Mik Wf^ mm. MB f lii iMf .-vt m \t\ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM The Histor.; •^'ovartoi-nt •u Date Due MAR 2 2 mi d ; HQf^^ 1 n ims 1 » ,-■ ■■' ^Vi A?\{ i y ..... J MffiV l^ '^' 3b1 //A- \S|lHi' "^ / ^PKl ^ &bo <*. JUt4- S48gSrM-r - The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028913121 F 612W2°H67 ""'™""^ '""'"'' **''^m?mfm^&Sli9RS9!fm..aM.M St. olin 3 1924 028 913 121 Overs HISTOET [TY ST. CROIX VALLEY, IXCLiniXC THE EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS of MINNESOTA, By KEV. EDW.v'-'" ^- ^'KT'l'.. OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA V By J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS. MINNEAPOLIS : NOKTH STAR PUBLISHING COMPANY, ( ^ O N T E N ^r H . PAGE Preface, iii Map, opp. 1 CHAPTERS I— XXIII. Explorers and Pioneers of Minnesota — Rev. Edward Duffield Neill, 1-138 CHAPTERS XXIV— XXIX. Outlines of the History of Minnesota, 18.5H to 1881— J. Fletcher Williams, - 129-160 CHAPTER XXX. Fort Snelling, 161-169 CHAPTER XXXI. Chronology, 170-176 CHAPTERS XXXII— XXXVII. History of the St. &-oi-x Valley, 177-219 CHAPTERS XXXVIII— XLI. St. Croix County, : 219- 2r,0 CHAPTERS XLII— XLIV. Pierce County, '250-27ii CHAPTERS XLV— XLVII. Polk County, 274-2II9 CHAPTERS XLVIII— XLIX. Chisago County, 300-315 CHAPTERS L-^LI. Washington County, 316-338 CHAPTER LII. War Record, 338-353 CHAPTER LIII. Denmark, 353-364 CHAPTER LIV. Cottage Grove, 364-380 CHAPTER LV. Newport, CHAPTER LVI. Woodbury, I CHAPTER LVII Afton, CHAPTER LVIII Lakeland, CHAPTER LIX Baytown, CHAPTER LX. Oakdale, CHAPTER LXI Grant, Oneka, CHAPTER LXII. CHAPTER LXIII. Forest Lake, CHAPTER LXIV. Marine, CHAPTER LXV. Stillwater, Town of, CHAPTERS LXVI— LXXII. Stillwater, City of, CHAPTERS LXXIII— LXXV. Stillwater, City, Biographies, Directory, Index, PAGE 380-385 386-399 399-412 412-424 424-442 442-450 450-459 459-465 465-470 470-48H 489-495 496-556 556-608 609-622 623 PREFACE. We live not alone in the present but also in the past and future. The radjus that circumscribes our lives must necessarily extend back indefinitely and forward infinitely. We can never look out thoughtfully at our immediate surroundings but a course of reasoning will start up leading us to inquire the causes that produced the development around us, and at the same time we are led to conjecture the results to follow causes now in operation. We are thus linked indissolubly with the past and the future. If, then, the past is not simply a stepping-stone to the future, but a part of our very selves, we can not afford to ignore, or separate it from ourselves as a member might be lopped off from our bodies ; for though the body thus maimed, might perform many and perhaps most of its functions, still it could never again be called complete. We therefore present this volume to our patrons, not as something ex- trinsic, to which we would attract their notice and secure their favor, but as a part of themselves, and an important part, which it is the province of the historian to re-invigorate and restore to its rightful owner. Moreover, we can not but hope that we shall thus confer much pleasure. The recounting of events which have transpired in our own neighborhood is the most inter- esting of all history. There is a fascination in the study of the intermingled facts and fiction of the past which is heightened by a familiarity with the localities described. The writer remembers the glow of enthusiasm with which he once stood at the entrance of the old fort at Ticonderoga, and re- peated the words-of Ethan Allen : "In the nariie of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," etc. The river which flows through our native village acquires a new interest when, in imagination, we see the Indian canoe on its surface and the skin-covered tepee on its banks, as in days of yore. Log cabins, straw roofs, and the rude " betterments " of the hardy pioneer, are the next changes on the scene, followed soon by mushroom towns, some of which perish as quickly as they sprung up, while others astonish us by their rapid growth ; cities are built, and moss and ivy, the evidences of age, accumulate. The log cabin and all the steps of first settlement are things of the past; the place which knew them shall know them no moie forever. Our purpose is to present these pictures in their natural succession, arousing the enthusiasm of the reader, if possible, and giving him a more vig- orous enjoyment of the present by linking it with the past. The compass of the work is wide, extending over a long period of time, embracing the accounts of early explorers, also reaching back among the legends of the past, and approaching the events of the day, almost undesignedly casting a prophetic glance forward at what must be in the future after such a beginning. IV PBEFAGE. Washington county and the St. Croix valley present an exceptionally rich field for a work of this character. To the Indian it was the valley of bones ; to 'the_white man it was a place of danger. Explorer, missionary, voyageur and trader have here left traces of their occupation, although the character of the hostile tribes prevented the St. Croix from becoming the principal highway of travel. Incidents connected with the early settlement derive interest from the Indian treaties of 1837, which pertained specially to the pineries of this valley. While reviewing these* events and enterprises inaugurated for the develop- ment of the country, we come to regret that we can not claim the prestige belonging to the aristocracy of early settlers. It is but just to ourselves to state that the plan as conceived contem- plated only a history of Washington county, and it was only after some time spent in collecting the material for such a history, that the facts were discov- ered to be so inextricably involved with those of the valley at large, as to require the story of the settlement of the whole to be embodied in this work. The plan of the work was enlarged accordingly, and we trust this improve- ment in the original design will be appreciated by our patrons. To give in detail all the various sources from which the facts here given have been obtained, would be tedious if not impracticable. It may be suffi- cient to say that it fairly presents the history of our remarkable development and a faithful picture of our present condition. We must, however, express our obligations to a host of living witnesses, from whom a large portion of the facts have been obtained and doubtful points verified ; they have our hearty thanks. Material has been drawn largely from the columns of newspapers, which have given from time to time, a record of passing events. The contri- bution of Rev. Edward D. Neill will be of great permanent value in imperish- able print, and will be greatly prized by historiographers everywhere. We have also drawn upon the accumulation of facts in the possession of the Minnesota Historical Society, for a paper by its secretary, Mr. J. Fletcher Williams. The value of a reservoir of historical data at the capital of the State, for such purposes, was fully appreciated, and the maintenance of such a centre of information can not be too strongly advocated. In conclusion, we have an obligation to express to our patrons, and are pleased to acknowledge a liberal patronage and more than ordinary courtesy toward our employes ; for all of which we tender our hearty thanks. Hoping that those who have subscribed for and are about to receive this volume, will favor it with a kind reception, and take as much interest in reading as we have in compihng the history of Washington county and the St. Croix valley, we are. Very respectfully, yours, GEORGE E. WARNER, CHAS. M. FOOTE. EXPLORERS AND PIOISTEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE I. FOOTPRINTS OF CIVILIZATION TOWAED THE EXTREMITY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. MinneBOtrt*a Central Position.— D'Avagour's Prediction.—Kicolet'a Visit to Green Bay.— Fil-st White Men in Minnesota.— Notices of Groselliers and Radisson.— Hurons Flee to Minnesota.— Visited by Frenchmen.- Father Menard Disap- pears.- Groselliers visits Hudson's Bay.— Father AUouez Describes the Sioux Mission at La Pointe.— Father Marquette.— Sioux at Sault St. Marie, — Jesuit Missions Pail.— Groselliers Visits England.— Captain Gillam, of Boston, at Hud- son's Bay. — Letter of Mother Superior of Ursulines., at Quebec,— Death of Groselliers. The Dakotahs, called by the Ojibways, Nado- waysioux, or Sioux (Soos), as abbreviatsd by the French, used to claim superiority over other peo- ple, because, their sacred men asserted that the mouth of the Minnesota River was immediately over the centre of the earth, and below the centre of the heavens. While this teaching is very different from that of the modern astronomer, it is certainly true, that the region west of Lake Superior, extending through the valley of the Minnesota, to the Mis- souri Kiver, is one of the most healthful and fer- tile regions beneath the skies, and may prove to be the centre of the republic of the United States of America. Baron D'Avagour, a brave officer, who was killed in fighting the Turks, while he was Governor of Canada, in a dispatch to the Trench Government, dated August 14th, 1663, after referring to Lake Huron, wrote, that beyond " is met another, called Lake Superior, the waters of which, it is believed, flow into Kew Spain, and this, according to general opinion, ought to he the centre of tlie counti-y." As early as 1635, one of Champlain's interpre- ters, Jean Nicolet (Mcolay), who came to Cana- da in 1618, reached the western shores of Lake Michigan. In the summer of 1634 he ascended Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1S81, by Geo, E. WAatrun and the St. Lawrence, with a party of Hurons, and probably during the next winter was trading at Green Bay, in Wisconsin. On the ninth of De- cember, 1635, he had returned to Canada, and on the 7th of October, 1637, was married at Quebec? and the next month, went to Three Rivers, where he lived until 1642, when he died. Of him it is said, in a letter written in 1640, that he had pen- etrated farthest into those distant countries, and that if he had proceeded " three days more on a great river which flows from that lake [Green Bay] he would have found the sea." The first white men in Minnesota, of whom we have any record, were, according to Garneau, two persons of Huguenot affinities, Medard Chouart, known as Sieur Groselliers, and Pierre d'Esprit, called Sieur Radisson. Groselliers (pronounced Gro-zay-yay) was born near Perte-sous-Jouarre, eleven mUes east of Meaux, in France, and when about sixteen years of age, in the year 1641, came to Canada. The fur trade was the great avenue to prosperity, and in 1646, he was among the Huron Indians, who then dwelt upon the eastern shore of Lake Huron, bartering for peltries. On the second of Septem- ber, 1647, at Quebec, he was married to Helen, the widow of Claude Etienne, who was the daugh- ter of a pilot, Abraham Martin, whose baptismal name is still attached to the suburbs of that city, the "Plains of Abraham," made famous by the death there, of General Wolfe, of the English army, in 1759, and of General Montgomery, of the Continental army, in December, 1775, at the C. M. Foots, in the ofSco of tlie Librariiui of Congress, at Washington, D. 0. EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. commencement of the " "War for Independence." His son, Medard, was bom in 1657, and the next year his mother died. The second wife of Gro- selliers was Marguerite Hayet{I-Iayay) Eadisson, the sister of his associate, in' the exploration of the region west of Lake Superior. Radisson was born at St. Malo, and, while a boy, went to Paris, and from thence to Canada, and in 1656, at Three Rivers, married Elizabeth, the daughter of Madeleine Hainault, and, after her death, the daughter of Sir David Kirk or Kerkt, a zealous Huguenot, became his wlCe. The Iroquois of New York, about the year 1650, drove the Hurons from their villages, and forced them to take refuge with their friends the Tinon- tates, called by the French, Petuns, because they cultivated tobacco. In time the Hurons and their allies, the Ottawas (Ottaw-waws), were again driven by the Iroquois, and after successive wanderings, were found on the west side of Lake Michigan. In time they reached the Mississippi, and ascending above the Wisconsin, they found the Iowa River, on the west side, which they fol- lowed, and dwelt for a time with the Ayoes (loways) who were very friendly ; but being ac- customed to a country of lakes and forests, they were not satisfied with the vast prairies. Return- ing to the Mississippi, they ascended this river, in search of a better land, and were met by some of the Sioux or Dakotahs, and conducted to their vUlages, where they were well received. The Sioux, delighted with the axes, knives and awls of European manufacture, which had been pre- sented to them, allowed the refugees to settle upon an island in the Mississippi, below the mouth of the St. Croix River, called Bald Island from the absence of trees, about nine miles from the site of the present city of Hastings. Possessed of firearms, the Hurons and Ottawas asserted their superiority, and determined to conquer the country for themselves, and having incurred the hostility of the Sioux, were obliged to flee from the isle in the Mississippi. Descending below Lake Pepin, they reached the Black River, and ascending it, found an unoccupied country around its sources and that of the Chippeway. In this region the Hurons established themselves, while their allies, the Ottawas, moved eastward, till they found the shores of Lake Superior, and set- tled at Chagonamikon (Sha-gah-wah-mik-ong) near what is now Bayfield. In the year 1659, Groselliers and Radisson arrived at Chagouamik- on, and determined to visit the Hurons and Pe- tuns, with whom the former had traded when they resided east of Lake Huron. After a six days' journey, in a southwesterly, direction, they reached their retreat toward the sources of the Black, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers. From this point they journeyed north, and passed the winter of 1659-60 among the " Nadouechiouec," or Sioux villages in the Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) re- gion. From the Hurons they learned of a beau- tiful river, wide, large, deep, and comparable with the Saint Lawrence, the great Mississippi, which flows through the city of Minneapolis, and whose sources are in northern Minnesota. Northeast of Mille Lacs, toward the extremity of Lake Superior, they met the " Poualak," or Assiniboines of the prairie, a separated band of the Sioux, who, as wood was scarce and small, made fire with coal (charbon de terre) and dwelt in tents of skins ; although some of the more in- dustrious built cabins of clay (terre grasse), Uke the swallows build their nests. The spring and summer of 1660, GroseUiers and Radisson passed in trading around Lake Superior. On the 19th of August they returned to Mon- treal, with three hundred Indians and sixty ca- noes loaded with " a wealth of skins." " Furs of bison and of beaver. Furs of sable and of ermine." The citizens were deeply stirred by the travelers' tales of the vastness and richness of the region they had visited, and their many romantic adven- tures. In a few days, they began their return to the far West, accompanied by six Frenchmen and two priests, one of whom was the Jesuit, Rene Me- nard. His hair whitened by age, and his mind ripened by long experience, he seemed the man for the mission. Two hours after midnight, of the day before departure, the venerable missionary penned at " Three Rivers," the following letter to a friend : 'Reverend Fathee : " The peace of Christ be with you : I write to you probably the last, which I hope will be the seal of our friendship until eternity. Love whom the Lord Jesus did not disdain to love, though the greatest of sinners; for he loves whom he FATHEB MENABD LOST IN WISCONSIN. 3 loads with his cross. Let your friendship, my good Father, be useful to me by the desirable fruits of your daily sacrifice. " In three or four months you may remember me at the memento for the dead, on account of my old age, my weak constitution and the hard- ships I lay under amongst these tribes. Never- theless, I am in peace, for I have not been led to this mission by any temporal motive, but I think it was by the voice of God. I was to resist the grace of God by not coming. Eternal remorse would have tormented me, had I not come when I had the opportunity. " "We have been a little surprized, not being able to provide ourselves with vestments and oth- er things, but he who feeds the Uttle birds, and clothes the liUes of the fields, will take care of his servants ; and though it should happen we should die of want, we would esteem ourselves happy. I am burdened with business. What I can do is to recommend our journey to your daily sacrifice, and to embrace you with the same sen- timents of heart as I hope to do in eternity. " My Reverend Father, Tour most humble and affectionate servant in Jesus Christ. E. MENAED. "From the Three Elvers, this 26th August, 2 o'clock after midnight, 1660." On the liSth of October, the party with which he journeyed reached a bay on Lake Superior, where he found some of the Ottawas, who had fled from the Iroquois of New York. For more than eight months, surrounded by a few French voyageurs, he lived, to use his words, " in a kind of small hermitage, a cabin built of fir branches piled one on another, not so much to shield us from the rigor of the season as to correct my im- agination, and persuade me I was sheltered." During the summer of 1661, he resolved to visit the Hurons, who had fled eastward from the Sioux of Minnesota, and encamped amid the marshes of Northern Wisconsin. Some Frenchmen, who had been among the Hurons, in vain attempted to dis- suade him from the journey. To their entreaties he replied, " I must go, if it cost me my Ufe. I can not suffer souls to perish on the ground of saving the bodily hfe of a miserable old man Uke myself. What! Are we to serve God only When there is nothing to suffer, and no risk of Ufe?" Upon De I'lsle^s map of Louisiana, pubUshed nearly two centuries ago, there appears the Lake of the Ottawas, and the Lake of the Old or De- serted Settlement, west of Green Bay, and south of Lake Superior. The Lake of the Old Planta- tion is supposed to have been the spot occupied by the Hurons at the time when Menard attempt- ed to visit them. One way of actess to this seclu- ded spot was from Lake Superior to the head- waters of the Ontanagon River, and then by a port- age, to the lake. It could also be reached from the headwaters of the Wisconsin, Black and Chip- pewa Rivers, and some have said that Menard descended the Wisconsin and ascended the Black River. Perrot, who lived at the same time, writes: "Father Menard, who was sent as missionary among the Outaouas [Utaw-waws] accompanied by certain Frenchmen who were going to trade with that people, was left by all who were with him, except one, who rendered to him imtil death, all of the services and help that he could have hoped. The Father followed the Outaouas fUtaw- waws]to the Lake of the Illinoets [Illino-ay, now Michigan] and in their flight to the Louisianne, [Mississippi] to above the Black River. There this missionary had but one Frenchman for a companion. This Frenchman carefully followed the route, and made a portage at the same place as the Outaouas. He found himself in a rapid, one day, that was carrying him away in his canoe. The Father, to assist, debarked from his own, but did not find a good path to come to him. He en- tered one that had been made by beasts, and de- siring to return, became confused in a labyrinth of trees, and was lost. The Frenchman, after having ascended the rapids with great labor, awaited the good Father, and, as he did not come, resolved to search for him. With all his might, for several days, he called his name in the woods, hoping to find him, but it was useless. He met, however, a Sakis [Sauk] who was carrying the camp-kettle of the missionary, and who gave him some intelligence. He assured him that he had found his foot -prints at some distance, but that he had not seen the Father. He told him, also, that he had found the tracks of several, who were going towards the Scioux. He declared that he supposed that the Scioux might have killed or captured him. indeed, several years afterwards^ EXPL0BEB8 AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. there were foimd among this tribe, his breviary and cassock, -which they exposed at their festivals, making offerings to them of food." In a journal of the Jesuits, Menard, about the seventh or eighth of August, 1661, is said to have been lost. GroselUers (Gro-zay-yay), while Menard was endeavoring to reach the retreat of the Hurons which he had made known to the authorities of Canada, was pushing through the country of the Assineboines, on the northwest shore of Lake Superior, and at length, probably by Lake Alem- pigon, or Nepigon, reached Hudson's Bay, and early in May, 1662, returned to Montreal, and surprised its citizens with his tale of new discov- eries toward the Sea of the North. The Hurons did not remain long toward the sources of the Black Eiver, after Menai-d's disap- pearance, and deserting their plantations, joined their allies, the Ottawas, at La Pointe, now Bay- field, on Lake Superior. While here, they deter- mined to send a war party of one hundred against the Sioux of Mille Lacs (Mil Lak) region. At length they met their foes, who drove them into one of the thousand marshes of the water-shed between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, where they hid themselves among the tall grasses. The Sioux, suspecting that they might attempt to es- cape in the night, cut up beaver skins into strips, and hung thereon Uttle bells, which they had ob- tained from the Prench traders. The Hurons, emerging from their watery hiding place, stumbled over the unseen cords, ringing the bells, and the Sioux instantly attacked, killing all but one. About the year 1665, four Prenchmen visited the Sioux of Minnesota, from the west end of Lake Superior, accompanied by an Ottawa chief, and in the summer of the same year, a flotilla of canoes laden with peltries, came down to Mon- treal. Upon their return, on the eighth of Au- gust, the Jesuit Father, Allouez, accompanied the traders, and, by the first of October, reached Che- goimegon Bay, on or near the site of the modern town of Bayfield, on Lake Superior, where he foimd the refugee Hurons and Ottawas. While on an excursion to Lake Alempigon, now Ne- pigon, this missionary saw, near the mouth of Saint Louis Eiver, in Minnesota, some of the Sioux. He writes : " There is a tribe to the west of this, toward the ^eat river called Messipi. They are forty or fifty leagues from here, in a country of prairies, abounding in all kinds of game. They have fields, in which they do not sow Indian com, but only tobacco. Providence has provided them with a species of marsh rice, which, toward the end of simmier, they go to col- lect in certain small lakes, that are covered with it. They presented me with some when I was at the extremity of Lake Tracy [Superior], where I saw them. They do not use the gun, but only the bow and arrow with great dexterity. Their cabins are not covered with bark, but with deer- skins well dried, and stitched together so that the cold does not enter. These people are above all other savage and. warlike. In our presence they seem abashed, and were motionless as statues. They speak a language entirely imknown to us, and the savages about here do not imderstand them." The mission at La Pointe was not encouraging, and Allouez, " weary of their obstinate unbelief," departed, but Marquette succeeded him for abrief period. The "Belations" of the Jesuits for 1670-71, allude to the Sioux or Dakotahs, and their attack upon the refugees at La Pointe : " There are certain people called Nadoussi, dreaded by their neighbors, and although they only use the bow and arrow, they use it with so much skill and dexterity, that in a moment they fill the air. After the Parthian method, they turn their heads in flight, and discharge their ar- rows so rapidly that they are to be feared no less in their retreat than in their attack. "They dwell on the shores and around the great river Messipi, of which we shall speak. They number no less than fifteen populous towns, and yet they know not how to cultivate the earth by seeding it, contenting themselves with a sort of marsh rye, which we call wild oats. " Por sixty leagues from the extremity of the upper lakes, towards sunset, and, as it were, in the centre of the western nations, they have all united their force by a general league, which has been made against them, as against a common enemy. " They speak a peculiar language, entirely dis- tinct from that of the Algonquins and Hurons, whom they generally surpass in generosity, since they often content themselves with the glory of GBOSELLIERS AND BADISSON IN THE ENGLISH SEB VICE. having obtained the victory, and release the pris- oners they have taken in battle. " Our Outouacs of the Point of the Holy Ghost [La Pointe, now Bayfield] had to the present time kept up a kind of peace ■with them, but affairs having become embroiled during last winter, and some murders having been committed on both sides, our savages had reason to apprehend that the storm woidd soon burst uponthem, and judged that it was safer for them to leave the place, which in fact they did in the spring." Marquette, on the 13th of September, 1669, writes : " The Nadouessi are the Iroquois of this country. * * * they lie northwest of the Mission of the Holy Ghost [La Pointe, the modem Bay- field] and we have not yet visited them, having confined ourselves to the conversion of the Qtta- was." Soon after this, hostilities began between the Sioux and the Hurons and Ottawas of La Pointe, and the former compelled their foes to seek an- other resting place, toward the eastern extremity of Lake Superior, and at length they pitched their tents at Mackinaw. In 1674, some Sioux warriors came down to Sault Saint Marie, to make a treaty of peace with adjacent tribes. A friend of the Abbe de Galli- nee wrote that a council was had at the fort to which " the Nadouessioux sent twelve deputies, and the others forty. During the conference, one of the latter, knife in hand, drew near the breast of one of the Ifadouessioux, who showed surprise at the movement ; when the Indian with the knife reproached him for cowardice. The Nadouessioux said he was not afraid, when the other planted the knife in his heart, and killed him. All the savages then engaged ia conflict, and the ]!^adouessioux bravely defended them- selves, but, overwhelmed by numbers, nine of them were killed. The two who survived rushed into the chapel, and closed the door. Here they found munitions of war, and fired guns at their enemies, who became anxious to bum down the chapel, but the Jesuits would not permit it, be- cause they had their skins stored between its roof and ceiling. In this extremity, a Jesuit, Louis Le Boeme, advised that a cannon should be point- ed at the door, which was discharged, and the two brave Sioux were killed." Governor Frontenac of Canada, was Indignant at the occurrence, and in a letter to Colbert, one of the Ministers of Lotiis the Fourteenth, speaks in condemnation of this discharge of a cannon by a Brother attached to the Jesuit Mission. Prom this period, the missions of the Church of Kome, near Lake Superior, began to wane. Shea, a devout historian of that church, writes: " In 1680, Father Enjalran was apparently alone at Green Bay, and Pierson at Mackinaw ; the latter mission stiU comprising the two villages, Huron and Kiskakon. Of the other missions, neither Le Clerq nor Hennepin, the Recollect, writers of the "West at this time, makes any mention, or in any way alludes to their existence, and La Hon- tan mentions the Jesuit missions only to ridicule them." The Pigeon Eiver, a part of the northern boun- dary of Minnesota, was called on the French maps GroselUer's River, after the first explorer of Min- nesota, whose career, with his associate Radisson, became quite prominent in connection with the Hudson Bay region. A disagreement occurring between Groselliers and his partners in Quebec, he proceeded to Paris, and from thence to London, where he was intro- duced to the nephew of Charles I., who led the cavalry charge against Fairfax and Cromwell at Naseby, afterwards commander of the English fleet. The Prince listened with pleasure to the narrative of travel, and endorsed the plans for prosecuting the fur trade and seeking a north- west passage to Asia. The scientific men of Eng- land were also full of the enterprise, in the hope that it would increase a knowledge of nature. The Secretary of the Royal Society wrote to Rob- ert Boyle, the distinguished philosopher, a too sanguine letter. His words were : " Surely I need not teir you from hence what is said here, with great joy, of the discovery of a northwest passage; and by two Englishmen and one Frenchman represented to his Majesty at Oxford, and an- swered by the grant of a vessel to sail into Hud- son's Bay and channel into the South Sea." The ship Nonsuch was fitted out, in charge of Captain .Zachary Gillam, a son of one of the early settlers of Boston ; and in this vessel Groselliers and Eadisson left the Thames, in June, 1668, and in September reached a tributary of Hudson's Bay. The next year, by way of Boston, they re- turned to England, and in 1670, a trading com- JEXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. pany was chartered, still known among venerable English corporations as "The Hudson's Bay Company." The Eeverend Mother of the Incarnation, Su- perior of the Ursulines of Quebec, in a letter of the 27th of August, 1670, writes thus : " It was about this time that a Frenchman of our Touraine, named des Groselliers, married in this country, and as he had not been successful in making a fortune, was seized with a fancy to go to New England to better his condition. He excited a hope among the EngUsh that he had found a passage to the Sea of the North. "With this expectation, he was sent as an envoy to Eng- land, where there was given to him, a vessel, with crew and every thing necessary for the voy- age. With these advantages, he put to sea, and in place of the usual route, which others had ta- ken in vain, he sailed in another direction, and searched so wide, that he found the grand Bay of the North. He found large population, and filled his ship or ships with peltries of great value. * * * He has taken possession of this great region for the King of England, and for his personal benefit A publication for the benefit of this French ad- venturer, has been made in England. He was a youth when he arrived here, and his wife and children are yet here." Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, in a dis- patch to Colbert, Minister of the Colonial Depart- ment of France, wrote on the 10th of November, 1670, that he has received intelligence that two EngUsh vessels are approaching Hudson's Bay, and adds : " After reflecting on all the nations that might have penetrated as far north as that, I can aUght on only the EngUsh, who, under the guidance of a man named Des GrozeUers, for- merly an inhabitant of Canada, might possibly have attempted that navigation." After years of service on the shores of Hudson's Bay, either with English or French trading com- panies, the old explorer died in Canada, and it has been said that his son went to England, where he was Uving in 1696, in receipt of a pension. EABLY MENTION OF LAKH 8VPERI0B COPPHB. CHAPTER II. BABLY MENTION OF LAKE SUPERIOR COPPER. Sagard, A. D. 1636, on Copper Mines.— Boucher, A. D. 1640, Describes Lake Supe- rior Copper.— Jesuit Relations, A. D. 1666-67. — Copper on Isle KoyaJs."— Half- Breed Toyageur Goes to France with Talon.— Jolliet and Ferret Search for Copper.— St. Lusson Plants the French Arms at Sault St. Marie.— Copper at Ontanagon and Head of Lake Superior. Before white men had explored the shores of Lake Superior, Indians had brought to the tra- ding posts of the St. Lawrence Eiver, specimens of copper from that region. Sagard, in his History of Canada, published in 1636, at Paris, writes : " There are mines of copper which might be made profitable, if there were inhabitants and work- men who would labor faithfully . That would be done if colonies were established. About eighty or one hundred leagues from the Hurons, there is a mine of copper, from which Truchemont Brusle showed me an ingot, on his return from a voyage which he made to the neighboring nation." Pierre Boucher, grandfather of Sieur de la Ve- rendrye, the explorer of the lakes of the northern boundary of Minnesota, in a volume published A. D. 1640, also at Paris, writes : " In Lake Su- perior there is a great island, fifty or one hundred leagues in circumference, in which there is a very beautiful mine of copper. There are other places in those quarters, where there are similar mines ; so I learned from four or five Frenchmen, who lately returned. They were gone three years, without finding an opportunity to return; they told me that they had seen an ingot of copper all refined which was on the coast, and weighed more than eight hundred pounds, according to their es- timate. They said that the savages, on passing it, made a fire on it, after which they cut off pie- ces with their axes." In the Jesuit Relations of 1666-67, there is this description of Isle Eoyale : " Advancing to a place called the Grand Anse, we meet with an island, three leagues from land, which is cele- brated for the metal which is found there, and for the thunder which takes place there; for they say it always thunders there. " But farther towards the west on the same north shore, is the island most famous for copper, Minong (Isle Eoyale). This island is twenty-five leagues in length ; it is seven from the mainland, and sixty from the head of the lake. Nearly all around the island, on the water's edge, pieces of copper are found mixed with pebbles, but espe- cially on the side which is opposite the south, and principally in a certain bay, which is near the northeast exposure to the great lake. * * * " Advancing to the head of the lake (Pon du Lac) and returning one day's journey by the south coast, there is seen on the edge of the water, a rock of copper weighing seven or eight hundred pounds, and is.so hard that steel can hardly cut it, but when it is heated it cuts as easily as lead. Near Point Chagouamigong [Sha - gah - wah - mik- ong, near Bayfield] where a mission- was establish- ed rooks of copper and plates of the same metal were found. * * * Beturning still toward the mouth of the lake, following the coast on the south as twenty leagues from the place last mentioned, we enter the river called Nantaouagan [Ontona- gon] on which is a hill where stones and copper fall into the water or upon the earth. They are readily found. "Three years since we received a piece which was brought from this place, which weighed a hundred pounds, and we sent it to Quebec to Mr. Talon. It is not certain exactly where this was broken from. "We think it was from the forks of the river ; others, that it was from near the lake, and dug up." Talon, Intendent of Justice in Canada, visited France, taking a half-breed voyageur with him, and while in Paris, wrote on the 26th of Febru- ary, 1669, to Colbert, the Minister of the Marine Department, "that this voyageur had penetrated among the western nations farther than any other Frenchman, and had "seen the copper mine on Lake Huron. [Superior?] The man offers to go 8 EXPLOREBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNE801A. to that mine, and explore, either by sea, or by lake and river, the communication supposed to exist between Canada and the South Sea, or to the regions of Hudson's Bay." As soon as Talon returned to Canada he com- missioned Jolliet and Pere [Perrot] to search for the mines of copper on the upper Lakes. Jolliet received an outfit of four himdred livres, and four canoes, and Perrot one thousand livres. Minis- ister Colbert wrote from Paris to Talon, in Feb- ruary, 1671, approving of the search for copper, in these words : " The resolution you have taken to send Sieur de La Salle toward the south, and Sieur de St. Lusson to the north, to discover the South Sea passage, is very good, but the principal thing you ought to apply yourself in discoveries of this nature, is to look for the copper mine. " Were this mine discovered, and its utility evident, it would be an assured means to attract several Frenchmen from old, to New France." On the 14th of June, 1671, SaintLusson at Sault St. Marie, planted. the arms of France, in the pres- ence of Nicholas Perrot, who acted as interpreter on the occasion ; the Sieur Jolliet ; Pierre Moreau or Sieur de la Taupine ; a soldier of the garrison of Quebec, and several other Frenchmen. Talon, in announcing Saint Lusson's explora- tions to Colbert, on the 2d of November, 1671, wrote from Quebec : " The copper which I send from Lake Superior and the river Nantaouagan [Ontonagon] proves that there is a mine on the border of some stream, which produces this ma- terial as pure as one could wish. More than twenty Frenchmen have seen one lump at the lake, which they estimate weighs more than eight hundred pounds. The Jesuit Fathers among the Outaouas [Ou-taw-wawsJ use an anvil of this ma- terial, which weighs about one hundred pounds. There will be no rest until the source from whence these detached lumps come is discovered. " The river Nantaouagan rOntonagonJ appears between two high hills, the plain above which feeds the lakes, and receives a great deal of snow, which, in melting, forms torrents which wash the borders of this river, composed of solid gravel, which is rolled down by it. " The gravel at the bottom of this, hardens it- self, and assmnes different shapes, such as those pebbles which I send to Mr. BelUnzany. My opinion is that these pebbles, rounded and carried off by the rapid waters, then have a tendency to become copper, by the influence of the sun's rays which they absorb, and to form other nuggets of metal similar to those which I send to Sieur de BelUnzany, found by the Sieur de Saint Lusson, about four hundred leagues, at some distance from the mouth of the river. "He hoped by the frequent journeys of the savages, and French who are beginning to travel by these routes, to discern the source of nroduc- tion." Governor Denonville, of Canada, sixteen years after the above circumstances, wrote : " The cop- per, a sample of which I sent M. Amou, is found at the head of Lake Superior. The body of the mine has not yet been discovered. I have seen one of our voyageurs who assures me that, some fifteen months' ago he saw a limip of two hundred weight, as yellow as gold, in a river which falls into Lake Superior. "Wlien heated, it could be cut with an axe ; but the superstitious Indians, regarding this boulder as a good spirit, would never permit him to take any of it away. His opinion is that the frost undermined this piece, and that the mine is in that river. He has prom- ised to search for it on his way back." In the year 1730, there was some correspond- ence with the authorities in France relative to the discovery of copper at La Pointe, but, practi- cally, little was done by the French, in developing the mineral wealth of Lake Superior. BU LUTH PLANTS THE FBENGH ABM8 IN MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE ni. DU LTITH PLANTS THE FRENCH AEMS TN MINNESOTA Da Lutii's RelatiTes. — Bandin Visits Extremity of Lake Superior. — Du Lath Plants King's ArniB.^Post at Eaministigoya.— Pierre MoreaF, alias LaTaupine. —La Salle's Visit.— A Pilot Deserts to the Sioux Country. — uatfart, Du Luth's Interpreter. — Descent of the River St. Croix. — Meets Father Hennepin. — Crit- ieised by La Salle, — Trades with New England. ^Visits France. — In Command at Mackinaw.— Frenchmen Murdered at Keweenaw.— Du Luth Arrests and Shoots Murderers. — Builds Fort above Detroit. — With Indian Allies in the Seneca War. — Du Luth's Brother.— Cadillac Defends the Brandy Trade. — Du Luth Disapproves of Selling Brandy to the Indians. — ^In Command at Fort Frontenac. — Death. ' In the year 1678, several prominent merchants of Quebec and Montreal, with the support of Governor Frontenac of Canada, formed a com- pany to open trade with the Sioux of Minnesota, and a nephew of Patron, one of these merchants, a brother-in-law of Sieur de Lusigny, an officer of the Governor's Guards, named Daniel Grey- solon Du Luth [Doo-loo], a native of St. Germain en Laye, a few miles from Paris, although Lahon- tan speaks of him as from Lyons, was made the leader of the expedition. At the battle of SenefEe against the Prince of Orange, he was a gendarme, and one of the King's guards. Du Luth was also a cousin of Henry Tonty , who had been in the revolution at Naples, to throw off the Spanish dependence. Du Luth's name is va- riously spelled in the documents of his day. Hen- nepin writes, "Du Luth;" others, "Dulhut," " Du Lhu," " Du Lut," " De Luth," " Du Lud." The temptation to procure valuable furs from the Lake Superior region, contrary to the letter of the Canadian law, was very great ; and more than one Governor winked at the contraband trade. Kandin, who visited the extremity of Lake Superior, distributed presents to the Sioux and Ottawas in the name of Governor Frontenac, to secure the trade, and after his death, DuLuth was sent to complete what he had begun. With a party of twenty, seventeen Frenchmen and three Indians, he left Quebec on the first of September, 1678, and on the fifth of April, 1679, Du Luth writes to Governor Frontenac, that he is in the woods, about nine miles from Sault St. Marie, at the entrance of Lake Superior, and adds that : he " will not stir from the Nadous- sioux, until further orders, and, peace being con- cluded, he will set up the King's Arms ; lest the English and other Europeans settled towards California, take possession of the country." On the second of July, 1679, he caused his Majesty's Arms to be planted in the great village of the Nadoussioux, called Kathio, where no Frenchman had ever been, and at Songaskicons and Houetbatons, one hundred and twenty leagues distant from the former, where he also set up the King's Arms. In a letter to Seignalay, published for the first time by Harrisse, he writes that it was in the village of Izatys [Issati]. Upon Fran- queUn's map, the Mississippi branches into the Tintonha [Teeton Sioux] country, and not far from here, he alleges, was seen a tree upon which was this legend: " Arms of the King cut on this tree m the year 1679." He estabUshed a post at Kamanistigoya, which was distant fifteen leagues from the Grand Port- age at the western extremity of Lake Superior ; and here, on the fifteenth of September, he held a coimcil with the Assenipoulaks [Assineboines] and other tribes, and urged them to be at peace with the Sioux. During this summer, he dis- patched Pierre Moreau, a celebrated voyageur, nicknamed La Taupine, with letters to Governor Frontenac, and valuable furs to the merchants. His arrival at Quebec, created some excitement.. It was charged that the Governor corresponded with Du Luth, and that he passed the beaver, sent by him, in the name of merchants in his in- terest. The Intendant of Justice, Du Chesneau, wrote to the Minister of the Colonial Department of France, that " the man named La Taupine, a famous coureur des bois, who set out in the month of September of last year, 1678, to go to the Ou- tawacs, with goods, and who has always been in- terested with the Governor, having returned this year, and I, being advised that he had traded in 10 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. two days, one hundred and fifty beaver robesin one village of this tribe, amounting to nearly nine hundred beavers, which is a matter of public no- toriety ; and that he left with Du Lut two men whom he had with him, considered myself bound to have him arrested, and to interrogate him ; but having presented me with a license from the Gov- ernor, permitting him and his comrades, named Lamonde and Dupuy, to repair to the Outawac, to execute his secret orders, I had him set at liberty : and immediately on his going out, Sieur Prevost, Town Mayor of Quebec, came at the head of some soldiers to force the prison, in case he was still there, pursuant to his orders from the Governor, in these terms : " Sieur Prevost, Mayor of Quebec, is ordered, in case the Intendant arrest Pierre Moreau alias La Taupine, whom we have sent to Quebec as bearer of our dispatches, upon pretext of his having been in the bush, to set him forthwith at liberty, and to employ every means for this purpose, at his peril. Done at Montreal, the 5th September, 1679." La Taupine, in due time returned to Lake Su- perior with another consignment of merchandise. The interpreter of Du Luth, and trader with the Sioux, was PafEart, who had been a soldier under La Salle at Port Frontenac, and had deserted. La Salle was commissioned in 1678, by the King of France, to explore the West, and trade in cibola, or buffalo skins, and on condition that he did not traffic with the Ottauwaws, who carried their beaver to Montreal. On the 27th of August, 1679, he arrived at Mackinaw, in the " Griffin," the first sailing ves- sel on the great Lakes of the West, and from thence went to Green Bay, where, in the face of his commission, he traded for beaver. Loading his vessel with peltries, he sent it back to Niag- ara, while he, in canoes, proceeded with his ex- pedition to the Illinois Eiver. The ship was never heard of, and for a time supposed to be lost, but La Salle afterward learned from a Pawnee boy fourteen or fifteen years of age, who was brought prisoner to his fort on the I llinois by some Indians, that the pilot of the " Griffin " had been among the tribes of the Upper Missouri. He had ascended the Mississippi with four others in two birch canoes with goods and some hand grenades, taken- from the ship, with the intention of jom ing Du Luth, who had for months been trading with the Sioux ; and if their efforts were unsuc- cessful, they expected to push on to the English, at Hudson's Bay. While ascending the Missis- sippi they were attacked by Indians, and the pilot and one other only survived, and they were sold to the Indians on the Missouri. In the month of Jime, 1680, Du Luth, accom- panied by Faff art, an interpreter, with four Frenchmen, also a Chippeway and a Sioux, with two canoes, entered a river, the mouth of which is eight leagues from the head of Lake Superior on the South side, named Nemitsakouat. Reach- ing its head waters, by a short portage, of half a league, he reached a lake which was the source of the Saint Croix River, and by this, he and his companions were the first Europeans to journey in a canoe from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. La SaUe writes, that Du Luth, finding that the Sioux were on a himt in the Mississippi val- ley, below the Saint Croix, and that Accault, Au- gelle and Hennepin, who had come up from the Illinois a few weeks before, were with them, de- scended until he found them. In the same letter he disregards the truth in order to disparage his rival, and writes: " Thirty-eight or forty leagues above the Chip- peway they found the river by which the Sieur Du Luth did descend to the Mississippi. He had been three years, contrary to orders, with a com- pany of twenty " coureurs du bois " on Lake Su- perior; he had borne himself bravely, proclaiming everywhere that at the head of his brave fellows he did not fear the Grand Prevost, and that he would compel an amnesty. " While he was at Lake Superior, the Nadoue- sioux, enticed by the presents that the late Sieur Randin had made on the part of Count Fronte- nac, and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are the sav- ages who carry the peltries to Montreal, and who dwell on Lake Superior, wishing to obey the re- peated orders of the Count, made a peace to unite the Sauteurs and French, and to trade with the Nadouesioux, situated about sixty leagues to the west of Lake Superior. Du Luth, to disguise his desertion, seized the opportunity to make some reputation for himself, sending two messen- gers to the Count to negotiate a truce, during which period their comrades negotiated still bet- ter for beaver. Several conferences were held with the Na- FAFFABT, BU LUTW8 INTEBPBJETEB. 