, submitted May 2, 1876. Mr. Carskadden said : " To the Stockholders of the Muscatine Water Works Company : " The Provisional Board of Directors of said company respectfully submit the following report : On the 3d of December, 1875, and shortly after^ the organization of this company, an ordinance was passed by the City Council of Muscatine, granting to this company the exclusive right to construct and main- tain water works for protection from fire, and domestic use, and containing 518 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. guards, provisions and restrictions, which were deemed necessary for the preser- vation alike of the rights of the city and company. The ordinance was formally accepted by the company on the 6th of December, 1875, and by its terms became a contract between the parties. " It was considered advisable by the directors, and by the stockholders, and the public generally, that the works should be commenced and pushed to com- pletion as soon as possible, and in order to gain some practical knowledge of the subject, a committee of the Board visited the works at Davenport, Rock Island, Lyons and Clinton. This committee was very favorably impressed with the style and operation of the works at Clinton, and especially with the merits of the pumping machinery there used ; and it was finally determined to model our own on a similar though greatly cheaper plan. " On the 22d of December, 1875, a meeting of the Board was held for the purpose of considering bids and propositions for the construction of the works. Several propositions were submitted and considered, but that of William C. Wier, the engineer who had drawn various plans and speculations for the works, was deemed the best, and it was also the lowest bid submitted for the construc- tion of the entire works without the reservoir ; and the contract was awarded to him, the contract price being $31,138, provided piston-pumps were used, and $82,138, if plunger-pumps were selected. The plunger-pump was decided to be preferable, and the latter adopted at the contract price. Subsequently, the contract was executed between the company and Messrs. William C. Wier and T. Cowell, as contractors, the latter-named gentleman being associated with Mr. Wier, and joining in the contract subsequent to the letting. The contract bears date, December 29, 1875, and the contractors executed a bond for the faithful performance of their contract, in the penal sum of $5,000, with Mr. J. R. Maxwell, of the Cope & Maxwell Manufacturing Company, of Hamilton, Ohio, as surety. " The contract provides, in brief, for the sinking and anchoring in the bed of the Mississippi River, for a distance of 700 feet from the shore between the elevator and Northern Line warehouse, of a wooden conduit similar to that adopted at Clinton, to convey the water from the channel of the river, and where, it is believed, the water will be free from the impurities of the shore, to the works — the construction of a water-tight well directly at the shore, in which a filter is to be placed, and into which water will be drawn from the conduit, and from which the water will be drawn to the pumps — the construction of a pumping-house and smoke-stack on the levee about eighty feet from the shore with the necessary pumps, boilers and machinery therein, and the lay- ing of a twelve-inch street-main or water-pipe from the pumping-house across the levee and up Chestnut to Second street, and there connecting with the circuit of street-mains which extends from Broadway on the west to Oak street on the east, and includes main lines on Second and Fifth streets, and the necessary connections by cross streets, and the setting of a hydrant for fire purposes at each street-crossing, with sevei'al valves or gates by means of which the water can be shut off from any given section of the pipe for pur- pose of tapping, repairs, etc. ; in short, the contract covers and includes all the main work and material necessary for furnishing water by direct pressure, and by its terms the contractors undertook to furnish all the material and do the work. " The work of trenching a,nd laying the pipe was begun immediately after the execution of the contract and was pushed forward as fast as the frequent rains and storms of the past winter would permit. Some delay in that respect, HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COJNTY. , 519 and also in setting hydrants, was caused by the non-arrival of material at as early a d&,te as it was expected. " The open winter, which in some respects interfered with the progress of the work, -enabled the contractors to build the brick pumping-house and smoke- stack sooner than was anticipated. " The continuous high water prevented the placing of the filter in the pump well, and the same cause, with the additional fact that the river was not frozen over during the winter, made it impossible to lay a great part of the conduit ; neither of these things could be properly done until low water in the river. " The street mains and special castings were furnished by the celebrated iron house of Dennis Long & Co., of Louisville, Ky;, and are believed to be of excellent quality. The fire hydrants and valves are from the house of S. Cummings & Son, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who have a well established reputation as manufacturers of these articles. The boilers were made by John Baker & Co., of Muscatine, and that is believed to be a sufficient guaranty of their quality. " The pumping machinery was built, placed in position and connected with the pipes, ready for use, by the Cope & Maxwell Manufacturing Company, of Hamilton, Ohio. The pumps are similar to those of the Clinton Water Works, and are beautiful specimens of that class of machinery. Having a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. " The public test and trial of the works had on the 12th of April, demon- strated the entire efficiency of the pumping machinery, the strength of the pipes and the thoroughness of the manner in which all the work has been done. Upon the strength of that test, the pumping machinery was formally accepted by the Directors. " In order that the city might be ready to avail itself of the benefit of the Water Works at as early a moment as possible, the City Council has provided hose and carts, and at the public test before mentioned, a po'werful streata of water, sufficient for all ordinary fire purposes, was thrown through 1,050 feet of hose affixed to a hydrant on the east end of Fifth street, being the hydrant far- thest from the pumping-house. This stream was played on the roof and tower of Schoolhouse No. 1, on the west side of Seventh street, and on a high eleva- tion of ground. This severe test convinced all who witnessed it that the terri- torial extent of the protection afforded by the works is limited only by the length and strength of the hose in use. •' The throwing of two, three and four streams simultaneously, at the same trial, proved the ability of the works to concentrate a great mass of water at the same time upon any one point, and that the protection from fire which our citizens have been so anxious to obtain for years, has at last been accomplished. " At a special meeting of the City Council, held on the 15th of April, the Council was formally notified by the Board that the Water Works were so far completed as to enable the company to aiford the necessary fire protection, and that the rental of fire hydrants, as provided by the city ordinance should begin at that date. This communication was referred to the Council as a committee of the whole, and at a subsequent meeting was approved and assented to. The rental here referred to is the sum of $4,000 per year for the hydrants on the present line of pipe, being thirty in all. " The works have not yet been accepted from the contractors, for the con- tract is still unfinished. About five hundred feet of the conduit is yet to be laid in the river ; the filter is to be made and placed in the well, and some work remains to be done on the streets in back-filling the trenches and repla- 520 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. cing the macadam along the line in Second street. With these exceptions, the work of the contractors is substantially performed. " In the progress of work, some additions have been made to the original plan, and these have, of course, increased the cost of construction. Two hydrants have been set in addition to the number called for by the contract ; the addition of a mud-settler was made to the boilers, and an arrangement of pipes, by which the water can be forced back in order to scour the conduit, in case it should be obstructed by sand ; the size and capacity of the smoke-stack were increased, and various minor changes and modifications of the original plans. "The subscriptions to the capital stock of this company amount, in round numbers, to $44,000. The Directors have made four calls or assessments upon the stock — one of 10 per cent and three of 20 per cent, making 70 per cent called for in all. " With but few exceptions, the calls have been met by the stockholders with commendable promptness, as appears by the report of H. W. Moore, Esq., Treasurer of the company, made to the Board April 29, 1876, there had been collected in cash on the stock subscriptions to that date the sum of $24,504.75, and expended in cash the sum of $24,493.01. " The system of water works contemplated by this organization includes the construction of a reservoir capable of holding 1,000,000 gallons, upon the west- erly hill of the city — either on the public square or on property to be purchased or condemned for that purpose — the pressure from which shall be sufficient to aflFord fire protection and supply for domestic use to all lower parts of the town without the aid of direct pressure from the pumps, and, when this is done, the cost of maintaining and running the works will be greatly lessened, as it will not then be necessary to keep up steam constantly. ^' In conclusion, the Board beg leave to congratulate you and your fellow- citizens generally upon the fact that this important enterprise has been carried so far toward completion, and with so little delay and loss. When you called upon us to do this work, we knew absolutely nothing about it, and were com- pelled to rely upon conclusions drawn by hasty observation of other works, and upon such information as we could gather from outside sources. We had to depend, in a great measure, upon the advice and suggestions of the contractors, and especially of Mr. Wier, at and before the commencement of the work, and it is but justice to them to say that they have (as we believe) fairly and honor- ably given us and you and the city the benefit of their knowledge and experi- ence. We should also remind you that this is a work that cannot be built and then let alone, like a house, until time and the elements make repairs necessary. It will not run itself It requires now, and always will require, constant and careful supervision, and economy and thoroughness in its management and future extension to make it either creditable or profitable to the Company. But we feel confident that the same liberality and enterprise which led to the con- struction of our Water Works, will sustain and extend them in the future." In the summer of 1S76, the reservoir was completed, with a capacity of 1,500,000 gallons. It is located on the public square on the southeast part of town. From 1876 to 1879, there were several extensions to main pipe laid, making in all three and a half miles of pipe now in use. Other improvements were made, including the grading, fencing, sodding and planting of trees and shrubbery on the public square, making it one of the finest pleasure resorts in the city. The reservoir is situated about three-fourths of a mile from the pumping works and at a height of 185 feet from pumps, giving the city a HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 521 pressure of sixty-five to eighty pounds, which is used for all domestic and fire purposes. The company has located on the line forty double-discharge hydrants for fire purposes. The supply of water is obtained from the Missis- sippi River through an eighteen-inch cast iron pipe, running into the river 700 feet. The quality of water is as good as any in the State. Thfi engine-house has been inclosed within a yard 130x75 feet, trees and shrubbery planted, and a beautiful fountain in the center. The present Directors of the company, elected in May, 1878, consist of G. W. Dillaway, J. A. Bishop, H. W. Moore, A. Jackson, J. Carskadden, R. Musser, Gr. A. Garrettson, Samuel Cohii and L. W. Olds, with the following officers: G. W. Dillaway, President; J. A. Bishop, Vice President; H. W. Moore, Treasurer ; J. Carskadden, Secretary ; William Molis, Engineer and General Superintendent; Charles Molis, Assistant. THE POST OFFICE. The first post office in the limits of Muscatine County was established in 1836, with Arthur Washburn as Postmaster. The office was called Iowa. The second post office was at Geneva, in 1838. The name then used was Vander- pool and S. C. Comstock, father of Mrs. W. A. Drury, was the official in charge. Amos Walton, father of J. P. Walton, was Deputy, and, subsequently, Postmaster. The name was then changed to Geneva. Although Bloomington claimed to be a town in 1836, no post office was established until 1839 at this point. The settlers of "town" and " countv " were compelled to go to Geneva for their mail. The first commission wa^ issued to a Postmaster at Bloomington, in 1839, but a most unaccountable spirit animated the man who was honored by the appointment, Mr. Stowell, for, before the commission arrived, he left the village for parts unknown. He may have been appalled at the thought of acquiring wealth so suddenly, for, at that time, the office was worth about $4 a year. At all events, he retired from view, and the citizens discussed the merits of those who were more staid, with a view to selecting an officer. Finally, Edward E. Fay was induced to accept the trust, and his name was duly enrolled on the list of appointments. Mr. Fay was not trammeled with any of the modern ideas of a Postmaster's duties. The citizens did not wait about the general delivery and clamor for their mail, or grumble when he was five minutes too long in distributing the same. The reason was obvious : Mr. Fay carried his office in his hat ! It was not an extraordinary hat, either. It had no lock-boxes or numbered drawers ; but it created a system which has since been abandoned in this city — the carrier system. Mr. Fay died in 1840, and was succeeded in office by his brother, Pliny Fay, who removed to California. The latter held office under the Harrison regime. During most of that time, the office was in a small frame building on Second street, where Union Block stands. The business had so increased as to require a local office. When Polk's administration came in, the policy of the Government was one of change, and, in 1844, George Earll became Postmaster. He established his office in a small frame building, on the site of the old Tremont Hall. Mr. Earll soon died of consumption, and his daughter Lucy became first the Dep- uty and then the appointed officer in charge. Miss Earll became a general favorite, through her efficient and agreeable management. She subsequently married Mr. 0. H. Kelly, of National Grange fame, and died in 1850, in Min- nesota. 522 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Taylor's election to the Presidency again worked change. In 1849, Nathan L. Stout was appointed Postmaster. At that thime, he was editor of the Bloomington Herald. He removed the office to a new frame building which stood on the site of A. M. Winn's store. The quarters were more commodious than ever before ; but Mr. Stout was, unfortunately, a poor business manager, and, in less than a year, his affairs became so complicated that a change was made by the Department, and Richard Cadle took the ofBce. He served acceptably during the remainder of the term, moving the office to the lower room in Freeman's Block, at Pappoose Creek Bridge, on Second street. In 1853, President Pierce appointed Henry Reece Postmaster. A portion of the time, Mr. Reece retained the rooms in which he found the office, but finally moved to the Boston House (now Scott House), on Iowa avenue. Mr. Reece opposed the Nebraska bill, and was removed from office after three years of service. John A. McCormick succeeded to the place, and removed the office to the east end of Second street. In 1860, Robert Williams was appointed by President Buchanan; but the change in administration, one year later, caused a change also in office. John Mahin became Postmaster in 1861. In the spring of that year, he removed the office to Iowa avenue. In 1869, R. W. H. Brent was appointed to the office by President Grant. The office was removed to Butler's Block, Iowa avenue. In 1873, John Mahin was re-appointed, and, under his administration, the office was established in the spacious quarters still occupied on Second street, between Iowa avenue and Chestnut street, called Stein's Building, or, more latterly, the Post-Office Building. It is one of the finest offices in the State. In 1878, B. Beach was appointed Postmaster, and is still serving in that capacity. ^ •' RAILROAD INTERESTS. Both the city and county of Muscatine have played a conspicuous part in the great railroad drama of the West. Liberality on the part of the people was not met by a commensurate degree of success during the years of fierce scramble for power which preceded the war. Muscatine ought to have been the leading railroad town on the Mississippi; and it was through no fault of the citizens that such a grand accomplishment did not result from the efforts put forth. The county voted a large sum of money in aid of railroads, and the city was equally public-spirited. Fate conspired to defeat the measures intro- duced, however, and to-day the county has but just freed itself of a large debt, while the city has still a burden to carry, growing out of the issuance of rail- road bonds to an unsuccessful and now exttinc corporation. Whatever may have been the past, however, the future is more encouraging. Muscatine is now open to the markets of the North, South, East and West, by the lines running to the city ; while the county is peculiarly fortunate in the numerous- ness of its roads. The city is now one of the most important points upon the great Southwestern Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific road, which unites the city of Chicago with the city of Leavenworth, Kan., and connects Atchison, by means of a branch, with those centers of trade. The entire sys- tem of railways throughout the Southwest is thus opened up and brought into close relationship with the line upon which Muscatine stands. Texas and the Gulf the border regions, by the Southern Pacific, and the vast treasure of mine and field thsre lying undeveloped, will some day find an outlet through the connections of which the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific is a part. HISTORY OF MDSCATINB COUNTY. 523 Although the city of Muscatine is upon the branch, the main line runs through the northern tier of townships in the county, by which means this section can boast of two trunk lines within its limits, for the Southwestern is practically a main line. The east and west road passes through Stockton, Wilton, Moscow, Atalissa and West Liberty, and calls to those several towns the trade of con- tiguous territory in adjoining counties. At Wilton the Southwestern intersects the main line, and runs nearly south until it reaches Muscatine, thence it diverges to the southwest. Muscatine is the only town, except a mere station called Summit, on this branch, within the county. The western tier of townships find markets upon the great north and south- thoroughfare — the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. While the corporation so named controls the road no further south than Burlington, that road and its connections unite St. Paul with St. Louis. West Liberty profits by being located at the junction of the northern with eastern roads, and is a favor- able marketing point for all staples produced in the magnificent region which surrounds it on all sides. The stations on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern road are Nichols, Conesville and Port Allen. But these roads are not the only ones. A line extends westward from Muscatine, which, is called the Muscatine Western, tapping the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern road at Nichols, and pushing onward toward the coal-fields. During the coming summer, this road will be built several miles beyond its present temporary terminus, in Johnson County. Ultimately this road will become a great through line to Council Bluffs. It is always better to consider the good that may be realized, than to repine over the results of past mistakes. If the city of Muscatine failed to secure one of the main trunk lines at any early day, there is no reason for despairing of her being more fortunate in the future. The growing demands of rapid transit, between sea-board and sea-board will, sooner or later, compel the construction of a road to the Missouri River upon as nearly an air line as is practicable. Such a road would have to cross the Mississippi at Muscatine. The completion of the Western would serve as a stimulant to such an enterprise, as its route con- templates just such a project. It would become a mighty link in the chain, and the freights of the Pacific would find cheap passage-way through this city. It is also possible that a road may be built along the river, from Clinton to Burlington, and open up another north and south highway. RIVER NAVIGATION. The business done by the packet lines — of which there are two — is quite an important feature in the aggregate of that transacted in the city, but the era of railroading eclipses that of steamboating. Considerable grain is pur- chased here, and shipped from the elevator on the levee. This is the only ele- vator in town. A FERRY is maintained between Muscatine and the opposite shore, whereby the farmers of the southern portion of Rock Island and the northern portion of Mercer Counties are enabled to trade with Muscatine merchants. RELIGIOUS HISTORY. The First M. U. Church of Muscatine came into active existence, and finally was created a regularly organized religious institution, in the manner hereafter cited. During the fall of 1837' and summer of 1838. Norris Hobert preached here. About the same time, Barton H. Cartwright, Methodist, held 52-t HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. services and preached to audiences in the bar-room of the Iowa House. In the spring of 1839, Rev. Brace was sent by the Rock River Conference, as a mis- sionary, to a mission which included Bloomington (now Muscatine). The place then contained about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, among them a few pro- fessors of religion. Although meeting with great opposition, Rev. Brace fearlessly and boldly preached the word of everlasting life. Hon. J. A. Parvin states that the first time he heard him preach, it was in a small building, just inclosed, without plaster or floor, unless loose boards thrown across the sleepers could be called a floor. He stood in the door, as a number were around the house, and while he was explaining the " way of life," a distinguished citizen, to show his con- tempt for the preacher and religion, sat near him, reading a newspaper. Yet this conduct did not disturb the man of God. He acted as one who was com- manded to "stand on the walls of Zion," and when he saw danger, give the alarm, and thus clear his skirts of the blood of sinners. In the month of July, 1839, a class was formed, consisting of seven mem- bers, viz., George Bumgardner and Sarah Bumgardner, Thomas and Sarah Morford, J. A. Parvin and Hannah D. Parvin and Miss Mary Williams. The next session of the Rock River Conference being in the fall of 1839, returned Mr. Brace, and sent the Rev. Barton Cartwright as his colleague, and made a four-weeks circuit, which embraced all of Muscatine and part of Scott and Louisa Counties. They preached the word faithfully, but met with many discouragements ; seeing but little fruit of their labors, scarcely receiving a compensation sufficient to keep them from going ragged, traveling from day to day over the unsettled prairies, preaching in log cabins to a congregation of ten or twelve persons, they faithfully performed their duties. Among the additions to the membership this year were William and Hannah Parvin and Mary Will- iams, wife of Hon. Joseph Williams. A Sunday school was commenced in May, 1839, which was, for several years, a union school, until the different denominations became able to support a school of their own. Since 1844, a Sunday school has existed and been lib- erally supported by the Church. The Rock River Conference, at its session in 1840, made some alterations in the circuit, and appointed Rev. Henry Somers, Presiding Elder, and Nathan Jewett, preacher in charge. The first Quarterly Meeting there is any record of was held at Blooming- ton, October 3, 1840. The members of that Quarterly Conference, besides the Elders and preacher, were : Micajah Reeder, Local Preacher; George Bumgardner, Exhorter; John Lilly, Gabriel Walling, William Reeder and Joseph Jeans, Class-Leaders. The following were appointed Stewards : J. A. Parvin, Recording Steward ; Charles A. Warfield, District Steward, and Joseph Williams, Thomas S. Battelle and Robert Benfiel, Stewards. George Bumgardner was licensed to preach as a local preacher. Joseph Williams and some others joined Church during this Quarterly Meeting. T.he next Quarterly Conference was held January 2, 1841, at Bloomington. From this time ou, the Church progressed gradually, increasing in membership and accomplishing much good work in the community. At the annual Conference in 184.5, a Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of the following mem- bers, viz.: J. Williams, G. Buragarden, T. S. Battelle, T. Morford, John Lilly, George Earle, J. A. Parvin, Z. Washburn and S. C. Hastings, and measures were taken which ultimately resulted in the building of a meeting-house. HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 527 In 1840, the citizens built a house for school and religious purposes, on Iowa avenue, between Second and Third streets, which was used alternately by the Methodists and Presbyterians until 1846, when the former society obtained exclusive control of it. It was abandoned in 1851. The old church-building now occupied by the city offices was dedicated the same year, and the present commodious church edifice was erected under the supervision of Rev. W. F. Cowles, in 1860. The following is a list of the Pastors to the present date, in regular succes- sion: 1840, Nathan Jewett; 1841, Joseph Kirkpatrick; 1842. James L. Tompson ; 1843-44, E. S. Norris ; 1845-46, David Worthington ; 1846, J. B. Hardy ; 1847-48, John Harris ; 1849, L. B. Dennis ; 1851, H. C. Dean and L. S. Ashbaugh ; 1852, Joseph Brooks ; 1853-54, James H. White ; 1855, John Harris ; 1856, J. W. Sullivan ; 1857, John Harris ; 1858-59, David Worth- ington; 1860, Emory Miller, Assistant; 1860-61, F. W. Evans; 1862-63, J. H. Power;! 1864, W. P. Watkins; 1865-66, G. N. Power; 1867-70, W. F. Cowles; 1870-73, J. B. Blakeney; 1878-76, J. W. McDonald; 1876-78, G. N. Power; 1878-79, Dennis Murphy. The Present membership of the congregation is 400. Connected with the Church is a large and flourishing Sunday school, a Lyceum, holding sessions twice a month, and a Women's Foreign Missionary Society. The Musserville M. IE. Qhurch was erected during the year 1875, previous to any church organization. In the fall of the same year, it was dedicated, and became what is known as Muscatine Circuit M. E. Church. At the time of the dedication. Rev. A. V. Francis had been appointed to the pastorate, which relation he sustained for three years, during which time the Church was very prosperous. Its membership increased from three to about one hundred. Its constituent members were Thornton Nichols, Emily Nichols and Frank Holcomb. Its first officers or Board of Trustees were Peter Musser, W. H. Stewart, Thornton Nichols, William Newkirk, F. R. Holcomb, Peter Musser, H. V. Howard, Frank Coover and Samuel Miller. The Church has a present membership of eighty. Its present Board of Trustees consists of George Stinchfield, T. Nichols, W. H. Hoopes, S. Miller, J. Kendig, C. 0. Hurd and F. R. Holcomb. Rev. John B. Hill presides over the Church as Pastor.' It has three appointments outside of the city limits, constituting the pastoral charge known as Muscatine Circuit ; also supports a flourishing Sabbath school, under the superintendence of W. H. Hoopes, with an average of one hundred scholars. The G-erman Methodist' Qhurch was organized by Revs. Henry Fiegen- haum and John Plank. During the years 1850, 1851 and 1852, the first house of worship was built, at a cost of fl,050. The first Sabbath school included two teachers and eight scholars. In 1871, the Church property was sold, and May 30, 1872, the corner-stone of the present church edifice was laid ; the building was completed on the 25th of August, 1872, and dedicated to the service of the Trinity of Almighty God. The cost of this church was 17,000. At first, lojya City, Wapello, Wilton and Illinois City were included in this mission, which places, however, all have regular independent organiza- tions now. Connected with this Church is a Sunday school, with an average attendance of 145 scholars and 20 teachers. Rev. Phil. Kuhl is the present Presiding Elder, and Rev. Phil. Nauman, the Pastor. The African M. E. Church. — June 21, 1848, a lot, located on Seventh street, was purchased from Adam Ogilvie by Daniel Anderson, Morgan Lowrey 528 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. and Alexander Clark, Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal (African) Educa- tional and Church Society, which had its organization on the date of said purchase. The Society referred to transferred by deed the property in ques- tion to Benjamin Mathews, T. C. Motts, Isaac Manning, Ed. Mathews and Jacob Pritchard, Trustees of the African M. E. Church, which was organized the day of the transfer, October 10, 1849, by Rev. William Dove, who appointed Rev. William Jackson local preacher in charge of the Chutch until the annual meeting of the Conference, which appointed Rev. William H. Jones the first regular preacher of this congregation. The first ofiicers were : Daniel Ander- son, Steward, Class-Leader and Local Preacher ; Benjamin J. Mathews, Steward and Class-Leader ; Alexander Clark, Recording Steward and Superintendent of Sabbath school. The following are the names of the first or constituent members : Daniel Anderson, Ellen Anderson, Jane Mathews, Anna Young, Hannah Mathews, Catherine Clark, Robert Young, William Clark, Rev. William Jackson, George Manly, George Hooper, Peter Manning, Alexander Clark, Deborah Pritch- ard, Mary Clark, Sarah Davidson, Eliza Watkins, H. Simons, Julia Manly, Elizabeth Jackson, Ed. Mathews, James Ruff, Benjamin Mathews, Jane Mott, Rosana Reno, Isaiah Simons, Caroline Manin, Sarah Stubbins, jM. Manin, Elizabeth Jackson, Hulda Ruif, Archie Clark, Mahala Simons and Margaret Fuller. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school, with an average attendance of fifty scholars, five officers, five teachers, and one Superintend- ent. In the latter capacity, Alexander Clark has ofiiciated for the past twenty-five years. The congregation has a library of 200 volumes, and a fine organ. The Church property, including the parsonage, is valued at ^1,200. The present membership of the Church is sixty-seven, and its Pastor is Eev. William R. Alexander. First Presbyterian Church (Old School). — On the 6th of July, 1S39, Rev. John Stocker, a Congregationalist, from Vermont, afterward a member of the Old-School Presbytery of Logansport, Ind., removed to Bloomington and organized "The First Presbyterian Church of Musquitine County, Iowa Ter- ritory," which was for several years supported by the American Home Mis- sionary Society. In the formation of this Church, the intention was declared to be connected, in case of a division of the General Assembly of the presbyte- rian Church of the United States, with that part, which united in exscinding the Synod of Geneva and others in 1837. The Church thus organized contin- ued under Mr. Stocker's ministry, without forming any connection with either Assembly, until the winter of 1841—12, when Mr. Stocker, insisting that the question should be decided, a majority, including both Elders, voted for a New- School connection, whilst a minority of eleven determined on joining the Old- School body. These without any formal re-organization, claiming the succes- sion, chose new ofiicers, and perpetuated the Church, which now bears the name of the " First Presbyterian Church of Muscatine, Iowa." In 1843, a portion of this Church united with others in organizing the Congregational, by which the New-School Presbyterian was absorbed. The First Presbyterian Church, after disposing of their original house of worship, erected a commodi- ous one on the corner of Fourth street and Iowa avenue. The congregation numbers about one hundred and seventy-five members ; its property is valued at $22,000. Rev. Joseph II. Barnard is the present minister, and the last officers elected are : S. G. Stein, W. W. Webster and G. A. Garrettson, Trustees. Connected with the Church, is a prospei'ous Sunday school, with an average attendance of 250. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTi'. 529 The First Grt^man Presbyterian Church. — Previous to any regular church organization, the members, who afterward established this congregation, held religious singing and prayer meetings in various localities, but soon became desirous to have some one to preach to them, and consequently called Rev. Paul Mais. Their services were held in the church of the English-speaking people of the same denomination. After the sale of the church-building in question, the Germans rented a room on Second street. The church was finally organized June 1, 1855, by a committee of the Presbytery of Cedar, Iowa, composed of Rev. A. Van Vliet, of Dubuque, Rev. Samuel Baird and Elder I. S. Horten, of Muscatine ; Bernhard Naeve and Eriedrich Hacker were then elected Elders and John Schmidt and Ernst Kudobe were chosen Deacons. At a meeting held March 30, 1857, by the congregation. Rev. Jacob Kolb was elected the first regular Pastor. The original members of the organization were, Bernhard and Johana Naeve, F. Hacker and wife, Elizabeth Lowre, Heinrich Linke, John Schmidt and wife, Mary Reis, Wilhelmina Otto, Catha- rine Otto, William Jacob and wife, Ernst Kudobe, Mary Meis, George Schweins- berg and wife, Conrad G. Schweinsberg, Agatha Closer, Bernhard Kemper, Joseph and Margaret Looser, Johana Sywasnik and Elizabeth Briedenstein. At a meeting held May, 1857, it was decided to buy a lot and build a house of worship. To this end John Schmidt and F. Hacker were elected Trustees. The church was incorporated by Rev. Jacob Kolb, Bernhard Kemper, John W. Sywasnik, Henry Linke and Joseph Looser July 3, 1857. The congrega- tion came into possession, by trade, of the old Methodist Church on Third street, which they afterward sold to the city and eventually built their present meeting-house on Cemetery street. The congregation is composed of Germans and Hollanders, and to accommodate both nationalities, services are held in the German language in the morning and in the Holland tongue in the evening. The church property is valued at §2,000. The present membership is twenty- six ; the present pastor is K. Smits. The First Baptist Church. — Agreeable to previous notice, the brethren and sisters of the Baptist denomination, in Bloomington and vicinity, met, October 2, 1841, in order to take into consideration the propriety of becoming a constituted church, and after mature deliberation unanimously resolved to request a council, and appointed a committee to draft a Constitution, Covenant and Articles of Faith and report to the next meeting. A. L. Beatty was Secretary of this meeting. October 17, 1841, the brethren and sisters met according to arrangement at previous meeting, with S. Headly as Moderator. The Committee appointed to draft Articles of Faith reported that they had the matter under consideration, and recommended the adoption of those articles held by the Ninth Street Baptist Church at Cincinnati, Ohio, which report was accepted, and after reading, the articles referred to were adopted as the Con- fession of Faith for the contemplated church. On motion it was resolved to invite Elder E. Fisher, and such other material aid as might be procured for the occasion. October 30, 1841, agreeable to adjournment, the Baptist breth- ren and sisters of Bloomington convened at the house of Robert C. Kinney. The meeting was opened by prayer, with Elder E. Smith as Moderator. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. Elder E. Smith, an ordained minister from Davenport, sat in council, whereupon the following brethren and sisters presented letters, which were read, to wit : Albert L. Beatty, Stephen Headly, Julia C. Deweber, Margaret Musgrave, Betsy Ingallis and Nancy Bear, all of which proved satisfactory, and were accepted and pro- nounced by the Council the First Baptist Church of Bloomington, Muscatine 530 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. County, Iowa Territory. On motion it was resolved that the Articles of Faith, Discipline and Covenant of the Ninth Street Baptist Church, of Cincinnati, Ohio, be adopted. On motion, the Church voted to elect one deacon, in pur- suance of which Stephen Headly was appointed. On motion, it was resolved that the Church call Elder E. Fisher to preach once a month, commencing the last Sabbath of October, 1841 ; and further that they agree to raise $100 per year for his support. This resolution was made known to Elder Fisher, and he accepted the call. At a business meeting held January 14, 1843, it was resolved to solicit Elder E. Fisher to move to Bloomington, and devote one-half of his time to the service of the Church, for which they agreed to give him $100 per year in addition to his former salary. May 21, 1842, Elder Fisher and Stephen Headly were appointed delegates to represent this Church in the Baptist Convention to be held at Iowa City, on the 5th day of June, 1842. July 23, 1842, Brethren Porrin, Fisher, Headly, Beatty and Deweber were appointed delegates to the Baptist Convention to be held at Davenport September 2, 1842. Decem- ber 27, 1842, the following officers were elected : Stephen Headly and Tiyma.n Carpenter . Deacons ; A. L. Beatty, Clerk, and W. F. Deweber. Treasurer. January 10, 1843, Elder E. Fisher was engaged as Pastor of the Church for the ensuing year, commencing January 1, 1843. Until February, 1843, all meetings were held in private houses, but afterward the congregation, which had in the mean time largely increased, worshiped in the Court House. February 24, 1844, the Church voted to send Brother Seely to Ohio and Kentucky for the purpose of raising a subscription to build a meeting-house in Bloomington. J_ung„8^--1844, the Church met, reconsidered their Articles of Faith, and adopted new articles in their stead. At the same meeting, the Church voted to become a corporate body, also resolved to establish and support a Sabbath school, with four Superintendents, who would direct said school alternately in each month. Brothers Headly, .fiarpenteg, Reynolds and Cooper were chosen Superintendents. In December, 18$ 4, the schoolroom of Mr. Hines was rented as a place of worship. The regular house of worship of this Church was com- pleted in 1850, although it was occupied for some time before it was finished. Its location was on Cedar street, between Second and Third streets. Many changes had been made in the pastors up to 1848 ; and from February until December, 1848, the Church was without a minister, when Rev. John Cum- mins, of Edgerton, 111., was ordained to the work of the Gospel ministry December 2, 1858, by a Council consisting of Brothers Burnett, Ketcham and Davis, of Muscatine, formerly Bloomington ; J. and C. Shoemaker, of Hol- land ; Edwin Miles, of Fulton ; Cogshell and Chase, of Wapello ; Collins, White, Folwell and Powell, of Davenport. In the cemetery at Muscatine are deposited the remains of Rev. G. I. Miles, who died December 10, 1857, while Pastor of the Church. February 4, 1859, a delegation of seven brethren, con- sisting of the Pastor, three Deacons, H. Lofland, A. Chambers and W. Pros- ser were appointed to attend a Council to organize a German Baptist Church in this city. June 3, 1869, fifteen members of this congreiration were dismissed to form a new Church at McCloud's Schoolhouse in this county. March 8, 1860, a special meeting was held to consider the want of a new church-building, as the accommodations were not equal to the need. A com- mittee, consisting of Brothers Fisher, Burnett, Ketcham, Barrus, Chambers, Lof- land and the Pastor were appointed to see what use could be made of the lot and building they then occupied, August 10, 1860, the Pastor, Brothers Bur- nett and Chambers were appointed a committee to negotiate for the purchase of the remainder of the lot on which stands the old meeting-house, and for HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 531 which the committee bargained the same month, at a cost of |1,000. At a meeting held November 15, 1863, it was resolved to send Rev. T. L. Burnham forth among Baptist Churches to collect funds to build a new meeting-house. Brothers E. M. Burnett, William Chambers and G. W. Dillaway were appointed a Building Committee, to which Brothers E. Covington and John Munson were subsequently added ; and upon Mr. Munson's departure from the city, John Barnard was appointed in his place. The new church edifice was completed early in November, 1868, and on Sunday, November 8, 1868, it was dedicated, the services being conducted by Revs. C. H. Remington, Ed. Miles and A. Eberhart — -Rev. Remington preached in the morning. Rev. Eberhart, the dedication sermon in the afternoon, and Ed. Miles, in the evening. Rev. Ed. Eaton, D. D., was the first Pastor in the new church. The old church was sold, and possession given July 1, 1865, to St. Paul's Evangelical Church. October 17, 1878, Rev. D. T. Richards was unanimously called to the charge of this Church, and preached his first sermon as its Pastor November 3, 1878, in which capacity he still serves the congregation. The present officers of the Church are : Deacons, R. M. Burnett, John Barnard, A. K. Rafi" and L. H. Washburn ; Trustees, R. W. Durkee, Gteorge W. Dillaway, A. K. Raff, Thomas B. Prosser and Lewis Knowles ; A. S. Knowles, Treasurer; Robert Thomas, Collector, and L. H. Washburn, Clerk. The present membership is about two hundred and twenty-six, and the Church property is valued at about $14,000. Connected with the Baptist Church is the Ninth Street Mission School, organized April 17, 1864, with Gr. W. Dillaway as Superintendent, which he has since remained. They own a corner lot and commodious school-building. The German Baptist Church. — In January, 1859, the German members of the Holland Baptist Church dissolved their connection with the latter, and, with new-comers from Europe, organized the German Baptist Church February 20, 1859, with an original membership of thirty. Rev. John Henry Sander was the first minister. The newly-organized church was recognized by a council of delegates of the English and Holland Baptist Churches April 10, 1859. Until October, 1864, the congregation worshiped in a schoolhouse located in South Muscatine and owned by Joseph Bennett. A house of worship was erected the same year and dedicated the third Sunday of September, Rev. J. S. Gubelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., preaching the sermon. In 1870, the congregation was, on account of the grading of the streets, obliged to make extensive repairs on their meeting-house, and, in doing so, enlarged the building in such a manner as to obtain a comfortable dwelling-place for their minister. The present membership is 179, including three mission stations. The present Pastor is Rev. August Transchel. Congregational Church. — In the year 1839, a church named "The First Presbyterian Church of Musquitine County, Iowa Territory," was organized. It was made a part of the record of this organization that it should be what is called "New-School Presbyterian" in its ecclesiastical connection. This Church was assisted in the support of its minister for several years by the American Home Missionary Society, and was dissolved by vote of the Presby- tery of Yellow Springs, to which it belonged, in 1845. In the year 1841-42, another Presbyterian Church connected, ecclesiastically, with the " Old-School" branch existed. There were several members of Congregational Churches residing in the county not connected with either branch of the Presbyterian Church. The Congregational Church was the result of an effort, desired with great unanimity, by all three parties to unitffin one church. It was organized 532 HISTOKY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. on the 29th of November, 1843, with articles of faith, covenant and by-laws accordant to the Congregational order. Then there were twenty-six members included in its organization, viz.: Pliny Fay, Adelia Fay, Samuel Lucas, Nancy K. Lucas, William Brownell, Lucy Brownell, Isaac Magoon, Hannah Magoon, C. (jr. Austin, Harriet Austin, H. I. Jennison, Mary B. Jennison, Harvey Gillett, Elizabeth Fay, Nathan Price, Eliza 0. Robbins, AzelFarnsworth, Mary E. Whicher, Edward E. Fay, Louisa Gillett, Charles Shuggs, Mary A. Allen, Giles Pettibone, Asenathe Pettibone, Maria Wheeler and Letta M. Day. The first officers were : Deacons, Pliny Fay and Samuel Lucas ; Harvey Gil- lett, Clerk ; H. I. Jennison, C. J. Austin and Nathan Price, Business Committee. The Rev. A. B. Robbins, of Salem, Mass., a missionary of the A. H. M. S., served the Church as Acting Pastor till January, 1858, and was then installed Pastor. This relation continues at the present time, March, 1879. There have been received into the communion of this Church 507. The present mem- bership is 247. This Church erected the first house of worship, properly so called, dedicated to this purpose, in the town of Bloomington, now Muscatine, in the year 1843-44. It is now using its third house of worship erected in 1857, and valued at $12,000, and preparing for its fourth. It has a home and mission Sunday schools of about three hundred attendants. It has two missionary societies and an organization for Christian work. Its contributions to the various benevolent causes amount, as recorded on the books of the clerk, to the sum of $35,864.41 since 1851 — twenty-seven years, an average of $1,328.68 per annum. It has ever been radical in its opposition to the system of American slavery, and honored for many years with the name of " Uncle Tom's Cabin." It has also been prominent in the advocacy of the principles of total abstinence from the traffic and use of intoxicating drinks'. Its present house of worship is on Chestnut street, between Second and Third streets. Its present officers are : Alden B. Robbins, Pastor ; Cornelius Cadle, Suel Foster and Henry Hoover, Deacons ; W. H. Woodward, D. C. Richmond and I. Gra- ham, Business Committee; A. B. Robbins, Clerk; J. Kulp, Chorister; T. M. Salmon, Organist. Its Sunday-school officers are : E. E. Holmes and Charles C. Smith, Superintendents; 0. Terry, Chorister Q. ; Nellie A. Bishop, Organist Q. S. S. The G-erman Congregational Church was organized in 1854. Its first officers were Conrad Schaefer and Henry Blumer, Deacons. Its first Pastor was Christian Veitz. The congregation erected a house of worship in 1855. The Church supports a Sunday school, and is connected with the German Minor Congregational Association of Iowa, and that again with the General Association of Iowa. Deacons Jacob Schafluetzell and William Hine are the present officers, while Rev. Henry Hetzler fills the pulpit. The present mem- bership is forty-nine, and the church property is valued at $1,000. Trinity [Protestant Episcopal) Church was organized. in 1839, and, in 1841, built a house of worship in connection with the Masonic fraternity, which used the upper story of it for a lodge-room. The society now worship in a stone church, built in Gothic style, in 1852, and enlarged into a cruciform building in 1855, located on Second, between Walnut and Mulberry streets. April 13, 1844, the congregation was incorporated according to the laws of the State for religious societies. The first officers under the incorporation were J. S. Larkin, Senior Warden ; Ansel Humphreys, Junior Warden ; Hiram Mathews, J. S. Richman and Charles Mattoon, Vestrymen. The present officers are H. W. Moore, J. Carskadden, Thomas Brown, William H. Van Nostrand, Thomas N. Brown, George R. White and F. R. Lewis, Vestrymen ; G. R. White, Senior HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 633 Warden ; F. R. Lewis, Junior Warden. The present Rector is Rev. W. A. Gallagher, and the membership numbers seventy-eight. The first church edifice, built by this society, was furnished with black-walnut seats ; but that variety of lumber was not deemed suitable for such purposes, and in order to make the wood-work look as much like pine as possible, the seats and chancel were painted white. St. Mathias Roman Catholic Church. — The first edifice in which the Cath- olics of Muscatine County worshiped was a frame house, 20x30 feet, made in Prairie du Chien, Wis., by order of Bishop Mathias Loras, of Dubuque, and rafted down the Mississippi River to Bloomington, Iowa, where it was erected in 1842, on the corner of Second and Cedar streets. This church soon became too small, and was added to at different periods, but the number of members increasing more and more, and the place proving inadequate, it was sold, build- ing and lot, in 1856, for f 650, and out of the proceeds of the sale a block was Ijought of Reece Hooper, on Eighth, between Pine and Chestnut streets, and a building erected 80x40 feet, and 72 feet high in the clear. Up to 1851, the congregation was under the charge of missionary priests, who visited it occa- sionally from Dubuque, Davenport and Iowa City. In 1851, the first resident priest. Rev. P. T. McCormick was sent here, but remained only a few months. In November, of the same year, the Rev. P. Laurent took charge of the con- gregation, and is yet at the same post. The school attached to the church was founded in 1862, and is under the charge of nine Sisters of Charity, of the Order of the Blessed Virgin. The average number of scholars is 300, divided into four class-rooms, including the select school. All branches of a common English education are taught in this school, together with the German language and the higher branches in the select school. The congregation of Mathias was an assemblage of people of many nations and languages, the English pre- dominating. The Germans were to the Irish as one is to three. In 1854, the church of St. Malachy, in Township 76, was built by this congregation; in 1857, the first Catholic Church at Wilton was built by the same means ; and finally, in 1875, the church at Nichols was built by the people of that place. In 1876, St. Mary's Church was erected by the people of St. Mathias congre- gation, and given to the Germans. Notwithstanding these different branches, the Church of St. Mathias still numbers 200 families of Irish', Americans, French and Germans. The language of the church is English. St. Mathias Church, though rather unprepossessing outwardly, is a gem inside, and reminds one of the Annunciado of Genoa. Its situation on one of Muscatine's most romantic hills is unsurpassed, save, perhaps, by that of St. Mary's, in this city. St. Mathias stands unrivaled for its paintings, its fine organ and music, and its general arrangement and taste. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church. During the spring of 1875, Rev. Father P. Laurent purchased of G. Schultz, of St. Louis, Mo., five acres of land, for the sum of $2,000, which he deeded to the German-American Bene- ficial Society of Muscatine, with the understanding that in case of the sale of a portion of the ground, they make a deed to the purchaser according to the for- mer's directions. Eventually, some two acres of the land were sold to John and George A. Schaefer, of this city for $1,945. The remaining ground was deeded to the Right Rev. Bishop John Hennessey, of Dubuque. During the same jear, Father Laurent obtained permission from the Bishop to build a church on the premises referred to. A subscription was subsequently taken up, added to the amount realized on the sale of the two acres, and, in 1876, the erection of the church edifice was commenced, being completed in 1877. The building 534 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Stood idle until January, 1879, when Rev. Father J. I. Greiser was appointed by the Bishop to preside over the Church, and during the same month the con- gregation Tvas regularly organized, with a membership of over one hundred families. The church property is valued at about $15,000. The German Independent Lutheran Church was organized in 1848. Among the constituent members were John Huber, Friederich Hacker, Henry Molis, Friederich Hofmeyer, Henry Stahl, Henry Funk, Theodore Krehe. Rev. Conrad Rico performed the first ministerial duties, while Henry Molis and Henry Stahl filled the ofE ces of Secretary and Treasurer. As the mem- bership increased yearly, the congregation was enabled to build a brick church in 1860, to take the place of a small frame building formerly occupied. The membership now numbers 100. A Sunday school is connected with the church, which has an average attendance of 140 scholars. The present ofiicers are John Nietzel, President ; John Dietrich, Secretary ; Adam Ruling, Treasurer ; Juettner and John Hahn, Trustees. Rev. Ulrich Thomas is the present Pastor. The church property is valued at $4,000. St. Paul's Evangelical Church was organized in 1865. The first minister was Rev. Wm. Kampmeyer, now residing at Pekin, 111. The original organi- zation consisted of forty members. Rev. Kampmeyer was the first Pastor sent by the Evangelical Synod of North America, to which the Church belongs. The house of worship was purchased of the Baptists. The present membership consists of about forty families, but some sixty families worship here. The present Pastor is Rev. Charles Bonekamper. Connected with the Church is a flourishing Sunday school of about fifty scholars and eight teachers ; also a Ladies' Benevolent Society. The church property is valued at $2,000. The Church of the United Brethren in Christ was organized in 1850. J. Hershe, S. Frantz, Isaac Neilig, Trustees, were its first ofiicers ; Rev. George Miller served as its first Pastor. The church edifice of this congregation was erected in 1851. J. Hershe, W. B. Ament, J. Erb and M. Bitzer serve at present as Trustees, and Rev. R. E. Williams ofiiciates as Pastor. A Sabbath school was organized in 1852, and has been in successful operation to the pres- ent time. Recently a Women's Missionary Society was started, with Mrs. Williams as President. The church property, including the parsonage, is valued at about $5,500. The Society of Friends. — A branch of the Iowa Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends was established at Muscatine in 1852. Indulged Meetings had been held through the summer by the families of this Society for some time, and, in September of the year mentioned, the Preparative Meeting was started, which was held in private houses, until 1856, at which time a regular house of worship was erected. Mrs. Emelia Darling was the first minister to the Muscatine Meeting, which, at the present writing, has no recommended minister ; the last ministers were : Sarah Jane Jepson, Mr. and Mrs. Tibbitts. The present membership consists of about one hundred families. The value of property owned by the society is $2,000. The last ofiicers elected are: Mrs. Edith Painter, Mr. and Mrs. Cattell, Elders ; the same ladies and gentleman, with the addition of Levy Reader, act as Overseers. Eli Cook and Miss Amelda Painter are Clerks. The Evangelical German Association, familiarly known in Muscatine as Albright's Church, has a house of worship, where services are held, but the Church has no resident minister. Rev. John Abrams, of Wilton, visits this congregation. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 535 The Holland Baptists also have an organization and a church-building here, hut no resident minister. The Y. M. 0. A. of Muscatine was organized at a meeting held in the First M. E. Church, March 5, 1877, with L. H. Washburn, Chairman, and E. E. Holmes, Secretary. The first officers, elected at this meeting, were, D. C. Buchman, President; P. M. Musser, Vice President; William H. Woodward, Corresponding Secretary; William E. Betts, Recording Secretary; A. K. Raff, Treasurer. The present ofiicers are : L. H. Washburn, President; F. 0. Cliner, Record- ing Secretary ; Plinay Fay, General Secretary ; W. Parkins, Treasurer. The Association meets at the corner of Iowa avenue and Second street, has a present membership of eighty-four, and holds Sunday meetings at Butlerville, the Poorhouse, South Muscatine, the County Jail, Adams Station and Kalarama. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The first school taught in this county was under the direction of J. A. Parvin, who rented a small cabin for $8, in May, 1839, and founded the educa- tional interests of Muscatine. Mr. Parvin was a gentleman well suited to professional duties of that character, and he succeeded in doing good work, although the region was an uncultivated one in every sense. The young teacher had no occasion to complain of the spoiling of his territory by former efforts. The soil he broke about the roots of the tree of knowledge was virgin soil, and susceptible to the influences of a skillful hand and mind. The little flock of children who attended this primitive school was no different, probably, from many another class in the Western wilds, and by slow degrees the patient labors of the teacher began to reap reward, and the interest of the rapidly- growing settlement centered more and more decidedly in the unpretentious school. The only compensation received by Mr. Parvin was such as parents paid him directly. The stipend was regulated by the teacher and the parents, whose purse was never so well filled as to warrant extravagant outlays in that direction. The early settlers in this locality were more intelligent than in many other regions of this State, but, as a general rule, they were poor- in worldly goods. During the eleven years which succeeded the establishment of the first school, there were several private schools, of greater or less importance, a record of which has not been preserved. The earliest concerted action of the people, in regard to schools, dates from 1848. The writer, in his efforts to secure an accurate history of those first movements, ascertained the prominent part taken in the matter by Mr. G. B. Denison. Upon applying to him for information, Mr. Denison kindly con- sented to furnish all he was possessed of in that direction, stipulating merely that he should " tell his story in his own way." We gladly complied with that provision, although it is a most unusual request for a man to ask that responsi- bility be thrown upon his shoulders. We generally find men anxious to express opinions at the expense of other parties. Mr. Denison's recital covers the period between 1848 and 1863, and is here given over his own signature : Muscatine, Iowa, April 8, 1879. Western Histokioal Company: Oentlemen : In compliance with your request to furnish you with the statistics of the pub- lic schools of Muscatine from 1850 to 1863, I thought it best to do so over my own signature, in the form of a communication. This will relieve you of all responsibility in the matter, and will enable me to express myself in my own language. Muscatine having built the first large 536 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. schoolhouse and established the first graded school in Iowa, and I having been selected as Prin- cipal of said school, and as I also had considerable to do with shaping the school laws of the State during the first ten years of my residence here, I prefer to tell my own story in my own way. Under the provisions of the school laws of Iowa, up to 1858, the formation of school dis- tricts was left entirely with the School Fund Commissioner ; and for some unexplained reason, Muscatine was early divided into two school districts. District No. 1 occupied all that part of the original town east of Sycamore street, and No. 2 all west of said street. Nothing could induce them to unite the two districts until the passage of the revised school law, March 12, 1858, when they were consolidated, nolens volens. In 1848, District No. 2 commenced the agitation of building a schoolhouse. Up to that time, there were no schoolhouses in either district. While there were, in many of the country districts, schoolhouses that would have been considered creditable to old JIassachusetts, yet, in the towns of Iowa, very little had been done toward providing suitable schoolhouses. Dubuque had built two small brick houses, with two rooms each, but no other town of any importance in the State could boast of any public schoolhouse whatever. After much canvassing by about a dozen friends, a public meeting of the electors of District No. 2 was called at the old ilethodist Church, standing on the ground now occupied by the Muscatine Journal printing office, and a vote was taken, which was in favor of building a schoolhouse. At this meeting, a tax was voted, and the School Board were instructed to procure a site and build a suitable schoolhouse, sufficient to accommodate the wants of the district. The lots whgre the First Ward Schoolhouse now stands were selected, and a contract was entered into for building a schoolhouse; but the project soon met with a set-back unlocked for. While the collector was on his route, collect- ing the tax, Mr. John H. Wallace refused to pay his tax, claiming that the district was not legally organized. So the matter went to the Court, and the decision was against the district. This put a stop to the enterprise. As soon as people recovered from the shock, the necessary steps were taken to re-organize the district, making sure that no flaws could be found in the organization this time. All that they had done up to that time had to be done over again. Another meeting was called, and this time they made sure work of it. Not only that, but they determined to build a much larger house than was at first contemplated ; and another tax was voted larger than the first, new plans were drawn up and the work commenced in right good earnest. But they had been set back a full year in their work, and the house was not completed, ready for occupation, until May, 1851. District No. 1, not relishing the idea of being outdone, in 1850, voted to build a larger house than the one in No. 2. They levied a tax and secured the lots where the present Third Ward Schoolhouse now stands, and, in the spring of 1851, commenced a two-story brick house 46x60 feet, while the house in No. 2 was only 40x45 feet. The house was completed and the school commenced March 7, 1853, with D. Franklin Wells, a graduate of the State Normal School, at Albany, N. Y., as Principal; Miss Margaret M. Lyon, a graduate of the same school, as First Assistant ; Miss Malinda Davidson, Second Assistant, and Miss Emeline Fisher, Third Assistant. At the commenoement of the second term, the teachers were as follows: D. F. Wells, Principal, salary, $500; Miss M. M. Lyon, First Assistant, salary, ?2o0; Miss Kate Foster, Second Assist- ant, salary, $200; Miss M. Davidson, Third Assistant, salary, ?200; Miss Henriette Mikesell, Fourth Assistant, salary, $150. In 1850, District No. 1 elected John A. Parvin, President; .Vnsel Humphreys, Secretary, and Absalom Fisher, Treasurer. There was no election of Directors in 1851, so these officers held over, and had the sole charge of building the schoolhouse, .Vt the time of commencing the school in 1853, the district adopted the new school law, and elected Theodore 8. Parvin, Presi- dent ; Arthur Washburn, Secretary, and Absalom Fisher, Treasurer. Mr. Wells continued as Principal of the school until the close of the school year in 1S5(>, when he was appointed by the Trustees of the State University as Principal of the State Normal School, at Iowa City, and entered upon the duties at the commencement of the school year in September, 1856. Miss Lyon and Mr. "Wells left at the same time. I can't recall Mr. Wells' successor, but he only taught for a few weeks, and was succeeded by Thomas Beaham, and Mr. Beaham by D. H. Goodno, which takes us up to 18(13. I landed in Muscatine, May 4, 1851, and, on the 12th, opened the school on the hill in the First Ward, known as No. 2. The School Boanl at that time consisted of N. L. Stout, Presi- dent; Henry O'Connor, Secretary, and Pliny Fay, Treasurer. My salary was to be $500. The Board employed two female assistants, to wit: Miss Lydia E. Denison, First Assistant, at a salary of $260 ; Miss Mary A. Stiles, Second Assistant, at a salary of $225. The school year consisted of ten months, divided into three terms of fourteen weeks each. As will be seen by the above, the School Board had contracted to pay as teachers' wages, $975, about one-third of which they would receive from the apportionment of the school fund, but the balance was set down as an unknown quantity. Where it was to come from or just how they were to obtain it, were questions they were unable to solve. It was enough, that they had engaged the teachers for a year, and a part of the Board, at least, borrowed no trouble about Uie question of pay. That question must take oaro of itself when the time came. As there was no provision in the school law at that time whereby the money could be raised by tax or rate bill, Mr. Fay felt HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 537 troubled in his conscience that he had been a party to a contract of which he did not see clearly how he was going to fulfill his part. So he came to me and asked me if I could not devise a plan to relieve the Board of their embarrassment; in short, he wanted me to act as a " com- mittee of ways and means." Being largely interested personally, I took the matter under thoughtful consideration. I ascertained what the district would probably receive from the apportionment of the school fund, and the balance I determined to raise by rate bill. Though the law made no provisions for raising anything by rate bill, here was an actual necessity ; the balance of the teachers' wages must be raised, or the school must be closed. So, under my advice, the Board assessed the pupils as follows, to wit: The primary department, |1.50; the intermediate department, $1.75, and the higher department, §2 per term, which was an average of 12J cents per week. And they also adopted a rule not to admit any one to the school whose parents refused to pay this assessment. District No. 1 adopted the same schedule of tuition, but being less rigid in the enforcement of collecting the tuition than No. 2, they ran behind, while No. 2 accumulated funds. But I foresaw we would be likely to have trouble in collecting these assessments in the future, so I drew up an amendment to the school law consisting of eight sections, entitled " an act to extend the powers of school districts," which was passed by the Legislature, and approved by the Governor, January 7'2, 1853. (See edition of the School Laws for 1853, and subsequent years.) This act left it optional with each district to organize under it or not ; it established the legality of the rate-bill system ; the Directors were increased from three to six, optional with the electors, and were elected for three years instead of one ; it also made the school dis- trict permanent and not subject to alteration by the School Fund Commissioner. This law was universally adopted by the towns throughout the State, and by many of the county districts, also. It was while I was in Iowa City, during the session of the Legislature of 1853, that I made the acquaintance of Gov. Grimes, who was a member of the lower house, and I intrusted my bill to his care. The Legislature passed the bill as I had drawn it, without any alterations, and it remained unchanged until repealed by the passage of the Revised School Law, March 12, 1858. District No. 2 adopted it in the spring of 1853, and elected six Directors, as follows : Kev. A. B. Bobbins, President; Joseph Bridgman, Secretary ; James S. Hatch, Treasurer; Jacob Butler, Joseph P. Freeman and Franklin Thurston, Directors. The new Board made a change in the teachers, dismissing Misses Denison and Stiles, and putting in their places Miss Emeline Lincoln and Miss Charity N. Merrill. This was the first graded school established in the State, and the old No. 2 was the first large and commodious schoolhouse built in Iowa. The State Superintendent, Thomas H. Ben- ton, Jr., in his report for 1850, gives Muscatine credit for taking the lead in public school mat- ters in the State. My private record shows that "the Muscatine School," as it was then known, attracted much attention abroad. We received calls from many eminent persons from all parts of the State as well as elsewhere. Among them are the names of James Grant and Prof. Bullen, of Iowa College, Davenport; the State Superintendent, Thomas H. Benton ; W. Penn Clark, of Iowa City; Gov. R. P. Lowe, Glen Wood and Edward Kilbourn, of Keokuk, and many others. But it was evident soon after the re-organization of the district, and the election of the new School Board under the law which I had prepared, that a revolution was contemplated by the ruling spirit of the Board. The President and I differed in regard to the manner of con- ducting the school, and our difference was of such a nature, there was no room for a compro- mise. He was unyielding, and I was equally stubborn in my opinions, and the result was a collision. There were at that time, many children of Catholic parents attending the school, as they ' had a right to do, and the course which he proposed to pursue they looked upon as an infringe- ment of their conscientious religious scruples. In short, they would be compelled to yield their religious convictions or leave the school. I claimed that the public schools, being sup- ported by public funds, should be entirely free from sectarian influences ; that they should be so conducted, that people of all shades of religious opinion could meet on one common platform, where the children of all sects and creeds could study the same text-books and recite in the same classes under the same teachers. That would make them as I believed, what the law contemplated, "public schools, free to all." The matter was submitted to the electors of the district at the annual meeting in 1854, and the voice of the district was against the Board and they all resigned and a new Board was elected, consisting of S. G. Stein, Henry Reece, J. P. Freeman, S. B. Hill, Alexander Dunsmore and Alfred Purcell. Mr. Alva Tuttle was appointed Principal of the school, but he only remained with the school two terms when the Board re-appointed me. At the close of the school year, I resigned to engage in other busi- ness. Mr. Nathan Hoag was appointed my successor, which position he held but one year, when Samuel McNutt took his place, and Moses Ingalls succeeded Mr. McNutt. In 1860, the School Board dispensed with ^11 the male teachers except Mr. D. H. Goodno, who acted in the capacity of City Superintendent. Mr. Goodno held this position as well as that of County Superintendent, till the formation of the Gray-Beard Regiment, in October, 1 862, when he 538 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. resigned to accept the position of Major in tliat regiment. This left the schools without a male teacher, and in January, 1863, the School Board requested me to take Mr. Goodno'a place at the head of the schools, which I did, but at the close of the school year, I suggested to the Board that the work was not satisfactory to me, and requested them to appoint male Principals for the two large schools. The Board appointed Mr. Thomas Brown, Principal of No. 2, and I took charge of No. 1, which position I held till the close of the school year in 1864. Mr. Brown remained as Principal of No. 2 till January, 1864, when he resigned, and Mr. F. M. Wit- ter, a graduate of the State Normal School, at Iowa City, was appointed as his successor. I remain, yours respectfully, G. B. DENISON. The following summary of the school history since 1862 is taken from offi- cial sources : In 1863, Prof. F. M. Witter came to Muscatine and accepted the Principal- ship of the school in the First Ward. At that time, not only were the two schools in the First and Third Wards independent of each other, but even the several rooms in the buildings were, in a measure, operated upon distinct plans relative to studies and government. There was no recognized head of the schools. In the spring of 1864, certain extraneous influences created a change in the character of the School Board in the city, and the outgrowth of that change was the invitation of Mr. Witter to act as Superintendent of both schools. It was also proposed that Mr. Witter establish a high school, of which he was to be Principal. The proposals so cordially extended were accepted by Mr. Witter, and the labor of grading the schools was undertaken in the spring of 1864. During the previous year, the Professor had succeeded in classifying the First Ward School and greatly enhancing its usefulness. It was upon the strength of that work that the Board based its calculations of the gentleman's efficiency as an organizer. During the early part of 1864, Mr. Witter visited several places which were noted for the excellence of their schools, and received valuable suggestions concerning the best methods of grad- ing and arranging the courses of study. August, 1864, the Board adopted the plans and rules of government submitted as the result of such investigations. The rules were published in pamphlet form. This was the first pamphlet ever issued by the Board under the graded system. From it is taken the following plan of organization : " The schools of the city of Muscatine shall be organized with the following general grades, viz.. Primary Schools, Grammar Schools and High School. The Primary Schools shall be divided into two grades, viz., First and Second, the first grade being the lowest. Each of these grades shall be organized into at least three classes, known as A, B and C, C being the lowest. The two grades shall contain at least six classes, and, if necessity requires, additional classes may be formed ; but in no case must they change the grade. Each Primary School shall be under the immediate control of a Principal, who shall have as many assistants as the school may require. " The Grammar Schools shall be composed of at least four classes, known as A, B, C and D, D being the lowest. Additional classes may be formed, if required, but they shall in no case change the grade. Each Grammar School shall be under the immediate control of a Principal, who shall also have general supervision of the Primary School in the same building. There shall be as many assistants in the Grammar Schools as are needed for the prosperity of the schools. " The High School shall embrace three classes, A, B and C, C beinw the lowest. It shall include a course of study ordinarily requiring three years to complete. The High School shall be in charge of a Principal and as many assistants as the work demands." HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 539 The first corps of teachers employed under the new system was as follows : Prof. F. M. Witter, Superintendent and Principal of the High School ; Miss A. H. Reed, Assistant in High School ; E. Cleveland, Principal, and Misses A. B. Raymond, E. Williams, Assistants, School No. 1 ; William Hoopes, Principal, and Misses M. C. Mitchell, Minnie Morrison, Assistants, School No. 2, Grammar Department ; Misses Marietta Bentley, Anna Johnson, S. M. Mitchell, N. Martein and B. Van Buren, teachers in the Primary Department ; Miss M. H. Washburn, teacher in the African school. The Board of Directors, at that time, was composed of the following gen- tlemen : H. W. Moore, President ; J. H. Wallace, Secretary ; M. Block, Treasurer ; J. A. Dougherty, G. A. Garrettson, S. Smalley and Charles Page. The first examination of applicants for admission to the High School was made in September, 1864. Probably one hundred pupils presented themselves. Of that number, nearly 90 per cent were accepted and two classes were formed, in order that one class might graduate in two years' time. The more advanced scholars, of course, were placed in the first division. This formation of classes was in anticipation of the erection of a suitable building for a high school, and to supply the deficiency the Board leased a frame building which stood on the corner of Fifth street and Iowa avenue, which had been built for school purposes by a stock company, a few years pre- viously, and had been known as the Greenwood Academy, but which was no longer in use, through the abandonment of the enterprise. The High School remained there until 1865. During the year 1864, from school reports it appeared there were about seven hundred children in the public schools. In 1865, the Board leased rooms in the Scott House, on Iowa avenue, and fitted them up for high-school purposes. The lease was written for ten years. For several years, matters moved on smoothly in the two ward .buildings and in the leased rooms above named. On the 2d day' of July, 1868, the city was visited by one of the most ter- rific thunder-storms ever experienced here. Several buildings were struck by lightning, and more or less injured. Among the number was Schoolhouse No. 1, in the Third Ward. The lightning so efi'ectively operated on that structure as to completely destroy it by fire. Fortunately, the accident occurred at a time when there was no session of school in the building, so that its loss was not rendered greater through destruction of life. The policies of insurance upon the house amounted to about |8,000, and had been placed but a short t;ime prior to the calamity. This destruction of the Third Ward House proved a blessing in disguise to the school interests of the city, for it became an imperative necessity that another edifice should be erected at once. The times had so far advanced that modern plans alone were admissible in the councils of the Board, and to that fact is attributable the splendid system of buildings which now graces Musca- tine, and renders her educational department a model one in the eyes of the State. The questions of dimensions and character of the building were fully dis- cussed at the meetings of the Board, and a majority finally decided upon the building which now stands on the site of the old house. Some objections were raised to the erection of so large a house ; but wiser judgment prevailed, and the plans were drawn for a building capable of seating about seven hundred pupils, with accommodations for the High School on the upper floor. 540 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. During the period which elapsed between the destruction of the old and the completion of the new house, the school in that ward was carried on under great diflSculties. Such apartments as could be secured were rented for the several classes; but a feeling of indifference pervaded the ward. It was upon that score that the acceptance of so extensive plans was disputed. When the new house was opened, in 1870, not a single seat was vacant, a fact which proved the wisdom of the Board, The original house in District No. 1, as the Third Ward is called, was built upon an elevation which was ungraded. The new edifice was placed upon the same lot, which had been graded considerably, making the location a more desirable one. The contractors and builders of this house were H. H. Hine and Hiram Rowland, of Muscatine. The cost was §16,973.50. In 1871, a frame house was erected in Musserville, at a cost of $1,000, by C. U. Hatch. Mr. S. 0. Butler owned a private school-building in South Muscatine, and after his schoolhouse burned, Mr. Tomley leased his house to the Board. About this time, the subject of increasing the school facilities of the city was agitated, and during the following year, lots were purchased for a central building, on Iowa avenue. In 1872, the project of building a high school was furthered by the people voting bonds to the extent of $8,000. In 1873, the present spacious high- school edifice was erected. J. P. Walton drew the plans, and S. G. Hill was the builder. The cost was about $18,000. The sessions of the High School were for one term, in 1873, held in rooms over Olds & Reppert's drug store. On the 1st of November, 1873, the new building was dedicated. Hon. T. S. Parvin was present, by invitation, and addressed the large audience assem- bled. Judge D. G. Rjchman read a poem appropriate to the occasion. From that time to the present date, the High School has remained in the house erected for its use. The year 1878 found the Board obliged to rent rooms in the suburbs to accommodate the increasing number of pupils. A loan of §10,000 was called for, in March, to erect new houses, and was carried. It was agreed to build a small house in Weedville, and also to construct a more modern house in the the First Ward. Plans were asked for, and it soon became apparent that the sum voted was not sufficient to perfect the work. It was suggested to use the moneys already held as a certain branch of the school funds, but not of the schoolhouse fund, for the supplementing of the amount raised. This method of converting the funds to other than specified uses was objected to, and some considerable controversy grew out of the matter. The difficulty was finally overcome by the people voting, in July, an additional $10,000 of bonds, condi- tional upon the erection of houses in Butlersville and South Muscatine. Those smaller buildings were accordingly put up, and a four-room brick in South Muscatine, and the model schoolhouse, which is now in process of completion, begun. The latter is one of the most convenient and substantial school-build- ings in the State, even considering the comparatively small cost thereof. It is an ornament to the city and an honor to the Board which accepted the plans. The architect was William Foster, of Des Moines. All modern improvements are introduced in the construction of this admirable building. First Ward house will cost about $16,000. From the inception of the graded plan of schools to the present time, a spirit of liberality has prevailed. Prominent among the influential workers in this cause, as members of the Board, were Messrs. Vincent Chambers, Abraham HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 541 Smalley, Dr. Hardman, M. Block, L. H. AVashburn, R. Musser, J. S. Patten and Allen Bloomhall. Mr. Bloomhall is the present President, and Mr. L. C. Grossman is Secretary, as well as Assistant in the high school. Not only can jNIuscatine boast of her school-buildings ; she can also claim high rank in efficiency and quality of work. The true principle of retaining the best teachers by paying liberally, and grading according to merit, obtains in the methods of the Board. Mr. Witter is surrounded by the best of assist- ants in the several departments, and the reputation of the schools extends favor- ably throughout the State, to the writer's certain knowledge. Herewith is given a full list of the graduates of the high school : 1866. — Frank R. Lewis, Jennie S. Sinnett, C. Edward Stewart, Rebecca J. Myers, Annie M. Robbins, M. Lillie Morrison, Mary L. Humphreys. 1867. — Emma Lillibridge, Eliza Prosser, Mary Leyda, Lydia B. Daugherty, Mollie M. Humberger. 1868. — Fannie M. Nisley, Sarah V. Johnson, Mamie E. Underwood. 1869. — Daniel Van Dam, Clara Lillibridge, John Krug, F. W. Winter, Eva A. Johnson, Clara J. Statterthwaite, Belle Sinnett. 1870.— Fred H. Eaton, Thomas J. Morford, Lew G. Burnett, Ella L. Rey- nolds, Emma L. Clapp, Lucv Jackson, Libbie S. Wallace, Lue Dillaway. 1871.— Milton D. Painter, Charles T. Campbell, Belle L. Washburne, Mary C. Dean, Emma Underwood, Anna E. Warren, Katie A. Hoch, Anna J. Keeler, Bettie C. Satterthwaite, John AI. Bishop, Susie V. Clark. 1872.— Anna M. McAlister, Emily H. Foulke, Mamie L. Hill, Mary E. _Coriell, R. Emma Lord, Anna B. Lewis, Eva D. Hardman, Lydia A. Brown. 1873.— Mary M. Brogan, Minnie E. Steere, Manza M. Lord, Ella L. Fisher, Addie B. Jones, Nellie A. Bishop, Flora E. Coriell, Josephine M. Brogan, Ollie L. Harlan, Minnie C. Douglass, Anna M. Reuling, Fannie V. Mathewson, Mary E. Smith, Phebe S. Bennett, James W. Page, Asher W. Widdifield, Lizzie C. Funck, Edward C. Cook, Alexander U. Clark. 1874. — Marston Stocker, Leona E. Howe, Harry Springer, Frank P. Saw- yer, Mary Dobbs, Mattie Gilbert, Floy Rowland, S. T. Sinnett, Abbie Cadle, James Seldon, Charles Page, Ella Martin, Addie Chambers, Lizzie Adams, Ada Wilson, Anna Braunwarth, C. Garlock. 1876. — Alice B. Walton, Ellen G. Stocker, Edward Sells, Jennie Hazelett, Sallie R. Foulke, Sarah L. Adams, Lou J. Page, Ella Kranz, Louisa A. Franklin. 1876. — George Whicher, Oscar Groschell, Amanda E. Gilbert, Amelia M. Allyn, Emma L. Braunwarth, Ferdinand Kaufman, J. Frank Brown, Lydia Freeman, Laura B. Pierson. 1877. — William Price, Hattie Foulke, Lillie Walton, Ella Broomhall, Nettie Washburne, Stella Richardson, Susie Conway. 1878. — Minnie 0. Deitz, Madge Ament, Jesse M. Washburne, Annie B. Cloud, Isaac Mathewson, Julia M. Price, Juda Chambers, Libbie Green, Ada A. McDonald, John F. Dobbs, Edward B. Molis, L. Maggie Adams, Lillie A. Biles, Mattie E. Sweeney, Ida E. Appel,, Ida M. Brown. 1879.— Mary 0. Walton, Aggie L. Hatch, Edith L. Winslow, May V. Pat- ten, Lucy Brown, Jennie Miller. This class will graduate next June. MUSCATINE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. BY F. M. WITTER. On Monday evening, November — , 1875, the following gentlemen met at the residence of F. M. Witter, on Fifth street, between Mulberry and Walnut : H. H. Benson, R. H. Mc Campbell and J. P. Walton. The purpose of this 542 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. meeting was to organize a club, which should have for its object the discussion of topics relating to science. It was thought best at that time not to introduce any formality in the conduct of the club, except to call the organization, if organization it could be called, " The Scientific Club of Muscatine." In 1871, Monday evening, June 26, the Club met at the same place, and adopted the following constitution : Article 1. The name of this assooiiition shall be the " The Muscatine Scientific Club." Art. 2. The object of the association is the promotion of science. Art. 3. The officers of the Club shall consist of a President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall be elected on the first Monday in October of each year, and shall hold their ofBce until their successors are elected. Art. 4. Any person can become a member of this Club by a unanimous vote of all the members present at any regular meeting. Art. 5. This Constitution can be altered or amended at any regular meeting of the Club, by a vote of two- thirds of all the members of the Club. H. H. BENSON, F. M. Witter, Secretary. President. At this meeting, H. H. Benson and wife, J. P. Walton and wife, Peter Musser and wife, F. M. Witter and wife, R. li. McCampbell and wife, F. L. Dayton and wife and William Hoifman were by ballot elected members ; and H. H. Benson was made President; P. Musser, Vice President ; F. M. Witter, Secretary, and J. P. Walton, Treasurer. Nothing of importance was done ■during the remainder of the year. On the first Monday evening in October, 1861, the Club met at the res- idence of J. P. Walton, and the following officers wore elected : President, R. H. McCampbell ; Vice President, J. P. Walton ; Secretary, F. M. Witter ; Treasurer, P. Musser. During this year, little or nothing was accomplished, except to discuss, in a very informal way, a few topics of a scientific character. In October, 1872, the Club again met at Mr. Walton's and the following were chosen officers for the ensuing year : President, Dr. J. Hardman ; Vice President, T. N. Brown ; Secretary, Mrs. F. L. Dayton ; Treasurer, Mrs. J. P. Walton. In November of this year, the Club made a canvass of the city to sell tickets for a course of public lectures. March 31, 1873, Dr. Hardman reported as follows : price of single tickets, $2 ; double, $3.50 ; family, admitting four, $5, for the course. Sale of tickets amounted to $402.50 ; door receipts, $240.80. Amount paid to lecturers, $485 ; for incidentals, $129.60, leaving a balance of $28.70. The lectures were from Dr. I. I. Hayes — "Adventures and Discoveries in the Arctic Regions." Miss Phoebe Couzins — "The Education of Woman." Prof Gustavus Hinrichs — " The Physical Forces in the Human Organism." Dr. C. C. Parry — "Aspect of Rocky Mountain Scenery." Rev. Robert Collyer — " Clear Grit." Mrs. Scott-Siddons — Readings. In October, 1873, Mr. J. B. Dougherty was elected President ; Vice President; G. W. Van Home, Secretary; Mrs. J. P. Walton Treasurer. A second course of lectures was agreed upon for this year, and a committee was appointed to canvass for the sale of tickets. The course consisted of the following : Rev. Robert Collyer, James Par- ton, Mr. Andrews and Col. J. P. Sanford. The total receipts, with fund on hand, were $644, and the expenditures, $580 ; leaving a balance of $64 in favor of the Club. A few papers were read during the year. An the annual election in October, 1874, William HoflFman was chosen Pres- ident ; F. M. Witter, Vice President ; G. W. Van Home, Secretary ; Suel HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 543 Foster, Treasurer. At this meeting, a resolution was passed requiring all who wished to continue members, to sign the constitution within thirty days. This year was probably the most active and prosperous in the history of the Club. Papers were read as follows : Dr. W. S. Robinson, " Thermometry in Disease;" F. M. Witter, "Transit of Venus;" Rev. John Armstrong, "Har- mony of Genesis and Geology;" Rev. Roach, "Health;" Suel Foster, "Design in Creation;" Dr. I. L. Graham, "Law and Design in Creation;" Mr. John Underwood. The death of ex-President J. B. Dougherty caused Slid remembrance of the otherwise pleasant year. October 4, 1875, the Club elected for President, F. M. Witter ; Vice Pres- ident, G. W. Van Home ; Secretary, J. P. Walton ; Treasurer, Suel Foster. The following papers were read during the year: Mrs. J. P. Walton, a poem, "The Ruins Sadden, but the Unfinished Building Chills;" F. M. Witter, "Australian Fever-Tree " and " Shells;" Dr. J. Hardman, "Final Suppression of the Teeth;" F. Reppert, "Possible Accumulation of Carbonic Acid." Hon. S. C. Hastings, of San Francisco, was elected an honorary member. The year was rather quiet. On October 2, 1876, the following were chosen to act as officers for the year : President. Dr. J. Hardman ; Vice President, Suel Foster ; Secretary, J. G. H. Little ; Treasurer, J. P. Walton. Papers were read as follows: Hon. S. C. Hastings, "Anti- Spiritualism; "' G. W. Van Home, "What We Ought to Know," and "Bacon or Shakespeare?" J. P. Walton, "Indications;" J. A. Pickler, "Oliver Goldsmith." At the end of this year, the President, in a closing address, expressed what had been felt by several members of the Club, viz., a desire to so re-organize that an opportunity might be had for some more earnest and original work in science, and to unite with us others who would not join under the existing cir- cumstances. In fact, it was plain that science had little chance as it was, and, unless some change was speedily made, a new organization would be formed for the cultivation of science. The election of officers October 8, 1877, resulted as follows : President, F. Reppert ; Vice President, F. M. Witter ; Secretary, William Hoffman ; Treasurer, Peter Musser. At a meeting held November 12, a committee was appointed to revise the Constitution, and a room was rented of Dr. Hardman for the use of the Club. About thirty-five persons had been elected members of the Club up to October, 1877. The Club took possession of its room November 26, since which time regu- lar meetings have been held in accordance with the new Constitution. December 22, 1877, the following was adopted : Wheekas, The "Muscatine Scientific Club" having, by its recent transactions, declared it to bo its deliberate choice to assume other and more extended organic forma, therefore, lic.Holoi'd, First, That the Constitution as lately revised and adopted shall now and here- after be the fundamental guide of this new form of association (the Muscatine Academy of Science), and that all former rules, constitutional or otherwise, are hereby declared null and void. Second, That the present incumbent oflficers of what has been known as the '■ Muscatine Scientific Club," be and are declared fully qualified and authorized to perform all the esbential and official functions of the Muscatine Academy of Science, until their successors be elected at the next regular annual election and qualified. Third, That all finances, financial and property matters pertaining to and pos.-iessed by the " Muscatine Scientific Club," be and the same are fully and exclusively .henceforth belonging to and possessed by the Muscatine Academy of Science. Fourth, That the old members of the "Scientific Club," in consideration of money advanced by its members, be exempt from initiation fees. 544 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. The following is the Constitution of the Muscatine Academy of Science : AnTiciE 1. This association shall be known as the Muscatine Academy of Science. Art. 2. The object of this association shall be the cultivation and pursuit of science in all its branches. Akt. 3. The of&cers of this association shall be a President, Vice President, Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer and Librarian or Curator, who shall be elected annually liy ballot, at the first regular meeting held on or after the first day of October in each year, and who shall hold their respective ofiices until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Art. 4. The President, Vice President, Recording Secretary and two other members of the society, to be appointed by the President, shall constitute an Executive Committee, whose duty it shall be to have the supervision and management of the business and general interests of the association, and who shall perform such other duties as shall be imposed upon it by the society. Art. 5. Any person may become a member of this association by receiving the aflSrmative vote by ballot, of three-fourths of all the members present at any regular meeting succeeding that at which his or her name has been proposed in writing ; the payment to the treasury a membership fee of one dollar, and signing this Constitution. Art. 6. This Constitution may be amended at any regular meeting, by the affirmative vote of three-fourths of the members present, provided that such proposed amendment shall have been submitted in writing at least two regular meetings prior to action thereon. BY-LAWS. Article 1. The regular meetings of this society shall be held on Monday evening, once in two weeks from October to May, and once every four weeks from May to October in each year ; the hour of meeting shall be 7A o'clock in fall and winter, and 8 o'clock in spring and summer. Art. 2. Eight members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but any number not l^ss than five shall constitute a quorum for other purposes. Art. 3. Each member shall be subject to an annual assessment of one dollar, payable quarterly, to begin with the first meeting in .January, 1878, such payment to be made to the Secretary, whose duty it is to demand delinquencies. .Vrt. 4. Cushiug's Manual shall be the standard of parliamentary practice. Art. 5. Order of exercises : 1st. Reading of the minutes of previous meeting. 2d. Written communications and discussions thereon. 3d. Verbal communications and discussions thereon. 4th. , Unfinishsd business. 6th. New business. 6th. Adjournment. Art. 6. These By-Laws may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds vote of the members present, providing such proposed amendment shall have been submitted in writing at a preceding regular meeting ; but any By-Law may be suspended for the evening by vote of a majority of those present at such meeting. Thirty-five names have been signed to the Constitution, and several others have paid membership fees and are paying dues, who have not yet signed. Since the re-organization of the society, fifteen or twenty papers have been read, most of them based on original work, a considerable number of specimens of various kinds have been received, and some valuable relics taken from mounds near Toolsboro, in Louisa County and elsewhere have been placed in the collection of the Academy. The election of officers in October, 1878, resulted as follows : President, F. Rippert; Vice President, P. M. Witter ; Recording Secretary, James W. Page; Corresponding Secretary, F. M. Witter; Curator, Dr. J. Hardman ; Treasurer Peter Musser. The Academy, in January, 1879, employed Dr. Ale.xander Winohell to deliver three public lectures on science, as follows: ''Life-Time of a World'" " Man in the Light of Geology;" " Evolution, Its Principles and Proofs." The Academy, at its meeting iVpril 7, 1879, decided to i-ent larger and better rooms and furnish suitable cases for specimens. The membership is now about fifty and the prospect is quite promising. It is hoped and believed that an institu- tion of this kind can be sustained in this city, and that it will be useful in an HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. ,545 educational point of view, and will encourage the youth who are inclined to pursue science. MUSCATINE CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB. This organization is devoted exclusively to the study of the Mollusca and espe- cially the Mollusca of Muscatine County. It has been in existence about two years. The officers at this time are: President, F. M. Witter; Secretary, William Roach; Treasurer, John Pogerty. Meetings are held each week during a part of the winter, at which papers are read on the species of Mollusks found near Muscatine, each member taking such species as he may be best able to illustrate by specimens. No membership fee is charged and there are no dues, but a fund from voluntary contribution is accumulating, for the purpose of pub- lishing at an early day, a full annotated list of the living Mollusks in this vicinity. SECRET ASSOCIATIONS AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. Iowa Lodge, No. 2, A., F. ^ A. M., was instituted at Bloomington, Iowa Territory, by letters of dispensation granted by Deputy Grand Master Joseph Foster, of the Grand Lodge of Missourij February 15, 1841. The first officers were: Ansel Humphrey, W. M.; John Lilly, Jr., S. W.; B. S. Olds, J. W.; Phil. J. Jean, Tiler. Original members under the dispensation were Josiah Parvin, Silas L. Lathrop, Isaac McGoon, Joseph C. Mathews, Theo. S. Parvin, B. P. Rowland, Alex. Lewis and Joseph Williams. A charter was granted Jan- uary 8, 1844, by the Most Worshipful Grand Master Oliver Cock, of the Grand Lodge of Iowa Territory to Theo. S. Parvin, W. M.; A. F. Hofmeyer, S. W.; F. 0. Beckett, J. W., and others. The present officers of this Lodge are: Samuel Cohn, W. M.; Henry Hanson, S. W.; Gharle?, Weltz, J. W,; J. P. Ament, Treasurer; D. H. Block, Secretary; W. P. Frazer, S. D.; Joseph T. Davidson, J. D.; Kimmel Dunn, Tiler. The Lodge has a present membership of eighty, meets at Masonic Hall and owns property valued at $500. Humphreys Lodge, No. 30, A., F. ^ A. M., was instituted under dispensa- tion, September 8, 1851, with the following first officers : E. Klein, W. M.; John S. Lakin, S. W.; George B. Magoon, J. W.; L. B. Adams, Treasurer; H. D. LaCossitt, Secretary ; James A. Humphreys, S. D.; William Gordon, Tyler. A charter was granted June 2, 1852, to the following members: E. Klein, L. B. Adams, George D. Magoon, J. W. Smith, J. S. Lakin, James A. Humphreys, John J. Lower, John Hinds, T. S. Battelle and H. D. LaCossitt. The first officers under the charter were: E. Klein, W. M.; H. D. LaCossitt, S. W.; L. D. Palmer, J. W.; J. A. Humphreys, Treasurer; R. A. Ackerman, Secretary; J. G. Stephenson, S. D.; John Beaham, J. D.; L. B, Adams, Tiler. The present officers are: T. R. Fitzgerald, W. M.; J. K. Martin, S. W.; John Robertson, J. W.; M. Block, Treasurer; W. H. McCoy, Secretary; Bernard Fowler, S. D. ; J. Worst, J. D. ; James Marshall^ S. S.; E. Denton, J. S.; Kimmel Dunn, of Iowa Lodge No. 2, Tiler. The present membership is eighty ; the meeting-place is Masonic Hall and the value of property, f500. Washington Chapter, No. ^, Royal Arch Masons, was instituted under dis- pensation granted by the Ninth R. A. C. of the U. S., and a charter was granted September 17, 1852, to the following charter members : Ansel Hum- phreys, Theodore S. Parvin, George Wilkison, Josiah Parvin, William Williams, J. D. Biles and George Plitt. The first officers were : Ansel Humphreys, M. E. H. P.; Theodore S. Parvin, King; George Wilkison, Scribe; J. D. Beyers, C. of H.; William. 546 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Williams, P. S.; L. A. Williams, R. A. C; Josiah Parvin, M. of Third Veil ; B. Brooks, M. of Second Veil ; Madden, M. of First Veil. The present officers are : J. P. Ament, M. E, H. P. ; W. B. Langridge, King; Jacob Fish, Treasurer; J. G. Jackson, Secretary; H. M. Dean, Scribe; G.K.Dunn, Guard; Samuel Cohn, C. of H.; C. R. Fox, P. S.; J. W. Berry, R. A. C; H. Hanson, G. M. of Third Veil; T. R. Fitzgerald, G. M. of Sec- ond Veil ; C. A. Weltz, G. M. of First Veil. De Molay Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar, was instituted under dispensation from the Grand Commandery of the United States, represented by Sir Knight W. B. Hubbard, General Grand Master of the General Grand Encampment, March 14, 1855. The first officers were : Theodore S. Pai-vin, M. E. G. C; J. L. Hazin, Generalissimo; William Reynolds, Captain General; William Leffingwell, M. E. P.; L. D. Palmer, S. W.; William Gordon, J. W.; J. B. Dougherty, Treasurer ; J. H. Wallace, Recorder ; J. R. Hotsock, Sword- Bearer ; Henry Hoover, Warder. A charter was granted in September, 1856, and the following officers were installed ; Theodore S. Parvin, E. C.; A. Cham- bers, Generalissimo ; G. W. Wilkison, Captain General ; William Leffingwell, Prelate ; J. P. Dougherty, Treasurer ; G. A. Satterly, Recorder ; L. D. Palmer, Sword-Bearer ; VV. Gordon, J. W.; Henry Hoover, Warder; G. D. Magoon, Sword-Bearer ; L. Carmichael, Standard-Bearer ; D. T. Miller, Guard. The present officers are : W. S. Robertson, E. C. ; J. P. Walton, Generalissimo; G. D. Magoon, Captain General; W. B. Langridge, Prelate; William Calder, S. W.; C. R. Fox, J. W.; J. Patton, Treasurer; J. P. Ament, Recorder ; J. W. Berry, Warder ; C. A. Weltz, Standard-Bearer ; J. M. Van Patten, Sword-Bearer; J. Morrison, First G. ; J. Fish, Second G.; W. S. Berry, Third G. ; K. Dunn, Sentinel. The present membership is forty-five, the meeting-place at Masonic Hall, and the value of property is estimated at $500. Electa Chapter, of the Order of the Eastern Star, was organized January 10, 1874, growing out of the " Constancy Family," a lodge of the same Order, which owed its prosperity to Hon. P. A. Brumfield, then Deputy Grand Patron. The charter members were P. A. Brumfield and wife, W. B. Langridge, S. C. Dunn and wife, J. P. Walton and wife, J. Morrison, C. Page and wife, H. Madden and wife, M. Block and wife, R. Hawley and wife, E. B. Lewis, J. Schumaker and wife, W. Leffingwell, Mrs. H. E. Bitzer, Mrs. R. Dunn, Mrs. H. E. Parmelee, Mrs. R. B. Ewing, Mrs. R. Miller and Miss Morrison. The follow- ing were charter officers : W. B. Langridge, W. P. ; Mrs. S. Block, AY. M. ; Mrs. H. Brumfield, A. M. ; Mrs. A. Hawley, Treasurer ; Mrs. H. E. Bitzer, Secre- tary ; Mrs. J. Dunn, Cond. ; Mrs. "J. P. Walton, A. C: Mrs. P. Pyatt, W. ; Mr. G. Winn, S. ; Mrs. H. E. Parmelee, A.; Miss L. Morrison, R. ; Mrs. R.' Dunn, E.; Mrs. R. Miller, M. ; MrS. R. Ewing, E. The present officers con- sist of W. B. Langridge, W. P.; Mrs. H. E. Parmelee, W. M.; Mrs. S. C. Dunn, A. M. ; Mrs. R. Dunn, Treasurer ; Miss E. C. Parmelee, Secretary ; Miss M. Frazier, Cond. ; Mrs. C. Fox, Asst. Cond.; Mrs. P. Murphy, Warder; P. Murphy, Sentinel; Mrs. H. E. Bitzer, A.; Mrs. N. Ewing, R.'; Mrs. F.' Sprague, E. ; Mrs. E. B. Lewis, M. ; Mrs. S. Wymer, E. The present membership consists of eighty or ninety persons, many who were members having removed to other places. The place of meetino- is in Masonic Hall, Second street. A few words in regard to the orio;in and objects of the Order may not be amiss. The Order of the Eastern Star Is an Adoptive rite, so called from having originated and been adopted by members of the Masonic fraternity, as a means of social enjoyment, whereby the wives, mothers HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 547 widows, sisters and daughters of Master Masons in good standing, may work together in the common cause of humanity, to assist in ameliorating the condi- tion of the sick and needy, to reach forth the hand of sympathy in the hour of trial ; and especially to give aid to strangers, who may need assistance, and who are proven, by the secret signs of the Order to be worthy members. Electa Chapter has not been backward in its deeds of charity, and has the testimony, of not only many in our midst, but also of strangers to prove this fact. Muscatine Lodge, No. 5, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted March 23, 1846. The charter members were E. H. Albic, Richard Cadle, H. Johns, Pliny Fay, Joseph Bridgman and J. K. Burnett. The first officers were : E. H. Albic, N. G. ; R. Cadle. V. G. ; Osic John, Secretary; Pliny Fay, Treasurer. The present officers are: T. S. Berry, N. G. ; W. Satherswaite, V. G.; D. Roths- child, Recording Secretary; M. Block, Permanent Secretary; B. Beil, Treas- urer. The Lodge meets at Renling's Hall. Prairie Uncampment, No. 4-, I- 0. 0. F., was instituted in 1853. After the lapse of several years, for certain causes, the charter, books and papers were surrendered to the Grand Scribe. The books have never been returned, but a new charter was granted October 19, 1869. The first officers then elected were : Joseph Bridgman, C. P. ; AV. B. Keeler, H. P. ; S. G. Stein, S. W. ; H. M. Hine, J. W. ; Ed. Hock, Scribe ; M. Block, Secretary ; all of whom were installed January 5, 1870. The present membership is thirty- eight. The last officers elected are : J. P. Lewis, C. P. ; Joseph Bridgman, H. P.; G. Bitzer, S. W. ; F. R. Lewis, J. W.; M. Block, Scribe; John Lamp, Secretary. The property of the Encampment is estimated at $500. Tlie Crermania Lodge of Knights of Honor was organized May 9, 1878, and a charter was granted the 5th of September of the same year to F. Huttig, W. Huttig, G. Aumiller, G. Schneider, J. Hoffman, L. Lang, Charles Tapp:', J. Schmidt, Charles Grsefe, U. Thomas, H. Schmidt, Chris. Nolte, H. Evers- meyer, F. Grade, J. Nietzel. The first officers elected were William Huttig, Dictator; G. Schneider, Vice Dictator; Charles Tappe, Assistant Dictator; G. Aumiller,^ Past Dictator; F. Grade, Reporter; F. Huttig, Financial Reporter; Charles Grsefe, Treasurer; J. Schmidt, Chaplain ; L. Lang, Guide; J. Nietzel, Guardian ; J. Hoffman, Sentinel. The following are the present officers: George Schneider, Dictator; Charles Tappe, Vice Dictator; H. Geiss, Assistant Dictator ; W. Huttig, Past Dictator ; F. Grade, Reporter ; F. Huttig, Financial Reporter ; G. G. Carstens, Guide ; Chris. Nolte, Guardian ; H. Freiermuth, Sentinel. This Lodge has a present membership of thirty, meets at Odd Fellows' Hall and holds property valued at $250. The Associa- tion was established January 1, 1874 ; has a membership of 60,000. The objects of the Order are to unite fraternally all acceptable white men of every profession, business and occupation, to give all possible moral and ma- terial aid in its power to its members and those depending on its members, by holding moral, instructive and scientific lectures, by encouraging each other in business, and by assisting each other to obtain emijloyment ; to promote benevolence and charity by establishing a Widows' and Orphans' Benefit Fund, from which on the satisfactory evidence of the death of a member of this cor- poration, who has complied with all its lawful requirements, a sum not exceed- ing $2,000 shall be paid to his family, or as he may direct ; to provide for creating a fund for the relief of sick and distressed members, and to ameliorate the condition of humanity in every possible manner. FagU Lodge, No. 10, Ancient Order of United Workmen, was organized and a charter granted June 9, 1875, to the following charter members : S. H. 548 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Downie, G. W. Keckler, W. F. Eichoff, J. M. Bishop, T. S. Berry, G. A. Nicholson, J. K. Martin, J. Robertson, A. S. Knowles, J. L. Berry, H. S. Howe, G. W. Stewart and W. T. Kirk. The first officers elected were : J. K. Martin, P. M. W.; S. H. Downie, M. W.; J. TRobertson, G. F.; W. T. Kirk, Overseer; G. W. Stewart, Financier; A. S. Knowles, Receiver; T. S. Berrv, G.; J. L. Berry, W. The present officers of this Lodge are: J. S. Mulford, P. M. W.; W. G. Block, M. W.; C. W. Smith, G. F.; George Koehler, Overseer; H. Hartman, G.; W. F. Eichoff, Recorder; H. S. Howe, Financier; W. Mull, Receiver; S. H. Downie, I. W.; John Robertson, 0. V\.; G. W. Smith, Medical Examiner. This Lodge meets in the A. 0. U. W. Hall. It has a membership of 102, and property valued at §.300. Muscatine Lodge, No. 99, A. 0. U. W., was instituted under -dispensation by D. D. G. M. W. H. S. Howe February 16, 1877, and chartered by Rod- erick Rose, G. M. W., and William H. Flemming, G. R. The following were the first officers: T. R. Fitzgerald, P. M. W.; Allen Broomhall, M. W.; John.Stockdale, G. F.; J. G. H. Little, Overseer; E. P. Day, Recorder; A. N. Garlock, Foreman ; James A. Eaton, Receiver; H. P. Jones, I. W.; John Hyink, 0. W. The charter members numbered GO ; the present membership is 103. The present officers are: G. W. Porter, P. M. W.; A. N. Gn-rlock, M. W.; R. D. Bodman, Foreman; W. M. Kincaid, Overseer; R. C. Schenck, Recorder; Frank Stewart, Financier; C. Giesler, 0.; "W. Lohr, Guide; John Markman, I. W.; S. P. Wilhelm, 0. W. The Lodge meets in A. 0. U. W. Hall, and has property valued at $300. The Muscatine Turnverein was originally organized July 12, 1856, but having broken up several times has been re-organized. The original members were Fred Tappe, Peter Schorr, Henry Fiene, Henry Clarner, C. Krainz, T. Ulrich, J. Dold, Joseph Koeberle, Jacob Lorenz, Anton Brenner, H. Schmidt, Fred Eitman, John Butz, Karl Kleine, H. Geiss, Charles Stegeman, F. Bern- hardt, Hyman Salomon, Ephraim Hecht, Ferdinand Smallz, John G. Koehl, George Schneider, Joseph Bauerbach, John Storz, P. F. Mueller, C. A. Buescher, Henry Kaut, Aug. Rehbein, Franz Koehler, Jacob Fisch, J. A. Aeurer, A. Hengstenberg, Mathias Becky, John Huber, H. Funck, John' Schmidt, John Stengele, A. Wilhelm, Lorenz Haeng, F. A. W^ienker, Daniel Binz, William Achter, Jacob Horr, Henry Molis and Jacob Bowman. The names of the first officers cannot be given on account of the loss of the records contain- ing them. The following are the present officers* : B. Schmidt, First Presi- dent ; J. Blum, Second President; J. Martin, First Turnwart; M. Kaut, Second Turnwart ; Charles Tappe, First Secretary ; H. Gremmel, Second Secretary ; S. Cohn, Cassenwart ; J. Butz, /engwart : H. Schmidt, Sesang- wart ; -J. Koehler and H. Schmidt, Trustees. The society meets at Hare's Hall, has a present membership of forty, and property valued at >?3,000. Till/ Muscatiiie (Jutliolie Mutual Aid Soeictii was organized July 1, 1871, with a membership of thirty. The first officers elected were : Frank Moran, President ; John Byrne, Vice President ; George Rutherford, Finan- cial Secretary ; Dennis J. Ryan, Corresponding Secretary ; John Tomney, Treasurer. The present membersliip is sixty, and the officers are : John Byrne, President; James Fitzgerald, Financial Secretary. The Society's disburscmenls have amounted to over $2,500. The sick benefits are $3 ]iev week in case of sick- ness. In the event of death (if a member, $20 are contributed toward defray- ing funeral expenses, and $2 ])cr month are paid to the heirs of the deceased. 