11 douessioux, and as he needed an interpreter, he led ofE one of mine, named FafEart, formerly a sol- dier at Fort Prontenae. During this period there were frequent visits between the Sauteurs [O jib- ways] and Nadouesioux, and supposing that it might increase the number of beaver skins, he sent FafEart by land, with the Nadouesioux and Sauteurs [Ojibways]. The young man on his re- turn, having given an account of the quantity of beaver in that region, he wished to proceed thither himself, and, guided by a Sauteur and a Nadoue- sioux, and four Prenchmen, he ascended the river Nemitsakouat, where, by a short portage, he de- scended that stream, whereon he passed through forty leagues of rapids [Upper St. Croix River], and finding that the Hadouesioux were below with my men and the Father, who had come down again from the village of the Nadouesioux, he discovered them. They went up again to the village, and from thence they all together came down. They returned by the river Ouisconsing, and came back to Montreal, where Du Luth in- sults the commissaries, and the deputy of the 'procureur general,' named d'Auteuil. Count Frontenac had him arrested and imprisoned in the castle of Quebec, with the intention of return- ing him to France for the amnesty accorded to the coureurs des bois, did not release him." At this very period, another party charges Frontenac as being Du Luth's particular friend. Du Luth, during the fall of 1681, was engaged in the beaver trade at Montreal and Quebec. Du Chesneau, the Intendant of Justice for Can- ada, on the 13th of November, 1681, wrote to the Marquis de Siegnelay in Paris : " Not content with the profits to' be derived from the countries under the King's dominion, the desire of making money everywhere, has led the Governor [Fron- tenac], Boisseau, Du Lut and Patron, his uncle, to send canoes loaded with peltries, to the En- gUsh. It is said sixty thousand livres' worth has been sent thither;" and he further stated that there was a very general report that within five or six days, Prontenac and his associates had di- vided the money received from the beavers sent to New England. At a conference in Quebec of some of the dis- tinguished men in that city, relative to difficulties with the Iroquois, held on the 10th of October, 1682, Du Luth was present. From thence he went to Prance, and, early in 1683, consulted with the Minister of Marine at Versailles relative to the interests of trade ia the Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior region. Upon his return to Canada, he departed for Mackinaw. Governor De la Barre, on the 9th of November, 1683, wrote to the French Government that the Indians west and north of Lake Superior, "when they heard by expresses sent them by Du Lhut, of his arrival at Missili- makinak, that he was coming, sent him word to come quickly and they would unite with him to prevent others going thither. If I stop that pass as I hope, and as it is necessary to do, as the Eng- lish of the Bay [Hudson's] excite against us the savages, whom Sieur Du Lhut alone can quiet." While stationed at Mackinaw he was a partici- pant in a tragic occurrence. During the summer of 1683 Jacques le Maire and CoUn Berthot, while on their way to trade at Keweenaw, on Lake Su- perior, were surprised by three Indians, robbed, and murdered. Du Luth was prompt to arrest and punish the assassins. In a letter from Mack- inaw, dated April 12, 1684, to the Governor of Canada, he writes: "Be pleased to know. Sir, that on the 24th of October last, I was told that PoUe Avoine, accomplice in the murder and rob- bery of the two Frenchmen, had arrived at Sault Ste. Marie with fifteen families of the Sauteurs [Ojibways] who had fled from Chagoamigon [La Pointe] on account of an attack which they, to- gether with the people of the land, made last Spring upon the Nadouecioux [Dakotahs.] " He beUeved himself safe at the Sault, on ac- count of the number of alUes and relatives he had there. Eev. Father Albanel informed me that the French at the Saut, being only twelve in num- ber, had not arrested him, believing themselves too weak to contend vnth such munbers, espe- cially as the Sauteurs had declared that they would not allow the French to redden the land of their fathers with the blood of their brothers. " On receiving this information, I immediately resolved to take with me six Frenchmen, and em- bark at the dawn of the next day for Sault Ste. Marie, and if possible obtain possession of the murderer. I made known my design to the Eev. Father Engalran, and, at my request, as he had some business to arrange with Bev. Father Al- banel, he placed himself in my canoe. " Having arrived within a league of the village 12 EXPLOBEBS AND PIOWEEBS OF MINNESOTA. of the Saut, the Eev. Father, the Chevalier de Fourcille, Cardonnierre, and I disembarked. I caused the canoe, in which were Baribaud, Le Mere, La Fortune, and Macons, to proceed, while we went across the wood to the house of the Eev. Father, fearing that the savages, seeing me, might suspect the object of my visit, and cause FoUe Avoine to escape. Finally, to cut the matter' short, I arrested him, and caused him to be guarded day and night by six Frenchmen. " I then caUed a council, at which I requested all the savages of the place to be present, where I repeated what I had often sai(J to the Hurons and Ottawas since, the departure of M. Pere[Per- rot], giving them the message you ordered me. Sir, that in case there should be among them any spirits so evil disposed as to follow the example of those who have murdered the French on Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, they must separate the guilty from the innocent, as I did not wish the whole nation to suffer, unless they protected the guilty. * * * The savages held several councils, to which I was invited, b;-t their only object seemed to be to exculpate the prisoner, in order that I might release him. "All united in accusing Achiganaga and his children, assuring themselves with the belief that M. Pere, [Perrot] with his detachment would not be able to arrest them, and wishuig to persuade me that they apprehended that all the Frenchmen might be killed. " I answered them, * * * ' As to the antici- pated death of M. Pere [Perrot], as well as of the other Frenchmen, that would not embarrass me, since I believed neither the allies nor the nation of Achiganaga would wish to have a war with us to sustain an action so dark as that of which we were speaking. Having only to attack a few murderers, or, at most, those of their own family, I was certain that the French would have them dead or aUve.' " This was the answer they had from me during the three days that the councils lasted ; after which I embarked, at ten o'clock in the morning, sustained by only twelve Frenchmen, to show a few unruly persons who boasted of taking the prisoner away from me, that the French did not fear them. " Daily I received accounts of the number of savages that Achiganaga drew from his nation to Kiaonan [Keweenaw] under pretext of going to war in the spring against the Nadouecioux, to avenge the death of one of his relatives, son of Ou- enaus, but really to protect himself against us, in case we should become convinced that his chil- dren had killed the Frenchmen. This precaution placed me between hope and fear respecting the expedition which M. Pere [Perrot] had imder- taken. " On the 24th of November, [1683], he came across the wood at ten o'clock at night, to tell me that he had arrested Achiganaga and f oux of his children. He said they were not all guilty of the murder, but had thought proper, in this affair, to follow the custom of the savages, which is to seize all the relatives. FoUe Avoine, whom I had ar- rested, he considered the most guilty, being with- out doubt the originator of the mischief. " I immediately gave orders that Folic Avoine should be more closely confined, and not allowed to speak to any one ; for I had also learned that he had a brother, sister, and uncle in the village of the Kiskakons. ' " M. Pere informed me that he had released the youngest son of Achiganaga, aged about thirteen or fourteen years, that he might make known to their nation and the Sauteurs [Ojibways], who are at Nocke and in the neighborhood, the reason why the French had arrested his father and bro- thers. M. Pere bade him assiire the savages that if any one wished to complain of what he had done, he would wait for them with a firm step ; for he considered himself in a condition to set them at defiance, having foimd at Kiaonan [Keweenaw] eighteen Frenchmen who had wintered there. " On the 25th, at daybreak, M. Pere embarked at the Sault, with four good men whom I gave him, to go and meet the prisoners. He left them four leagues from there, under a guard of twelve Frenchmen ; and at two o'clock in the afternoon, they arrived. I had prepared a room in my house for the prisoners, in which they were placed under a strong guard, and were not allowed to converse with any one. " On the 26th, I commenced proceedings; and this, sir, is the course I pursued. I gave notice to all the chiefs and others, to appear at the council which I had appointed, and gave to FoUe Avoine the privilege of selecting two of .his rela- INDIANS CONDEMNED TO BE SHOT. 13 tives to support his interests ; and to the other prisoners I made the same offer. " The council being assembled, I sent for PoUe Avoine to be interrogated, and caused his answers to be written, and afterwards they were read to him, and inquiry made whether they were not, word for word, what he had said. He was then removed under a safe guard. I used the same form with the two eldest sons of Achiganaga, and, as ToUe Avoine had indirectly charged the father with being accessory to the murder, I sent for him and also for Folic Avoine, and bringing them into the council, confronted the four. " Polle Avoine and the two sons of Achiganaga accused each other of committing the murder, without denying that they were participators in the crime. Achiganaga alone strongly maintained that he knew nothing of the design of PoUe ■ Avoine, nor of his children, and called on them to say if he had advised them to kill the French- men. They answered, ' iiTo.' " This confrontation, which the savages did not expect, surprised them; and, seeing the prisoners had convicted themselves of the murder, the Chiefs said: 'It is enough; you accuse your- selves; the French are masters of your bodies.' " The next day I held another council, in which I said there could be no doubt that the French- men had been murdered, that the murderers were known, and that they knew what was the prac- tice among themselves upon such occasions. To all this they said nothing, which obliged us on the following day to hold another councU in the cabin of Brochet, where, after having spoken, and seeing that they would make no decision, and that all my councils ended only in reducing tobacco to ashes, I told them that, since they did not wish to decide, I should take the responsibility, and that the" next day I would let them know the deter- mination of the French and myself. " It is proper. Sir, you should know that I ob- served all these forms only to see if they would feel it their duty to render to us the same justice that they do to each other, having had divers ex- amples in which when the tribes of those who had committed the murder did not wish to go to war with the tribe aggrieved, the nearest rela- tions of the murderers kiUed them themselves; that is to say, man for man. " On the 29th of November. I gathered together the French that were here, and, after the interro- gations and answers of the accused had been read to them, the guilt of the three appeared so evi- dent, from their own confessions, that the vote was unanimous that all should die. But as the French who remained at Kiaonan to pass the win- ter had written to Father Engalran and to myself, to beg us to treat the affair with all possible len- iency, the savages declaring that if they made the prisoners die they would avenge themselves, I told the gentlemen who were with me in coun- cil that, this being a case without a precedent, I believed it was expedient for the safety of the French who would pass the winter in the Lake Superior country to put to death only two, as that of the third might bring about grievous conse- quences, while the putting to death, man for man, could give the savages no complaint, since this is their custom. M. de la Tour, chief of the Fathers, who had served much, sustained my opinions by strong reasoning, and all decided that two should be shot, namely, FoUe Avoine and the older of the two brothers, while the younger should be released, and hold his life, Sir, as a gift from you. " I then returned to the cabin of Brochet with Messrs. Boisguillot, Pere, De Eepentigny, De Manthet, De la Ferte, and Macons, where were all the chiefs of the Outawas du Sable, Outawas Sinagos, Kiskakons, Sauteurs, D'Achiliny, a part of the Hurons, and Oumamens, the chief of the Amikoys. I informed them of our decision * * * that, the Frenchmen having been killed by the different nations, one of each must die, and that the same death they had caused the French to suffer they must also suffer. * * * This decision to put the murderers to death was a hard stroke to them all, for none had beheved that I would dare to undertake it. * * * I then left the council and asked the Eev. Fathers if they wished to baptize the prisoners, which they did. "An hour after, I put myself at the head of forty-two Frenchmen, and, in sight of more than four hundred savages, and within two hundred paces of their fort, I caused the two murderers to be shot. The impossibiUty of keeping them until spring made me hasten their death. * * * When M. Pere made the arrest, those who had committed the murder confessed it; and when he asked them what they had done with our goods, 14 HXPLOBUBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. they answered that they were ahnost all con- cealed. He proceeded to the place of conceal- ment, and was very much surprised, as were also the French with him, to find them, in fifteen or twenty different places. By the carelessness of the savages, the tobacco and powder were entire- ly destroyed, having been placed in the pinery, under the roots of trees, and being soaked in the water caused by ten or twelve days' continuous rain, which inundated all the lower country. The season for snow and ice having come, they had all the trouble in the world to get out the bales of cloth. " They then went to see the bodies, but could not remove them, these miserable wretches hav- ing thrown them into a marsh, and thrust them down into holes which they had made. Not sat- isfied with this, they had also piled branches of trees upon the bodies, to prevent them from float- ing when the water should rise in the spring, hoping by this precaution the French would find no trace of those who were killed, but would think them drowned; as they reported that they had found in the lake on the other side of the Portage, a boat with the sides all broken in, which they believed to be a French boat. " Those goods which the French were able to secure, they took to Kiaonau [Keweenaw], where were a number of Frenchmen who had gone there to pass the winter, who knew nothing of the death of Colin Berthot and Jacques le Maire, until M. Pere arrived. '' The ten who formed M. Pere's detachment having conferred together concerning the means they should take to prevent a total loss, decided to sell the goods to the highest bidder. The sale was made for 1100 livres, which was to be paid in beavers, to M. de la Chesnaye, to whom I send the names of the purchsers. " The savages who were present when Achiga- naga and his children were arrested wished to pass the calumet to M. Pere, and give him cap- tives to satisfy him for the murder committed on the two Frenchmen; but he knew their inten- tion, and would not accept their offer. He told them neither a hundred captives nor a hundred packs of beaver would give back the blood of his brothers ; that the murderers must be given up to me, and I would see what I would do. " I caused M. Pere to repeat these things in the councU, that in future the savages need not think by presents to save those who commit similar deeds. Besides, sir, M. Pere showed plainly by his conduct, that he is not strongly Inclined to favor the savages, as was reported. Indeed, I do not know any one whom they fear more, yet who flatters them less or knows them better. " The criminals being in two different places, M. Pere being obliged to keep four of them, sent Messrs. de Repentigny, Manthet, and six other Frenchmen, to arrest the two who were eight leagues in the woods. Among others, M. de Re- pentigny and M. de Manthet showed that they feared nothing when their honor called them. " M. de la Chevrotiere has also served well in person, and by his advice, having pointed out where the prisoners were. Achiganaga, who had adopted him as a son, had told him where he should hunt during the winter. ***** It still remained for me to give to Achiganaga and his three children the means to return to his family. Their home from which they were taken was nearly twenty-six leagues from here. Know- ing their necessity, I told them you would not be satisfied in giving them life ; you wished to pre- serve it, by giving them all that was necessary to prevent them from dying with himger and cold by the way, and that your gift was made by my hands. . I gave them blankets, tobacco, meat, hatchets, knives, twine to make nets for beavers, and two bags of corn, to supply them till they could kill game. " They departed two days after, the most con- tented creatures in the world, but God was not ; for when only two days' journey from here, the old Achiganaga fell sick of the quinsy, and died, and his children rstumed. When the news of his death arrived, the greater part of the savages of this place [Mackinaw] attributed it to the French, saying we had caused him to die. I let them talk, and laughed at them. It is only about two months since the children of Achiganaga retumei to Kiaonan." ' Some of those opposed to Du Luth and Fron- tenac, prejudiced the King of France relative to the transaction we have described, and in a letter to the Governor of Canada, the King writes : " It appears to me that one of the principal causes of the war arises from one Du Luth having caused two to be killed who had assassinated two French- English tbadebs captubed. 15 men on Lake Superior;- and you sufficiently see now much this man's voyage, which can not pro- duce any advantage to the colony, and which was permitted only in the interest of some private persons, has contributed to distract the peace of the colony." Du Luth and his young brother appear to have traded at the western extremity of Lake Superior, and on the north shore, to Lake Nipegon. In June, 1684, Governor De la Barre sent Guil- letand Hebertfrom Montreal to request Du Luth and I>urantaye to bring down voyageurs and In- dians to assist in an expedition against the Iro- quois of New York. Early in September, they reported on the St. Lawrence, with one hundred and fifty coureurs des bois and three hundred and fifty Indians ; but as a treaty had just been made with the Senecas, they returned. DelaBarre's successor, Governor Denonville, in a dispatch to the French Government, dated November 12th, 1685, alludes to Du Luth being iifethe far West, in these words : " I likewise sent ^ M. De la Durantaye, who is at Lake Superior under orders from M. De la Barre, and to Sieur Du Luth, who is also at a great distance in an- other direction, and all so far beyond reach that neither the one nor the other can hear news from me this year ; so that, not being able to see them at soonest, before next July, I considered it best not to think of undertaking any thing during the whole of next year, especially as a great number of our best men are among the Outaouacs, and can not return before the ensuing summer. * * * In regard to Sieur Du Luth, I sent him orders to repair here, so that I may learn the number of savages on whom I may depend. He is accredit- ed among them, and rendered great services to M. De la Barre by a large nmnber of savages he brought to Niagara, who would have attacked the Senecas, was it not for an express order from M. De la Barre to the contrary." In 1686, while at Mackinaw, he was orderea to estabUsh a post on the Detroit, near Lake Erie. A portion of the order reads as follows : " After having given all the orders that you may judge necessary for the safety of this post, and having well secured the obedience of the Indians, you will return to Michillmackinac, there to await Kev. Father Engelran, by whom I will commu- nicate what I wish of you, there." The design of this post was to' block the pas- sage of the English to. the upper lakes. Before it was estabUshed, in the fall of 1686, Thomas Koseboom, a daring trader from Albany, on the Hudson, had foimd his way to the vicinity of Mackinaw, and by the proffer of brandy, weak- ened the allegiance of the tribes to the French. A canoe coming to Mackinaw with dispatches for the French and their allies, to march to the Seneca country, in New York, perceived this New York trader and associates, and, giving the alarm, they were met by three hundred coureurs du bois and captured. In the spring of 1687 Du Luth, Durantaye, and Tonty all left the vicioity of Detroit for Ni- agara, and as they were coasting along Lake Erie they met another English trader, a Scotchman by birth, and by name Major Patrick McGregor, a person of some iafluence, going with a number of traders to MacMnaw. Having taken him pris- oner, he was sent with Boseboom to Montreal. Du Luth, Tonty, and Durantaye arrived at Ni- agara on the 27th of June, 1687, with one him- dred and seventy French voyageurs, besides In- dians, and on the 10th of July joined the army of Denonville at the mouth of the Genesee River, and on the 13th Du Luth and his associates had a skirmish near a Seneca village, now the site of the town of Victor, twenty miles southeast of the • city of Bochester, New York. Governor Denon- ville, in a report, writes: " On the 13th, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, having passed through two dangerous defiles, we arrived at the third, where we were vigorously attacked by eight him- dred Senecas, two hundred of whom fired, wish- ing to attack our rear, while the rest would attack our front, but the resistance, made produced such a great consternation that they soon resolved to fly. * * * We witnessed the p^-inf ul sight of the usual cruelties of the savages, who cut the dead into quarters, as is done in slaughter houses, in order to put them tato the kettle. The greater number were opened while still warm, that the blood might be drunk. Our rascally Otaoas dis- tinguished themselves particularly by these bar- barities. * * * We had five or six men killed on the spot, French and Indians, and about twenty woimded, among the first of whom was the Rev. Father Angelran, superior of all the Otaoan Missions, by a very severe gun-shot. It is a great u EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. misfortune tbat tMs wound ■will prevent him go- ing back again, for he is a man of capacity." In the order to Du Luth assigning him to duty at the post on the site of the modem Fort Gra- tiot, above the city of Detroit, the Governor of Canada said: " If you can so arrange your affairs that your brother can be near you in the Spring, I shall be very glad. He is an intelligent lad, and might be a great assistance to you; he might also be very serviceable to us." This lad, Greysolon de la Tourette, during the ■winter of 1686-7 was trading among the Assina- boLnes and other tribes at the west end of Lake Superior, but, upon receiving a dispatch, hastened to his brother, journeying in a canoe without any escort from Mackinaw. He did not arrive until after the battle with the Senecas. Governor Den- onville, on the 25th of August, 1687, wrote: "Du Luth's brother, who has recently arrived from the rivers above the Lake of the AUempi- gons [Nipegon], assures me that he saw more than fifteen hundred persons come to trade with him, and they were very sorry he had not goods sulH- cient to satisfy them. They are of the tribes ac- customed to resort to the English at Port Nelson and Kiver Bourbon, where, they say, they did not go this year, through Sieur Du Lhu's influence." After the battle in the vicinity of Rochester, New York, Du Luth, with his celebrated cousin, Henry Tonty, returned together as far as the post above the present city of Detroit, Michigan, but this point, after 1688, was not again occupied. From this period Du Luth becomes less prom- inent. At the time when the Jesuits attempted to exclude brandy from the Indian comitry a bit- ter controversy arose between them and the traders. Cadillac, a Gascon by birth, command- ing Fort Buade, at Mackinaw, on August 3, 1695, wrote to Count Frontenac: " Kow, what reason can we assign that the savages should not drink brandy bought with their own money as well as we? Is it prohibited to prevent them from be- coming intoxicated? Or is it because the use of brandy reduces them to extreme piisery, placing it out of their power to make war by depriving them of clothing and arms? If such representa- tions in regard to the Indians have been made to the Count, they are very false, as every one knows who is acquainted with the ways of the savages. * * * It is bad faith to represent to the Count that the sale of brandy reduces the savage to a state of nudity, arfd by that means places it out of his power to make war, since he never goes to war in any other condition. * * * Perhaps it will be said that the sale of brandy makes the labors of the missionaries mifruitful. It is neces- sary to examine this proposition. If the mission- aries care for only the extension of commerce, pursuing the course they have hitherto, I agree to it; but if it is the use of brandy that hinders the advancement of the cause of God, I deny it, for it is a fact which no one can deny that there are a great number of savages who never drink brandy, yet who are not, for that, better Chris- tians. " All the Sioux, the most numerous of all the tribes, who inhabit the region along the shore of Lake Superior, do not even Uke the smell of brandy. Are they more advanced in religion for that? They do not wish to have the subject men- tioned, and when the missionaries address them they only laugh at the fooUshness of preaching. Yet these priests boldly fling before the eyes of Europeans, whole volumes filled with glowing descriptions of the conversion of souls by thou- sands in this country, causing the poor missiona- ries from Europe, to run to martyrdom as flies to sugar and honey." Du Luth, or Du Lhut, as he wrote his name, during this discussion, was found upon the side of order and good morals. His attestation is as follows : "I certify that at different periods I have lived about ten years among the Ottawa nation, from the time that I made an exploration to the Nadouecioux people until Fort Saint Jo- seph was established by order of the Monsieur Marquis Denonville, Governor General, at the head of the Detroit of Lake Erie, which is in the Iroquois country, and which I had the honor to command. During this period, I have seen that the trade in eau-de-vie (brandy) produced great disorder, the father killing the son, and the son throwing his mother into the fire; and I maintain that, morally speaking, it is impossible to export brandy to the woods and distant missions, with- out danger of its leading to misery." Governor Frontenac, in an expedition against the Oneidas of New York, arrived at Fort Fron- tenac, on the 19th of July, 1695, and Captain Du Luth was left in command with forty soldiers, BU LUTH AFFLICTED WITS GOUT. 17 and masons and carpenters, with orders to erect new buildings. In about four weeks lie erected a building one hundred and twenty feet in length, containing officers' quarters, store-rooms, a bakery and a chapel. Early in 1697 he was still in com- mand of the post, and in a report it is mentioned that " everybody was then in good health, except Captain Dulhut the commander, who was unwell of the gout." It was just before this period, that as a member of the Eoman Catholic Church, he was firmly impressed that he* had been helped by prayers which he addressed to a deceased Iroquois girl, who had died in the odor of sanctity, and, as a thank offering, signed the following certificate : "I, the subscriber, certify to all whom it may concern, that having been tormented by the gout, for the space of twenty-three years, and with such severe pains, that it gave me no rest for the spac of three months at a time, I addressed myself to Catherine Tegahkouita, an Iroquois virgin de- ceased at the Sault Saint Louis, in the reputation of sanctity, and I promised her to visit her tomb, if God should give me health, through her inter- cession. I have been as perfectly cured at the end of one novena, which I made in her honor, that after five months, I have not perceived the slightest touch of my gout. Given at Fort Pron- tenac, this 18th day of August, 1696." As soon as cold weather returned, his old mal- ady again appeared. He diedearlyin A. D. 1710. Marquis de Vaudreull, Governor of Canada, un- der date of first of May of that year, wrote to Count Pontchartrain, Colonial Minister at Paris, " Captain Du Lud died this winter. He was a very honest man." 18 EXFLOBEBS AND PI0NEEE8 OF MINNESOTA, CHAPTEK lY. FIBST WHITE 3MEN AT FALLS OP SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA. Falls of St. Anthony Visited liy White Men.— La Sallo Givca the First Dosoription of Upper Mississippi Valley.— Accault, the Leader, Accompanied by Augelle and Hennepin, at Falls of Saint Anthony.— Hennepin Declared Unreliable hy La Snlle.- His Early Life.— His IHrst Book Criticised by Abbe Bornou and ' Tronson. — Deceptive Map. — First Meeting with Sioux.I— Astonishment at Reading His Breviary, — Sioux Name for Guns. — Accault and Hennepin at Lake Pepin.— Leave the River Below Saint Paul.— At Mille Lacs.— A Sweating Cabin, — Sioux Wonder at Mariner's Compass. — Fears of an Iron Pot. — Making a Dictionary. — Infant Baptised.— Route to the Pacific. — Hennepin Descends Rum River.— First Visit to Falls of Saint Anthony.— On a Buffalo Hunt.— Meets Du Luth.— Returns to Mille Lacs.— With Du Luth at Falls of St. Anthony.— Returns to France. — Subsequent Life. — His Books Examined. — Denies in First Book His Descent to the Gulf of Mexico.— Dispute with Du Luth at Falls of St, Anthony.— Patronage of Du Luth.— Tribute to Du Luth.- Hennepin's Answer to Criticisms. — Denounced by D'lberville and Father Gravier. — ^Residence in Rome. In the summer of 1680, Michael Accault ( Ako), Hennepin, the Tranciscan missionary, Augelle, Du Luth, and FafEait all visited the Tails of Saint Anthony. The first description of the valley of the upper Mississippi was written by La Salle, at Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, on the 22d of Au- gust, 1682, a month before Hennepiu, in Paris, obtained a license to print, and some time before the Franciscan's first work, was issued from the press. La Salle's knowledge must have been received from Michael Accault, the leader of the expedi- tion, Augelle, his comrade, or the clerical attache, the Franciscan, Hennepin. It differs from Hennepin's narrative in its free- dom from bombast, and if its statements are to be credited, the Franciscan must be looked on as one given to exaggeration. The careful student, however, soon learns to be cautious in receiving the statement of any of the early explorers and ecclesiastics of the Northwest. The Franciscan depreciated the Jesuit missionary, and La Salle did not hesitate to misrepresent Du Luth and others for his own exaltation. La Salle makes statements which we deem to be wide of the truth when his prejudices are aroused. At the very time that the Intendant of Justice in Canada is complaining that Governor Fronte- nac is a friend and correspondent of Du Luth, La Salle writes to his friends in Paris, thatDu Luth is looked upon as an outlaw by the governor. While official documents prove that Du Luth was in Minnesota a year before Accault and asso- ciates, yet La Salle writes: " Moreover, the Na- donesioux is not a region which he has discov- ered. It is known that it was discovered a long time before, and that the Eev. Father Hennepin and Michael Afccault were there before him." La Salle in this communication describes Ac- cault as one weU acquainted with the language and names of the Indians of the Illinois region, and also " cool, brave, and prudent," and the head of the party of exploration. "We now proceed with the first description of the country above the Wisconsin, to which is given, for the first and only time, by any writer, the Sioux name, Mesehetz Odeba, perhaps in- tended for Meshdeke Wakpa, Kiver of the Foxes. He describes the Upper Mississippi in these words : " Following the windings of the Missis- sippi, they found the river Ouisconslng, Wiscon- stng, or. Mesehetz Odeba, which flows between Bay of Puans and the Grand river. * * * About twenty-three or twenty-four leagues to the north or northwest of the mouth of the Ouisconsing, * * * they found the Black river, called by the Nadouesioux, Chabadeba [Chapa A\*akpa, Beaver river] not very large, the mouth of which is bor- dered on the two shores by alders. " Ascending about thirty leagues, almost at the same point of the compass, is the Buffalo river [Chippewa], as large at its mouth as that of the Illinois. They follow it ten or twelve leagues, where it is deep, small and without rapids, bor- dered by hills which widen out from time to time to form prairies." About three o'clock in the afternoon of the 11th of April, 1680, the travelers were met by a war party of one hundred Sioux in thirty-ttiree birch bark canoes. "Michael Accault, who was the HENNEPIN CBITICISED BY LA SALLE. 19 leader," says La Salle, "presented the Calumet." The Indians were presented by Accault with twenty knives and a fathom and a half of tobacco and some goods. Proceeding with the Indians ten days, on the 22d of April the isles in the Mis- sissippi were reached, where the Sioux had killed some Maskoutens, and they halted to weep over the death of two of their own number ; and to assuage their grief, Accault gave them in trade a box of goods and twenty-four hatchets. When they were eight leagues below the Falls of Saint Anthony, they resolved to go by land to their village, sixty leagues distant. They were well received ; the only strife among the villages was that which resulted from the desire to have a Frenchman in their midst. La Salle also states that it was not correct to give the impression that Du Luth had rescued his men from captivity, for they could not be properly called prisoners. He continues: "In going up the Mississippi again, twenty leagues above that river [Saint CroixJ is found the falls, which those I sent, and who passing there first, named Saint Anthony. It is thirty or forty feet high, and the river is nar- rower here than elsewhere. There is a small island in the midst of the chute, and the two banks of the river are not bordered by high hills, which gradually diminish at this point, but the country on each side is covered with thin woods, such as oaks and other hard woods, scattered wide apart. " The canoes were carried three or four hun- dred steps, and eight leagues above was foimd the west [east?] bank of the river of the Nadoue- sioux, ending in a lake named Issati, which ex- pands into a great marsh, where the wild rice grows toward the mouth." In the latter part of his letter La Salle uses the following language relative to his old chaplain: " 1 believed that it was appropriate to make for you the narrative of the adventures of this canoe, because I doubt not that they will speak of it, and if you wish to confer with the Father Louis Hen- nepin, Recollect, who has returned to France, you must know him a little, because he will not fail to exaggerate all things; it is his character, and to me he has written as if he were about to be burned when he was not even in danger, but he believes that it is honorable to act in this manner, and he speaks more conformably to that which he wishes than to that which he knows." Hennepin was born in Ath, an inland town of the Netherlands. From boyhood he longed to visit foreign lands, and it is not to be wondered at that he assumed the priest's garb, for next to the soldier's life, it suited one of wandering pro- pensities. At one time he is on a begging expedition to some of the towns on the sea coast. In a few months he occupies the post of chaplain at an hospital, where he shrives the dying and admin- isters extreme unction. From the quiet of the hospital he proceeds to the camp, and is present at the battle of Seneffe, which occurred in the year 1674. His whole mind, from the time that he became a priest, appears to have been on " things seen and temporal," rather than on those that are " un- seen and eternal." While on duty at some of the ports of the Straits of Dover, he exhibited the characteristic of an ancient Athenian more than that of a professed successor of the Apostles. He sought out the society of stranga-s " who spent their time in nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing." With perfect non- chalance he confesses that notwithstanding the nauseating fumes of tobacco, he used to slip be- hind the doors of sailors' taverns, and spend days, without regard to the loss of his meals, listening to the adventures and hair-breadth escapes of the mariners in lands beyond the sea. In the year 1676, he received a welcome order from his Superior, requiring him to embark for Canada. Unaccustomed to the world, and arbi- trary in his disposition, he rendered the cabin of the ship in which he sailed any thing but heav- enly. As in modern days, the passengers in a vessel to the new world were composed of hete- rogeneous materials. There were young women going out in search for brothers or husbands, ec- clesiastics, and those engaged in the then new, but profitable, commerce in furs. One of his fellow passengers was the talented and enterpri- prising, though unfortunate. La SaUe, with whom he. was afterwards associated. If he is to be credited, his intercourse with La Salle was not very pleasant on ship-board. The young women, tired of being cooped up in the narrow accommo- dations of the ship, when the evening was fair 20 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOIA. ' sought the deck, and. engaged in the rude dances of the French peasantry of that age. Hennepin, feeling that it was improper, began to assume the air of the priest, and forbade the sport. La Salle, feeling that his interference was uncalled for, called him a pedant, and took the side of the girls, and during the voyage there were stormy discussions. Good humor appears to have been restored when they left the ship, for Hennepin would oth- erwise have not been the companion of La Salle in his great western journey. Sojourning for a short period at Quebec, the adventure-loving Franciscan is permitted to go to a mission station on or near the site of the present town of Kingston, Canada West. Here there was much to gratify his love of novelty, and he passed considerable time in ram- bling among the Iroquois of New York. In 1678 he returned to Quebec, and was ordered to join the expedition of Robert La Salle. On the 6th of December Father Hennepin and a portion of the exploring party had entered the Niagara river. In the vicinity of the Falls, the winter was passed, and while the artisans were preparing a ship above the Falls, to navigate the great lakes, the Recollect whiled away the hours, in studying the manners and customs of the Sen- eca Indians, and in admiring the subUmest han- diwork of God on the globe. On the 7th of August, 1679, the ship being completely rigged, unfurled its sails to the breezes of Lake Erie. The vessel was named the " Grif- fin," in honor of the arms of Frontenac, Governor of Canada, the first ship of European construc- tion that had ever ploughed the waters of the great inland seas of North America. After encountering a violent and dangerous storm on one of the lakes, during which they had given up all hope of escaping shipwreck, on the 27th of the month, they were safely moored in the harbor of " MissiUmackinack." From thence the party proceeded to Green Bay, where they left the ship, procured canoes,- and continued along the coast of Lake Michigan. By the mid- dle of January, 1680, La Salle had conducted his expedition to the Illinois River, and, on an emi- nence near Lake Peoria, he commenced, with much heaviness of heart, the erection of a fort, which he called Crevecoeur, on account of the many disappointments he had experienced. On the last of February, Accault, Augelle, and Hennepin left to ascend the Mississippi. The first work bearing the name of the Rev- erend Father Louis Hennepin, Franciscan Mis- sionary of the Recollect order, was entitled, " De- scription de la Louisiane," and in 1683 published in Paris. As soon as the book appeared it was criticised. Abbe Bernou, on the 29th of February, 1684, writes from Rome about the "paltry book" (mes- hcant livre) of Father Hennepin. About a year before the pious Tronson, under date of March 13, 1683, wrote to a friend: '' I have interviewed the P. Recollect, who pretends to have descended the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico. I do not know that one will believe what he speaks any more than that which is in the printed relation of P. Louis, which I send you that you may make your own reflections." On the map accompanying his first book, he boldly marks a Recollect Mission many miles north of the point he had visited. In the Utrecht edition of 1697 this deliberate fraud is erased. Throughout the work he assumes, that he was the leader of the expedition, and magnifies trifles into tragedies. For instance, Mr. La Salle writes that Michael Accault, also written Ako, who was the leader, presented the Sioux with the calu- met ;" but Hennepin makes the occurrence more fonnidable. He writes : " Our prayers were heard, when on the 11th of April, 1680, about two o'clock in the afternoon, we suddenly perceived thirty -three bark canoes manned by a hundred and tvN^enty Indians coming down with very great speed, on a war party, against the Miamis, Illinois and Maro- as. These Indians surrounded us, and while at a distance, discharged some arrows at us, but as they approached our canoe, the old men seeing us with the calumet of peace in our hands, prevent- ed the young men from kilUng us. These sava- ges leaping from their canoes, some on land, others into the water, with frightful cries and yells approached us, and as we madfe no resist- ance, being only three against so great a number, one of them wrenched our calUmet from our hands, while our canoe and theirs were tied to the shore. We first presented to them a piece of HENNEPIN'S BIFFIUULTY WITH PBATEB-BOOK. 21 French tobacco, better for smoking than theirs ' and the eldest among them uttered the words' " Miamiha, Miamiha." " As we did not understand their language, we took a little stick, and by signs which we made on the sand, showed them that their enemies, the Miamis, whom they sought, had fled across the river Colbert [Mississippi] to join the IsUnois; when they saw themselves discovered and unable to surprise their enemies, three or four old men laying their hands on my head, wept in a mourn- ful tone. " "With a spare handkerchief I had left I wiped away their tears, but they would not smoke our Calumet. They made us cross the river with great cries, while all shouted with tears ia their eyes; they made us row before them, and we heard yells capable of strikiag the most resolute with terror. After landing our canoe and goods, part of which had already been taken, we made a fire to boil our kettle, and we gave them two large wild turkeys which we had killed. These Indians having called an assembly to deUberate what they were to do with us, the two head chiefs of the party approaching, showed us by signs that the warriors wished to tomahawk us. This com- pelled me to go to the war chiefs with one young man, leaving the other by our property, and throw into their midst six axes, fifteen knives and six fathom of our black tobacco ; and then bringing down my head, I showed them with an axe that they might kill me, if they thought proper. This present appeased many individual members, who gave us some beaver to eat, put- ting the three first morsels into our mouths, accor- ding to the custom of the country, and blowing on the meat, which was too hot, before putting the bark dish before us to let us eat as we Uked. "We spent the night in anxiety, because, before reti- ring at night, they had returned us our peace calumet. " Our two boatmen were resolved to sell their lives dearly, and to resist if attacked ; their arms and swords were ready. As for my own part, I determined to allow myself to be killed without any resistance ; as I was going to announce to them a God who had been foully accused, rm- justly condemned, and cruelly crucified, without showing the least aversion to those who put him to death. "We watched in. turn, in our anxiety, so as not to be surprised asleep. The next morn- ing, a chief named Narrhetoba asked for the peace calumet, filled it with vnllow bark, and aU smoked. It was then signified that the white men were to return with them to their villages." In his narrative the Franciscan remarks, "I found it difiicult to say my ofiiee before these Indians. Many seeing me move my lips, said in a fierce tone, ' Ouakanche.' Michael, all out of countenance, told me, that if I continued to say my breviary, we should all three be killed, and the Picard begged me at least to pray apart, so as not to provoke them. I followed the latter's advice, but the more I concealed myself the more I had the Indians at my heels ; for when I en- tered the wood, they thought I was going to hide some goods imder ground, so that I knew not on what side to turn to pray, for they never let me out of sight. This obliged me to beg pardon of my canoe- men, assuring them I could hot dis- pense with saying my ofiBce. By the word, ' Ou- akanche,' the Indians meant that the book I was reading was a spirit, but by their gesture they nevertheless showed a kind of aversion, so that to accustom them to it, I chanted the litany of the Blessed Virgin in the canoe, with my book opened. They thought that the breviary was a spirit which taught me to sing for tJielr diversion ; for these people are naturally fond of singing." This is the first mention of a Dahkotah word in a European book. The savages were annoyed rather than enraged, at seeing the white man reading a book, and exclaimed, " "Wakan-de !" this is wonderful or supernatural. The war party was composed of several bands of the M'de- wahkantonwan Dahkotahs, and there was a di- versity of opinion in relation to the disposition that should be made of the white men. The relatives of those who had been killed by the Miamis, were in favor of taking their scalps, but others were anxious to retain the favor of the French, and open a trading intercourse. Perceiving one of the canoe-men shoot a wild turkey, they caUed the gun, " Manza Ouackange," iron that has understanding; more correctly, " Maza "Wakande," this is the supernatural metal. Aquipaguetin, one of the head men, resorted to the following device to obtain merchandise. Says the Father, " This wily savage had the bones of some distinguished relative, which he 22 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. preserved witli great care in some skins dressed and adorned witli several rows of black and red porcupine quills. From time to time he assem- bled Ms men to give it a smoke, and made us come several days to cover the bones with goods, and by a present wipe away the tears he had shed for him, and for his own son killed'by the Miamis. To appease this captious man, we threw on the bones several fathoms of tobacco, axes, knives, beads, and some black and white wampum brace- lets. * * * We slept at the point of the Lake of Tears [Lake Pepin], which we so called from the tears which this chief shed all mght long, or by one of his sons whom he caused to weep when he grew tired." The next day, after four or five leagues' sail, a chief came, and telling them to leave their canoes, he pulled up three piles of grass for seats. Then taking a piece of cedar full of Uttle holes, he placed a stick into one, which he revolved between the palms of his hands, until he kindjed a fire, and informed the Frenchmen that they would be at Mille Lac in six days. On the nineteenth day after their captivity, they arrived in the vicinity of Saint Paul, not far, it is probable, from the marshy ground on which the Kaposia band once lived, and now called Pig's Eye. The journal remarks, " Having arrived on the nineteenth day of our navigation, five leagues below St. Anthony's Falls, these Indians landed us la a bay, broke our canoe to pieces, and se- creted their own in the reeds." They then followed the trail to MUle Lac, sixty leagues distant. As they approached their villa- ges, the various bands began to show their spoils. The tobacco was highly prized, and led to some contention. The chalice of the Father, which glistened in the sun, they were afraid to touch, supposing it was "wakan." After five days' walk they reached the Issati [Dahkotah] settle- ments in the valley of the Kum or Knife river. The different bands each conducted a Frenchman to their village, the chief Aquipaguetin taking charge of Hennepin. After marching through the marshes towards the sources of Rum river, five wives of the chief, in three bark canoes, met them and took them a short league to an island where their cabins were. An aged Indian kindly rubbed down the way- worn Franciscan; placing him on a bear-sMn near the fire, he anointed his legs and the soles of his feet with wildcat oil. The son "of the chief took great pleasure in car- rying upon his bare back the priest's robe with dead men's bones enveloped. It was called Pere Louis Chinnen. In the Dahkotah language Shin- na or Shinnan signifies a buffalo robe. Hennepin's description of his life on the island is in these words : " The day after our arrival, Aquipaguetin, who • was the head of a large family, covered me vnth a robe made of ten large dressed beaver skins, trimmed with porcupine quills. This Indian showed me five or six of his wives, teUtng them, as I' afterwards learned, that they shouF in fu- ture regard me as one of their children. " He set before me a bark dish full of fish, and seeing that I could not rise from the ground, he had a small sweating-cabin made, in which he made me enter with four Indians. This cabin he covered with buffalo skins, and inside he put stones red-hot. He made me a sign to do as the others before beginning to sweat, but I merely concealed my nakedness with a handkerchief. As soon as these Indians had several times breathed out quite violently, he began to sing vo- ciferously, the others putting their hands on me and rubbing me while they wept bitterly. I be- gan to faint, but I came out and could scarcely take my habit to put on. When he made me sweat thus three times a week, I felt as strong as ever." The mariner's compass was a constant source of wonder and amazement. Aquipaguetin hav- ing assembled the braves, would ask Hennepin to show his compass. Perceiving that the needle turned, the chief harangued his men, and told them that the Europeans were spirits, capable of doing any thing. In the Franciscan's possession was an iron pot with feet like lions', which the Indians would not touch unless their hands were- wrapped in buffalo skins. The women looked upon it as " wakan," and would not enter the cabin where it was. " The chiefs of these savages, seeing that I was desirous to learn, frequently made me write, naming all the parts of. the human body ; and as I would not put on paper certain indelicate words, at which, they do not blush, they were heartily amused." EENNHPIN'S VISIT TO FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY. 23 They often asked the Pranciscan questions, to answer which it was necessary to refer to his lex- icon. This appeared very strange, and, as they had no word for paper, they said, " That white thing must be a spirit wliich tells Pere Louis all we say." Hennepin remarks : " These Indians often asked me how many wives and children I had, and how old I was, that is, how many winters ; for so these natives always count. Never illu- mlaed by the Ught of faith, they were surprised at my answer. Pointing to our two Prenchmen, whom I was then visiting, at a point three leagues from our vUlage, I told them that a man among us could only have one wife ; that as for me, I had promised the Master of life to live as they saw me, and to come and Uve with them to teach them to be like the Prench. " But that gross people, till then lawless and faithless, turned all I said iato ridicule. ' How,' said they, ' would you have these two men with thee have wives ? Ours would not live with them , for they have hair all over their face, and we have none there or elsewhere.' In fact, they were never better pleased with me than when I was shaved, and from a complaisance, certainly not criminal, I shaved every week. " As often as I went to visit the cabins, I found a sick child, whose father's name was Mamenisi. Michael Ako would not accompany me; the Picard du Gay alone followed me to act as spon- sor, or, rather, to witness the baptism. " I christened the child Antoinette, in honor of St. Anthony of Padua, as well as for the Picard's name, which was Anthony Auguelle. He was a native of Amiens, and nephew of the Procurator- General of the Premonstratensians both now at Paris. Having poured natural water on the head and uttered these words : ' Creature of God, I baptize thee iii the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,' I took half an altar cloth which I had wrested from the hands of an Indian who had stolen it from me, and put it on the body of the baptized child; for as I could npt say mass for want of wine and vest- ments, this piece of Unen could not be put to bet- ter use than to enshroud the first Christian child among these tribes. I do not know whether the softness of the linen had refreshed her, but she was the next day smiling in her mother's arms, who believed that I had cured the child ; but she died soon after, to my great consolation. " During my stay among them, there arrived four savages, who said they were come alone five hundred leagues from the west, and had been four months upon the way. They assured us there was no such place as the Straits of Anian, and that they had traveled without resting, except to sleep, and had not seen or passed over any great lake, by which phrase they always mean the sea. " They further informed us that the nation of the Assenipoulacs [Assiniboines] who lie north- east of Issati, was not above six or seven days' journey ; that none of the nations, within their knowledge, who lie to the east or northwest, had any great lake about their coimtries, which were very large, but only rivers, which came from the north. They further assured us that there were very few forests in the countries through which they passed, insomuch that now and then they were forced to make fires of buffaloes' dung to boil their food. All these circumstances make it appear that there is no such place as the Straits of Anian, as we usually see them set down on the maps. And whatever efforts have been made for many years past by the English and Dutch, to find out a passage to the Frozen Sea, they have not yet been able to effect it. But by the help of my discovery aud the assistance of God, I doubt not but a passage may still be found, and that an easy one too. " Por example, we may be transported into the Pacific Sea by rivers which are large and capable of carrying great vessels, and from thence it is very easy to go to China and Japan, vnthout cross- ing the equinoctial line; and, in all probability, Japan is on the same contiruent as America.'''' Hennepin in his first book, thus describes his first visit to the Palls of St. Anthony : " In the beginning of July, 1680, we descended the [Kum] River in a canoe southward, with the great chief Ouasicoude fWauzeekootay] that is to say Pierced Pine, with about eighty cabins composed of more than a hundred and thirty families and about two hundred and fifty warriors. Scarcely would the Indians give me a place in their little flotilla, for they had only old canoes. They went four leagues lower down, to get birch bark to make some more. Having made a hole in the ground, to hide our silver chalice and our papers, till our 24 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. return from the hunt, and keeping only our bre- viary, so as not to be loaded, I stood on the bank of the lake formed by the river we had called St. Francis [now Bum] and stretched out my hand to the canoes as they rapidly passed in succession. "Our Frenchmen also had one for themselves, which the Indians had given them. They would not take me in," Michael Ako saying that he had taken me long enough to satisfy him. I was hurt at this answer, seeing myself thus abandoned by Christians, to whom I had always done good, as they both often acknowledged; but God never having abandoned me on that painfiul voyage, in- spired two Indians to take me in their little canoe, where I had no other employment than to bale out with a little bark tray, the water which entered by little holes. This I did not do with- out getting aU wet. This boat might, indeed, be called a death box, for its lightness and fragiUty. These canoes do not generally weigh over fifty pounds, the least motion of the body upsets them, unless you are long accustomed to that kind of navigation. " On disembarking in the evening, the Picard, as an excuse, told me that their canoe was half- rotten, and that had we been three in it, we should have run a great risk of remaining on the way. * * * Four days after our departure for the buffalo hunt, we halted eight leagues above St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, on an eminence opposite the mouth of the River St. Francis [Rum] * * * The Picard and myself went to look for haws, gooseberries, and little wild fruit, which often did us more harm than good. This obliged us to go alone, as Michael Ako refused, in a wretched canoe, to Ouisconsin river, which was more than a hundred leagues off, to see whether the Sieur de la Salle had sent to that place a re- inforcement of men, with powder, lead, and other munitions, as he had promised us. "The Indians would not have suffered this voyage had not one of the three remained with them. They wished me to stay, but Michael Ako absolutely refused. As we were making the portage of our canoe at St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, we perceived five or six of our Indians who had taken the start ; one of them was up in an oak opposite the great fall, weeping bitterly, with a rich dressed beaver robe, whitened inside, and trimmed with porcupine quills, which he was offering as a sacrifice to the falls; which is, in it- self, admirable and frightful. I heard him while shedding copious tears, say as he spoke to the' great cataract, ' Thou who art a spirit, grant that our nation may pass here quietly, without acci^ dent ; may kill buffalo in abundance ; conquer our enemies, and bring in slaves, some of whom we will put to death before thee. The Messenecqz (so they call the tribe named by the French Outar gamis) have killed our kindred; grant that we may avenge them. ' This robe offered in sacrifice, served one of our Frenchmen, who took it as we returned." It is certainly wonderful, that Hennepin, who knew nothing of the Sioux language a few weeks before, should understand the prayer offered at the Falls without the aid of an interpreter. The narrator continues : " A league beyond St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, the Picard was obUged to land and get his powder horn, which he had left at the Falls. * * * As we descended the river Colbert [Mississippi] we foimd some of our Indians on the islands loaded with buffalo meat, some of which they gave us. Two hours after landing, fifteen or sixteen warriors whom we had left above St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, en- tered, tomakawkin hand, upset the cabin of those who had invited us, took all the meat and bear oU they found, and greased themselves from head to foot," This was done because the others had violated the rules for the buffalo hunt. With the Indians Hennepin went down the river sixty leagues, and then went up the river again, and met buffalo. He continues : "While seeking the Ouisconsin Elver, that savage father, Aquipaguetin, whom I had left, and who I believed more than two hundred leagues off, on the 11th of July, 1680, appeared with the warriors." After this, Hennepin and Picard continued to go up the river almost eighty leagues. There is great confusion here, as the reader will see. When at the mouth of the Rum River, he speaks of the Wisconsin as more than a hun- dred leagues off. He floats down the river sixty leagues ; then he ascended, but does not state the distance; then he ascends eighty leagues. He continues : " The Indians whom he had left with Michael Ako at Buffalo [Chippeway] River, HENNEPIN MEETS SIEUB DU LUTH. 25 ■with the flotilla of canoes loaded with meat, came down. *. * * All the Indian women had their stock of meat at the mouth of Buffalo Kiver and on the islands, and again we went down the Col- bert [Mississippi] about eighty leagues. * * * We had another alarm in our camp : the old men on duty on the top of the mountatas announced that they saw two warriors in the distance ; all the bowmen hastened there with speed, each try- ing to outstrip the others ; but they brought back only two of their enemies, who came to tell them that a party of their people were hunting at the extremity of Lake Conde [Superior] and had found four Spirits (so they call the French) who, by means of a slave, had expressed a wish to come on, knowing us to be among them. * * * On the 25th of July, 1680, as we were ascending the river Colbert, after the buffalo hunt, to the In- dian vUlages, we met Sieur du Luth, who came to the Nadouessious with five French soldiers. They joined us about two hundred and twenty leagues distant from the country of the Indians who had taken us. As we had some knowledge of the language, they begged us to accompany them to the villages of these tribes, to which I readily agreed, knowing that these two French- " men had not approached the sacrament for two years." Here again the number of leagues is confusing, and it is impossible to believe that Du Luth and his interpreter Faffart, who had been trading with the Sioux for more than a year, needed the help of Hennepin, who had been about three months Mth these people. We are not told by what route Hennepin and Du Luth reached Lake Issati or Mille Lacs, but Hennepin says they arrived there on the 11th of August, 1680, and he adds, " Toward the end of September, havmg no implements to begin an establishment, we resolved to tell these people, that for their benefit, we would have to return to the French settlements. The grand Chief of the Issati or Nadouessiouz consented, and traced in pencil on paper I gave him, the route I should take for four hundred leagues. With this chart, we set out, eight Frenchmen, in two canoes, and descended the river St. Francis and Colbert [Eum and Mississippi]. Two of our men took two bea- ver robes at St. Anthony of Padua's Falls, which the Indians had hung in sacrifice on the trees." The second work of Hennepin, an enlargement of the first, appeared at Utrecht in the year 1697, ten years after La Salle's death. During the in- terval between the publication of the first and second book, he had passed three years as Super- intendent of the Recollects atKeny in the province of Artois, when Father Hyacinth Lef evre, a friend of La Salle, and Commissary Provuicial of Recol- lects at Paris, wished him to return to Canada. He refused, and was ordered to go to Eome, and upon his coming back was sent to a convent at St. Omer, and there received a dispatch from the Minister of State in France to return to the coun- tries of the King of Spain, of which he was a subject. This order, he asserts, he afterwards learned was forged. In the preface to the English edition of the JSTew Discovery, published in. 1698, in London, he writes : "The pretended reason of that violent order was because I refused to return into America, where I had been already eleven years ; though the particular laws of our Order oblige none of us to go beyond sea against his will. I would have, however, returned very willingly had I not known the malice of M. La Salle, who would have ex- posed me to perish, as he did one of the men who accompanied me in my discovery. God knows that I am sorry for his unfortunate death ; but the judgments of the Almighty are always just, for the gentleman was Idlled by one of his own men, who were at last sensible that he exposed them to visible dangers without any necessity and for his private designs." After this he was for about five years at Gosse- Ues, in Brabant, as Confessor in a convent, and from thence removed to his native place, Ath, in Belgium, where, according to his narrative in the preface to the "Nouveavi Decouverte," he was again persecuted. Then Father Payez, Grand Commissary of Recollects at Louvain, being in- formed that the King of Spain and the Elector of Bavaria recommended the step, consented that he should enter the service of WilUam the Third of Great Britain, who had been very kind to the Roman Catholics of Netherlands. By order of Payez he was sent to Antwerp to take the lay habit in the convent there, and subsequently went to Utrecht, where he finished his second book known as the New Discovery. 26 EXPLOBJEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. His first volume, printed in 1683, contains 312 pages, with an appendix of 107 pages, on the Customs of the Savages, while the Utrecht book of 1697 contains 509 pages without an appendix. On page 249 of the New Discovery, he begins an account of a voyage alleged to have been made to the mouth of the Mississippi, and occupies over sixty pages in the narrative. The opening sentences give as a reason for concealing to this time his discovery, that La Salle would have re- ported him to his Superiors for presuming to go down instead of ascending the stream toward the north, as had been agreed ; and that the two with him threatened that if he did not consent to de- scend the river, they would leave him on shore during the night, and pursue their own course. He asserts that he left the Gulf of Mexico, to return, on the 1st of April, and on the 24th left the Arkansas ; but a week after this, he declares he landed with the Sioux at the marsh about two mUes below the city of Saint Paul. The account has been and is still a puzzle to the historical student. In our review of his first book we have noticed that as early as 1683, he claimed to have descended the Mississippi. In the Utrecht publication he declares that while at Quebec, upon his return to Trance, he gave to Father Valentine Roux, Commissary of Recol- lects, his journal, upon the promise that it would be kept secret, and that this Father made a copy of his whole voyage, including the visit to the Gulf of Mexico ; but in his Description of Louis- iana, Hennepin wrote, " We had some design of going to the mouth of the river Colbert, which more probably empties into the Gulf of Mexico than into the Red Sea, but the tribes that seized us gave us no time to sail up and down the river." The additions in his Utrecht book to magnify his importance and detract from others, are many. As Sparks and Parkman have pointed out the plagiarisms of this edition, a reference here is unnecessary. Du Luth, who left Quebec in 1678, and had been in northern Minnesota, with an interpreter, for a year, after he met Ako and Hennepin, be- comes of secondary importance, in the eyes of the Franciscan. In the Description of Louisiana, on page 289, Hennepin speaks of passing the Falls of Saint Anthony, upon his return -to Canada, in these few words : " Two of our men seized two beaver robes at the Falls of St. Anthony of Padua, which the Indians had in sacrifice, fastened to trees." But in the Utrecht edition, commencing on page 416, there is much added concerning Du Lnth. After using the language of the edition of 1683, already quoted it adds: "Hereupon there arose a dispute between Sieur du Luth and myself. I commended what they had done, say- ing, ' The savages might judge by it that they disliked the superstition of these people.' The Sieur du Luth, on the contrary, said that they ought to have left the robes where the savages placed them, for they would not fail to avenge the insult we had put upon them by this action, and that it was feared that they would attack us on this journey. I confessed he had some foun- dation for what he said, and that he spoke accor- dhig to the rules of prudence. But one of the two men flatly replied, the two robes suited them, and they cared nothing for the savages and their superstitions. The Sieur du Luth at these words was so greatly enraged that he nearly struck the one who uttered them, but I intervened and set- tled the dispute. The Picard and Michael Ako ■ranged themselves on the side of those who had taken the robes in question, which might have resulted badly. " I argued with Sieur du Luth that the savages would not attack us, because I was persuaded that their great chief Ouasicoude would have our interests at heart, and he had great credit with his nation. The matter terminated pleasantly. " When we arrived near the river Ouisconsin, we halted to smoke the meat of the buffalo we had killed on the journey. During our stay, three savages of the nation we had left, came by the side of our canoe to tell us that their great chief Ouasicoude, having learned that another chief of these people wished to pursue and kill us, and that he entered the cabin where he was consult- ing, and had struck him on the head with such violence as to scatter his brains upon his associ- ates ; thus preventing the executing of this inju- rious project. " We regaled the three savages, having a great abundance of food at that time. The Sieur du Luth, after the savages had left, was as enraged as before, and feared that they would pursue and i attack us on our voyage. He would have pushed TBIBUTE TO DANIEL QBEYSOLON BU LUTH. 27 the matter further, but seeing that one man would resist, and was not in the humor to be imposed upon, he moderated, and I appeased tliem in the end with the assurance that God would not aban- don us in distress, and, provided we confided in Him, he would deliver us from our foes, because He is the protector of men and angels." After describing a conference with the Sioux, he adds, " Thus the savages were very kind, without mentioning the beaver robes. The chief Ouasicoude told me to offer a fathom of Marti- nico tobacco to the chief Aquipaguetin, who had adopted me as a son. This had an admirable effect upon the barbarians, who went off shouting several times the word 'Louis,' [Ouis or We] which, as he said, means the sun. "Without van- ■ ity, I must say that my name will be for a long time among these people. "The savages having left us, to go to war against the Messorites, the Maroha, the Illinois, and other nations which live toward the lower part of the Mississippi, and are irreconcilable foes of the people of the North, the Sieur du Luth, who upon many occasions gave me marks of his friendship, could not forbear to tell our men that I had all the reason in the world to believe that the Viceroy of Canada would give me a favorable reception, should we arrive before winter, and that he wished with all his heart that he had been among as many natives as myself." The style of Louis Hennepin is unmistakable in this extract, and it is amusing to read his pa- tronage of one of the fearless explorers of the Northwest, a cousin of Tonty, favored by Fron- tenac, and who was in Minnesota a year before his arrival. In 1691, six years before the Utrecht edition of Hennepin, another BecoUect Franciscan had pub- lished a book at Paris, called " The First Estab- lishment of the Faith in New France," in which is the following tribute to Du Luth, whom Hen- nepin strives to make a subordinate : " In the last years of M. de Frontenac's administration, Sieur Du Luth, a man of talent and experience, opened a way to the missionary and the Gospel in many different nations, turning toward the north of that lake [Superior] where he even. built a fort, he advanced as far as the Lake of the Issati, called Lake Buade, from the family name of M. de Frontenac, planting the arms of his Majesty in several nations on the right and left." In the second volume of his last book, which is called " A Continuance of the New Discovery of a vast Country in America," etc., Hennepin no- ticed some criticisms. To the objection that his work was dedicated to William the Third of Great Britam, he replies : " My King, his most Catholic, Majesty, his Elec- toral Highness of Bavaria, the consent in writing of the Superior of my order, the iategrity of my faith, and the regular observance of my vows, which his Britannic Majesty allows me, are the best warrants of the uprightness of my inten- tions." To the query, how he could travel so far upon the Mississippi in so little time, he answers with a bold face, " That we may, with a canoe and a pair of oars, go twenty, twenty-flve, or thirty leagues every day, and more too, if there be oc- casion. And though we had gone but ten leagues a day, yet in thirty days we might easily have gone three hundred leagues. If during the time we spent from the river of the IlUnois to the mouth of the Meschasipi, in the Gulf of Mexico, we had used a Uttle more haste, we might have gone the same twice over." To the objection, that he said, he nad passed eleven years in America, when he had been there but about four, he evasively replies, that " reck- oning from the year 1674, when I first set put, to the year 1688, when I printed the second edition of my ' Louisiana,' it appears that I have spent fifteen years either in travels or printing my Discoveries." To those who objected to the statement in his first book, in the dedication to Louis the Four- teenth, that the Sioux always call the sun Louis, he writes : " I repeat what I have said before, that being among the Issati and Nadouessans, by whom I was made a slave in America, I never heard them call the sun any other than Louis. It is true these savages call also the moon Louis, but with this distinction, that they give the moon the name of Louis Bastache, which in their lan- guage signifies, the sun that shines in the night." The Utrecht edition called forth much censure, and no one in France doubted that Hennepin was the author. D 'Iberville, Governor of Lou- isiana, while in Paris, wrote on July 3d 1699, to 28 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. the Minister of Marine and Colonies of France, in tliese words : " Very much vexed at the Eec- ollect, whose false narratives had deceived every one, and caused our suffering and total failure of our enterprise, by the time consumed in the search of things which alone existed in his imag- ination." The Eev. Father James Gravier, in a letter from a fort on the Gulf of Mexico, near the Mis- sissippi, dated February 16th, 1701, expressed the sentiment of his times when he speaks of Hen- nepin " who presented to King William, the Rela- tion of the Mississippi, where he never was, and after a thousand falsehoods and ridiculous boasts, * * * he makes Mr. de la Salle appear in his Eelation, wounded with two balls in the head, turn toward the Recollect Father Anastase, to ask him for absolution, having been killed in- stantly, without uttering a word • and other like false stories." Hennepin gradually faded out of sight. Bru- net mentions a letter written by J. B. Dubos, from Rome, dated March 1st, 1701, which men- tions that Hennepin was Uving on the Capitoline Hill, in the celebrated convent of Ara Coeli, and was a favorite of Cardinal Spada. The time and place of his death has not been ascertained. NICHOLAS PEBROT, FOUNDER OF FIRST POST ON LAKE PEPIN. 29 CHAPTEE V. NICHOLAS PERBOT, FOUNDEE OF FIBST POST ON LAKE PEPIN. EutIt life. — Searches for Copper.— Interpreter at Saulfc St. Marie, Employed by La Salle.— Bmlds Stockade at Lake Pepin. — Hostile Indians Rebuked. —A Silver Ostensorium Given to a Jesuit Chapel.— Perrot in the Battle against Senecas, in New York.— Second Visit to Sioux Country.— Taking Possession by "Proces Verbal." — Discovery of Lead Mines. — Attends Council at Montreal. — Establishes a Post near Detroit, in Michigan. — Perrot's Death, and his Wife. Nicholas Perrot, sometimes written Pere, was one of the most energetic of the class in Canada known as " coureurs des hois," or forest rangers. Born in 1644, at an early age he was identified with the fur trade of the great inland lakes. As early as 1665, he was among the Outagamies [Poxes], and in 1667 was at Green Bay. In 1669, he was appointed by Talon to go to the lake re- gion in search of copper mines. At the formal taking possession of that country in the name of the King of Prance, at Sault St. Marie, on the 14th of May, lb71, he acted as interpreter. In 1677, he seems to have been employed at Port Prontenac. La Salle was made very sick the next year, from eating a salad, and one Nicholas Perrot, called Joly Coeur (Jolly Soul) was sus- pected of having mingled poison with the food. After this he was associated with Du Luth in the execution of two Indians, as we have seen. In 1684, he was appointed by De la Barre, the Governor of Canada, as Commandant for the West, and left Montreal with twenty men. Ar- riving at Green Bay in Wisconsin, some Indians told him that they had visited countries toward the setting sun, where they obtained the blue and green stones suspended from their ears and noses, and that they saw horses and men like Prenchmen, probably the Spaniards of New Mex- ico ; and others said that they had obtained hatch- ets from persons who lived in a house that walked on the water, near the mouth of the river of the Assiniboines, aUuding to the English estabUshed at Hudson's Bay. Proceeding to the portage be- tween the Pox and Wisconsin, thirteen Hurons were met, who were bitterly opposed to the es- tablishment of a post near the Sioux. After the Mississippi was reached, a party of Wumebagoes was employed to notify the tribes of Northern Iowa that the Prench had ascended the river, and wished to meet them. It was further agreed that prairie fires would be kindled from time to time, so that the Indians could follow the Prench. After entering Lake Pepin, near its mouth, on the east side, Perrot found a place suitable for a post, where there was wood. The stockade was built at the foot of a bluff beyond which was a large prairie. La Potherie makes this statement, which is repeated by Penicaut, who writes of Lake Pepin : " To the right and left of its shores there are also prairies. In that on the right on the bank of the lake, there is a fort, which was built by Nicholas Perrot, whose name it yet [1700] bears." Soon after he was estabUshed, it was announced that a band of Aiouez [loways] was encamped above, and on the way to visit the post. The Prench ascended in canoes to meet them, but as they drew nigh, the Indian women ran up the bluffs, and hid in the woods ; but twenty of the' braves mustered courage to advance and greet Perrot, and bore him to the chief's lodge. The chief, bending over Perrot, began to weep, and allowed the moisture to fall upon his visitor. After he had exhausted himself, the principal men of the party repeated the slabbering process. Then buffalo tongues were boiled in an earthen pot, and after being cut into small pieces, the chief took a piece, and, as a mark of respect, placed it in Perrot's mouth. During the winter of 1684-85, the Prench tra- ded in Minnesota. At the end of the beaver hunt, the Ayoes [loways] came to the post, but Perrot was absent visiting the Nadouaissioux. and they sent a chief to notify him of their arrival. Pour Illinois met him on the way, and were anxious for the return of four children held by the Prench. When the 30 EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. Sioux, who were at war with the Illinois, per- ceived them, they wished to seize their canoes, but the French voyageurs who were guarding them, pushed into the middle of the river, and the French at the post coming to their assistance, a reconciliation was effected, and four of the Sioux took the Illinois upon their shoulders, and bore them to the shore. An order having been received from Denon- ville. Governor of Canada, to bring the Miamis, and other tribes, to the rendezvous at Niagara, to go on an expedition against the Senecas, Per- rot entrusting the post at Lake Pepin to a few Frenchmen, visited the Miamis,*who were dwel- ling below on the Mississippi, and with no guide but Indian camp fires, went sixty miles into the country beyond the river. Upon his return, he perceivea a great smoke, and at first thought that it. was a war party pro- ceeding to the Sioux country. Fortunately he met ^ Maskouten chief, who had been at the post to see him, and he gave the intelUgence, that the Outagamies [Foxes], Kikapous [Kickapoos], and Mascoutechs [Maskoutens], and others, from the region of Green Bay, had determined to pillage the post, kill the French, and then go to war against the Sioux. Hurrying on, he reached the fort, and learned that on that very day three spies had been there and seen that there were only six Frenchmen in charge. The next day two more spies appeared, but Perrot had taken the precaution to put loaded guns at the door of each hut, and caused his men frequently to change their clothes. To the query, " How many French were there?" the reply was given, " Forty, and that more were daily expected, who had been on a bufEalo hunt, and that the guns were well loaded and knives well sharpened. " They were then told to go back to their camp aud bring a chief of each nation represented, and that if Indians, in large numbers, came near, they would be fired at. In accordance with this mes- sage six chiefs presented themselves, After their bows and arrows were taken away they were in- vited to Perrot's cabin, who gave something to eat and tobacco to smoke. Looking at Perrot's loaded guns they asked, '-If he was afraid of his children?" He replied, he was not. They con- tinued, " You are displeased." He answered, ' ' I have good reason to be. The Spirit has warned me of your designs; you will take my things away and put me in the kettle, and proceed against the Nadouaissioux, The Spirit told me to be on my guard, and he would help me." At this they were astonished, and confessed that an attack was meditated. That night the chiefs slept in the stockade, and early the next morn- ing a part of the hostile force was encamped in the vicinity, and wished to trade. Perrot had now only a force of fifteen men, and seizing the chiefs, he told them he would break their heads if they did not disperse the Indians. One of the chiefs then stood up on the gate of the fort and said to the warriors, " Do not advance, young men, or you are dead. The Spirit has warned Metaminens [PerrotJ of your designs." They fol- lowed the advice, and afterwards Perrot present- ed them with two guns, two kettles, and some tobacco, to close the door of war against the Na- douaissioux, and the chiefs were all permitted to make a brief visit to the post. Returning to Green Bay in 1686, he passed much time in collecting allies for the expedition against the Iroquois in New York. During this year he gave to the Jesuit chapel at Depere, five miles above Green Bay, a church utensil of silver, fif- teen inches high, still in existence. The stand- ard, nine inches in height, supports a radiated circlet closed with glass on both sides and sur- mounted with a cross. Tliis vessel, weighing about twenty ounces, was intended to show the consecrated wafer of the mass, and is called a soleil, monstrance, or ostensorium. Around the oval base of the rim is the follow- ing inscription: ^^^j^sMKNicaot^ '<. ^^Sv^ss aai^^"^ «i' ■sf In 1802 some workmen in digging at Green Bay, Wisconsin, on the old Langlade estate dis- A CUP OF BBANDY ANB WATEB DETECTS A THIEF. 