8t Joseph's Mutual Aid Society was organized in 18ft'.), nnd incorporated under the n:iine of the " Goriuan- A merican Roman Catholic Beneficial Society " HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 549 which was subsequently changed as above, without any re-organization. The present officers are Joseph Fuller, President ; Joseph Kleinfelder, Vice President ; J. L. Knopp, Secretary ; Aug. Balhof, Assistant Secretary ; Henry Fuller, Treasurer. In case of death of a member, $20 are allowed toward funeral expenses, and $2 per month to the heirs. The sick benefits are $3 a week. The Society meets in George Schaefer's Hall. The German Mechanics' Aid Society was organized December 14, 1865, with the following original members : F. H. Wienker, George Schneider, John Daiber, Peter Hess, Joseph Kleinfelder, Gottfried Neif, Martin Eichholz, Chris- tian Otto, Sebastian Adamer, F. Goeser, Frederick Weckerlen, Gottfried Baer, C. F. Schmalz, John Burri, William Lohr, Israel Kintzle, John Wenner, Gus. Schmidt, Joseph Fuller, John Huber, I. W. Koehler, Fred. Witteman, Vincent Maurath, tienry Grau, M. Vetter, Joseph H. Bulster, P. Hartman and A. Hartman. After the Constitution and By-Laws had been framed by Messrs. Otto, Hartman, Adamer, Kleinfelder and Schneider, and adopted by the society, the following permanent officers were elected for the ensuing year : F. H. Wien- ke'r. President; Joseph Kleinfelder, Vice President; George Schneider, 1st Secretary ; John Daiber, 2d Secretary ; Peter Hess, Treasurer. The Society was incorporated April 18, 1866. Since the organization, 237 members have been admitted. The present membership is 146, who contribute from $3 to ~ per month, in each case, to the support of eleven widows. The benefits are per week in case of sickness. At the death of a member, the Society pays toward the funeral expenses. The capital of the institution is $3,800. The following are the present ofiBcers: George Schneider, President; G. Aumueller, Vice President ; J. J. Engel, 1st Secretary ; Joseph Fessler, 2d Secretary ; Charles Ga«fe, Treasurer. Twelve of the original members are still connected with the Society. MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIZATIONS. The Athletic Rowing Association. — The healthy and manly pastime of boating, so long confined to the Eastern section of the country, has, within a few years, crept westward, and now every town of any pretensions whatever, upon the " Great Father of Waters," boasts its rowing clubs. Muscatine, not to be outrivaled by her sister cities and towns, caught the infection, and the Athletic Rowing Association was the result. Such an enterprise had long been a subject of speculation, but no definite steps were taken until September, 1878, from which time dates the perfective organization of the Club. The member- ship consists of twenty-two of the best young men of the city, selected with reference to their moral character and physical ability to sustain the reputation of the Association at all times and in all contests in which the club may be engaged. The following are the officers of the organization : H. J. Lauder, President; Samuel M. Hughes, Secretary; Ed. Cook, Treasurer. A practical and experienced boatbuilder from the East, was engaged to build the first boats of the club, consisting of one six-oared barge forty feet long ; one four-oared barge thirty-six feet long, and one single scull twenty feet in length. These boats are all built in the highest and most modern style of the art, and cost the club over $450, including their equipments. Preliminary steps have been taken for the erection of a commodious boat-house. A gymnasium has been established for "the training of the members of the club, and, as soon as sufficient training will justify it, application will be made for membership in the Mississippi Valley Rowing Association. The Muscatine City Cornet and String Band, formerly known as the Independent Cornet and String Band, originated as follows : The first brass 660 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. band in Muscatine was started July 1, 1856, by Huttig Brothers, and was known as Huttig's Band. One year later, another band formed under the leadership of Angur. In 1859, the two bands combined and organized the Independent Cornet and String Band, consisting of the following members : W. F. EichhofF, John Horner, G. Schmidt, John Vaupel, Herman Schmidt and C. Schultz, After the war, some of the members having died in the army, the band was re-organized and the name was changed as above. The present membership of the organization is eleven. Its instruments and books are valued at |2,000. Amateur Bands. — The Social Band, with a membership of sixteen. The Germania Band, with a membership of fourteen. The Enterprise Band, with a membership of twelve. The Flowers Family Band, is a concertizing or traveling band, but at present make Muscatine their home. The Ninth Regimeyit Infantry I. N. (?., was organized August 17. 1878, with the following six companies, viz., Company A, at Clinton ; B, at Daven- port ; C, at Muscatine ; D, at Monticello ; E, at Waukon, and F, at West Lib- erty. The ofiBcers of the regiment are Lyman Banks, Lieutenant Colonel ; D. W. Reed, Major. The appointed staif officers are : John H. Monroe, Adju- tant; I. N. Vore, Quartermaster. The headquarters of the regiment are at Muscatine. Company C, of the Ninth Regivient I. N. G., was organized in June, 1878. Its first officers were Lyman Banks, Captain; W. M. Woodward, First Lieutenant; Robert C. Schenck, Second Lieutenant. The present offi- cers are: Fred Welker, Captain ; A. K. Raff, First Lieutenant; Robert C. Schenck, Second Lieutenant. The present membership is sixty-five. BANKS AND INCORPORATIONS. Merchants Exchange National Bank was organized September 20, 1865, and authorized to commence business on the 25th of the following November. The first Directors were P. Jackson, S. C. Butler, S. G. Stein, H. W. Moore, W. H. Stewart, R. M. Burnett, W. C. Brewster, L. W. Olds and I. L. Gra- ham. P. Jackson was the first President and W. C. Brewster the first Cashier. The present Board of Directors consists of H. W. Moore, S. G. Stein, Charles Page, I. L. Graham, R. M. Burnett, D. C. Richman, W. H. Stewart and F. R. Lewis. S. G. Stein is President, and F. 'R. Lewis, Cashier. This bank has a capital of $50,000 and a surplus of ^^50,000. There are also two strong and wealthy private banking firms here. Cook, Musser & Co., and G. A. Garrettson & Co., successors to the Muscatine National Bank, the affairs of which are really not yet wound up. The Muscatine Loan and Building Association was incorporated June 19, 1877, by John Mahin, W. A. Clark, Thomas Hanna, P. M. Musser, J. A. Bishop, J. Rubelmann, J. P. Ament, J. H. Painter and J. S. Kulp. The Board of Directors consists of Thomas Hanna, John Mahin, J. A. Pickler, J. Rubelmann, Joseph Morrison, W. A. Clark, P. M. Musser and J. P. Ament. The first and present officers are the same, viz., Tliomas Hanna, President; W. A. Clark, Vice President ; W. H. Woodward, Treasurer. The articles of incorporation extend over a period of twenty years, and may be renewed. The Muscatine Gas-Light and Qoke Company was organized February 17, 1857, and incorporated February 25, of the same year, for the period of twenty years. On the 28th of August, 1876, by virtue of and in accordance with the laws of the State of Iowa, it renewed and extended its corporate existence for a further period of twenty years, from and after February 25, 1877, altering and HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 551 amending its original articles of incorporation. The capital stock is $50,000, divided into shares of $100 each, which amount may be increased to $100,000, by a three-fourths vote of the stock. The following were the original sub- scribers of stock: G. C. Stone, Jacob Butler, J. A. Green, P. Jackson, Thomas M. Isett, Chester Weed, John Lerap, S. G. Stein, W. C. Brewster, J. G. Gordon, Hatch, Humphreys & Co., J. B. Dougherty, Charles Dougherty, Charles Neally, Abraham Smalley, A. 0. Patterson and William W. Cones. The first Directors were Jacob Butler, G. C. Stone, Chester Weed, John G. Gordon, John B. Dougherty, W. C. Brewster and Peter Jackson. Chester Weed was the first President; Peter Jackson, first Secretary. The present officers are: R. T. Coverdale, President; J. J. Childs, Secretary and Treas- urer; James Hannan, Superintendent. The Hershey Lumler Company Avas incorporated March 20, 1876, with a capital stock of $200,000. The ofiicers of the Company are: B. Hershey, President; S. G. Stein, Vice President; Allen Broomhall, Secretary. The Board of Trade, formerly known as the Citizens' Association, has been re-organized several times since it was first established; owing to the removal of its Secretary from the city, in whose possession the records still remain, and to the fact that other ofiicers of the institution, who have been solicited for information, dare not trust to memory for dates, we can only say, that the intention of these gentlemen seems to be to make the Board of Trade more successful in the future than it has been in the past. The Muscatine County Medical Association was originally organized in 1867, since which time several re-organizations have taken place, the last being effected June 12, 1874. The first ofiicers of the Association were: A. Ady, President; D. P. Johnson, Vice President; L. B. Powers, Secretary; S. M. Cobb, Treasurer; C. Hersche, W. H. Baxter, W. D. Cone, Censors. The membership of the Association numbers fifteen, and the present ofiicers are: G. 0. Morgridge, President; H. M. Dean, Secretary and Treasurer; A. Ady, W. H. Porter and H. McKennan, Censors. The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company was organized and incor- porated November 13, 1873, and authorized to commence business as they had assumed risks to the amount of $50,000, which was in March of the following year. When a loss occurs an assessment is made to pay the same. . The first Directors were as follows, viz. : Isaac Negus, William M. Price, Josiah Day, Hugh R. Stiles, Christian Smoker, Richard Lord, H. P. Brown, Samuel Sin- nett, Marshall Farnsworth, B. K. Wintermute and Lindley Hoopes. The first officers were Hon. John A. Parvin, President ; Hon. Samuel McNutt, Vice President ; Seth Humphrey, Secretary ; Suel Foster, Treasurer, who have been annually re-elected. The Muscatine Cemetery Company was organized in December, 1878. The ofiicers have been continually the same, and are as follows : R. M. Burnett, President; G. B. Denison, Vice President; Henry Jayne, Secretary ; J. Cars- kadden. Treasurer. The stockholders number fourteen. The grounds are located adjoining the old City Cemetery, or, rather, they are both in the same inclosure. St. Mary's Cemetery Association was incorporated September 1, 1876. The first ofiicers were John Knopp, President ; Frank Moran, Secretary ; Rev. P. Laurent, Treasurer. The present ofiicers are: Theodore Becke, President; John Byrne, Secretary ; Rev. P. Laurent, Treasurer. The grounds are located on a beautiful knoll within the city limits and are well cared for. The Israelites of Muscatine have a cemetery independent from any other organization. 552 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. ' The Muscatine County Agricultural Society. — A public meeting was held at the Court House in this city, October 9, 1852, for the purpose of organizing the Muscatine County Agricultural Society. Dr. James Weed was called to the Chair, and J. H. Wallace appointed Secretary. A Constitution and By-Laws were adopted, and the meeting adjourned. October 23, 1852, agreeable to adjournment, the members of the Agricultural Society met in the Court House and proceeded to the election of officers for the ensuing year, as follows : Hon. George Meason, President ; Dr. James Weed, Vice President ; J. H. Wallace, Secretary ; J. G. Gordon, Treasurer. William H. Miller, Bloomington Town- ship ; Gamaliel Olds, Pike ; Henry Y. Iddings, Sweetland ; William A. Clarke, Wapsinonoc ; Richard Sherer, Seventy-six ; E. H. Albee, Moscow ; Douglass Veille, Montpelier; A. Cone, Cedar; A. Smalley, First Ward ; J.Bennett, Second Ward, and Samuel Bamford, Third Ward, Muscatine City, Directors. The following are the names of the members of the Society in 1852, and signers of its constitution : James Weed, Joseph Bridgman, Nathan Taber, William Smalley, William M. Miller, Strix & Oppenheimer, George Bumgardner, A. Reuling, Samuel Lucas, S. B. Crane, Henry Y. Iddings, J. S. Hatch & Co., J. H. Wallace. Adam Ogilvie, J. G. Gordon, J. Bennett, J. M. Cummins, Charles Neally, Saul Gilbert, William A. Clark, D. R. Warfield, Thomas M. Isett, Samuel Sinnett, H. N. Sumner, H. H. Games, S. M. McKibben, George Meason, William Leffingwell, I. R. Williams, A. T. Banks, A. Cone, J. E. Fletcher, Shepard Smalley, George W. Chase, Richard Sheres, Abraham Smalley, Samuel Bamford, Levi Cross, R. Pritchard, John Critchfield, John A. McCormick, M. W. Byers, James A. Rankins, Richard Lord, Chester Weed, John H. Miller, Williams Watkins, Skilman Alger, A. 0. Patterson, E. T. S. Schenck, Joseph Crane, Amos Cooper, Lyan C. Hine, Abraham Keen, D. C. Cloud, S. D. Viele, J. B. Dougherty, A; B. Wiles, S. Heilbrun, William G. Holmes, John Rose, Hiram Gilbert, Richard Cadie, Thomas L. Estle, J. P. Freeman, Henry S. Griffin, Henry Molis, Samuel Littrel, D. Dunsmore, William Lundy, James M. Jarboe, Jesse B. Overman, L. S. Goldsberry, W. Fultz, R. W. Chinn, John Idle, H. W. Moore, Jacob Smetzer, L. D. Parmer, James M. Brockway, W. D. Ament, Cyrus Townsley, J. LaTourrette, William Townsley, Jeremiah Lequat, W. M. Elliott, Charles Newell, George W. Kincaid, William Fryberger, William Moxley, Jacob Butler, Thomas Morford, A. Jackson, Levi Eliason, H. Q. Jennison, John G. Stein, P. Fay, John Leitzinger, Cornelius Nicholson, George Plitt, Suel Foster, T. D. Song, F. H. Stone, John Ward, John Lemp, Thomas Vanatta, D. W. Clover, Edwin J. Browning, Brent, Miller & Co., Oliver Jack, George C. Stone, Jonathan Ady, John Ziegler. In 1853, the membership was increased to 399. June 4, 1853, agreeably to a call published in the county newspapers, a large number of farmers and others convened in the Court House for the pur- pose of organizing a County Agricultural Society, according to the provisions of the general incorporation laws of the State of Iowa. Hon. G. Meason was called to the Chair, and J. H. Wallace appointed Secretary. It was then resolved to abolish the former organization; a new constitution was adopted, and the following-named officers elected : President, Dr. James Weed ; Vice President, William H. Miller; Secretary, J. H. Wallace; Treasurer, ' J. G. Gordon. A new Board of Directors was also chosen, which met Ausjust 13, at the store of Wallace & Breading, Messrs. Weed, Miller, Wallace, Olds, Lundy, Sherer, Cone, Smalley and Vickie wore present. On motion, the time for holding the first annual exhibition of the Society was fixed on Wednesday and Thursday, October 12 and 13, 1853. A list of premiums and judo'es for HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 553 the several classes were then adopted and appointed. Resolutions were adopted, authorizing the Executive Committee to procure suitable grounds and put them in proper condition for holding the fair. September 19, 1853, the Executive Committee leased from J. Bennett his outlet on the Graded Road for a term of five yearS; from the first exhibition. The Society was incorporated for twenty years, and, at the expiration of the term, the articles were renewed for twenty-five years from 1877. The society has a membership of 236, and its buildings, etc., are estimated to be worth $3,500. Fairs are held annually. The present Board of Directors consists of W. W. Webster, F. Kaufmann, George E. Jones, John Barnard, John Idle, James Mallicoat, Hon. Samuel McNutt, William P. Wright, William Furnass and Robert Miller. The present ofBcers are : Col. C. C. Horton, President ; Hon. J. K. Terry, Vice President ; J. G. H. Little, Secretary ; Richard Cadle, Treasurer ; James Hartman, Marshal. HOESE STOCK. The reputation of Muscatine is second to no county west of Orange County, N. Y. This is, we are well aware, a bold assertion, but all well-informed horse- men will admit its correctness. The first attempt at improvement of horse stock was made by a party of gentlemen, who, in 1854, brought out from South Royalston, Mass., Young Green Mountain Morgan, a son of Hale's famous Green Mountain Morgan, and a fine representative of his race. He died at the close of his fii'st season in July, 1854. The second attempt at improvement was in 1855, when a Mr. Weatherby brought out from Vermont several horses, which he kept here for breeding. Among these were Black Hawk, Prophet and Ethan Allen IF, sons of Vermont Black Hawk, a large brown horse, known in Vermont as Andrus' Hambletonian, a descendant of Old Messenger in a direct male line, and others of the Morgan family. Ethan Allen was purchased by J. H. Wallace and kept here several years. Hambletonian died here after two or three years. In the fall of- 1855, Col. F. M. Cummings brought a mare and colt here from Orange County, N. Y., bred by his father-in-law, Jonas Seely. In 1856, the colt was sold to Joseph A. Green, and named by him Bashaw. He has sired many colts, among them six with a record of 2:30 or better. He was sold in July, 1864, to Walter Carr, of St. Louis for $5,000 ; by him to a Mr. Beckworth, of Hartford, Conn., where he made one season. His colts became so promising here that Mr. Green repurchased him in 1866 for $6,000. He remained here until the death of Mr. Green, when he was sold to his present owner, George L. Young, of Leland, 111. Benjamin Hershey in 1864 bought his horse. Gen. Hatch. He was bred in Kentucky, got by Strader's Cassius M. Clay, Jr., dam by imp. Envoy, g. d. by imp. Tranby, g. g. d. by Aratus, g. g. g. d. by Columbus. This is one of the handsomest horses on the continent, sixteen hands high and exceedingly fine and stylish. His colts are remarkably uniform in their appearance, resembling their sire in a marked degree. Their trotting action is not surpassed by any. Had Gen. Hatch received the proper training, such as Bashaw, no better horse could be found in the West. He is not only a trotter, but a getter of trotters. Mr. Hershey bought the horse for his own use, and gave him, personally, all the training he received. He is now eighteen years old, sound, without a blemish and can trot in 2:40 any day. The only two of his colts that have been trained to any extent are Fleeta and Envoy, full brother and sister. Fleeta's time is 2:841 and Envoy's, 2:28. In the spring of 1867, Mr. Hershey brought from Canada for breeding purposes, a son of the famous Royal George, which is 654 HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. known here as Hershey's Royal George. With him he brought some twelve or fifteen superior young mares, many of them from imp. Thetester. Royal George is out of a mare by thorough-bred Flag of Truce. He is a horse of great substance, strong enough to pull the plow or do any heavy work and with trotting action that will carry him low down in the thirties. His colts are fine specimens of horse-flesh. Mr. Hershey's stud now numbers eighty-six head, the largest and most complete in point of blood in the State. He has on his farm a splendid mile track, two elegant stables, besides several large sheds. Robert Switzer has full charge of the horse department. F. & C. L. Warfield owners of the Riverside Stock-Farm, a few miles above Muscatine, on the river, have lately engaged in the horse business and secured some fine stock, such as Attorney, sired by Hai'old by Rysdyk's Hambletonian. Harold is a half-brother to Maud S., which, as a four-year-old, trotted in 2:17J, the fastest time over made by a horse of that age. This mare was purchased by Mr. Vandprbilt for $21,000. Charles G. Hayes & Bro. have the horse Tramp, son of Gage's Logan.^ They also have several full sisters of Bashaw, Jr., and Kirkwood. STAR CREAMERY. The Star Creamery is owned by B. Hershey. The building of this colossal and model establishment was commenced in October, 1877, and as now com- pleted consist^ of the main structure, 75x120 feet by 90 feet high from the sill, including the cupola The gold cow placed on the cupola stands ninety-five feet high from the sill. It is an imposing building of two stories, with a man- sard roof, well lighted by twenty large windows on the front side, which faces the Mississippi, and is adequately ventilated. The system of drainage and placing of the offal, used as fertilizing material upon the farm, is an admirable one. It contains 148 stalls, 75 of which are now occupied by superior cows. The second story is used for feed-bins, and contains the millroom, where all corn and oats are ground. The mill machinery is propelled by a thirty-five horse-power steam-engine. The haymow is located between the bins, and runs from the first floor to the cupola, being fifty feet high, and having a storage capacity of 400 tons. The creamery proper is in an adjoining wing on the lower floor, and embraces the milk and churn room, the washroom and cellar. The milkroom is supplied with four milk-pans, with a capacity of 175 gallons each, and in which the milk is set for the cream to rise. The tempera- ture of the room is kept at 62°, regulated by a steam heating apparatus, and a tunnel run through the lull, at the foot of which the building stands, a dis- tance of 500 feet and from twenty to thirty-five feet underground ; the temper- ture of the ground at that depth from the surface is 51°. The churn used will contain sixty gallons, and produce from one hundred to one hundred and . twenty pounds of butter in a batch. ' It is operated by a small steam-engine. The butter, after being properly worked, is packed in tubs and shipped to Chicago and New York. An additional fine barn is on the grounds used for stabling sick and dry cows. Over the creamery is a splendid residence, where Mr. Hershey spends part of his time. On the north side of the main building is an elegant cottage for the accommodation of the Superintendent, A. IT. Fisher. The farm embraces 800 acres of land. The entire establishment is perfect and managed with great skill. It is an enterprise the county may be proud of. THE BUSINESS INTERESTS of Muscatine are of a gratifying character. The location of the city rendel-s it most available as a lumber-manufacturing point, and also enhances its importance HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 555 in many other branches' of trade. As there has been, within a year or two, a very good report of the business made in the form of a county directory, it is deemed unnecessary to here reproduce the items in detail, especially as this work does not partake in any sense of the nature of a gazetteer. Those who seek information for specific purposes, in the line of trade, are referred to the Journal, and to the several directories, issued from time to time, for reliable data. The city bears upon its face the stamp of enterprise, as evinced in its mac- adamized streets, its well-kept sidewalks and its splendid business blocks. There is here a fine opportunity for the introduction of other and more varied manufacturing, however, and such investments will in time be made. Musca- tine is young in years, and has before it a future of increasing prosperity. The class of men who form its business circle are among the foremost in the State in point of progressiveness ; and with such a class to rely upon, there can be no doubt as to the ultimate result. The healthfulness of the region, the fertility and beauty of the outlying country, the intelligence of the settlers, the railroad and river advantages and the large-mindedness of the people in regard to schools and churches, all combine to make a solid foundation upon which to base calculations for the future destiny of the place. Surely these indications cannot be mistaken. There can be for such a community but one outcome, and that is prosperity. The principal business street of Muscatine would do credit to a city of 30,000 inhabitants. There are few finer blocks of buildings to be found in Iowa than those which give solidity and beauty to Second street. The cap- italists have exercised excellent taste as well as a most commendable public spirit in the erection of the edifices referred to. The business of the city is not entirely confined to Second street, however, but is scattered over a large area. The residence portions of town are such as to claim the eye of strangers. Many very fine houses adorn the higher elevations, overlooking the majestic river in the valley below. The society of the city is pronounced most enjoy- able by those who are favored with entree thereto. The schools, the churches and the institutions of the city all combine to make Muscatine a desirable place of residence. The County Poor Farm is located about six miles from Muscatine, on what is known at! the " Bluff Road," in Seventy-six Township. There are ninety- six acres of land and the necessary buildings. S. H. Goldsbury is Superin- tendent. WEST LIBERTY— (Old town). The original town of this name was located a little northwest of the pres- ent corporation ; it was laid out by Simeon A. Bagley, who died a few years since at Tipton, Cedar County, and surveyed in 1838, by George Bumgardner, County Surveyor. A post ofiBce was established in the village in the same year, with Mr. Bagley, as Postmaster. The first store in the settlement was opened by Peter Heath. When the new town was started, as hereinafter recorded, several houses were moved to the same from the old location ; also the post office, then in charge of Freeman Oliver, and the store conducted by I. R. Wright. In the year 1855, the first locomotive wended its way westward through a corn-field where West Liberty now stands. Then there was a farmhouse and a barn within the present limits of the town, and where the business part of the town now is, was a corn-field, the corn-stalks standing thick and as high as a man's head. The only dwelling was the house on the corner of Spencer and 556 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Fourth streets, and it was for a while, the only tavern near the railroad, having been within a few years reconstructed. The second and third buildings are still standing where thev were erected ; we allude to the two buildings on Third street, one occupied by S. B. Windus, and the Star House. West Liberty (new town) was laid out by Spencer, Eobinson and Clark (John M. Spencer and T. J. Eobinson lived at Rock Island, 111., and J. W. Clark resided at Iowa City, Iowa), and surveyed by Peter Houtz, January 21, 3 856. W. C. Evans was located here as agent with a power of attorney from the firm, to sell lots, make deeds and look after their business generally, at this point. The town was incorporated in 1868. Various additions have been made to the town from time to time. From 1866 to 1869, there was but very little done by way of improvement in the town. Travel was then confined to the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific Eailroad, and the old freight-house on Calhoun street was then the passenger depot as well as for freight; and the boundaries only extended west to where Elm street now is. But in anticipation of the Burlington, Cedar Eapids & Northern Eailroad, to the stock of which the citizens had subscribed $60,000, building had commenced. Elisha Schooley had built a brick house on the corner of Calhoun and Third streets ; E. Gr. Lewis, Z. N. King, Chesebro & Eomaine and Dr. Holmes each put up substantial and commodious business houses on Third street. Jesse Bowersock and D. F. Smith soon followed with their building on the north side of the same street, and yet the demand for good business houses was not satisfied. The Peoples' Bank, N. Gaskill, Manfull & Nichols, Hormel and Luse soon followed, each with a good building. While these improvements were being made on Third street, great changes were tak- ing place in the west or new part of town. Until now, this had been a part of William A. Clark's farm, and had very recently been laid out into lots, and in a very short time there appeared a pleasant street, lined with good substantial dwellings. West Liberty is located in the northwestern portion of Wapsinonoc Town- ship, between the forks of Wapsinonoc Creek, and at the junction of the Chi- cago, Eock Island & Pacific and the Burlington, Cedar Eapids & Northern Eailroads. It has a population of from 1,600 to 1,800 inhabitants. Every line of mercantile business that one would expect to encounter in a place of 5,000 inhabitants, is well represented in this town ; it also has quite an extensive car- riage manufactory, a large flouring-mill and two elevators. Both of the rail- roads which pass through here have built large stock -yards to accommodate the great shipping interest in that line fostered in this township. Only a few years have elapsed since the first thoroughbred was brought to this vicinity, and since that time there have been sales at public auction of not less than $200,000 worth of that kind of stock, besides one car-load for the Pacific Slope at $5,000, and there is now more than $200,000 worth within the sound of the West Lib- erty church-bell. While this demonstrates the excellent quality of the soil of the surrounding country, and the superior nutritiousness of the blue-grass past- urage, it also indicates to the intelligent, energetic farmer the way to a com- petency. Very fine hogs are also bred in this vicinity, and the township boasts of turning out some of the finest horses, both as roadsters and for the turf, in the State. As will be noticed further on, the citizens take a commendable pride in the support and advancement of their public institutions such as schools and churches. West Liberty is strictly a temperance town, and it is safe to state that not a drop of intoxicating beverage can be bought in the place. So far as town government is concerned, none could be better conducted nor HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 557 can a more orderly town be found in the State. The present officers of the corporation are as follows, viz., George C. Shipman, Mayor ; C. W. Hoge, Recorder and Treasurer ; Thomas Manby, Street Commissioner ; William Hen- derson, Assessor ; W. R. Child, Chief of Fire Police ; Robert Sumner, Marshal ; Trustees, J. L. Brooks, Caleb Elliott, Asa Gregg, T. W. Rogers, W. R. Stafford and D. Hayes. The first officers elected for the incorporated town were S. W. Sedgwick, Mayor; Henry Harrison, _ Recorder and Treasurer; John R. Palmer, Assessor ; H. C. Vore, Marshal ; Trustees, Elisha Schooley, Alonzo Shaw, George Bagley, Z. A. King and Albert Keith. The present Postmaster is Jonathan Maxson. SCHOOL MATTERS. The first school west of Cedar River, and in what is now Wapsinonoc Town- ship, was taught in an unoccupied log dwelling on Section 2, by Valentine Bozarth, in 1839. The first regular schoolhouse was built on land owned by Asa Gregg, on Section 2, by an association of citizens, in 1843. It was a comfortable frame building. April 9, 1864, the Board of Directors of the Independent School District of West Liberty met, according to previous notice, and organized by electing Dr. Jesse Holmes President ; Preston Brown, Treasurer, and I. G. Schmucker, Secretary. Dr. Holmes and I. G. Schmucker were appointed to draft rules and regulations for the government of the schools. William Hise and Clark Lewis -were appointed a committee to take charge of the schoolhouses, to put and keep them in repair. Misses Etty Raymond and Mary Mimick were appointed the first teachers under the Independent District system. Dr. Holmes, A. F. Keith and Asa Gregg were appointed a committee to meet the Township District Board, to settle and divide the assets of the original District. In December, 1865, the Presbyterian Church was rented, and in it a juvenile school taught by Miss Haven. June 12, 1867, Elisha Schooley, P. R. Evans and George Bagley were appointed a building committee, with full power to let a contract for and superintend the building of a brick schoolhouse in the Independent District, according to specifications of W. L. Carroll, architect, of Davenport. In 1868, E. P. French was engaged as the first Principal of the Independent School District of West Liberty, having charge of the schoolhouse, schools and school government, subject to the Board of Directors. At this time, the dis- trict employed, in addition, one female teacher and two female assistants. Previous to letting the contract for the new schoolhouse, a committee was appointed to sell the two old schoolhouses. In 1870, a Primary Department was established in the Presbyterian chapel. In 1871, a wing was built on to the new schoolhouse, and in 1873 a second one was added. May 8, 1877, John Lewis, George 0. Morgridge and W. C. Evans were appointed a building committee to superintend the construction of a second brick school-building, to be known as the High School Building. Nichols & Peters were the con- tractors of the brick and mason work, and George Hancock the architect. The structure was completed during the same year. To-day, West Liberty can boast of two as fine schoolhouses as can be found in the county. The schools are now divided into the following grades : Four Primary Departments, three Grammar Schools and the High School. The present Directors are W. C. Evans, John Lewis, J. Mad. Williams, E. P. French, C. W. Hoge, Dr. E. H. King. Officers : W. C. Evans, President ; A. A. Ball, Treasurer; A. H. McClun, Secretary. Miss Lizzie L. Clark, the present Principal, is assisted by nine other teachers. 558 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. CHURCHES. The Disciples of Christ, or Christian Church, was first organized in Phillips' Schoolhouse, two and one-half miles south of West Liberty, by Elder J. G. Powell, of Columbus City, Iowa, in 1866, with William Hise as Elder and William Phillips as Deacon. The house of worship in town was completed in 1868, since which time the members have attended services here, the old meeting-place having been abandoned. Since the new organization, the the following ministers have served the Church : Revs. J. C. Hay, J. B. Bax- ter, J. K. Cornell, Henry Exley, J. C. Hay and J. Mad. Williams. The present membership of the Church is about one hundred and fifty; its property is valued at $3,000, and connected with it is an excellent Sunday school. This congregation contributes largely to missions, the general support of the Church and pay their Pastor a generous salary, without ever being in debt. The Presbyterian Church in West Liberty was organized the 4th day of October, 1857, by Rev.' C. F. Beach. It was composed of four members, viz., Benjamin F. Thayer, Celina Watkins, Polly B. Harwood and Adelia Beach. They built a small house the same year, called the Chapel. In this, they held services until the Wesley Church became vacant, which they rented and occu- pied until they built their new house. The Chapel was sold and moved off the lot in 1876. The same year their present tasty church-edifice was erected, at a cost of $4,165. In design it is worthy of imitation, an ornament to the town and an honor to the society. The first Presbyterian Church built in this neighborhood was in old West Liberty, on the ground of William A. Clark, and erected in 1850, under the ministerial supervision of Rev. John tludson, who was the pioneer of Presby- terianism in this part of the counti-y. He belonged to the Old School. Rev. C. F. Beach was New School. When the two branches united, the Old School was abandoned. The old church was moved into new West Liberty, and is now occupied as a warehouse. Rev. J. H. Scott took charge of the little Church in the winter of 1857, and continued until January, 1862. He was succeeded by Rev. Samuel J. Mills, during whose labors the parsonage was built. He left in the winter of 1S65, and was followed, in the spring of 1866, by Rev. Alexander Porter, who gave part of his labors to the Church up to April 21, 1874, when the pastoral rela- tion was dissolved. Rev. A. M. Tanner had charge of the Church for six months. Rev. F. A. Shearer, D. D., commenced preaching to this congregation the 1st day of June, 1875, at which time the prospects were very discouraging: the membership was very small, numbering only twenty-six, and most of these women. For three years, the Church was greatly blessed and prospered, the membership increased to seventy and the Church was feed from debt. It now holds a position among the churches of the Presbytery. The Catholic Church was built by Rev. Father Emonds, and is now in charge of Rev. Father N. Dugan, of Wilton. The congregation consists of fifty families, and the church, property is valued at $2,000. The M. E. Church was in existence as early as 183!'. Thirty years acfo, Elder Twining preached here. The present house of worship was built in 1875, and is an elegant structure. The congregation had a church-building previous to this time, erected between the years 1858 and 1860. Before that period they worshiped in schoolhouses. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 559 The present membership numbers 125. The oflScers of the Church are A. Cooley, D. F. Smith, D. W. Hartitpe, A. Floyd, W. L. U. Burke, I. Childs, H. Walters, William Baird. The present Pastor is Arthur V. Francis. The church property is valued at |1,500. The Society of Friends held their first meeting in the neighborhood of West Liberty about the year 1858, several families having settled in the vicinity sev- eral years previous. John Wright, long and familiarly known as Uncle John, was the first. The Society was not regularly organized until some time in 1860. The monthly meeting, when organized, consisted of about fifty mem- bers. John Wright, Sarah M. Wright, Stephen Mosher, Aquilla Whitaker, Ruth Mosher and Ann Whitaker were Elders, and Dr. Jesse Holmes, recorded or acknowledged minister. A meeting-house was built about one mile north of town, 50x24 feet. Some time in 1870, it was moved and placed in its present location, in the town of West Liberty. The recorded ministers since acknowledged are Thomas E. Hoge and Ann Heacock. The Temperance Reform Club was organized in January, 1878, with the following first ofiicers : K. 0. Holmes, President; J, A. Evans, Albert McNulty and John Henderson, Vice Presidents ; Horace Deemer, Secretary ; A. F. Keith, Treasurer ; J. Mad. Williams, Chaplain. The only change that has taken place to the present is in the oifice of Secretary, which is now filled by Mrs. McElravy. This is an unusually strong club, having a membership of 1,252. Its meet- ing-place is Liberty Hall. The Ladies Aid Society was organized in March, 1878, with the following first officers : Miss Sarah Erwin, President ; Mrs. A. F. Keith, Secretary ; Mrs. N. W. Ball, Treasurer. The present officers are : Mrs. J. Wilson, President ; Mrs, McElravy, Vice President ; Mrs. N. W. Ball, Treasurer. The object of the Society, as the name indicates, is to assist the poor of West Liberty by the proceeds derived from sewing and monthly contributions. It is only proper here to state that the merchants of the town have been very generous in helping to promote and facilitate the noble cause these ladies are engaged in. ° ° LODGES. Mount Calvary Lodge, No. 95, A., F. ^ A. M., was instituted by dispen- sation July 19, 1856, and a charter was granted June 3, 1857. The following were the charter members : W. C. Evans, George W. Dunlap, L. Stockman, Arthur C. Davis, Asa Gregg, I. D. Vore, Perry Reynolds, J. A. Mills, Allen Broomhall, J. R. Palmer, E. Messmore, J. N. Graham. The first officers were : William C. Evans, W. M.; Asa Gregg, S. W.; Allen Broomhall, J. W.; I. D. Vore, Secretary ; George W. Dunlap, Treasurer. The present officers are : C. W. Hoge, W. ,M.; A. M. Jackaway, S. W.; James Hoopes, J. W.; E.' P. French, Secretary; W. R. Childs, Treasurer. The present membership of the Lodge is ninety-two, its property is valued at $2,000, and its meeting-place is in Masonic Hall, over E. C. Thomas' furniture-house. Liberty Cha-pter, No. 79, Royal Arch Masons, was instituted under dispen- sation December 1, 1875. The first officers were : E. C. Chesebrough, M. E. H. P. ; P. R. Evans, E. K.; J. A. Hollister, E. S.; George C. Shipman, Secretary. A charter was granted in October, 1876. The following are the present officers : J. A. Hollister, M. E. H. P.; Asa Gregg, E. K.; I. D. Vore, E. S. ; George C. Shipman, Secretary. The present membership is twenty- three. 560 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE CO'"'TY. Liberty Lodge, No. 190. I. 0. 0. F., was in!-^ .uted by dispensation March 3, 1870, and a charter was granted October 20 of the same year to the follow- ing charter members : E. L. Stratton, W. G-. H Inghram, George Bagley, C. W. Burger, S. M. Mitchell, F. R. Evans, W. L. Penny and H. A. Thomas. The first officers were : George Bagley, N. G.; E. L. Stratton, V. 'G.; W. L. Penny, Secretary; P. R. Evans, Treasurer. The present officers are: W. S. Lane, N. G. ; John Stiles, V. G.; W. C. Harris, ^ cretary; P. R. Evans, Treasurer. The present membership of the Lodge is hirty-eight, its meeting- place is in the L 0. 0. F. Hall, over the People's Bank, on Third street, and its property is valued at $-350. *" Liberty Lodge, No. 659, 1. 0. G. T., \. organized March 30, 1874, with thirty-four constituent members. The first oh *rs were : Mr. Rankin, W. C. T.; Mrs. Mary Evans, W. V. T. ; Mr. Manby,"'W. S. ; J. R. Palmer, W. F. S.; J. S. Wilson, W. T.; John Deemer, W. C; W. Collier, W. M.; Lillie Gregg, W. I. G.; Milton Jackaway, W. 0. G.; Lizzie Deemer, R. H. S.; Mary Mor- gan, L. H. S. ; Mr. Wright, P. W. C. T. ; James Morgan, G. L. D. The following are the present officers : George C. Shipman, W. C. T. ; Lillie Gregg, W. V. T. ; James Morgan, P. W. C. T.; Mary Evans, W. C; Frank Thomas, W. S.; Mrs. Morgan, W. F. S.; Mary Deemer, W. T.; Jessie Holmes, W. M.; Percy Cooley, W. I. G.; William Henderson, W. 0. G.; Helen Holmes, W. D. M.; Horace E. Deemer, G. W. D. The Lodge owns quite an extensive library for the short period it has been in existence. Its meeting-place is in a rented hall on Third street, furnished, by its own funds, in very handsome style. The present membership is about fifty. INCORPORATIONS. The People s Bank was orgaanized May 1, 1868, and incorporated under the laws of the State of Iowa the same date. The following were the first Directors : Henry Harrison, E. Schooley, Jesse Holmes, Jonathan Cowgill, Frank Colton, John Russell, Joseph Ball, W. E. Evans and George WooUey ; Henry Harrison, President; E. Schooley, Vice President; H. B. Sedgwick, Cashier. The bank commenced business with a capital of $20,000. which was increased to $40,000, $50,000, and, eventually, to $75,000, all paid up. The present Directors are John Lewis. S. T. Chesebrough, E. C. Harrison, W. C. Evans, P. R. Evans, E. Negus and George WooUey ; J. L. Brooke, President ; Jonathan Cowgill, Vice President ; A. A. Ball, Cashier. This bank is the pride of the citizens of West Liberty, and justly, too, inasmuch as the manage- ment has been conducted in such a manner as to make money for itself and its stockholders. The Bower Mining Company was incorporated under the laws of the State of Iowa January 15, 1879, by Allen Breed, George W. Hise, Isaac Heald, T. W. Rogers, T. W. Hoge, I. C. Nichols, IMtihlon Hollinsworth, George W. Handy. Directors : Allen Breed, George \V. Ilnndy, George W. Hise, T. W. Rogers, C. W. Hoge, Isaac Heald. Officers : Allen Breed, President; T. W. Rogers, Vice President ; Isaac Heald, Secretary; G. W. Handy, Sujjcrintend- ent. The capital stock of this Company is $10,000,000, represented by 100,000 shares, all subscribed and paid up. The stdck is non-assessable. The Company's mining claim is located in El Dorado County, Cal., on what is known as the Seam Belt, or Ore Channel, near Greenwood. The propertv is to be opened by running a tunnel from the American Canon, a distance of about six hundred feet, with jiroper size for sluice-bore. A shaft is to be sunk at the terminus of the tunnel for the purpose of getting a face to commence working HI'i'^ORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 561 by hydraulic process. C. he 20th of March, 1879, one hundred and forty feet of the tunnel had been completed. The Park Association was incorporated October 10, 1874. The first officers were Phineas NichoU, President ; W. C. Evans, Vice President; George Morgridge, Secretary ; A_. ;E. Keith, Treasurer. Directors — S. A. Barnes, R. C. Jewett, Ir^ Nichojs, Z. Ellison and T. C. Manfull. The present office^, are W. C. Evans, President ; Phineas Nichols, Vice President ; C. M. Niq^iols, Secretary ; E. E. Harrison, Treasurer. Directors — J. Evans, Ira Nichols, J. M. Fisher, Z. Ellison and S. Barnes. The capital investment of the Association ' confined entirely to real estate valued at 13,300. Union District Acjricultur Society was organized January 24, 1868, at Springdale, Cedar County. For some time previous to this date, the Society existed under the name of Cedar County Agricultural Society. The first officers were: Moses Varney, President; H. C. Gill, Vice President; J. M. Wood, Secretary ; John B. Cole, Marshal ; J. H. Painter, Treasurer. Directors — D. G. Barkalow, John Marsh, S. E. Gunsolus, John Moore, Phineas Cow- gill, A. B. Cornwall and A. Hirst. The first fair was held September 28 and 29, 1863, in Cedar County, about one-half mile north of the Muscatine County line. In 1869, West Liberty became the headquarters of the Association, but no fair was held here until 1872, since which time there have been annual fairs, which have been notably successful. The Society is in a very flourishing condition ; its grounds are leased from the Park Association, but the buildings, improvements and fences have been constructed at an expense of about $1,200 to the Society. The premiums paid annually will average $1,500. The present officers are : S. Gause, President ; Ira Nichols, Vice President ; George C. Shipman, Secretary ; E. E. Harrison, Treasurer ; John Henderson, Marshal. Directors — John A. Evans, Thomas Gray, Pliny Nichols, Phineas Nichols, A. B. Cornwall, Allen Breed, R. Miller, W. C. Evans, James Morgan, Z. Ellison, Jesse Swartz and James H. Ady. The Occidental Qornet Band was organized in 1871, under the leadership of S. W. Windus, with nine additional members, viz., D. M. Johnson, John A. Evans, Fred Hinsilwood, Frank Sheet, William Hudson, John Patterson, Mark Trusdell, 0. P. Hare and Hise Inghram. Its present members are: Harry Shipman, Leader; Henry Lewis, Willard and Everet Chase, Richard Phillips, S. B. Windus, E. Honnolow, John Wiley, Robert Clark and A. J. Westland. The present officers are: Harry Shipman, President; Richard Phillips, Treasurer ; A. J. Westland, Secretary. The value of the band fixt- ures is about $400 ; the instruments are about equally divided, one-half silver and the other half brass. FACTS AND ANECDOTES. We are indebted for much early information and many interesting anecdotes of this neighborhood to the courtesy and kindness of Mr. Asa Gregg, a pioneer of Wapsinonoc Township, who is personally familiar with, perhaps, every incident of any note in the township and vicinity, since the earliest settle- ment of Muscatine County. He has always been prominently identified with the politics of the township and town and acquainted with the interests, of every description, thereof. Our narrator states that he came to this place at a very early day in its settlement, and has been familiar" with the hardships and incon- veniences, as well as the pleasures of pioneer life. He can well remember when these beautiful and well-cultivated fields were in a state of nature — no roads, 562 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. no bridges, no stately dwellings, no schoolhouses, no churches, nothing but prairie, with here and there a belt of timber, with an occasional log cabin to vary the scene and enliven the monotony of the traveler on some Indian trail, traveled alike by the red and white man. The appearance of the prairie was both beautiful and picturesque, and there were many things to arrest the attention of the observant new-comer. The great abundance of game, the exuberant growth of grass on the prairie, the great abundance of pea-vine in the bottom land, the collection of bones to be seen in the gullies and sheltered places in the timber, said to be bones of buffalo that had died from cold and starvation some winters before, when as the Indians would relate, the snow was so deep that it came up to their ponies' backs, marked the newness of the region. There was another remarkable feature in the appearance of the prairie — that was certain places where the weeds had grown up very rank and tall in a circle of about a rod in diameter, usually in two rings, about five or six feet apart, always in a perfect circle, the grass between the rings or circles and in the center growing as compact and luxuriantly as in any other place on the prairie. This was to the stranger a great puzzle at first ; but, upon inquiry of his neighbor, he of the pony, the blanket and inevitable rifle, he would learn that there a herd of bufi"alo had stood with their heads together fighting flies and gnats not many summers before, and their continued stamping of feet had so killed out the grass that the weeds had taken possession of the ground, and thus, after a period of eight or ten years, still held it. This was called the Wapsinonoc Settlement, that being the Indian name of the stream; or, as they pronounced it, " Wap-pe-se-no-e-noc," which, in their language or tongue, signifies "smooth-surfaced, meandering stream or creek." We quote from Mr. Gregg's statement : '' The first settlement was made in the fall of 183(3, and the first white woman that made a permanent home here is now a respected inhabitant of this village. I allude to Mrs. Mary Nyce, who is, at all events, entitled to the honor of being the oldest inhabitant living here. There were several other families wintered here that winter, among them, some men of the name of Huntman, who, in the spring, went to Missouri and united their fortunes with the great Mormon prophet, Joseph Smith, who was at that time making a set- tlement there, and, shortly afterward, was driven out of the State. " In the spring of 1837, there was quite an emigration to Iowa, pr, as it was then called, the Black Hawk Purchase, and, of course, some new arrivals here to fill the place left vacant by the departure of the Huntmans, among whom were the following : William Bagley, William Cornes, William A. Clark and the writer, who all arrived before the middle of May in that year. Later in the season, Galentine Gatton and Samuel Hendrickson made a settle- ment where they now reside. The two brothers, Henyen and Cornelius Lancas- ter, also made a commencement that season. At this early date of our settlement, we had neither roads nor bridges, and any one may very easily con- jecture what some of the difliculties were that these early pioneers had to encounter when they are informed that all the provisions, except such as could be procured by the rifle, had to be brought by wagons from Illinois. " The first election was held in a cabin in the timber, nearly west of this village, then occupied by William A. Clark. There being at that time no party issue to divide and distract the public, there was wonderful unanimity in the voting, and the close of the polls showed that all had cast their votes for the same candidates, none of whom were personally known to the voter • and HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUlSfTY. 