31 covered this relic, wtuch is now kept in the vault of the Roman Catholic bishop of that diocese. During the spring of 1687 Perrot, with De Lu- th and Tonty, was with the Indian allies and the French in the expedition against the Senecas of the Genessee Valley in New York. The next year Denonville, Governor of Canada, again sent Perrot with forty Frenchmen to the Sioux who, says Potherie, " were very distant, and who would not trade with us as easily as the other tribes, the Outagamis [Foxes] having boasted of having cut off the passage thereto." When Perrot arrived at Mackinaw, the tribes of that region were much excited at the hostility of the Outagamis [Foxes] toward the Sauteurs [Chippeways]. As soon as Perrot and his party reached Green Bay a deputation of the Foxes sought an interview. He told them that he had nothing to do with this quarrel with the Chippe- ways. In justification, they said that a party of their young men, in going to war against the Nadouaissioux, had found a young man and three Chippeway girls. Perrot was silent, and continued his journey towards the JSTadouaissioux. Soon he was met by five chiefs of the Foxes in a canoe, who begged him to go to their village. Perrot consented, and when he went into a chief's lodge they placed be- fore him broiled venison, and raw meat for the rest pf the French. He refused to eat because, said he, "that meat did not give him any spirit, but he would take some when the Outagamis [Foxes] were more reasonable." He then chided them for not having gone, as requested by the Governor of Canada, to the Detroit of Lake Erie, and during the absence of the French fight- ing with the Chippeways. Having ordered them to go on their beaver hunt and only fight against the Iroquois, he left a few Frenchmen to trade and proceeded on his. journey to the Sioux coun- try. Arriving at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers they were impeded by ice, but with the aid of some Pottawattomies they trans- ported their goods to the Wisconsin, which they found no longer frozen. The Chippeways were informed that their daughters had been, taken from the Foxes, and a deputation came to take them back, but being attacked by the Foxes, who did not know their errand, they fled without se- ctiring the three girls. Perrot then ascended the Mississippi to the post which in 1684 he had erected, just above the mouth, and on the east side of Lake Pepin. , As soon as the rivers were navigable, the Na- douaissioux came down and escorted Perrot to one of their villages, where he was welcomed with much enthusiasm. He was carried upon a beaver robe, followed by a long line of warriors, each bearing a pipe, and singing. After taking him around the village, he was borne to the chief's lodge, when several came in to weep over bis head, with the same tenderness that the Ayoes (loways) did, when Perrot several years before arrived at Lake Pepin. " These weepings," says an old chronicler " do not weaken their souls. They are very good warriors, and reported the bravest ia that region. They are at war with all the tribes at present except the Saulteurs [Chippeways] and Ayoes [loways], and even with these they have quarrels. At the break of day the Nadouaissioux bathe, even to the youngest. They have very fine forms, but the women are not comely, and they look upon them as slaves. They are jealous and suspicious about them, and they are the cause of quarrels and blood-sheddiug. " The Sioux are very dextrous with their ca- noes, and they fight unto death if surrounded, Their country is full of swamps, which shelter them in summer from being molested. One must be a Nadouaissioux, to find the way to their vil- While Perrot was absent in Ifew York, fight- ing the Senecas, a Sioux chief knowing that few Frenchmen were left at Lake Pepin, came with one hundred warriors, and endeavored to pillage it. Of this complaint was made, and the guilty leader was near being put to death by his associ- ates. Amicable relations having been formed, preparations were made by Perrot to return to his post. As they were going away, one of the" Frenchmen complatQed that a box of his goods had been stolen. Perrot ordered a voyageur to bring a cup of water, and into it he poured some brandy. He then addressed the Indians and told them he would dry up their marshes if the goods were not restored; and then he set on fire the brandy in the cup. The savages were astonished and terrified, and supposed that he possessed su- pernatural powers ; and in a little T^'-Ue the goods 32 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. were found and restored to the owner, and the Prench descended to their stockade. The Poxes, while Perrot was in the Sioux country, changed their village, and settled on the Mississippi. Coming up to visit Perrot, they asked him to establish friendly relations between them and the Sioux. At the time some Sioux were at the post trading furs, and at first they supposed the French were plotting with the Poxes. Perrot, however, eased them by present- ing the calumet and saying that the Prench con- sidered the Outagamis [Poxes] as brothers, and then adding: "Smoke in my pipe; this is the manner with which Onontio [Governor of Can- ada] feeds his children." The Sioux replied that they wished the Poxes to smoke first. This was reluctantly done, and the Sioux smoked, biit would not conclude a definite peace until they consulted their chiefs. This was not concluded, because Perrot, before the chiefs came down, received orders to return to Canada. About this time, in the presence of Pather Jo- seph James Marest, a Jesuit missionary, Boisguil- lot, a trader on the Wisconsin and Mississippi, Le Sueur, who afterward built a post below the Saint Croix Kiver, about nine miles from Hastings, the following document was prepared: " Nicholas Perrot, commanding for the King at the post of the Nadouessioux, commissioned by the Marquis Denonville, Governor and Lieuten- ant Governor of all New Prance, to manage the interests of commerce among all the Indian tribes and people of the Bay des Puants [Green Bay], Nadouessioux, Mascoutens, and other western na- tions of the Upper Mississippi, and to take pos- session in the King's name of all the places where he has heretofore been and whither he will go: " We this day, the eighth of May, one thousand six hundred and eighty-nine, do, in the presence of the Keverend Pather Marest, of the Society of Jesus, Missionary among the Nadouessioux, of Monsieur de Boisguillot, commanding the French in the neighborhood of the Ouiskonche, on the Mississippi, Augustia Legardeur, Esquire, Sieur de Caumont, and of Messieurs Le Sueur, Ilebert, Lemire and Blein. " Declare to all whom it may concern, that, be- ing come from the Bay des Puants, and to the Lake of the Ouiskonches, we did transport our- selves to the country of the Nadouessioux, on the border of the river St. Croix, and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre, on the bank of which were the Mantantans, and further up to the interior, as far as the Menchokatonx [Med-ay-wah-kawn- twawn], with whom dwell the majority of the Songeskitons [Se-see-twawnsJ and other Nadou- essioux who are to the northwest of the Missis- sippi, to take possession, for and in the name of the King, of the countries and rivers inhabited by the said tribes, and of which they are proprietors. The present act done in our presence, signed with our hand, and subscribed." The three Chippeway girls of whom mention has been made were still with the Poxes, and Perrot took them with him to Mackinaw, upon his return to Canada. While there, the Ottawas held some prisoners upon an island not far from the mainland. The Jesuit Fathers went over and tried to save the captives from harsh treatment, but were unsuc- cessful. The canoes appeared at length near each other, one man paddling in each, while the war- riors were answering the shouts of the prisoners, who each held a white stick in his hand. As they neared the shore the chief of the party made a speech to the Indians who lived on the shore, and giving a history of the campaign, told them that they were masters of the prisoners. The warriors then came on land, and, according to custom, abandoned the spoils. An old man then ordered nine men to conduct the prisoners to a separate place. The women and the young men formed a Une with big sticks. The young pris- oners soon found their feet, but the old men were so badly used they spat blood, and they were con- demned to be burned at the Mamilion. The Jesuit Fathers and the French oflScers were much embarrassed, and feared that the Iro- quois would complain of the little care which had been used to prevent cruelty. Perrot, in this emergency, walked to the place where the prisoners were singing the death dirge, in expectation of being burned, and told them to sit down and be silent. A few Ottauwaws rudely told them to sing on, but Perrot forbade. He then went back to the Council, where the old men had rendered judgment, and ordered one prisoner to be burned at Mackinaw, one at Sault St. Marie and another at Green Bay. Undaunted he spoke as follows : "I come to cut the strings of the PEBBOT VISITS THE LEAD MIN'ES. 33 dogs. I will not suffer them to be eaten . I have pity on them, since my Father, Onontio, has com- manded me. You Outaouaks [Ottawaws] are like tame bears, who will not recognize them who has brought them up. You have forgotten Onon- tio's protection. When he asks your obedience, you want to rule over him, and eat the flesh of those children he does not wish to give to you. Take care, that, if oyu swallow them, Onontio will tear them with violence from between your teeth. I speak as a brother, and I think I am showing pity to your children, by cutting the bonds of your prisoners." His boldness had the desired effect. The pris- oners were released, and two of them were sent with him to Montreal, to be returned to the Iro- quois. On the 22nd of May, 1690, with one hundred and forty-three voyageurs and six Indians, Per- rot left Montreal as an escort of Sieur de Lou- vigny La Porte, a half -pay captain, appointed to succeed Durantaye at Mackinaw, by Frontenac, the new Governor of Canada, who in October of the previous year had arrived, to take the place of Denonville. Perrot, as he approached Mackinaw, went in advance to notify the French of the coming of the commander of the post. As he came in sight of the settlement, he hoisted the white flag with the fleur de lis and the voyageurs shouted, " Long live the king! " Louvigny soon appeared and was received by one hundred " coureur des bois " under arms. From Mackinaw, Perrot proceeded to Green Bay, and a party of Miamis there begged him to make a trading establishment on the Mississippi towards the Ouiskonsing ( Wisconsin. ) The chief made him a present of a piece of lead from a mine which he had found in a small stream which flows into the Mississippi. Perrot promised to visit him within twenty days, and the chief then returned to his village below the d'Ouiskonche (iWsconsin) Eiver. Having at length reached his post on Lake Pepin, he was informed that the Sioux were forming a large war party against the Outaga- mis (Foxes) and other allies of the French. He gave notice of his arrival to a party of about four hundred Sioux who were on the Mississippi. 3 They arrested the massengers and came to the post for the purpose of plunder. Perrot asked them why they acted in this manner, and said that the Foxes, Miamis, Kickapoos, IlUnois, and Maskoutens had united in a war party against them, but that he had persuaded them to give it up, and now he wished them to return to their families and to their beaver. The Sioux declared that they had started on the war-path, and that they were ready to die. After they had traded their furs, they sent for Perrot to come to their camp, and begged that he would not hinder them from searching for their foes. Perrot tried to dis- suade them, but they insisted that the Spirit had given them men to eat, at three days' journey from the post Then more powerful iafluences were used. After giving them two kettles and some merchandise, Poerrt spoke thus: " I love your life, and I am sure you will be defeated. Your Evil Spirit has deceived you. If you kill the Outagamis, or their allies, you must strike me first; if you kill them, you kill me just the same, for I hold them under one wiag and you under the other." After this he extended the calumet, which they at first refused; but at length a chief said he was right, and, making invocations to the sun, wished Perrot to take him back to his arms. This was granted, on condition that he would give up his weapons of war. The chief then tied them to a pole in the centre of the fort, turning them toward the sun. He then persuaded the other chiefs to give up the expedition, and, send- ing for Perrot, he placed the calmnet before him, one end in the earth aud the other on a small forked twig to hold it firm. Then he took from his own sack a pair of his cleanest moccasins, and taking ofE Perrot's shoes, put on these. After he had made him eat, presenting the calumet, he said: " We listen to you now. Do for us as you do for our enemies, and prevent them from kill- ing us, and we will separate for the beaver hunt. The sun is the witness of our obedience." After this, Perrot descended the Mississippi and revealed to the Maskoutens, who had come to meet him, how he had pacified the Sionx. He, about this period, in accordance with his prom- ise, visited the lead mines. He found the ore abundant " but the lead hard to work because it lay between rocks which required blowing up. It had very little dross and was easily melted." 34 EXPLOBUBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Penicaut, who ascended the Mississippi in 1700, wrote that twenty leagues below the Wisconsin, on both sides of the Mississippi, were mines of lead called "Mcolas Perrot's." Early French maps indicate as the locaUty of lead mines the site of modern towns. Galena, in Illinois, and Du- buque, in Iowa. In August, 1693, about two hundred French- men from Mackinaw, with delegates from the tribes of the West, arrived at Montreal to at- tend a grand council called by Governor Fronte- nac, and among these was Perrot. On the first Sunday in September the governor gave the Indians a great feast, after which they and the traders began to retru-n to the wilder- ness. Perrot was ordered by Prontenac to es- tablish a new post for the Miamis in Michigan, in the neighborhood of the Kalamazoo Eiver. Two years later he is present again, in August, at a council in Montreal, then returned to the West, and in 1699 is recalled from Green Bay. In 1701 he was at Montreal acting as interpreter, and appears to have died before 1718: his wife was Madeline Eaclos, and his residence was in the Seigneury of Becancourt, not far from Three Elvers, on the St. Lawrence. BABON LA HONTAWS FABULOUS VOYAGE. 35 CHAPTER VI. BABON LA HONTAIT'S FABULOUS VOYAGE. Ln Hontan, a Gascon by Birth.— Early Life.— Description of Fox and Wisconsin Rivers —Indian Feast.- Alleged Ascent of Long River.— Bote Exposes the Deception.— Route to the Pacific, The " Travels " of Baron La Hontan appeared in A. D. 1703, both at London and at Hague, and were as saleable and readable as those of Hennepin, which were on the counters of booksellers at the same time. La Hontan, a Gascon by birth, and in style of writing, when about seventeen years of age, ar- rived in Canada, in 1683, as a private soldier, and was with Gov. De la Barre in his expedition of 1684, toward Niagara, and was also in the battle near Rochester, New York, in 1687, at which Du Luth and Perrot, explorers of Minnesota, were present. In 1688 he appears to have been sent to Port St. Joseph, which was built by Du Luth, on the St. Clare River, near the site of Port Gratiot, Michigan. It is possible that he may have accom- panied Perrot to Lake Pepin, who came about this time to reoccupy his old post. From the following extracts it will be seen that his style is graphic, and that he probably had been in 1688 in the valley of the Wisconsin. At Mack- inaw, after his return from his pretended voyage of the Long River, he writes: "I left here on the 24th September, with my men and five Outaouas, good hunters, whom I have before mentioned to you as having been of good service to me. All my brave men being provided with good canoes, filled with provisions and ammunition, together with goods for the In- dian trade, I took advantage of a north wind, and in three days entered the Bay of the Pouteouata- mis, distant from here about forty leagues. The entrance to the bay is full of islands. It is ten leagues wide and twenty-five in length. " On the 29th we entered a river, which is quite deep, whose waters are so affected by the lake that they often rise and fall three feet in twelve hours. This is an observation that I made dur- ing these three or four days that I passed here. The Sakis, the Poutouatamis, and a few of the Malominis have their villages on the border of this river, and the Jesuits have a house there. In the place there is carried on quite a commerce in furs and Indian corn, which the Indians traffic with the ' coureurs des bois' that go and come, for it is their nearest and most convenient passage to the Mississippi. " The lands here are very fertile, and produce, almost without culture, the wheat of our Europe, peas, beans, and any quantity of fruit unknown in Prance. " The moment I landed, the warriors of three nations came by turns to my cabin to entertain me with the pipe and chief dance ; the first in proof of peace and friendship, the second to indi- cate their esteem and consideration for me. In return, I gave them several yards of tobacco, and beads, with which they trimmed their capots. The next morning, I was asked as a guest, to one of the feasts of this nation, and after having sent my dishes, which is the custom, I went towards noon. They began to compliment me of my arrival, and after hearing them, they all, one after the other, began to sing and dance, in a manner that I wiU detail to you when I have more leisure. These songs and dances lasted two hours, and were sea- soned with whoops of joy, and quibbles that they have woven into their ridiculous musique. Then the captives waited upon us. The whole troop were seated in the Oriental custom. Each one had his portion before him, like our monks in their refectories. They commenced by placing four dishes before me. The first consisted of two white fish simply boiled in water. The second was chopped meats with the boiled tongue of a bear ; the third a beaver's tail, all roasted. They made me drink also of a syrup, mixed with water, made out of the maple tree. The feast lasted two 36 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. hours, after which, I requested a chief of the nation to sing for me ; for it is the custom, when we have business with them, to employ an inferior for self ia all the ceremonies they perform. I gave him several pieces of tobacco, to oblige him to keep the party till dark. The next day and the day foUowuig, I attended the feasts of the other nations, where I observed the same formalities." He alleges that, on the 23d of October, he reached the Mississippi Elver, and, ascending, on the 3d of November he entered uito a river, a tributary from the west, that was almost without a current, and at its mouth fllle(^ with rushes. He then describes a journey of five hundred miles up this stream. He declares he found upon its banks three great nations, the Eokoros, Essa- napes, and Gnacsitares, and because he ascended it for sixty days, he named it Long Eiver. For years his wondrous story was believed, and geographers hastened to trace it' upon their maps. But in time the voyage up the Long Eiver was discovered to be a fabrication. There is extant a letter of Bobe, a Priest of the Congregation of the Mission, dated Versailles, March 15, 1716, and addressed to De L'Isle, the geographer of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, which exposes the deception. He writes: "It seems to me that you might give the name of Bouibonia to these vast coun- tries which are between the Missouri, Mississippi, and the Western Ocean. Would it not be well to efface that great river which La Hontan says he discovered? "All the Canadians, and even the Governor General, have told me that this river is imknown. If it existed, the French, who are on the Illinois, and at Ouabache, would know of it. The last volume of the ' Lettres Edifiantes' of the Jesuits, in which there is a very fine relation of the Illinois Country, does not speak of it, any more than the letters which I received this year, which tell won- ders of the beauty and goodness of the country. They send me some quite pretty work, made by the wife of one of the principal chiefs. " They tell me, that among the Scioux, of the Mississippi, there are always Frenchmen trading; that the course of the Mississippi is from north to west, and from west to south; that it is known that toward the source of the Mississippi there is a river in the highlands that leads to the western ocean; that the Indians say that they have seen bearded men with caps, who gather gold-dust on the seashore, but that it is very far from this country, and that they pass through many nations unknown to the French. " I have a memoir of La Motte CadiUac, form- erly Governor of Missilimackinack, who says that if St. Peters [Minnesota] Eiver is ascended to its source they will, according to all appearance, find in the highland another river leading to the West- ern Ocean. "For the last two years I have tormented exceedingly the Governor-General, M. Baudot, and M. Duche, to move them to discover this ocean. If I succeed, as I hope, we shall hear tidings before three years, and I shall have the pleasure and the consolation of having rendered a good service to Geography, to Eeligion and to the State." Charlevoix, in his History of New France, al- luding to La Hontan's voyage, writes: "The voyage up the Long Eiver is as fabulous as the Island of Barrataria, of which Sancho Panza was governor. Nevertheless, in France and else- where, most people have received these memoirs as the fruits of the travels of a gentleman who wrote badly, although quite lightly, and who had no reUgion, but who described prietty suicerely what he had seen. The consequence is that the compilers of historical and geographical diction- aries have almost always followed and cited them in preference to more faithful records." Even in modem times, Nicollet, employed by the United States to explore the Upper Mississ- ippi, has the foUowiag in his report: "Having procured a copy of La Hontan's book, ia which there is a roughly made map of his Long Eiver, I was struck with the resem- blance of its course as laid down with that of Cannon Eiver, which I had previously sketched in my own field-book. I soon convinced myself that the principal statements of the Baron la ref- erence to the country and the few details he gives of the physical character of the the river, coin- cide remarkably with what I had laid down as belonging to Cannon Eiver. Then the lakes and swamps corresponded; traces of Indian villages mentioned by him might be found by a growth of wild grass that propagates itself around aU old Indian settlements." LH SUUUB, EXPLOBEB OF THE MINNESOTA BIVEB. 37 CHAPTER VII. LB STTBtTR, EXPLOBEK OF THE MINNESOTA BIVEE. Le Sueur Visits Lake Pepin. — Stationed at La Pointe. — KstaMishcs a Post on an Island Above Lake Pepin. — Island Described by Penicaut. — First S:oux Chief at Montreal. — Qjibway Chiefs' Speeches.— Speech of Sioux Chief.— Teeoskah- tay's Death. — Le Sueur Goes to Prance. — Posts West of Mackinaw Abandoned — Le Sueur's License Revoked. — Second Visit to France. — Arrives in Gulf of Mexico vrith D'lberville. — ^Ascends the Mississippi. — Lead Mines. — Canadians Fleeing from the Sioux. — At the Mouth of the Wisconsin. — Sioux Robbers, — Elk Hunting. — ^Lake Pepin Described. — Rattlesnakes. — La Place Killad. — St. Croix Biver ITained After a Frenchman. — Le Sueur Reaches St. Fterre, now Minne' sota Biver. — Enters Mankahto, or Blue Earth, River. — Sioux of the Plains. — Fort L'Huillier Completed. — Conferences with Sioux Bands.— Assinaboines a Separated Sioux Band. — An Indian Feast. — Names of the Sioux Bands. — Char- levoix's Account.— Le Sueur Goes with D'lberville to France. — D'Iberville's Memorial.— Early Census of Indian Tribes. — Penicaut's Account of Fort L'Huil lier. — Le Sueur's Departure from the Port. — D'Evaqe Left in Charge. — Return' to Mobile. — Jucbereau at Mouth of Wisconsin. — Bondor a Montreal Merchant — Sioux Attaok Miamis. — ^Boudor Bobbed by the Sioux. Le Sueur was a native of Canada, and a rela- tive 'of D'lberville, the early Governor of Louis- iana. He came to Lake Pepin in 1683, with Nicholas Perrot, and his name also appears at> tached to the document prepared in May, 1689, after Perrot had re-occupied his post just above the entrance of the lake, on the east side. In 1692, he was sent by Governor Frontenae of Canada, to La Pointe, on Lake Superior, and in a dispatch of 1693, to the French Government, is the following : " Le Sueur, another voyageur, is to remain at Chagouamagon [La Potate] to en- deavor to maintain the peace lately concluded be- tween the Saulteurs [Chippeways] and Sioux. This is of the greatest consequence, as it is now the sole pass by which access can be had to the latter nation, whose trade is very profitable ; the country to the south being occupied by the Foxes and Maskoutens, who several times plundered the French, on the ground they were carrying ammu- nition to the Sioux, their ancient enemies." Entering the Sioux country in 1694, he estab- lished a post upon a prairie island in the Missis- sippi, about nine miles below the present town of Hastings, according to Bellin and others. Peni- caut, who accompanied liim in the exploration of the Minnesota, writes, " At the extremity of the lake [Pepin J you come to the Isle Pelee, so called because there are no trees on it. It is on this island that the French from Canada established their fort and storehouse, and they also winter here, because game is very abundant. In the month of September they bring their store of meat, obtained by hunting, and after having skinned and cleaned it, hang it upon a crib of raised scaffolding, in order that the extreme cold, which lasts from September to March, may preserve it from spoil- ing. During the whole winter they do not go out except for water, when they have to break the ice every day, and the jabin is generally built upon the bank, so as not to have far to go. When spring arrives, the savages come to the island, bringtag their merchandize." On the fifteenth of July, 1695, Le Sueur arrived at Montreal with a party of Ojibways, and the • first JJakotah brave that had ever visited Canada. The Indians were much impressed with the power of France by the marching of a detach- ment of seven hundred picked men, under Chev- aUer Cresafi, who were on their way to La Chiae. On the eighteenth, Frontenac, la the presence of Callieres and other persons of distinction, gave them an audience. The first speaker was the chief of the Ojibway band at La Pointe, Shingowahbay, who said: " That he was come to pay his respects to Onon- tio [the title given the Governor of Canada] in the name of the young warriors of Point Chagouami- gon, and to thank him for having given them some Frenchmen to dwell with them; to testify , their sorrow for one Jobin, a Frenchman, who was killed at a feast, accidentally, and not ma- liciously. We come to ask a favor of you, which is to let us act. We are allies of the Sciou. Some Outagamies, or Mascoutins, have been killed. The Sciou came to mourn with us. Let us act. Father; let us take revenge. " Le Sueur alone, who is acquainted with the language of the one and the other, can serve us. We ask that he return with us." 38 EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNE801A. Another speaker of the Ojibways was Le Bro- chet. Teeoskahtay, the Dahkotah chief, before he spoke, spread out a beaver robe, and, laying an- other with a tobacco pouch and otter skin, began to weep bitterly. After drying his tears, he said: " All of the nations had a father; who afforded them protection; all of them have iron. But he was a bastard in quest of a father; he was come to see him, and hopes that he will take pity on him." He then placed upon the beaver robe twenty- two arrows, at each arrow naming a Dahkotah village that desired Trontenac's protection. Ee- suming his speech, he remarked: " It is not on accoimt of what I bring that I hope him who rules the earth will have pity on me. I learned from the Sauteurs that he wanted nothing; that he was the Master of the Iron; that he had a big heart, into which he could receive all the nations. This has induced me to abandon my people and come to seek his protection, and to beseech bim to receive me among the number of his children. Take courage. Great Captain, and reject me not; despise me not, though I ap- pear poor in your eyes. All the nations here present know that I am rich, and the little they offer here is taken from my lands." Count Trontenac in reply told the chief that he would receive the Dahkotahs as his children, on condition that they would be obedient, and that he woiild send back Le Sueur with him. Teeoskahtay, taking hold of the governor's knees, wept, and said: "Take pity on us; we are well aware that we are not able to speak, be- ing children; but Le Sueur, who understands our language, and has seen all our villages, will next year inform you what will have been achieved by the Sioux nations represented by those arrows be- fore you." Having finished, a Dahkotah woman, the wife of a great chief whom Le Sueur had purchased from captivity at Mackinaw, approached those in authority, and, with downcast eyes, embraced their knees, weeping and saying: " I thank thee, Father; it is by thy means I have been liberated, and am no longer captive." Then Teeoskahtay resumed: " I speak like a man penetrated with joy. The Great Captain; he who is the Master of Iron, as- sm-es me of his protection, and I promise him that if he condescends to restore my children, now prisoners among the Toxes, Ottawas and Hurons, I will return hither, and bring with me the twen- ty-two villages whom he has just restored to life by promising to send them Iron." On the 14th of August, two weeks after the Ojibway chief left for his home on Lake Superior, Nicholas Perrot arrived with a deputation of Sauks, Toxes, Menomonees, Miamis of Maramek and Pottowatomies. Two days after, they had a council with the governor, who thus spoke to a Fox brave: " I see that you are a young man; your nation has quite turned away from my wishes; it has pillaged some of my young men, whom it has treated as slaves. I know that your father, who loved the French, had no hand in the indignity. You only imitate the example of your father who had sense, when you do not co-operate vrtth those of your tribe who are wishing to go over to my enemies, after they grossly insulted me and defeated the Sioux, whom I now consider my son. I pity the Sioux; I pity the dead whose loss I deplore. Perrot goes up there, and he will speak to your nation from me for the release of their prisoners; let them attend to him." Teeoshkahtay never returned to his native land. While la Montreal he was taken sick, and m thirty-three days he ceased to breathe; and, fol- lowed by white men, his body was interred in the white man's grave. Le Sueur instead of going back to Minnesota that year, as was expected, went to France and received a license, in 1697, to open certain mines supposed to exist in Minnesota. The ship in which he was returning was captured by the Eng- lish, and he was taken to England. After his release he went back to France, and, in 1698, ob- tained a new commission for mining. While Le Sueur was in Europe, the Dahkotas waged war against the Foxes and Miamis. In retaliation, the latter raised a war party and en- tered the land of the Dahkotahs. Finding their foes intrenched, and assisted by " coureurs des bois," they were indignant; and on their return they had a skirmish with some Frenchmen, who were carrying goods to the Dahkotahs. Shortly after, they met Perrot, and were about to bum him to death, when prevented by some LE 8UEUB ASCENDS THE MISSISIPPI BIVEB. 39 friendly Foxes. The Miamis, after this, were disposed to be friendly to the Iroquois. In 1696, the year previous, the authorities at Quebec de- cided that it was expedient to abandon all the posts west of Mackinaw, and withdraw the French from "Wisconsin and Minnesota. The voyageurs were not disposed to leave the country, and the governor wrote to Pontchar- train for iastructions, in October, 1698. In his dispatch he remarks: " In this conjuncture, and under all these cir- cumstances, we consider it our duty to postpone, imtil new instructions from the court, the execu- tion of Sieur Le Sueur's enterprise for the mines, though the promise had already been given him to send two canoes in advance to MissiUmackinac, for the purpose of .purchasing there some pro- visions and other necessaries for his voyage, and that he would be permitted to go and join them early in the spring with the rest of his hands.- "What led us to adopt this resolution has been, that the French who remained to trade off with the Five Nations the remainder of their merch- andise, might, on seeing entirely new comers arriving there, consider themselves entitled to dispense with coming down, and perhaps adopt the resolution to settle there; whilst, seeing no arrival, there, with permission to do what is for- bidden, the reflection they will be able to make during the winter, and the apprehension of being guilty of crime, may oblige them to return in the spring. " This would be very desirable, in consequence of the great difficulty there will be in constraining them to it, should they be inclined to lift the mask altogether and become . buccaneers ; or should Sieur Le Sueur, as he easily could do, furnish them with goods for their beaver and smaller peltry, which he might send down by the return of other Frenchmen, whose sole desire is to obey, and who have remained only because of the impossi- bility of getting their effects down. This would rather induce those who would continue to lead a vagabond life to remain there, as the goods they would receive from Le Sueur's people would afford them the means of doing so." In reply to this communication, Louis 'KlY. answered that — " His majesty has approved that the late Sieur de Frontenac and De Champigny suspended the execution of the license granted to the man named Le Sueur to proceed, with fifty men, to explore some mines on the banks of the Mississippi. He has revoked said Ucense, and desires that the said Le Sueur, or any other person, be prevented from leaving the colony on pretence of going in search of mines, without his majesty's express permis- sion." Le Sueur, undaunted by these drawbacks to the prosecution of a favorite project, again visited France. Fortunately for Le Sueur, D'Iberville, who was a friend, and closely connected by marriage, was appointed governor of the new territory of Loius- iana. In the month of December he arrived from France, with thirty workmen, to proceed to the supposed mines la Minnesota. On the thirteenth of July, 1700, with a felucca, two canoes, and nineteen men, having, ascended the Mississippi, he had reached the mouth of the Missouri, and six leagues above this he passed the Illinois. He there met three Canadians, who came to join him, with a letter from Father Mar- est, who had once attempted a mission among the Dahkotahs, dated July 13, Mission Immaculate Conception of the Holy "V"irgin, in Illinois. " I have the honor to write, in order to inform you that the Saugiestas have been defeated by the Scioux and Ayavois [lowas]. The people have formed an alliance with the Quincapous [Kicka- poos], some of the Mecoutins, Eenards [Foxes], and Metesigamias, and gone to revenge them- selves, not on the Scioux, for they are too much afraid of them, but perhaps on the Ayavois, or very likely upon the Paoutees, or more probably upon the Osages, for these suspect nothing, and the others are on their guard. " As you will probably meet these allied nar tions, you ought to take precaution against their plans, and not allow them to board your vessel, since they are traitors, and utterly faithless. I pray God to accompany you in all your designs." Twenty-two leagues above the Illinois, he passed a smaU stream which he called the River of Oxen, and nine leagues beyond this he passed a small river on the west side, where he met four Cana- dians descending the Mississippi, on their way to the Illinois. On the 30th of July, nine leagues above the last-named river, he met seventeen Scioux, in seven canoes, who were going to re- 40 EXPLOBEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. venge the death of three Scioux, one of whom had been burned, and the others killed, at Tamarois, a few days before his arrival in that village. As he had promised the chief of the Illinois to ap- pease the Scioux who should go to war against his nation, he made a present to the chief of the party to engage hiTn to turn back. He told them the King of France did not wish them to make this river more bloody, and that he was sent to teU them that, if they obeyed the king's word, they would receive in future all things necessary for them. The chief answered that he accepted the present, that is to say, that he would do as had been told him. From the 30th of July to the 25th of August, Le Sueur advanced fifty-three and one-fourth leagues to a small river which he caUed the Eiver of the Mine. At the mouth it runs from the north, but it turns to the northeast. On the right seven leagues, there is a lead mine in a prairie, one and a half leagues. The river is only navigable in high water, that is to say, from early spring till the month of June. From the 25th to the 27th he made ten leagues, passed two small rivers, and made himself ac- quainted with a mine of lead, from which he took a supply. From the 27th to the 30th he made eleven and a half leagues, and met five Canadians, one of whom had been dangerously wounded in the head. They were naked, and had no ammu- nition except a miserable gun, with five or six loads of powder and balls. They said they were descending from the Scioux to go to Tamarois, and, when seventy leagues above, they perceived nine canoes in the Mississippi, in which were ninety savages, who robbed and cruelly beat them. This party were going to war against the Scioux, and were composed of four different nations, the Outagamies [Foxes], Poutouwatamis [Pottowatta- mies], and Puans [Winnebagoes], who dwell in a covmtry eighty leagues east of the Mississippi from where Le Sueur then was. I The Canadians determined to follow the detach- ment, which was composed of twenty-eight men. This day they made seven and a half leagues. On the 1st of September he passed tlie Wisconsin river. It runs into the Mississippi from the north- east. It is nearly one and a half miles wide. At about seventy-five leagues up this river, on the right, ascending, there is a portage of more than a league. The half of this portage is shaking ground, and at the end of it is a small river- which descends into a bay called Winnebago Bay. It is inhabited by a great number of nations who carry their furs to Canada. Monsieur Le Sueur came by the Wisconsin river to the Mississippi, for the first time, in 1683, on his way to the Sciovix coun- try, where he had already passed seven years at different periods. The Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin, is less than half a mUe wide. From the 1st of September to the 5th, our voyageur advanced fourteen leagues. He passed the river " Aux Canots," which comes from the northeast, and then the Quincapous, named from a nation which once dwelt upon its banks. From the 6th to the 9th he made ten and a half leagues, and passed the rivers Cachee and Aux Ailes. The same day he perceived canoes, flUed with savages, descending the river, and the five Canadians recognized them as the party who had robbed them. They placed sentinels in the wood, for fear of being surprised by land, and when they had approached within hearing, they cried to them that if they approached farther they would fire. They then drew up by an island, at half the distance of a gun shot. Soon, four of the princi- pal men of the band approached m a canoe, and asked if it was forgotten that they were our brethren, and with what design we had taken arms when we perceived them: Le Sueur repUed that he had cause to distrust them, since they had robbed five of his party. Nevertheless, for the surety of his trade, being forced to be at peace with all the tribes, he demanded no redress for the robbery, but added merely that the king, their master and his, wished that his subjects should navigate that river without insult, and that they had better beware how they acted. The Indian who had spoken was silent, but an- other said they had been attacked by the Scioux, and that if they did not have pity on them, and give them a little powder, tliey should not be able to reach their villages. The consideration of a missionary, who was to go up among the Scioux, and whom these savages might meet, induced them to give two pounds of powder. M. Le Sueur made the same day three leagues; passed a stream on the west, and afterward an- other river on the east, which is navigable at all times, and which the Indians call Eed River. BATTLESNAKES ON 8H0BE8 OF LAKE PEPIN. 41 On the lOth, at daybreak, they heard an elk whistle, on the other side of the river. A Cana- dian crossed ia a small Scioux canoe, which they had found, and shortly returned with the body of the animal, which was very easily killed, " quand il est en rut," that is, from the beginning of Sep- tember until the end of October. The hunters at this time made a whistle of a piece of wood, or reed, and when they hear an elk whistle they an- swer it. The animal, believing it to be another elk, approaches, and is killed with ease. From the 10th to the 14th, M. Le Sueur made seventeen and a half leagues, passing the rivers Kaisin and Paquilenettes (perhaps the Wazi Ozu and Buffalo. ) The same day he left, on the east side of the Mississippi, a beautiful and large river, which descends from the very far north, and called Bon Secours (Chippeway), on account of the great quantity of buffalo, elk, bears and deers which are found there.' Three leagues up this river there is a mine of lead, and seven leagues above, on the same side, they found another long river, in the vicinity of which there is a copper mine, from which he had taken a lump of sixty pounds la a former voyage. In order to make these mines of any account, peace must be ob- tained between the Scioux and Ouatagamis (Fox- es), because the latter, who dwell on the east side of the Mississippi, pass this road continually when going to war against the Sioux. Penicaut, in his journal, gives a brief descrip- tion of the Mississippi between the Wisconsin and Lake Pepin. He writes: "Above the Wis- consin, and ten leagues higher on the same side, begins a great prairie extending for sixty leagues along the bank; this prairie is called Aux Ailes. Opposite to Aux Ailes, on the left, there is another prairie facing it called Paquilanet which is not so long by a great deal. Twenty leagues above these prairies is found Lake Bon Secours " [Good Help, now Pepin.] In this region, at one and a half leagues on the northwest side, commenced a lake, which is six leagues long' and more than one broad, called Lake Pepin. It is bounded on the west by a chain of mountains; on the east is seen a prairie; and on the northwest of the lake there is another prairie two leagues long and one wide. In the neighborhood is a chaia of mountains quite two hundred feet high, and more than one and a half miles long. In these are found several caves, ta which the bears retire in winter. Most of the caverns are more than seventy feet in extent, and two hundred feet high. There are several of which the entrance is very narrow, and quite closed up with saltpetre, It would be dangerous to enter them in summer, for they are filled with rattlesnakes, the bite of which is very dangerous. Le Sueur saw some of these snakes which were six feet in length, but generally they are about four feet. They have teeth resembling those of the pike, and their gums are full of small vessels, in which their poison is placed. The Scioux say they take it every morning, and cast it away at night. They have at the tail a kind of scale which makes a noise, and this is ealled the rattle. Le Sueur made on this day seven and a half leagues, and passed another river, called Hiam- bouxecate Ouataba, or the Kiver of Plat Kock. [The Sioux call the Cannon river Inyanbosndata.] On the 15th he crossed a small river, and saw in the neighborhood several canoes, filled with Indians, descending the Mississippi. He sup- posed they were Scioux, because he could not dis- tinguish whether the canoes were large or small. The arms were placed in readiness, and soon they heard the cry of the savages, which they are ac- customed to raise when they rush upon their en- emies. He caused them to be answered in the same manner; and after having placed all the' men behind the trees, he ordered them not to fire until they were commanded. He remained on shore to see what movement the savages would make, and perceiving that they placed two on shore, on the other side, where from an eminence they could ascertain the strength of his forces, he caused the men to pass and repass from the shore to the wood, in order to make them beUeve that they were numerous. This ruse succeeded, for as soon as the two descended from the eminence the chief of the party came, bearing the calumet, which is a signal of peace among the Indians. They said that having never seen the French navi- gate the river with boats like the felucca, they had supposed them to be Enghsh, and for that reason they had raised the war cry, and arranged them- selves on the other side of the Mississippi; but having recognized their flag, they had come with- out fear to inform them, that one of their nmn- ber, who was crazy, had accidentally killed a 42 EXPLOBUBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Frenclunaii, and that they would go and bring his comrade, who would tell how the mischief had happened. The Frenchman they brought was Denis, a Ca- nadian, and he reported that his companion was accidentally kUled. His name was Laplace, a de- serting soldier from Canada, who had taken ref- uge in this country. Le Sueur replied, that Onontio (the name they give to all the governors of Canada), being their father and his, they ought not to seek justification elsewhere than before him; and he advised them to go and see him as soon as possible, and beg him to wipe ofE the blood of this Frenchman from their faces. The party was composed of forty-seven men of different nations, who dwell far to the east, about the forty-fourth degree of latitude. Le Sueur, discovering who the chiefs were, said the king whom they had spoken of in Canada, had sent him to take possession of the north of the river; and that he wished the nations who dweU on it, as well as those under his protection, to live in peace. He made this day three and three-fourths leagues; and on the 16th of September, he left a large river on the east side, named St. Croix, be-^ cause a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked at its mouth. It com^s from the north-northwest. Four leagues higher, in going up, is found a small lake, at the mouth of which is a very large mass of copper. It is on the edge of the water, in a small ridge of sandy earth, on the west of this lake. [One of La SaUe's men was named St. Croix.] From the 16th to the 19th, he advanced thir- teen and three-fourths leagues. After having made from Tamarois two hundred and nine and a half leagues, he left the navigation of the Missis- sippi, to enter the river St. Pierre, on the west side. By the 1st of October, he had made in this river forty-four and one-fourth leagues. After he entered Blue river, thus named on account of the mines of blue earth found at its mouth, he found- ed his post, situated in forty-four degrees, thir- teen minutes north latitude. He met at this place nine Scioux, who told him that the river belonged to the Scioux of the west, the Ayavois (lowas) and Otoctatas (Ottoes), who lived a little farther off; that it was not their custom to himt on ground belonging to others, imless invited to do so by the owners, and that when they would come to the fort to obtain provisions, they would be in danger of being killed in ascending or de- scending the rivers, v/hich were narrow, and that if they would show their pity, he must establish himself on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the St. Pierre, where the Ayavois, the Otoctatas, and the other Scioux could go as well as they. Having finished their speech, they leaned over the head of Le Sueur, according to their custom, crying out, "Ouaechissou ouaepanimanabo," that is to say, " Have pity upon us." Le Sueur had foreseen that the establishment of Blue Earth river would hot please the Scioux of the East, who were, so to speak, masters of the other Scioux and of the nations which will be hereafter men- tioned, because tJiey were the first with whom trade was commenced, and in consequence of which they had already quite a number of guns. As he had commenced his operations not only with a view to the trade of beaver but also to gain a knowledge of the mines which he had pre- viously discovered, he told them that he was sor- ry that he had not known their intentions sooner, and that it was just, since he came expressly for them, that he should establish himself on their land, but that the season was too far advanced for him to return. He then made them a present of powder, balls and knives, and an armful of to- bacco, to entice them to assemble, as soon as pos- sible, near the fort he was about to construct, that when they should be all assembled he might tell them the intention of the king, their and his sovereign. The Scioux of the "West, according to the state- ment of the Eastern Scioux, have more than a thousand lodges. They do not use canoes, nor cultivate the earth, nor gather wild rice. They remain generally on the prairies which are be- tween the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and live entirely by the chase. The Scioux gen- erally say they have three souls, and that after death, that which has done well goes to the warm country, that which has done evil to the cold regions, and the other guards the body. Poly- gamy is common among them. They are very jealous, and sometimes fight in duel for their wives. They manage the bow admirably, and have been seen several times to kUl ducks on the •BLUH EABTH ASSAYED BY L'HULLIHB IN PABIS. 43 wing. They make their lodges of a number of buffalo skins interlaced and sewed, and carry them wherever they go. They are all great smo- kers, but their manner of smoking differs from that of other Indians. There are some Seioux who swallow all the smoke of the tobacco, and others who, after having kept it some time in their mouth, cause it to issue from the nose. In each lodge there are usually two or three men with their families. On the third of October, they received at the fort several Seioux, among whom was Wahkan- tape, chief of the village. Soon two Canadians arrived who had been hunting, and who had been robbed by the Seioux of the East, who had raised their guns against the establishment which M. Le Sueur had made on Blue Earth river. On the fourteenth the fort was finished and named Fort L'Huillier, and on the twenty-second two Canadians were sent out to invite the Aya- vois and Otoctatas to come and establish a vil- lage near the fort, because these Indians are iu- dustrious and accustomed to cultivate the earth, and they hoped to get provisions from them, and to make them work in the mines. On the twenty-fourth, six Seioux Oujalespoi- tons wished to go into the fort, but were told that they did not receive men who had killed Frenchmen. This is the term used when they have insulted them. The next day they came to the lodge of Le Sueur to beg him to have pity on them. They wished, according to custom, to weep over his head and make him a present of packs of beavers, which he refused. He told them he was surprised that people who had rob- bed should come to him ; to which they replied, that they had heard it said that two Frenchmen had been robbed, but none from their village had been present at that wicked action. Le Sueur answered, that he knew it was the Mendeoucantons and not the Oujalespoitons ; " but," continued he, "you are Seioux; it is the Seioux who have robbed me, and if I were to fol- low your manner of acting I should break your heads ; for is it not true, that when a stranger (it is thus they call the Indians who are not Seioux) has insulted a Seioux, Mendeoucanton, Oujalespoitons, or others — all the villages revenge upon the first one they meet?" As they had nothing to answer to what he said to them, they wept and repeated, according to custom, " Ouaechissou ! ouaepanimanabo!" Le Sueur told them to cease crying, and added that the French had good hearts, and that they had come into the country to have pity on them. At the same time he made them a present, saying to them, " Carry back your beavers and say to aU the Seioux, that they will have from me no more powder or lead, and they will no longer smoke any long .pipe until they have made satisfaction for robbing the Frenchman. The same day the Canadians, who had been sent off on the 22d, arrived without having found the road which led to the Ayavois and Otoctatas. On the 25th, Le Sueur went to the river with three canoes, which he filled with green and blue earth. It is taken from the hills near which are very abundant mines of copper, some of which was worked at Paris in 1696, by L'Huillier, one of the chief collectors of the king. Stones were also found there which would be curious, if worked. On the ninth of November, eight Mantanton Seioux arrived, who had been sent by their chiefs to say that the Mendeoucantons were still at tlieir lake on the east of the Mississippi, and they could not come for a long time ; and that for a single village which had no good sense, the others ought not to bear the punishment ; and that they were willing to make reparation if they knew how. Le Sueur replied that he was glad that they had a disposition to do so. On the 15th the two Mantanton Seioux, who had been sent expressly to say that all of the Seioux of the east, and part of those of the west, were joined together to come to the French, be- cause they had heard that the Christianaux and the Assinipoils were making war on them. These two nations dwell above the fort on the east side, more than eighty leagues on the Upper Mississippi. The Assinipoils speak Seioux, and are certainly of that nation. It is only a few years since that they became enemies. The enmity thus origi- nated: The Christianaux, having the use of arms before the Seioux, through the English at Hud- son's Bay, they constantly warred upon the As- sinipoils, who were their nearest neighbors. The latter, being weak, sued for peace, and to render it more lasting, married the Christianaux 44 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONHEBS OF MINNESOTA. women. The other Scioux, who had not made the compact, continued the war; and, seeing some Christiajtiaux with the Assinipoils, broke their heads. The Christianaux furnished the Assini- poils with arms and merchandise. On the 16th the Scioux returned to their vil- lage, and it was reported that the Ayavois and Otoctatas were gone to estabUsh themselves to- wards the Missouri Eiver, near the Maha, who dwell in that region. On the 26th the Mantan- tons and Oujalespoitons arrived at the fort; and, after they had encamped in the woods, Wah kantape came to beg Le Sueur to go to his lodge. He there found sixteen men with women and children, with their faces daubed with black. In the middle of the lodge were several buffalo skins which were sewed for a carpet. After mo- tioning him to sit down, they wept for the fourth of an hour, and the chief gave him some wild rice to eat (as was their custom), putting the first three spoonsful to his mouth. After which, he said all present were relatives of Tioscate, whom Le Sueur took to Canada in 1695, and who died there in 1696. At the mention of Tioscate they began to weep again, and wipe their tears and heads upon the shoulders of Le Sueur. Then "Wahkantape again spoke, and said that Tioscate begged him to for- get the insult done to the Frenchmen by the Mendeoucantons, and take pity on his brethren by giving them powder and balls whereby they could defend themselves, and gain a Uving for their wives and children, who languish in a coun- try full of game, because they had not the means of kUling them. " Look," added the chief, " Be- hold thy children, thy brethren, and thy sisters; it is to thee to see whether thou wishest them to die. They will live if thou givest them powder and ball; they will die if thou refusest." Le Sueur granted them their request, but as the Scioux never answer on the spot, especially in matters of importance, and as he had to speak to them about his establishment he went out of the lodge without saying a word. The chief and all those within followed him as far as the door of the fort; and when he had gone in, they went around it three times, crying with all their strength, " Atheouanan! " thatis tosay, " Father, have pity on us." [Ate unyanpi, means Our Father.] The next day, he assembled in the fort the principal men of both villages; and as it is not possible to subdue the Scioux or to hinder them from going to war, unless it be by inducing them to cultivate the earth, he said to them that if they "wished to render themselves worthy of the protection of the king, they must abandon their erring life, and form a village near his dwelling, where they would be shielded from the insults of of their enemies; and that they might be happy and not hungry, he would give them all the com necessary to plant a large piece of ground; that the king, their and his chief, in sending him, had forbidden him to purchase beaver skins, knowing that this kind of hunting separates them and ex- poses them to their enemies; and that ui conse- quence of this he had come to establish himself on Blue Eiver and vicinity, where they had many times assured him were many kinds of beasts, for the skins of which he would give them all things necessary; that they ought to reflect that they could not do without French goods, and that the only way not to want them was, not to go to war with our allied nations. As it is customary with the Indians to accom- pany their word with a present proportioned to the affair treated of, he gave them fifty pounds of powder, as many balls, six guns, ten axes, twelve armsful of tobacco, and a hatchet pipe. On the first of December, the Mantantons in- vited Le Sueur to a great feast. Of fom- of their lodges they had made one, in which were one hundred men seated around, and every one his dish before him. After the meal, Wahkantape, the chief, made them all smoke, one after another, In the hatchet pipe which had been given them. He then made a present to Le Sueur of a slave and a sack of wild rice, and said to him, showing him his men: " Behold the remains of this great village, which thou hast aforetimes seen so nu- merous! All the others have been killed in war; and the few men whom thou seest In this lodge, accept the present thou hast made them, and are resolved to obey the great chief of all nations, of whom thou hast spoken to us. Thou oughtest not to regard us as Scioux, but as French, and in- stead of saying the Scioux are miserable, and have no mind, and are fit for nothing but to rob and steal from the French, thou shalt say my breth- ren are miserable and have no mind, and we must D' IBERVILLE' 8 MEMOIB OJV THE MISSISSIPPI TRIBES. 45 try to procure some for them. They rob us, but I will take care that they do not lack iron, that is to say, all kinds of goods. If thou dost this, I as- sure thee that in a little time the Mantantons will become Prenchmen, and they will have none of those vices, with which thou reproachest us." Having finished his speech, he covered his face with his garment, and the others imitated him. They wept over their companions who had died in war, and chanted an adieu to their country in a tone so gloomy, that one could not keep from partaking of their sorrow. "Wahkantape then made them smoke again, and distributed the presents, and said that he was go- ing to the Mendeoucantons, to inform them of the resolution, and invite them to do the same. On the twelfth, three Mendeoucauton chiefs, and a large number of Indians of the same vil- lage, arrived at the fort, and the next day gave satisfaction for robbing the Frenchmen. They brought four hundred pounds of beaver skins, and promised that the summer following, after their canoes were built and they had gathered their wild rice, that they would come and establish themselves near the Erench. The same day they returned to their village east of the Mississippi. NAMES OF THE BANDS OF SCIOUX OF THE EAST, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATIOIT. Mantantons— That is to say. Village of the Great Lake which empties into a small one. Mendeouacantons— Village of Spirit Lake. Qtjiopeton's — Village of the Lake with one River. PsiouMANiTONS — Village of "Wild Eiee Gath- erers. Ouadebatons — The Eiver Village. OuAETBMANETONS — Village of the Tribe who dwell on the Point of the Lake. SoNGASQUiTONS— The Brave Village, THE SCIOTJX OF THE WEST. TouCHOUAESiNTONS — The Village of the Pole. PsiNCHATONS — Village of the Eed "Wild Eice. OujALESPOiTONS — Village divided into many small Bands. PsiNOUTANHiNHiNTONS — The Great Wild Rice Village. TiNTANGAOTJGHiATONS — The Grand Lodge Village. OuABPETONS — Village of the Leaf. OjJGHBTGBODATONS— Dung Village. OuAPBONTBTONS — Village of those who shoot in the Large Pine. HiNHANETONS — Village of the Red Stone Quarry. The above catalogue of villages concludes the extract that La Harpe has made from Le Sueur's journal. In the narrative of Major Long's second expe- dition, there are just as many villages of the Gens du Lac, or M'dewakantonwan Scioux mentioned, though the names are different. After leaving the Mille Lac region, the divisions evidently were different, and the villages known by new names. Charlevoix, who visited the valley of the Lower Mississippi in 1722, says that Le Sueur spent a winter in his fort on the banks of the Blue Earth, and that in the following April he went up to the mine, about a mile above. In twenty-two days they obtained more than thirty thousand pounds of the substance, four thousand of which were se- lected and sent to Prance. On the tenth of February, 1702, Le Sueur came back to the post on the Gulf of Mexico, and found D'Iberville absent, who, however, arrived on the eighteenth of the next month, with a ship from Prance , loaded with supplies. After a few w eeks, the Governor of Louisiana sailed again for the old country, Le Sueur being a fellow passenger. On board of the ship, D'Iberville wrote a mem- orial upon the Mississippi valley, with sugges- tions for carrying on commerce therein, which contains many facts furnished by Le Sueur. A copy of the manuscript was in possession of the Historical Society of Minnesota, from which are the following extracts: " If the Sioux remain in their own country, they are useless to us, being too distant. We could have no commerce with them except that of the beaver. M. Le Sueur, who goes to France to give an account of this country, is the proper per- son to make these movements. He estimates the Sioux at four thousand families, who could settle upon the Missouri. " He has spoken to me of another which he calls the Mahas, composed of more than twelve hundred famiUes. The Ayooues (loways) and the Octoctatas, their neighbors, are about three hundred families. They occupy the lands be- 46 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. tween the Mississippi and tlie Missouri, about one hundred leagues from the Illinois. TJiese savages do not know the use of arms, and a de- scent might be made upon them in a river, which is beyond the "Wabash on the west. * * * " The Assinibouel, Quenistinos, and people of the north, who are upon the rivers which fall into the Mississippi, and trade at Port Nelson (Hud- son Bay),, are .about four hundred. We could prevent them from going there if we wish." " In four or five years we can establish a com- merce with these savages of sixty or eighty thou- sand buffalo skins; more than one hundred deer skins, which will produce, delivered in France, more than two milUon four hundred thousand livres yearly. One might obtain for a buffalo skin four or five pounds of wool, which sells for twenty sous, two pounds of coarse hair at ten sous. "Besides, from smaller peltries, two hundred thousand livres can be made yearly." In the third volume of the " History and Sta- tistics of the Indian Tribes," prepared under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian affairs, by Mr. Schoolcraft, a manuscript, a copy of which was in possession of General Cass, is referred to as containing the first enumeration of the Indians of the Mississippi Valley. The following was made thirty-four years earlier by D 'Iberville: "The Sioux, FamiUes, 4,000 Mahas, , 12,000 Octata and Ayoues, 300 Causes [Kansas], 1,500 Missouri, 1,500 Akansas, &c., 200 Manton [Mandan], 100 Panis [Pawnee], 2,000 IlUnois, of the great village and Cama- roua [Tamaroa], 800 Meosigamea [Metchigamias], .... 200 Kikapous and Mascoutens, .... 450 Miamis, . , 600 Chactas, 4,000 Chieachas, 2,000 MobiUens and Chohomes, 850 Concaques [Conchas], 2,000 Ouma [Houmas], 150 Colapissa, 250 Bayogoula, 100 People of the Fork 200 Counica, &c. [Tonicas], 300 Nadeches, 1,600 Belochy, [BUoxi] Pascoboula, .... 100 Total, 23,860 " The savage tribes located in the places I have marked out, make it necessary to estabUsh three posts on the Mississippi, one at the Arkansas, another at the Wabash (Ohio), and the third at the Missouri. At each post it would be proper to have an officer with a detachment of ten sol- diers with a sergeant and corporal. All French- men should be allowed to settle there with their families, and trade with the Indians, and they might establish tanneries for properly dressing the buffalo and deer skins for transportation. " No Frenchman shall he allowed to follow the Indians on their hunts, as it tends to keep them, hunters, as is seen in Canada, and when they are in the woods, they do not desire to become tillers of the soil. ******* " I have said nothing in this memoir of which I have not personal knowledge or the most reUa- ble sources. The most of what I propose is founded upon personal reflection in relation to what might be done for the defence and advance- ment of the colony. ***** * * * It wUl be absolutely necessary that the king should define the limits of this country in relation to the government of Canada. It is important that the commandant of the Mississippi should have a report of those who inhabit the rivers that faU into the Mississippi, and principally those of the river IllLnois. " The Canadians intimate to the savages that they ought not to listen to us but to the governor of Canada, who always speaks to them with large presents, that the governor of Mississippi is mean and never sends them any thing. This is true, and what I cannot do. It is imprudent to accus- tom the savages to be spoken to by presents, for, with so many, it would cost the king more than the revenue derived from the trade. When they come to us, it will be necessary to bring them in subjection, make them, no presents, and compel them to do what we wish, as if they were French- man. " The Spaniards have divided the Indians Into parties on this point, and we can do the same. When one nation does wrong, we can cease to PENICAUT BESGBIBES LIFE AT FOBT L'HUILLIEB. 47 trade with them, and threaten to draw down the hostility of other Indians. We rectify the diffi- culty by having missionaries, who will bring them into obedience secretly. "The Illinois and Mascoutens have detained the French canoes they find upon the Mississippi, sayiag that the governors of Canada have given them permission. I do not know whether this is so, but if true, it follows that we have not the liberty to send any one on the Mississippi. "M. Le Sueur would have been taken if he had not been the strongest. Only one of the canoes he sent to the Sioux was plundered." * * * Penicaut's account varies in some particulars from that of La Harpe's. He calls the Mahkahto Green Biver instead of Blue and writes: " We took our route by its mouth and ascended it forty leagues, when we found another river falliag in- to the Saint Pierre, which we entered. We called this the Green River because it is of that color by reason of a green earth which loosening itself from from the copper 'mines, becomes dis- solved and makes it green. " A league up this river, we found a point of land a quarter of a league distant from the woods, and it was upon this point that M. Le Sueur resolved to build his fort, because we could not go any higher on account of the ice, it being the last day of September. Half of our people went hunting whilst the others worked on the fort. We killed four hundred buffaloes, which were our provisions for the whiter, and which we placed upon scaffolds in our fort, after having" skinned and cleaned and quartered them. We also made cabins in the fort, and a magazine to keep our goods. After having drawn up our shallop within the rnclosure of the fort, we spent the winter in our cabins. " When we were working in our fort in the beginning seven French traders from Canada took refuge there. They had been pillaged and stripped naked by the Sioux, a wandering nation living only by hunting and plundering. Among these seven persons there was a Canadian gen- tleman of Le Sueur's acquaintance, whom he rec- ognized at once, and gave him some clothes, as he did also to all the rest, and whatever else was necessary for them. They remained with us during the entire winter at our fort, where we had not food enough for aU, except buffalo meat which we had not even salt to eat with. We had a gopd deal of trouble the first two weeks in ac- customing ourselves to it, having fever and di- arrhoea and becoming so tired of it as to hate the smell. But by degrees our bodies became adapt- ed to it so well that at the end of six weeks there was not one of us who could not eat six pounds of meat a day, and drink four bowls of broth. As soon as we were accustomed to this kind of living it made us very fat, and then there was no more sickness. " When spring arrived we went to work in the copper mine. This was the beginning of April of this year [1701.] We took with us twelve labor- ers and four hunters. This mine was situated about three-quarters of a league from our post. We took from the mine in twenty days more than twenty thousand pounds weight of ore, of which we only selected Jour thousand poimds of the finest, which M. Le Sueur, who was a very good judge of it, had carried to the fort, and which has since been sent to France, though I have not learned the result. '• This mine is situated at the beginning of a very long mountain, which is upon the bank of the river, so that boats can go right to the mouth of the mine itself. At this place is the green earth, which is a foot and a half in thickness, and above it is a layer of earth as firm and hard as stone, and black and burnt like coal by the exhalation from the mine. The copper is scratched out with a knife. There are no trees upon this mountain. * * * After twenty-two days' work, we returned to our fort. When the Sioux, who belong to the nation of savages who pillaged the Canadians, came they brought us merchandize of furs. "They had more than four hundred beaver robes, each robe made of nine skins sewed to- gether. M. Le Sueur purchased these and many other skins which he bargained for, in the week he traded with the savages. * * * * We sell in return wares which come very dear to the buyers, especially tobacco from Brazil, in the proportion of a hundred crowns the pound; two little horn-handled knives, and four leaden bul- lets are equal to ten crovms in exchange for skins ; and so vrtth the rest. " In the beginning of May, we launched our shallop in the water, and loaded it with green 48 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. earth that had been taken out of the river, and ■with the furs we had traded for, of which we had three canoes full. M. Le Sueur before going held council with M. D'Evaque [or Eraque] the Canadian gentleman, and the three great chiefs of the Sioux, three brothers, and told them that as he had to return to the sea, he desired them to live in peace with M. D'Evaque, whom he left in command at Fort L'HuilUer, with twelve Frenchmen. M. Le Sueur made a considerable present to the three brothers, chiefs of the sava- ges, desiring them to never abandon the French. Afterward we the twelve men whdka he had chosen to go down to the sea with him embarked. In set- ting out, M. Le Sueiu- promised to M. D'Evaque and the twelve Frenchmen who remained vnth him to guard the fort, to send up munitions of war from the Illinois country as soon as he should arrive there ; which he did, for on getting there he sent off to him a canoe loaded with two thou- sand pounds of lead and powder, with three of our people in charge." Le Sueur arrived at the French fort on the Gulf of Mexico la safety, and in a few weeks, in the spring of 1701, sailed for France, with his kinsman, D'Iberville, the first governor of Lou- isiana. In the spring of the next year (1702) D'Evaque came to Mobile and reported to D'Iberville, who had come back from France, that he had been attacked by the Foxes and Maskoiitens, who killed three Frenchmen who were working near Fort L'Huillier, and that, being out of powder and lead, he had been obliged to conceal the goods which were left and abandon the post. At the Wisconsin Eiver he had met Juchereau, formerly c rimin al judge in Montreal, with thirty-five men, on his way to establish a tannery for bufEalo skins at the Wabash, and that at the Illinois he met the canoe of supplies sent by Bienville, D'Iberville's brother. La Motte Cadillac, in command at Detroit, in a letter written on August 31st, 1703, alludes to Le Sueur's expedition in these words: "Last year they sent Mr. Boudor, a Montreal merchant, into the country of the Sioux to join Le Su- eur. He succeeded so well in that journey he transported thither twenty-five or thirty thous- and pounds of merchandize with which to trade in all the country of the Outawas. This proved to him an unfortunate investment, as he has been robbed of a part of the goods by the Outa- gamies. The occasion of the robbery by one of our own allies was as follows. I speak with a full knowledge of the facts as they occurred while I was at Michillimackianc. From time immemo- rial our allies have been at war with the Sioux, and on my arrival there in conformity to the or- der of M. Frontenac, the most able man who has ever come into Canada, I attempted to negotiate a truce between the Sioux and all our allies. Succeeding in this negotiation I took the occa- sion to turn their arms against the Iroquois with whom we were then at war, and soon after I ef- fected a treaty of peace between the Sioux and the French and their allies which lasted two years. "At the end of that time the Sioux came, in great numbers, to the villages of the Miamis, im- der pretense of ratifying the treaty. They were well received by the Miamis, and, after spending several days in their villages, departed, apparent- ly perfectly satisfied vrith their good reception, as they certainly had every reason to be. " The Miamis, believing them already far dis- tant, slept qruetly; but the Sioux, who had pre- meditated the attack, returned the same night to the principal village of the Miamis, where most of the tribe were congregated, and, taking them by surprise, slaughtered nearly three thousand{?) and put the rest to flight.. ■ "This perfectly infuriated all tne nations. They came with their complaints, begging me to join vnth them and exterminate the Sioux. But the war we then had on our hands did not permit it, so it became necessary to play the orator in a long harangue. In conclusion I advised them to ' weep their dead, and wrap them up, and leave them to sleep coldly till the day of vengeance should come;' telUng them we must sweep the land on tliis side of the Iroquois, as it was neces- sary to extinguish even their memory, after which the allied tribes could more easily avenge the atrocious deed that the Sioux had just committed upon them. In short, I managed them so weU that the affair was settled in the manner that I proposed. " But the twenty-five permits still existed, and the cupidity of the French induced them to go among the Sioux to trade for beaver. Our alUes complained bitterly of this, saying it was injust- TRADE FORBIDDEN WITH THE SIOUX. 49 ice to them, as they had taken up arms in our quarrel against the Iroquois, while the Trench traders were carrying munitions of war to tlie Sioux to enable them to kill the rest of our allies as they had the Miamis. " I immediately informed M. Frontenac, and M. Champigny having read the communication, and commanded that an ordinance be published at Mon- treal forbidding the traders to go into the country of the Sioux for the purpose of trafllc under penalty of a thousand francs fine, the confiscation of the goods, and other arbitrary penalties. The ordi- nance was sent to me and faithfully executed. The same year [1699] I descended to Quebec, having asked to be relieved. Since that time, in spite of this prohibition, the French have con- tinued to trade with the Sioux, but not without being subject to affronts and indignities from our allies themselves which bring dishonor on the French name. * * * I do not consider it best any longer to allow the traders to carry on com- merce with the Sioux, imder any pretext what- ever, especially as M. Boudor has just been robbed by the Fox nation, and M. Jucheraux has given a thousand crowns, in goods, for the right of passage through the country of the allies to his habitation. " The alUes say that Le Sueur has gone to the Sioux on the Mississippi; that they are resolved to oppose him, and if he offers any resistance they will not be answerable for the consequences. It would be well, therefore, to give Le Sueur warning by the Governor of Mississippi. "The Sauteurs [Chippeways] being friendly with the Sioux -frished to give passage through their country to M. Boudor and others, permit- ting them to carry arms and other munitions of war to this nation; but the other nations being opposed to it, differences have arisen between them which have resulted in the robbery of M. Boudor. This has given occasion to the Sau- teurs to make an outbreak upon the Sacs and Foxes, killing thirty or forty of them. So there is war among the people." 50 EXPL0BER8 AND FI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER VIII. EVENTS "WHICH LED TO BUILDING FORT BEATJHARKOIS ON LAKE PEPIN. Re-Establishment of Mackinaw. — Sieur de Louvigny at Mackinaw. — De Lignery at Mackinaw. — Louvigny Attacks the Foxes.— Du Luth's Post Reoccupicd. — Saint Pierre at La Pointe on Lake Superior. — Preparations for a Jesuit Mission among the Sioux. — La Perriere Boucher's Expedition to Lake Pepin. — Do Gonor and Guiguas, Jesuit Missionaries. — Visit to Foxes and Winnebogoes. — Wisconsin River Described. — Fort Beauhamois Built. — Fireworks Displayed. — High Water at Lake Pepin. — De Gonor Visits Mackinaw.— Boucherville, Mont- brun and Guiguas Captured by Indians. — Montbrun's Escape. — Boucherville's Presents to Indians. — ExEiggerated Account of Father Guiguas' Capture. — Dis' patches Concerning Fort Beauhamois. — Sieur de la Jemeraye. — Saint Pierre at Port Beauhamois. — Trouble between Sioux and Foxes. — Sioux Visit Quebec. — De Lusignan Visits the Sioux Country.— Saint Pierre Noticed in the Travels of Jonathan Carver and Lieutenant Pike. After the Fox Indians drove away Le Sueur's men, in 1702, from the Makahto, or Blue Earth river, the merchants of Montreal and Quebec did not encourage trade with the tribes beyond Mack- inaw. D'Aigreult, a French ofiBcer, sent to inspect that post, in the summer of 1708, reported that he arrived there, on the 19th of August, and found there but fourteen or fifteen Frenchmen. He also wrote: " Since there are now only a few wanderers at Miehilimackinack, the greater part of the furs of the savages of the north goes to the English trading posts on Hudson's Bay. The Outawas are unable to make this trade by them- selves, because the northern savages are timid, and wiU not come near them, as they have often been plundered. It is, therefore, necessary that the French be allowed to seek these northern tribes at the mouth of their own river, which empties into Lake Superior." Louis de la Porte, the Sieur De Louvigny, in 1690, accompanied by Nicholas Perrot, with a de- tachment of one hundred and seventy Canadians and Indians, came to Mackinaw, and until 1694 was in command, when he was recalled. In 1712, Father Joseph J. Marest the Jesuit missionary wrote, " If this country ever needs M. Louvigny it is now ; the savages say it is ab- solutely necessary that he should come for the safety of the country, to unite the tribes and to defend those whom the war has caused to return to Michilimacinac. ****** I do not know what course the Pottawatomies will take, nor even what course they will pursue who are here, if M. Louvigny does not come, es- pecially if the Foxes were.to attack them or us." The next July, M. Lignery urged upon the au- thorities the establishment of a garrison of trained soldiers at Mackinaw, and the Intendant of Can- ada wrote to the King of France : " MichUimackiaac might be re-established, without expense to his Majesty, either by sur- rendering the trade of the post to such individu- als as will obligate themselves to pay aU the ex- penses of twenty-two soldiers and twooflBcers; to furnish munitions of war for the defense of the fort, and to make presents to the savages. " Or the expenses of the post might be paid by the sale of permits, if the King should not think proper to grant an exclusive commerce. It is ab- solutely necessary to know the wishes of the King concerning these two propositions; and as M. Lignery is at MichiUmaeklnac, it will not be any greater injury to the colony to defer the re-estab- ment of this post, than it has been for eight or ten years past." The war with England ensued, and in April, 1713, the treaty of Utrecht was ratified. France had now more leisure to attend to the Indian tribes of the West. Early in 1714, Mackinaw was re-occupied, and on the fourteenth of March, 1716, an expedition under Lieutenant Louvigny, left Quebec. His arrival at Mackinaw, where he had been long ex- pected, gave confidence to the voyageurs, and friendly Indians, and with a force of eight hun- dred men, he proceeded against the Foxes in Wisconsin. He brought with him two pieces of cannon and a grenade mortar, and besieged the fort of the Foxes, which he stated contained five hundred warriors, and three thousand men, a declaration which can scarcely be credited. After DESIBE FOB A NOBIHEBN BOUTE 10 THE PACIFIC. 61 three days of skirmishing, he prepared to mine the fort, when the Foxes capitulated. The paddles of the birch bark canoes and the gay songs of the voyageurs now began to be heard once more on the waters of Lake Superior and its tributaries. In 1717, the post erected by Du Luth, on Lake Superior near the northern boun- dary of Minnesota, was re-occupied by Lt. Ro- bertel de la Noue. In view of the troubles among the tribes of the northwest, in the month of September, 1718, Cap- tain St. Pierre, who had great influence with the Indians of Wisconsin and Minnesota, was sent with Ensign Linctot and some soldiers to re-oc- cupy La Pointe on Lake Superior, now Bayfield, in the northwestern part of "Wisconsin. The chiefs of the band there, and at Keweenaw, had threatened war against the Poxes, who had killed some of their number. When the Jesuit Charlevoix returned to Prance after an examination of the resources of Canada and Louisiana, he urged that an attempt should be made to reach the Pacific Ocean by an inland route, and suggested that an expedition should proceed from the mouth of the Missouri and fol- low that stream, or that a post should be estab- lished among the Sioux which should be the point of departure. The latter was accepted, and in 1722 an allowance was made by the French Gov- ernment, of twelve hundred Uvres, for two Jes- uit missionaries to accompany those who should establish the new post. D'Avagour, Superin- tendent of Missions, in May, 1723, requested the authorities to grant a separate canoe for the con- veyance of the goods of the proposed mission, and as it was necessary to send a commandant to persuade the Indians to receive the mission- aries, he recommended Sieur Pachot, an oflflcer of experience. A dispatch from Canada to the French govern- ment, dated October 14, 1723, announced that Father de la Chasse, Superior of the Jesuits, ex- pected that, the next spring. Father Guymoneau, and another missionary from Paris, would go to the Sioux, but that they had been hindered by the Sioux a few months before killing seven French- men, on their way to Louisiana. The aged Jesuit, Joseph J. Marest, who had been on Lake Pepin in 1689 with Perrot, and was now in Mon- treal, said that it was the wandering Sioux who had killed the French, but he thought the sta- tionary Sioux would receive Christian instruction. The hostility of the Foxes had also prevented the establishment of a fort and mission among the Sioux. On the seventh of June, 1726, peace was con- cluded by De Lignery with the Sauks, Foxes, and Winnebagoes at Green Bay; and Linctot, who had succeeded Saint Pierre in command at La Pointe, was ordered, by presents and the promise of a missionary, to endeavor to detach the Dah- kotahs from their alliance with the Foxes. At this time Linctot made arrangements for peace between the Ojibways and Dahkotas, and sent two Frenchmen to dwell in the villages of the latter, with a promise that, if they ceased to fight the Ojibways, they should have regular trade, and a " black robe" reside in their country. Traders and missionaries now began to prepare for visiting the Sioux, and ia the spring of 1727 the Governor of Canada wrote that the fathers, appointed for the Sioux mission, desired a case of mathematical instruments, a universal astro- nomic dial, a spirit level, chain and stakes, and a telescope of six or seven feet tube. On the sixteenth of June, 1727, the expedition for the Sioux country left Montreal in charge of the Sieur de la Perriere who was son of the dis- tinguished and respected Canadian, Pierre Bou- cher, the Governor of Three Elvers. La Perriere had served in N"ewformdland and been associated with Hertel de Eouville in raids into New England, and gained an unenviable no- toriety as the leader of the savages, while Eou- ville led the French in attacks upon towns like HaverhUl, Massachusetts, where the Indians ex- ultingly killed the Puritan pastor, scalped his loving wife, and dashed out his infant's brains against . a rock. He was accompanied by his brother and other relatives. Two Jesuit fathers, De Gonor and Pierre Michel Guignas, were also of the party. In Shea's " Early French Voyages" there was printed, for the first time, a letter from Father Guignas, from the Brevoort manuscripts, written on May 29, 1728, at Fort Beauharnois, on Lake Pepin, which contains facts of much interest. He writes: " The Scioux convoy left the end of Montreal Island on the 16th of the month of June last year, at 11 a. h., and reached Michili- 52 EXPLORERS AND PIONJSURS OF MINNESOTA. mackinac the 22d of the month of July. This post is two hundred and flftyTone leagues from Montreal, almost due west, at 45 degrees 46 min- utes north latitude. " "We spent the rest of the month at this post, in the hope of receiving from day to day some news from Montreal, and in the design of strengthening ourselves against the alleged ex- treme diflSculties of getting a free passage through the Foxes. At last, seeing nothing, we set out on our march, the first of the month of August, and. after seventy-three leagues quite pleasant sail along the northerly side of l^ke Michigan, running to the southeast, we reached the Bay [Green] on the 8th of the same month, at 5:30 p. M. This post is at 44 degrees 43 miuutes north latitude. " We stopped there two days, and on the 11th in the morning, we embarked, in a very great impatience to reach the Foxes. On the third day after our departure from the bay, quite late in the afternoon, in fact somewhat in the night, the chiefs of the Puans [Winnebagoes] came out three leagues from their village to meet the French, with their peace calumets and some bear meat as a refreshment, and the next day we were received by that small nation, amid several discharges of a few guns, and with great demonstrations. " They asked us with so good a grace to do them the honor to stay some time with them that we granted them the rest of the day from noon, and the following day. There may be in all the village,- sixty to eighty men, but all the men and women of very tall stature, and well made. They are on the bank of a very pretty Uttle lake, in a most agreeable spot for its situation and the goodness of the soil, nineteen leagues from the bay and eight leagues from the Foxes. " Early the next morning, the 15th of the month of August, the convoy preferred to continue its route, with quite pleasant weather, but a storm coming on in the afternoon, we arrived quite wet, still in the rain, at the cabins of the Foxes, a nation BO much dreaded, and really so little to be dreaded. From all that we could see, it is composed of two hundred men at most, but there is a perfect hive of children, especially boys from ten to fourteen years old, well formed. '• They are cabined on a little eminence on the bank of a small river that bears their name, ex- ' tremely tortuous or vraiding, so that you are con- stantly boxing the compass. Yet it is apparently quite wide, with a chain of hills on both sides, but there is only one miserable little channel amid this extent of apparent bed, which is a kind of marsh full of rushes and wild rice of almost impenetrable thickness. They have nothing but mere bark cabias, without any kind of paUsade or other fortification. As soon as the French ca-. noes touched their shore they ran down with their peace calumets, lighted in spite of the rain, and all smoked. " We stayed among them the rest of this day, and all the next, to know what were their designs and ideas as to the French post among the Siotix. The Sieur Reaume, interpreter of Indian lan- guages at the Bay, acted efiflciently there, and with devotion to the King's service. Even if my testimony. Sir, should be deemed not impartial, I must have the honor to tell you that Bev. Father Chardon, an old missionary, was of very great as- sistance there, and the presence of three mission- aries reassured these cut-throats and assassins of the French more than all the speeches of the best orators could have done. " A general council was convened in one of the cabins, they were addressed iu decided friendly terms, and they replied in the same way. A small present was made to them. On their side they gave some quite handsome dishes, lined with dry meat. On the following Sunday, 17th of the month of August, very early in the morning. Father Chardon set out, with Sieur Reaume, to return to the Bay, and the Sioux expedition, greatly re- joiced to have so easily got over this dififlculty, which had everywhere been represented as so in- surmountable, got under way to endeavor to reach its journey's end. " I^'ever was navigation more tedious than what we subsequently made from uncertainty as to our course. No one knew it, and we got astray every moment on water and on land for want of a guide and pilots. We kept on, as it were feeling our way for eight days, for it was only on the ninth, about three o'clock p. m., that we arrived, by accident, beUeving ourselves still far off, at the portage of the Ouisconsin, which ia forty-five leagues from the Foxes, counting all the twists and turns of this abominable river. SITUATION AND DESCBIPTION OF FOBT BEAUHABN0I8. 