563 on counting out the votes, it was found that we had just eight voters west of the Cedar River. " The first sermon was preached by Elder Martin Baker, a well and favor- ably known minister of the Christian order or denomination, who lived and died below Rochester. Mr. Baker was a good and true man, and very much respected by the early settlers ; rough and uncouth as a bear in his man- ners, it is true, yet tender-hearted as a child ; and many a kind act of his has gladdened the lonely hut of the poor and needy settler, when sickness was upon him and starvation was staring him in the face, and the greatest hour of need had come. I am sure his many friends will pardon me for relating a little anecdote of him, when I say there is none who knew him that have a greater respect for his memory than myself. " Early in the summer of 1837, some five or six of us were at Moscow on some public occasion, and Mr. William Bagley, being one of the number, fell in with Mr. Baker for the first time, and, after some conversation with him, came to the rest of us and told us that he had found a preacher, and wished to introduce us to him. Accordingly, we all went, and, after some very pleasant chat about the country, its soil, climate, etc., some one of the crowd said: ' Mr. Baker, we have all come from a civilized part of the world, and wish to keep up the institutions that belong to civilization in our new homes, and would be glad if you would come and preach for us, some time when it will best suit your conven- ience.' The old gentleman replied : 'I don't much like the idea of casting pearls before swine, but reckon I can go.' And he did come ; and so the first sermon was preached in the same cabin that the first election was held in. Religion, like party political questions, did not disturb the friendly relations of the few. Our intercourse was cordial and sincere, and I have often thought that persons who claim to be further advanced in civilization might profit by a few lessons in pioneer life. " The courts were not what some of us had been used to, but they were the best remedy and protection we had, unless we should resort to that unmerciful despot — Judge Lynch — which, happily for us, we never did. We did not at that early time pay much attention to county lines, for we had but two counties in the Territory — Dubuque and Des Moines — and we did not know nor care where the line between them was. In the summer of 1837, William A. Clark and myself were summoned to appear before His Honor, Robert R. Roberts, a Justice of the Peace, who lived where John Lewis, of Iowa Township, Cedar County, now lives, as jurors in a suit brought by Mr. Hare against McConnell, to recover possession of a claim which he alleged defendant had jumped ; and the narra- tor's recollection of that case will serve to show the reader something of the kind of justice meted out at that day. After the calling of the case, we found we had two jurors from near where Tipton now is, one from the forks of the Iowa and Cedar Rivers, and one from east of Moscow — an attorney from near Dubuque, and one from Bloomington, now Muscatine. The formality of impan- eling the jury was gone through with, the witnesses called and examined, and the case was argued by the counsel, and the Court proceeded to charge the jury in something like the following speech : " ' Gentlemen of the Jury: You have heard the testimony in this case and argument of counsel. With the evidence the Court has nothing to do, and as to questions of law you are as competent to judge as this Court. I will, there- fore, proceed to instruct you in your duty as jurors.' And the Court stood up and said : ' The jury will rise ; ' and we obeyed, feeling very much as if we were convicted of some crime, and were to be sentenced. The Court, with great 664 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. dignity, proceeded : ' You will go hence in a body, to the apartment prepared for you under the charge of a bailiff, and there remain without food or drink, and you are not to speak to any person nor allow any one to speak to you, except the oflScer in charge, and he only to ask if you have agreed upon your verdict, and you to answer yes or no ; and when you have agreed upon a verdict, and not until then, will you return into court in a body, where we will be happy to receive you. Gentlemen, you are now in the custody of the bailiff.' So, we were prisoners, and our keeper was Alexander Ross, the man who afterward so brutally murdered an Indian at Moscow, and is mentioned elsewhere in these pages. He marched us in single -file along a cow-path to a pen about 8x10, covered with prairie hay, with unmistakable evidence that its last occupant had been a horse. Ross, being a brother-in-law of the defendant, and, no doubt, anxious to know how the jury stood, deposited himself inside by the door, say- ing : ' Now, gentlemen, make up your minds d — d quick, for it is getting late, and who the d — 1 wants to stay here all night ? ' Our member from the forks of the river replied : ' Yes, hurry up, naen, by G — d ; I have my mind made up, and I'll be d — d if I don't lay here and rot before I'll change it ! ' Some of us felt a delicacy about expressing our opinion with Ross as an auditor, and remon- strated with him, but he swore that we were in his charge, and that he would do as he pleased. So we were forced to speak out, and soon found three for the plaintiff and one for the defendant, the other two saying they would go with the rest of us when we agreed. Ross and his friend from the forks argu- ing and swearing for their friend, the defendant, and three arguing as earnestly the other side ; thus it became dark and soon commenced raining and our roof began to leak. Until the rain drove them away, our prison was surrounded by McConnell's friends, and we were offered all the whisky we could drink, but three of us. knowing from whence it came, indignantly refused it. Thus the time passed away — Ross and his friend covertly and openly abusing us for our stubbornness until we were wet through, for it rained as hard inside as out, and we could not keep our tallow dip lit. At length, about 1 o'clock, it became intolerable, and we sent word to the Court that there was no prospect of agree- ing, and insisting upon returning into court, which was very reluctantly granted, and after a long parley, we were discharged. " Francis Foot made a settlement on the east side of the east branch of the creek in the summer of 1837, in a cabin built by a man of the name of Hueler, whose wife had died early that spring, and he, Hueler, became dissatisfied and left the country, Mr. Foot taking his place and remaining here until his death, which occurred in the fall of 1838. These, with the exception of two or three young men who did not settle here, it is believed are all that came in 1837. " At the time last mentioned, the land was not surveyed into sections, but during that season the Government surveyors came along and sectionized it, and their trails on the section lines on the prairie were plainly visible until after the land-sale in the fall of 1838. " The fall of the year last mentioned was the darkest time our infant settle- ment-ever experienced, and will long be remembered by those who were here at that time. The most of us had been here long enough to reduce our finances to a mere shadow, and had raised barely enough grain to save our families from starvation ; the season had been very sickly indeed ; there were not well persons enough to take proper care of the sick ; death had visited our little settlement in more than one form, and to crown our misfortunes the General Government ordered the whole of the Black Hawk Purchase into market. Here was a dilemma. Many who had expended every dollar they had in the world in HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 565 improving their claims, found themselves in danger of losing all for the want of means to enter their lands. Fortunately, through the instrumentality of John Gilbert, an Indian trader, those who held claims in this immediate vicinity obtained funds of Alexis Phelps, who at that time lived at Oquawka, 111., to enter what land they wanted. The manner of the loan was this : He, Phelps, was allowed to enter the land in his own name ; he then gave the other party a tond for a deed, conditioned that they should pay him the amount which he paid for the land within one year, with twenty -five per cent interest from date of the bond ; and what is more remarkable is that all who borrowed of Phelps at that time had the good fortune to fulfill their contract with him and obtain their lands, or a large advance on their investment in improving it. " The Indians, though quite numerous, were not generally very troublesome, but would occasionally, when under the influence of liquor, attempt to steal a horse, or annoy us in some other way, such as throwmg down our fences, or taking our corn to feed their ponies, etc. Large numbers of them were in the habit of coming here for the purpose of making sugar from the hard maple, which was, and is yet, quite abundant in the groves hereabout, and still bears the evidence of their destructive mode of obtaining the sap. " The next spring after the land-sale they came, as was their custom, pre- pared for making sugar, but the whites had recently become propr,ietors of the soil, and did not feel like quietly submitting to their depredations upon the timber, and after full deliberation, determined that they would not suffer the Indians to make sugar here. The settlers, therefore, collected together with their arms and proceeded at once to the Indians' camps, where they found them very busy preparing for making sugar. The Indians were at once informed that the land now belonged to the white men — that their title had passed from them by treaty to the General Government, and by purchase to us. They, for a long time, pretended not to understand us, and affected ignorance of the object of our visit. This caused a long parley and considerable delay. The day was coming to a close, and we found that they expected a large accession to their numbers that evening. We therefore found it necessary to make some demonstration that would not only compel them to understand us, but convince them that we were in earnest. They had built fires in their old camps, which were covered with old dry bark, entirely useless as a protection from rain, it having curled up into rolls something like a window blind rolled up. The pieces of bark were directly over the fire where the supper was cooking. We went to one of these camps and directed the Indians to take everything that belonged to them out of the camp, telling them in their own language, as well as we were able, that we were going to burn their camp, at the same time taking a roll of bark from the top and throwing it in the fire. This seemed to con- vince them of our determination to force them to leave, and they at once, with our assistance, removed all their property out of danger. We were very care- ful not to molest or injure any property belonging to the Indians, but burned every vestige of the old camps, after which we caused them to pitch their tents in a part of the grove where there were no hard-maple trees, and late in the ■evening their friends came in but made no attempt to make sugar afterward. " There was an old squaw with those whom we removed from the sugar camps, who, during our parley before burning the old camps, became very much excited, and was the only one among them who seemed to understand us, although we knew very well that all the men understood us from the first. This •old woman, however, undertook to convince us that they had a right to make sugar here under treaty, and went to her tent and came out with a roll of 566 HIriTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. dressed buckskjn and commenced unrolling it, and to our surprise, in the center was a neatly written copy of Wayne's treaty, or as it is usually called, the treaty of Greenville. This, no doubt, had been kept in her family from the time of the treaty in 1795. This manuscript, was white and pure, and looked as if it had not been written a week. No doubt her father, or, perhaps, her husband, had been a warrior who had participated in the bloody conflicts of the days of " Mad Anthony," and who had been compelled to acknowledge the superiority of the whites over the dusky warriors of his doomed race. " The Indians had, with great labor, dug out some troughs to hold the sugar-water, and had them on the ground ready for use, but the old woman before mentioned hearing some of us speak of them as being very good for the purpose for which they were intended, was determined they should not profit us, took an ax, and with a very clear Indian war-whoop, split them to pieces, and in a very taunting way requested us to burn them also. "In 1838, the following additions were made to the settlement: George Van Home, William Leffingwell, J. P. Van Hagen and Robert Stuart. The first mentioned is now living at Wapello, Iowa. Mr. Leffingwell having been a citizen of the city of Muscatine for many years, has very recently taken his departure to that better land, where so many of the old settlers of this county have gone before. Mr. Stuart, after living here a number of years, and hold- ing some important offices in the county, removed to Cedar Falls, where he lived until his death, when his widow returned here, where she still resides, loved and respected by all who know her. The arrivals of 1839 were more numerous than any previous year. Valentine Bozarth, S. A. Bagley, Enos Barnes, James Van Home, Jacob Springer, John G. Lane, A. B. Phillips and John Bennet, are some of those who are remembered as coming that year. The year 1840, the narrator does not remember but two who made a permanent settlement in this vicinity. There may have been others, perhaps were, but we can only bring to mind Egbert T. Smith and E. T. S. Schenck, who were both well and favorably known, and Mr. Schenck is now residing near Downey. "Dudley B. Dustin was among those who lived here at this time, and will be remembered for his kindness of heart, as well as his many eccentricities and jokes. He could mimic any one to perfection; and many a time, at our public gatherings, would set the crowd in a perfect roar of laughter, at the expense of some unlucky neighbor. "There are many incidents that might be related to illustrate the char- acters of those early pioneers, and the rough-and-tumble life led by men who were destined afterward to make their mark. "If one was under the necessity of grinding buckwheat in a coffee-mill for breakfast, he would eat that breakfast with all the better appetite. If he should, after working all day, be compelled to take his rifle and shoot game for his next breakfast, the enjoyment of the sport would be none the less. If we had to go with an ox-team into Illinois for corn, and be gone a week at a time, our delight was the greater when we returned. All of these things the old settlers will very readily admit are not exaggerations. "Wapsinonoc Township consisted of all of Muscatine County that lies west of the Cedar River. At that time, and for many years thereafter, and at our elections, all would assemble at one place and cast their votes ; and it would be interesting to give the number of votes each year, and not the increase of pop- ulation, had wo the means to do so. "At this time of excitement, in regard to the railroad bond question, a history of the west part of this county, and the important stand taken by the HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 567 inhabitants of Wapsinonoc Township on the vote of the county to take stocky will not be devoid of interest. "As before stated, our township consisted of all of this county west of Cedar River, when the road, now known as the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, first began to be talked about, and the company began to urge upon the people the necessity of taking stock; but the settlers were generally poor, and to raise any considerable amount by individual subscription, was soon found to be out of the question.' Interested parties soon began to urge upon the authorities of the county the propriety of the county taking stock, and after some hesitation, the County Judge issued an order for a vote on the question of a tax for railroad purposes. At this election, the contest was warm and sharp — those who were in favor of th6 measure being extremely energetic, while those who opposed it did so with great warmth and energy; and this township was so united on the question, that there was but one vote in favor of the measure which has now become so odious, and has been so burdensome. Our township, therefore, became quite noted for its independence, and soon after gained the appellation of "The State of Wapsinonoc," which high distinction was brought about as follows : " The next day after the election above mentioned, the narrator went to Mus- catine, and had hardly descended from his horse, when he was surrounded by the friends of the tax, who were jubilant over the success of their measure, and during a warm, but friendly discussion of the question, our old friend, William St. John, came up, and in a taunting way shook his finger at the narrator^ saying: " ' We have got you now ; what will you do next 'i ' " 'Well,' said the narrator, ' We will just call out the militia, that's what we'll do; ' and from the idea of calling out the militia, on the railroad tax question, we got the name of the ' State of Wapsinonoc' "In the winter of 1837—38, a party of Indians were encamped near Mos- cow, some three or four of whom were in the village one evening, at a low drinking-house, or grocery, kept by a man whose name was Ross, who, in com- pany with some half-dozen other white men, got the Indians to perform the war-dance ; and, in order to make the dancing and general hilarity go off lively, and that they might have an interesting time of it, they all, both red and white men, imbibed freely of the contents of a certain barrel that stood in one corner of the filthy shanty, marked " old whisky." Thus they kept up the dancing and drinking until they all became decidedly drunk ; and the Indians, as is usual with them under like circumstances, became insolent and demanded more of the contents of the barrel, which they denominate, in their own language scutah oppo, which signifies fire-water ; and, finally, the war of words culminated in a general row. It so happened that Poweshiek, who was chief of that particular band of Indians, had a brother who was one of the party in this quarrel ; and Ross and his friends wishing to get the Indians out of the shanty, undertook to force them to leave', and in the scufHe which ensued, Ross struck the chief's brother with a heavy stick of wood and felled him senseless to the ground, when the rest of the Indians became frightened and ran away. Ross now dragged the fallen brave outdoor and deliberately beat him with a heavy rail until his skull was broken and he was dead. The Indians were very much exasperated at this outrage and were determined on revenge, and we often saw them with their faces painted in token of their dis- pleasure, but were kept quiet by the assurance that Ross would be punished by the laws of the white man, and he was indicted for the murder, but owing to some 568 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. trifling defect in the indictment, was again set at liberty. The Indians, how- ever, could not understand why a man whom every one acknowledged was guilty of a brutal murder, should be permitted to escape the just punishment ■of his crime, in consequence of the omission of a word or two in a manuscript paper which they could neither read nor understand. They therefore deter- mined to seek redress in their own way, and with the utmost contempt for the ineflBcient laws of the white man, the avenger of blood was put upon the trail of the bloody-handed Ross, who knew full well that if he did not flee the country, his doom was sealed. He therefore left as quietly as possible. The Indians being thuS/foiled in their attempts upon the life of the real aggressor, quietly awaited an opportunity to avenge their wrongs upon one of the same hated race, and it so happened that their victim was a Protestant Methodist minister, whose name was Oliver Atwood. Atwood, his wife and child, came to this country in the summer of 1837, from the northern part of Ohio. He was very destitute, but apparently willing to do any kind of work to support his family, and he did work faithfully through the week and on the Sabbath would preach for us. He was not very brilliant as an orator, or prepossessing in his appearance as a minister, but very quiet and harmless in his deportment, and, in justice I must say, that his sermons, viewed from a Methodist stand- point, had the merit of being extremely orthodox, for they were generally the identical sermons preached by the great, Wesley himself, many years before. " I will here state that he and his family and myself and family occu- pied the same cabin nearly all of one winter ; and it used to be a source of considerable amusement to me to observe from what fountain Tie drew his inspiration, and the grave dignity with which h \j At this time, Messrs. Cook & Sargent, bankers at Davenport, owned a large amount of stock in the M. & M. R. R., and were interested in building up Durant, in opposition to Wilton, and for a time a sharp warfare was waged. As soon as cars commenced running on the branch from Muscatine, the trains were run by Wilton and transferred at Durant, and the name " Wilton '' was not allowed to be called on the cars — the brakemen would call out, " Musca- tine Junction." A fine depot was erected at Durant, while the only accommo- dation afforded at Wilton was a small shed-roof building at the west end of the "Y." The ticket-agent, Mr. Robinson, sold tickets on the cars. The same parties built plankroads over bad places between Durant and Tipton, and run a line of four-horse stages between those places. But Wilton was destined to triumph ; and to-day few know of the aspiring efforts of the Duranters and their wealthy and influential backers. During the winter of 1855-56, a great many lots were sold, and, in the spring of 1856, commenced the most active operations in building and improv- ing ever witnessed in the history of Wilton. Early in the spring. Rider, San- ford & Butterfield commenced building a store, where now stand the frame buildings owned by F. Bacon, and when nearly completed, the building caught fire and burned, being the first fire in Wilton. Owen Syas and Eli Ross were the contractors. A second building was immediately commenced and finished, being the frames standing one door south of the Review office. Mr. Moses Garretson commenced what was called the first hotel, in a small building in the southeast part of town. This enterprising citizen also run the first bus and express-wagon from the depot to his hotel, it being a buckboard wagon, drawn by oxen. These he would place by the side of the shanty depot and call out : " A free bus to the Garretson House ! " " Have you any batr- gage ! " In the spring, the De Gear House was built, by Mr. De Gear, on the corner of Fourth and Cedar streets, and is now owned by the Burk estate. This was, really, the first hotel that could reasonably lay any claim to such a title. Mr. Garretson commenced building a new hotel this year, on the corner of Fiftli and Cherry streets, and completed it the following year. This hotel is now known as the Wilton House, and is kept by Mr. Hiram Mooney. During this year, a great many buildings were put up, and often a score of new fiiimes could be seen going up at the same time. Many of the first build- ings arc yet remaining, being principally built in IS/ie, a few of which we will mention, as follows : One now owned and occupied by B. F. Tufts, and that of Mr. Have Moore's; the one owned by the widow of Daniel Stark, Mr. S B. Windus house, the Harker residence, and the one now owned and occupied by HISTORY OF MQSCATINE COUNTY. 575 John Wiley ; the hotel on the corner of Railroad and Cherry streets, lately burned. In the year 1858, the grading was done between Wilton and Tipton, on the Muscatine, Tipton & Anamosa Railroad, the ruins of which can, at this day, be distinctly traced through the fields between these places. The grade was completed and bridges built, when all work was stopped and the project failed. Owing to the hard times, the employes were paid for their work in dry goods and groceries, by certain persons interested in the construction, at Muscatine, which gave the road the name of " the calico road." It will always be remembered with patriotic pride that, when the war of the rebellion broke out, Wilton responded nobly to the call for troops. Two full companies were organized in Wilton of nearly two hundred men. The first was Company D, of the Eleventh Iowa Volunteer Infantry. The second was Company G, of the Thirty-fifth Iowa Volunteer Infantry. The first company (D) was organized in September, 1860, and was officered as follows : A. J. Shrope, Captain ; B. F. Jackson, First Lieutenant ; Andrew Walker, Second Lieutenant. DISASTEOUS FIRE. Thursday, the 20th day of August, in the year 1874, will be an epoch in the annals of Wilton. The town had just entered upon a fall business of unex- ampled prosperity. The products of thousands of surrounding fertile acres, attracted by the excellent prices and shipping facilities here, had begun to pour through this gateway to the East, and business of every kind quickened under the impulse of dollars thus thrown into circulation. Wednesday was a field- day, and Thursday was fast following in its wake, when, suddenly, at a few minutes before 3 o'clock, the ever-dreaded cry of fire ! — now rendered doubly dreadful by instant consciousness of the parched condition of everything, and the absence of any adequate means of resistance — rang through the streets ! The fire began in Reed & Dow's elevator, on- Third or Railroad street. The cause is not certainly known. It is generally attributed to sparks from a locomotive, but there are those who affirm that the fire was first inside the building. The dense black smoke drifted up and across a little east of north, hanging like a pall over the now thoroughly-alarmed village. Flames soon followed the smoke, and wrapped the tall building from foundation to roof- ridge, the wind, which quickened with the heat, flinging them over the narrow street in such a manner as to speedily disperse the brave men who were on the roofs of Steiner's buildings, making unavailing eiforts to save them. Other men were striving to save the valuable steam elevator a few rods west, belong- ing to J. G. Lyford, but all to no purpose. It was but a few pregnant moments after the seizure of Steiner's buildings before the frame tenements occupied by Eexroth, Lanty and Opitz, and then the elevator opposite them, were a seeth- ing mass of flame. Then it did begin to look as if Wilton must burn ! Attacked both in side and rear, the buildings north of Steiner's, fronting on Cedar street, were taken in quick succession. First, Illingsworth's two small frames — one occupied by Pearno's barber-shop, and the other by a har- ness-shop. Next, Graaf & Sons' two-story frame, occupied by Graaf Brothers, with a large stock of clothing, most of which was saved. Then there was a narrow street, where one more desperate attempt was made to stay the flames. But there was no organization, but little water and comparatively no facilities, and the willing and brave men were toon forced to give over the unequal contest. " Save the east side ! " was now the cry, "or the whole town will go!" The undertaking looked almost hopeless. Opposite the vaging fire was a row 574 ' HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. of wooden buildings, with fire-traps of awnings reaching out, and, as it were, inviting destruction. Men threw water upon them while the heat would per- mit them to stay in the street, and then opened doors to dash it out, or poured it down from over the roofs, which were now well occupied. This, together with a most fortunate change of the wind from southwest to south, under Prov- idence, won the battle. But all this time, the hungry fire was marching on up the west side of the street, and much more rapidly than we are telling it. Fred Frieden's two-story frame, occupied as a saloon below and a dwelling above, was quickly run over to catch the old frame dwelling with a brick front, belonging to J. L. Keed, and occupied by G. T. Cofiee for a general store. A two-story brick belonging to Mr. Reed, and occupied below by the Grange store, was next. In the upper part of this, Dr. Mudge had but a day or two moved both his dental office and residence. He lost nearly everything ; part ■of the goods below were saved. The fine and handsomely-finished brick occu- pied by Reed's Bank was the next victim. The Cashi jr saved the money and most valuable books. U. P. Scovil's book etore and restaurant followed into the fiery baptism so rapidly that very little was saved ; and the same was the case with Hubbert's, also a frame. Mr. F. C. Conant, who lived up-stairs, had an ill wife to remove, and lost a good part of his furniture. " Another frame belonging to D. T. Gilman, and occupied by C. J. Hutchinson with a large and valuable drug stock, but little of which was saved ; then Blizzard's clothing store — and then another street and another chance for life. And here the successful fight to which we have alluded, on the east, was supplemented by a like efibrt on the north, and, with the aid of the streets and brick buildings on both opposite corners, the hungry fire was compelled to take a large dwelling in the rear of Blizzard's, belonging to John Wicke, and be content. But all this time flying brands had been threatening buildings in almost every part of town. Men, women and children were watching — and saving — their homes. But the German Lutheran Church, some three blocks from the fire, and one of the best church-buildings in the city, seems to have been unnoticed till too late, the parsonage, which was close by, going with it. This concludes the sorry enumeration, and does not represent the events of much more than a single hour after the first alarm was given. The Davenport Fire Department was telegraphed for help within fifteen minutes after the fire was discovered, but, although they made all haste to respond by a special train that made twenty-five miles in twenty-four minutes, the fire had substantially run its course when the Fire King steamer and Rescue hand- engine arrived. They went manfully at work and exhausted the supply of water in playing upon the vault of Reed's Bank and the piles of burning grain, for an hour or more. They did all they could, and did it willingly and promptly, impressing all, both with their gentlemanliness and efficiency. CITY OEFICERS. The first City Council consisted of W. N. McNaghten, President ; R. A. Mclntire, Recorder ; A. J. Friend, Henry Giessler and 0. J. Grover. The present city officers are: S. L. Lawrence, Mayor; John Wiley, Recorder; S. C. Root, Robert McGuire, Owen Syas, E. Klepper, James Hesnan and George M. Frenzel, Trustees ; James W. Kelly, Marshal \< M. C. Ott, Treasurer ; A. S. Healy, Assessor. •' SCHOOLHOUSB. On the 17th of July, 1875, ground was broken for a new schoolhouse on Lots Nos. 9 and 10, Butterfield's Addition to the town of Wilton. The plans HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTS. 575 were draughted by J. P. Walton, of Muscatine, and Hancock & Walker took the contract for its erection. It is in size 60x72 feet, three stories high and basement. The first and second floors are used as schoolrooms, and the third floor is occupied by a hall calculated to hold 700 persons, seated with chairs, and has a good stage. The building was dedicated December 30, 1875, and cost fl2,000. The present corps of teachers is a good one, and is composed of eight members, under the efiicient direction of Prof. G. S. Bradley, Superin- tendent, and ranks among the leading schools of the State. The Board of Education is composed of the, following members : S. L. Lawrence, President ; John Wiley, Recorder ; J. D. Walker, James Davis, Dennis Mahanna, Dr. W. H. Baxter, Hon. I. K. Terry. CHURCHES. Presbyterian. — The Presbyterian element in Wilton was originally a part of the Sugar Creek Church, in Cedar County, which was organized in 1856. As early as 1855 or 1856, Presbyterian services were held in Wilton by Rev. John Hudson, meeting for worship in what is now known as Lyceum Hall, the old schoolhouse on the hill, and elsewhere. In 1859, Rev. William C. Mason, of Illinois, preached in Wilton Presby- terian Church for six months. On May 14, 1860, the congregation at Wilton was set off" from Sugar Creek, and, by a committee of Cedar Presbytery, formally organized into a church. The following-named persons were original members : J. H. Hobert, D. Burk, J. H. Robinson, B. Kelley, J. Cooper. P. Heinley, R. A-. Mclntire : Mesdames Hobert, Pomeroy, Burk, Harker, Robinson, Cooper, Mclntire, Passmore, Parish, Kelley, Heinley and Mason. In the fall of 1866, the present brick edifice was built in Marolf 's Addition to Wilton, and was dedicated in February, 1867. The size of the building is -32x48 feet, and cost |2,800. In the summer of 1874, the present frame parsonage-building was built on a half-lot adjoining the church, and cost $1,100. The present number of active members is seventy -five. " Pastor, J. W. Hubbard. On the 27th of August, 1872, the church- steeple was struck by lightning and destroyed — the same moment the Presbyterian Church was struck. In the fall of 1874, the parsonage and schoolhouse were rebuilt, and, during 1875, the house of worship was replaced. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school, also a day school, both taught by the Pastor, Rev. W. T. Strobel. The present membership consists of 67 communicants, 22 voting members, and, in all, 101 baptized members. Owing to a dissension of this Church from the Synod, there is at present^a lawsuit pending in the Supreme Court. The membership being divided, two Pastors are stationed here, whose congregations occupy the church alternately. The other minister is Rev. J. Landeck, who has also under his charge the Lutheran Church at Moscow. This congregation has an attendance of about , seventy. Evangelical Lutheran. — The Church in Wilton was organized in December, 1856, by the late Rev. John Kiesel, and, shortly afterward, a small frame church-building was built, in size 24x24. In 1867, a fine brick building was erected, and took the place of the small frame building for holding services in. A commodious parsonage-building had also been erected. Both the church and parsonage buildings were destroyed by the conflagra- tion of August 20, 1874. 576 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. In 1875, both buildings were rebuilt — the church-building of wood, instead of brick. Grace Reformed. — This Church was organized by Rev. J. Riale, Saturday, April 14, 1860, in the old public school-building, where the congregation wor- shiped at first ; afterward, in the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches. The corner stone of the present church-edifice was laid June 26, 1870, and October 16, 1860, the new church was dedicated. Its size is 34x52, and cost about 13,000. The congregation at present numbers seventy-seven confirmed members, and fifty-six baptized, unconfirmed members. Present minister, Rev. S. C. Long. Methodist. — This Church originally formed a part of and was embraced in what was called Muscatine Circuit. As early as 1836, Rev. Daniel Cartwright preached at Bloomington, now Muscatine, services being held in a log building used as a post ofiice. In 1856, the General Conference divided the Iowa Conference, and the towns of Wilton and Moscow were made a station. Rev. H. Wharton, of Hebron Circuit, Cedar County, held the first services in Wilton, in the depot or freight-house; but on account of the division. Rev. D. Thompson was appointed to the work without any missionary appropriation, and upon complaint being made by the brethren, Wilton was merged into Mus- catine Circuit, with Rev. John Harris, Pastor. In 1857, Rev. J. B. Hill conducted a successful revival in- Wilton, and over fifty persons were received in the Church. The meetings were held in the Gar- retson House (now the Mooney Hotel.) In 1859, meetings were held in what is now known as Lyceum Hall. In 1860, a church-building was erected and dedicated. In 1865, the name of the Circuit was changed from Muscatine to Wilton Circuit. In 1866, it was voted at the fourth Quarterly Meeting, to divide the Circuit, leaving Wilton a station, with regular preaching every Sunday, which was accordingly done. In 1867, under the labors of Rev. Morey, over one hundred members were added to the Church. The present beautiful church-edifice was built in 1878, under the direction and supervision of Rev. U. B. Smith, the present Pastor, at a cost of $3,800, including the old house, which was accepted by the contractors in part pay. The parsonage was built in 1876, under the supervision of Rev. E. L. Bri"-CTs, at a cost of $2,000. The present membership is 208. Free- Will Baptists. — In the spring of 1864, February 20, this Church was organized, with Rev. I. Dotson, as Pastor, by a committee chosen for that pur- pose. The membership consisted at that time of eleven members. Rev. Dotson was relieved November 30, 1866, and Rev. 0. E. Baker took his place, and continued until November 22, 1874, when he was succeeded by Rev. Charles Payne. From a membership of eleven, the Church has increased until now the num- ber is one hundred and eighteen. The society have no cliurch-building, and have, since organization, worshiped in the chapej of the Wilton College building. Qnifjrri/iiliiiiial. — This church was first orpjanizcd by Rev. James Berney, in Sugar Creek Township, Cedar County, July il, 1854, at a meeting in a brick sclioolhou^e. near Mr. Evans' residence, and was to be called the First Congre- gational Church of Sugar Creek. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 577 October 29, Rev. D. Knowles was called to officiate as Pastor. August 3, 1855, the location of the church was changed to Moscow, but immediately afterward was again changed and located at Wilton, and at a meet- ing held at the residence of Rev. Knowles, June 20, 1856, new articles of incor- poration were submitted and adopted, and the name changed to that of First Congregational Church of Wilton. July 13, 1856, steps were taken to erect a church-building, and August 30, 1857, the building was completed, and services for the first time held in it. Rev. D. Knowles, Pastor. The present membership is fifty-eight. The church property, including the parsonage, is valued at $5,000. Connected with the Church is a Ladies', also a Children's, Missionary Society. The Pastor, Rev. E. P. Smith, also supplies the pulpit of the Congregational Church, of Durant, Cedar County. Catholic. — Some time in the autumn of 1867, the first mass was celebrated in Wilton by the Rev. Peter Mahn. This event took place in the house now owned and occupied by John Brown, situated on the eastern terminus of Fourth street. The second mass was celebrated the following spring, in the house now occu- pied by P. Kent. During the summer of 1858, the first church was planned and erected by Rev. Mahn. It was a small frame building, and was located in the south part "of town. From this time until 1863, Revs. Mahn and Emonds, of Iowa City, offi- ciated, when Rev. Shanahan was located at Wilton, as the first Pastor. He was succeeded by Revs. McGinnis, Laurent and Quigley. During the pastorate of Rev. Quigley, the plans for the present brick church were matured and in the fall of 1867, the foundation was laid, when Rev. Quigley was superseded by Rev. Walsh, who came in November, 1867. Shortly afterward. Rev. Walsh was superseded by Rev. P. A. McCabe, and during his pastorate the church was completed sufficiently to hold services in. Rev. McCabe was succeeded by James Welch, who officiated until August, 1874, when he died at Davenport, from cancer in the stomach. In January, 1875, the present Pastor, Rev. N. Dugan, was assigned to the pastorate made vacant by the death of Rev. Welch. The German Evangelical Church, was built in the summer and dedicated in the fall of 1876. Previous to this time, there had been occasional preaching by visiting ministers, but no regular organization existed until then. The first resident preacher was Rev. Jacob Knocher, who was succeeded by Rev. John Abrams, the present Pastor. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school. The Church property is valued at |1,600. The German Methodist Church was organized by branching off from the mother church located three miles south of Wilton, November 26, 1876, with Rev. F. W. Fiegenbaum as Pastor. The house of worship was built the same fall. The original membership was sixteen, which number still constitutes the congregation. There- has been no change of minister. The Pastor has three country churches under his care. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school. The Church property is estimated at |2,000. The Blue Bibhon Club was organized February 8, 1878, with some five hundred members. The first officers were: T. E. Ingham, President; Dr. W. H. Baxter, Vice President; J. B. Mclntire, Secretary; J. E. Myers, Treasurer. The present officers are: Prof. G. S. Bradley, President; A. C. Elliot, Secretary ; S. L. Lawrence, Robert McGuire and John Wiley, Vice Presidents ; 578 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. J. B. Myers, Treasurer. The present membership is about one thousand. The Club meets alternately in the Methodist and Presbyterian Churches. The Ladies Union Aid Society was organized October 19, 1871, with the following first oiEcers : Mrs. S. B. Rider, President ; Miss H. Peterson, Vice President; Mrs. D. S. Gilraan, Secretary; Mrs. H. A. Hubbert, Treasurer. Present officers : Mrs. Prof. Bradley, President ; Mrs. Sherwood, Vice Presi- dent; Mrs. F. Gillespie, Secretary; Mrs. C. Straw, Treasurer. The present membership is about fifteen. LODGES AND BANDS. Wilton Lodge, No. 167, A., F. ^ A. M., was instituted by dispensation April 21, 1863, and chartered June 3, 1863. The charter members were : James H. Leech, W. M.; 0. P. Reynolds, S. W.; A. B. Yeager, J. W.; A. L. Healey, Treasurer; W. N. McNaghten, Secretary; W. H. Baxter, S. D.; J. S. Addes, J. D.; C. M. Macomber, Tiler. Present officers are : "VV. H. Baxter, W. M.; W. V. Stevens, S. W.; A. Cockshort, J. W.; Aaron Park, Secretary; S. C. Root, Treasurer; S. H. Wise, S. D.; A. Barnard, J. D.; M. Dell, Tiler. The present membership is sixty-seven. The Lodge meets at Masonic Hall on Fourth street, and has property valued at $1,200. Pulaski Lodge, No. 107, 1. 0. 0. F., was instituted under dispensation June 5, 1857, and chartered October 15 of the same year, with the following charter members : J. D. Walker, William N. McNaghten, P. D. Dale, Isaac Wise, P. S. Corey, F. P. Hubbert and George Dale. The first officers were: J. D. Walker, N. G.; William N. McNaghten, V. G.; F. P. Hubbert, Record- ing Secretary; P. S. Corey, Treasurer. The present officers are: I. P. Nissen, N. G.; D. Walters, V. G.; D. Moore, Recording Secretary; J. D. Walker, Treasurer ; J. M. Rider, Permanent Secretary. The present member- ship is forty-one. The Lodge meets in Masonic Hall, and has property estimated at $400. Security Lodge, No. 100, A. 0. U. W., was instituted February 16, 1877, by D. D. G. M. W. Noble. The following were the charter members : David Agnew, George P. Arnell, Henry C. Bell. Winslow Blanchard, William A. Cooper, Thomas Curtin, F. C. Conant, L. F. Oreitz, A. A. Cooling, C. H. Dow, J. G. Ellis, C. J. Edinborough, J. H. Graaf, R. M. Hiley, George H. Hancock, E. S. Hoover, B. C. Ludlow, David Lynn, A. N. Lindsay, J. E. Myers, Henry McDaniel, M. C. Ott, J. S. Ring, 0. B. Strong, William V. Stephens, B. F. Tufts, S. H. Wise, A. L. Williams. The first officers were : J. S. Ring, P. M. W.; B. F. Tufts, M. W.; R. M. Huey, G. F.; C. J. Edin- borough, 0.; W. V. Stephens, Recorder; C. H. Dow, Financier; A. A. Cool- ing, Receiver ; W. A. Cooper, Guide ; T. Curtin, I. W.; D. Lyman, 0. W. The present officers are : William V. Stephens, P. M. W.; A. A. Cool- ing, M. W.; A. L. Williams, Foreman; E. Klepper, 0.; D. E. Michael, Recorder ; J. G. Ellis, Financier; J. S. Ring, Receiver; E. S. Hoover, Guide; James Hessman, I. W.; Jasper Dawson, 0. W. The present membership is fifty. The Wilton Union Band was organized in September, 1878, with twelve members. The first officers were : Benjamin Tufts, Leader ; Charles Gabriel, Assistant Leader ; C. J. Edinborough, President. The membership and officers still remain the same. Most of the instruments are owned privately by the members. Blaurers Band was organized July 8, 1875, with the following members : Fred, John, Albert and Henry Maui^er, Albert and Peter Grunder, John and Henry Walker and John Marolf Fred Maurer is the Leader. HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. 579 G-raafu Orchestra was organized in September, 1878, with the following members : H. G. Graaf, Director ; J. H. Graaf, R. Burnett, John Markey and H. Nichols. This is an entirely private enterprise. CORPORATIONS. The Fire Bepartment was organized May 15, 1877. The first officers were: Eb. Terry, Foreman ; John Rider, Secretary ; J. L. Giesler, Treasurer. The present officers are: Robert McGuire, Chief Engineer j W. H. Johnson, Foreman ; J. L. Giessler, Secretary and Treasurer. The present membership is forty. The Department is supplied with one hand-engine, one hose-carriage, and the necessary ladders, and have the reputation of doing efficient work in time of fire. The Union Bank of Wilton was organized in June, incorporated August 19, and authorized to commence business September 13, 1878. The first oiBcers were : L. L. Lane, President ; Samuel Wildasin, Vice President ; J. L. Giesler, Secretary; S. Q. Root, Henry Will, Peter Daut, 0. B. Strong, D. W. McCroskey, George Frenzel and Thomas Kenna, Directors. Present officers: Samuel Wildasin, President; L. L. Lane, Vice President; J. L. Giesler, Cashier ; S. C. Root, C. B. Strong, D. W. McCroskey, Henry Will, Thomas Kenna, W. H. Johnson, George Frenzel, A. N. Van Camp and Peter Daut, Directors. Authorized capital, |50,000 ; paid up, $25,000. The Farmers' and Citizens' Bank was organized in May, 1874; incor- porated under the laws of the State, and authorized to commence business June 1, 1874. The first Directors were A. D. Crooks, C. E. Witham, Samuel Wildasin, L. Cotton, L. L. Lane, R. A. McLatire, J. H. Pingrey, J. G. Lyford, John Wiley, F. Hinkhouse and F. Butterfield. Officers: Frank Bacon, President ; J. D. Walker, Vice President ; J. E. Myers, Cashier. Pres- ent Directors : C. E. Witham, F. Hinkhouse, R. A. Mclntire, Charles L. Peasley, A. A. Cooling and G. V. Scott. Officers : Frank Bacon, President ; J. D. Walker, Vice President; J. E. Myers, Cashier. Authorized capital, ' $50,000 ; paid up, $31,000 ; surplus, $20,000. The Q-range Co-operative Store of Wilton was organized March 4, 1872, and incorporated under the laws of the State for five years. Articles of incor- poration were renewed April 24, 1877, for ten years. The first officers and Trustees were : Thomas Root, President ; Jesse Piggott, Secretary ; A. J. Crawford and two others. Present Trustees and officers : Hon. J. Q. Tufts, President ; W. J. Breckon, Secretary ; Joel Clark, Manager ; W. S. Agnew, James Mason, Israel Piggott. Capital, $10,000. The G-rain- Shippers' Association was incorporated in August, 1875, under the laws of the State. The first officers and Directors were as follows : T. H. Fishburn, President ; J. B. Laucamp, Secretary ; S. Agnew, Rufus Hink- house and M. G. Witmer. There has been no change in the officers or Direct- ors, except that Simon Schneider took the place of M. G. Witmer. Capital, $5,000. The Wilton Seminary Association was organized in 1866, with the follow- ing Trustees : S. L. Lawrence, I. K. Terry, F. Butterfield, S. Wildasin, Will- iam McClain. A deed of the ground was given to the Trustees May 1, 1866, by Benedict and Elizabeth Maurer to be used for school purposes, the Trustees agreeing to erect a good Seminary building within one year. The Seminary was sold to the Free- Will Baptists of the State of Iowa, and let by them to Rev. 0. E. Baker, who conducted the school for five years, at the expiration of which time, being in 1871, an association was formed under the title of the 580 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTT. Wilton Collegiate Institute and the seminary changed to a college. The mem- bers of the association were : N. R. George, J. L. Collier, A. D. Sandborn, C. E. Witham, L. Davis, A. S. M. Ferrine, 0. E. Baker, H. Blackmare, F. But- terfield, C. Toothaker. Articles of Incorporation were granted September 5, 1871, to the following incorporators and Trustees, viz., H. Blackmare, K R. George, C. E. Witham, L. Davis, 0. E. Baker, J. L. Collier, F. Butterfield, Charles Toothaker, A. D. Sandborn. About this time a boarding-house was built in connection with the Institute at a cost of about $12,000. A. D. Sand- born and J. L. Collier were engaged as the principal teachers of the college, aided by some others. At this period, an endowment fund of $2,500 had been raised by the financial agent, 0. E. Baker, the college was patronized by 160 students, and was in a flourishing condition, but in the course of two or three years, difficulties arose, involving the Institute to some extent, and in July, 1872, the college-building was sold to F. Butterfield, who held it until 1876, when he deeded the same to the Institute and presented it with an endowment of |3,000. In the fall of 1878, the Trustees of the Institute deeded the col- lege property to the Trustees oftheFree-Will Baptist Educational Society of Iowa. . The donators of the Institute are numerous, among the number is Lyman Alger, who gave to the Institute and the building of the boarding-house the sum of $9,767, which will become the property of the Institute, if the school continues until December, 1879. F. Butterfield also contributed largely to the college. The school is operated at present by on ex-Board of Trustees consisting of Joel Clark, President; William Johnston, Treasurer, and A. 0. Mudge, Secretary, who are appointed by the Educational Society, and have the general manage- ment and oversight of the school and property. The present township officers are: L. F. Creitz, C. W. Derby and Dennis Mahanna, Trustees; Theo. Bentley and George M. Frenzel, Justices of the Peace; Beecher Chatfield and Charles Lautry, Constables; A. N. Van Camp, Clerk ; Mark D. Allen, Assessor. We desire here to state, that much of our information concerning Wilton has been gathered from the files of the Exponent, by the kind permission of Mr. J. M. Rider, its courteous editor. NICHOLS. This town was so named by Benjamin F. Nichols, in honor of his father, Samuel Nichols, who subscribed liberally for stock to the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad Company, and donated to them the right of way through his land, in consideration that they build at this point a depot on' land also presented by him for that purpose. It is situated in the center of what was once known as Elephant Swamp. To speak more properly and be explicit, it is located in Section 15 of Pike Township, on the line of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad and a branch thereof, called the Muscatine & Western. The lots were surveyed by George Bumgardner, County Sui'veyor, and the plat was filed for record June 22, 1871, by Benjamin F. Nichols, owner of the town site. Several small buildings were erected and some moved into the place prior to the recording of the town plat. Tlic first building of any pre- tensions was constructed in 1871, by Dr. 8. H. Smith, and used by him as a drug store and dwelling. The first house built on the survey was owned by William Sohelpaper and rented to .lames Carney, who kept in it a general stock of goods. On the night of carnival, 1871, through the careless handlinti- of a lamp near powder, the entire building was blown to atoms, though the inmates HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 581 escaped uninjured. When the Muscatine & Western Railroad was finished to this point in 1873, the company laid out an addition to the town and called it the Railroad Addition. In 1875, a second addition was made by T. Nichols. A' commodious depot has been erected at the junction of the two railroads, and a good stock-yard built by the B., C. R. & N. R. R. The post oiBce was estab- lished at Nichols, October 14, 1870, and Benjamin F. Nichols, appointed Post- master, which office he still retains. Previous to this period, the office had been kept in Samuel Nichols' house, and was called Lacy ; it was the first one in Pike Township and had been in the same family for over twenty years, when the change of location and name was made. To-day Nichols Station is a flour- ishing town of over three hundred inhabitants, doing an extensive country and large stock and grain shipping business. It can boast of several fine brick business blocks, a good school and four substanstial church edifices. It also enjoys the reputation of being a well-regulated place in all respects, though it has never been incorporated. The surroundings consist of beautiful rolling prairie and rich bottom land, with soil as rich and fertile as any in Muscatine County. Just one-half mile east of town the little stream of Jordan meanders southeastward, emptying into Wapsinonoc Creek, which flows into Cedar River. An elevator was built in 1872, and a flouring-mill in 1876, by Nichols & Bro. The business of the place is represented as follows, viz.: Two general stores, two drug stores, one physician, one steam manufactory of wagons, pumps, churns and broom-handles, one saw-mill, two blacksmith-shops, two shoemaker-shops, two millinery establishments, one harness-shop, one bakery, one meat-market, two hotels and one livery-stable. SCHOOL. Nichols belongs to Pike Township School District No. 6. The present fine two-story brick schoolhouse was built in the summer of 1872. The lower story was occupied the following winter as a school, which was taught by Miss Mollie Billick. The graded system was introduced in the fall and winter of 1875-76, and has proven both satisfactory and successful. Since its introduction, both stories of the school-building have been used. The present attendance aver- ages seventy-four scholars. The present teachers are Franklin Gilbert and Mary E. Gilbert, the farmer's wife. The first log schoolhouse in Pike Town- ship was built in 1849, and taught by a Mr. Hart, from Ohio. CHURCHES. The Christian Church was organized as an independent society in the fall and winter of 1873-74. The present house of worstip was erected in the summer and fall of 1874. Previous to this time, the congregation worshiped in schoolhouses, and were preached to by Rev. John Powell, of Columbus City. The first resident minister was Rev. J. H. Painter. The Church is now with- out a Pastor ; its present membership is about forty. The German Evangelical Protestant Church was organized by Rev. K. F. Obermann, in 1874, with the following heads of families as members : Nich. Lentz, John Schomberg, Nich. Scheuermann and others. The church-build- ing was erected in 1876, and is valued at $1,500. The congregation at present consists of twenty families. Connected with the Church is a flourishing Sun- day school, with an average attendance of fifty. After two changes in the pastorate, Rev. Obermann has returned to the charge. The Roman Catholic Church was built in 1874, and was attended to by Rev. Father Nicholas Dugan, of Wilton, until February, 1877, since which time Rev. Father William Purcelle has been its resident Priest. It is a fine 582 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. brick building, 32x50 feet, and 25 feet high. It is one of the ornaments of the town of Nichols, as well as of religion. The present membership is 109. The Church property, including the Priest's residence, is valued at 14,350. The Methodist Protestant Church was organized in 1875, with the follow- ing original members, viz., William Vantuyl and wife. Miss Jennie Worden, Arnold Bliss and wife, Amos Ames and wife. The first Pastor was J. A. Bolton. The house of worship was built in 1875, under the direction of Will- iam Vantuyl, who contributed more than all others to the success of the enter- prise. The church-building cost $2,500. The congregation at this writing consists of thirty-five members. William Swain is the present Pastor. He i& also Pastor of a flourishing church -five miles north of Nichols, known as South Prairie Chapel, erected in 1862. Among its earliest members were, and are yet, Pliny Nichols, Ira Nichols and wife, John Purvis and wife, Stephen Chase and wife, now living. Rev. William Purvis, first a member and after- ward Pastor of this Church, is deceased. The present membership is fifty, and the value of church property fl,800. Connected with both this Church and the one at Nichols, are large and interesting Sabbath schools. The Temperance Reform Club of Nichols was established February 22, 1878, with about one hundred members. Its first officers were Benjamin F. Nichols, President ; John Hooley, Secretary ; M. Rummery, Treasurer. The present ofiicers are Benjamin F. Nichols, President ; Frand Ronimouse, Secre- tary ; Sidney Mansfield, Treasurer. The present membership is about two hundred and forty. The Club holds its meetings in the Methodist Church. LODGE. Nichols Grove, No. 7, of the United Ancient Order of Druids, was insti- tuted by dispensation July 24, 1876, and chartered June 12, 1877, with the following charter members : William Schelpaper, L. Kern, F. Hager, J. Eis- man, A. Schmidt, William Ditrich, William Loeb, H. F. Clausen, AVilliam Bauer and C. Weisfulg. The first officers were J. Eisman, E. E. ; H. F. Clausen, U. E.; William Schelpaper, Treasurer; F. Hager, Secretary. The present officers are William Schelpaper, E. E. ; H. F. Clausen, U. E. ; John Eisman, Secretary ; L. Kern, Treasurer. This is a German Grove, wherefore the official positions are abbreviated according to the German acceptation. The present membership is eighteen. The Grove meets in Druid Hall every first and third Monday in each month. INCIDENTS. In the fall of 1838, Samuel Nichols and H. H. Winchester came from Ohio to what is now Pike Township, on a prospecting tour, and bought a claim of a party named Carother, who, with his family, consisting of nine persons, was undoubtedly the first settler in Pike Township, and built there the first log cabin, which still stands, in Fred Hetchtner's field, about two and a half miles east of Nichols. After entering one-half section of their claim, located in the Dubuque District, and which came into market in 1838, our two prospectors returned to Ohio. The following spring, 1839, Gamaliel Olcs, Dr. B. S. Oles and H. H. Win- chester, and their families, emigrated from Ohio to this point, comiiio- by boat, and arriving at TUoomington, Muscatine Co., June 3, 1839, while Samuel Nichols, whose wife had died in Washington County, Ohio,' leaving him with five young children, came alone, on horse-back. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. 583 Gamaliel Oles bought a claim of John M. Kidder and built upon it a log cabin, into which he moved his family in July, although it had no floor and was only partially roofed. Dr. B. S. Oles went to Bloomington after one year's sojourn here. There he practiced medicine until 1849, when he left, in company with Judge Hast- ings, for California, and died in Washington Territory in 1865, while surgeon in the United States service. Gamaliel Oles states to the writer that at the time of his coming only four families lived in Pike Township, namely, two called Carother, one Adams and one Kidder. i During the first four years the township did not increase in population ; some moved away, so that only four families remained. Mr. Oles says Rev. McVay organized a Methodist class in his (Oles') house in 1844, and preached there the first year, to a membership of eight. After the log schoolhouse was built, in 1849, religious services of all denominations were held there. The present township officers are as follows : Samuel E. Walcott and Aaron Canott, Justices ; A. J. Stafford and John Miller, Constables ; J. B. Horton, Assessor ; James Ryan, Clerk ; Benjamin Black, M. L. Corner and A. Hie- bing, Trustees. John M. Kidder was appointed the first Justice of the Peace in Pike Town- ship by the Governor, and Gamaliel Oles was the first one in the township elected by the people. ■ MOSCOW. We are indebted for the following facts regarding this town to Mr. S. W, Stewart, who was among the early settlers of this neighborhood, coming in the spring of 1838. At present, he resides at Wilton, just three miles distant, and states that without doubt Mr. Webster, accompanied by Charles Drury, were the first settlers and pioneers of this vicinity, coming in 1886, from Indiana. The same year, there were the following other arrivals : William Leverich, T. T. Clark, Luke Cunningham, Thomas McConnell, Erving Reynolds, David Reynolds, Mr. Kilgore, Martin Baker. Mr. Comstock, Harvey Hatton, Mat. White, Harvey Mathews and Friend Johnson. In the fall of 1836, Webster and Drury staked off town lots on their claim, located on the banks of the Cedar River, and now situated on the south side of the railroad track. Most of the old town is below the present railroad bridge, and forms a part of what is known as Biglow's Addition. Some of the claims to the lots spoken of were sold as high as $175. William Hendrickson, the first blacksmith in the place, paid that price for a corner- lot. Mr. Mitchell opened the first store in the settlement, in a log building, late in the fall of 1836, trading to such an extent with the Indians, and becoming so noted as an Indian trader, that to-day many later settlers have the impres- sion that Moscow was once a regularly-established trading-post, which is, how- ever, a mistake. At this time, an Indian fort, built by LeClaire, of Davenport, stood here, and traces thereof were visible as late as 1838. A man named Alex. Ross came also in 1838, and opened a store, where more whisky than other staple goods was sold. Ross afterward murdered an unoffending Indian, and was obliged to leave the country. In another part of our work, we have given the details of this tragedy, and the subsequent lamentable consequences. 584 HISTORY OP MUSCATINE COUNTY. The years 1837 and 1838 brouglit William White, William Reynolds, Daniel Healy and George W. Hunt. In 1839 came William Gatton, whose widow still lives on the old homestead. Friend Johnson took up the claim now occupied by that part of Moscow which lies north of the railroad track. The first ferry on the Cedar River at this point was run by William Hen- drickson. In early days Moscow was quite a business center, full of life and activity, although it bore the reputation of being a hard place. Regularly every Satur- day, either a horse-race or a shooting-match took place, the premium being, invariably, from one to three or more gallons of whisky, which, according to rule, was drunk on the ground, or, in case of a superabundance, the balance was reserved for a rainy Saturday. Fights were an every-day occurrence, and several of the best men, physically, in the neighborhood used to make it lively for strangers if an opportunity presented itself. The first rail road- train passed through here in 1854, in which year a bridge was built across the Cedar River which was replaced in 1876 by the present iron railroad bridge. Daniel Henderson laid out the new town, and filed the plat for record August 18, 1853. The first sermon was preached by Martin Baker, in 1838, in a frame build- ing formerly occupied by Ross as a store. The first school was taught by a Miss May Comstock, in a portion of a double log house, the other part being occupied by a family. The present two- story frame schoolhouse was built in 1867. One of the earliest teachers was the late Judge Bissell, of Tipton, Cedar Co., who, in those days, wore a buck- skin suit throughout. The first building devoted to religious purposes was a dwelling-house, bought of the members of the Christiaa Church, about 1845. They afterward built a good church edifice. The Lutherans, also, have a good house of worship, but there is no minister of any denomination residing in the town. The Methodists have a class at Moscow, but no house of worship. The first tavern in the town was kept by Mr. MitcheK The first death was that of Mr. Webster. The dam across the Cedar River was built in 1866, and the mill in 1867, by the Moscow Mill and Dam Company. A chain ferry runs across the river, conducted for many years by Henry Lang. The business of Moscow is represented by two stores, two physicians, two blacksmith-suops, one harness-shop and four taverns. The present Postmaster is Robert Chase. The first Postmaster was a Mr. Rea. STOCKTON. This town was first called Farnham by the old settlers, but really known as Fulton, which name the railroad company still retains for the station, although the post office is named Stockton, is situated in Section 4, in the northern part of Fulton Township, near the Scott County line, on the C, R. I. & P. R. R., sur- rounded by a magnificent and rich farming country, barley, wheat and oats being the prin(!ipal products of the soil, although corn is raised in great abun- dance. The vicinity is especially noted for its fine short-horn and other superior classes of cattle, as well as for its fine-bred hogs. At one time, the place was known as Piairie Mills, owing to the fact that Burrows & Prettyman had a steam-mill on the prairie, which has since been demolished and the lumber used HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COCNTY. 