53 This portage is half a league in length, and half of that is a kind of marsh full of mud, " The Ouiseonsin is quite a handsome river, but far belowwhat we had been told, apparently, as those who gave the description of it in Canada saw it only in the high waters of spring. It is a shallow river on a bed of quicksand, which forms bars almost everywhere, and these often change . place. Its shores are either steep, bare mountains or low points wi th sandy base . Its course is from northeast to southwest. From the portage to its mouth in the Mississippi, I estimated thirty-eight leagues. The portage is at 43 deg. 24 min. north latitude. " The Mississippi from the mouth of the Ouis- eonsin ascending, goes northwest. This beauti- ful river extends between two chains of high, bare and very sterile mountains, constantly a league, three-quarters of a league, or where it is narrowest, half a league apart. Its centre is oc- cupied by a chain of well wooded islands, so that regarding from the heights above, you would think you saw an endless valley watered on the right and left by two large rivers ; sometimes, too, you could discern no river.' These islands are overflowed every year, and would be adapted to raising rice. Pifty-eight leagues from the mouth of the Ouiseonsin, according to my calculation, ascending the Mississippi, is Lake Pepin, which is nothing else but the river itself, destitute of islands at that point, where it may be half a league wide. This river, in what I traversed of it, is shallow, and has shoals in several places, be- cause its bed is moving sands, like that of the Ouiseonsin. "On the 17th of September, 172Y, at noon, we reached this lake, which had been chosen as the bourne of our voyage. We planted ourselves on the shore about the middle of the north side, on a low point, where the soil is excellent. The wood is very dense there, but is already thinned in consequence of the rigor and length of the winter, which has been severe for the cUmate, for we are here on the parallel of 43 deg. 41 min. It is true that the difference of the winter is great compared to that of Quebec and Montreal, for all that some poor judges say. "From the day after our landing we put our axes to the wood: on the fourth day following the fort was entirely finished. It is a square plat of one hundred feet, surrounded by pickets twelve feet long, with two good bastions. For so small a space there are large buildings quite distinct and not huddled together, each thirty, thirty-eighty and twenty-five feet long by sixteen feet wide. " All would go well there if the spot were not inundated, but this year [1728], on the 15th of the month of April, we were obliged to camp out, and' the water ascended to the height of two feet and eight inches in the houses, and it is idle to say that it was the quantity of snow that fell this year. The snow in the vicinity had melted long before, and there was only a foot and a half from the 8th of February to the 15th of March; you could not use snow-shoes. " I have great reason to think that this spot is inundated more or less every year; I have always thought so, but they were not obliged to believe me, as old people who said that they had lived in this region fifteen or twenty years declared that it was never overflowed. We could not enter our much-devastated houses untU the 30th of April, and the disorder is even now scarcely re- paired. ' ' Before the end of October [1 727] all the houses were flnished and furnished, and each one found himself tranquilly lodged at home. They then thought only of going out to explore the hills and rivers and to see those herds of all kinds of deer of which they teU such stories in Canada. They must have retired, or diminished greatly, since the time the old voyageurs left the coxmtry; they are no longer in such great nxunbers, and are killed with difficulty. " After beating the field, for some time, all re- assembled at the fort, and thought of enjoying a httle the fruit of their labors. On the 4th of No- vember we did not forget it was the General's birthday. Mass was said for him [Beauhamois, Governor-General of Qanada] in the morning, and they were well disposed to celebrate the day in the evening, but the tardiness of the pyro- technists and the inconstancy of the weather caused them to postpone the celebration to the 14th of the same month, when they set ofE some very fine rockets and made thq air ring with an hundred shouts of Vive k Boy! and Vive Charles de Beauhamois! It was on this occasion that the wine of the Sioux was broached; it was par ex- 54 HXPLOBEES AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. (xllence, although there are no wines here finer than in Canada. •' What contributed, much to the amusement, was the terror of some cabins of Indians, who were at the time around the fort. When these poor people saw the iireworks in the air, and the stars fall from heaven, the women and children began to take flight, and the most courageous of the men to cry mercy, and implore us very earn- estly to stop the surprising play of that wonder- ful medicine. " As soon as we arrived among them, they as- sembled, in a few days, around the French fort to the number of ninety-five cabins, which might make in all one hundred and fifty men; for there are at most two men in their portable cabins of dressed skins, and in many there is only one. This is all we have seen except a band of about sixty men, who came on the 26th of the month of February, who were of those nations called Sioux of the Prairies. , " At the end of November, the Indians set out for their winter quarters. They do not, indeed, go far, and we saw some of them all through the winter; but from the second of the month of April last, when some cabins repassed here to go in search of them, [he] sought them in vain, du- ring a week, for more than sixty leagues of the Mississippi. He [La Perriere?] arrived yesterday without any tidings of them. ' " Although I said above, that the Sioux were alarmed at the rockets, which they took for new phenomena, it must not be supposed from that they were less intelligent than other Indians we know. They seem to me more so ; at least they are much gayer and open, apparently, and far more dextrous thieves, great dancers, and great medicine men. The men are almost all large and well made, but the women are very ugly and dis- gusting, which does not, however, check debauch- ery among them, and is perhaps an effect of it." In the summer of 1728 the Jesuit De Gonor left the fort on Lake Pepin, and, by way of Mack- inaw, returned to Canada. The Poxes had now become very troublesome, and De Lignery and Beaujeu marched against their stronghold, to find they had retreated to the Mississippi Eiver. On the 12th of October, Boucherville, his bro- ther Montbrun, a young cadet of enterprising spirit, the Jesuit Guignas, and other Prenchmen, eleven in all, left Port Pepin to go to Canada, by way of the Illinois Eiver. They were captured by the Mascoutens and Kickapoos, and detained at the river " Au Boeuf ," which stream was prob- ably the one mentioned by Le Sueur as twenty- two leagues above the Illinois Eiver, although the same name was given by Hennepin to the Chip- pewa Eiver, just below Lake Pepin. They were held as prisoners, with the view of delivering them to the Poxes. The night before the deliv- ery the Sieur Montbrun and his brother and an- other Prenchman escaped. Montbrun, leaving his sick brother in the Illinois country, journeyed to Canada and informed the authorities. Boucherville and Guignas remained prisoners for several months, and the former did not reach Detroit until June, 1729, The account of expen- ditures made during his captivity is interesting as showing the value of merchandize at that time. It reads as follows: " Memorandum of the goods that Monsieur de Boucherville was obliged to furnish in the ser- vice of the King, from the time of his detention among the Kickapoos, on the 12th of October, 1728, until his return to Detroit, in the year 1729, in the month of June. On arriving at the Kick- apoo village, he made a present to the young men to seciure their opposition to some evil minded old warriors — Two barrels of powder, each fifty pounds at Montreal price, valued at the sum of 150 liv. One hundred pounds of lead and balls making the sum of 50 liv. Pour pounds of vermilUon, at 12 francs the pound 48 fr. Pour coats, braided, at twenty francs. . . 80 fr. Six dozen knives at four francs the dozen 24 fr. Pour hundred flints, one hundred gun- worms, two hundred ramrods and one hundred and fifty files, the total at the maker's prices 90 liv. After the Kickapoos refused to deliver them to the Eenards [Poxes] they wished some favors, and I was obliged to give them the following which would allow them to weep over and cover their dead: Two braided coats @ 20 fr. each 40fr. Two woolen blankets @ 15 fr 30 One hundred poimds of powder @ 30 sous 75 One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous . . 25 BOUOHEBriLLirS PBHSUNTS WHILE IN' CAPTIVITY. 65 Two pounds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24fr. Moreover, given to the Eenards to cover their dead and prepare them for peace, fifty pounds of powder, making 75 One hundred pounds of lead @ 10 sous . 50 Two poimds of vermillion @ 12 fr 24 During the winter a considerable party was sent to strike hands with the Illinois, Given at that time : Two blue blankets @ 15 fr 30 Pour men's shirts @ 6 f r 24 Four pairs of long-necked bottles @ 6 f r 24 Pour dozen of knives @ 4 f r 16 Gun-worms, files, ramrods, and flints, es- timated 40 Given to engage the Kickapoos to establish themselves upon a neighboring isle, to protect from the treachery of the Eenards — Four blankets, @ 15f 60f Two pairs of bottles, 6f 24 Two pounds of vermillion, 12f 24 Four dozen butcher knives, 6f 24 Two woolen blankets, @ 15f 30 Four pairs of bottles, @ 6f 24 Four shirts, @ 6f 24 Four dozen of knives, @ 4f 16 The Eenards having betrayed and killed their brothers, the Kickapoos, I seized the favorable opportunity, and to encourage the latter to avenge themselves, I gave — Twenty-five pounds of powder, @ 30sous 37f.l0s. Twenty-five pounds of lead, @ 10s I2f.l0s. Two guns at 30 livres each 60f One half pound of vermillion 6f Flints, guns, worms and knives 20f The Illinois coming to the Kikapoos vil- lage, I supported them at my expense, and gave them powder, balls and shirts valued at 50f In departing from the Kikapoos vUlage, I gave them the rest of the goods for their good treatment, estimated at 80f In a letter, written by a priest, at New Orleans, on July 12, 1730, is the following exaggerated ac- ' count of the capture of Father Guignas: " We always felt a distrust of the Fox Indians, although they did not longer dare to undertake anythuig, since Father Guignas has detached from their al- liance the tribes of the Kikapous and Maskoutins. You know, my Eeverend Father, that, being in Canada, he had the courage to penetrate even to the Sioux near the sources of the Mississippi, at the distance of eight hundred leagues from New Orleans and five hundred from Quebec. ObUged to abandon this important mission by the unfor- tunate result of the enterprise against the Foxes, he descended the river to repair to the Illinois. On the 15th of October in the year 1728 he was arrested when half way by the Kickapous and Maskoutins. For four months he was a captive among the Indians, where he had much to suffer and everything to fear. The time at last came when he was to be burned aUve, when he was adopted by an old man whose family saved his Ufe and procured his liberty. " Our missionaries who are among the Illinois were no sooner acquainted with the situation than they procured him all the alleviation they were able. Everything which he received he em- ployed to conciliate the Indians, and succeeded to the extent of engaging them to conduct him to the Illinois to make peace with the French and Indians of this region. Seven or eight months after this peace was concluded, the Maskoutins and Kikapous returned again to the IlUnois coun- try, and took back Father Guignas to spend the winter, from whence, in all probabiUty, he wiU return to Canada." In dispatches sent to France, in October, 1729, by the Canadian government, the following refer- ence is made to Fort Beauhamois : " They agree that the fort built among the Scioux, on the bor- der of Lake Pepin, appears to be badly situated on account of the freshets, but the Indians assure that the waters rose higher in 1728 than it ever did before. When Sieur de Laperriere located it at that place it was on the assurance of the In- dians that the waters did not rise so high." In reference to the absence of Indians, is the fol- lowing: "It is very true that these Indians did leave shortly after on a hunting excursion, as they are in the habit of doing, for their own support and that of their families, who have only that means of liveUhood, as they do not cultivate the soU at all. M. de Beauhamois has just been informed that their absence was occasioned only by having fallen in while hunting with a number of prairie Scioux, by whom they were invited to occompany them on a war expedition against the Mahas, 56 EXPLOEEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. ■which invitation they accepted, and returned only in the month of July following. " The interests of religion, of the service, and of the colony, are involved in the maintenance of this establishment, which has been the more nec- essary as there is no doubt but the Foxes, when routed, would have found an asylum among the Scioux had not the French been settled there, and the docility and submission manifested by the Foxes can not be attributed to any cause ex- cept the attention entertained by the Scioux for the French, and the offers which the former made the latter, of which the Foxes were fully cognisant. * " It is necessary to retain the Scioux in these favorable dispositions, in order to keep the Foxes in check and counteract the measures they might adopt to gain over the Scioux, who will invaria- bly reject their propositions so long as the French remain in the country, and their trading post shall continue there. But, despite all these ad- vantages and the importance of preserving that establishment, M. de Beauhamois cannot take any steps until he has news of the French who asked his permission this summer to go up there with a canoe load of goods, and until assured that those who wintered there have not dismantled the fort, and that the Scioux continue in the same sentiments. Besides, it does not seem very easy, in the present conjuncture, to maintain that post unless there is a soUd peace with the Foxes; on the other hand, the greatest portion of the tra- ders, who applied in 1727 for the establishment of that post, have withdrawn, and will not send thither any more, as the rupture with the Foxes, through whose country it is necessary to pass in order to reach the Scioux in canoe, has led them to abandon the idea. But the one and the other case might be remedied. The Foxes will, in all probability, come or send next year to sue for peace; therefore, if it be granted to them on ad- vantageous conditions, there need be no appre- hension when going to the Sioux, and another company could be formed, less numerous than the first, through whom, or some responsible mer- chants able to afford the outfit, a new treaty could be made, whereby these difficulties would be soon obviated. One only trouble remains, and that is, to send a commanding and sub-ofiicer, and some soldiers, up there, which are absolutely necessary for the maintenance of good order at that post; the missionaries would not go there without a commandant. This article, which re- gards the service, and the expense of which must be on his majesty's account, obliges them to ap- ply for orders. They will, as far as lies in their power, induce the traders to meet that expense, which will possibly amount to 1000 Uvres or 1500 livres a year for the commandant, and in proportion for the officer under him; but, as in the beginning of an establishment the expenses exceed the profits, it is improbable that any com- pany of merchants will assume the outlay, and in this case they demand orders on this point, as well as his majesty's opinion as to the necessity of preserving so useful a post, and a nation which has already afforded proofs of its fideUty and at- tachment. " These orders could be sent them by the way of He Eoyale, or by the first merchantmen that will sail for Quebec. The time required to re- ceive inteUigence of the occurrences in the Scioux country, will admit of their waiting for these orders before doing anything." Sieur de la Jemeraye, a relative of Sieur de la Perriere Boucher, with a few French, during the troubles remained in the Sioux country. After peace was established with the Foxes, Legardeur Saint Pierre was in command at Fort Beauhar- nois, and Father Guignas again attempted to es- tablish a Sioux mission. In a communication dated 12th of October, 1736, by the Canadian au- thorities is the following: "In regard to the Scioux, Saint Pierre, who commanded at that post, and Father Guignas, the missionary, have written to Sieur de Beauhamois on the tenth and eleventh of last April, that these Indians ap- peared well intentioned toward the French, and had no other fear than that of being abandoned by them. Sieur de Beauhamois annexes an ex- tract of these letters, and although the Scioux seem very friendly, the result only can tell whether this fidelity is to be absolutely depended upon, for the unrestrained andinconsistent spirit which composes the Indian chju-acter may easily change it. They have not come over this summer as yet, but M. de la St. Pierre is to get them to do so next year, and to have an eye on their proceed- ings." The reply to this communication from Louis DE LUSIONAN VISITS THE SIOUX COUNTBY. 57 XV. dated Yersailles, May 10th, 1737, was in these words : " As respects the Scioux, according to what the commandant and missionary at that post have written to Sieur de Beauhamois rela- tive to the disposition of these Indians, nothing appears to be wanting on that point. " But their delay in coming down to Montreal since the time they have promised to do so, must render their sentiments somewhat suspected, and nothing but facts can determine whether their fidelity can be absolutely relied on. But what must still further increase the uneasiness to be entertained in their regard is the attack on the convoy of M. de Verandrie, especially if this oflficer has adopted the course he had informed the Marquis de Beauhamois he should take to have revenge tlierefor." The particulars of the attack alluded to will be found in the next chapter. Soon after this the Foxes again became troublesome, and the post on Lake Pepin was for a time abandoned by the Trench. A dispatch in 1741 uses this language : " The Marquis de Beauhamois' opinion respect- ing the war against the Foxes, has been the more readily approved by the Baron de Longeuil, Messieurs De la Chassaigne, La Come, de Lig- nery, LaNoue, and Duplessis - Fabert, whom he had assembled at his house, as it appears from all the letters that the Count has wril,' "n for sev- eral-years, that he has nothing so much at heart as the destruction of that Indian nation, which can not be prevailed on by the presents and the good treatment of the French, to live in peace, not- withstandmg all its promises. " Besides, it is notorious that the Foxes have a secret understanding with the Iroquois, to secure a retreat among the latter, in case they be obliged to abandon their villages . They have one already secured among the Sioux of the prairies, with whom they are allied;' so that, should they be advised beforehand of the design of the French to wage war against them, it would be easy for them to retire to the one or the other before their passage could be intersected or themselves at- tacked in their villages." In the summer of 1743, a deputation of the Sioux came down to Quebec, to ask that trade might be resumed. Three years after this, four Sioux chiefs came to Quebec, and asked that a commandant inight be sent to Fort Beauhamois ; which was not granted. During the winter of 1745-6, De Lusignaii vis- ited the Sioux country, ordered by the govern- ment to hunt up the "coureurs des bois," aiid withdraw them from the country. They started to return with him, but learning that they would be arrested at Mackinaw, for violation of law, they ran away. While at the villages of the Sioux of the lakes and plains, the chiefs brought to this oflScer nineteen of their young men, bound with cords, who had killed three Frenchmen, at the Illinois. While he remained with them, they made peace with the Ojibways of La Pointe, with whom they had been at war for some time. On his return, four chiefs accompanied him to Montreal, to solicit pardon for their young braves. The lessees of the trading-post lost many of their peltries that winter in consequence of a flre. Eeminiscences of St. Pierre's residence at Lake Pepin were long preserved. Carver, in 1766, "ob- served the ruins of a French factory, where, it is said. Captain St. Pierre resided, and carried on a great trade with the JSTadouessies before the re- duction of Canada." Pike, in 1805, wrote in his journal: " Just be- low Pt. Le Sable, the French, who had driven the Renards [Foxes] from Wisconsin, and chased them up the Mississippi, built a stockade on this lake, as a barrier against the savages. It became a noted factory for the Sioux." 58 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE IX. VEEBNDKTB, THE EXPLOEEK OF NOBTHEKN MINNESOTA, AND DISCOVEBEE OF THE EOCKY MOUNTAINS. Conversation of Verendrye with Father De Gonor.— Parentage and Early Life.— Old Indian Uap Preserved. — Vcrendrye's Son and Nephew Explore Pigeon River and Reach Rainy lAke.— Father Messayer a Companion.— Fort St. Pierre Established.— Lake of the Woods Reached and Fort St. Charles Built.— De la Jemeraye's Map. — Fort on the Assinaboine River. — Vcrendrye's Son, Father Onneau and Associates Killed by Sioiix, on Massacre Isle, in Lake of the Woods_ — Port La Beine.— Verendrye 's Eldest Son, with Ofhers,.Jleaches the Missouri River. — Discovers the Rocky Mountains. — Returns to Lake of the "Woods.- Exploration of Saskatchewan River.- Sieur de la Verendrye Jr.— Verendrye the Father, made Captain of the Order of St. Louis.— His Death.— The Swedish Traveler, Kalin, Hotices Verendrye.— Bougainville Describes Verendrye's Ex- plorations. — Legardeur de St. Pierre at Fort La Reine. — Fort Jonguicre Estab- lished.— De la Come Succeeds St. Pierre.- St. Pierre Meets Washington at French Creek, in Pennsylvania. — Killed in Battle, near Lake George. Early in the year 1728, two travelers met at the secluded post of Mackiaaw, one was named De Gonor, a Jesuit Father, who with Guignas, had gone with the expedition, that the September before had built Fort Beauhamois on the shores of Lake Pepin, the other was Pierre Gualtier Va- rennes, the Sieur de la Verendrye the commander of the post on Lake Nepigon of the north shore of Lake Superior, and a relative of the Sieur de la Perriere, the commander at Lake Pepin. Verendrye was the son of Eene Gualtier Va- rennes who for twenty-two years was the chief magistrate at Three Elvers, whose wife was Ma- rie Boucher, the daughter of his predecessor whom he had married when she was twelve years of age. He became a cadet ia 1697, and in 1704 accompanied an expedition to New England. The next year he was in Newfoundland and the year following he went to France, joined a regi- ment of Brittany and was ia the conflict at Mal- plaquet when the French troops were defeated by the Duke of Marlborough. When he returned to Canada he was obUged to accept the position of ensign notwithstanding the gallant manner in which he had behaved. In time he became iden- tified with the Lake Superior region. While at Lake Nepigon the Indians assured him that there was a communication largely by water to the Pacific Ocean. One, named Ochagachs, drew a rude map of the country, which is stUl preserved among the French archives. Pigeon Elver is marked thereon Mantohavagane, and the Elver St. Louis is marked E. fond du L. Superior, and the Indians appear to have passed from its head- waters to Eainy Lake. Upon the western ex- tremity is marked the Elver of the West. De Gonor conversed much upon the route to the Pacific with Verendrye, and promised to use his influence with the Canadian authorities to advance the project of exploration. Charles De Beauhamois, the Governor of Can- ada, gave Verendrye a respectful hearing, and carefully examined the map of the region west of the great lakes, which had been drawn by Ochar gachs (Otchaga), the Indian guide. Orders were soon given to fit out an expedition of fifty men. It left Montreal in 1731, under the conduct of his sons and nephew De la Jemeraye, he not joining the party tiU 1733, in consequence of the deten- tions of business. In the autumn of 1731, the party reached Eainy Lake, by the Nantouagan, or GroselUers river, now called Pigeon. Father Messayer, who had been stationed on Lake Superior, at the Grosel- Uers river, was taken as a spiritual guide. At the foot of Eainy Lake a post was erected and called Fort St. Pierre, and the next year, having crossed Minittie, or Lake of the Woods, they es- tablished Fort St. Charles on its southwestern bank. Five leagues from Lake Winnipeg they established a post on the Assinaboine. An un- published map of these discoveries by De la Jem- eraye still exists at Paris. The river Winnipeg called by them Maurepas, in honor of the minis- ter of France in 1734, was protected by a fort of the same niime. About this time their advance was stopped by the exhaustion of supplies, but on the 12th of April, 1735, an arrangement was made for a sec- ond equipment, and a fourth son joined the expe- dition. In June, 1736, whUe twenty-one of the expedi- DISCOVERT OF THE BOGEY MOUNTAINS. 59 tion were camped upon an isle in the Lake of the "Woods, they were surprised by a band of Sioux hostile to the French allies, the Cristinaux, and all killed. The island, upon this account, is called Massacre Island. A few days after, a party of five Canadian voyageurs discovered their dead bodies and scalped heads. Father Ouneau, the missionary, was found upon one knee, an ar- row in his head, his breast bare, his left hand touching the ground, and the right hand raised. Among the slaughtered was also a son of Ver- endrye, who had a tomahawk in his back, and his body adorned with garters and bracelets of porcu- pine. The father was at the foot of the Lake of the' Woods when he received the news of his son's murder, and about the same time heard of the death of his enterprising nephew, Dufrost de la Jemeraye, the son of his sister Marie Reine de Varennes, and brother of Madame Youville, the foundress of the Hospitallers at Montreal. It was under the guidance of the latter that the party had, in 1731, mastered the difficulties of the Nantaouagon, or Groselliers river. On the 3d of October, 1738, they built an ad- vanced post, Fort La Eeine, on the river Assini- boels, now Assinaboine, which they called St Charles, and beyond was a branch called St. Pierre. These two rivers received the baptismal name of Verendrye, which was Pierre, and Gov- ernor Beauharnois, which was Charles. The post became the centre of trade and point of departure for explorations, either north or south. It was by ascending the Assinaboine, and by the present trail from its tributary. Mouse river, they reached the country of the Mantanes, and in 1741, came to the upper Missouri, passed the Yel- low Stone, and at length arrived at the Eocky Mountains. The party was led by the eldest son and his brother, the chevalier. They left the Lake of the Woods on the 29th of April, 1742, came in sight of the Eocky Mountains on the 1st of January, 1743, and on the 12th ascended them. On the route they fell in with the Beaux Hom- mes, Pioya, Petits Renards, and Arc tribes, and stopped among the Snake tribe, but could go no farther in a southerly direction, owing to a war between the Arcs and Snakes. On the 19th of May, 1744, they had returned to the upper Missouri, and, in the country of the Petite Cerise tribe, they planted on an eminence a leaden plate of the arms of France, and raised a monument of stones, which they called Beau- harnois. They returned to the Lake of the Woods on the 2d of July. North of the Assiniboine they proceeded to Lake Dauphin, Swan's Lake, explored the riv- er "Des Biches," and ascended even to the fork of the Saskatchewan, which they called Pos- koiac. Two forts were subsequently established, one near Lake Dauphin and the other on the river " des Biches," called Fort Bourbon. The northern route, by the Saskatchewan, was thought to have some advantage over the Missouri, be- cause there was no danger of meeting with the Spaniards. Governor Beauharnois having been prejudiced against Verendrye by envious persons, De Noy- elles was appointed to take command of the posts. During these difficulties, we find Sieur de la Verendrye, Jr., engaged in other duties. In August, 1747, he arrives from Mackinaw at Mon- treal, and in the autumn of that year he accom- panies St. Pierre to Mackinaw, and brings back the convoy to Montreal. In February, 1748, with five Canadians, five Cristenaux, two Ottawasj and one Sauteur, he attacked the Mohawks near Schenectady, and returned to Montreal with two scalps, one that of a chief. On June 20th, 1748, it is recorded that Chevalier de la Verendrye de- parted from Montreal for the head of Lake Supe- rior. Margry states that he perished at sea in November, 1764, by the wreck of the " Auguste." Fortunately, Galissioniere the successor of Beauharnois, although deformed and insignifi- cant in appearance, was fair minded, a lover of science, especially botany, and anxious to push discoveries toward the Pacific. Verendrye the father was restored to favor, and made Captain of the Order of St. Louis, and ordered to resume explorations, but he died on December 6th, 1749, while planning a tour up the Saskatchewan. The Swedish Professor, Kalm, met him in Can- ada, not long before his decease, and had inter- esting conversations with him about the furrows on the plains of the Missouri, which he errone- ously conjectured indicated the former abode of an agricultural people. These ruts are familiar to modern travelers, and may be only buffalo trails. Father Coquard, wno had been associated with 60 EXPLOBERS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. Verendrye, says that they first met the Mantanes, and next the Brochets. After these were the Gros Ventres, the Crows, the Flat Heads, the Black Feet, and Dog Feet, who were established on the Missouri, even up to the falls, and that about thirty leagues beyond they found a narrow pass in the mountains. Bougainville gives a more full account: he says: "He who most advanced this discovery was the Sieur de la Veranderie. He went from Fort la Keine to the Missouri. He met on the banks of this river the Mandans, or White Beards, who had seven villages with pine stockades, strength- ened by a ditch. Next to these were the Kinon- gewioiris. or the Brochets, in three villages, and toward the upper part of the river were three villages of the Mahantas. All along the mouth of the Wabeik, or SheU Kiver, were situated twenty-three villages of the Panis. To the south- west of this river, on the banks of the Ouanarade- ba, or La Graisse, are the Hectanes or Snake tribe. They extend to the base of a chain of moxmtains which runs north northeast. South of this is the river Karoskiou, or Cerise Pelee, which is supposed to flow to California. " He found in the immense region watered^ by the Missouri, and in the vicinity of forty leagues, the Mahantas, the OwiUniock, or Beaux Hom- mes, four villages; opposite the Brochets the Black Feet, three villages of a hundred lodges each; op. posite the Mandans are the Ospekakaerenousques, or Flat Heads, four villages; opposite tha Panis are the Arcs of Cristinaux, and Utasibaoutchatas of Assiniboel, three villages; following these tho Makesch, or Little Foxes, two villages; tho Pi- wassa, or great talkers, three villages; the Ka- kokoschena, or Gens de la Pie, five villages; the Kiskipisounouini,, or the Garter tribe, seven vil- lages," Galassoniere was succeeded by Jonquiere in the governorship of Canada, who proved to be a grasping, peevish, and very miserly person. For the sons of Verendrye he had no sympathy, and forming a clique to profit by their father's toils, he determined to send two expeditions toward the Pacific Ocean, one by the Missouri and the other by the Saskatchewan. Father Coquard, one of the companions of Ve- rendrye, was consulted as to the probability of finding a pass in the Kocky Mountains, through which they might, in canoes, reach the great lake of salt water, perhaps Puget's Sound. The enterprise was at length confided to two experienced officers, Lamarque de Marin and Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre. The former Was assigned the way, by the Missouri, and to the latter was given the more northern route; but Saint Pierre in some way excited the hostil- ity of the Cristinaux, who attempted to kill him, and burned Fort la Eeiae. His lieutenant, Bou- cher de Niverville, who had been sent to establish a post toward the source of the Saskatchewan, failed on account of sickness. Some of his men, however, pushed on to the Bocky Mountains, and in 1753 established Fort Jonquiere. Henry says St. Pierre established Fort Bourbon. In 1753, Saint Pierre was succeeded in the command of the posts of the West, by de la Come, and sent to French Creek, in Pennsylva- nia. He had been but a few days there when he received a visit from Washington, just entering upon manhood, bearing a letter from Governor Dinwiddle of Virginia, complaining of the en eroachments of the French. Soon the clash of arms between France and England began, and Saint Pierre, at the head of the Indian allies, fell near Lake George, in Sep- tember, 1755, in a battle with the English. After the seven years' war was concluded,, by the treaty of Paris, the French relinquished all their posts in the Northwest, and the work begun by Veren- drye, was, in 1805, completed by Lewis and Clarke ; and the Northern Pacific Railway is fast approaching the passes of the Eocky Mountains, through the valley of the Yellow Stone, and from thence to the great land-locked bay of the ocean, Puget's Somid. EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FBENCH WAB. 61 CHAPTEE X. EFFECT OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH WAB. Enelish Influence Increasing.— te Due Bobbed at Lake Superior.— St. Pierre at Mackinaw.— Escape of Indian Prisoners.— Li Ronde and Verendrye.— Influence of Sieur Marin.— St. Pierre Eecalled from Winnipeg Region.— Interview with Washington.— Langlade Urges Attack Upon Troops of Eraddock.- Saint Pierre Silled in Battle — ^Marin's Boldness.— Rogers, a Partisan Ranger, Commands at Mackinaw.— At Ticonderoga.— French Deliver up the Posts in Canada. —Capt. Balfour Takes Possession of Mackinaw and Green Bay. — Lieut. Gorrell in Com. mand at Green Bay.— Sioux Visit Green Bay.— Pennensha a French Trader Among the Sioux.— Treaty of Paris. English influence produced racreasing dissatis- faction among the Indians that were beyond Mackinaw. JSTot only were the voyageurs robbed and maltreated at Sault St. Marie and other points on Lake Superior, but even the commandant at Mackinaw was exposed to insolence, and there was no security anywhere. On the twenty-third of August, 1747, Philip Le Due arrived at Mackinaw from Lake Superior, stating that he had been robbed of his goods at Kamanistigoya, and that the Ojibways of the lake were favorably disposed toward the English. The Dahkotahs were also becoming unruly in the absence of French officers. In a few weeks after Le Due's robbery, St. Pierre left Montreal to become commandant at Mackinaw, and Vercheres was appointed for the post at Green Bay. In the language of a docu- ment of the day, St. Pierre was ■' a very good officer, much esteemed among all the nations of those parts ; none more loved and feared." On his arrival, the savages were so cross, that he ad- vised that no Erenchman should come to trade. By promptness and boldness, he secured the Indians who had murdered some Erenchmen, and obtained the respect of the tribes. W^hile the three murderers were being conveyed in a canoe down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, in charge of a sergeant and seven soldiers, the savages, with characteristic cunning, though manacled, suc- ceeded in killing or drowning the guard. Cutting their irons with an axe, they sought the woods, and escaped to their own country. " Thus," writes Galassoniere, in 1748, to Count Maurepas, was lost in a great measure the fruit of Sieur St. Pierre's good management, and of all the fatigue I endured to get the nations who surrendered these rascals to listen to reason." On the twenty-first of June of the next year. La Ronde started to La Pointe, and Verendrye for West Sea, or Eon du Lac, Minnesota. Under the influence of Sieiu: Marin, who was in command at Green Bay in 1753, peaceful re- lations were in a measiure restored between the Erench and Indians. As the war between England and Erance deep- ened, the officers of the distant French posts were called in and stationed nearer the enemy. Legardeur St. Pierre, was brought from the Lake Winnipeg region, and, in December, 1753, was in command of a rude post near Erie, Pennsylvania. Langlade, of Green Bay, Wisconsin, arrived early in July, 1755, at Eort Duquesne. With Beauyeu and De Lignery, who had been engaged in fight- ing the Eox Indians, he left that fort, at nine o'clock of the morning of the 9th of July, and, a Uttle after noon, came near the English, who had halted on the south shore of the Monongahela, and were at dinner, with their arms stacked. By the urgent entreaty of Langlade, the western half-breed, Beauyeu, the officer in command or- dered an attack, and Braddock Was overwhelmed, and Washington was obUged to say, "We have been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of Erenchmen." Under Baron Dieskau, St. Pierre commanded the Indians, in September, 1755, during the cam- paign near Lake George, where he fell gallantly fighting the EngUsh, as did his commander. The Eev. Claude Coquard, alluding to the Erench defeat, in a letter to his brother, remarks: " We lost, on that occasion, a brave officer, M. de St. Pierre, and had his advice, as well as that of several other Canadian officers, been followed, Jonckson [Johnson] was irretrievably destroyed, . 62 EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. and we should have been spared the trouble we have had this year." Other officers who had been stationed on the borders of Minnesota also distinguished them- selves during the Trench war. The Marquis Montcalm, in camp at Ticonderoga, on the twen- ty-seventh of July, 1757, writes to VaudreuU, Governor of Canada: " Lieutenant Marin, of the Colonial troops, who has exhibited a rare audacity, did not consider himself bound to halt, although his detachment of about four hundred men was reduced to about two hundred, the balance having been sent back on account of inabiUty to follow. He carried off a patrol of ten men, and swept away an ordinary guard of fifty like a wafer; went up to the en- emy's camp, xmder Fort Lydias (Edward), where he was exposed to a severe fire, and retreated like a warrior. He was unwilling to amuse himself making prisoners; he brought in only one, and thirty-two scalps, and must have killed many men of the enemy, in the midst of whose ranks it was neither wise nor prudent to go in search of scalps. The Indians generally all behaved well. * * * The Outaouais, who arrived with me, and whom I designed to go on a scouting party towards the lake, had conceived a project of administering a corrective to the EngUsh barges. * * * On the day before yesterday, your brother formed a detachment to accompany them. I arrived at his camp on the evening of the same day. Lieuten- ant de Corbiere, of the Colonial troops, was re- turning, in consequence of a misunderstanding, and as I knew the zeal and intelligence of that officer, I made him set out with a new instruc- tion to join Messrs de Langlade and Hertel de Chantly. They remained in ambush all day and night yesterday; at break of day the English ap- peared on Lake St. Sacrament, to the number of twenty-two barges, under the command of Sieur Parker. The whoops of our Indians impressed them with such terror that they made but feeble resistance, and only two barges escaped." After De Corbiere 's victory on Lake Cham- plain, a large French army was collected at Ti- conderoga, with which there were many Indians from the tribes of the Northwest, and the loways appeared for the first time in the east. It is an interesting fact that the English . offi- cers who were ui frequent engagements with St. Pierre, Lusignan, Marin, Langlade, and others, became the pioneers of the British, a few years afterwards, in the occupation of the outposts of the lakes, and in the exploration of Minnesota. Eogers, the celebrated captain of rangers, sub- sequently commander of Mackinaw, and Jona- than Carver, the first British explorer of Minne- sota, were both on duty near Lake Champlain, the latter narrowly escaping at the battle of Port George. On Christmas eve, 1757, Eogers approached Fort Ticonderoga, to fire the outhouses, but was prevented by discharge of the cannons of the French. He contented himself with killing fifteen beeves, on the horns of one of which he left this laconic and amusing note, addressed to the commander of the post: '• I am obliged to you, Sir, for the repose you have allowed me to take; I thank you for the fresh meat you have sent me, I request you to present my compliments to the Marquis du Montcalm." On the thirteenth of March, 1758, Dui-antaye, formerly at Mackinaw, had a skirmish with Rog- ers. Both had been trained on the frontier, and they met " as Greek met Greek." The conflict was fierce, and the French victorious. The In- dian alUes, finding a scalp of a chief underneath an officer's jacket, were furious, and took one hundred and fourteen scalps in return. When the French returned, they stipposed that Captain Rogers was among the killed. At Quebec, when Montcalm and Wolfe fell, there were Ojibways present assisting the French The Indians, returning from the expeditions against the EngUsh, were attacked with small- pox, and many died at Mackinaw. . On the eighth of September, 1760, the French delivered up all their posts in Canada. A few days after the capitulation at Montreal, Major Rogers was sent with English troops, to garrison the posts of the distant Northwest. On the eighth of September, 1761, a year after the surrender. Captain Balfour, of the eightieth regiment of the British army, left Detroit, with a detachment to take possession of the French forts at Mackinaw and Green Bay. Twenty-five soldiers were left at Mackinaw, in command of Lieutenant Leslie, and the rest sailed to Green Bay, under Lieutenant Gorrell of the Royal PENNllNSRA WRITES A LETTEB FOB THE SIOUX. 63 Americans, where they arrived on the twelfth of October. The fort had been abandoned for sev- eral years, and was in a dilapidated condition. In charge of it there was left a lieutenant, a cor- poral, and fifteen soldiers. Two English traders arrived at the same time, McKay from Albany, and Goddard from Montreal. Gorrell in his journal alludes to the Minnesota Sioux. He writes — " On March 1, 1763, twelve warriors of the Sous came here. It is certainly the greatest nation of Indians ever yet found. Not above two thousand of them were ever armed with firearms ; the rest depending entirely on bows and arrows, which they use with more skill than any other Indian nation in America. They can shoot the wildest and largest beasts in the woods at seventy or one hundred yards distant. They are remarkable for their dancing, and the other nations take the fashions from them. ***** This nation is always at war with the Chippewas, those who destroyed Mishamakiaak. They told me with warmth that if ever the Chippewas or any other Indians wished to obstruct the passage of the traders coming up, to send them word, and they would come and cut them off from the face of the earth ; as all Indians were their slaves or dogs. I told them I was glad to see them, and hoped to have a lasting peace with them. They then gave me a letter wrote in Prench, and two belts of wampum from their king, in which he expressed great joy on hearing of there being English at his post. The letter was written by a French trader whom I had allowed to go among them last fall, with a promise of his behaving well ; which he did, better than any Canadian I ever knew. ***** With regard to traders, I would not allow any to go amongst them, as I then understood they lay out of the government of Canada, but made no doubt they would have traders from the Mississippi in the spring. They went away extremely well pleased. June 14th, 1763, the traders came down from the Sack coun- try, and confirmed the news of Landsing and his son being killed by the French. There came with the traders some Puans, and four young men with one chief of the Avoy [loway] nation, to demand traders. ***** " On the nineteenth, a deputation of Winnebar goes. Sacs, Foxes and Menominees arrived with a Frenchman named Pennensha. This Pennen- sha is the same man who wrote the letter the Sous brought with them in French, and at the same time held council with that great nation in favour of the English, by which he much promo- ted the interest of the latter, as appeared by the behaviour of the Sous. He brought with him a pipe from the Sous, desiring that as the road is now clear, they would by no means allow the Chippewas to obstruct it, or give the English any disturbance, or prevent the traders from coming up to them. If they did so they would send all their warriors and cut them off." In July, 1763, there arrived at Green Bay, Bruce, Fisher; and Eoseboom of Albany, to en- gage in the Indian trade. By the treaty of Paris of 1763, France ceded to Great Britain all of the country east of the Mis- sissippi, and to Spain the whole of Louisiana, so that the latter power for a time held the whole region between the Mississippi River and the Pa- cific Ocean, and that portion of the city of Min- neapolis known as the East Division was then governed by the British, while the West Division was subject to the Spanish code. 64 EXPL0BER8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOIA. CHAPTER XI. JONATHAN CABVER, THE FIBST BBITISH TBAVEIiER AT FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY. Carver's Early Life.— In the Battle near Lake George.— Arrives at Maclunaw.— Old Port at Green Bay.— Winnebago Village.— Description of Prairie du Chien. Earthworks on Banks of Lake Pepin.— Sioux Bands Described.— Cave and Bnrial Place m Suburbs of St. Paul.— The Falls of Saint Anthony.— Burial Rites of tLe Sioux.— Speech of a Sioux Chief.— Schiller's Poem of the Death Song.— Sir John Herschel's Translation.—Sir E. Bulwer Lytton's Version.— Correspondence of Sir William Johnson.— Carver's Prqject for Opening a Route to the Pacific.— Supposed Origin of the Sioux.— Carver"* Claim to Lands Ex- amined.— Alleged Deed.— Testimony of Rev. Samuel Peters.— Communication Irom Gen. Leavenworth.— Report of U. S. Senate Committee. Jonathan Carver was a native of Connecticut His grandfather, "William Carver, was a native of Wigan, Lancashire, England, and a captain in King William's army during the campaign in Ireland, and for meritorious services received an appointment as an officer of -the colony of Con- necticut. His father was a justice of the peace in the new world, and in 1732, the subject of this sketch was bom. At the early age of fifteen he was called to mourn the death of his father. He then commenced the study of medicine, but his roving disposition could not bear the confines of a doc- tor's office, and feeling,- perhaps, that his genius would be cramped by pestle and mortar, at the age of eighteen he purchased an ensign's commis- sion in one of the regiments raised during the French war. He was of medium stature, and of strong mind and quick perceptions. In the year 1757, he was captain imder Colonel Williams in the battle near Lake George, where Saint Pierre was killed, and narrowly escaped with his life. After the peace of 1763, between France and England was declared, Carver conceived the pro- ject of exploring the Northwest. Leaving Boston in the month of June, 1766, he arrived at Macki- naw, then the most distant British post, ii} the month of August. Having obtained a credit on some French and English traders from Major Rogers, the officer in command, he started with them on the third day of September. Pursuing the usual route to Green Bay, they arrived there on the eighteenth. The French fort at that time was standing, though much decayed. It was, some years pre- vious to his arrival, garrisoned for a short time by an officer and thirty English soldiers, but they having been captured by the Menomiaees, it was abandoned. In company with the traders, he left Green Bay on the twentieth, and ascending Fox river, arrived on the twenty-fifth at an island at the east end of Lake Winnebago, containing about fifty acres. Here he found a Winnebago village of fifty houses. He asserts that a woman was in author- ity. In the month of October the party was at the portage of the Wisconsin, and descending that stream, they arrived, on the niath at a town of the Sauks. While here he visited some lead mines about fifteen miles distant. An abundance of lead was also seen in the village, that had been brought from the mines. On the tenth they arrived at the first village of the " Ottigaumies" [Foxes] about five miles be- fore the Wisconsin joins the Mississippi, he per- ceived the remnants of another -vUlage, and learned that it had been deserted about thirty years before, and that the inhabitants soon after their removal, built a town on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the " Ouisconsin," at a place called by the French La Prairie les Chiens, which signified the Dog Plains. It was a large town, and contained about three hundred families. The houses were built after the Indian manner, and pleasantly situated on a dry rich soil. He saw here many houses of a good size and shape. This town was the great mart where all the adjacent tribes, and where those who inhabit the most remote branches of the Mississippi, an- nually assemble about the latter end of May, bringing with them their furs to dispose of to the traders. But it is not always that they conclude their sale here. This was determined by a gen SUPPOSED FOBTIFIGATIONS NEAB LAKE PEPIN. 65 eral comicil of the chiefs, who consulted whether it would be more conducive to their interest to sell their goods at this place, or to carry them on to Louisiana or Mackinaw. At a small stream called Yellow Eiver, oppo- site Prairie du Chien, the traders who had thus far accompanied Carver took up their residence for the winter. From this point he proceeded in a canoe, with a Canadian voyageur and a Mohawk Indian as companions. Just before reaching Lake Pepin, while his attendants were one day preparing din- ner, he walked out and was struck with the pecu- liar appearance of the surface of the country, and thought it was the site of some vast artificial earth- work. It is a fact worthy of remembrance, that he was the first to call the attention of the civilized world to the existence of ancient monu- ments in the Mississippi valley. "We give his own description : "On the first of November I reached Lake Pepin, a few miles below which I landed, and, whUst the servants were preparing my dinner, I ascended the bank to view the country. I had not proceeded far before I came to a fine, level, open plain, on which I perceived, at a little dis- tance, a partial elevation that had the appearance of entrenchment. On a nearer inspection I had greater reason to suppose that it had really been intended for this many centuries ago. Notwith- standing it was now covered with grass, I could plainly see that it had once been a breastwork of about four feet in height, extending the best part of a mile, and sufiiciently capacious to cover five thousand men. Its form was somewhat circular and its flanks reached to the river. • "Though much defaced by time, every angle was distinguishable, and appeared as regular and fashioned with as much miUtary skill as if planned by Vauban himself. The ditch was not visible, but I thought, on examining more curiously, that I could perceive there certainly had been one. From its situation, also, I am convinced that it must have been designed for that purpose. It fronted the country, and the rear was covered by the river, nor was there any rising ground for a considerable way that commanded it; a few straggling lakes were alone to be seen near it. In many places small tracks were worn across it by the feet of the elks or deer, and from the depth of the bed of earth by which it was covered, I was able to draw certain conclusions of its great anti- quity. I examined all the angles, and every part with great attention, and have often blamed my- self since, for not encamping on the spot, and drawing an exact plan of it. To show that this description is not the offspring of a heated imag- ination, or the chimerical tale of a mistaken trav- eler, I find, on inquiry since my return, that Mons. St. Pierre, and several traders have at dif- ferent times, taken notice of similar appearances, upon which they have formed the same conjec- tures, but withont examining them so minutely as I did. How a work of this kind could exist in a country that has hitherto (according to the gen- erally received opinion) been the seat of war to untutored Indians alone, whose whole stock of miUtary knowledge has only, till within two cen- turies, amoimted to drawing the bow, and whose only breastwork even at present is the thicket, I know not. I have given as exact an account as possible of this singular appearance, and leave to future explorers of those distant regions, to dis- cover whether it is a production of nature or art. Perhaps the hints I have here given might lead to a more perfect investigation of it, and give us very different ideas of the ancient state of realms that we at present believe to have been, from the earUest period, only the habitations of savages." Lake Pepin excited his admiration, as it has that of every traveler since his day, and here he remarks : " I observed the ruins of a French fac- tory, where it is said Captain St. Pierre resided, and carried on a very great trade with the JSTau- dowessies, before the reduction of Canada." Carver's first acquaintance with the Dahkotahs commenced near the river St. Croix. It would seem that the erection of trading posts on Lake Pepin had enticed them from their old residence on Kum river and MUle Lacs. He says: "Near the river St. Croix reside bands of the Naudowessie Indians, called the River Bands. This nation is composed at pres- ent of eleven bands. They were origiuaUy twelve, but the Assinipoils, some years ago, re- volting and separating themselves from the oth- ers, there remain at this time eleven. Those I met here axe termed the Eiver Bands, because they chiefly dwell near the banks of this river; the other eight are generally distinguished by the 66 EXPLOBSBS AND PIONJEUBS OF MINNESOTA. title of Nadowessies of the Plains, and inhabit a country more to the westward. The names of the former are Nehogatawonahs, the Mawtaw- bauntowahs, and Shashweentowahs." Arriving at what is now a suburb of the cap- ital of Minnesota, he continues: " About thir- teen miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, at which I arrived the tenth day after I left Lake Pepin, is a remarkable cave, of an amazing depth. The Indians term it Wakon-teebe [Wakan-tipi]. The entrance into it is about ten feet wide, the height of it five feet. The arch vnthin is fifteen feet high and about thirty feet broad; the bottom consists of fine, clear sand. About thirty feet from the entrance begins a lake, the water of which is transparent, and extends to an unsearch- able distance, for the darkness of the cave pre- ents all attempts to acquire a knowledge of it.] I threw a small pebble towards the nterior part of it with my utmost strength. I could hear that it fell into the water, and, notwithstanding it was of a small size, it caused an astonishing and ter- rible noise, that reverberated through all those gloomy regions. I found in this cave many In- dian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them. They were cut in a rude manner upon the inside of the wall, which was composed of a stone so ex- tremely soft that it might be easily penetrated with a knife; a stone everywhere to be found near the Mississippi, " At a little distance from this dreary cavern, is the burying-place of several bands of the Kau- dowessie Indians. Though these people have no fixed residence, being in tents, and seldom but a few months in one spot, yet they always bring the bones of the dead to this place. "Ten miles below the Palls of St. Anthony, the river St. Pierre, called by the natives Wada- paw Menesotor, falls into the Mississippi from the west. It is not mentioned by Father Hennepin, though a large, fair river. This omission, I con- sider, must have proceeded from a small island [Pike's] that is situated exactly in its entrance." When he reached the Minnesota river, the ice became so troublesome that he left his canoe in the neighborhood of what is now St. Anthony, and walked to St. Anthony, in company with a young Winnebago chief, who had never seen the curling waters. The chief, on reaching the emi- nence some distance below Cheever's, began to invoke his gods, and ofEer oblations to the spirit in the waters. "In the middle of the Falls stands a small island, about forty feet broad and somewhat lon- ger, on which grow a few cragged hemlock and spruce trees, and about half way between this island and the eastern shore is a rock, lying at the very edge of the Falls, in an oblique position, that appeared to be about five or six feet broad, and thirty or forty long. At a little distance be- low the Falls stands a small island of about an acre and a half, on which grow a great number of oak trees." From this description, it would appear that the little island, now some distance below the Falls, was once in the very midst, and shows that a con- stant recession has been going on, and that in ages long past they were not far from the Mitme- sota river. No description is more glowing than Carver's of the country adjacent: " The country around them is extremely beau- tiful. It is not an iminterrupted plain, where the eye finds no relief, but composed of many gentle ascents, which in the summer are covered with the finest verdme, and interspersed with Uttle groves that give a pleasing variety to the pros- pect. On the whole, when the Falls are inclu- ded, which may be seen at a distance of four nules, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I beUeve, cannot be found throughout the uni- verse." " He arrived at the Falls on the seventeenth of November, 1766, and appears to have ascended as far as Elk river. On the twenty-fifth of November, he had re- turned to the place opposite the Minnesota, where he had left his canoe, and this stream as yet not being obstructed with ice, he commenced its as- cent, with the colors of Great Britain flying at the stem of his canoe. There is no doubt that he entered this river, but how far he explored it cannot be ascertained. He speaks of the Eapids near Shakopay, and asserts that he went as far as two hundred miles beyond Mendota. He re- marks: " On the seventh of December, I arrived at the utmost of my travels towards the West, where I ^ SIOUX BUBIAL OBATION VEBSIFIED BY 8GHILLEB. 67 met a large party of the Naudowessie Indians, among whom I resided some months." After speaking of the upper bands of the Dah- kotahs and their allies, he adds that he " left the habitations of the hospitable Indians the latter end of April, 1767, but did not part from them for several days, as I was accompanied on my journey by near three hundred of them to the mouth of the river St. Pierre. At this season these bands annually go to the great cave (Day- ton's Bluff) before mentioned. When he arrived at the great cave, and the In- dians had deposited the remains of their deceased friends in the burial-place that stands adjacent to it, they held their great council to which he was admitted. Wlien the Naudowessies brought their dead for interment to the great cave (St. Paul), I attempted to get an insight into the remaining burial rites, but whether it was on account of the stench which arose from so' many dead bodies, or whether they chose to keep this part of their custom secret from me, I could not discover. I found, however, that they considered my curiosity as ill-timed, and therefore I withdrew. * * One formality among the N"audowessies in fflouming for the dead is very different from any mode I observed in the other nations through which I passed. The men, to show how great their sorrow is, pierce the flesh of their arms above the elbows with arrows, and the women cut and gash their legs with broken fliats till the blood flows very plentifully. * * After the breath is departed, the body is dressed in the same attire it usually wore, his face is painted, and he is seated in an erect pos- ture on a mat or skin, placed in the middle of the hut, with his weapons by his side. His relatives seated around, each in turn harangues the de- ceased; and if he has been a great warrior, re- counts his heroic actions, nearly to the following purport, which in the Indian language is extreme- ly poetical aud pleasing "You still sit among us, brother, your person retains its usual resemblance, and continues sim- ilar to ours, without any visible deficiency, ex- cept it has lost the power of action! But whither is that breath flown, which a few hours ago sent up smoke to the Great Spirit? Why are those lips silent, that lately delivered to us expressions and pleasing language? Why are those feet mo- tionless, that a few hours ago were fleeter than the deer on yonder mountains? Why useless hang those arms, that could climb the tallest tree or draw the toughest bow? Alas, every part of that frame which we lately beheld with admira- tion and wonder has now become as inanimate as it was three hundred years ago! We will not, however, bemoan thee as if thou wast forever lost to us, or that thy name would be buried in oblivion; thy soul yet Uves la the great country of spirits, with those of thy nation that have gone before thee; and though we are left behind to perpetuate thy fame, we will one day join thee. " Actuated by the respect we bore thee whilst living, we now come to tender thee the last act of kindness in our power; that thy body might not lie neglected -on the plain, and become a prey to the beasts of the field or fowls of the air, and we will take care to lay it with those of thy predeces- sors that have gone before thee; hoping at the same time that thy spirit will feed with their spirits, and be ready to receive ours when we shall also arrive at the great country of souls." For this speech Carver is principally indebted to his imagination, but it is weU conceived, and suggested one of Schiller's poems, which Goethe considered one of his best, and wished " he had made a dozen such." Sir E. Lytton Bulwer the distinguished novelist, and Sir John Herschel the eminent astronomer, have each given a translation of Schiller's " Song of the Nadowessee Chief." sm E. L. bulwee's tbanslation. See on his mat — as if of yore. All life-like sits he here ! With that same aspect which he wore When light to him was dear But where the right hand's strength ? and where The breath that loved to breathe To the Great Spirit, aloft in air, The peace pipe's lusty wreath ? And where the hawk-like eye, alas ! That wont the deer pursue. Along the waves of rippling grass, Or fields that shone with dew ? 68 EXPLOBERS AWD PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. Are these the limber, bounding feet That swept the winter's snows ? What stateliest stag so fast and fleet ? Their speed outstripped the roe's ! These arms, that then the steady bow Could supple from it's pride, How stark and helpless hang they now Adown the stiffened side 1 Yet weal to him — at peace he stays Wherever fall the snows ; Where o'er the meadows springs the maize That mortal never sows. Where birds are blithe on every brake — Where orests teem with deer — Where glide the fish through every lake — One chase from year to year I With spirits now he feasts above ; All left us to revere The deeds we honor with our love, The dust we bury here. Here bring the last gift ; loud and shrill Wail death dirge for the brave ; What pleased him most in Ufe, may still Give pleasure in the grave. We liy the axe beneath his head He swung when strength was strong — The bear on which his banquets fed. The way from earth is long. And here, new sharpened, place the knife That severed from the clay, From which the axe had spoiled the life, The conquered scalp away. The paints that deck the dead, bestow ; Yes, place them in his hand, That red the kingly shade may glow Amid the spirit land. SIB JOHN HERSCHEL'8 TEAISTSLATION. See, where upon the mat he sits Erect, before his door. With just the same majestic air That once in Ufe he wore. But where is fled his strength of limb. The whirlwind of his breath, To the Great Spirit, when he sent The peace pipe's mounting wreath? Where are those falcon eyes, which late Along the plain could trace. Along the grass's dewy waves The reindeer's printed pace? Those legs, which once with matchless speed, Flew through the drifted snow. Surpassed the stag's unwearied course. Outran the mountain roe? Those arms, once used with might and main, The stubborn bow to twang? See, see, their nerves are slack at last. All motionless they hang. 'Tis well with him, for he is gone Where snow no more is found. Where the gay thorn's perpetual bloom Decks all the field around. Where wild birds sing from every spray, Where deer come sweeping by, Where flsh from every lake afEord A plentiful supply. With spirits now he feasts above, And leaves us here alone. To celebrate his valiant deeds, And round his grave to moan. Soimd the death song, bring forth the gifts, The last gifts of the dead, — Let all which yet may yield him joy Within his grave be laid. The hatchet place beneath his head Still red with hostile blood; And add, because the way is long, The bear's fat limbs for food. The scalping-knife beside him lay, With paints of gorgeous dye, That in the land of souls his form May shine triumphantly. It appears from other sources that Carver's visit to the Dahkotahs was of some effect in bring- ing about friendly intercourse between them and the commander of the English force at Mackinaw. CABYEB'S PBOJEGT FOB A BOUTE TO THE PACIFIC. 69 The earliest mention of the Dahkotahs, in any public British documents that we know of, is in the correspondence between Sir "William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Colony of New York, and General Gage, in command of the forces. On the eleventh of September, less than six months after Carver's speech at Dayton's Bluff, and the departure of a number of chiefs to the English fort at Mackinaw, Johason writes to General Gage: "Though I wrote to you some days ago, yet I would not mind saying something again on the score of the vast expenses incurred, and, as I understand, still incurring at Michili- mackinac, chiefly on pretense of making a peace between the Sioux and Chippeweighs, with which I think we have very little to do, in good policy or otherwise." Sir William Johnson, in a letter to Lord Hills- borough, one of his Majesty's ministers, dated August seventeenth, 1768, again refers to the subject : "Much greater part of those who go a trading are men of such circumstances and disposition as to venture their persons everywhere for extrava- gant gains, yet the consequences to the public are not to be slighted, as we may be led into a general quarrel through their means. The In- dians in the part adjacent to Michillmackinac have been treated with at a very great expense for some time previous. "Major Eodgers brings a considerable charge against the former for mediating a peace between some tribes of the Sioux and some of the Chippe- weighs, which, had it been attended with success, would only have been interesting to a very few French, and others that had goods in that part of the Indian country, but the contrary has hap- pened, and they are now more violent, and war against one another." Though a wilderness of over one thousand miles intervened between the Falls of St. An- thony and the white settlements of the English, Carver was fully impressed with the idea that the State now organized under the name of Minne- sota, on account of its beauty and fertility, would attract settlers. Speaking of the advantages of the country, he says that the future population will be "able to convey their produce to the seaports with great facility, the current of the river from its source to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico being ex- tremely favorable for doing this in small craft. This might also in time he facilitated by canals or shorter cuts, and a communication opened ly water with New Torh by way of the Lakes.'''' The subject of this sketch was also confident that a route would be discovered by way of the Minnesota river, which would open a passage to China and the English settlements in the East Indies." Carver having returned to England, interested Whitworth, a member of parliament, in the northern route. Had not the American Eevolu- tion commenced, they proposed to have built a fort at Lake Pepin, to have proceeded up the Minnesota until they found, as they supposed they could, a branch of the Missouri, and from thence, journeying over the summit of lands un- til they came to a river which they called Ore- gon, they expected to descend to the Pacific. Carver, in common with other travelers, had his theory in relation to the origin of the Dahko- tahs. He supposed that they came from Asia. He remarks: "But this might have been at dif- ferent times and from various parts — from Tar- tary, China, Japan, for the inhabitants of these places resemble each other. * * * "It is very evident that some of the names and customs of the American Indians resemble those of the Tartars, and I make no doubt but that in some future era, and this not far distant, it will be reduced to certainty that during some of the wars between the Tartars and Chinese a part of the inhabitants of the northern provinces were driven from their native country, and took refuge in some of the isles before mentioned, and from thence found their way into America. * * * "Many words are used both by the Chinese and the Indians which have a resemblance to each other, not only in their sound, but in their signi- fication. The Chinese call a slave Shungo; and the Noudowessie Indians, whose language, from their little intercourse with the Europeans, is least corrupted, term a dog Shungush [Shoan- kah.J The former denominate one species of their tea Shoushong; the latter call their tobacco Shou- sas-sau [Chanshasha.] Many other of the words used by the Indians contain the syllables che, chaw, and chu, after the dialect of the Chinese." 70 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. The comparisou of languages has become a rich source of historical knowledge, yet many of the analogies traced are fanciful. The remark of Humbolt in " Cosmos'' is worthy of remembrance. "As the structure of American idioms appears remarkably strange to nations speaking the mod- ern languages of Western Europe, and who readily suffer themselves to be led away by some acci- dental analogies of sound, theologians have gen- erally believed that they could trace an affinity with the Hebrew, Spanish colonists with the Basque and the English, or French settlers with Gaelic, Erse, or the Bas Breton. Ipne day met on the coast of Peru, a Spanish naval ofllcer and an EngUsh whaUng captaiu, the foritier of whom declared that he had heard Basque spoken at Ta- hiti; the other, Gaelic or Erse at the Sandwich Islands." Carver became very poor while in England, and was a clerk in a lottery-office. He died in 1780, and left a widow, two sons, and five daught- ers, in New England, and also a child by another wife that he had married in Great Britain After Ms death a claim was urged for the land upon which the capital of Minnesota now stands' and for many miles adjacent. As there are still many persons who believe that they have some right through certain deeds purporting to be from the heirs of Carver, it is a matter worthy of an investigation. Carver says nothing in his book of travels in re- lation to a grant from the Dahkotahs, but after he was buried, it was asserted that there was a deed belonging to him in existence, conveying valuable lands, and that said deed was executed at the cave now in the eastern suburbs of Saint Paul. DEED PUEPOETING TO HAVE BEEN GIVi^lN AT THE CAVE IN THE BLUFF BELOW ST. PAUL. " To Jonathan Carver, a chief under the most mighty and potent George the Third, King of the English and other nations, the fame of whose warriors has reached our ears, and has now been fully told us by our good brother Jonathan, afore- said, whom we rejoice to have come among us, and bring us good news from his country. "We, chiefs of the Naudowessies, who have hereunto set our seals, do by these presents, for ourselves and heirs forever, in return for the aid and other good services done by the said Jona- than to ourselves and allies, give grant and con- vey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his heirs and assigns forever, the whole of a certain tract or territory of land, bounded as follows, viz: from the Falls of St. Anthony, running on the east bank of the Mississippi, nearly southeast, as far as Lake Pepin, where the Chippewa joins the Mississippi, and from thence eastward five days travel, accoimting twenty English miles per day; and from thence again to the Falls of St. Anthony, on a direct straight line. We do for ourselves, heirs, and assigns, forever give unto the said Jo- nathan, his heirs and assigns, with all the trees, rocks, and rivers therein, reserving the sole lib- erty of hunting and fishing on land not planted or improved by the said Jonathan, his heirs and assigns, to which we have affixed our respective seals. " At the Great Cave, May 1st, 1767. "Signed, HAWNOPAWJATIN. OTOHTGNGOOMLISHEAW. " The original deed was never exhibited by the assignees of the heirs. By his EngUsh wife Car- ver had one child, a daughter Martha, who was cared for by Sir Kichard and Lady Pearson. In time she eloped and married a sailor. A mercan- tile firm in London, thinkrag that money could be made, induced the newly married couple, the day after the wedding, to convey the grant to them, with the understanding that they were to have a tenth of the profits. The merchants despatched an agent by the name of Clarke to go to the Dahkotahs, and ob- tain a new deed; but on his way he was murdered in the state of New York. In the year 1794, the heu-s of Carver's Ameri- can wife, in consideration of fifty thousand pounds sterling, conveyed their interest in the Carver grant to Edward Houghton of Termont. In the year 1806, Samuel Peters, who had been a tory and an Episcopal minister during the Eevolu- tionary war, alleges, in a petition to Congress, that he had also purchased of the heirs of Carver their rights to the grant. Before the Senate committee, the same year, he testified as follows: "In the year 1774, I arrived there (London), and met Captain Carver. In 1775, Carver had a hearing before the king, praying his majesty's approval of a deed of land dated May first, 1767, UNITED STATES BEJECT CABVEB'S CLAIM. 71 and sold and granted to him by the Naudowissies. The result was his ip.ajesty approved of the exer- tions and bravery of Captain Carver among the Indian nations, near the Falls of St. Anthony, in the Mississippi, gave to said Carver 1B711. 13s. 8d. sterling, and ordered a frigate to be prepared, and a transport ship to carry one hundred and fifty men, under command of Captain Carver, with four others as a committee, to sail the next June to New Orleans, and then to ascend the Missis- sippi, to take possession of said territory conveyed to Captain Carver ; but the battle of Bunker Hill prevented." In 1821, General Leavenworth, having made inquiries of the Dahkotahs, in relation to the alleged claim, addressed the following to the commissioner of the land office : " Sir: — Agreeably to your request, -I have the honour to inform you what I have understood from the Indians of the Sioux Nation, as well as some facts within my own knowledge, as to what is commonly termed Carver's Grant. The grant purports to be made by the chiefs of the Sioux of the Plains, and one of the chiefs uses the sign of a serpent, and the other of a turtle, purport- ing that their names are derived from those ani- mals. "The land lies on the east side of the Mississ- ippi. The Indians do not recognize or acknowl edge the grant to be valid, and they among others assign the following reasons: "1. The Sioux of the Plains never owned a foot of land on the east side of the Mississippi. The Sioux Nation is divided into two grand di- visions, viz: The Sioux of the Lake; or perhaps more literally Sioux of the River, and Sioux of the Plain. The former subsists by hunting and fishing, and usually move from place to place by water,. in canoes, during the summer season, and travel on the ice in the winter, when not on their hunting excursions. The latter subsist en- tirely by hunting, and have no canoes, nor do they know but little about the use of them. They reside in the large prairies west of the Mississippi, and follow the buffalo, upon which they entirely subsist; these are called Sioux of the Plain, and never owned land east of the Mississippi. " 2. The Indians say they have no knowledge of any such chiefs as those who have signed the grant to Carver, either amongst the Sioux of the River or the Sioux of the Plain. They say that if Captain Carver did ever obtain a deed or grant, it was signed by some foolish young men who were not cliief s and who were not author- ized to make a grant. Among the Sioux of the River there are no such names. "3. They say the Indians never received any- thing for the land, and they have no intention to part with it without a consideration. Prom my knowledge of the Indians, I am induced to think they would not make so considerable a grant, and have it to go into full effect without receiving a substantial consideration. '• 4. They have, and ever have had, the pos- session of the land, and intend to keep it. I know that they are very particular in making every person who wishes to cut timber on that tract obtain their permission to do so, and to ob- tain payment for it. In the month of May last, some Frenchmen brought a large raft of red cedar timber out of the Chippewa River, which timber was cut on the tract before mentioned. The In- dians at one of the villages on the Mississippi, where the principal chief resided, compelled the Frenchmen to land the raft, and would not per- mit them to pass until they had received pay for the timber, and the Frenchmen were compelled to leave their raft with the Indians until they went to Prairie du Chien, and obtained the nec- essary articles, and made the payment required." On the twenty-third of January, 1823, the Com- mittee of Public Lands made a report on the claim to the Senate, which, to every disinterested person, is entirely satisfactory. After statiug the facts of the petition, the report continues: " The Rev. Samuel Peters, in his petition, fur- ther states that Lefei, the present Emperor of the Sioux and Naudowessies, and Red Wing, a sachem, the heirs and successors of the two grand chiefs who signed the said deed to Captaia Car- ver, have given satisfactory and positive proof that they allowed their ancestors' deed to be gen- uine, good, and valid, and that Captain Carver's heirs and assigns are the owners of said territory, and may occupy it free of all molestation. The committee have examined and considered the claims thus exhibited by the petitioners, and remark that the original deed is not produced, nor any competent legal evidence offered of its execu- tion ; nor is there any proof that the persons, who 72 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. it is alleged made the deed, were the chiefs of said tribe, nor that (if chiefs) they had authority to grant and give away the land belonging to their tribe. The paper annexed to the petition, as a copy of said deed, has no subscribing witnesses ; and it would seem impossible, at this remote pe- riod, to ascertain the important fact, that the per- sons who signed the deed comprehended and understood the meaning and effect of their act. " The want of proof as to these facts, would interpose in the way of the claimants insuperable difficulties. But, in the opinion of the committee, the claim is not such as the United States are under any obligation to allow, even if the deed were proved in legal form. " The British government, before the time when the alleged deed bears date, had deemed it pru- dent and necessary for the preservation of peace with the Indian tribes under their sovereignty, protection and dominion, to prevent British sub- jects from purchasing lands from the Indians, and this rule of policy was made known and en- forced by the proclamation of the king of Great Britain, of seventh October, 1763, which contains an express prohibition. " Captain Carver, aware of the law, and know- ing that such a contract could not vest the legal title in him, appUed to the British government to ratify and confirm the Indian grant, and, though it was competent for that government then to confirm the grant, and vest the title of said land in him, yet, from some cause, that government did not think proper to do it. "The territory has since become the property of the United States, and an Indian grant not good against the British government, would ap- pear to be not binding unon the United States government. " What benefit the British government derived from the services of Captain Carver, by his trav- els and residence among the Indians, that gov- ernment alone could determine, and alone could judge what remuneration those services deserved. " One fact appears from the declaration of Mr. Peters, in his statement in writing, among the papers exhibited, namely, that the British gov- ernment did give Captain Carver the sum of one thousand three hundred and seventy-five pounds six shillings and eight pence sterling. To the United States, however. Captain Carver rendered no services which could be assumed as any equit- able ground for the support of the petitioners' claim. " The committee being of opinion that the United States are not bound in law and equity to confirm the said alleged Indian grant, recom- mend the adoption of the resolution: " ' Besolved, That the prayer of the petitioners ought not to be granted." ' Lord Palmerston stated in 1839, that no trace could be found in the records of the British office of state papers, showing any ratification of the Carver grant. EXFLOBATIONS BY LIEUTENANT Z. M, PIKE. 73 CHAPTEE XTI. EXPLORATION BY THE FIRST UNITED STATES ARMY OFFICER, LIEUTENANT Z. M. PIKE. Trading Posts at the beginning of Nineteenth Century.— Sandy Lake Port.— Leech Lake Fort.— William Morrison, before Schoolcraft at Itagca Lake. — Divi- sion of Northwest Territory. — Organization of Indiana, Michigan and Upper Louisiana. — Notices of Wood, Frazer, Fisher, Cameron, Faribault. — Early Traders. — Pike's Council at Mouth of Minnesota River.— Grant for Military Posts.— Encanipment at Falls of St. Anthony.