585 in the construction of an elevator, built by Hetzel & Haller, now doing a large grain business, shipping on an average 300 cars per year. From ninety to one hundred cars of stock are shipped from this point per annum. The town lots were surveyed by Jonathan Parker, and the plat was filed for record Sep- tember 14, 1855, by A. C. Fulton, J. M. Burrows, N. Feyervary, J. M. With- erywase and R. M. Prettyman. The post office was established in 1855, with Mr. Chapman, clerk for Burrows & Prettyman, of Davenport, who opened the first store, in charge. As there was already a town called Fulton in the State, the post office was' named Prairie Mills. In 1866, W. J. Speer was appointed Postmaster, which position he still retains, conducting, also, a general store. Owing to the fact that a bill of goods shipped to him, addressed Fulton, was sent to the town of that name in Jackson County, he used his influence and succeeded in having the name of both the town and the post office changed to Stockton. The first building in the town was a large hotel, still standing, erected by A. 0. Fulton. The first death in the place was that of Thomas Barron. The schoolhouse of Township District No. 1, located here, was built in 1856, and an addition made to it in 1875, when the graded system was introduced. The business of Stockton is represented by two general stores, two hotels, one black- smith-shop, one wagonmaker's shop, two shoemaker's shops and one grain estab- lishment. The Farmers' Club was wa,s organized in the spring of 1872. The officers are Aug. Ruge, President, and E. F. Jockehk, Secretary. Connected with the Ulub is a library, of which the Secretary of the Club is Librarian. The object of the Club is to discuss the political topics of the day, to debate and advance new ideas in the science of agriculture ; also, to entertain its members in vari- ous ways. The present membership is eighteen. The Club supports a Sunday school ; and it was through the influence of its members that an elevator was built at this point. Among the first settlers in Fulton Township were J. C. Newell, Andrew Smith, John Barron and Thomas Brickley. i^ The present township officers are : Jos. Kiegel, Milton Persons and David Brown, Trustees ; James Raab and Charles Hetzel, Justices ; William Chris- man and H. C. Higley, Constables ; P. G. Brown, Assessor ; A. A. Brown, Clerk. CONESVILLE. Conesville is located on the line of the B., C. R. & N. R. R., in the center of Orono Township, in Section 17, and named after its founder, Beebe S. Cone. The lots were surveyed bv J. E. Lyman, Assistant Engineer of the B., C. R. & N. R. R. in March, 1870. In consideration that the railroad company build , a depot at this point, B. S. Cone donated to them 200 feet of ground for that purpose. In July, 1870, Alexander McCurdy erected a fine dwelling-house — the first building" on the town site — which was destroyed by fire in October, 1875. He also opened the first general store in the town. The post office was established in the spring of 1870, with B. S. Cone as Postmaster. Mr. Cone disposed of $3,200 worth of stock for the B., C. R. & N. R. R., for the pur- pose of grading and tying the track from Todd's Ferry, Iowa River, to north line Pike Township. The town plat was recorded by B. S. Cone, November 26, 1870. George Bumgardner, Surveyor, divided the property of H. Rick- etts' heirs into three eighties, and laid out town lots on their property at the same time. The plat was filed for record the same month, under the name of 586 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Orono, by Byron, Martha Jane and Robert Ricketts. These lots are located on the west side of the railroad track, where most of the business and largest part of the town is situated. Deeds for lots on this property are made out under the name of Orono ; but the post office is called Conesville, while the railroad company have adopted the name of Cone for the station. On the 18th day of May, 1878, the entire settlement was regularly incorporated as a town, and called Conesville. An addition was laid out by B. S. Cone, and surveyed by Peter Houtz February 11, 1876. The first town oflBcers elected were : J. Calhoun, Mayor ; J. K. Hill, John Barrett, Thomas Tipton, John McLeod, Daniel McCurdy, Trustees; S. D. McCurdy, Recorder; John Gay, Marshal; S. H. Wolford, Treasurer. The present officers are : John McLeod, Mayor ; John Barrett, Thomas Tipton, M. L. Brockway, A. McCurdy, S. H. Wolford, John Gunderson, Trustees ; S. D. McCurdy, Recorder ; John Gay, Treas- urer ; R. R. Wolford, Marshal. The present Postmaster is Mason Brockway. The business of Conesville is represented by one mill, three general stores, one clothing and boot and shoe store, two blacksmith-shops, one wagon-maker, one grain firm, one hotel and two physicians. The first schoolhouse built in Orono Township is situated in Conesville, and called Township District School No. 1. The German Reform Ohurch was built in 1872, at a cost of $3,000. The congregation is a large one, and the present Pastor, Rev. G. H. Buser, has preached to them for more than twenty years. Previous to the erection of the house of worship, all meetings were held in the schoolhouse. This church was built by the people of the town and vicinity, and is therefore open to all denom- inations, when used by the Reformists, who have the control of it. Every other Sunday it is occupied by the Methodists, who are preached to by Rev. Joseph Jeffery, of Columbus Junction. Orono Township officers are : Thomas Ma.twell, R. McCurdy and W. D. Cone, Trustees ; Frank Sanderson and J. Calhoun, Justices ; Daniel McCurdy, Assessor ; James Minard and Rufus Wolford, Constables ; W. Hill, Clerk. ATALISSA. Atalissa is located in the northeastern portion of Goshen Township, in Section 11, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, sur- rounded by a rich and beautiful farming country. The eighty acres which the town lots occupy were owned among other land by William Lundy, who came to what is now Goshen Township in 1847. By contract, John P. Cook, of the firm of Cook & Sargent, of Davenport, became partner in the undivided half of this property, with the intention of laying it out into town lots. The lots were surveyed by Peter Houtz and the town plat filed for record by John P. Cook and William Lundy, January 31, 1856. While mining in California, Capt. Lundy was near a small mining village called Atalissa and named after an Indian queen of one of the tribes. Being pleased with the name, he adopted it for the town in question, and, at the time, remarked that the first female child born on the premises and named Atalissa should be presented with a cornerd lot. Miss Atalissa Davis, now a young lady about twenty-two years of a^e, livin" at present in Codar County was the fortunate one. After the financial failure of John P. Cook, Charles W. Durant, of Now York, became interested in the property. Deeds for lots are signed by Charles W. Durant and wife and William Lundy and wife. Atalissa is one of the best watering-places for the railroad between Davenport and Des Moines. An immense spring, twenty-five HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTV. 587 or thirty feet in diameter, situated in the northeast corner of the town, furnishes all the water for the railroad tank. This spring was donated to the railroad company by William Lundy. The post office vfas moved from Overman's Ferry and established in this place in 1856, with N. C. Swank as Postmaster. The first building, a shanty, was built and in it the first store opened by the same man. The business of the place is represented by two general stores, one drug store, two physicians, one grain firm, one grocery store, two harness-shops, two blacksmith- shops, one wagon-maker's shop, one tin-shop, one meat market one hotel, and boot and shoe and hardware store. The present Postmaster is George Worrall. Among the earliest settlers in Goshen Township were the following, viz.: James Thompson, Mr. Boggs, Thomas Odell, William G. Holmes, John Mcintosh, Samuel Fletcher, Elias Overman, James V. Smith, who came from 1837 to 1842. The present township officers are : Henry Markham, Charles Buckman, Marius Plumly, Trustees ; Frank Mathers and Richard Armstrong, Justices ; James Dick- «rson and Q. Cornwall, Constables ; W. T. Jones, Assessor ; Owen Doyle, Clerk. Presbyterian Ohurch. — Meetings were held and preaching was commenced in the depot building in April, 1857, by Rev. Charles F. Beach, who effected an organ- ization with the following first members: William Kelley, J. D. Guild and wife, J. M. Guild and wife, Samuel Croxon and Mrs. Margaret Rilchey. The house of worship was erected the same year. The first who officiated in it was Rev. Dudley. The present membership is twenty ; the Church property is valued at $1,500, and the present pastor is Edwin C. Haskell. Connected with the Church is a Sunday school, with an average attendance of eighty, including teachers. The Qhristian Church was organized by Elder J. C. Hay, formerly of West Liberty, now in Cplifornia, in June, 1870, with a membership of about thirty- six. The house of worship was built in September, 1871. Lot Parker is the present Elder, and once a week Elder J. Mad. Williams, of West Liberty, preaches here. The value of the Church property is $1,200, and the present membership is about thirty. T. L. Ady is Superintendent of the Sunday- school, which has an average attendance of sixty. The Methodists hold their meetings in the Christian Church, and being on the Lone Tree Circuit, Rev. Thomas preaches to this congregation once every two weeks. Meetings were held by the Methodists as early as 1857, and several organizations have taken place, but been given up. The last one dates back some six or seven years. The large two-story brick schoolhouse of Independent District, No. 1, was finished in 1866. Ionic Lodge, No. 122, A., F. A. M., was burnt out and all records were destroyed, but a duplicate charter was issued June 7, 1866, by Edward A. Gilbert, Grand Master. The first officers under this charter were : T. L. Ady, M. ; William Lundy, S. W. ; James Mcintosh, J. W. The present officers are: William Lundy, M. ; John Wilshire, S. W.; John Ady, J. W.; L. B. Overman, Jr., Secretary ; L. B. Nachbauer, Treasurer. The Lodge meets in Masonic Hall, and has property valued at |75. The present membership is thirty. Rose of Sharon Lodge, JSfo. 101, L 0. G-. T., was organized May 2, 1876, and afterward chartered. The first officers were: William Lundy, W. C. T.; Eunice Cornwell, W.V. T. ; C. F. Aiken, Secretary; Linnie Harris, Financial Secretary ; 0. Cornwell, P. ; Lot Parker. Chaplain ; J. S. Rowe, Marshal ; Eliza Rowe, I. G. ; Walter Walters, Sentinel ; Zephy Wright, Assistant Secretary ; Fanny Neff, Deputy Marshal ; Susan Parker, R. H. S. ; Josephine H. Clark, L. H. S. Present officers : Mary Angel, W. C. T. ; Mary Neff, W. V. T. ; R. G. GifiFord, Secretary; Dr. Turner, Financial Secretary; John Alger, 588 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Marshal ; Pheaney Barnes, Deputy Marshal; Laura Brown, I. G.; Hall Ady, R. H. S.; Jerome Worrall, L. H. S.; John Wilshire, Chaplain. The present membership is thirty-three. The Lodge meets in Masonic Hall, and has property valued at $50. The Atalissa Temperance Reform Olub was organized in March, 1876. The first officers were: John Wilshire, President; V.' R. Rowe, Secretary; Samuel Desbro, Trersurer. The present officers are : John Wilshire, President; Henry Hebling, Secretary ; Andrew Hebling, Treasurer. The present mem- bership is 380, and the Club meets at the Christian Church. ' PORT ALLEN. Port Allen, situated in the extreme southern part of Orono Township, on the Louisa County line, one-half mile east of Cedar River, and on the line of the B., C. R. & N. Railroad, was founded and the town-plat recorded by Cyril Carpenter, November 18, 1871. The lots were surveyed by Peter Houtz. The depot was built by Cyril Carpenter and rented to the railroad company. W. H. Crocker & Co. conducted the first store in the place, and still continue as the only one there. At first they occupied part of the depot-building. They also had charge of the post office when it was first established there. The Methodist Church was built in 1872, at a cost of $2,000. It was erected by the citizens of the neighborhood, Cyril Carpenter being mainly instrumental in making the undertaking a success. Joseph Jefiery is the cir- cuit preacher of this Church, and visits it from Columbus Junction. ADAMS. Adams Station, on the Muscatine & Western Railroad, was founded by Elias Adams, son of one of the pioneers of Pike Township, and the plat recorded by him. The lots were surveyed by Hiram Palmer, Assistant Engineer of the B., C. R. & M. Railroad, in July, 1873. The first store was opened by Mr. Adams in 1873, in his residence, which was moved from his farm to the railroad track. In July, 1873, the post office was established at this point, with Mr. Adams as Postmaster, which office he still retains. This building is also used for a depot, with Elias Adams as Agent. The only other business in the town is a wagon-maker's shop. One of the township district schools is located in the town. FAIRPORT. This town is finely situated on the banks of the Mississippi, about seven miles due east of Muscatine, in Section 25, Sweetland Township. Originally, a village was laid out on this same site, and called Salem. William Chambers filed the plat of Salem April 20, 1839. The presence of potter's clay in that neighborhood rendered the establishment of potteries not only possible, but prof- itable, and that industry was early introduced by Elijah Sells, who was Sec- retary of State from 1856 to 1863, holding the office for three terms. The present town of Fairport is dependent upon the pottery business for trade. There are five concerns in operation. There are two stores which have a local custom. There is no church society with resident pastor in the village. A good-sized schoolhouse was erected some years since, in which a day school is licld. The present Postmaster is John Mackemer. The town is more pros- perous now than it has been for some years "past. HISTORY OF MUSCATINE CODNTY. 58& HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY HORSES. The horses of Muscatine County are noted for their excellence, which has resulted from the importation, from time to time, for twenty-five years, of well- bred trotting stallions and mares. There have been no specimens of the "accidental" or " pedigree unknown " trotters discovered here, though this county has furnished a greater number of individuals that have trotted in 2.30 or under than any other county in the West, and more than the balance of the whole State of Iowa combined. The first stallion of trotting blood brought here from the East was General Wayne, an inbred Morgan, he being by Young Sherman Morgan, and his dam by Flint, by Sherman Mdrgan. He was foaled in 1845, and arrived here with his owner, George E. Jones, May 28, 1853. He was a typical Morgan, being 14.2 hands high and weighing 1,030 pounds. His arrival aroused the latent horse spirit pervading the community, and, in August, 1853, a company, consisting of David R. Warfield and others, was formed to purchase a good Morgan trotting stallion. Young Green Mountain Morgan was the animal selected. He was an inbred Morgan. His sire was Hale's Green Mountain, also an inbred Morgan, and his dam was by Bulrush Morgan. He was a chestnut horse, and foaled in 1849. He only made one season here, and died in June, 1854. He got, however, Madam Kirkwood, dam of Kirkwood and Fannie Foss, an inbred Morgan, dam of Bashaw, Jr., the two horses which made the reputation of Green's Bashaw, they having trotted respectively in 2.24 and 2.24f time, which has not since been equaled by any of his [sons or daughters. Great credit was given to Green Mountain Morgan by the enemies of Bashaw, they saying that it was the Morgan blood that made Kirkwood and Bashaw, Jr., so good. Young Green Mountain was also the sire of Eastman's Morgan, who got Little Fred, record 2.20. In the spring of 1855, succeeding the death of Young Green Mountain, Mr. Wetherbee brought Prophet to Muscatina. He was by Hill's Black Hawk, dam said to be by Vermont Hambletonian. He was taken to Blooming- ton, 111., in 1856, after the season was over, and thus made two seasons here. He was a bay, with star and white hind feet, 15.2 hands high, rangy and very handsome ; would weigh about one thousand pounds. Prophet was the sire of the dams of Iowa Chief and Bashaw Drury. Mr. Wetherbee also brought another stallion by Hill's Black Hawk, in the fall of 1855, called first Wallace's Ethan Allen — John H. Wallace having purchased him — and afterward Drury's Ethan Allen, when owned by Mr. Drury, of New Boston, 111. This Ethan Allen was the sire of Lady Fox, record 2.30, her dam being Lady Partington, a mare brought from Orange County, N. Y., by E. Stewart. The pedigree of the dam of Ethan Allen is given by Mr. Wallace in Frank Forester's "The Horses of America," by Tippoo Taib, he by Duroc. Andrus Hambletonian, by Judson's Hambletonian, by Bishop's Hamble- tonian, was brought here by Mr. Wetherbee, and sold, during the winter of 1855-56, when about fifteen years old, to the same company that owned Young Green Mountain Morgan. He was the sire of the famous marc Princess. He made two seasons here, but was very slightly patronized, the rage being for the smoother-built, handsomer and more happy Morgans. lie was a brown horse, without marks, 16 hands high, strongly, but inclined to be roughly, built, and had a well-developed Roman nose. He died in 1857. 590 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Hector, a bay horse by Latourell's Bellfounder, sire of Conqueror — the first horse to trot 100 miles in nine hours — was brought to Muscatine by William Hoyt, in 1856, and died here in 1858. In the years 1855 and 1856, Hezekiah Hoyt, of Orange County, N. Y., brought West a large number of horses and among them were two mares which afterward became famous through their produce, one being Katy Darling, the dam of Alexander's Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid, and the other the Elliott mare by x^bdallah, the dam of Tramp. Katy Darling was a bobtailed, balky, chestnut mare of medium size, by Bay Roman, dam by Mambrino, son of Mambrino 1449. She was sold at auction some years before her death for $40. The Elliott mare was a large roan mare brought West to trot, but being injured on the journey was sold to William Elliott for $400. She raised five colts — two mares by Gage's Logan, two stallions by Bashaw Peacock and Wild Basbaw, and her last foal was Tramp by Gage's Logan. She died the prop- erty of William Elliott, in 1866. Gage's Logan, formerly Wild Hornet, was bred by George W. Connor, in Orange County, N. Y., and when a colt was brought by him to Muscatine. He was a bay horse, 16 hands high, with a large star and left hind foot white, with five black spots around the coronet. He was foaled in 1854, and got by Rysdyk'a Hambletonian, dam Lady Wallace by Ohio Eclipse ; second dam Sally Miller by Post Boy, son of Duroc 791. He was sold to David A. Gage, of Chicago, 111,, December 7, 1864, and was afterward shown in Wood's ^Museum on account of his remarkable style and beauty. He is still living, and is the sire of Tramp, Skinkle's Hambletonian, record 2.28J, and many other good horses. Green's Bashaw was foaled in 1855 ; bred by Jonas Seely, Orange County, N. Y., and sold when a weanling to Col. F. M. Cummings, who brought him with his dam to Muscatine, where he was sold at two years old to Joseph A. Green. He was again sold in the fall of 1864, to Walter Carr, of St. Louis, and by him to H. C. Beckwith, of Hai-tford, Conn., where he made the season of 1865, after which Mr. Green repurchased and brought hioj back to Muscatine. After the death of Mr. Green, in November, 1876, he was sold to George A. Young, of Leland, 111., where he is &till kept. Bashaw is a black horse with star and snip, right hind foot white, about 15.3 hands high, and weighs about 1,000 pounds. He was sired by Vernol's Black Hawk, and his dam was by Webber's Tom Thumb, a Canadian pony of unknown pedigree, but his grand- dam was the famous Charles Kent mare, who was the dam also of the most famous sire of trotters the world has ever known, namely, Rysdyk's Hamble- tonian. Through this famous mare. Bashaw obtained three crosses of Messen- ger blood, and through the females in the paternal line two crosses of Messenger, so that though bred in line a Bashaw, he really united that blood through both sire and dam, the union of which in Rysdyk's Hambletonian made him so prepotent as a sire of trotters. Bashaw is the sire of Kirkwood, 2.24 ; Bashaw Jr., 2.24J; Amboy, 2.26; Rose of Washington, 2,26J; Wild Oats, 2.29:'; ; Josephine, 2.30, and Wapsie, sire of Gen. "Grant, 2.21, and West Liberty, 2,28. A very large number of the sons of Bashaw were kept for service in the county for many years, but as they did not, with the excep- tion of Wapsie, prove successful .as sires of trotters, the number has oradually lessened until now there are hardly any horses of Hambletonian btood here receiving the preference. There are quite a number of fine brood-mares bv Bashaw remaining in the county, notably Kate Carman and Flora own sisters to Kirkwood, 2.24, and Flaxey and Delancy, own sisters to Bashaw, Jr., 2.24|, all four being owned by Daniel Hayes, the owner of Tramp. HISTORY OF MDSCATINE COUNTY. 591 Horton's Abdallah Chief, a bay horse about 15.3 hands high, very muscular and stoutly built, was brought to Muscatine when young by Dr. James S. Horton. He was bred by Silas Horton, Orange County, N. Y., and was foaled about 1853. An exceedingly well-bred horse for his time, he added greatly to. the value of the stock of the county, although he did not produce any very fast trotters. He changed owners a number of times, but remained in the county till 1876, when he Was sold by I. K. Terry, of Wilton, to a gentleman in Davenport. He was got by Roe's Abdallah Chief, by Abdallah, dam by Messenger Duroc 2d, 2d dam by Commodore. Gen. Hatch, the only stallion representing the Clay family that ever stood in the county, was brought here and is now owned by Benjamin Hershey. He was foaled in 1860, and was bred near Lexington, Ky. He was got by Strader's Cassius M. Clay, Jr., dam by imported Envoy. He is a bay, with star, and hind feet white, stands about 16 hands high, and. is remarkable for style and finish of form, and is exceedingly bloodlike in his general appear- ance. He is the sire of Envoy, record 2.28, and Fleta, 2.34J, both being out of Dolly by Iowa, thorough-bred son of Glencoe. Kirkwood, by Green's Bashaw, and the fastest of his get was out of a mare by Young Green Mountain Morgan. He was bred by David R. Warfield, and foaled in 1860. He was a brown, about 15.2 hands high, and rangy in build. He has a record of 2.24. He was owned successively by Samuel Carr, H. S. Compton and Mr. Carman, of Xew York. Bashaw, Jr., was bred by S. L. Foss, and foaled in 1860. He was by Green's Bashaw, dam Fanny Foss (strongly inbred), by Young Green Moun- tain Morgan (strongly inbred), 2d dam Fanny Green (strongly inbred) by Hale's Green Mountain (strongly inbred). He was a dark chestnut, 15.2 hands high, and, as would be inferred from his inbred dam, resembled the Morgans rather than the Bashaws. He was owned successively by H. S. Compton, Piatt & Starr, of Tipton, and A. F. Fawcett, of Baltimore, Md. He has a record of 2.24|. Among the many other sons of Bashaw that have stood here, are Wapsie, a large dun horse — sire of Gen. Grant and West Liberty — bred and owned by Jesse Bowersock, of West Liberty. His dam was by Hempstead's Joe Gales. Peacock, a roan horse foaled 1862, dam the Elliott mare, the dam of Tramp, by Abdallah, was bred by William Elliott, and owned by William Fayerweather, who sold him in 1876 to A. E. Kimberly, West Liberty, who is also the owner of Wild Bashaw, a chestnut, full brother lo Peacock, foaled in 1863. Musca- tine, a black horse, was owned and bred by Mr. Barnard, pedigree of dam unknown. He stood here for many years, and died after becoming the property of Jesse Bowersock. The Elliott horse is owned by William Elliott, and is a black, 16 hands high, dam an own sister to Tramp. Burns is a chestnut stallion, foaled 1873, bred by C. Weed, and owned by Dr. McAllister. His dam is by Iowa Chief. From all these individuals, the Bashaw blood has become widely diffused, and for many years the Bashaws were very popular, and were considered by those who did not keep posted in regard to the progress of horse-breeding in other portions of the country, as the leading stock in the world. Gage's Logan, the representative of the Hambletonians, received a small amount of patronage. Tramp, the most famous of the produce of Logan, has done much to bring the Hambletonians into popularity. He is a black chestnut, with strip in the face, 16 hands high, weighs 1,100 pounds, is powerfully built, and has a remarkable natural trotting step. He was bred by William Elliott, of Musca- tine, foaled in 1864, got by Logan, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian ; dam, the s 592 HISTORY OF MUSCATINE COUNTY. Elliott mare (brought West by Hezekiah Hoyt, in 1S56), by Abdallah, the sire of Rysdyk's Hambletonian. Tramp is, therefore, inbred to Abdallah like the famous mare Goldsmith Maid, record, 2.14 ; like Huntress, record, 2.20|, and like the famous stallions Messenger. Duroc and Harold. His produce justify his breeding, he being the sire of Trampoline, record, 2.23. and many other good ones, although not being a Bashaw, he received no outside patronage, and only got three or four colts a year until he was eleven years old. He was bought when a rear old by Hayes Brothers, and is now owned by their suc- cessor, Daniel Hayes, who is the largest breeder of trotting colts in the county. Among his brood-mares are Kate Carman and Flora, own sisters to Kirkwood, record, 2.24 ; Flaxey and Delancey. own sisters to Bashaw, Jr., record, 2.24J; Burrie, by Captain, record, 2.2S. dam Kate Carman, own sister to Kirkwood, record, 2.24 ; May, by Gen. Hatch, sire of Envoy, record, 2.2S, dam by Kirk- wood, record, 2.24. Skinkle's Hambletonian, by Gage's Logan, dam said to be by Davy Crockett, was foaled in 1861, bred by Samuel Bamford, and afterward owned by Skinkle & Jones, who sold him, in 1870, to 0. J. Evans. Minneapolis. Minn., where he died. He was a bay, sixteen hands high, and had a record of 2.28f. North Star Mambrino, made the seasons of 1869 and 1870 in Aluscatine. He was a bay and a large coarse-looking hoi-se, 16.2 hands high, and would weigh 1,200 pounds. He was foaled in 1860, got by Mambrino Chief, dam by Davy Crockett. He was owned by ^Ir. McCarty, of Chicago, 111., and trained by Sherman Perry, when here. He afterward obtained a record of 2.26i. Alex F.. now owned by Dr. Hallam, was foaled in 1874, bred by William Fayerweather, got by Romulus, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam an own sister to Tramp. He is a dark brown, 16.2 hands high and weighs 1.240 pounds. Hamble Hawk, a brown stallion, with a strip in the face and left hind leg white, 15.3 hands high, was imported from Orange County., X. Y.. by Chester Weed, in 1874. He was foaled in 1871, and bred by C. R. Bull, Oxford Sta- tion, N. Y. He was by Rysdyk's Hambletonian. dam by Long Island Black Hawk. After the death of Mr. Weed in 1875, he was sold to Warfield Bros., who, in turn, sold him, in 1878, to J. M. Fisher, of West Liberty, where he is now owned. Attorney, a chestnut stallion, foaled in 1877. and bred by A. J. Alexander. Spring Station, Ky.. was bought and brought here in 1878. by Frank Warfield. He is a very finely-proportioned rangy colt, 15.2 hands high, as a two-year-cld. and his breeding is as superior as his appearance. He is by Harold, an inbred Hambletonian, sire of Maud S., trial at four years old, 2.'l7J-, and his dam is by Alexander's Abdallah, sire of Goldsmith Maid, 2.14 ; second dam bv Bobert Bruce, etc. He will undoubtedly add greatly to the value of the stock of the county. Mr. Warfield also owns Flirt, bred by B. Herehey, own sister to Envov, 2.28, and Fleta, 2.:)4J, and other fine brood-mares. In the foregoing sketch of Muscatine County horses, there are. no doubt, many interesting items omitted, from the haste in which it has necessarily been prepared, but it is hoped that many facts will here be preserved for the benefit of future breeders in the county, as it is probable that the horse interest will continually increase, as it is one of the most profitable bi-anches of the farmer's business. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTOEY. ^A-BBRE^VI^TIONS. Co - company or county dlr dealer I. V. A - Iowa Volunteer ArtiUei^ I. V. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalrv i- ^ - 1 Iowa Volunteer Infantry PO PostOfflc^ i?- or Sec Section St' street MUSCATINE. W. D. A1LE\T, manufacturer of carriages, buggies and farm and spring wagons, Third street ; is a native of Kentucky, but when only 2 yeai's of ao-e, his parents moved to yashville, Tenn., where he was brought up and learned the tinning biisiness; in Xoveuiber, 1S45, he came to Iowa, located in Muscatine and engaged in the tin and stove business, and continued it for twelve years ; in 1S55, he established his carriage and wagon manufacturing business, which has become well known through- out the State, and extends to Illinois and Missouri ; he turns out over one hundred farm wagons and one hundred carriages yearly, employing twenty-five men, and it is one of the leading industries here. !Mr. Ament is prominently identified with the interests of the city and county ; he was President of the Board of Trustees before the city charter was adopted, and held the office of City Treasurer four years. He married Amelia Kobbins, of Pennsylvania, in 1847 ; she died in September, 1S73, leaving six children ; he married Mrs. Lucinda Watkins, of Ohio, April 2, 1 ST9. JOHX BAKSB, proprietor of the Muscatine Steam Boiler Works ; Mr. BfJker is a native of Bohemia ; was born May 11, 1S40 ; came to Muscatine in lSo2 ; engaged in his present business in 1S60. He married, in Leavenworth, Kan., Miss Mary An- chutz ; they have sis children — Ida, Lilly. Emma, Maude, Alyrtha aud Paul. Mr. Baker manufactures the Estes engine, the most perfect engine made ; he makes the latest style of slide-valve engines, steam boilers, boiler fronts, and all of the latest styles of boiler fixtures, steam and water pumps, steam and water gauges ; also mill-gearins:, pulleys, shafting, and mill machinery in general for flour and saw mills ; he furnishes plans for millwright work, also mining machinery ; he is the agent for Cape & 3Jax- welFs boiler feeder. 3Ir. Baker's long practical experience, coupled with business ener- gy, has increased his business until it now ranks with ally in the State. R. M. BAKER, of the firm of Baker it Hoover, real estate and loan agents ; was born in Kockinghaiu Co., Va., July 26, 1834 ; he lived there until 1S65, when he came to Iowa and located in this county; in 1S67, he came to Muscatine, and since then he has been, engaged in business here; in addition to his land and loan business, he carries on the livery business on Front street ; he owns the Commercial Hotel property and other city property. He married Miss Mary Ann Sheets, a native of Shenandoah Co., Va.. in lSo5. X. BARR V & SOX, plumbers, gas and steam fitters ; also dealers in gas fixtures and globes, lead pipe, sheet lead, bath-tubs, water-closets, wash-stands, hydrants, iron pipe, iron sinks and pumps, rubber hose and packing, hemp packing, etc.. Second street, near Mulberry, Muscatine, Iowa; N. Barry l^ Son are essentially business men, thorough mechanics, and, by their tireless personal attention to their business, have made it a decided success, constantly enlarging to meet the growing demands of the public ; we venture to say that their establishment is one of the best arranged and most complete of the kind in the State. NICHOLi AS BARRY, of the firm of Nicholas Barry & Son, plumbing and gas fitting; Mr, Barry was born in County Wexford, Ireland, in 1S24; emigrated to 594 BIOGRAPHICAL SKE" Cleveland, Ohio, in 1847, in which city he marriec .'otts ; they removed to Rock Island, 111., in 1857, thence to Muscatine in children are Patrick J. Mary E. (now Mrs. P. Fahey), James, Nichol . w Mrs. John Hadden), Silas, Thomas. Mr. Barry was Superintendent ^ ftf. orks in Rock Island dur- ing; his residence in that oity,'and has been Supe udent ^he Muscatine Gras Works over ten years ; he is a man of much enterpr . and has laced himself in the front rank of the men in his business in the State of ra. BEIVJAMIIV A. BEACH, Postn er of Muscatine, ex-Colonel of the 11th I. V. 1., was born in Hamilton, Butler Co., )hio, on the 20th of January, 1827, and is the son of John and Rosanna (WilsonJ Beach, the former a native of New Jer- sey, and the latter of Pennsylvania. At the age of 13 years, he was apprenticed to a tinsmith in Richmond, Ind., to learn the trade of his master, at which he continued three years. At the outbreak of the Mexican war, he ran away from home and enlisted as a soldier in the 1st 0. V., Col. A. M. Mitchell commanding, and remained in the service some sixteen months ; he served through all the marches and campaigns of that struggle, fought at Monterey and in other engagements, and was honorably dis- charged at the close of the war. In 1850, he moved to Muscatine, Iowa, and opened a store; he continued in business until the breaking-out of the war, and on the 17th of April, 1861, he enlisted in Co. A, 1st Regiment I. V. I., and was elected First Lieu- tenant; he was in the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., where Q-en. Lyon was killed ; on the 17th of October, 1861, he entered the service for three years, and was commissioned Captain of Co. H, 11th Regiment I. V. I.; in the battle of Shiloh he lost thirty men of his company, and took part in the campaign against Corinth ; in the battle of luka, and in the second battle of Corinth, where his regiment lost heavUy ; he participated in the siege of Vicksburg; was in the Louisiana campaign, the seige of Atlanta and in the "march to the sea and through the Carolinas, and was present at the surrender of the rebel Gen. Joe Johnston; at the battle of Atlanta, Maj. Foster, of the 11th Iowa, was killed in the same engagement in which Gen. MoPherson was killed; July 22, 1864, Capt. Beach was elected Major of the regiment; before his commission as Major was received. Col. Abercrombie resigned his commission and Maj. Beach was elected Colonel of the regiment and retained that position until the arrival of the army in Washington, when he was placed in command of an Iowa Brigade, consisting of the 11th, 13th, 15th and 16th regiments, and was offered a brevet to his rank, which, however, he declined, the war having ended, the compliment was an empty one ; during his long and active military career, except thirty days' leave of absence after the return from the Louisiana campaign, he was never a day off duty by sickness, never was wounded, captured or absent on leave ; he was mustered out of the service at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865; he returned to Muscatine, and, with William T. Butts, engaged in the grocery business ; he received the appointment of Postmaster of Muscatine and was confirmed in January, 1878. He is a consistent member of the Presbyterian Church, and a generous con- tributor to all charitable institutions ; he is a member of the Masonic fraternity and is a Knight Templar. Col. Beach has been twice married — his first wife was Miss Mary R. Stevenson of Muscatine; married Nov. 29, 1854; she died March 11, 1857; he married his present wife. Miss Josephine Mason, of Muscatine, Jan. 31, 1866; they have two sons — George and Fred. ^""C- HE]VR¥ BECKER, manufacturer, wholesale and retail dealer in cigars of the finest brands, also retail dealer in fine cut and plug tobaccos, snuff, pipes and a full line of smokers' articles. Mr. Becker was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1847 ; came to Muscatine in 1852 ; in 1876, he married Miss Emma Huttig, in De Soto Wis.- he engaged in business in this city in 1868. Mr. Becker is a Democrat; is liberal in religious views ; he has had seventeen years' experience in the manufacture of tobaccos of various kinds ; he thoroughly understands his business, and aims to keep only the best of everything in his line. B. BEIL, of the firm of Molis & Co., dealers in guns, pistols, cutlery, etc., See- ond street, Muscatine, Iowa ; native of Germany ; born in 1827 ; emigrated to Virginia, with his parents, in 1832 ; they removed thence to Crawford Co., Ohio, in 1833 • in MUSCATINE. 595 ■ engaged in his present business. He married have two children — Lena and William B. Mr, member of the Evangelical Church ; he is a mem ^asurer of his Lodge a number of years. Messrs lifFerent lines of goods embraced in their trade, y y do the largest business in their line in the *• !>f Betts Bros., publishers of the Daily and^ • Beloit, Wis., May 24, 1849 ; when only 8 "in 1845, Mr. B. came to Musca Anna C. Wigand, of this citj' B. acts with the Democratic ii her of the I. 0. 0. F., and" i bs^ Molis & Beil keep a large )ck of i and have a first-class estab jhment ; city. E. H. BETTS, of the firs Weekly ^'ntitjie, Muscatine ; was bcij in , years of age, he removed to Chicago, 'where he lived until he came to Muscatine, in "^ 1865 ; in 1868, he entered the Journal office and commenced learning the printing A business; he remained there three years; on acc(^int of his health, he took a sea-voy-**>^ age and went to China, around the Cape of Good Hope ; after remaining abroad for **^, one year, he returned ; in 1873, he and his brother and Mr. Van Horn published the, ' Weekly Tribune; the following year, in the spring of 1874, they started the daily*, edition; in 1877, he and his brother purchased the entire interest, and now own anc^ ' conduct the paper. Mr. Betts was united in marriage to Miss Rita Stewart, daughter of Wm. H. Stewart, Esq., of Muscatine^ April 29, 1875; they have two children—^' Anna and Willie W. C. BETTS, of the firm of Betts Brothers, publishers of the Daily and Weekly Tribune; was born in Beloit, Wis., Aug. 30, 1853; when only 3 years of age, his parents removed to Chicago, and when 11 years of age, came with his parents to Muscatine, in 1 865 ; he was brought up here and learned the printing business ; he afterward, with his brother, took. a sea-voyage and went to China; in 1873, with his ^ brother and Mr. Van Horn, began publishing the Muscatine Tribune. In 1877, he . and his brother bought the interest of Mr. Van Horn, and since then have owned it. He married Miss Minnie Eeynold, from this city, in August, 1875 ; they have two children — Charles and Nellie. WIJLJilAH J. BOWERS, foreman of the iron-molding department of the Muscatine Iron Works ; Mr. Bowers was born in St. Louis, Mo., in the year 1846 ; remained in St. Louis until 1857, in which year he came to Muscatine and engaged to learn the iron-molding trade. During the war of the rebellion, he served in Co. E, 33d I. V. I.; was enrolled at Davenport Feb. 22, 1863, and honorably discharged at the close of the war ; his regiment was engaged in the battles of Little Rock, Helena, Saline River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. After his discharge from the service, Mr. B. returned to Muscatine, remaining until 1872, when he went to Detroit, Mich., thence to Urbana, 111., m 1873 ; in the fall of the latter year, he went to La Fayette, Ind., and took charge of the Wabash Foundry at that place ; he returned to Muscatine in June, 1878, and took charge of the molding department ofvthe Muscatine Iroji ' Works. He is a member of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. J4 «~«^>^ AliJLEX BROOMHAJLLi, attorney and ccQj£sdoranaWj_MuscatiB^ is a /X ^;elmont Co., Ohio; born May 26,4^34^'1lir^tKi?t^ettled"^^KJhio'li^ 9j in 1808, where he married Rebecca Bond, and- died in 183 ?; leaving four ^ "% orphan children. Allen attended the common schools and afterward took a course in the Classical Institute at Barnesville, Belmont Co., Ohio. He removed to Iowa in 1856, and settled in West Liberty, where he purchased and improved several farms; in 1857, he removed to Atalissa and engaged in the lumber business and other enterprises ; he was also agent of the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad for five years. He commenced .ihfi study of law, pursued his studies under the direction of Hon. J. Karskaddan, of Mus^uatine, and was admitted to the bar in 1861 ; he afterward attended the Cincinnati Law School, and graduated there in the spring of 1866 with the honorary degree of LL. B. He was associated with Hon. D. C. Cloud in the practice, of law for nine years. In 1875, he formed a law partnership with Hon. J. Scott Richman, which con- tinued until February; 1877. Mr. Broomhall has always been an earnest advtcate of popular education, with better school facilities and a higher standard of scholarship. He had for several years agitated the question of the erection of a new high school 596 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: building in Muscatine, and upori this issue he was elected President of the Board of Education in 1873, a position he has since retained. Pew men are as deeply interested in educational matters, and he is among the best and most popular school officers in the State. He is a member of the Masonic Order, was Worshipful Master of a Blue Lodge for five years : is a member of the Royal Arch Chapter ; a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and was the first presiding officer of Muscatine Lodge, No. 99, of this Order. He is a Director and Secretary of the Hershey Lumber Manufacturing Co. He married Miss Harriet Fowler, of Barnesville, Ohio, June 27, 1857. She died September 17, 1876, leaving three daughters — Ella, Elizabeth and Mary Rebecca; the eldest is a graduate of the high school, and is preparing to complete her education at the Iowa State University ; the second daughter is attending the high school, and the other preparing to enter it. W. D. JBURK, attorney at law, of the firm of Burk & Russell, Muscatine ; is a native of Johnstown, Cambria Co., Penn. ; he came to Muscatine Co. in 1859 ; entered the law department of the State University at Iowa City and graduated in the class of 1873 ; he entered the law office of Richman & Carskaddan and remained with them two years ; in the early part of the present year, he associated with J. J. Russell in the practice of his profession. LEWIS G. BURNETT, dealer in books and stationery. No. 20 East Second street, Muscatine ; was born in Muscatine Jan. 23, l855 ; he received his edu- cation here and graduated at the high school ; at the time of his graduation, he was the youngest graduate of the high school ; he has succeeded his father in business since December, 1876. He married Miss Anna M. McAlister, from the city of Mus- catine, May 2, 1877, and they are living in the house where he was born. K. M. BURIVETT, retired ; residence corner Third and Locust ; is a native of Onondaga Co., New York, and was born July 11, 1821 ; he lived there until he came to Iowa, and located in Muscatine in 1852 and engaged in the book and stationery business ; he continued in the same business in the same location for a quarter of a century ; it is the oldest book and stationery house without change in the State. He was twice elected to the State Legislature and served in the sessions of 1866 and 1868 ; was appointed Regent of the State University and held that position four years ; has been a stockholder and Director in the Merchants' Exchange Bank since its organiza- tion. He has been an active and earnest member of the Baptist Church for many years. On account of the loss of his eyesight, he has given up his business to his son. He married Miss Prances Edwards, of Onondaga Co., N. Y., in 1849 ; she died May 16, 1864; they had four children, only one of whom survives — Lewis. JOHX BYRNE, of the firm of Byrne & Murphy, grocers, Second street; Mr. Byrne was born in County Wicklow, Ireland, in 1836 ; came to Muscatine Co. in 1849. He married Miss B. Paley, of this county ; they have five children. ^Mr. Byrne and wife are members of the Catholic Church ; politically, he acts with the Democratic party. He is President of the Muscatine Mutual Aid Society ; was Alderman of the Second Ward, and as such exhibited marked executive ability, and performed the duties of that office in an able and efficient manner ; Mr. Byrne is highly regarded by his fellow- citizens, and is deservedly very popular. The firm of Byrne & Murphy have been established in business a number of years, and have secured the confidence and patron- age of the public generally. CORNEIilUS CADIiE, retired; is a native of New York City; born March 11, 1809 ; he spent one year in learning the cabinet trade ; lived there until 30 years of age; came to Iowa in August, 1843, and settled in Muscatine; he built the first steam saw-mill ever built here, and has been engaged in the saw-milling and lumber business until within the past few years ; since then, ho has retired from active business. He has held office of City Alderman, and is now holding the office of (^'ounty Super- visor ; he was Deputy County Treasurer for three years. He married Miss Abigail Larrabee, of Massachusetts, in 1835; she died in 1847, leaving four children — CorneUus, Jr., Edward, William and Charles; he married Ruth Lamphrey, a native of Maine, but brouglit up in Boston, in 1849; they have two children— Henry and Abbie. 'Mr. MUSCATINE. 597 Cadle had three sons in the army— Cornelius, Jr., was Adjutant General of the 17th Army Corps under Gens. McPherson, Blair and Ransom; William was in the 2d I V L. and held commission of Captain, and Charles was also in the 2d I. V. C ■ Cornelius IS m Alabama, Edward in California, William in Chicago, Charles in Victor, Iowa and Henry in Princeton, Mo. „ RICHARD CADIiE, of the firm of Cadlc, Mulford & Co., manufacturers ot sash, doors and blinds. Front street, Muscatine ; was born in the city of New York Feb. 20, 1819, where he learned the carpenter's trade; he emigrated to the West, and spent one year in Illinois; came to Iowa, and located in Muscatine in October, 1843, and engaged with his brother in the saw-mill business, and afterward worked at his trade ; in 1847, he was elected Clerk of the District Court, and held that office two years, then again engaged in the building business; he was appointed Postmaster, and held that office during President Fillmore's administration, then associated with J. S Patten for two years, in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds ; was again elected Clerk of the Courts, and served as Clerk and Deputy Clerk until October, 1861, when he left the Court without a Clerk, and enlisted in Co. H, 11th Reg. I. V. I.; he acted as Quartermaster at the headquarters of Gen. Grant, during the siege of Vicksburg ; he was in the service three years, and served as Quartermaster with rank of First Lieu- tenant; after the war, was Chief Clerk of Transportation in the Quartermaster's depart- ment, at Louisville; returned to Muscatine, and engaged in manufacturing sash, doors and blinds; he held the office of City Clerk six years; also. Township Clerk for six years, and has held the position of Secretary and Treasurer and Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows. He married Miss S. A. Magoon, a native of Lancaster, Ohio, Oct. 5, 1847 ; they have had three children— two still living— George H. and Eva. JERCilLEAIl H. CARL, confectioner and retail dealer in tobacco and <3igars, Mulberry street, Muscatine. Mr. Carl was born in Perry Co., Penn., in the year 1840; in 1858, he came to Washington Co., Iowa, where he remained until the break- ing-out of the war, when he enlisted in Co. C, 8th I. V. I.; was enrolled on the 11th of August, 1861; veteraned Jan. 1, 1864, and honorably discharged April 20, 1866. He participated in every battle, siege and skirmish his command was engaged in ; the principal battles were 8hiloh, Vicksburg and Spanish Fort; he was captured at Shiloh, and detained as a prisoner of war two months. In 1867, he married Miss Lydia E. Long, of Washington Co., Iowa, Nov. 28, 1867; she was born Deo. 10, 1846; a native of that county ; her parents among the first settlers ; they have four children — Edith Evelyn, born March 24, 1869; Hilda Maude, Jan. 27, 1871; Clara Alice, July 23, 1873 ; Mary Ida, March 22, 1875. Mr. Carl is a member of the Masonic fraternity ; Republican. He has been engaged in business here since Feb. 10, 1867. J. CARSKADDAIV, attorney and counselor at law; was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., Nov. 6, 1829; the most of his boyhood was spent in Oneida Co., where he attended school ; then entered Hamilton College, and graduated from that institution in the Class of '51 ; after graduating he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in New York in the spring of 1853 ; he came to Iowa the same year, and located in Mus- catine; about the 1st of January, 1854, he associated with T. M. Williams, and pub- •lished the Democratic Inquirer for two years; then associated with E. H. Thayer, now of the Clinton Ape, and engaged in the law and land agency business, and since then he has mostly been engaged in the practice of law; in 1857, he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for this county, and held the office until it was changed to that of District Attorney; he was elected Probate Judge in 1861, and held that office until 1864; was associated with Judge Riohman, in the practice of law, from December, 1863, until the latter went on the bench in 1878. He married Miss A. M. Brown, a native of Mad- ison Co., N. Y., in 1854. AliEXABfDER CLARK, retired (more popularly known as the colored orator of the West) ; is a native of Washington Co., Penn., and was born Feb. 25, 1826 ; he received but a limited education in the common schools of his native village ; but he was a bright, intelligent lad, and seemed to learn by intuition. At the age of 13, he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he learned the barbering business with his 598 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: uncle, who also sent him to school for about a year, where he made considerable pro- ficiency in grammar, arithmetic, geography and natural philosophy. In May, 1842, he came to Iowa and located in Muscatine, which has since been his home ; he con- ducted a barber shop until 1868, when his health compelled him to seek a more active business ; having by industry and economy accumulated some capital, he invested in real estate ; bought some timber land ; obtained contracts for the furnishing of wood to steamboats ; did some speculating which proved successful, and the result is the accu- mulation of a competence on which he lives in ease and retirement. In 1851, he be- came a member of the Masonic Order by joining Prince Hall Lodge, No. 1, of St. Louis ; in 1868, he was Arched, Knighted, and elected Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge; H. McGee Alexander, then Grand Master, died April 20,1868, and Mr. Clark became Grand Master in his stead, and fulfilled his unexpired term ; the jurisdiction then extended over Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi ; he organized all the subordinate Lodges m the last three States and assisted in organiz- ing their Grand Lodges ; at the next annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of Missouri, he was elected Grand Treasurer, and appointed a delegate to the Most Worshipful National Grand Compact of Masons (colored) for the United States, held at Wilming- ton, Del., Oct. 9, 1869 ; in June, 1869, he was again elected Grand Master, and held that office for three years; in 1872, he was elected Grand Secretary, and, ii» 1873, was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Correspondence; in 1874, he was again elected to the position of Grand Master, and annually re-elected to the same position, his jurisdiction extending over the States of Missouri, Iowa, Min- nesota and Colorado, embracing 87 Lodges and 2,700 members ; he is said to be one of the most accomplished ritualists, and among the most able and successful executive officers that the Order, in any branch of it, has ever possessed. In 1863, he enlisted in the 1st I. (colored) V. I., and was appointed Sergeant-Major, but was refused on account of physical disability. In 1869, he was appointed by the Colored State Con- vention of Iowa a delegate to the Colored National Convention, which met at Washing- ton, D. C. ; he was also a member of the Committee from the same Convention to wait upon President Grant and Vice President Colfax to tender them the congratulations of the colored people of the United States upon their election ; in 1869, he was a member and Vice President of the Iowa -Republican State Convention; in the following year, he was also a delegate to the State Convention and a member of the Committee on Resolutions ; he has stumped the State of Iowa as well as most of the Southern States at every election held since the rebellion, and is recognized as a very eloquent and powerful speaker ; in 1872, he was appointed by the Republican State Convention of Iowa a delegate at large to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia, and, in 1873, was appointed by President Grant Consul to Aux Cayes, Hayti, but refused the position owing to the meagerness of the salary ; in 1876, he was appointed by a colored convention of Iowa delegate to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, for the pur- pose of preparing useful statistics for the colored race ; and later the same year, lie was appointed alternate delegate by the Iowa State Republican Convention to the National Republican Convention, held at Cincinnati. Mr. Clark became a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1850 ; continues in fellowship, and is Superintendent of the Sabbath school of that Church in Muscatine ; he is also Trustee, Steward, and the largest contributor to the support of the Church. On the 9th of October, 1848, at Iowa City, he married Miss Catharine Griffin ; they have had five children, two of whom, John and Ellen, died in infancy ; the survivors, Rebecca J., Susan V. and Alexander (}., all inherit their father's intellectual endowments ; all graduates of the High School of Muscatine ; Alexander is studying law ; Rebecca is the wife of G. W. Appleton, of Muscatine ; Susan is the wife of Rev. Richard HoUey, a minister in the Airican Methodist Episcopal Church. WAVID C CIjOIT I), attorney and counselor. at law, Museatine ; is a native of Champaign, Ohio; born Jan. 22, 1817; he is the fourth child of a family of Ibur- teen children, ten still living; David C. lived on his father's farm until 16 years of ace, when he was apprenticed to learn the bookbinder's trade ; after six months he gave it MUSCATINE. 599- up, and was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, where he served the regular time ; shortly after this, in 1839, he removed to Muscatine, Iowa, where he has since resided y after working at his trade for two years, he decided to study law, and all of his energies were directed toward this result ; he procured the necessary books and pursued his studies for five years, while working at his trade, when, after a strict examination, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, and en2;aged in the practice of his profession ; during 1851 and 1852. he held the position of Prosecuting Attorney for Muscatine Co., and was afterward elected the first Attorney General of the State of Iowa, on the Demo- cratic ticket ; he held this office for four years ; he was elected to the State Legislature and served during the winter of 1856-57 ; since then, he has devoted himself exclu- sively to his profession and to literature ; he is the author of the law on the Iowa statute books, which makes railroad corporations liable for all deaths caused or dam- age done by them in the prosecution of their business, and he has, during his career a& as a lawyer, tried over two hundred cases against railroads, and has recovered more damages against railroad corporations than perhaps any attorney in the Northwest. la politics, he was raised a Democrat ; he was a member of the convention that nominated Lincoln to the Presidency, and during the war he was a stanch supporter of the Gov- ernment ; during the progress ot the war, he wrote a book, entitled " The War Powers of the President," taking strong ground in favor of the administrg,tion ; in 1874, he pub- lished his work entitled, " Monopolies and the People," which had a circulation of over ten thousand copies, and it received high commendation from the press throughout the country. In 1839, he married Miss Annetta Dibble, of Columbus, Ohio, who died in 1846 ; in 1848, he married Mrs. Miranda H. Morrow, widow of the late Dr. James G. Morrow, of Muscatine, and daughter of William K. Olds, Esq., of Bennington, Vt., by whom he has two children — a son and a daughter; his son, George W., is associated with him in the practice of law ; the daughter, Annie, is unmarried. DR. S. M. COBB, physician and surgeon ; is a native of Maine, and was born Feb. 4, 1819; he was brought up in York Co., and received his education there, then studied medicine and graduated from the Medical School of Maine, at Bowdoin College, in the spring of 1852, and engaged in the practice of medicine. He married Miss Mary G. Bradbury, a native of Maine, in July, 1845; she died in December, 1851 ; he married Miss H. S. Mitchell, a native of York Co., Me., in December, 1852. In June, 1856, he came to Iowa and located at Osage, Mitchell Co.; after practicing med- icine there four yea^s, he came to Muscatine in 1860, and since then has practiced his- prol'ession here ; in September, 1862, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the 35th Regt. I. V. I.; the following year, he was commissioned Surgeon ; remained with the regiment until the close of the war, and was mustered out Aug. 10, 1865 ; he holds the office of Pension Examining Surgeon. He has four children — Ella T., Cassius M., Dana W. and Lucilla M.; lost one son in infancy, Alden R. J. E. COE, of the firm of Demorest & Coe, booksellers and stationers, Musca- tine, was born in Knox Co., 111., Nov. 24, 1840; he lived there until 16 years of age; came to Muscatine in 1856; upon the breaking-out of the war, in 1861, he enlisted in Co. H, 11th Regiment I. V. I.; he was in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, and in all the battles of the regiment ; he was taken prisoner at the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864; was a prisoner five months in Anderson viile, Florence and Charleston, and was then exchanged; after the wai^he returned home and associated with Mr. Demorest, his brother in-law, in the book ancfstationery business. He married Miss Ella Mason, a native of Pennsylvania, Sept. 5, 1865; they have two childern— Jessie and Lida. E. U. COOK, attorney at law and loan agent ; was born at Spiceland, Henry Co., Ind., June 22, 1845 ; was educated at Spiceland Academy; in 1866, began teach- ing at Plainfield, Ind., as Principal of the public schools ; in 1868, he was engaged as Governor at the Indiana State Reform School, which position he occupied one year, during which time a considerable portion of the work was hunting up escaped convicts, a number of whom had escaped soon after they had been brought to the institution ; at the end of the year, all of them had been found and returned, with the exception of one • ho resigned at the Reform School, and returned to Spiceland Academy, in which •600 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Tie graduated. In June, 1870, on his 25tli birthday, he married Miss Elvira Charles, of Milton, Wayne Co., Ind.; in September of the same year, they removed to Spring- ^lale. Cedar Co., Iowa, where he engaged as Principal of Springdale Seminary, which position he filled for five year.i, at the end of which time he resigned, to enter the law department of Iowa State University, from which he graduated on his _31st birthday, June, 1876 ; he then began the practice of law in Newton, Jasper Co., Iowa ; but in a few months, removed to Muscatine, and has since been engaged in the practice of law, loan and real estate business. He has made a complete set of abstract-books of all the land-titles of Muscatine Co. ; this required the labor of two persons two and a half years. Mr. Cook and wife are members of the society of Friends. They have two children — Charles Dale and Jessie Florence. R. H. COOK, proprietor of Park House livery stable, also, general collecting, loan and real estate agent; was born in Henry Co., Ind., in 1840. Married Miss , Martha Nixon, of Washington Co., Ind.; they have two children — Luella and Carrie; they removed to Cedar Co., Iowa, in 1873; thence to this city in 1876. Mr. C. is a stanch Republican. In religious matters, liberal ; is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. G. W. CORIEljIi, contractor in brick and stone work, Muscatine, Iowa; was born in Ohio; came to Muscatine in 1850. Married Miss Mary N. Clough, of this county; they have one child — Mary; members of the Baptist Church; he is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. Mr. C. acts with the National party ; residence is on the corner of Ninth and Mulberry streets. JOHN OAIBJBR, boot and shoe manufacturer. Second street, Muscatine; was born in the Kingdom of Wurtemberg, in 1835 ; emigrated to St. Louis in 1853; came to Muscatine in 1854; served in Co. C, 14th I. V I.; was honorably discharged at the close of the war. He married Miss B. Fitzgerald ; they have six children — John, James, Julia, Mary, Nora and Bridget. Mr. Daiber is a member of the Masonic fraternity : is a Democrat; was Alderman of the Second Ward from 1872 until 1874. A. DAVIDSON, of the firm of A. Davidson & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in boots and shoes, Muscatine ; was born in Adams Co., Ohio, Oct. 6, 1812; he was brought up there until 16 years of age, and commenced learning the trade of tan- ner and currier; in 1831, he went to Cincinnati, where he finished learning his trade; after living in Highland and Adams Counties, he settled in Portsmouth, Ohio, and engaged in the tanning business; he continued in the business, doing an extensive trade, until 1862, when became to Iowa and located in Muscatine, April 4, 1862, and engaged in dealing in boots and shoes and hides and leather ; he has continued in the business since then, and has built up a large wholesale and retail trade, and employing two and three men on the road most of the time ; it is the only wholesale boot and shoe house in Muscatine, and their trade extends through Iowa and in Missouri, Kansas and Illi- nois ; his son Joseph T. is associated with him and has the financial management of the business; W. M. Roach, his son-in-law, is also interested in the business. Mr. David- son is a local preacher in the M. E. Church, he was licensed to preach in Ohio in 1859, and was ordained in 1864, and has been connected officially with the Church since 1833. He has been married three times ; his first wife was a daughter of Rev. John Meek, of Adams Co.; his second wife was a daughter of Jacob Cox, of Adams Co.; his present wife is a daughter of William Chennoweth, of the Scioto Valley, Ross Co., Ohio; he has six children — three sons, Leroy P., Jacob M., ajj^ Joseph T., and three daughters, Sallie M., Margaret A. and Ella R; his oldest son, Leroy P., was in the army four years, in the 33d Regiment 0. I., and was in twenty-four battles and was color-bearer in fourteen battles; his son, Joseph T., who is associated with him in business, married Miss J. D. Ament, daughter of Hon. J. P. Ament, in 1873; they have one son — Fred. IRA DEAN, manufacturer of boots and shoes. Second street; Mr. Dean was born in Orange, Essex Co., N. J., June 17, 1826. Jan. 8, 1849, he married Miss Phoebe Ann Swann, a native of Chatham, N. J. During the war of the rebellion, Mr. Dean served as Wagonraaster at Camp Nelson, Ky. He removed to Muscatine from Ohio in 1873, and has since been a resident. Himself and wife are members of MUSCATINE. 601 the M. E. Church. They have had four children, two of whom are living— Sarah (now Mrs. E. Dawson, of Muscatine), and Byroa B.; Byron B. is married, and is Train-Dis- patcher at Newark, Ohio. Mr. Dean, politically, was originally a Whig ; on the organ- ization of the Eepublican party, he adopted the principles of that party, and still gives them his support. A. F. DEMO REST, of the firm of Demorest & Coe, booksellers and stationers and dealers in pianos and organs; was born in Orange Co., N. Y., Oct. 20, 1826 ; he lived there until 25 years of age ; then removed to Tompkins Co., near Ithaca, 'and lived three years ; he started West overland and came to Iowa, and was five weeks and one day on the road, and reached Muscatine Nov. 2, 1855, without a cent ; he engaged as clerk in the employ of R. M. Burnett and remained with him three years ; he then associated with A. Palmer, now of Dubuque ; they engaged in the book and stationery business and- continued until the breaking-out of the war, when Mr. Palmer enlisted and was commissioned Captain of the 16th I. V. I.; Mr. Demorest carried on the business until near the close of the war, when he bought out his partner's interest, and, in August, 1864, ho associated with him his brother-in-law, J. E. Coe ; since then, they have carried on the business and are doing quite an extensive trade. He has held oflace of City Treasurer for two years, also the office of Chairman of the Board of County Supervisors for four years. He is a member of the M. E. Church and is one of the' Trustees. He married Miss Harriet S. C. Coe, of Illinois, in 1861 ; they have seven children and have lost one. GEORGrE B. DENISOX, banker, corner Second street and Iowa avenue, of the firm of Garrettson & Co., bankers ; is a native of the town of Floyd, Oneida Co., N. Y., and was born Feb. 13, 1819 ; he was brought up on a farm and received his education there ; after reaching manhood, he engaged in teaching winters and going to school during the summer — preparing himself for teaching ; he came to Iowa in May, 1851, and engaged in teaching and had charge of the schools here for four yeais; for ten years, he was engaged in the educational interests of the public school system ; he held the County Superintendent of Schools for three and a half years ; Mr. Denison has given a great deal of study to educational interests and has done much to advance the standard of education ; his first vote was oast and the first dollar of tax he ever paid was for building a school-house where he used to go to school ; for the past three years, he has been engaged in banking and is one of the firm of Garrettson & Co. He Married Miss Margaret M. Lyon, a native of New York State; she was a graduate of the State Normal School at Albany, New York ; she taught school after coming here for fouryears; they have one daughter — Edna. CrEORCrE W. DIIiLiAWAY, importer and wholesale dealer in crockery and glassware. No. 175 Second street; one of the most enterprising merchants and the present Mayor of Muscatine is George W. Dillaway ; he is a native of Boston, Mass., where both his father and grandfather were born ; the latter was a soldier in the Rev- olutionary war and was in the battle of Bunker Hill; George W. was born Oct. 16, 1828, and, when a ycuth, served a full apprenticeship as ship-carver ; his father was a ship-owner, and George made a voyage to Russia in one of his father's vessels ; he engaged in mercantile business early in life in his native city and was successful, but, being in poor health, was advised to come West, and, in 1857, he came to Iowa, located in Muscatine and engaged in the crockery and queensware business ; he has built up a large and extensive wholesale and retail trade, extending through Iowa, Missouri and part of Illinois ; his store on Second street is one of the largest and finest in the State ; his business requires four floors, all packed full of goods ; the first floor is devoted to the retail trade and is a model of good taste in its arrangement ; the other three floors are devoted to his wholesale trade ; through his energy and enterprise to a great extent the city secured its splendid system of water works three years ago ; he was chosen President of the Water- Works Company for some time, but resigned his position. He has held office of City Alderman ; received the nomination and was elected Mayor of the city in March, 1879. He married Miss Lucretia C. Hunting, a native of Boston, in 1852 ; they have two children — one daughter, Lucretia, and one son, William. 602 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: WM. Dlljli, retired; Muscatine; is a native of Orange Co., N. Y., and he was- brought up and lived there until he came to Iowa and located in May, 1854. He wa» engaged in buying and selling land. After the war broke out, he recruited Company J), 35th Kegt. Iowa Inf., and was commissioned Captain ; he was in the siege of Vicks- burg and in the Red River campaign and in the battle of Nashville and at the capture of Spanish Fort. He was wounded at Old River Lake and was promoted and commis- sioned Major ; was in the service for three years, and was mustered out Aug. 10, 1865. He has held the office of City Marshal and City Collector. Maj. Dill married Misa Mary A. Mapes, from Orange Co., N. Y., Dec. 15, 1841. She died May 1, 1874 ; they had six children, three of whom survive — -Jesse M., Mary L. and Bowman V. He mar- ried Miss Emma Prosser, a native of England, Sept. 1, 1875. JA3LES M. DORAX, attorney at law and Justice of the Peace, Muscatine, was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Dec. 18, 1849 ; when 4 years ot age, his parents came to Iowa and settled in this county in 1 853 ; he was brought up and received his education in this county; he studied law and was admitted to the bar Aug. 31, 1876, and since has prasticed his profession here. He was elected Justice of the Peace in the fall of 1878, and is also Deputy Collector of Taxes. He married Miss Mary 0. Clark, a native of Ohio, in October. 1875 ; they have two children. PATRICK DORAIV, farmer; P. 0. Muscatine ; was born in Allegheny Co., Penn., Aug. 10, 1823 ; he was brought up there and married Miss Mary A. Doran March 1, 1848; they came to Iowa and settled in Muscatine Co. in 1852; after com- ing here, he directed Judge Washburn to enter forty acres of land for him, but the Judge entered 160 acres for him. Mr. Doran at first blamed the Judge very much for exceeding his directions, but he has thanked him many times since, for he has been oiFered $40 an acre for it and refused it. He and his wife own 1^40 acres of land ; he has been engaged in farming for many years until 1877, when he removed to Musca- tine. They have ten children, five sons and five daughters. W. A. DRURV, grocer. Second street; was born in Wayne Co., Ind., in the year 1816; in 1820, his parents removed to Morgan Co., thence to M'ercer Co., 111., in 1834, and from the latter county they removed to Rook Island Co., 111., in which coun- ty W. A. Drury married Miss A. Comstock, a native of Vermilion Co., Ind., born in 1827 ; they have one son — Ross Drury, who married Miss C. Russel, of Chicago, 111. ; they reside in this city (Muscatine). W. A. Drury has been a resident of Muscatine since 1845 ; engaged in his present occupation in 1854 ; previous to that was engaged in the real estate business. Politically Mr. Drury acts with the Democratic party ; he has filled various local oflSces of trust in this city ; his reputation as a business man stands high; and fair dealing and strict integrity have characterized all his intercourse with his fellow-citizens; his grocery store on Second street is as large as any in the city. •FOHIV JEADE, veterinary surgeon, Muscatine, Iowa ; Mr. Eade is a native of Cornwall, England ; was born in the year 1847 ; in 1S50, his parents emigrated to trrant Co., Wis. During the war of the robeUion, he served in Co. G, 57th Regt. 111. V. I. ; was enrolled at Dixon, 111. ; mustered out at Chicago at the close of the war; oatiie to Muscatine in December, 1875. He married Miss Ella Harrison, of this city, (Muscatine), in 1876; they have one child — Mary Louisa, Mr. Eade gives special atti'Otion to the treatment of horses ; he successfully treats all diseases which the horse is subject to, and guarantees satisfaction in all cases. MRS.' MARY EIOElVMANSf, proprietor of Muscatine Brewery, corner of Seventh and Mulberry streits, Muscatine, Iowa. Mrs. Mary Eigenmann, nee Kerch- afor, is a native of Switzerhind, was born in 1835 ; emigrated to this country in 1862 ; haw been twice married ; first husband was Peter Brawand, who died in this county, was a native of Switzerland. Second husband, Joseph Kigonmann, was also born in Swit- zerland, died in this city in 1872. Mrs. Eigenraann's children are Mary, Peter and Henry. Mrs. Eigcnrannn is an estimable lady, is vory social, abounding in hospiUiHty, and is a thorough busintjss uianngcr. FRANK KITMANN, deakn- in groceries, provisions, queenswaro, etc., South Muscatine ; native of Hanover, Germany, born in 1835 ; emigrated to St. Louis, Mo., MUSCATINE. 603 in 1850 ; thence to New Orleans, in 1853 ; thence, in 1855, to Muscatine; he engaged in business in 1857. He married, in Muscatine, Miss Eva Lolbear ; they have six chil- dren—Joseph, Frank, Greorge, Leonora, Mary, Frederick. Mr. Eitman and wife are members of the Protestant Church. He is a member of the A. 0. U. W. and Mechan- ics' Aid Society. Republican. Mr. Eitman is a man of great industry and good judg- ment; these qualities have made him successful in business. B. H. EVERSHEYER, insurance agent, Muscatine; was born in Ger- many April 19, 1825 ; he was brought up there and came to America in 1852 ; lived in St. Louis three years, and came to Muscatine in 1855, and engaged in teaming; he has been engaged in the insurance business for the past ten years. He has held the office of Street Commissioner for two terms. He married Miss Magdalena Kuechman, from Germany, in 1855 ; they have six children— Mollie, Louise, John H., Henry, William and Benjamin E JAMES FITZGrERAJLD, wholesale dealer in imported and domestic wines, gin, brandies, Kentucky bourbon and rye whiskies, Iowa avenue, between Front and Second streets. Mr. Fitzgerald is a native of Ireland; born in 1838; emigrated to this country in 1864; came to Muscatine in 1867. Married, in Chicago, III., in 1869, Miss N. Kennefick ; they have four children living — ^ Nellie, John, James and Eddie ; lost three — Willie, Nora and George. Mr. Fitzgerald acts with the Democratic party. He is an enterprising citizen, an energetic business man, and is liberal in all public enterprises that give promise of general good. Members of the St. Mathias ■Catholic Church. T. R. FITZ()rERALiD, attorney at law, of the firm of Hanna, Fitzgerald &, Hughes, Muscatine; was born in St. Joseph, Mich., March 5, 1843; when 10 years of age, he went to the city of New York, where he remained four years a,nd attended school; he came to Iowa in 1871, and studied law with Senator Hanna, and was admitted to the bar in 1873; since then he has practiced his profession here; he has held the office of City Alderman, and was elected Mayor of the city in 1877. He married Miss Esther Hanna, daughter of Hon. Thomas Hanna, May 20, 1868 ; they have three children — Belle, Hiram and Fanny. WIIiJLIAM H. FRAXKLIN, proprietor of general repair and blacksmith- shop; was born near Wilton, this county, in 1854; he engaged in blacksmithing in 1871 ; became proprietor of shop in 1876 ; his father, William W. Franklin, is a native of North Carolina ; he came to Muscatine Co. with his parents, in 1836. He married Miss Mary S. Hafi'enister in this county ; they are still residents of the county. Mr. Franklin is an experienced mechanic, and to all who require anything in his line we ■can especially recommend them to give him a call. HEIVRY EULiIiER, brick -making and pottery business ; was born in Prus- sia, Germany, Nov. 1, 1829; he was brought up and lived there until 20 years of age ; he emigrated to America in 1850, and lived in St. Louis, Mo., where he learned the brick-making business ; became to Iowa, and located in Muscatine in 1854, and engaged in making brick, and has continued it ever since ; is the oldest brick manufacturer in this city or county ; his brickyard has a capacity for making from 2,000,000 to 3,000,- 000 yearly. He manufactures pottery-ware of a very superior quality ; it compares Vjery favorably with the Ohio ware, and comes in competition with it, dnd has been sold for Ohio ware to the trade. When Mr. Fuller began life, he had nothing, and has made all he has by his own effi)rts. He married Miss Elizabeth Berky, from Prussia, Ger- many, in 1853 ; they have six children — Joseph, Henry, Barney, Anton, Mary and cents per day; when 14 years of age he began learning the boot and shoe trade; after completing his trade, he removed to Ohio, and, in 1836, he engaged in business in Marietta and continued until 1854, when he came to Iowa and located in Muscatine, and engaged in the boot and shoe trade ; after continuing in the trade over twenty-one years, he retired from active business, his son Theodore succeeding him. ]\Ir. Stewart has served in the City Council in Marietta, Ohio, and after coming to Muscatine was elected to the Board ol' Supervisoi-s of the county, where he served for eight years, and was Chairman of the Board during the last three years ; he was one of the original organiztrs of the Merchants' Exchange National Bank of Muscatine, and has been one of the Board of Directors since it was organized ; he is a prominent member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has'' filled all the chairs and positions of the Order. On the 15th of November, 1838, he married Miss Cynthia Monsou at Mar- ietta, Ohio ; their children are William, Purchasing Agent "of the St. Paul & Mil- waukee Railroad; Sylvester N., living in Philadelphia, Penn.; Marcus, oni;ii!;ed in the boot and shoe business in Tipton, Iowa; Theodore S., who succeeds his father in the boot and shoe business in this city; Edward C, oui:ugo.d in boot and shoe business at MUSCATINE. 621 Creston, Iowa ;, Rita, the only daughter, married Mr. E. H. Betts, publisher of the Ih-ibiine. JOHN STOCKDAIiE, of the firm of Stockdale & Grady, proprietors of wagon, general repair and horse-shoeing shop ; Mr. Stockdale is a native of Yorkshire, England, born in June, 1828 ; when he was 6 years of age, his parents emigrated to Syracuse, N. Y. ; when in his .16th year, Mr. Stockdale learned the blacksmith trade in Oswego, N. Y., and has since been engaged in it; he came to Muscatine in March, 1859. Mr. S. has been married twice — married first wife, Precilla Goodman, in Oswego, N. Y. ; married present wife, Maria Curran, in this county ; have four children — Mary C, James F.,Hattie C, Nannie. Mr. Stockdale is Republican in politics. Mr. Stockdale is the owner of the brick shop where he does business, which is one of as large and commodious of any in the city ; he is one of those active go-ahead men who are sure to succeed in whatever enterprise they undertake. T. J. THOMPSON, proprietor of livery-stable and farmer; Mr. Thompson was born in Pittsburgh, Penn., Jan. 25, 1828 ; when he was 1 year old, his parents removed to Ohio. In 1850, he married Miss Jane C. Black, of Portage Co., Ohio ; in 1852, they removed to Clinton Co., Iowa., thence to Monmouth, Jackson Co., in 1858, where they remained until 1862, when they came to Bloomington Tp., Muscatine Co. ; remained in Bloomington Tp. until February, 1878, when they removed to Bluscatine ; they have four children — i\Iary E., George A., Sarah and James Albert. Mr. Thomp- son and wife are members of the Baptist Church ; he is National in politics. Owns 320 acres of land — 160 in Bloomington Tp., Muscatine Co., 80 in Marshall Co., 80 in Sac Co. His oldest daughter, Mary, married James W. Bickford ; they reside in Clarke Co., Iowa. Sarah, the second child, married Marshall Kyle ; they reside in Keokuk Co., Iowa. J. W. VA.J1NEK, proprietor of the Commercial Hotel ; is a native of Green- brier Co., near the White Sulphur Springs, Va. ; when only 2 years of age, his par- eats removed to Stanton, Va., where they lived until he was 10 years of age ; then removed to Portsmouth, Ohio, where he was brought up ; he and his brother were engaged in contracting when the war broke out. His brother, afterward Col. Samp- son E. Varner in October, 1861, was commissioned Major of the 56th Regiment Ohio V. I. ; he was promoted and served with distinction during the war ; he died in Ports- mouth, Ohio, in June, 1877. John W. was engaged in steamboating for seventeen years ; the last boat that he commanded was the " Navigator ; " he afterward engaged in the hotel business at Savanna, 111. ; was proprietor of the Griggs House ; he came to Muscatine and became proprietor of the Commercial House April 27, 1876. He mar- ried Miss Caroline L. Noel, a native of Portsmouth, Ohio ; they have three children — Emma (now Mrs. Van Patten of this city), Caddie and AUie, both at home. JOSIAH P. WAIiTON, architect and builder, residence No. 39 East Eighth St. ; is a native of New Ipswich, Hillsboro Co., N. H., and was born Feb. 26, 1826 ; when 12 years of age, his parents emigrated to Iowa and settled in Muscatine Co. : the family arrived here in June, 1838 ; he was brought up on a farm ; at the age of 22 years, he came to Muscatine and learned the carpenter's trade ; in the fall of 1849, he began business for himself as architect and builder ; the high-school buildings of Muscatine and Wilton, the Episcopal Church, the large mansion of B. Hershey, Esq., besides many others in Muscatine were built by him from plans of his own devising ; he has taken meteorological observations for the Smithsonian Institution and the War Depart- ment for the past fifteen years, and has now in his possession the oldest continuous records of this kind in the State of Iowa, commencing in 1839. He was one of the Trustees of the Library Association of Muscatine for several years, and one of the organizers of the Scientific Club. In 1864, he was appointed by Gov. Kirk wood to receive the vote of the 37th I. V. I. for President and State ofiBcers. Mr. Walton was one of the twelve men who signed the call for the first Republican Convention of the State of Iowa. He married June 2, 1857, Miss Mary E. Barrows, of Oneida Co., N. Y., a graduate of the Liberal Institute of Clinton, N. Y. ; they have three daughters — Alice B., Lilly P., Mary 0. ; the two eldest are graduates of the city High School, and 622 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: have given njuch attention to the study of Entomology, Botany and Natural History ; they have accumulated one of the finest collections of entomological specimens in the West, and are enthusiasts in this department of science ; Miss Alice B., the eldest daughter, is the author of the chapter on Entomology in this volume, and her father, author of the chapter on the climate. A. O. WARFIEIiD, ticket and freight agent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Eailroad, Muscatine ; one of the oldest settlers of Muscatine, and the veteran freight and ticket agent on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad is Maj. A. 0. Warfield ; he was born in Freierick Co., now Carroll Co., Md., and was brought up there until he reached manhood ; in company with David R. and Charles A. Warfield, he came to Iowa, and arrived in Burlington in November, 1837 ; on account of the ice in the river, he and David, with their guns on their shoulders, started on foot for Bloomington, now the city of Muscatine ; when only four miles from Burlington, they stopped at night at a log cabin, and had pickled pork, corn pledger, and tea sweetened with wild honey for supper and breakfast, and were very glad to get that; in the morning they bought a horse, saddle and bridle, and paid $110 for it ; then one of them would ride for a while and then tie the horse and walk on ahead, and when the one following came up to the horse he would ride on some distance in advance of the other, tie the horse and walk on again ; in this way they continued, stopping at cabins nights, and in three and one-half days reached Bloomington ; they began looking for a mill-site in the following August, 1838; he settled here perma- nently, and he and David R. Warfield built a mill on Mad Creek ; he afterward sold his interest in the mill to David and engaged in mercantile business for several years ; in November, 1855, he was appointed freight and ticket agent of the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad ; he began selling tickets in the old Ogilvie House (keeping his tickets in a small tin box) before any depot was built; he has held this position about twenty-four years, a greater length of time continuously than any other agent on the line of this road. WESLEY W. WEBSTER, of the firm of Webster & Williams, import- ers and dealers in Scotch, English and Irish granite, and manufacturers of marble. Sec- ond street, corner of Cedar; was born near Chester, Meigs Co., Ohio, Sept. 9, 1835; son of Isaac A. and Lydia Webster ; his father removed to Ohio in 1810, and was among the pioneers of the West ; Wesley received what was then a good common- school education, and afterward attended an academy, where he completed his educa- tion ; in the autumn of 1859, he removed to Muscatine, where he spent two years in learning the marble and granite monument business, in August, 1862, he enlisted in the 126th Regt. 111. V. I.; h? was at the siege of Vicksburg and at the capture of Lit- tle Rook ; after being in the service two years, on account of ill health, he was obliged to return home. In the summer of 1865, he returned to Muscatine and bought out the establishment with which he had been connected, and since then he has given his entire^ energies and personal attention to the marble and granite trade, giving special attention to monumental work, and has built up an extensive business throughout the West ; he is prominently identified with the interests of the city and county ; has served as President of the Citizens' Association, as member of the Board of Directors and of the Executive Committee of the Muscatine Water Works, and Director of the County Agricultural Society ; during^he past year, he has erected, on the corner of Second and Cedar, the finest business block in the city ; his show-room and office is a model of taste, and his display of monumental work very large and tasteful. On the 25th of May, 1865, he married Miss Eliza Jane Galbraith, a native of Pennsylvania, of Scotch ancestry, who in childhood removed to Ohio ; they have three daughters — Nola Alice, Jesse Bell and Inez. JAMES M. WIER, dealer in imported and domestic wines and liquors, also ale, beer, and best brands of cigars; Mr. W. was born in Williamson Co., Tenn., in 1842 ; was educated .at Oberlin College, Oberlin. Ohio; in 1865, he wont to La Payette, Ind.; in 1866, he came to Muscatine. Married Miss Annie Pickott, of this city ; they have seven children — Naroiasa, Katy, Lizzie, Annie, Joseph, James and Lorle. Mr. MUSCATINH. 623 W, is 11 l)(Mii(»;iiii,. For his gonial mannors and liberality, ho is highly regarded by hi» fellow-oiti/ons, is (hiniiivcdiy jiopular, and, as a citizen, is liill <>[' energy and enterprise ; he, is giving mucli atlrntidn to the iiii|irovement of horse; stock, and is owner of the (iiilobnitcd [lainbhilonian slailion, SiiaitoHpearo. ItOltl^ilCT WiiliSlI, imjprietor oC billianl hall; also d(!iiler in choice wines and li((iiors, and Ix^wt hniridH of cigaris ; Mr. W. was born in ireliuiil in IHH ; ciiiigmtod to Cincinnati, Ohio, with his parents in ]HM). During tiie war, ho enlisted in (Jo. II, 117th Re;,'ini.nt III. V. I.; was enrolled at Chicago, III.; served until the war was over ; was hunonihly disediai-.Ml at Springliiild, [11. In IH(;5, ho married Miss Ella Brant in I'cona, 111,; they have four children — Mary Ann, Clara, Nellic! and Robert. Mr. W. is a " VVar Democrat." lie is unassuming in manner, allable and courteous to all, and has a liii;h apt)rc)cia(ion ol' the humorous, inhorited from his native Emerald Isle; has many warm fVi(Miils. •lOIIRf VVKI^iTK, proprietor ol' wagon and bhu^ksiriith shop, South Musca- tine; was born in Germany it] ]H-M; emigrated to Indiana in 185;i ; came to Musea- lirie in IS.f)!. Maiden twmu: ol' Mr, Weltz's wife was Barbara llefflcr; they were marric^d in this city (Muscatine); have four children— Charles, Sophia, Annie and (lOiirge, Mr. Well'/, and wife are members of the LuthcTan Church; he is a Ropub- liiiiM in polities; is a member of th(! society Knighls of ll(mor. N. K. Wll ICJIIFilt, ae;eiit and dealer in real estate; was born in Dayton, Ohio, May 8, IHiiti; when I! years of age, his parents came to Iowa and located in this county, where he was Imjiiglit np ami received his education ; after reaching man- hood, ]\f) enj;aged in (he land business, and has continued in it sinec! ; ho has been a nwident of Ibis county forty yvM-». lie has hold office of Assistant II. S. Assessor for this distric^l. He married Miss Annii II. Mason, a native of Uniontown, Ponn., May 20, 1857 ; they have f)ur children — Mary E , C(!orge M., Alice B,, Frank P. Mr. Whicher's father was known as Judge Whicher, (jric of the oldest and best known niemhers of the bar. lie died Feb. Hi, 1856. C C WllVSIiOW, emocrat. Mr. Bartlett's occupation is that of faymer ; he owns m farm well improved. C S. BIRD, far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Bath Co., Va., Jan. 27, 1842; in 1844, his parents emigrated to Illinois; in 1868, Mr. B. located in Muscatine Co. In 1862, he married Miss Marietta Foster, in McHenry Co., III. ; they have two children, Julia May and Marietta. March 11, 1879, Mrs. B. was taken from her family to the land of bliss and eternal sunshine. Mr. B. is a farmer. He enlisted in the Eighth III. Cav., Co. H ; served three years. Is a Democrat. HENRY BLANCHARD, farmer and dealer in stock, Summit Ridge, Sec. 1 ; was born in Orleans Co., N. Y., Nov. 7, 1836. In 1838, his parents, Hlnens and Mary Blancbard, nee St. John, came West, and settled in Muscatine. In 1859, Mr. Blanchard married Miss Mary V. Connor, a native of Orange Co., N. Y. They have two children — Frank and Bessie. Is a Republican ; owns 160 acres of land, is extensively engaged in stock-dealing ; is one of the largest dealers in Muscatine County. S. N. CANI>EB,far., Sec. 10; was born in Hartfovd, Conn., in 1812 ; in 1836, he went to Licl^ing Co., Ohio, where he married Miss Lucy A. Star, a native of Granville, Ohio; they were married in 1837, and, two years after, removed to Muscatine Co., Iowa, where they have since resided, with the exception of a short time on a claim near Iowa City, Iowa. They have had twelve children, six still living — Frederick (who served in an Iowa regiment during the war), Helen (now Mrs. Charles Davis), Julia (now Mrs. C. Star), 626 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Frank, Horace and Lucy. In early life, Mr. C. was a Whig ; on the organization of the Bepubliean party, he joined its ranks ; has always been a firm and uncompromiaing enemy to human bondage ; Mr. Candee and wife are members of the Congregational Church. He is one of the pioneer settlers of Iowa, and, by industry and perseverance, he has made himself a comfortable home, in which he can pass his declining years in peace and plenty. REV. MOSES G. CASS, Presbyterian minister. See. 21. HERVEY CORWIN, was born in Orange Co., N. Y., May 5, 1816, where he resided till 1854, when he removed to Iowa and located in Muscatine Co.; Mr. C. received his education and learned the trade of wagon-making prior to leaving New York. He married Miss Sarah M. Prime, of Orange Co., N. Y., prior to coming West ; they have had eight children, five still living — Julia A. Loy, Alice (now Mrs. McDermont), George H., Caroliae and Ida Corwin. Members of the M. E. Church ; he was one of the first Trustees of the Island M. E. Church, which office he still holds. His present occupation is that of farm gardener. He was formerly a Whig ; at the organization of the Republican party, joined it, and has ever since coincided' with its actions and principles. W. P. CRAWFORD, farmer, Sec. 10 ; was born in Orange Co., N. Y., in 1825 ; came to Muscatine Co. in 1851. In November, 1853, he married Miss Sarah A. Terry, a native of Orange Co., N. Y. ; they have had four children, three still liv- ing — -Emily, Oliver and Nellie. Mr. Crawford and wife are members of the Presby- terian Church ; he acts with the Republican party. Has held various local offices ; at present, is the incumbent of the offices of Secretary of the School Board, member of the Board of School Directors and School Treasurer. He owns 155 acres of land, which is well improved. T. H. DRAKE, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; was born in Mt. Hope, Orange Co , N. Y., Aug. 29, 1817 ; in 1846, he emigrated to Wisconsin, and for several yeai's traveled considerably, visiting Florida and several of the Southern States ; In 1856 he came West again, and settled in Muscatine Co., where he still remains. Mr. D. married, Jan. 13, 1858, Miss Louisa Davis, daughter of Phillip Davis, of Orange Co., N. Y. ; they have three children — Frederick, Louis P. and Tbeophilus. Mrs. D. is a member of the Presbyterian Church of Muscatine. Mr. D. is a carpen- ter ; worked at that trade before coming West ; his occupation now is that of farmer ; he owns a fine farm of ninety-five acres, where he now resides, six miles southwest of the city of Muscatine. A stanch Republican ; before the organization of that party, acted with the V/hig party. OEORG^E FITZSIMMOIVS, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in County Longford, Ireland, in 1829 ; emigrated with his parents to this country in 1846, and located in what was then known as Bloomington, now Muscatine. In 1854, Mr. F. married Miss Mary Leonard, of Muscatine ; Mrs. F. was born in County Wicklow, twelve miles from Dublin, Ireland, and came to this country in 1848 ; they have seven children — Thomas J., Alfred, William J., George L., Charles Edward, Mary Jane and Clara Bell. Mr. F. and wife are members of the M. E. Church of the Island. Mr. F. has a fine farm of 300 acres, situated eight miles southwest of Musca- tine,- where he now resides. He is a very energetic farmer, and highly esteemed among his neighbors. Acts with the Republican party. C. H. GARXES, farmer, Sec. 21 ; was born in this county March 13, 1847. Married Miss Mary J. Cooley Aug. 22, 1876; have one child — Henry H. Mr. G. is a Republican. HEXRY H. OARNES (deceased) ; was born in Harrisburg, Penn., Feb. 24, 1815. Married Miss Catharine Nisly, of Dauphin Co., Penn.; they removed to this county in 1844 and settled in this township, on Sec. 21, whore she now resides ; he died Aug. 1, 1878 ; their children are C. H.; Irene now Mrs. George A. Neish; Katie N., now Mrs. Charles H. Rowland; Mary H.; Elizabeth N., born January, 1S43, died 1844; Catharine N., born January, 1845, died 18th June, 1853; Muscatine N., born November, 1849, died August, 1855. BLOOMINGTON TOWNSHIP. 627 HIBAm GILBERT, farmer, Sec. 24; Mr. Gilbert was born in Breckinridge Co., Ohio, May 27, 1817 ; in 1837, he came to Muscatine Co. Married Miss Eliza Beunifiel, of Louisa Co., Iowa; she was born in Wayne Co., Ind. ; they were married Feb. 13. 1842 ; their children are Austin V., who served in Co. A, 11th Regiment I. V. I ; married Miss Lucy A. Daly and resides in Poweshiek Co.; Esther G., now Mrs. Edwin Coates, of Keokuk Co.; Winfield S., married Amanda C. Bunford, and resides at Nichols, Muscatine Co.; Mary M., now Mrs. I. Kniifen ; Millard W., mar- ried Ella Roberts ; Martha H., married William Longstreth ; William H., married Miss J. Dallas; Nancy, Ida, Amanda E. Mr. Gilbert and wife are members ot the M. E. Church ; he is Republican in politics. Has held various local offices ; owns 294 acres of land well improved. JEREIIIAH GREINEB, farmer. Sec. 3; Mr. Greiner is a native of Dauphin Co., Penn.; born Sept. 12, 1818. Oct. 26, 1843, he married Elizabeth Hershe, a native of Lancaster Co., Penn.; born Oct. 13, 1823; in 1854, they emigrated to Muscatine, where they resided one year, then moved on the farm where they now reside; their children are Benjamin F., born Dec. 7, 1844, married Miss S. Brown William P., born Aug. 27, 1846, married Miss Bretz ; Christian, born Aug. 25, 1848 Abraham J., born Jan. 31, 1851 ; Elizabeth A., born Feb. 8, 1861 ; Anna Maria, born Feb. 18, 1866, died April 18, 1866. Mr. Greiner and wife are members of United Brethren Church ; he was a Whig, but adopted the principles of the Republican party at its organization ; he has held various local offices ; he owns a finely-improved farm of 622 acres, and is one of the enterprising men of Bloomington Township. MRS. ADELINE HOIiCOMB, nee Shener, Sec 15 ; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Hartford Co., Conn., in 1818 ; when in her 9th year, her parents removed to Portage Co., Ohio, where she married Chester R. Holcomb, also a native of Hartford Co., Conn., born in 1811 ; they removed to Muscatine Co., Iowa, in 1846 ; he resided in- Muscatine Co. until his death, July 19, 1874; he was an earnest and consistent member of the Presbyterian Church ; in the early history of Muscatine Co., he held various important offices of trust, and was ever a public-spirited citizen ; they had three children, two still living — Frank and Adeline (now Mrs. George F. Jarvis, of Bloom- ington Tp.) Mrs. Holeomb is a member of the M. E. Church, and is an estimable lady. She owns sixty-six acres of land near the city limits, and very valuable. P. W. HOWEIili, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; was born in Orange Co., N. Y., in 1811 ; emigrated, in 1858, to Muscatine Co., where he has since resided. Mr. H. married, in Orange Co., N. Y., in 1839, Miss Jane Dunning; they have two children living — Eleanor and Fannie ; all members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Howell has held several offices of honor and trust in New York prior to coming West; Mr. Howell's father served through the Revolutionary war, and was also in the war of 1812. Mr. Howell has a small farm of eight acres, well improved, and his occupation is that of farm-gardener. He was a Jackson Democrat till the war ; since, has acted with the Republic^an party. JOHHf C. HUWTER, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in War- ren Co., Ill, February, 1843 ; lived in several different counties of the State ; after the war, came to Muscatine Co., Iowa, where he now resides. Mr. Hunter married Miss Susan A. Hogan, of Muscatine Co., in 1877 ; they have one child— Salem W. Mr. Hunter enlisted in the 35th I. V. I., Co. B, and served through the war. Is a stanch Republican. SAlIUEIi HUIVTER, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; born m Clarence, Erie Co., Penn., in 1823 ; in 1839, he emigrated to Fulton Co., 111., and, in 1858, came to Muscatine Co., where he has since remained. He married Miss Cornelia E. Woods, a daughter of Larkin Woods, of Warren Co., 111., Sept. 1, 1841 ; they have six children —Amanda Ann, Salem Woods, Flora A., Valdora A., Samuel H. and John C. Mr. H.'s mother was a member of the Baptist Church for over seventy years, and died in December, 1878, at the ripe old age of 82 years. Mr. H. was a Democrat ; he acted with that party till 1864, when he united with the Republican party, and has acted with it since ; he is a very energetic and well-posted man, lending his influence to every 628 ' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : literary work of any note that offers itself to him ; Mr. H. has a farm of 120 acres where he resides ; also one of 108 acres in Louisa Co., Iowa. Mr. H.'s son John C. served three years in the Union army during the war. JOHSf HUSTON, farmer, Sec. 6 ; was born in the county of Antrim, North of Ireland, in 1818, where he resided for thirty years, and married Miss Eliza Cerni- han, of the same county, in 18 )8 ; they have had ten children, four still living — Mar- tha, Nancy, Maggie and Anna ; Martha and Nancy were born in Ireland in January, 1847. . Mr. H. and family emigrated to the United States; landed in Philadelphia, Penn., and remained for one year, working at his trade of stone-mason ; removed thence to Pittsburgh and remained six years; in 1855, he came to Muscatine Co., and com- menced farming, which he has since followed ; has a fine farm of 170 acres, upon which he has made the principal improvements. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. H. is an uncompromising Republican. He is an earnest, enterprising and public-spirited ciizen. G£0. F. JAJRVIS, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Ashta- bula Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; he emigrated to Fulton Co., 111., with his parents in 1837, thence to La Salle Co., and, in the fall of 1865, Mr. J. settled in Muscatine Co., where he still remains. Mr. J. married Miss Adeline B. Holcomb in 1867 ; they have one child — Albert Nelson. Members of the M. E. Church of the Island. Mr. J. has a fine farm of eighty acres. Democrat. MRS. liAVISA S. KINCAID (nee Steenbergen), farmer, Sec. 5 ; daugh- ter of Charles Steenbergen; born in Pike Co., Ohio, in 1819 ; niece of Hon. Robert Lucas, ex-Governor of Ohio, subsequently Governor of Iowa, and Brigadier General in the war of 1812. Both of her grandfathers fought through the Revolutionary war. On the 16th of January, 1838, she married Mr. George W. Kincaid, a native of Ohio ; born at West Union, Adams Co., April 24, 1811 ; son of Thomas Kincaid and Margaret (nee HannaJ, natives of Pennsylvania and Martinsburg, Va., and descendants of Rev- olutionary stock ; both of his grandfathers fought through the war of Independence ; his father, Thomas Kincaid, was aide de-carap to Gen. Ludwick in the war of 1812-15, and took part in the battle of the Thames about the date of the birth of his son. George W. spent most of his boyhood in West Union ; his father having been Sheriff of the county for twelve years, where ho attended the public schools, and at the age of 14, was apprenticed to learn the tanning business at Piketon, Ohio, where, after serving his time, he engaged in business for some years; in 1838, shortly after his marriage, he moved to La Fayette, Ind., where he was engaged as a contractor on the public works for a year; in 1839, removed to Iowa, settling in Muscatine Co., which was his home dur- ing the rest of his life ; here he engaged in farming. Notwithstanding the educational disadvantages under which he labored, he was a man of great intelligence and sound judgment, and soon took a leading position in the community. He was a member of the first Constitutional Convention of Iowa, and also the first Commissioner of the State school fund, and was one of the Trustees, having charge of the erection of the Iowa Insane Asylum at Mount Pleasant during 1860-62, and held many other oflSces of trust and responsibility during his long and eventful career. He was not only a pioneer citizen of Muscatine, to whose interests he was always devoted, but he was emphatically a patriot, and loved his whole country ; in politics, he had been a Whig ; was a radical Republican, and ever an uncompromising foe to human slavery; he espoused the Union cause with all his heart, and on every suitable occasion, spoke out with the fervor of a deep devotion to the cause of his country. An incident published in the local papers at the time, shows how he seized every opportunity to inspire enthusiasm and good humor in his patriotic work. A public meeting was hold, at which a number of speeches were made, expressing the strongest allegiance to the " old flag." One polished orator, with glowing and rounded periods, said he "was born under the 'stars and stripes,' and expected to die under them." Col. Kincaid followed this speaker, and said, "I, too, was born under the stars and stripes; I was born in a little log cabin in Ohio; the stars shone on me through the chinks between the lo^'s, and there was a striped quilt over me." This speech "brought down the house "In uproarious applause, and tended to add to his popularity and influence. But he was BLOOMINGTON TOWNSHIP. 629 not satisfied with speaking ; he wanted to do as well as say, and he conceived the idea of raising a regiment of " Gray -Beards," to be composed of men, who, like himself, were past the legal age for military duty. Accordingly, in 18B2, he recruited what was afterward known as the 37th Iowa, or "Gray- Beard " Regiment, the recruits for which were mainly drawn from the Hawkeye State, but many of them were citizens of Illinois and other adjacent States, which he commanded till the close of the war, in 1865. Tbe regiment was mainly engaged on garrison or guard duty, and in this capacity, rendered important service in caking the place of able-bodied troops, who were thereby placed at the front. The regiment was first ordered to St. Louis; thence to the line of the Pacific Railroad, where they did guard duty for several months ; from thence, it was transferred to Alton, 111., and placed on guard over the rebel prisoners incarcerated at that place, where they remained for about a year ; from thence, the command was trans- ferred to Rock Island ; in the spring of 1864, the Colonel, with his " Gray-Beards," was transferred to Memphis, Tenn., where, in command of the second brigade, district of West Tennessee, he took part in the battle on the 23d of August, 186-J: ; from Mem- phis, the regiment was transferred to Indianapolis, and thence to Cincinnati, where they were mustered out May 22, 1865. As a soldier. Col. Kinoaid was a stranger to fear ; no braver man ever wore the uniform of his country. As a commander, he was kind and indulgent to men whom he saw willing to do their duty, but stern and severe to refractory subordinates. He was a man of rather striking appearance, being over six feet high, and of remarkable physical strength and endurance ; was one of the pioneers, of Iowa, and like most men of that period, he began life low down, and by his own energy and industry accumulated a competency ; leaving his wife and family of three sons and two daughters, Joanna (now the wife of Mr. George Magoon, of Mus- catine), Margaret Lavisa, Charles S., William M. and Warren E., a fine home and farm consisting of 500 acres, upon which Mrs. K. and that part of the family remaining at home reside, and which Col. K. improved from a rough and crude state. Mr. K. was, for many years, a member of the M. E. Church, and was, through his life, a total abstainer and an indefatigable advocate of the cause of temperance. As a husband and father, he was affectionate and indulgent, and was beloved and revered by his family. He died at Muscatine, on the 19th of October, 1876, of typhoid pneumonia, in his 65th year. Mrs. K. is a member of the M. E. Church, and beloved by all who know her. She was one of a committee of three appointed by the Governor to visit and inspect the State Insane Asylum at Mt. Pleasant and Independence, which office she has held for a number of years. T. F. KIBKPATBICK, farmer, Sec. 16 ; was born in this county in 1860. Married Miss Flora Countryman, of Muscatine, Jan. 1, 1879. They are members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. K.'s parents, Mark and Synthia Kirkpatriok, noe Moffi)rd, were pioneer settlers of Muscatine Co. and were highly esteemed for the many good ■qualities they possessed ; they lived a sincere Christian life ; they have some time since been gathered to the home of their fathers in the great beyond, "Where friends meet to part no more." IfM. D. liAWBANCE, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Lincolnshire, England, April 14, 1818; in 1832, he emigrated to the United States, stopping first in Albany, N. Y.; removed thence to Canada; in 1836 returned to New York, stopped in Buffalo; thence to several of the Southern States; thence to North Bend, Hamilton Co., Ohio, where he married Miss Sarah Ann Disbrow, when he was 21 years of age ; they had nine children, five still living — William L., John, Mary, Martha and Sarah Ann. He came westward, stopping in several parts of Illinois, and finally landing in Muscatine Co. in 1848, where he has since remained; he improved the farm on which he resides, consisting of 102 acres. lie enlisted in the 2d I. V. C ; was 3d Sergeant or color bearer, and served durng the war. Losing his first wife, he again married in 1875, Emily Gage, nee Eakins ; they have had three children, none now living. Mr. L. is a Democrat. JOHlii' LiEIBIS, farmer, Sec. 22 ; Mr. Leibis is a native of Pittsburgh, Penn., born March 4, 1836; while he was a child, his parents moved to Ohio, where 630 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he remained until he was 18 years of age ; then came to Iowa City, where he married Miss A. Caspar ; she was born in Iowa City, her parents having settled there in the pioneer days. / Mr. Leibis enlisted in Co. I, 22d I. V. I. ; was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Removed shortly after his return from the army to Muscatine ^ came on his present farm in the fall of 1877. Members of the United Brethren Church ; he is a Republican. Owns forty acres of land well improved and containing several acres ol fruit, located on the Moscow road, two and a half miles from Muscatine. CHARLES LiEIEN DECKER, farming and dairy, Sec. 28, two miles from city of Muscatine ; Mr. Leiendecker is a native of Bavaria, Germany, born in 1834 ; emigrated to the United States in 1850 ; came to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1856, and to Muscatine the following year. He entered the 8th Michigan Battery, in which he served until after the siege of Vicksburg, then returned home, remained a short time, then entered the 77th Ohio V. I. as Sutler and served in that capacity until the cloie uf the war. He married in Muscatine Miss Ella Heidman, of Scott Co. ; they were mar- ried Oct. 5, 1872 ; have four children — Carroll, Henry, Otto and Katie. Mr. Leien- decker owns a well-improved farm of 160 acres. He is a man of much energy and is ever willing to aid any enterprise that gives promise of general good. JOHX McCONlVAHA, farmer, Sec. 16; was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, May 16, 1823. In 1846, married Miss Mary R. Hagan, a native of same county, born in 1826 ; they removed to Muscatine Co. in 1856 and settled in Lake Tp., where they resided until 1866, when they removed to their present farm ; they have seven children living — ^Elizabeth A. (now Mrs. P. Esmoil), Rachel D. (now Mrs. C. Eichelberger), John S., Mary J., Newton, Grant, Chester. Mr. McConnaha and wife are members of the M. E. Church ; he is a Republican. Owns 246 acres of land. ALEXANDER McDERMONT, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; is a native of the Emerald Isle and was born in County Antrim, North of Ireland, in 1844 ; he emigrated to the United States with his parents, first settling in Berks Co., Penn., in 1846 ; remained until 1858, then moved to Indiana, where they died. Mr. McD. enlisted in 1862 in the 82d Ind. V. I., Co. E, and served about two and a. half years ; was discharged after the battle of Chickamauga to take charge of two of his brothers, who were wounded in the same battle and died a short time afterward; his father was taken sick about the same time and died a few weeks later at his home in Indiana, and he was called there to take care of him ; he re-enlisted Feb. 5 and served one more year. After the war was over, he came to Iowa and located in Muscatine Co. on the fine farm he now owns and improved. Mr. McD. married Miss Alice M. Corwin, daughter of H. Corwin, of Muscatine Co., in April, 1872 ; they have four children — John H., Anna Grace, George F. and Arthur. Members of the M. E. Church of the Island. Mr. McD. has held several offices in the county. He has a fine farm of 121) acres, where he resides. Is a stanch Republican. JOHN W. 9IILL1AR, far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; was born in Sci.itu Co., Ohio, in 1838, and came with his parents to Iowa in 1849, locating in Muscatine Co. on the farm on which he now resides and improved ; married Miss Henrietta Mikesell, daughter o f John Mikesell, of JIuscatine Co., in 1864. They have had fmr children, three still living — Anna, Hailie and Henrietta. Mr. M. has a farm of 225 acres, located about three and a half miles west of the city ; has been very extensively engaged in the stock business for many years ; is now engaged in the improvement of stock, hogs and cattle, in which he takes a deep interest; he is also engaged in propa- gating fish, and has several fine fish-ponds filled with trout and salmon. Members of the Presbyterian Church, and he is also a member of the A. 0. U. W. In politics, is a staunch Republican. He enlisted in the 1st I. V. I., Co. A, and served six months, and, in 1864, was drafted into the army again. Mr. M. was married, drafted and had an heir all inside of one year ; is among the roost enterprising men of the county. WILLIAM H. MILLAR, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Muscatin.. ; was born in Scioto Co., Ohio, Feb., 28, 18(17 ; in 1849, with his family, removed to Iowa, and settled in Muscatine Co., on the farm on which he still resides; married Feb. 17, 18:!5, Miss Rebecca S., daughter of Charles Steonbcrgor, of Piketon, Pike Co., Ohio. They BLOOMINGTON TOWNSHIP. 631 have had six children, five still living — Charles S., John W., Abraham H., Polly H. (now the wife of Presiding Elder Miller, of Iowa City), and Lavisa S. ; members of the M. E. Church ; Mr. M. has been a member of that church for over forty years- All of Mr. M.'s sons were in the army during the late war. He improved the large farm upon which he lives, consisting of over six hundred acres ; is a pioneer of Mus- catine County, and has held several offices of trust and responsibility ; was overseer of the work on the levee while it was being built from Muscatine to a point eight or nine miles below the city. He has raised a family of very enterprising sons to make their mark in the world ; was formerly a Whig, now a stanch Republican, and ever a fue to human slavery. FREDERICK MITTMAW, far., Sec. 9 ; was bom in V/illiamsburg, Ger- many, 1825 ; came to this country in 1853; stopped first in Ohio. In 1854, removed to Iowa, and located on the farm on which he now lives, conssistingof 263 acres, located in Muscatine Co. Mr. M. is engaged extensively in the dairy business, which he is- making a success financially. He carried on the blacksmith business some nine years in the city of Muscatine, prior to moving on his farm. In,1853, he married Miss Catherine Haneigan, prior to leaving Germany for the United States. They have four children^ — John, Robert, Andrew, Pauline. He is a stanch Republican; members of the Protestant Church. THORSrXON XICHOIiS, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to Iowa with his parents, settling in Des Moines Co., while he was quite young ; remained there a number of years. Married, in 1859, Miss Emily A. Bier, daughter of Henry Bier, of Louisa Co. ; they have four children — Henry H., Martha (now Mrs. C. Piatt), Nannie and Lilly. Mr. N. improved the larm on which he now resides, consisting of 205 acres, valued at $100 per acre ; in 1877, Mr. N. engaged in the dairy business quite extensively, and still continues, in connec- tion with farming. Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. N. is a stanch Republican.. CHARIiES PAGE, Sec. 2, now inside the city limits ; was born in Norfolk Co., England, in 1830 ; in 1849, Mr. P. sailed for the United States, first stopping a short time in St. Louis, Mo. ; thence came to Iowa, locating at Muscatine, where he has since been engaged in several important enterprises, such as the Muscatine Water Works, and various other public enterprises of importance and note. Mr. P. was formerly extensively engaged in distilling in the city of Muscatine. In 1855, Mr. P. returned to England, and married Miss Mary Ann Pycroft, a native of Norfolk Co.,. England ; they have had five children, all of whom are living — James W., Charles N., Lucinda J., Mary Ann and Henry C. Mr. P. is one among Muscatine's substantial citi- zens ; public-spirited and thoroughly enterprising. Acts with the Democratic party. B. E. PATTERSON, farmer. Sec. 11 ; was born in Knox Co., Ohio, in, 1845 ; came West with his parents. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. E, 2d Regt. I. V. I., served until August, 1865. Married Miss Mary Kein, nf this county ; have three children — William Elward, Olive Iowa and Oron Eldon. Mr. Patterson and wife are membeis of the M. E. Church ; he is Republican in politics. Owns 80 acres of land. C. li. PEASLEY, farmer, Sec. 12, Bloomington Tp. ; was born in Clinton Co., N. y., Aug. 3, 1830. In February, 1853, he married Miss M. L. Carpenter; they removed to Muscatine Co. in May of the same year ; have five children — Elbert D. C, Leslie W., Samuel C, Mary Effie, Alice M. Mr. Peasley and wife are members^ of the Society of Friends. Politically, he is a Republican ; has held various local ofiices; has been member of the Board of Township Trustees, and Treasurer a number of terms ; owns 200 acres of land, finely improved and Tvell located. MRS. ElilZABETH D. PURCELIi, nee Parvin, far., Sec. 9 ; P. O. Muscatine ; was born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, near Cincinnati, in 1839; came to Indi- ana with her parents while very yuung, and located in Dearborn Co.; in 1839, her parents removed to Muscatine Co., Iowa, and located at Bloomington (now Muscatine). In 1840, she married Alfred Purcell, a native of Kentucky, born near Maysville in 1804 • Mr P. came to Iowa the same year that they were married, and died Dec. 16, ^32 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1878; they have had nine children, eight still livins — Melinda (now Mrs. Adkins), Louisa (now Mrs. Pierson), Lydia (now Mrs. Middleton), Charles, James, fihoda, Alfred Oliver and Lizzie. Mr. P. was a plasterer by trade, which he followed for some years in Muscatine. Mr. P. was formerly a Whig, afterward a Republican. In 1854, they moved on the farm on which they now reside, of 104 acres, which they improved. SAMUEIi ROCKAFEIiLOW, far., Sec. 32; P.O. Muscatine; is a native of Pennsylvania; born in Montgomery Co., 8ept. 23, 1833; in 1861, emigrated to Cedar Co., Iowa; remained one year ; in 1862, located in Muscatine Co., near Mus- catine. In 1857, in the city of Philadelphia, he married Miss Catharine Gr. Howell ; they have five children— Harry H., Howard W., Clara E., Fanny K. and Charles 0. Mr. R. is a machinist by trade, but now follows the occupation of a farmer. Members of the M. B. Church on the Island ; Mr. R. is a Republican in politics, and has ever acted with that party. W. G. ROWL.AXD, contractor and builder. Sec. 33 ; Mr. Rowland was born in Kingston, Canada West, Feb. 10, 1841 ; in 1851, he removed with his parents to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; thence to Rock Co., Wis., in 1855 ; in 1857, he came to Muscatine Co., remaining a short time; went to Kansas; returned to Muscatine in 1800. He enlisted in Co. A, 9th Regiment I. V. I.; was honorably discharged at the close of the war. Married Miss Lydia Hopkinson in Muscatine Co., in 1860 ; she was born near Cincinnati, Ohio ; they have five children — Lillie Amelia, Lulu, Charles Gr., May, Phcebe J. Members of the U. B. Church ; he is a Republican. Owns forty-five acres of land. GEORtJE SHIELD, farmer and stock-dealer. Sec. 21 ; was bom in Licking Co., Ohio, Aug. 28, 1845 ; came to Muscatine Co. with his parents in 1855. Married Miss Rhoda Smalley, of this county, in September, 1875 ; they have one child — Robert. Mr. Shield is a Democrat. Owns 188 acres of land; he is extensively engaged in stock-dealing, which business he devotes the most of his time to, and has been among the most successful dealers in the county. SHEPHERD SMAIiLiEY, Sec. 3; was bom in Hamilton Co., Ohio, Aug. 12, 1817, where he remained, receiving as good an education as the Western schools of that early day afforded ; in 1839, in company with his parents, came to and settled in Bloomington (now Muscatine), where he has since resided, his father having died since, but his mother is still living in the city of Muscatine, now over 80 years of age ; Mr. S. has lived for forty years on the site of his present fine dwelling, the orig- inal house that he built forty years ago making part of the same ; in the same year he built his large barn, hauling the lumber fifty or sixty miles; it was the first barn of any size in the county, and still in a good state of preservation ; Mr. S. erected his house and bam before the land was bought from the Government, which was rather advent- urous. Feb. 19, 1845, he married Miss Minerva Drury, daughter of Isaiah Drury, one of the pioneers of Rook Island Co., 111. ; they have five children — William, Andrew, Priscilla (now Mrs. Hartman), Rhoda (now Mrs. Shield) and Frank. Mr. S. has held various important offices of trust and responsibility in the county and State ; he was the first Drainage Commissioner appointed by the Governor for this part of Iowa, and was one of those who got an appropriation bill through the Legislature for a levee fund for Muscatine Co., and helped prosecute the work which made thousands of acres of land very valuable in Muscatine Co. that would otherwise have been worthless. Mr. S. is one of Iowa's early pioneers, and also one of Muscatine Co.'s most enterprising citizens, ready to help in every public enterprise. Mr. S. is a Democrat. ALISON THORNTON, farmer. Sec. IC ; was born in Guilford Co., N. C, in 1832 ; in 1854, removed to Arkansas; the following year, to Mercer Co., 111., where he married Miss Elizabeth Wells in 1858 ; they removed to this county in 1866, and settled on the farm where he now resides ; they have one child — Sarah Emma. Mr. T. is a member of the M. E. Church on the Island. Republican. Ho enlisted in the 124th Regt. I. V. I., and served until the close of the war; the Adjutant General's reports of Illinois show that he was a good soldier. SWEETLAND. 633 BARTIiETT THORIVTOST, farmer, Muscatine Co.; was born near Plart- ford, N. C, Oct. 9, 1804; in 1815, he removed with his parents to Guilford Co.; remained until 1825, when he went to Wayne Co., Ind.; thence to Mercer Co., 111., where he married Miss Mary Baohelder, in 1844; she was a native of Maine, born June 16, 1809 ; they came to Muscatine Co. in 1865 ; she died in this county in the 69th year of her age ; they had six children, two still living-. Mr. Thornton was origi- nally a Whig, but on the formation of the Republican party, he adopted its principles ; he is a member of the Society of Friends. By his energy and industry, Mr. T. has accumulated quite a property ; he owns 110 acres of land on his home place, and 410 acres near Wapello, the county seat of Louisa Co. CHABLiFiN B. VAIIi, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Muscatine; was born in Orange Co., N. Y., March 17, 1849; in 1855, he' came to Muscatine Co. with his father, J. M. Vail, and has resided in the county since ; has a fine farm of 73 acres, which he improved, located in Sec. 15, Muscatine Island. Mr. V. is a member of the Presbyterian Church, of Muscatine. His occupation is that of farm gardening. Dem- ocrat. J. M. VAIIi, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Mi^iscatine ; was born in the town of Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y., Nov. 27, 1819 ; emigrated to Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1854 ; the next year, came to Muscatine Co., and located on the farm on which he now lives and has improved, consisting of 140 acres, situated six miles southwest of Muscatine ; he also owns 180 acres of a farm near the county lioe in Louisa Co. Mr. Vail mar- ried Miss Louisa C. Chapman, daughter of Hiram Chapman, a physician of Newburg, N. Y., in 1844 ; they have had six children, four still living — Edward N. C, Charles B., James A. and J. Henry; William Chapman died in Florence Prison, N. C, Feb. 5, 1865, aged 19 years; Hiram died in infancy. Mrs. V. was born in B^lorida, Orange Co., N. 1^., in 1817. Members of the Presbyterian Church of Muscatine; Mr. V. has held several offices of honor and trust in the county, and also in the State of New York before coming West ; he has always been a Democrat. A. A. WJEBB, farmer. Sec. 16; was born in Allegheny Co., Penn,, May 10, 1826; in 1829, his parents removed to Guernsey Co., Ohio, where he remained until he was 22 years of age, when he went to De Kalb Co., 111., where he married Miss Martha Jane Bartlett, a native of Ashland Co., Ohio; they were married in 1856; she was born March 21, 1839 ; they removed to Muscatine Co. and settled where they now reside, in 1864 ; have had six children, four still living — John J., Stella, Annie and Willie. Mr. Webb and wife are members of the M: E. Church ; he is a Repub- lican. Owns 101 acres of land, well improved. SWEETLAND. JOHN C. AliDINCrER, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Sweetland Center; born in Musbatine Co., Iowa, Nov. 1, 1853; his parents, John and Catharine Aldlnger, came to Muscatine Co. in 1851 ; Mrs. Aldinger was born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Nov. 24, 1817; John, Sr., born in Germany Oct. 18, 1815, and died Nov. 8, 1856. John Aldinger, Jr., married Miss Lizzie Johnson in 1876 ; she was born in Queen Anne Co., Md., March 1, 1857 ; they have two children— Katie and Emma. Mr. A. is a Demo- crat. JOEIi BARIVARD, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; born in York State April 20, 1809 ; went to Washington Co., Ind., with his parents in 18—, where he was united in marriage to Miss Malvina Bogal in 1832 ; born in Virginia April 16, 1810 ; removed to Muscatine Co. in 1843; have seven children- Rural, Andrew, Sarelda, Ruth, Levi, Polly and Bathia. JOHN W. CliENDElVEN, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Sweetland Center; bom in Mercer Co., Penn., Feb. 18, 1839 ; came to Muscatine Co. with his parents in 634 BIOGRAPHTCAL SKETCHES: 1845; has been twice married; present wife was Mrs. Mary Montgomery; bortt in Belmont Co., Ohio, Feb. 12, 1847. Mr. G.'s parents settled near his present resi- dence ; remained until their death. Mr. and Mrs. Clendenen are members of the Friends' Church. Mr. C. owns fifty-one acres of land, and has ever been identified with the Democratic party. ELUUR AY, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Sweetland Center ; born in Washing- ton Co., Penn., Nov. 23, 1821 ; removed in 1850 to Greene Co., where he followed farm- ing until 1865, then returned to "Washington Co. ; the same year, came to Muscatine Co. and purchased the farm where he moved his family in October, 1865. Mr. Day .married Miss Rachel D. Comkey March 12, 1849, .a native of Green Co., Penn. ; born Aug. 18, 1823, and died Jan. 14, 1861. He married again Miss Susan Kelley Dec. 30, 1863 ; born in Fayett« Co., Penn., Dec. 6, 1830, and died March 23, 1870. Mr. Day has five children by former wife — Elizabeth (now Mrs. Mann), John W., Hannah B., Alice J. and Samuel M., Elmur Day, and one deceased — Livisa M., and by second wife two — Ida M. and George L., and one deceased — Laura F. Mr. Day was elected to the Legislature in 1871, and has been a member of the Presbyterian Church since 34 years of age, where he has ever been a faithful member ; is a Democrat. JOSIAH DAY, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Sweetland Center; born in Washington Co., Penn., July 13, 18;!8; removed to Muscatine Co. in 1866, settling in Sweetland Tp., where he owns a fine farm of 350 acres. Married Miss Phebe J. Minton, a native of Washington Co., Penn., in 1854; born Aug. 23, 1832; have six children, three sons and three daughters — Laura C, S. Belle, Mary, John W., S. Addison and Goldsmith 0. Mr. and Mrs. Day are members of the Presbyterian Church; Democrat. MRS. LYDIA A. DAVIDSOW, formerly Mrs. Hoope, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; born in Philadelphia, Penn., Jan. 9, 1842 ; removed with her parents to Delaware Co., Penn., and thence to Muscatine Co. Feb. 1, 1867. Married William H. Davidson Dec. 12, 1866; he was born in Chester Co., Penn., March 8, 1835; died Sept. 19,1872; have two daughters — Ellie E., born Oct. 17, 1867; Sidonia S. G., born July 8, 1871. Mrs. D. is a member of the Episcopal Church; Mr. D. served as clerk in the Quartermaster's Department one year, under J. J. Hooper. Democrat. ISAIAH DAVIS, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Sweetland Center; born in Virginia Feb. 10, 1816 ; removed with his parents to Union Co., Ind., when 13 years of age ; remained three years ; thence to Madison Co., and lived five years ; came to Muscatine Co., in 1837, and settled in Sweetland Tp.; among the first in the township ; there was only one smalj field broken on the prairie in that vicinity ; Mr. Davis helped to survey the city of Muscatine in 1839, and Bloomington Tp., Sweetland Tp. in 1837, and was Deputy Sheriff in 1838. Married Miss Hannah Drury, May 27, 1844 ; born in Wayne Co., Ind., Sept. 23, 1823 ; have had eleven children, eight sons and three daughters — John, Benjamin, Charles, Frank, Lucy, Lincoln, Dell, Isaiah, and three dead; Shepard died in the army; Rachel and James; the first house that was built on the prairie in Sweetland Tp. now stands on Mr. Davis' farm ; he owns 300 acres of land ; has improved 400 acres in the township. Mrs. D. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. Davis has been honest in all his business transactions, an industrious and energetic man, and is highly respected by all that know him ; Republican. ANDREW DO BBS, former, Sec. 35; P. O. Melpine ; born in Juniata Co., Penn., April 1, 1816. Married Miss Elizabeth Longstreth March 11, 1S45 ; removed to Muscatine Co., 1845, and settled where they now reside, in the spring of 1846 ; Mr. D. was appointed Postmaster of Melpine, by William Dennison, in 1865, which office he has held ever since ; was on the Board of Supervisors four years ; taught the first school in the district; have five children — Marion B,, Edward H., Emma U., Chester P. and Elizabeth A. Members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. D. is a Repub- lican. J. A. DOWNER, former. Sec. 17; P. O. Muscatine; born in Hartford Co., Conn.; Sept. 2, 1805; removed to Pennsylvania in 1812; remained until 20 years of uice ; where he engaged in teaching school. Married Miss Elizabeth R. Carder Feb. SWEETLAND. 635 11, 1827; born in Columbia Co., Penn., March 13, 1807 ; they removed to Stark Co., Ohio, where he followed farming and school-teaching for thirteen years ; in 1845, lemoved to Des Moines Co., Iowa, and settled at Linton, where he held the post office for tweWe years ; in 1865, removed to Muscatine Co., and purchased the Bamford farm. United with the M. E. Church at 19 years of age, has ever been a faithful member ; Mrs. Elizabeth Downer died Dec. 14, 1845 ; he married again Mrs. Elizabeth Babb, June 8, 1847, a native of Pennsylvania; she died Jan. 30, 1873 ; has had by former wife six children — Ann C, Mary S., Robert M., Joseph B., two deceased, Almira and Adella ; and three by second wife — Edwin and George C; one deceased — -Ellen. JOSEPH DOWNER, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 0. Muscatine; born in Stark Co., Ohio, May 6, 1840; came to Des Moines Co., Iowa, in 1845, thence to Muscatine Co.; in early life, was engaged in the cause of education ; enlisted in 8th Iowa Cavalry, Co. D, and served till the close of the war ; went out as private, and was promoted to Captain; was in most of the engagements of his regiment; was taken prisoner July 30, 1864, and held at Andersonville until Sept. 22, 1864. Married Margaret A. Davis in 1866; she was born in Highland Co., Ohio, Nov. 5, 1847 ; have three children — Anna A., John T., Louis E. Member of the M. E. Church; is a Radical Republican, and an uncompromising temperance man. ABNER ELDRIDGE; bom in Chester Co., Penn., June 26, 1806. Married Miss Amy H. Davidson April 3, 1844; she was born in Chester Co., Penn., July 3, 1813; have had two children — Joseph, born July 28, 1845, and died Sept. 4, 1865 ; Benjamin, born April 27, 1848, and died March 2, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. E. are members of the Friends' Church. They removed to Muscatine Co. in 1853, and settled on the present farm he now owns ; has held the office of Assessor and Town- ship Clerk and District Secretary; is a Republican. MARSHAIiE PARIUSWORTH, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Sweetland Cen- ter; born in Williamstown, Vt., in 1815 ; came to Muscatine Co. first in 1837 ; went back to Illinois; returned, in 1838, and purchased, at the land sales, 260 acres, and set- tled in Sweetland Township, where he now resides ; served on the Board of Super- visors four years ; has been Justice of the Peace, and held other minor offices of the township. Married Miss Rebecca Daniels in 1844; she was born in North Carolina in 1825, and died in 1869, Married again," Miss Ruth J. Peck in 1870 ; she was born in Columbiana Co., Ohio, Oct. 22, 1820 ; came to Lee Co., Iowa, in 1839, and settled at Montrose. Mr. P. had eight children by former wife — Henry P., Erie D. (now Mrs. Draper), Eliza E. (now Mrs. Kelley), John M., Thomas E., Nellie, and two deceased — Abbie and Verona. When Mr. Farnsworth came to the county, there were but few buildings in Sweetland Township, and many Indians. Members of the M. E. Church. Mr. F. voted at the first election held in the Territory of Iowa, and has always taken sides with the Republican party. PlilNY FRY, far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. Muscatine; born in Carroll Co., N. H., July 8, 1842; at 12 years of age, came West with his parents to Mahaska Co., Iowa, in 1854, and removed to Muscatine Co. in 1869 and settled, where he now owns forty acres of land. Married Miss Mary 0. Deane Aug. 31, 1870; born in Kennebec Co., Me., Sept. 22, 1841 ; came to Muscatine Co. with her parents in 1858. Mr. Fry is Secretary of the Y. M. C. A., of Muscatine. Mr. and Mrs. Fry are members of Ortho- dox Friends' Church; Mr. Fry is a Republican. D. M. FUNK., blacksmith and farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Pine Mills; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., Feb. 23, 1828 ; removed to Muscatine in 1 850 ; then to Tipton, Cedar Co.; thence to Linn Co.; returned to Muscatine Co. and settled where he now lives. Married Miss Barbara Blessing in 1851 ; born in Dauphin Co., Penn., May 22, 1830; have eleven children— Mary B., John H., Catharine A., Nancy E., Amanda J., Elizabeth D., Ida M., Magdalena, Lavina, Frederick D. and Barbara A. Members oi the M. B. Church ; Mr. Punk is a Democrat. HENRY GBTTERT, far.. Sec. 5; P. 0. Sweetland Center; born in Ger- many in 1826 ; came to Muscatine Co. in 1854 and settled in Montpelier Tp., where he remained until 1865, then removed where he now resides; owns 280 acres, which he 636 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: has improved. Married Miss A. Fechner in 1860 ; slie was born in Prussia in 1835 ; have five children — Mary, Annie, Jacob, Aus;usta and John: Mr. and Mrs. G. are members of a Protestant church; Mr. G. is a Democrat. PETER he was slightly wounded, also under Sherman in his march to the sea, capture of Atlanta, •-tc; was discharged at Gaylesville, Ala., Oct. 21, 1S(;4, and, on his way home, came very near being killed by a collision on the railroad near La Fayette, Ind. Married Kliza C. Rowe, of Johnson Co., Iowa, Nov. 28, 1867 ; she was born March 25, 1846, ,in Scott Co., Iowa ; have three children— Emily J., born March 18, 1869 ; Lizzie A., Jan. 2, 1871 ; John D., Nov. 12, 1874. Baptist; Republican. HKVENTY-SIX TOWNSHIl'. 653 JOHJV A. WICKKY, proprietor steam saw-mill, blacksmith and machine shop, Niclidls ; son of John and Catharine E. Wickey; born May 12, 1854, in Hesse- CasBcl, (Jcrmany ; emigrated with his parents to this county in the spring of 1856, locating in Muscatine, whurv. liis parents are still living; Mr. W. learned the black- smith trade at Wilton, in this county, also worked at the, machinist trade in Davenport Himu^ time, arid blacksmithing in Tipton, Cedar Co., about a year; in 1872, he came to Nichols anil crigaj^cd in his prcHont business; has no family; his business shows him to be a young man of energy and enterprise. Politics, Fndependant. ElilJAII YOlJlVIilN, farmer, See. 34; W (). Nichols; owns 150 acres of land, valuiMl at $30 per acre; born Jan. 11, 1816, in Somerset Co., Penn. ; emigrated to Muscatine Co., Iowa, in the sjiring of 1844, locating in Wapsinonoc Tp., where West Liberty now stands; in the spring of 1847, came onto his present farm. Married Miss Abigail Dwirc Nov. 3, IH'.V.) ; she was born Aug. ](j, 1821, in Pennsylvania, and died Oct. 0, 18(i2; attain married, Mrs. Eliza Siivcrthorn (whose maiden name was Morrowj, July 111, 18(15 ; she was born July 17, 18:^7, in Athens Co., Ohio ; have two children living by 6rst wile — William atjd Albert, and lost five — Norman C, who was a member of Co. F, of the 16th I. V. I., died at Corinth June 23, 1862, and Ellen, Martha, Catharine and Barbara. Mr. Y. has served his county as one of the Board of Supervisors four years ; also Swamp Land and Drainage Commissioner. His second wife has one daughter — Florenci;, by first husband. Member of the Christian Church ; Republican. SEVENTY-SIX TOWNSHIP. RUDOLPH ALTKKBUSE, i$r., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O.Muscatine; born in Prussia in 1813. Married Sophia. Gedvermark, a native of Prussia, born in 1809. They came to America the year of their marriage, 1837 ; they first located in Baltimore, Md., and remained about four years ; came to Muscatine (h. in 1841, and purchased the farm they now own the same year. They have had eight children, four still living — Sophia, who married Adolph Gurtz ; Henry, Rudolph and Mary, now Mrs. William A. Chapman. They arc members of the German Congregational Church. Rudolph, born in 1847, married Alice White in 1876; she was born in Johnson Co., Iowa, in 1854 ; they have two children — Rosella May and Mary A. They are mem- bers of the M. E. Church. Mr. Alterkruse and his son Rudolph own about four hun- dred acres of land. NAMUEIi COliLINS, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Letts; was born in New Jersey in 1824; his parents, John and Mary Collins, removed from New Jersey to Dayton, Ohio. He married, in 1847, Mary J. Irvin, a native of Ohio, born in 1829. They came to Muscatine Co. in 1855, and scuttled on the present farm in 1856. They have .seven children— Annabelle, Mary E., Luella, Ida, William, Edward and Eva; lost one child — Laura J. His father, John ColUns, came to Muscatine Co. in March, 1852 ; his wife died in May, 1844; he lives with his son Samuel. Mr. Collins has been Assessor of Seventy-six Tp. about thirteen years. Members of the M. E. Church. liFiVI CROSS, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. Muscatine; Mr. Cross was born in Adams Co., Ohio, Jan. 1, 1806; his parents, James and Epsey Cross, settled in Adams Co., Ohio, about 1788; Mr. Cross is of Irish extraction, his grandfiither, on his father's side, having been a native of Ireland; Mr. Cross came to Muscatine Co. from Ohio in IHKi ; ho first located in Lake Tp., whore he remained one year; the second year, he rented a farm in Seventy-six Tp. ; the third year, he rented John R. Pettit's farm ; in September, 1849, he settled on the farm he now owns. Ue has been married twice ; his first wife was Mary Foster, a native of Ohio ; his present wife was Elizabeth Chatham, a native of Greenbrier Co., Va. ; he has seven children— Perry, John B., Mary Ann, Nancy, Levi, Hannah and Michael, all born in Pike Co., Ohio. 654 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: PATRICK DAIiTOX, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Letts ; Mr. Dalton was born in Tipperary Co., Ireland, in 1833; he came to America with his father, James Dalton, in 1850, and located in Eastern New York ; came to Muscatine Co. in 1854 ; he has traveled extensively in the Territories and British America ; he engaged in mining and furnishing miners with supplies ; he went to Nebraska, thence to Colorado, and to Montana; then to British Columbia and Oregon; he then returned to British Columbia, thence to Montana, and finally located where he now is, in 1871. He mar- ried, in 1874, Mary Fitzpatrick, a native of Kentucky, whose parents came to Musca- tine Co. in 1853 ; has three children — James E., Lewis and Grattan. A. T. DIIiDIWE, farmer ; P. 0. Letts ; bom in Sussex Co., N. J., in 1823; be moved to Pennsylvania in 1849. He married Sarah E. Dildine, a native of New Jersey. Removed to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1856; came to present location in 18,72. He has two children — Anna Mary, born in Pennsylvania, and Henry T., born in Lou- isa Co., Iowa. Mr. Dildine has 360 acres of land; is engaged principally in stock- raising. ISAAC EPPERLY, farmer ; P. 0. Letts ; born in Virginia in 1823 ; his parents removed to Indiana when he was a child ; he came to Muscatine Co. in 1844 ; in 1845, he purchased the farm which he now owns. He married Emily Gore; she died in 1862 ; his present wife was Hannah McCord, a native of Illinois ; he had three children by his first marriage, only one — Edith — now living ; has had two by the second marriage, neither living. Mr. Epperly owns 450 acres of land ; is engaged in general farming. JOHIV FULLMER, farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Letts; was born in Frederick, Md., in 1810; his father was a native of Germany, and his mother, of England; Mr. Fullmer moved from Maryland to Ohio in 1832. He married Margery Meeker, a native of Ohio ; they came from Ohio to Louisa Co., Iowa, in 1840, and located on the present farm in 1 844 ; have had seven children, five now living — William P., Mary C., Martha J., Eliza Maud and John T.; have lost two children — Margaret Ann and Mar- gery. Mrs. Fullmer died June 14, 1872. BERNARD H. GARRETT, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Letts ; born in Floyd Co., Ky., in 1S24 ; his father, Middleton Garrett, died in 1831 ;• the family, consisting of his mother and three sons, came to Muscatine Co. in June, 1853. Mr. Garrett married, in 1858, Ruth E. Vincent, a native of Frederick Co., Va.; she died in 1870; has had six children, four still living— Middleton L., J. D., Luellen J. and Louis F.; lost two in infancy ; owns 170 acres, which he purchased in 1867. S. H. CirOLDSBERY, Superintendent of County Poorhouse; P. 0. Mus- catine ; born in La Fayette, Ind., in 1831 ; his parents came to Muscatine Co. in 1839 ; his father, Silas Goldsbery, died April 20, 1878 ; his mother is still living. He mar- ried, in March, 1849, Emma McCloud ; has four children— Charles, C. C.,Villiam and Clyde; Mr. Goldsbery assumed his present charge in April, 1878; previous to that time, he had been engaged in farmina;; CHARLES II. HENDRIX, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Letts ; born in Wayne County, Ind., in 1832 ; came to Muscatine Co. with his parents in 1843 ; in ] 850, when 18 years of age, he crossed the plains to California ; drove an ox-team all the way from his father's farm, in Seventy-six Tp,, to California, and thence to Oregon City ; was about six months on the trip ; he returned in 1853 ; in 1864, he again went to the Pacific Coast, this time driving a mule-team, and made the trip in about sixty-five days ; in 1875, he again visited California, this time by railroad; Mr. Hendrix now prefers to make the trip in a Pullman palace-car, in five days, to driving an ox-team and being six months on the way. He married, in 1857, Hannah Collins, a daughter of John Col- lins, of Seventy-six Tp., born in 1838 ; they have four children— Frank E., born in 1858 ; Dosier M., Dora D., in 1866 ; and Albert B., in 1874 ; M.r. H. purchased the farm which he now owns in 1854. Members of the M. E. Church. HENRY D. HENDRIX, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Letts; born in Ohio in 1804 ; his parents, Henry and Martha Hendrix, were natives of Maryland, but removed to Ohio in 1798; they went to Indiana about 1816, where they resided till their SEVENTY-SIX TOWNSHIP. 655 ■deaths. Mr. H. married, in 1829, Theodosia Willits, a native of OWo ; Mr. Hendrix came to Muscatine Co., from Indiana, in 18^3, and settled on the farm where he now Jives the same year ; Mrs. Hendrix died in 1848 ; he again married, in 1850, Mrs. Margaret Whittaker, formerly Margaret Dinwiddle, native of Kentucky ; she was born in 1818 ; she came to Jeffjrson Co. in 1837, returned to Indiana, and came back in 1850 ; Mr. Hendrix had seven children by his first marriage, six still living — Charles, Martha, William, Ellen, Ira and Melissa ; Angeline, the oldest, died in Oregon, in 1867 ; ,he has one child by second marriage — Mary Matilda ; lost two. Mr. H. owns 640 acres of land. Members of M. E. Churcb. JOHN McGREW, far.. Sec. 4; P. 0. Muscatine; born in Montgomery ■Co., Ohio, in 1815 ; his parents, William and Charlotte MoGrew, were early settlers of Montgomery Co.; they removed to Wayne Co., Ind., about 1820, which continued to be their home until their death ; they died of cholera at the present home of their son John, while on a visit to their children in Iowa, in 1851. Mr. McGrew left his father's home in Indiana in 1835, and came to Muscatine Co.; he pre-empted one-fourth sec- tion in Louisa Co., bordering on Muscatine County, where he lived ten years ; he then sold and bought his present farm, which contains 137 acres. He married, in 1836, Lydia A. Willetts, a native of Mercer Co., 111.; he had eight children, four still living — Araminta (now Mrs. S. Vanetta), Almira (now Mrs. Henry Miller), Lydia A. (now Mrs. Jesse Kerr). Mrs. McGrew died of cholera at the time his parents died ; he married, in 1853, Louisa Adams, of Iowa City ; has one child by second marriage — Ida (now Mrs. Harris Willetts). JOHN S. RKxGrS, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Muscatine ; was born in Montgom- ery Co., Ohio, in 1812; married, in 1835, Eliza Longstreath; she was born in Vir- ginia in 1814 ; Mr Riggs' parents, John and Mary Riggs, removed from Kentucky to Ohio, and were among the earliest settlers of Montgomery Co.; JMrs. Riggs' parents were natives of Virginia, also early settlers of Montgomery Co.; Mr. Riggs came to Muscatine Co. in 1853, and located where he now lives in 1854; he owns 300 acres of land ; has had nine children, only four of them now living — Maria (married Mr. Jacob Caisbeer), John W., William JNI. and Dayton M. Mr. Riggs was Justice of the Peace for 1868; has been Township Trustee and County Superintendent. Members of the U. B. Church. M. J. SHELI1, with parents, omigratod to Dearborn Co., Ind. ; while there he learned tlie wagon and carriage making business.; in 1841, came to Burling- ton, Iowa, stopping there about a year, then came to Bluseatino and established the fii-st wagon and carriage shop in the town; followed the business until in 1853; came on to his present farm. Married Rachel Danfield April 1.'), 1845 ; she was born in 1822, in Philadelpliia, and died in (\tober, 1846; he again married, to Laura McGill, Dec. MOSCOW TOWNSHIP. 667 20, 1848 ; she was born Oct. 5, 1824, in Hamilton Co., OHo ; he had one daughter— Kosetta, now deceased— by first wife ; by second wife, three children living— Richard, Frank and Edward : lost four— Cora, Ella, George and Charles. Member of the M. E. Church ; Republican. HENRY C. T. liAlVGE, proprietor of Moscow ferry. P. 0. Moscow; owns about forty acres of land near Moscow, also 174 acres in Cedar Co., of the value of $25 per acre; born Feb. 28, 1825, in Holstein, Germany; emigrated to Ohio in 1847 ; soon after arriving here, enlisted in Co. L of 2d Ohio Volunteers, to serve in the Mexican war ; was in the service until July, 1848; mustered out at Cincinnati, after which he went to Indianapolis, Ind., remaining until the fall of 1850 ; came to Iowa,^locating on west side of Cedar River, about two miles from where he still lives ; in 1852, he purchased the ferry-boat, which he has run ever since. He enlisted Aug. 9, 1862, in Co. C of the 35th Iowa Inf; participated in the battle of Jackson and siege of Vicksburg, Miss.; was also with A. J. Smith, in the Red River expedition, also Henderson Hill, Pleasant Hill, Clothierville, Marksville, Yellow Bayou, Checut Lake, La., Tupelo, Nashville, Tenn., and Spanish Fort, Ala.; was discharged at Daven- port Aug. 10, 1865. Married Caroline Grosce, of Indianapolis, Ind., Sept. 4, 1850 ; she was born Sept. 4, 1832, in Germany; have five children living — Grant, William T. S., Melinda, Anna and Elemora; lost six — Peter M., Henry A., Edward H., Charles L., Henry and Dora L. Mr. L. is present Township Clerk, which ofiSce he has filled for eight years ; has also served as President of School Board. Lutheran ; Repub- lican. JOHN W. MAYJLONE, far.. Sec. 26; P. O. Muscatine; owns 176 j acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; son of Abraham and Nancy Maylone ; born Au"-. 28, 1826, in Columbiana Co., Ohio; in the spring of 1852, went, by overland route, with ox-team, to California; followed mining and brick-making; returned in 1856; came to this county the same year and located on the«farm upon which he is still living. Mar- ried Mary Frybargar Aug. 28, 1 856 ; she was born in 1836, in Ohio, and died June 7,1862; he again married, Ruth Gilford, April 4, 1867 ; she was born in Ohio May 8, 1838 ; has two children by first wife — George and Edwin ; by second wife, two — ^Ella and Eugene ; lost three — Estella, Willard and VVilford. Mr. M. has served as Assessor of his town- ship five years, and Trustee two years. His fatlier was born Sept. 12, 1797, on the north bank of the Ohio River, and is still in good health, and living with his son, one thing being remarkable, that he has never used glasses, and can read any print as well as any one. Member M. E. Church ; Democrat. WILrLIAM J. HIIvIiER, far.. Sec. 7; P. 0. Atalissa ; son of John B. and Susan Miller ; owns 223 acres of land, valued at 130 per acre ; born March 3, 1832, in Somerset Co., Penn.; came to this county in October, 1854; in the spring of 1855, his parents came here, locating in Goshen Tp., where his father died, in 1872. Married Nancy Gatton, daughter of William and Elizabeth Gatton, Oct. 23, 1856 : she was born in November, 1830 ; her parents came from Holmes Co., Ohio, to this county in 1839, consequently being among its earliest settlers ; her father died in December, 1876 ; have five children living — Adessa, Allen C, Isabelle, Ulysses and Julius ; lost one — Filey ; Member Presbyterian Church ; Republican. MICHAEL G. RESIiE Y, far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Moscow ; son of Henry and Esther Resley ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born Feb. 27, 1827, in Knox Co., Ohio ; in the fall of 1850, came, with parents, to Muscatine Co., and on his present farm in the spring of 1851, where his father died, June 9, 1874, and mother Sept. 9, 1857 ; served his country in the late rebellion, in Co. I of 11th Iowa Inf, from May 28, 1864, to June 15, 1865 ; was with Sherman in his march to the sea. Was never married; his maiden sister, Esther A., keeps house for him. Republican. CHARLES SCHIJL.TE, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Atalissa; owns 216 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre; born Jan. 15, 1840, in Rhine Province, Prussia ; was educated at a Catholic Seminary, in Werden, Germany ; in the fall of 1857, came to the United States, locating in Muscatine Co.; his father came in 1859; came onto his 668 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: present farm in the spring of 1859. Married Diana Stoneburner Sept. 11, 1864; she was bora Aug. 16, 1830, in Clay Co., III.; have no children; Mr. S. is now serving his third term as Township Assessor ; his brother Otto served the Union cause in Co. F of the 2d Missouri Battery, from 1861 to 1864; was at the siege of Vicksburg, Pea Kidge, Chattanooga, capture of Atlanta, etc. Politics, Republican. O. F. SHAFNIT, farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Moscow ; son of Jacob and Eliz- abeth Shafnit; born May 7, 1837, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in December, 1851 ; came with parents to the United States ; arrived in this county the following spring, locating in Bloomington Tp. ; in 1855, came to Moscow Tp., and in 1866, moved into Cedar Co., returning to this county in March, 1878; owns a farm of 560 acres, valued at $25 per acre; his father died in this county Aug. 5, 1860. Married Miss Barbara Will Aug. 20, 1860 ; she was born Oct. 7, 1840, in this county and township ; have two children — George and Fred ; lost one — Cornelia ; is raising two orphans — Emma and John Kurc. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Republican. tj^EOROF WIIX, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Moscow; son of Nicholas and Margaret Will; born March 19, 1830, in Bavaria, Germany; emigrated with parents to the United States in 1840, locating in Moscow Tp. ; his mother died in 1846, and father, Nov. 7, 1857. Married Margaret Kurts Nov. 29, 185(i ; she was born in Germany in 1832; have four children living — Christian N., George W., John and Frank ; lost three infants. Mr. W. owns 560 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre ; is also Trustee of township. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. JOHN G- Wllili, farmer ; Sec. 22 ; P. 0. JIoscow ; owns 550 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; born Feb. 21, 1838, in Bavaria, Germany ; came with parents to this county in the spring of 1840, they locating on the farm upon which he is now living. Married Sophia Shafnit Nov. 20, 1860 ; she was born in Germany Dec. 31, 1842. Mr. W. is one of the leading farmers of his township. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Democrat. ♦ WILTON TOWNSHIP. FKANK JBACOX, of Bacon & Mclntire, dealers in dry goods and general merchandise, corner Fourth and Cedar streets ; residence corner Sixth and Cherry ; born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 30, 1835, and, when 18 months of age, his parents removed to Camden, Oneida Co., N. Y. ; at 21 years of age, he came to Iowa, and, in the fall of 1856, engaged as clerk with J. J. Rider, of Wilton; he continued with him until the spring of 1860, when he purchased the entire business interest of his employer, and continued alone until the spring of 1870, when Mr. Charles Mclntire became a partner; in June, 1874, with others, he organized the Farmers' and Citizens' Bank, of which he was elected President. April 2, 1861, he married Miss Harriet B., daughter of J. J. Rider; she was born in Seymour, Conn., in August, 1843, and, with her parents, came to this county in 1856; they have three children — two sons and one daughter; the eldest, Charles C, was born in February, 1802 ; John E., in June, 1864 ; and Mary, in June, 1868. Radical ; members of M. E. Church. AMOS RARNARD, furniture and undertaking, Fourth street, corner of Cherry; residence. Seventh street; born in Washington Co., Ind., in 1833, and in June, 18'17, with his parents, came to Iowa and settled in Muscatine, whore his father, a wagon-maker, worked at his trade until 1S48 ; he removed to what is now Wilton, and was ompl America, Columbiana Co., Penn, where he taught country school in the Scotch set tlements for four years ; thence to Pittsburgh, where he onn- iged in the mercantile busi- ness for fifteen years in the same store ; in the spring of I'Soii, they came to Iowa, this county, and settled where ho now resides ; and owns 360 acres of land, valued at $5.') per acre, having, on first coming to Iowa, acted as Government Land Agent and entered WILTON TOWNSHIP. 671 a great amount of land in this and other counties. They have three children all born .in Pittsburgh— Mary is the wife of Obed Vandike, of Tama Co., a farmer; Andrew and Jame.s Townly are at home. W. A. COOPER, dealer in ready-made clothing, hats, caps and gents' fur- nishing goods, Cedar street ; residence, corner Cherry and Sixth, "Wilton ; a grandson ■of Wm. Cooper and Rachael Philson, natives of Pennsylvania; the former was a Cap- tain during the Revolutionary war ; they had seven children, five sons, the fifth being James, the father of Mr. C, who was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1808, where his first occupation was clerking; having obtained a business education, at an early age, ho engaged in the mercantile business at Cooperstown, a handsome town of Pennsylvania, laid out and named by him for the family ; Mr. Cooper did an extensive business there, not alone in merchandising, but in iron and oil, and also dealt extensively in live stock. At Meadville, March, 1830, he married Amanda, daughter of Col. Cochran, an officer of the militia at Meadville, born in Northumberland Co., Penn.. and marched to the rescue of Perry at the battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 181 3 ; he was a resident of Meadville for thirty-five years ; a Prothonotary for many years, also a mem- ber of the Legislature. She was born at Meadville, Penn., March 10, 1811. Heremained in business at Cooperstown until 1853, when they removed to Iowa, landing at Musca- tine in April of that year, but finally settled on a farm in Cedar Co., two miles north- east of what is now Wilton, where he remained until his death in 1874, leaving a widow, now a resident of Wilton, with her youngest daughter and five children, two sons (both of whom served in the late war) and three daughters ; lost the second, a daughter, in Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch was the second son and fifth born, and born at Cooperstown, Penn., Aug. 15, 1844, and, in the 9th year of his age, came to Iowa, where, at the age of 18, he enlisted in the 35th I. V. I., Co. G, Capt. Dickson, with which he participated at Vicksburg, first and second taking of Jackson, Tupelo, Miss., Nashville, taking of the Spanish Port,^opposite Mobile, and mustered out at the close of the war at Davenport;. After remaining at home for three years, he came to Wilton, and for two years was without any particular busine?s, and June 23, 1870, he married Bell, daughter of Geo. Witmer and Catharine Wirt, natives of Northumberland Co., Penn., and for many years residents of Perry Co., Penn., where she was born May 6, 1848 ; about the year 1866, they carpe to Wilton, where the father died January, 1877, the mother having since found a home with Mr. and Mrs. Cooper, Mrs. C. being the youngest of the family. After his marriage, Mr. C. formed a partnership with Charles Witmer in the dry goods and grocery trade in a store on corner of Cedar and Fourth streets, which he continued for two years, and after closing out his business, he clerked for F. Bacon until 1876, when he became a partner of Wm. H. Bacon, a brother of his former employer, in his present business, which continued until the death of his partner May 4, 1878 ; the September following, he purchased his interest in the busi- ness, and has since carried the largest stock of the greatest variety of goods in his line to be found in this part of Muscatine. They have three children, the eldest of whom is Wirt A., born May, 1871 ; Charles C, April 10, 1873, and Elsie M., Dec. 28, 1875. Mr. and Mrs. C. are members of Presbyterian Church, of which he is Elder .and Superintendent of Sabbath School, and is a member of A. 0. U. W. Security, No. 100, in which he has held various offices. PHIIilP DARE, retired ; resides Sixth street, Wilton. Father Dare was Tjorn at Hanover, near Frankfort, Germany, 30th October, 1808. His fatherin early life was a shepherd, but later became possessor of a farm, on which Philip lived until in his 16th year. Was apprenticed to a shoemaker, with whom he served the customary three years, and worked at journeyman work for nine years ; and when 28 years of age, he married Miss Catherine Harighman, who was born in Hanover, Germany, Oct. 13, 1813. After their marriage, having secured license from Government, he •engaged in business on his own responsibility in his native town, and continued until June 30, 1837, when they emigrated to America, first making their home in Peter Township, Franklin Co., Penn., where he continued shoemaking until 1841, when they removed to Bedford Co., near Shellsby, where he purchased a little farm of w 672 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: twenty-live acres, and succeeded in building up for himself a pleasant and happy home, and continued to make shoes for his neighbors there until the spring of 1856, when their eldest daughter having married and removed to Iowa, they were persuaded to dispose of their home and come West. He purchased forty acres of land near his daughter, in Sugar Creek Township, Cedar Co., where they remained until October, 1872, when they removed to Wilton. Mr. and Mrs. D. had four daughters, three still living — Catherine, born in Germany March 7, 1834 ; she became the wife of Aaron Christ- man, a native of Pennsylvania, and came to Iowa, Cedar Co., the fall of 1855; she died October 10, 1866, leaving four children ; her husband outlived her but four years. Mary M., born in Pennsylvania, March 30, 1850, consequently 17 years of age on coming to Iowa, and was married within three months of her arrival to Michael Witmer, of Cedar Co., now deceased. Wilhelmina E., born July 28, 1842, and mar- ried Jacob Miller, of Cedar Co., and Susanna R., born July 14, 1846, the wife of Theodore Porter, all of whom are residents and prosperous farmers of Sugar Creek Tp., and have made the old people the grandparents of twenty-two children. Mem- bers of the U. B. Church, as were all the children before their .marriage, some of whom have joined other churches with their husbands. J. W. DERBY, farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 10 ; P. O. Wilton; was born in Andover, Windsor Co., Vt., Nov. 12, 1829; when 21 years of age, he came to Illinois, where he worked at farming as an employe for six years, and, in the spring of 1856, came to Iowa, this county, and purchased the farm known as the Kenzie farm. In August, 1857, he married Miss Afce Wilson, who was born at Fredonia, N. Y., Deo. 21, 1838 ; she was one of a family of twelve children of Leonard and Polly Wilson, all of whom lived to man and womanhood, the youngest being now 41 years of age ; the first death in the family, that of Almon W., who died in Willon April 2, of the present year, aged 60 ; her mother died in 1875 ; her father still resides in the East at the advanced age of 84 years. Nathan Derby (the father of J. W.}, a New Englander by birth, is now 86 years of age. In the fall of 1857, Mr. and Mrs. Derby settled where they now reside and own 160 acres of land, valued at $75 per acre ; they have four children — Nathan W., born in February, 1859 ; Ida J., Dec. 30, 1861 ; Eugene, Oct. 6, 1866, and Leonard, Deo. 15, 1872. Republican ; has held the office of Town- ship Trustee and various school offices. REV. NICHOLAS DUGGAX, Pastor of St. Mary's Church ; residence, Third street, Wilton ; born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1843 ; was raised a farmer, and, having received a good common school education, at the age of 18, he entered St. Patrick's College, in County Tipperary, where he remained for eight years, and was ordained at Thurles in 1873 ; in the fall of that year, emigrated to America and came to Dubuque, Iowa ; the following spring, was appointed Assistant Priest with Father Flavin, at Davenport, where he remained for ten months, and in the latter part of 1874, came to Wilton as Pastor of St. Mary's Church, a history of which may be found in this volume. F. D. FARRIER, of Farrier & Wooster, bakery and confectionery. Railroad street; residence, Fourth street, Wilton ; was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in September, 1847; when 10 years of age, his parents removed to Missouri, where his father (who had been a dealer in dry goods) engaged in farming until the spring of 1860, when they removed to this county and settled near Wilton. At the age of 16, in February, 1864, F. D. enlisted in the 11th I. V. I. ; participated at Atlanta and with Sherman's march to the sea ; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 22, 1865. Sept. 21, 1871, he married Mi.ss M. B. Stout, who was born in Pennsylvania Dec. 15, 1S55. In July, 1876, he, in company with J. C. Sharp, opened his present business; the May follow- ing, Mr. Sharp sold out to his present partner, John Wooster. They have three chil- dren — Florence L., Delia May and an infant. Republican; Mra. P. is a member of the M. E. Church. Mr. F. is a member of the A. 0. U. W., No. 100, Wilton Lodge. ISAAC FOSTER, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Wilton; a son pf David Foster and Priscilla Guthrie ; the former a native of Virginia, but, at a very early age, brought to Ohio, near the line of Pike and Scioto Co., where the latter was'born; in the falf of WILTON TOWNSHIP. 673 1851, they settled in this county, where they remained for ten years, thence to Louisa Co., where they now reside ; had six children, three sons and three daughters ; Isaac, the second son, born in Pike Co., Ohio, April 7, 1835 ; 16 years of age on coming to Iowa. July H, 1856, he married Millie J. Wood, daughter of James Wood, of Dayton, Ind., where she was born in August, 1838; her father, soon after, removed to Ken- tucky, where he died; her mother then married Err Thornton, and, in 1850, became one of the early settlers of Muscatine Co. ; for seven years after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Foster resided in Township Seventy-six, when they came to their present residence and farm of 180 acres ; have seven children — Frank W., born April 30, 1857 ; Clara M., Dec. 2J, 1859 ; Luther E., March 20, 1862 ; Theodore M., Oct. 17, 1864; Err Thornton, April 28, 1868; David R., Nov. 28, 1871, and Mary E., Aug. 5, 1876. Mrs. P. is a member of the Reformed Church ; Republican. J. Li. (jtEISLjER, Cashier Union Bank of Wilton, residence, Fourth street, Wilton ; son of Henry Geisler and Mary Wildason, natives of York Co., Penn., the former born in 1829, the latter in 1817 ; they became early settlers of Muscatine Co., and he became the first Postmaster of Wilton. In 1857, in company with Dennis Mahanna, Mr. Geisler, Sr., engaged in the grocery trade, which he continued until about a year previous to his death, in October, 1861, leaving a widow with two sons ; ihe youngest, J. L., was born in Wilton May 17, 1857 ; after receiving a liberal edu- cation at the schools of his native town, in January, 1875, he entered the bank of J. L. Reed; remained for one year, then in the Farmers' & Citizens' Bank, until June, 1878; ' the Union Bank was established that year, since which he has acted as Cashier ; March 14 of the present year, he was appointed Secretary of the White Pigeon Fire and Lightning Insurance Company. A member of the Grace Reformed Church. Inde- pendent in politics. B. S. GrOUIiD, restaurant and bakery. Railroad st., opposite Depot ; residence same; born in Franklin Co., Mass., July 26, 1836, and there raised until 18 years of age, when his parents removed to Davenport, Iowa, where his father died. In Octo • her, 1856, he married Mrs. Sarah E., widow of Enos Glaskell and daughter of Gideon Averill ; she was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., June 2, 1830 ; at the age of 6 years, came with her parents to Illinois, near Pleasant Valley, and soon after, to Davenport, Iowa ; her brothers are extensive farmers near that city ; her father died soon after their arrival there. In 1858, Mr. Gould, having secured a mail contract from Roches- ter, Cedar Co., to Dubuque, they removed to Rochester ; remained for two years, then returned to .his native State (Massachusetts) ; remained until the breaking-out of the war, and enlisted in the 3d Cavalry (three-months men), Company B ; he participated at the first battle at Bull Run ; his time having expired, he returned to Davenport, and engaged with the Davenport Sorghum Refining Company. In December, 1864, he re-enlisted in the 24th Iowa Infantry ; was detailed to Governor's Island, N. Y., as assistant in charge of the prison there, and continued there until the close of the war. He eno-aged in farming near Davenport until 1868 ; then removed to Marshalltown and engaged in dairying for two years, after which, he was in the employ of the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad Company, for several years, and in the fall of 1878, he removed to Wilton, where he has since been engaged at his present business. They hare two children— the eldest, Charles M., was born in 1857, is now operator and head clerk of freight depot for Chicago & Rock Island Railroad at Muscatine ; Frank, bom July 29, 1 864. FRA]!li"K. P. G-RA Y, physician and surgeon ; office on Cedar street ; boards at the Mclntire House, Wilton; a son of Dr. D. W. Gray, who was born in Greene Co., Penn Feb 22, 1827, and graduated first at Carmichael College, then at Miami Xed- ical College, Cincinnati, Ohio; in 1851, at West Wheeling, Va., he married Mary Palmer who was born at West Wheeling in 1832; he practiced in Saoksonville, in his native county, until 1870, and, in the spring of that year, came to Muscatine, where he practiced and dealt in drugs and medicines until his death, Nov. 6, 1877, leaving a wife and six children— three sons and three daughters ; the eldest son and second born, Frank P was born in Greene Co., Penn., May 10, 1854, and, after a liberal common- school education, at the age of 16 he entered Waynesburg College, and graduated there ; 674 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: at the age of 18, lie commenced the study of medicine with his father ; the winter of 1870-71, he entered the University of Wooster, at Cleveland, and the following sum- mer was passed at Marine Hospital, and the following winter, returned to Cleveland and graduated; in February, 1872, he came to Muscatine, and, in thn winter of 1873-74, graduated at Keokuk, commencing practice with his father the following summer, which he continued until coming here in February, 1878. The Doctor adheres to the Demo- cratic faith, in which himself and his father were raised. DANIEL/ WA.RKER, proprietor of Harker House, corner Eailroad and Cedar streets, Wilton ; a son of Daniel and Ann Harker, nee Kunkel, natives of Sussex Co., N. Y., and born, the former in 1800, the latter in 1803 ; they had nine children ; Daniel was born in 1833, in Sussex Co., N. Y.; at the age uf 12, with his parents, he removed to Orange Co., N. Y., and, in 1855, the family, parents and three children, came to Iowa, settled in Muscatine, and, in March, 1856, removed to Wilton, where the father died in 1875, the mother having since found a home with her son, who, in November, 1861, married Ann E., daughter of Joseph Ours; she was born in Montour Co., Penn., in 1840, and, with her parents, came to this county in 1859. In March, 1862, they assumed charge of the Wilton House, that being the first hotel worthy the name of the place ; remained there until November, 1863, after which he engaged in the grocery trade, auctioneering, etc., until January, 1873, when, having been reading law for several years, was admitted to the bar ; during the same year, he was appointed Postmaster, and, in 1878, removed tu his present place of residence. They have ten children — Alberta K., Alfred L., George A., Anna G., Hattie A., Mary E., John K., Joseph N., Nelly E. and an infant. Independent in politics ; Mrs. Harker ia a member of the Reformed Church. Mr. Harker has been a member of the Board of County Supervisors, Justice of the Peace, Mayor of Wilton, Trustee, Clerk and Constable. J. B. HARRIS, with D. M. Benner, proprietor of Wilton Collegiate Institute; residence on Sycamore street, between Fifth and Sixth, Wilton ; Mr. Harris was born near Gettysburg, Penn., Feb. 7, 1830 ; when 4 years of age, he was taken by his parents to Salem, Ohio, where, after receiving an academical education, at the age of 23 he engaged in teaching, as Principal of the graded schools of New Lisbon, Ohio, for seven years. During his residence in that city, in Jlarch, 1S57, he married Annie, daughter of William Dorwart, who was born in Lancaster, Penn., April 2, 1834. In the fall of 1860, they came west and settled at Wilton, where he immediately proceeded to establish a school in the second story of what is now the Wilton House ; commenced with two students, increased to thirty fur that term, and continued for five years, with an average attendance of over eighty ; about that time, a building was erected for his use on Fourth street (what is now the Porter House), in which he taught four and a half years, lihen in the second story of the Bacon Block for three years, turning out during these years many students, prepared for the Freshman and Sophomore Classes in college ; also many who became successful teachers and business men, embracing all classes of professional and business men ; he afterward taught at Durant and at various points, but for one year has been connected as above, which, under the present auspices, seems encouraging; particular attention is being paid to normal classes. Mr. Harris has five children — four daughters, and two of the daughters have for several years been engaged in teaching in this and adjoining counties, and are also successful as teachere of ^ music. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. H. is a Republicar^. W. F. H AYFORD, dealer in agricultural implements, stoves and tinware, Fourth St., corner Cedar ; residence, Fifth St., West Wilton ; was born at Spafi'ord, Onondaga Co., N. Y., July 2, 1843 ; there he was a farmer until 1868, when he came to Michigan, and, in the spring of 1869, to Iowa, and engaged at his present business, at Durant, Cedar Co., and remained there until 1874, when ho removed to Wilton and purchased the stock of goods and good-will of Hall & Kyser. In Durant, March 15, 1871, he married Miss Ellen, daughter of David T. Hedges ; she was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., July, 1S47 ; they have had two children — Jennie L., born Sept. 21, 1S72, Fred B., born Nov. 17, 1875, died Sept. 5, 1878. Republican. Mrs. Hayford is a member of the Presbyte- rian Church, as were her parents and ancestors. WILTON TOWNSHIP. 675 JAMES HESKEN, baggage-master, Wilton ; was born in County Meath, Ireland, April 14, 1837 ; when 10 years of age, his father died, and his mother soon after emigrated to America, leaving him with relatives until he was 14 years of age, when she sent for him, having found a home in New York City ; soon after he arrived there, they removed to Otisville, Orange Co., N. Y., where, in August, 1861, he married Jliss B. Sherdin, who was born in County Meath, Ireland, May, 1839. In the spring of 1867, he, with his family and mother, came to Iowa, settling in Wilton, where he worked on the C, R. I. & P. R R., then in course of construction, and, as Assistant Roadmaster, attended to supplies, and after the completion of the road, took charge of of depot at W. Harrington; took care of freight, baggage and tickets. March 10, 1876, his wife died, leaving seven children, six of whom are now living — Jane, Bridget, Rose, Andrew, George and Ellen. Members of the Catholic Church. H. A. HOIjIilSTER, farmer, stock-dealer and breeder of short-horn cat- tle, roadsters and draught-horses, Sec. 5; P. O.Wilton; born in Sullivan Co., N. Y., April, 1826, and after receiving a common-school education, at the age of 22, he learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed continuously until October, 1852, when he came to this county, where he continued his trade. Jan. 2, 1856, he married Hannah A., daughter of Silas and Huldah Hanson (nee Randall), natives of Maine, but among the first settlers of this county, emigrating in 1839 ; were three months on the road. Her mother was a sister of Thomas B. Randall, who was the first settler of what was Randall's (now Center) Grove ; her parents settled at Randall's Grove, where her father and two brothers died, a few months after their arrival. Her mother lived to rear a family of six children, three sons and three daughters, and died in September, 1861. Mrs. H. was the youngest of the family ; born at Waldo, Me., Feb. 27, 1833. Soon aft«r their marriage, Mr: and Mrs. R. removed to their present place of residence, where he had sufiicient means to purchase eighty acres of land and erect a cabin, 14x16, in which they lived for several years, and which he still retains as a remembrance of early times. He now owns 417 acres of well-improved land, valued at $75 per acre. Mr. H. was one of the first in the State to turn his attention to the breeding of short-horn cattle, and now has 100 head of well-bred stock ; has also devoted much time and atten- tion to the breeding of fine horses. They have four children — Ida T., born Sept. 11, 1856 (now wife of L. W. Newell, of this county) ; Mary C, born April 8, 1860 ; Sarah H., born April 19, 1863, and Edwin H., born Jan. 18, 1866. Republican ; mem- bers of the First Congregational Church at Wilton. Has held various township and school ofiSces, having been Assessor for three years ; was appointed Enrolling Officer during the late war. JACOB HOUtJH, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Durant ; born in Westmoreland, Penn., Oct. 22, 1814 ; raised a farmer and miller, with an education such as was to be had at the common schools of that day ; at the age of 22, he left home and learned the ship-carpenter's trade, which he followed for four years, after which he went steam- boating on the Ohio for four years. February, 1841, he married Miss Jane Bell, who was born in Westmoreland Co., Penn., in 1816 ; she died the 18th of July following their marriage; June, 1848, he married Miss Eliza, daughter of William and Mary Sloan, natives of Pittsburgh, Penn., where she was born, Jan 11, 1822, and left an orphan by the death of both parents when a child. For two years foUowmg their mar- riage, Mr. and Mrs. H. kept the Lamerleen House in Pittsburgh ; moved thence to Freeport, Armstrong Co., where they farmed for eleven years, then came to Iowa and settled in Farmington Tp., Cedar Co., and in 1865, to his present place of residence, where he owns 275 acres of land, valued at $60 per acre. They have six children— Mahlon R., born in Pittsburgh AprU 24, 1847 ; is a flirmer of Guthrie Co. ; iSIary W born July 1851, a successful teacher; Annie, born March 30, 1853; a teacher at Des Moines: Rebecca, born May 10, 1855, a teacher; Bayard T., born July 14, 1857 ; Johnston T., born March 24, 1860. Neutral in politics. Mrs. H. is a member of the Congregational Church at Durant. E KliEPPEK, dealer in books and stationery, with wall-paper, window- shades* brackets and furniture on the upper floor. Cedar street ; residence, Sixth street, 676 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Wilton ; son of Christian Klepper, a native of Pennsylvania ; came to Muscatine Co. in 1857 ; his son, B. Klepper, was born in Cumberland Co., Penn., in 1844; had a good common- school education; at the age of 18, engaged as clerk with S. A. Foulke, at Muscatine, and remained for two years there; enlisted in the 35th I. V. I., Co. B, Capt. Steward ; participated at Tupelo, Miss., Tallahatchie River, Nashville, Tenn., Mobile, Ala., and others ; July, 1865, was transferred to the 12th I. V. I. ; mustered out, January, 1866 ; clerked for his former employer for two years. In September, 1868, he married Erie, daughter of Lewis Burdett, who was one of the first settlers of this county; she was born in Muscatine Co., in 1848. After his marriage, he pur- chased a farm in Sweetland Tp., where he remained until 1874, and August of that year, engaged as clerk at the grange co-operative store at Wilton ; after eighteen months was made manager of the same for two years, and January, 1878, purchased his present business. They have two children — Alfred B., born April 2, 1871, and Bennie C, born May 24, 1874. Members of M. E. Church. Republican. Member of the A. 0. U. W., Security Lodge, No. 100, in which he is Overseer ; is also Alderman. W. C. KL.EPPINGER, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Durant ; was born in North- ampton Co., Penn., Dec. 28, 1828, the birthplace of both his parents ; his grand- parents settled in that county at an early day ; he lost his father when 13 years of age, and went to Bloomsbury, N. J., where he learned the coachmakei's trade, and remained for several years ; returned to his native county and dealt in live-stock for three years. Jan. 16, 1854, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Conrad Seem and Catharine Swarts, natives of Northumberland Co., Penn., where her father died in 1877 at the extreme age of 93 years ; her mother died in 1859, having raised a family of fourteen children ; Mrs. K. was the youngest of the family, and born in that county, Penn., August, 1831 ; they resided in their native county, first following his trade for seven years ; then farm- ing until April, 1867; with his family, then consisting of wife and seven children, came to Muscatine Co., and settled where he now resides, and owns 160 acres of land, valued at 165 per acre ; they have had nine children, seven of whom are living — Alice (the wife of J. C. Newel of this county) ; Adelaide C. (the wife J. C. Kelley of this county), Preston C, Lizzie, Rosa, Robert and James. Mr. and Mrs. K. with their children are members of the U. B. Church, at Center Grove ; Mr. K. Trustee and Superintendent of Sabbath school. S AMUEIi €KAI(,^ LONG, Pastor of Grace Reformed Church ; boards with James Ours, Fourth St., corner Elm, Wilton ; was born at Huntingdon, Hunting- don Co., Penn., July 27, 1846 ; lived there until in his 12th year, when his father, George Long, with his family, removed to NeiF's Mills, iu Stone Valley, his native county, where he continued to work at his trade of blacksmithing, Samuel engaging as a farm hand about two miles from home. In the spring of 1861, the family removed to McConnellstown, that county, where S. C. worked in the shop with his father, and at farming. In the spring of 1862, moved to Markleysburgh, same county, where he assisted his father at his business until February, 1864, when he enlisted in the 22d Regt. Cav., Co. K, Capt. J. H. Berring, then lying at Chambers- burg, Frankhn Co., Penn., and not having quarters or rations furnished them, he, with another party, returned home, but afterward joined the regiment at Martiosburg, Va., but was with the regiment soon removed to Cumberland, Md. Previous to Gen. Sigel's movement up the Shenandoah Valley, Va., a battery of two mountain howitzers was manned from the 20th and 22d Regts. Mr. Long went as Bugler of Battery, which soon followed Gen. Sigel up the valley. In Pleasant Valley, Md., the whole regiment drew horses, and started with Gen. Sheridan on his famous raid through the valley of Virginia. In the spring of 1865, the 22d and 14th Penn. V C, were con- solidated with with the 3d Provisional Cavalry, companies being thrown together to fill out by forming number, our subject joining Co. G, C^apt. Spear, were stationed at Morofield to intercept guerrillas and horse-thieves. They were afterward quartered at Winchester, Va., from which place Mr. Long, with others, accompanied two artists up the valley to sketch the battle-ground. In the fall of 1865, the regiment returned to Cumber- land, Md., where Mr. Long assisted in making out the m'uster-rolls ; then went with WILTON TOWNSHIP. 677 •company to Harper's Ferry, Va. , and turned their horses over to the Government ; thence to Harrisburg. Penn., where he was mustereJ out Oct. 31, 1865. In the spring of 1866, his father returned to Huntingdon, Penn., where they kept a hotel until 1868, and then removed twelve miles into the country, and engaged in farming. S. C. went to Titus- Jii f iq"'' ^""^ '2°g''ged as clerk and book-keeper in a wholesale grocery store. In the fall of 1869, he entered the academic department of Meroersburg College, and, in the fall of 1871, entered the college, graduating in the summer of 1875. Tin the fall of that year^he entered the theological course, and graduated in the spring of 1878. In June, 1878, came to Jackson Co., Iowa, where he acted as Assistant Pastor at Maquo- keta, taking a part of a field lying in Clinton Co., and remained until October, 1878, when he came to Wilton. R. A. McIXTIRE, proprietor Mclntire House, Eailroad st., Wilton ; born in Meadville, Penn., Feb. 24, 1820 ; remained with his father on his farm until 21 years of age ; then learned the carpenter's trade. April 9, 1851, he married Josephine F., daughter of James Cooper; she was born in Cooperstown, Penn., May, 1831. He engaged in farming in Pennsylvania, until 1856, when they came to Muscatine and settled in Wilton, where he purchased several lots and being an expert at his trade erected thereon several houses ; the spring following his arrival here, Mr. Mclntire was elected Justice of the Peace, and there being considerable trouble in financial matters at that time his official duties o.ccupied the greater part of his time until spring of 1860, when hewas appointed Postmaster, which office he retained, notwithstanding the change in political affairs, until 1863, when he opened his hotel at his present site ; they have five children — three sons and two daughters. Members of Presbyterian Church in which he has been, chosen Ruling Elder ; has been member of Town Council several times and Mayor three consecutive terms ; is a member of the Wilton Lodge, No. 167, A., P. & A. M. Democrat. J. E. MYERS, Cashier Farmers' and Citizen's National Bank, Cedar st., res. same, Wilton ; was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., May 5, 1845, and when 5 years of age, went with his parents to Saratoga Co., N. Y., where his father (a physician) engaged in farming. J. E. was raised a farmer ; had an academical education ; at the age of 20, he went to New York City, where he was employed as clerk in a wholesale hardware store for three years, after which he was engaged at jobbing in the same line until 1869, when he sold out and came to Iowa; engagpd in business at Wilton, until 1873, and at the organization of the above-named bank was chosen Cashier, which position he tas since retained. In Wilton, June 26, 1874, he married Jennie, daughter of Rev. Jacob Pentzer ; she was born in Germantown, Ohio, April 1, 1852, and with her parents removed to this county in 1859 ; they have had two children — Philip Vanness was born May 13, 1875, and William P., October 30, 1878, and died March 25, 1879. Mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church, in which he has been chosen Elder. L.. S. MANSFIEJLD, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Durant ; was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., May 8, 1810 ; at the age of 25, he moved to Medina Co., Ohio, where he purchased a heavily- timbered farm with a clearing of two acres, on which was a log cabin. In June, 1836, he returned to his native county and married Susan Carter, who was born in Hartford Co., Conn., in August, 1813 ; they continued to reside upon the farm in Medina Co. until 1865, when they came to Muscatine Co., where he now resides, and owns 160 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre. Mrs. Mansfield died in 1872, leaving four children, but one now living — Nancy, born June 19, 1849 ; became the wife •of Jasper Blackston, of this county, and died Oct. 13, 1872 ; William C. was born June 19, 1840 ; enlisted in 2d Ohio V. C. in 1861, and was killed while foraging from Lamar, Mo., May 7, 1862; John R. was born Feb. 28, 1841. He, also, participated in the late war, is now at home; Harriet, born Sept. 1, 1845, died Sept. 1, 1846. Mr. and Mrs. M. were both members of long standing in the Congregational Church, he having been Deacon in that Church for forty years ; Republican. FREDERICK MILiLER, retired, res. Fourth st., Wilton ; prominent among the early settlers and long identified with the growth, development and progress of Muscatine Co. He is a son of Michael Miller and Polly Young ; born in York Co., 678 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : Penn., April 13, 1808, where his ancestors had resided for several generations, having emigrated from Germany ; his grandfather Miller having obtained his land in that county from the English Government ; his grandfather on his mother's side was Frederick Young, a native of Scotland, who emigrated to America and settled in York Co., where she was born, being one of nineteen children. The parents of both had lived to an extreme old age ; his grandmother Young was 97 ; his grandmother Miller, 85 years of age, at death The father of our subject, Michael Miller, was an extensive farmer, but having met with severe losses, during the war of 1 812, at his death (which occurred when Frederick was a mere boy) left the family in destitute circumstances, and at the age of 13, he was obliged to go among strangers ; was employed at farming until 16 years of age, at which time he learned the blacksmith trade, and for several years worked at journey-work. At the age of 23, in Lancaster Oo., he married Catharine, daughter of Robert and Polly Thompson, nee Linch, both of whom died previous to the 3d year of her age ; she was born in Centre Co., Penn., May 5, 1-8— , and was brought up by her mother's parents. Mr. Miller continued to work at his trade in Lancaster Co. until 1834, when he was ordained Pastor of the Evangelical Associatien, and traveled through his native State and Virginia for six years; then, again, he took up his trade in his native county ; in April, 1843, they came to Iowa, making most of the journey by water, arriving at Pittsburgh during the terrible fire of that year ; they were nearly six weeks making the journey tu Bloomington (now Muscatine), where Mrs. M. says they did not know when Sabbath came ; he bought a lot on Mulberry st., cor. Fourth, what is now Court House square, on which was standing a double log cabin, one part of which he convened into a blacksmith-shop, the other containing the family and household goods, and in this manner they lived for three years, when he erected a brick shop, 20x40, and, in 1849, built (on the same lot) a fine brick hotel, two-story and basement, 28x50, in which he soon did a flourishing business ; having to abandon his trade, he converted his shop into a barn and also built one, 24x120 ft., both of which containing double rows of horses, were filled to the full capacity each and every night, his bills amounting to $50 and $60 per day; in 1858, he exchanged this property for a farm of 240 acres, near Sweetland Centre, where they remained until 1863, and removed to Wilton, where Mr. M. erected a warehouse where the elevator now stands, and speculated in grain for two years ; after which his eldest sou, D. T., and himself, erected a store on Fourth .-t., in which they engaged in tiie dry goods trade for four years, when he retired. They have six children — D. T., born in Pennsylvania, Feb. 3, 1834, now of Chicago, on Board of Trade, a bachelor; Fred. P., born Veb. 8, 1838, now of Newton, Jasper Co., grain and lumber merchant; Sarah, born June 26, 1840, the wife of Stephen Winders, of West Lib- erty, engaged in the boot and shoe trade; Catherine, born April 1, 1842, the wife of Tunis Burdge, of Boonsboro, Iowa, tailor ; Harriet A., born Jan. 10, 1846, the wife of Churles Axtell, of Newton, Jasper Co., dry goods merchant, and 31arshall H., born Oct. 31, 1849, a conductor on the S. W. R. R.; his res. is Wilton. Mr. Miller believes ia the universal salvation of all mankind, while Mrs. M. is a member of long standing in the Presbyterian Church. A. O. MUDCwE, dentist. Fourth st.; residence. Fifth st., Wilton; born in Clarendon Co., Vt., Nov. 22, 1843; when eight years of age, his parents removed to Warren Co., N. Y., where they remained fjr four years; came West and settled in Jones Co., of this State. In August, 18G2, he enlisted in the 12th Iowa Infantry, with which he participated at Arkansas Post and other battles ; mustered out at Helena, Ark., May, 1863. Attended the Baptist Collegiate Institute at Milton, Wis., for several terms. In April, 1867, he married Miss Ellen E., daughter of N. M. Walrod, of Wel- ton, Clinton Co., Iowa, where she was born in 1852; in the winter of 1867-68, he studied (hntinry, and practiced in Welton, that county, for two years ; and, after farm- ing for two years, in the summer of 1872, he lemoved to Wilton, of this county, where he has since continued to practice his chosen profession. They have one child — Loyal H., born in April, 1869. Republican. CHARLEIS W. NORTON, farmer, breeder and dealer in short-horn cat- tle, Berkshire hogs and Cotswold sheep. Sec. 13; P. 0. Durant; the second son of WILTON TOWNSHIP. 67? Bundsy B. Norton and Emily W. Ward, the former a native of Litchfield, Conn., where he was a schoolmate of fl. W. Beecher ; the latter of Canadian hirth and parentage; hoth, when young, with their parents, became residents of Medina Co., Ohio, where his father (Charles W.'s grandfather), a Captain in the Revolutionary war, had taken up 1,000 acres of land ; on this land, the parents of Charles settled ; had six children, five sons and one daughter — C. W., the second, born Sept. 9, 1836 ; the mother died April 14, 1854. The father again married, and is now an extensive farmer of Medina Co. At the age of 16, Charles, having secured a good common-school education, purchased his time from his father, entered the academy at Seville, and remained for three terms, and, after teaching several terms to obtain the means, continued his studies ; he went to Berea, Ohio, and took a scientific course ; graduated at Folsom's Mercantile College, at Cleveland, in 1857 ; then taught for some time ; and, after clerking in drugs at Phelps, N. Y., for two years, he made a journey westward on horseback, traveling 1,800 miles, entering land for Eastern parties. July 13, 1859, he married Mary, the youngest of nine children of George W. and Heppie Collin, nee Steel, natives of Hart- ford Co., Conn.; settled in Medina Co., Ohio, in 1819, where she was born, in Octo- ber, 1838. In the fall of 1863, they came to this county, and settled where he now resides, investing $2,500 in a home, to which has since been added until he now owns 740 acres, valued at $65 per acre, well stocked with short-horn cattle, imported Berk- shire and Poland-China hogs, and blooded sheep, on which he has received many first premiums at the county fairs. They have four children — Oaky Gr., born Oct. 6, 1863 ; James C, Aug. 16, 1868; Birdie L., July 3. 1873; Florence E., May 19, 1877. Members of the Congregational Church ; Republican. JOSEPH OUKS, retired; residence, Fourth street, corner Elm, Wilton; born near Philadelphia, Penn., Dec. 16, 1812 ; having lost both his parents at the age of 8 years, was taken by an uncle to Berks Co., Penn..; having served an apprenticeship at the millwright trade,' he worked at that from 18 to 25 years of age, and, in the fall of 1837, went to Columbia Co., Penn., where April 17, 1838, he married Catharine, daughter of John Newhart of that county ; she was born in Lehigh Co., Penn., 1820, Nov. 25 ; he then engaged in milling in Northumberland Co., Penn., for six years j returned to Columbia Co., and farmed for eleven years ; in the spring of 1859, came to Iowa and settled on a farm in Wilton Tp., for three years ; then removed to Wilton and kept the Wilton House and engaged in the livery business on Railroad street, corner of Cherry; this he continued until December, 1874, with the exception of three years, and renting his hotel, has returned to his present place of residence ; they have had nine children, eight still living — -John H., born Feb. 2, 1839, now of Union Co., Iowa; Ann S., Nov.- 29, 1840, the wife of Dan Harker, of this city ; Rebecca, Sept. 10, 1842, the wife of L. F. Critz, of this county; George F., Sept. 28, 1844; Mary M., Sept. 24,1846; died Sept. 8, 1868; Amelia, Jan. 5, 1849, the wife of Joseph McCon- nel, of Wilton; Isaiah R., June 2, 1851 ; Emma S., October, 1853, and Effie J., Aug. 31, 1855, the wife of William Densmore. Mr. and Mrs. Ours were among the original members of the Reformed Church of Wilton ; he was a member of the Board of Alder- men for many years, tind Trustee for several years. Republican. JACOB PJEXTZER, P. 0. Wilton ; his paternal ance-tors were German as his name indicates, was born in Bedford Co., Penn., May 28, 1808, and resided among the mountains of Pennsylvania until 15 years old ; his father then moved into Fayette Co., west of the mountains, where he chiefly resided until 32 years of age ; he com- menced a course of studies in the spring of 1831, at Morgantown, Va., preparatory for the ministry; graduated at Jefferson College in the fall of 1837; studied theology at Allegheny Seminary, Pittsburgh ; was licensed to preach by the old Red Stone Presby- tery, in the spring of 184(^ ; soon after, he emigrated to the Miami country in Ohio, settled in the village of Germantown, Montgomery Co., thirteen miles from Dayton ; taught a hio-h school a number of years and preached to two small congregations in that vicinity ; in" the spring of 1859, came to Wilton Junction, Iowa, his present residence ; has been actively engaged in the work of the ministry until within three years past, bince which he has been in a great measure disabled from the effects of rheumatism ; is 680 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: now on the list of the honorably retired ministers of the Presbyterian denomination and has no regular engagements for preaching ; he is the father of seven living children, three of whom are married ; he has been married twice ; first wife, was Emma Meek, of Pittsburgh ; she died, leaving four young children, three of whom are dead. Mar- ried for his second wife, Miss Martha Coon, daughter of Kev. John Coon, of German- town, Ohio; by her he had seven children, six still alive; his living children are — Emma, youngest daughter of the first wife, now Mrs. L. E. Ingham; Laura, now Mrs. Whitsett, of Carthage, Mo.; Jennie, now Mrs. J. Myers; John William, Jacob L., Hattie Kate and Frederic S. JOHN RAYBfOR, farmer and dairyman. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Wilton ; born in Maidstone, England, Jan. 9, 1813 ; when 4 years of age, his parents emigrated to America, settling in Newton, N. J., where his father engaged in the undertaking busi- ness ; he assisted his father in his business. At 21 years of age, he married Miss Mary Ryer^on, who was born in Newton Tp., Sussex Co., N. J., in 1815 ; was 18 years of age at the date of her marriage ; they engaged in farming near Newton until fall of 1856, when they came to this county and settled where they now reside, and own 160 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre ; they have eight children, five sons and three daughters, all of whom were born in New Jersey, but all married and settled in Iowa ; William was born March 28, 1835 ; Thomas, born Nov. 2(j, 1836 ; George, July 26, 1838 ; Emma E., Dec. 24, 1840 ; Theodore, March 22, 1843 ; Wesley, June 16, 1844; Sarah F., Aug. 28, 1846, and Harriet E., May 26, 1852. RepuWican. CirARRET V. SCOTT, retired; residence Sixth St., Wilton; was born in Bucks Co., Penn., December, 1800. At the age of 22, he married Martha, daughter of William Sisson and Amy Brilsford, themselves and ancestors being natives of Bucks C(j., as far back as is known ; they settled in Bucks Co. ; engaged in farming until April, 1.S72, at which time they came to Muscatine to spend the remainder of thiir days among the children, who had previously settled here. Mr. and Mrs. Scott had eight children, seven still living; Samuel, born Dec. 2, 1825, became an eminent physician of Wilton, and died in the 49th year of his age ; Amy, born April 11, 1827, is the wife of Cortland Gilkeson, a farmer of Lake Tp. ; Garret A., born June 11, 1831, a farmer of Sweetland Center; Martha A., born July 27, 1835, the wife of John Johnson, a merchant of Hulmeville, Penn. ; Sarah M., born Jan. 8, 1838 ; the wife of Wm. Minster of this city; Hettie J., Oct. H, 1840, the wife of Jacob H. Lukens, Prin- cipal of schools at Muscatine; Henry W., born Aug. 30, 1843, a merchant of this city, and Ella L., born Aug. 15, 1847, the wife of Daniel F. Tyson, a farmer near Wilton. Very soon after their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Scott adopted the religious views embodied in the M. E. Church, and remain to this day constant and sincere workers with that body of Christians, and have reared their children in the same faith, all of whom were members of the same Church, and still remain except Mrs. Gilkeson, who, after her marriage, joined the Congregational Church with her husband. J. K. TKRRY, farmer, stock-dealer and breeder of race-horses, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Wilton; was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., June, 1824; was raised a farmer ; he remained at home assisting in the cultivation of his father's farm until 23 years of age ; and March, 1847, married Caroline, daughter of James Colgrove, who was one of four brothers all residents of that county, and extensive farmers and drovers, each having large families; she was born in that county May 14, 1828. For six years after his marriage, Mr. T. remained in his native county ; then went to California, where, for three years he engaged in teaming and threshing; for the latter, he received 15 cents per bushel, making as high as $200 per day ; he then returned to New York, where he remained for one year, and came to Iowa and settled where he now resides, and owns 400 acres of land near Wilton, which he values at $75 per acre, and 240 acres in Powe- shiek Co., valued at $40 per acre ; they have had eight children, four still living- Charles G., born in New York, in August, 1 849, now ;i resident of Poweshiek Co., Iowa, a farmer ; Nellie M., born in New York, Sept. 8, ls:)5, the wife of James A. Sherman, a physician of Cherokee, Cherokee Co., Iowa; James E,, born in Iowa, in 1858, died at the age of 2 months; Katie, born in 1860, died when 6 months of age; Clara and WILTON TOWNSHIP. 681 Prank, born in 1862, died, the former at 6 months, the latter, at 5 months of ao-e ; Douglas, born April 26, 1863, and Fred, the Feb. 27, 1865. Mrs. Terry was formerly a member of the M. E. Church, but is now aSnember of the Congregational Church. Mr. T. has held various township and school offices, and was formerly President of the Agricultural Society of this county ; is a member of the State Legislature. ANDREW A. V ABTCAMP, attorney and counselor at law ; office, Fourth street ; residence, Third street ; Wilton ; was born in Sweetland Tp., this county, Dec. 18, 1850, and lived on a farm and attended the common schools during the winter; at 16, he entered the academy at Muscatine, and, with a course at the Com- mercial College at Iowa City, at the ago of 20, he entered the law department of the State University, in which he took a regular course and graduated June 24, 1871 ; was admitted to the bar June 28, 1871, and commenced practice in Wilton in August of the same year. July 22, 1873, he married Katy, daughter of Mrs. Mary B. Allen; born in Ireland Nov. 25, 1850; emigrated to America with her mother •when she was 5 years of age, lier father having emigrated three years previous and died at Buffalo, N. Y. ; Mrs. Allen and her daughter came to Rock Island, where they resided until 1867, then came to Wilton ; they have had three children, two still living— James R., born May 3, 1874; William N., Feb. 21, 1876, and Frances J., March 12, 1878, died Jan. 13, 1879. Mr. Vancamp is a member of the M. E. and Mrs. Vancamp of the Catholic Church ; Republican. J. D. WAIiKEK, attorney at law and Notary Public; office, Fourth street, corner Cedar; residence. Fifth street, Wilton; was born in Wayne Co., Ind., Oct. 18, 1818 ; had common-school education; at the age of 24, commenced the study of law, which, owing to the death of his father, he soon after discontinued ; his parents, Samuel and Rebecca Walker, nee Dougan, natives of the South; in 1842, left Indiana and settled in Cedar Co., Iowa, where his father had engaged in farming, and, at his death, J. D., being the eldest of the family, found it necessary to abandon his pro- fession and take charge of his father's affairs; therefore came to Iowa; in 1856, he came to Wilton and engaged in the grocery trade here until 1860, when he resumed his studies, and, in 1867, was admitted to the bar. In the fall of 1868, he was elected Qounty Clerk, which office he held for two terms. In May, 1865, he married Eliza A., daughter of George Hartman, and born in Pennsylvania in October, 1836 ; they have three children— George S., Frank W. and Fanny. Republican; members of the Reformed Church. Mr. W. is a me-nber of Pulaski Lodge, No. 107, I. 0. 0. F., in which he has held various offices. S AMI] EL WIIiDASIN, farmer and President of the Union Bank at Wilton; residence, Sec. 7; a grandson of Samuel Wildasin, Sr., whose parents, when he was about 8 years of age, settled on the same farm in York Co., Penn., where the father of Samuel was born in 1781 ; lived upon the same farm. Married Mary Malter, a native of Maryland, and remained at the old homestead until his death in 1857, leaving a widow (who outlived him sixteen years) and six children — three sons and three daughters; Mr. Wildasin, the eldest, was born in York Co., Penn., Jan. 1, 1815, and, Aug. 12, 1841, he married Catharine Manche, dauajhter of John M., a native of Carroll Co., Md., where she was born in March, 1814 ; they remained in York Co. until the spring of 1850, when they came to Iowa and settled four miles west of Muscatine, where he farmed by renting for two years, and, having through Mexican land- warrants, entered the land where he now resides, he removed there ; his farm con- sists of 400 acres of land, now valued at $50 per acre. In June, 1874, the Farmers' and Citizens' Bank was organized and Mr. Wildasin chosen Director and remamed with that corporate body until January, 1878, when he organized the bank of which he is now President. They have five children— George, born in York Co., Penn., m Decem- ber, 1842; Louisa, born in York Co., Penn., July 12, 1844, the wife of Samuel Critz, a farmer of Poweshiek Co. ; Amelia, born in Pennsylvania in September, 1848 ; John, born in this county Oct. 12, 1850, and Henry, born in this county Oct. 20, 1855 ; all are settled in this county except Louisa. All members of the Reformed Church, in which he has been Elder for many years ; has held various township and school offices. 682 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: JAMES YOUXG, far., Sec. 2 ; P. O. Durant ; son of Robert Young, a native of Middletown, Conn., where lie was born April 23, 1793 ; by occupation a farmer. On the 4th of November, 1814, he married Lydia Burr, who was born at Bridgeport, Conn., Dec. 30, 1793 ; they settled in Sullivan Co., N. Y.; had eight chil- dren — three sons and five daughters ; James, the youngest son, was born in Sullivan Co.,, N. Y., Dee. 6, 1829 ; he remained in his native county until in his 21st year, then came to Iowa, where he followed the carpenter's trade in Muscatine and Davenport. Dec. 29, 1859, he married Sarah S., daughter of Peter Heinly and Kate Gerringer, naiives of Northampton Co., Penn., and, with their family of two daughters and one son, came to this county in 1856 ; her father died Dec. 11, 1864; her mother is a res- ident of Davenport. Mrs. Young was born in Northumberland Co., Penn., May 1, 1839. After a residence of one year in Durant, they came to their present place of residence, where he owns 100 acres of well improved and cultivated land, valued at $50 per acre. They have five children — Lillie K., born June 23, 1860 ; Oscar R., born Aug. 5, 1862 ; Lulu A., born Nov. 17, 1863 ; Mary E., born July 23, 1872, and Roy I., born Sept. 28, 1874. Republican. Has held the oflSce of Assessor and various township and school offices. COSHEN TOWNSHIP. JAMES H. ADY, far., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Atalissa; son of Joshua and Rachel Ady; born March 12, 1825, in Harrison Co., Ohio; parents moved to Belmont Co. in 1844. Married there to Miss Sarah Gregg, Jan. 2, 1851 ; she was born Jan. 3, 1824, in the same county ; the following spring, emigrated to Muscatine Co.; entered his pres- eut farm of 160 acres, which now adjoins the town of Atalissa, and is valued at $45 per acre. The town was laid off in the fall of 1855 by Capt. Lundy and John P. Cook, of Davenport, the railroad being completed and the first passenger-train run through to Iowa City Jan. 1, 1856. Mr. Ady's father is still living in Atalissa, in his 81st year^ his mother died in March, 1853. Their children are Maria, Hillis J. and Laura L.; lost one son — -Gregg. Republican. T. Li. ady, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Atalissa; owns ninety-five atres of land, val- ued at $50 per acre ; born May 27, 1829j in Harrison Co., Ohio ; in the spring of 1844, his parents moved to Belmont Co., Ohio; in 1851, to Louisa Co., Iowa; in 1852, to Sweetland Tp., of this county; in the spring of 1854, came to this town- ship. Married Sarah E. Lamb Feb. 22, 1857 ; she Wiis born in January, 1837, in Wayne Co., Mich. ; her father died three months before she was born, and her mother two weeks after; have one son — Hall G., born Jan. 6, 1862. Mr. A. has served his township as Trustee; is also a member of Ionic Lodge, No. 122, of A.. F. & A. M.,at Atalissa ; also member of church ; assisted in organizing their Sabbath school, of which he has served as Superintendent eight years. Republican. GEORGE W. BAXTER, farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 0. West Liberty ; son of William and Mary A. Baxter; born April 30, 1836, in Sussex Co., N. J. ; in the spring of 1846, came to this county, locating in Seventy-six Tp. In jMay, 186], at his coun- try's call, he enlisted in Co. C of the 1st I. V. I., for the three-months service, partici- pating in the battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., where Gen. Lyon was killed; in May, 1862, enlisted in Co. F of the 35th I. V. I. ; was at the siego of Vieksburg, battle of Pleasant Hill, La., Jackson, Tupelo, Miss., and Nashville, Tenn. ; mustered out in August, 1865. Married Mary A. Robshaw, daughter of George and j\lary A. Robshaw, June 10, 1874; she was born in 1847 in England; parents coming to this county in 1850 ; have one son— Chester J., born Feb. 27, 1878; lost one infant son; owns 450 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. His father deceased June, 1876, and mother in April, 1848. Republican. GOSHEN TOWNSHIP. 683 ARTHUR BLACK, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 0. Atalissa ; owns 320 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born Dec. 11, 1805, in Boone Co., Ky. ; in the spring of 1850, came to Muscatine Co. and purchased a part of the farm he still owns, and, by tard labor, economy and perseverance, has accumulated a handsome property, which will enable him to pass the decline of life in comparative ease. Married Miss Adaline Wells, of Cedar Co., Jan. 18, 1853; she was born Oct. 5, 1821, in Loudoun Co., Va., parents coming to Knox Co., Ohio, in 1834, and to Cedar Co. in 1850; have three children living — James, born May 24, 1855 ; George W., born Jan. 30, 1859 ; Maggie J., born Oct. 3, 1861, and an adopted daughter, Anna Larue, born May 14, 1867 ; lost one son — Marcellus A., born Oct. 30, 1853. Democrat. ROBERT BOOTH, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Atalissa; son of John and Eliza Booth; born March 6, 1837, in Harrison Co., Ohio; his mother died when he was about 4 years old. He enlisted in August, 1862, in Co. C, of the 98th 0. V. I. ; participated in the battle of Perryville, Ky., Chiokamauga, Kenesaw Mountain, Resaoa, Peach-tree Creek, Big Shanty, siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ga., siege of Savannah and Columbia, S. C, Averysborough and Bentonville, N. C. ; was discharged at Cleveland, Ohio, June 10, 1865, and the July following came to Muscatine Co., his father having moved here in March previous ; his father died March 11, 1872, leaving himself, sister and brother in Kansas to mourn his loss. Owns 1 70 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre, and bis sister, who keeps house for him, owns eighty acres, it all being the home farm. Republican. SAMIJEL BRA^D, far., Sec. 32 ; P. 0. West Liberty; son of Samuel and Catharine Brand ; owns 450 acres of land valued at $40 per acre; born Sept. 1, 1822, in Franklin Co., Penn. ; in early life, he learned the blacksmith's trade, and in 1843 came to Pittsburgh, Penn., where he worked at his trade till in February, 1849 ; he started for California shipping from Baltimore, via Rio Janeiro and Valparaiso, South America, stopping at each of those places about a month, after which they went on around Cape Horn and to San Francisco, where he arrived Sept. 11, 1849 ; in the winter of 1851, returned via Iowa, and entered the land upon which he now lives; in ihe spring of 1852, returned to California, via Panama, remaining till May, 1853 ; returned home, and the fall following, came to Iowa, built a house on his land and returned to Pennsylvania, where, on the 28th day of November, 1854, he was married to Charlotte Hambright, daughter of William and Anna M. Hambright ; she was born Feb. 4, 1830, iu same county, Pennsylvania ; they then came to Iowa and settled on their farm ; have five children living — Mary P., Carrie I., Edgar,- Cora and Stella; lost one — John. Daughter Mary F. was married to Chester Phillips Feb. 19, 1878. Mr. Brand attended the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. Members of the Presbyterian Church ; Democrat. EDWIBi" W. BROOKER, far., Sec. 27 _; P. 0. Atalissa ; son of James and Sophia Brooker; born April 13, 1839, in Cincinnati, Ohio; came with parents to this county in the fall of 1851, and located in this township ; his father died Oct. 12, 1851 , and his mother July 14, 1861. He enlisted in Co. G of 35th I. V. I., Aug. 11, 1862 ; participated in all the battles the regiment was in, the principal ones being the siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, Tupelo, Nashville, Yellow Bayou, and at the capture of Mobile and Spanish Fort; discharged at Davenport Aug. 10, 1865. Married Clara Pickering, daughter of John C. and Lucy Pickering, April 23, 1868 ; she was born in Belmont Co., Ohio, Feb. 26, 1844; parents came to Cedar Co. in the fall of 1864; have three children— Cora, Prank E. and John E. Members of the M. E. Church; Republican. D. Cr. BARKAL.OW, far., Sec. 13; owns 218 acres of land valued at f40 per acre • born Feb. 20, 1806, in Warren Co., Ohio. Married Catherine M. Beach, sister to Dr. Beach, of New York City, March 3, 1830 ; she was born March 12, 1809 in Fairfield Co., Conn., and died Jan. 7, 1851 ; again married, to Miss Susan Jackson Deo. 10, 1854; she was born Feb. 11, 1816, in Fairfield Co., Conn.; in the spring oip 1855, emigrated to Muscatine Co., locating upon the farm upon which he still lives; has seven children living by first wife— Lewis B., WiUiam P., Munson B., 684 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Elizabeth A., Benjamin F., Mary E., Sarah J. ; lost six — Salina, Derrick G., Maria P., John H. and two infants not named ; children by second wife — Nannie M. and Derrick ti., 2d. Two of his sons served their country in the late rebellion — Munson B., in Co. G/of 35th I. V. I., and Benj F., in Co. G, of 2d I. V. C. Mr. B. has served hi» township as Trustee twelve years, and is a stanch Union man ; Republican. PHILiLiIP CABR, boot and shoe maker, Atalissa; born in Erie Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; came to Iowa in 1875. Married Jennie Strong in 1870 ; she was born in Pekin, 111.; have two children — William and Delos. Mr. C. enlisted in U. S. A. in 1861 ; went out as Captain of Company A, 141st regiment. ALEXA]V1>JER DAIiliAS, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Atalissa; son of Peter and Margaret (Andrews) Dallas ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born March 16, 1845, in Allegheny City, Penn. ; in the fall of 1861, came to this county. Married Miss Elma Wilkinson, daughter of George R. and Maria Wil- kinson, Aug. 11, 1875 ; she was born July 29, 1851, in Belmont Co., Ohio ; have three children— James A., born June 26, 1876 ; Esma, Jan. 7, 1878, and Mary, Feb. 18, 1879. Politics, Republican. ISAAC DICKERSOIV, farmer and stock-raiser. Sec. 9 ; P. 0.' West Lib- erty ; owns 590 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre, forty acres being in Guthrie Co.; born Feb. 20, 1814, in Fayette Co., Penn. Married there Miss Sarah Barricklow June 30, 1836 ; she was born in same county July 9, 1818 ; in the fall of 1846, emi- grated to Coshucton Co., Ohio, and to this county in the fall of 1864, locating upon the farm upon which he is still living.; has eight children living — Catharine, Louisa, Amy, John, Hannah. Sarah, James and Isaac, Jr. ; lost six — Elizabeth, Eli, William, Amanda, Albert C. and George T.; Eli died at Nashville, Tenn., in his country's serv- ice, in Company D of 97th Ohio Infantry. Mr. D. is a member of the M. E. Church ; Republican. SI. S. DISBJRO, farmer, Sec. 12; P.O. Atalissa ; son of Jesse and Martha Disbro ; owns 120 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born Oct. 10, 1831, in Ham- ilton Co., Ohio; in the spring of 1845, parents moved to Monroe Co., 111.; his mother deceased there iu February, 1848, also three brothers and a sister from 1845 to 1850, when they came to Muscatine Co., stopping about three miles below Muscatine; in 1852, came onto his present farm. Married Elizabeth Gorder March 3, 1856 ; she was born in Ohio ; this union not being a happy one, they were divorced. On Sept. 18, 1862, enlisted in Company B, of the 35th I. V. I.; participated in the siege and capture of Vicksburg; was also in the charge made May 22, 1863, before Vicksburg ; after the capture he was detailed as Assistant Quartermaster ; soon after was taken sick and was finally discharged in February, 1864. Returned home and was again married, to Lizzie Deming, Nov. 13, 1865 ; she was born in the fall of 1848, in Cayuga Co., N. Y.; was daughter of James and Mary Deming ; have four children by second wife — Mary, Jessie, Emma J. and Jennie ; lost two infant sons. Repub. lican. H. C DOVE, dealer in general merchandise, Atalissa ; born in Belmont Co., Ohio, in 1840; came to Iowa in 1869. Married Juliet C. Lewis in 1867; she was born in Belmont Co., Ohio; have four children — Clyde L., Lucy M., Alverda P. and Wilma. Are members of M. E. Church; Republican. CHARLES B. DAVIS, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Atalissa; owns 160 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre ; son of James and Thankful Davis ; born Jan. 23, 1831, in Bennington Co., Vt.; in 1845, his parents moved to Washington Co., N. Y.; in 1850, to Kane Co., 111.; in the fall of 1858, he made a tour through Iowa, as far as Shelby Co. and stopped a short time, returned to Cedar Rapids, where he spent the winter ; in the fall of 1860, came to Muscatine Co., remained till August, ISGl, when he enlisted in Co. D, of the 8th I. V. [.; was at the battle of Shiloh, where he was wounded in his right ankle; was unfitted for further service and was discharged in September, 1863. Married Mary Statler March 25, 1863 ; she was born Jan. 18, 1838, in Somerset Co., Penn.; (hey lived in Pike Tp., till 1874, then came onto his present farm; have three children — Edgar, Sarah and an infant not named. Republican. GOSHEN TOWNSHIP. 68& liOUIS FIDERLEIX, farmer and stook-raiser, Sec. 22; P. 0. Atalissa- owns 300 acres of land, valued at $45 per acre; born Dec. 21, 1832, in Baden Ger- many ; in the spring of 1852, emigrated to Allegheny Co., Penn., and in the spring of 1855, came to Rock Island Co., 111. Married there Miss Julia A. Gregg ; she was born Aug. 17, 1838, in Clark Co., 111.; have nine children living— Eliza E., Isabell J., Clara, James A., Lorena E., William E., Wilhelmina A., John and Eloise ; lost two— Louisa K. and Chester T.; Mr. P. has served in Illinois as Town Clerk and School Trustee, is also a member of Ionic Lodge, No. 122, A.. P. & A. M., at Atalissa ; came onto his present farm in this county, in January, 1876. Republican. JAMES D. GAG-E, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. West Liberty ; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born May 5, 1834, in Union Co., Ind. Enlisted in Co. F, Itith I. V. I., April 14, 1861; participated in battle of Edwards Ferry, Berryville and Winchester, Va., besides considerable skirmishing, etc.; discharged May 14, 1862 ; returned home, and in the fall of 1865, came to Muscatine Co.; in the spring of 1867,' moved to Guthrie Co., and in 1868, to Jasper Co., and to Warren Co., in 1871, and to his present farm in 1873. Married Rachel A. Clark, of this county, Oct. 5, 1858 ; she was born Nov. 9, 1839, in Hamilton Co., Ohio; have two children — James D., born Oct. 10, 1859; Francis M., born Octobei-, 1861. Mr. G. makes a specialty in raising small fruits. Member Presbyterian Church. Politically, Greenbacker. AJVDREW HEBERJLINO, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. AtaUssa; owns eighty acres of land, valued at $60 per acre ; born Sept. 13, 1817, in Berkeley Co. Va.; parents moved to Harrison Co., Ohio, in the fall of 1822; was engaged in mercantile business about three years in Athens Co.; in 1850, went to California, returning in 1852 ; came to this county in 1856 ; engaged in mercantile business in Atalissa for about three years, since which time, has follov^ed farming; has served as County Supervisor for about six years. Married Matilda Lamb Sept. 8, 1841 ; she was born October 13, 1820, in Ohio, and died Aug. 24, 1849 ; again married. Prudence A. Lamb, sister of first wife. May 15, 1852 ; she was born Dec. 5, 1834, and died Aug. 3, 1863 ; again married, Eleanor W. Combs, Nov. 9, 1865 ; she was born March 11, 1830, in Ohio ; has two children by first wife living — Mary J. and Leonard, and lost two — Charles C. and Emerson ; and by second wife one living — Henry B., and lost four — John E., Amanda M., Martha W. and Eliza A.; and by third wife one son — George C. ; his son Leonard served in the 2d Iowa Cavalry during the late rebellion. Republican. WIIiLiIAM G. HOEMES, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Atalissa ; born Aug. 7, 1815, in Caledonia Co., Vt.; in the spring of 1837, emigrated to Iowa, locating in Muscatine Co. ; his brother, Robert Holmes, came the fall before, and laid claim to a tract of land just south and adjoining where Mr. H. now lives, and, in company with several others, laid out a town which they called Cedarville, and established a ferry and post office, the stage-route from Muscatine to Iowa City passing there ; a Mr. John Conklin was Postmaster; in 1841, the post office was changed to Poweshiek; in 1844, the post-route was taken to what was known as Overman's Ferry, a Mr. Elias Overman- having located there in 1842; that proved the downfall of Cedarville ; Mr. H. pur- chased his brother's interest, and entered the land from the Government in 1838, adding thereto till he had about one thousand acres. Married Miss Hannah Pickering March 7, 1844; she was born Oct. 7, 1827, in Frederick Co., Va.; her parents moved to High- land Co., Ohio, when she was quite small, and to this couuty in 1842 ; they have eight children living — Sarah A., Margaret A., "Mary B., William G., Almina L., John G., Frank B. and Lillian I.; lost two — Benjamin F. and Ida; Sarah A. married Edward Rock, now of Wapsinonoc Tp., and Mary B. married Winfield Elliott, now of Iowa Co. Mr. H. holds to the Reformed Presbyterian Church ; has served as Justice of the Peace six years ; also as Trustee of the township. Republican. SPEKCER HOWEEE, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. West Liberty; son of John and Phoebe Howell ; owns 130 acres of land, valued at $50 per acre ; born Sept. 22, 1836, in Geauga Co., Ohio; in the fall of 1869, came to Muscatine Co., and located on the farm upon which he is still living; his father died March 25, 1877, in his 86th year of age ; his mother is still living with him. Married E. J. Boyington July 6, 686 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1858; she was born Nov. 14, 1838, in Geauga Co., Ohio; have five children living — Lillie, Willie, Mattie, Jennie and Auriila ; lost infant son. His brother John H., who lives with him, served in the army during the late rebellion, first in Co. A of 8th I. V. I., and next in Co. F of the 17th 111. Cav. Mr. H. is a member of Mt. Calvary Lodge, A., F. & A. M., No. 95, at West Liberty ; Republican. Li. li. IREIj AND, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Atahssa ; owns 135 acres of land, valued at $40 per acre; born Nov. 4, 1818. in Knox Co., Ohio; in April, 1846, he enlisted for one year in Co. B, of the 2d Ohio Vols., to serve in the Mexican war, and at the expiration of the year, came home and assisted in recruiting Co. G for same reg- iment, in which he enlisted and again returned to Mexico ; was employed, principally, in guarding ports ; was in one severe engagement about eighteen miles from Monterey, where 200 Americans kept 1,500 Mexican Lancers at bay, till re-enforcements could be obtained from Monterey"; was discharged in June, 1848. Married Christie A. Resley Aug. 19, 1849 ; she was born April 1, 1830, in Knox Co., Ohio, and the same fall they <;ame to Muscatine Co., he locating his land with a land-warrant, which had been granted to him for his services in the Mexican war ; has ten children — George H., Louisa, Jasper, Olive, Emma J., Clara, John A, Alice, James and Elmer ; lost three — ■ Almeda, Sarah E. and an infant. Democrat. SLL AS W. JACOBS, farmer and stock-breeder, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. West Lib- erty ; born in Washington Co., Vt., in 1830; came to Iowa in 1857, and located in Cedar Co.; removed to his present farm in 1862. Married Martha Carpenter in 1851 ; she was born in Washington Co., Vt , in 1836; have three children — Edwin, Mary iind Whitman. Are members of the Christian Church ; Democrat. WUililAM T. JONES, farmer and Township Assessor, Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Atalissa ; son of Abner and Caroline Jones; born in this township May 1, 1850; parents came from Highland Co., Ohio, in the fall of 1847 ; mother died May 2, 1869, and father Oct. 17, 1876 ; his father commenced the mercantile business in Atalissa in the fall of 1855, which he continued till 1873. Married Amanda Lamb January 8, l'^73; she was born July 23, 1850, in Harrison Co., Ohio ; have three children — Abner T., Leonard E. and Charles H ; Mr. J. has served his township as Township Clerk, Trustee and Assessor, of which oflSce he is the present incumbent. Repub- lican. SAMUEli M. JONES, painter, stencil-cutter, etc., Atalissa; son of William A. and Rachel Jones ; born Sept. 4, 1844, in Jackson Co., Ind. ; parents moved to FultoQ Co.. 111., in 1845, and to Henry Co. in 1849, and in the spring of 1852, came to Muscatine Co., Iowa, locating in Goshen Tp., where his father died Sept. ll, 1859, and mother May 6, 1866 ; is the second son of a family of eight children, four of whom are deceased. Mr. Jones has no family, consequently travels some, which he has done to some extent through Illinois, Iowa and ^Missouri, still making his home at Atalissa. Politics, Republican. LEONARD AT AlilSSA LAMB, Superintendent of fence-building for C. R. & P. R. R. from Davenport to Brooklyn ; born Dec. 25, 1S25, in Harrison Co., Ohio ; worked at threshing-machine and reaper building at Martinsville, Ohio, several years; in 1857, came to Atalissa, and engaged in carpenter and joiner work till 1863; was then appointed agent for the Railroad Co. at Atalissa, which he filled till 1869, since which time he has followed his present business. Married Rebecca J. Stewart July 23, 1849 ; she was born June 25, 1827, in Williamsport, Va. ; have four children living— Emerson S., Amanda L., Mary H. and Charles H. ; lost one — Hattie B. Is a member of Ionic Lodge, No. 122, A., F. >yc A. M., at Atalissa. Republican. SAMUEL V. LAMBERT, dealer in boot and shoes, hardware, ets " :^y-'' -v- '>.i^B m ^IbSj^^H "St,