— Block House near Swan River. — Vibit to Sandy and Leech Lakes. — British Flag Shot at and Lowered. — Thompson, Topo^apher of Northwest Company. — Fike at Dickson's Trading Post. — Returns to Mendota. — Fails to find Carver's Cave. — Conference with Little Crow. —Cameron sells Liquor to Indians. At the beginning of the present century, the region now known as Minnesota, contained no white men, except a few engaged in the fur trade. In the treaty effected by Hon. John Jay, Great Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from all posts and places within certain boundary lines, on or before the first of June, 1796, but all Brit- ish settlers and traders might remain for one year, and enjoy all their former privileges, with- out being obliged to be citizens of the United States of America. In the year 1800, the trading posts of Minnesota were chiefly held by the Northwest Company, and their chief traders resided at Sandy Lake, Leech Lake, and Fon du Lac, on St. Louis Kiver. In the year 1794, this company built a stockade one hundred feet square, on the southeast end of Sandy Lake. There were bastions pierced for small arms, in the southeast and in the northwest comer. The pickets which surrounded the post were thirteen feet high. On the north side there was a gate ten by nine feet ; on the west side, one six by five feet, and on the east side a third gate six by five feet. Travelers entering the main gate, saw on the left a one story building twenty feet square, the residence of the superintendent, and on the left of the east gate, a building twenty- five by fifteen, the quarters of the voyageuis. Entering the Western gate, on the left was a stone house, twenty by thirty feet, and a house twenty by forty feet, used as a store, and a workshop, and a residence for clerks. On the south shore of Leech Lake there was another establishment, a little larger. The stockade was one hundred and fifty feet square. The main building was sixty by twenty-five feet, and one and a half story In height, where resided the Director of the fur trade of the Fond du Lac department of the iff orth- west Company. In the centre was a small store, twelve and a half feet square, and near the main gate was flagstaff fifty feet in height, from which used to float the flag of Great Britain. William Morrison was, in 1802, the trader at Leech Lake, and in 1804 he was at Elk Lake, the source of the Mississippi, thirty-two years after- wards named by Schoolcraft, Lake Itasca. The entire force of the Northwest Company, west of Lake Superior, in 1805, consisted of three accountants, nineteen clerks, two interpreters, eighty-five canoe men, and with them were twenty-nine Indian or half-breed women, and about fifty children. On the seventh of May, 1800, the Northwest Territory, which included all of the western coiintry east of the Mississippi, was divided. The portion not designated as Ohio, was organ- ized as the Territory of Indiana. On the twentieth of December, 1803, the province of Louisiana, of which that portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi was a part, was ofiicially delivered up by the French, who had just obtained it frotn the Spaniards, accord- ing to treaty stipulations. To the transfer of Louisiana by France, after twenty days' possession, Spain at first objected ; but in 1804 withdrew all opposition. President Jefferson now deemed it an object of paramount importance for the United States to explore the country so recently acquired, and make the acquaintance of the tribes residing therein ; and steps were taken for an expedition to the upper Mississippi. Early in March, 1804, Captain Stoddard, of the United States army, arrived at St. Louis, the agent of the French Eepublic, to receive from 74 EXPLOJREBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. the Spanish authorities the possession of the country, which he immediately transferred to the United States. As the old settlers, on the tenth of March, saw the ancient flag of Spain displaced by that of the United States, the tears coursed down their cheeks. On the twentieth of the same month, the terri- tory of Upper Louisiana was constituted, com- prising the present states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and a large portion of Minnesota. On the eleventh of January, 1805, the tarri- tory of Michigan was organized. The first American oflBcer who visited Minne- sota, on business of a public nature, was one who was an ornament to his profession, and in energy and endurance a true representative of the citi- zens of the United States. We refer to the gallant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a native of New Jersey, who afterwards feU in battle at York, Upper Canada, and whose loss was justly mourned by the whole nation. When a young lieutenant, he was ordered by General Wilkinson to visit the region now known as Minnesota, and expel the British traders who were found violating the laws of the United States, and form alliances with the fndians. With only a few common soldiers, he was obliged to do the work of several men. At times he would precede his party for miles to reconnoitre, and then he would do the duty of hunter. During the day he would perform the part of surveyor, geologist, and astronomer, and at night, though hungry and fatigued, his lofty enthu- siasm kept him awake until he copied the notes, and plotted the courses of the day. On the 4th day of September, 1805, Pike ar- rived at Prairie du Chien, from St. Louis, and was politely treated by three traders, all born un- der the flag of the United States. One was named Wood, another Frazer, a native of Vermont, who, when a young man became a clerk of one Blakely, of Montreal, and thus became a fur trader. The third was Henry Fisher, a captain of the Militia, and Justice of the Peace, whose wife was a daughter of Goutier de Verville. Fisher was said to have been a nephew of Pres- dent Monroe, and later in life traded at the sources of the Minnesota. One of his daughters was the mother of Joseph Kolette, Jr., a mem- ber of the early Minnesota Legislative assem- bUes. On the eighth of the month Lieutenant Pike left Prairie du Chien, in two batteaux, vnth Sergeant Henry Kennerman, Corporals William E. Mack and Samuel Bradley, and ten privates. At La Crosse, Frazer, of Prairie du Chien, overtook him, and at Sandy point of Lake Pepin he found a trader, a Scotchman by the name of Murdoch Cameron, with his son, and a young man named John Eudsdell. On the twonty- flrst he breakfasted with the Kaposia band of Sioux, who then dwelt at the marsh below Day- ton's Bluff, a few miles below St. Paul. The same day he passed three miles from Mendota the encampment of J. B. Faribault, a trader and native of Lower Canada, then about thirty years of age, in which vicinity he continued for more than fifty years. He married Pelagic the daugh- ter of Francis Kinnie by an Indian woman, and his eldest son, Alexander, bom soon after Pike's visit, was the founder of the tovm of Faribault. Arriving at the confluence of the Minnesota and the Mississippi Elvers, Pike and his soldiers encamped on the Northeast point of the island which still bears his name. The next day was Sunday, and he visited Cameron, at his trading post on the Minnesota Kiver, a short .distance above Mendota. On Monday, the 23d of September, at noon, he held a Council with the Sioux, under a cover- ing made by suspending sails, and gave an ad- mirable talk, a portion of which was as foUows : i " Brothers, I am happy to meet you here, at this council fire which your father has sent me to kindle, and to take you by the hands, as our chil- dren. We having but lately acquired from the Spanish, the extensive territory of Louisiana, our general has thought proper to send out a number of his warriors to visit all his red children ; to tell them his will, and to hear what request they may have to make of their father. I am happy the choice fell on me to come this road, as I find my brothers, the Sioux, ready to listen to my words. " Brothers, it is the wish of our government to establish military posts on the Upper Mississippi, at such places as might be thought expedient. I have, therefore, examined the country, and have pitched on the mouth of the river St. Croix, this GRANT OF LAND FBOM THE SIOUX. 75 place, and the Palls of St. Anthony ; I therefore wish you to grant to the United States, nine miles square, at St. Croix, and at this place, from a league below the confluence of the St. Peter's and Mississippi, to a league above St. Anthony, extending three leagues on each side of the river ; and as we are a people who are accustomed to have all our acts written down, in order to have them handed to our children, I have drawn up a form of an agreement, which we will both sign, in the presence of the traders now present. After we know the terms, we will fill it up, and have it read and interpreted to you. " Brothers, those posts are intended as a bene- fit to you. The old chiefs now present mwst see that their situation improves by a communication with the whites. It is the intention of the United States to establish at those posts factories, in which the Indians may procure all their things at a cheaper and better rate than they do now, or than your traders can afford to sell them to you, as they aie single men, who come from far in small boats; but your fathers are many and strong, and will come with a strong arm, in large boats. There will also be chiefs here, who can attend to the wants of their brothers, without their sending or going all the way to St. Louis, and will see the traders that go up your rivers, and know that they are good men. * * * * "Brothers, I now present you with some of your father's tobacco, and some other trifling things, as a memorandum of my good will, and before my departure I will give you some liquor to clear your throats." The traders, Cameron and Prazer, sat with Pike. His interproter was Pierre Eosseau. Among the Chiefs present were Le Petit Cor- beau {Little Crow), and Way-ago Enagee, and L'Orignal Leve or Eising Moose. It was with difficulty that the chiefs signed the following agreement; not that they objected to the lan- guage, but because they thought their word should be taken, without any mark ; but Pike overcame their objection, by saying that he wished them to sign it on his accoimt. " Whereas, at a conference held between the United States of America and the Sioux nar tion of Indians, Lieutenant Z. M. PUse, of the army of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of said tribe, have agreed to the follow- ing articles, which, when ratified and approved of by the proper authority, shall be binding on both parties : Aet. 1. That the Sioux nation grant unto the United States, for the purpose of establishment of military posts, nine miles square, at the mouth of the St. Croix, also from below the confiuence of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, up the Missis- sippi to include the Falls of St. Anthony, extend- ing nine miles on each side of the river ; that the Sioux Nation grants to the United States the full sovereignty and power over said district forever. Aet. 2. That in consideration of the above grants, the United States shall pay [filled up by the Senate with 2,000 dollars]. Aet. 3. The United States promise, on their part, to permit the Sioux to pass and repass, hunt, or make other use of the said districts, as they have formerly done, without any other exception than those specified in article first. In testimony whereof, we, the undersigned, have hereunto set our hands and seals, at the mouth of the river St. Peter's, on the 23d day of September, 1805. Z. M. PIKE, [L. S.] 1st Lieutenant and agent at the above conference. his LE PETIT COEBEAU, XI [L. S.] mark his WAY-AGO ENAGEE, X [L. S.] mark " The following entries from Pike's Journal, des- criptive of the region around the city of Minne- apolis, seventy-five years ago, are worthy of pres- ervation: "Sept. 26th, Tliursday. — Embarked at the usual hour, and after much labor in passing through the rapids, arrived at the foot of the Ealls about three or four o'clock ; unloaded my boat, and had the principal part of her cargo carried over the portage. With the other boat, however, full loaded, they were not able to get over the last shoot, and encamped about six yards below. I pitched my tent and encamped above the shoot. The rapids mentioned in this day's march, might properly be called a continuation of the Palls of St. Anthony, for they are equally entitled to this appellation, with the Falls of the Delaware and 76 BXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Susquehanna. Killed one deer. Distance nine miles. Sept. 27tli, Friday. Brought over the residue of my loading this morning. Two men arrived from Mr. Prazer, on St. Peters, for my dispatches. This business, closing and sealing, appeared Uke a last adieu to the civiUzed world. Sent a large packet to the General, and a letter to Mrs. Pike, with a short note to Mr. Frazer. Two young Indians brought my flag across by land, who ar- rived yesterday, just as we came in sight of the Fall. I made them a present for their punctual- ity and expedition, and the danger they were ex- posed to from the journey. Carried our boats out of the river, as far as the bottom of the hill. Sept. 28th , Saturday. — Brought my barge over, and put her in the river above the Palls. While we were engaged with her three-fourths miles from camp, seven Indians painted black, appeared on the heights. We had left our guns at the camp and were entirely defenceless. It occurred tome that they were the small party of Sioux who were obstinate, and would go to war, when the other part of the bands came in; these they proved to be ; they were better armed than any I had ever seen ; having guns, bows, arrows, clubs, spears, and some of them even a case of pistols. I was at that time giving my men a dram ; and giving the cup of liquor to the first, he drank it off ; but I was more cautious with the remainder. I sent my interpreter to camp with them, to wait my coming ; wishing to purchase one of their war clubs, it being made of elk horn, and decorated with inlaid work. This and a set of bows and arrows I wished to get as a curiosity. But the liquor I had given him began to operate, he came back for me, but refusing to go till I brought my boat, he returned, and (I suppose being offended) borrowed a canoe and crossed the river. In the afternoon got the other boat near the top of the hill, when the props gave way, and she slid all the way down to the bottom, but fortunately without injuring any person. It raining very hard, we left her. Killed one goose and a racoon. Sept. 29th, Sunday.— I killed a remarkably large racoon. Got our large boat over the port- age, and put her in the river, at the upper land- ing ; this night the men gave suflftcient proof of their fatigue, by all throwing themselves down to sleep, preferring rest to supper. This day I had but fifteen men out of twenty-two ; the others were sick. This voyage could have been per- formed with great convenience, if we had taken our departure in June. But the proper time would be to leave the Illinois as soon as the ice would permit, when the river would be of a good height. Sept. 30th, Monday.— lioaded my boat, moved over and encamped on the Island. The large boats loading likewise, we went over and put on board. In the mean time, I took a survey of the Palls, Portage, etc. If it be possible to pass the Palls in high water, of which I am doubtful, it must be on the East side, about thirty yards from shore ; as there are three layers of rocks, one be- low the other. The pitch off of either, is not more than five feet ; but of this I can say more on my return. On the tenth of October, the expedition reached some 'arge island below Sauk Bapids, where in 1797, Porlier and Joseph BenvUIe had wintered. Six days after this, he reached the Rapids in Morrison county, which stUl bears his name, and he writes : ' 'When we arose in the momuig, found that snow had fallen during the night, the ground was covered and it continued to snow. This, indeed, was but poor encoiu-age- ment for attacking the Rapids, in which we were certain to wade to our necks. I was determined, however, if possible to make la riviere de Cor- beau, [Crow Wing River], the highest point was made by traders in their bark canoes. We em- barked, and after four hours work, became so bemunbedwith cold that our limbs were perfectly useless. We put to shore on the opposite side of the river, about two-thirds of the way up the rapids. Built a large fire ; and then discovered that our boats were nearly half full of water; both having sprung large leaks so as to oblige me to keep three hands bailing. My sergeant {Ken- nermah) one of the stoutest men I ever knew, broke a blood-vessel and vomited nearly two quarts of blood. One of my corporals (Bradley) also evacuated nearly a pint of blood, when he attempted to void his urine. These imhappy circumstances, in addition to the inability of four other men whom we were obliged to leave on shore, convinced me, that if I had no regard for my own health and constitution, I should have some for those poor fellows, who were Mil- PIKE'S BLOCK HOUSE NEAR SWAN RIVEB. 77 ing themselves to obey my orders. After we had breakfast and refreshed ourselves, we went down tq our boats on the rocks, where I was obliged to leave them. I then informed my men that we would return to the camp and there leave some of the party and our large boats. This informa- tion was pleasing, and the attempt to reach the camp soon accomplished. My reasons for this step have partly been already stated. The nec- essity of unloading and refitting my boats, the beauty and convenience of the spot for building huts, the fine pine trees for peroques, and the quantity of game, were additional inducements. We immediately unloaded our boats and secured their cargoes. In the evening I went out upon a small, but beautiful creek, which emptied into the Falls, for the purpose of selecting pine trees to make canoes. Saw five deer, and killed one buck weighing one hundred and thirty-seven pounds. By my leaving men at this place, and from the great quantities of game in its vicinity, I was ensured plenty of provision for my return voyage. In the party left behind was one hunter, to be continually employed, who would keep our stock of salt provisions good. Distance two hundred and thirty-three and a half miles above the Falls of St. Anthony. Having left his large boats and some soldiers at this point, he proceeded to the vicinity of Swan Biver where he erected a block house, and on the thirty-first of October he writes: "En- closed my Uttle work completely with pickets. Hauled up my two boats and turned them over on each side of the gateways ; by which means a defence was made to the river, and had it not been for various political reasons, I would have laughed at the attack of eight hundred or a thousand savages, if all my party were within. For* except accidents, it would only have afford- ed amusement, the Indians having no idea of taking a place by storm. Found myself power- fully attacked with the fantastics of the brain, called ennui, at the mention of which I had hitherto scoffed ; but my books being packed up, i was like a person entranced, and could easily conceive why so many persons who have been confined to remote places, acquire the habit of drinking to excess, and many other vicious prac- tices, which have been adopted merely to pass time. Diu±ag the next month he hunted the buffalo which were then in that vicinity. On the third of December he received a visit from Robert Dickson, afterwards noted in the history of the country, who was then trading about sixty miles below, on the Mississippi. On the tenth of December with some sleds he continued his journey northward, and on the last day of the year passed Pine River. On the third of January, 1806, he reached the trading post at Bed Cedar, now Cass Lake, and was quite indig- nant at finduig the British flag floating from the staff. The night after this his tent caught on flre, and he lost some valuable and necessary clothing. On the evenlag of the eighth he reach- ed Sandy Lake and was hospitably received by Grant, the trader in charge. He writes . " Jan. 9th, Thursday. — Marched the corporal early, in order that our men should receive assurance of our safety and success. He carried with him a small keg of spirits, a present from Mr. Grant. The establishment of this place was formed twelve years since, by the North-west Company, and was formerly under the charge of a Mr. Charles Brusky. It has attaiaed at present such regularity, as to permit the superintendent to live tolerably comfortable. They have horses they procured from Bed River, of the Indians ; raise plenty of Irish potatoes, catch pike, suckers, pickerel, and white flsh in abundance. They have also beaver, deer, and moose ; but the pro- vision they chiefly depend upon is wild oats, of which they purchase great quantities from the savages, giving at the rate of about one dollar and a half per bushel. But flour, pork, and salt, are almost interdicted to persons not principals in the trade. Flour seUs at half a dollar ; salt a dollar ; pork eighty cents ; sugar half a dollar ; and tea four dollars and fifty cents per pound. The sugar is obtained from the Indians, and is made from the maple tree." He remained at Sandy Lake ten days, and on the last day two men of the Northwest Company arrived with letters from Fon du Lac Superior, one of which was from Athapuscow, and had been since May on the route. On the twentieth of January began his journey to Leech Lake, which he reached on the first of February, and was hospitably received by Hugh 78 EXPLOBEBS ANB PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. McGillis, the head of the Northwest Company at this post. A Mr. Anderson, in the employ of Robert Dickson, was residing at the west end of the lake. While here he hoisted the American flag in the fort. The English yacht still flying at the top of the flagstaJBE, he directed the Indians and his sol- diers to shoot at it. They soon broke tjie iron pin to which it was fastened, and it fell to the ground. He was informed by a venerable old Ojibway chief, called Sweet, that the Sioux dwelt there when he was a youth. On the tenth of Februaxy, at ten o'clock, he left Leech Lake with Corporal Bradley, the trader McGiiys and two of his men, and at sunset arrived at Red Cedar, now Cass Lake. At this place, in i798, Thompson, employed by the Northwest Company for three years, in topographical surveys, made some ob- servations. He believed that a line from the Lake of the "Woods would touch the sources of the Mississippi. Pike, at this point, was very kindly treated by a Canadian named Roy, and his Ojibway squaw. On his return home, he reached Clear River on the seventh of April, where he found Ms canoe and men, and at night was at Grand Rapids, Dickson's trading post. He talked until four o'clock the next morning with this person and another trader named Porlier. He forbade while there, the traders Greignor [Grig- non] and La Jennesse, to sell any more liquor to Indians, who had become very drunken and un- ruly. On the tenth he again reached the Palls of Sauit Anthony. He writes in his journal as follows : April 11th, Friday. — Although it snowed very hard we brought over both boats, and descended the river to the island at the entrance of the St. Peter's. I sent to the chiefs and informed them I had something to communicate to them. The Pils de Pincho immediately waited on me, and informed me that he would provide a place for the purpose. About sundown I was sent for and introduced into the council-house, where I found a great many chiefs of the Sussitongs, Gens de Feuilles, and the Gens du Lac. The Yanctongs had not yet come down. They were all awaiting for my arrival. There were about one hundred lodges, or six hundred people; we were saluted on our crossing the river with ball as usual. The council-house was two large lodges, capable of containing three hundred men. In the upper were forty chiefs, and as many pipes set against the poles, alongside of which I had the Santeur's pipes arranged. I then informed them in short detail, of my transactions with the Santeurs; but my interpreters were not capable of making them- selves understood. I was therefore obliged to omit mentioning every particular relative to the rascal who fired on my sentinel, and of the scoun- drel who broke the Pols Avoins' canoes, and threatened my life; the interpreters, however, in- formed them that I wanted some of their princi- pal chiefs to go to St. Louis; and that those who thought proper might descend to the prairie, where we would give them more explicit infor- mation. They all smoked out of the Santeur's pipe, excepting three, who were painted black, and were some of those who lost their relations last winter. I invited the Pils de Pinchow, and the son of the Killeur Rouge, to come over and sup with me; when Mr. Dickson and myself en- deavored to explain what I Intended to have said to them, could I have made myself understood; that at the prairie we would have all things ex- plained; that I was desirous of making a better report of them than Captain Lewis could do from their treatment of him. The former of those savages was the person who remained around my post all last winter, and treated my men so weU; they endeavored to excuse their people. "Apkil 12th, Saturday. — Embarked early. Al- though my interpreter had been frequently up the river, he could not tell me where the cave (spoken of by Carver) could be found ; we carefully sought for it, but in vain. At the Indian village, a few miles below St. Peter's, we were about to pass a few lodges, but on receiving a very partic- ular invitation to come on shore, we landed, and were received in a lodge kindly; they presented us sugar. I gave the proprietor a dram, and was. about to depart when he demanded a kettle of liquor; on being refused, and after I had left the shore, he told me he did not like the arrange- ments, and that he would go to war this summer. I directed the interpreter to tell him that if I returned to St. Peter's with the troops, I would settle that affair vrith him. On our arrival at the St. Croix, I found the Pettit Corbeau with his people, and Messrs. Prazer and Wood. We had a conference, when the Pettit Corbeau made CAMERON SELLS LIQUOB TO INDIANS. 79 many apologies for the misconduct of liis people; lie represented to. us the different manners in which the young warriors had been inducing him to go to war; that he had been much blamed for dismissing his party last fall; but that he was de- termined to adhere as far as lay in his power to our instructions; that he thought it most prudent to remain here and restrain the warriors. He then presented me with a beaver robe and pipe, and his message to the general. That he was determined to preserve peace, and make the road clear; also a remembrance of his promised medal. I made a reply, calculated to confirm him in his good intentions, and assured him that he should not be the less remembered by his father, although not present. I was informed that, notwithstand- ing the instruction of his license, and my par- ticular request, Murdoch Cameron had taken liquor and sold it to the Indians on the river St. Peter's, and that his partner below had been equally imprudent. I pledged myself to prose- cute them according to law; for they have been the occasion of great confusion, and of much injury to the other traders. This day met a canoe of Mr. Dickson's loaded with provisions, under the charge of Mr. Anderson, brother of the Mr. Anderson at Leech Lake. He politely offered me any provision he had on board (for which Mr. Dickson had given me an order), but not now being in want, I did not accept of any. This day, for the first time, I observed the trees beginning to bud, and indeed the climate seemed to have changed very materially since we passed the Falls of St. Anthony." The strife of political parties growing out of the Trench Kevolution, and the declaration of war against Great Britain in the year 1812, post- poned the military occupation of the Upper Mississippi by the United States of America, for several years. 80 HXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XTTT. THE TAILBT OF THE TTPPEB MISSISSIPPI DUEIKG SBCOSTD TVAR TVITH GREAT BRITAIN. Dickson and other traders hostllo — Aihorlcnn stockade at Prairie du CliiGn — Port Slielby syirrenders to Lt. Coi. Wililam McKay— Loyai traders Provenoailo and FariViauit — Rising Moose or One-eyed Sioux — Capt. Bulgor evacuates Fort McKay — Inteliigence of Peace. Notwithstanding the professions of friendship made to Pike, in the second war witfi. Great Brit- aia, Dickson and others were found bearing arms against the Republic. A year after Pike left Prairie du Chien, it was evident, that under some secret Influence, the Indian tribes were combimng against the United States. In the year 1809, Nicholas Jarrot declared that the British traders were furnishing the sav- ages with guns for hostile purposes. On the first of May, 1812, two Indians were apprehended at Chicago, who were on their way to meet Dickson at Green Bay. They had taken the precaution to hide letters in their moccasins, and bury them in the ground, and were allowed to proceed after a brief detention. Prazer, of Prairie du Chien, who had been with Pike at the Council at the mouth of the Minnesota River, was at the port- age of the Wisconsin when the Indians delivered these letters, which stated that the British flag would soon be flying again at Mackinaw. At Green Bay, the celebrated warrior. Black Hawk, was placed in charge of the Indians who were to aid the British. The American troops at Macki- naw were obliged, on the seventeenth of July, 1812, to capitulate without firing a single gun. One who was made prisoner, writes from Detroit to the Secretary of War : " The persons who commanded the Indians are Robert Dickson, Indian trader, and John Askin, Jr., Indian agent, and his son. The latter two were painted and dressed after the manner of the Indians. Those who commanded the Canadians are John Johnson, Crawford, Pothier, Armitinger, La Croix, Rolette, Pranks, Living- ston, and other traders, some of whom were lately concerned in smuggling British goods Into the Indian country, and, in conjimction with others, have been using their utmost efforts, several months before the declaration of war, to excite the Indians to take up arms. The least resist- ance from the fort would have been attended with the destruction of all the persons who fell into the hands of the British, as I have been as- sured by some of the British traders," On the first of May, 1814, Governor Clark, with two hundred men, left St. Louis, to build a fort at the junction of the Wisconsin and Missis- sippi. Twenty days before he arrived at Prairie du Chien, Dickson had started for Mackinaw with a band of Dahkotahs and Winnebagoes. The place was left in command of Captain Deace and the Mackinaw Pencibles. The Dahkotahs refusing to co-operate, when the Americans made their appearance they fled. The Americans took possession of the old Mackinaw house, in which they found nine or ten trunks of papers belong- ing to Dickson. Prom one they took the follow- ing extract : "'Arrived, from below, a few Winnebagoes with scalps. Gave them tobacco, six pounds powder and sis pounds ball.' " A fort was immediately commenced on the site of the old residence of the late H. L. Dous- man, which was composed of two block-houses in the angles, and another on the bank of the river, with a subterranean communication. In honor of the governor of Kentucky it was named " Shelby." The fort was in charge of Lieutenant Perkins, and sixty rank and file, and two gunboats, each of which carried a six-pounder; and several howitzers were commanded by Captains Yeiser, Sullivan, and Aid-de-camp Kennedy. The traders at Mackinaw, learning that the Americans had built a fort at the Prairie, and knowing that as long as they held possession they would be cut ofE from the trade with the LOYALTY OF FABIBAULT AND THE ONE-EYED SIOUX. 81 Dahkotahs, immediately raised an expedition to capture the garrison. The captain was an old trader by the name of McKay, and under him was a sergeant of ar- tillery, with a brass six-pounder, and three or four volunteer companies of Canadian voyageurs, officered by Captains Griguon, Eolette and An- derson, with Lieutenants Biisbois and Duncan Graham, all dressed in red coats, with a number of Indians. The Americans had scarcely completed their rude fortification, before the British force, guid- ed by Joseph Rolette, Sr., descended in canoes to a point on the Wisconsin, several miles from the Prairie, to which they marched in battle array. McKay sent a flag to the Fort demanding a surrender. Lieutenant Perkins replied that he would defend it to the last. A fierce encounter took place, in which the Americans were worsted. The ofificer was wounded, several men were kiUed and one of their boats captured, so that it became necessary to retreat to St. Louis. Port Shelby after its capture, was called Port McKay. Among the traders a few remained loyal, es- pecially Provencalle and J. B. Paribault, traders among the Sioux. Paribault was a prisoner among the British at the time Lieut. Col. Wm. McKay was preparing to attack Port Shelby, and he refused to perform any service, Paribault's wife, who was at Prairie du Chien, not knowing that her husband was a prisoner in the hands of the advancing foe, fled with others to the Sioux village, where is now the city of "Winona. Pari- bault was at length released on parole and re- turned to his trading post. Pike writes of his flag, that " being in doubt whether it had been stolen by the Indians, or had fallen overboard and floated away, I sent for my friend the Orignal Leve." He also caUs the Chief, Eising Moose, and gives his Sioux name Tahamie. He was one of those, who in 1805, signed the agreement, to surrender land at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi Elvers to the United States. He had but one eye, having lost the other when a boy, belonged to the Wapasha band of the Sioux, and proved tnie to the flag which had waved on the day he sat in council with Pike. In the fall of 1814, with another of the same nation, he ascended the Missouri under the pro- tection of the distinguished trader. Manual Lisa, as far as the Au Jacques or James Elver, and from thence struck across the country, enlisting the Sioux in favour of the United States, and at length arrived at Prairie du Chien. On his arri- val, Dickson accosted him, and inquired from whence he came, and what was his business ; at the same time rudely snatching his bundle from his shoulder, and searching for letters, The " one-eyed warrior " told him that he was from St, Louis, and that he had promised the white chiefs there that he would go to Prairie du Chien, and that he had kept his promise Dickson then placed him in confinement in Port McKay, as the garrison was called by the British, and ordered him to ^vulge what iafor- mation he possessed, or he would put him to death. But the faithful fellow said he would impart nothing, and that he was ready for death if he wished to kill him. Pinding that confine- ment had no effect, Dickson at last liberated him. He then left, and visited the bands of Sioux on the Upper Mississippi, with which he passed the winter. When he returned in the spring, Dick- son had gone to Mackinaw, and Capt. A. Bulger, of the Eoyal New Poundland Eegiment, was in command of the fort. On the twenty-third of May, 1815, Capt. Bul- ger, wrote from Port McKay to Gov. Clark at St. Louis: "Ofiicial intelligence of peace reached me yesterday. I propose evacuating the fort, taking with me the guns captured in the fort. * * * * I have not the smallest hesitation in declaring my decided opinion, that the presence of a detachment of British and United States troops at the same time, would be the means of embroiling one party or the other in a fresh rup- ture with the Indians, which I presume it is the wish of both governments to avoid." The next month the " One-Eyed Sioux," with three other Indians and a squaw, visited St. Louis, and he informed Gov. Clark, that the British conumander left the cannons in the fort when he evacuated, but in a day or two came back, took the cannons, and fired the fort with the American flag flying, but that he rushed in and saved it from being burned. Prom this time, the British flag ceased to float in the Valley of the MissiS' sippi. 82 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XIV. LOKG'S expedition, a. D. i817, IIT a six-oared skiff, to the falls of saint ANTHONY. Carver a Grandsons.— Roque, Sioux Interpreter.— Wapashaw'B Village and Its Vicinity.— A Sacred Dance. — Indian Village Below Dayton's BluiT.— Carver'a Cave. — Fountain Cave. — Falls of St. Anthony Described.— Site or a Port. Major Stephen H. Long, of the Engineer Corps of the United States Army, learning that there was little or no danger to be apprehended from the Indians, determined to ascend to the Falls of Saint Anthony, in a six-oared skiff presented to him by Governor Clark, of Saint Louis. His party consisted of a Mr. Hempstead, a native of New London, Connecticut, who had been living at Prairie du Chi en, seven soldiers, and a half- breed interpreter, named Eoque. A bark canoe accompanied them, containing Messrs. Gun and King, grandsons of the celebrated traveler, Jona- than Carver. On the ninth ot July, 1817, the expedition left Prairie du Chien, and on the twelfth arrived at " Trempe a I'eau." He writes : " When we stopped for breakfast, Mr. Hemp- stead and myself ascended a high peak to take a view of the country. It is known by the name of the Kettle Hill, having obtained this appella- tion from the circumstance of its having numer- ous piles of stone on its top, most of them fragments of the rocky stratifications which constitute the principal part of the hill, but some of them small piles made by the Indians. These at a distance have some similitude of kettles arranged along upon the ridge and sides of the hill. From this, or almost any other eminence in its neighborhood, the beauty iind grandeur of the prospect would baffle the skill of the most inge- nious pencil to depict, and that of the most ac- complished pen to describe. Hills marshaled into a variety of agreeable shapes, some of them towering into lofty peaks, while others present broad summits embellished with contours and slopes ia the most pleasing manner ; champaigns and waving valleys; forests, lawns, and parks alternating with each other; the humble Missis- sippi meandering far below, and occasionally losing itself in niunberless islands, give variety and beauty to the picture, whUe rugged cliffs and stupendous precipices here and there present themselves as if to add boldness and majesty to the scene. In the midst of this beautiful scenery is situated a village of the Sioux Indians, on an extensive lawn called the Aux Aisle Prairie ; at which we lay by for a short time. On our arrival the Indians hoisted two American flags, and we returned the compliment by discharging our blunderbuss and pistols. They then fired several guns ahead of us by way of a salute, after which we landed and were received with much friend- ship. The name of their chief is Wauppaushaw, or the Leaf, commonly called by a name of the same import in French, La Feuille, or La Pye, as it is pronounced in English. He is considered one of the most honest and honorable of any of the Indians, and endeavors to inculcate into the minds of his people the sentiments and principles adopted by himself. He was not at home at the time I called, and I had no opportunity of seeing him. The Indians, as I suppose, with the ex- pectation that I had something to communicate to them, assembled themselves at the place where I landed and seated themselves upon the grass. I inquired if their chief was at home, and was answered in the negative. I then told them I should be very glad to see him, but as he was absent I would call on him again in a few days when I should return. I further told them that our father, the new President, wished to ob- tain some more information relative to his red children, and that I was on a tour to acquire any intelligence he might stand in need of. With this they appeared well Satisfied, and permitted Mr. Hempstead and myself to go through their village. While I was in the wigwam, one of the subordinate chiefs, whose name was Wazzecoota, or Shooter from the Pine Tree, volimteered to INITIATION OF A WABBIOR BY A SACBED DANCE. 83 accompany me up the river. I accepted of his services, and he was ready to attend me on the tour in a very short time. When we hove in sight the Indians were engaged in a ceremony called the Bear Dance; a ceremony which they are in the habit of performing when any young man is desirous of bringing himself into particu- lar notice, and is considered a kind of initiation into the state of manhood. I went on to the ground where they had their performances, which were ended sooner than usual on account of our arrival. There was a kind of flag made of fawn skin dressed with the hair on, suspended on a pole. Upon the flesh side of it were drawn certain rude figures indicative of the dream which it is necessary the young man should have dreamed, before he can be considered a proper candidate for this kind of initiation ; with this a pipe was suspended by way of sacrifice. Two arrows were stuck up at the foot of the pole, and fragments of painted feathers, etc., were strewed about the ground near to it. These per- tained to the religious rites attending the cere- mony, which consists in bewailing and self -mor- tification, that the Good Spirit may be induced to pity them and succor their imdertaking. "At the distance of two or three hundred yards from the flag, is an excavation which they call the bear's hole, prepared for the occasion. It is about two feet deep, and has two ditches, about one foot deep, leading across it at right an- gles. The young hero of the farce places himself in this hole, to be hunted by the rest of the young men, all Of whom on this occasion are dressed in their best attire and painted in their neatest style. The hunters approach the hole in the direction of one of the ditches, and discharge their guns, which were previously loaded for the purpose with blank cartridges, at the one who acts the part of the bear; whereupon he leaps from his den, having a hoop in each hand, and a wooden lance ; the hoops serving as forefeet to aid him in characterizing his part, and his lance to defend him from his assailants. Thus accoutred he dances round the place, exhibiting various feats of activity, while the other Indians pursue him and endeavor to trap him as he attempts to re- turn to his den, to effect which he is privileged to use any violence he pleases with impunity against his assailants, and even to taking the life of any of them. " This part of the ceremony is performed three times, that the bear may escape from his den and return to it again through three of the ave- nues communicating with it. On being hunted from the fourth or last avenue, the bear must make his escape through all Mb pursuers, if pos- sible, and flee to the woods, whei: he i.; t j remain through the day. This, however, is seldom or never accomplished, as all the young men exert themselves to the utmost in order to trap him. When caught, he must retire to a lodge erected for his reception in the field, where he is to be se- cluded from all society through the day, except one of his particular friends whom he is allowed to take with him as an attendant. Here he smokes and performs various other lites which superstition has led the Indians to believe are sa- cred. After this ceremon; is ended, the young Indian is considered qualified to act any part as an efficient member of their community. The Indian who has the good fortune to catch the bear and overcome him when endeavoring to make his escape to the woods, is considered a candidate for preferment, and is on the first suit- able occasion appointed the leader of a small war party, in order that he may further have an op- portunity to test his prowess and perform more essential service in behalf of his nation. It is accordingly expected that- he will kiU some of their enemies and return with their scalps. I re- gretted very much that I had missed the oppor- tunity of witnessing this ceremony, which is never performed except when prompted by the particular dreams of one or other of the young men, who is never compUmented twice in the same manner on account of his dreams." On the sixteenth he approached the vicinity of where is now the capital of Minnesota, and writes : " Set sail at half past four this morning with a favorable breeze. Passed an Indian bury- ing ground on our left, the first that I have seen surrounded by a fence. In the centre a pole is erected, at the foot of which religious rites are performed at the burial of ah Indian, by the particular friends and relatives of the deceased. Upon the pole a flag is suspended when any per- son of extraordinary merit, or one who is very much beloved, is buried. In the enclosure were B4 EXPLOBEBS AND PI0NEEB8 OF MINNESOIA. two scaffolds erected also, about six feet high and six feet square. Upon one of them were two coffins containing dead bodies. Passed a Sioux village on our right containing fourteen cabins. The name of the chief is the Petit Corbeau, or Little Eaven. The Indians were all absent on a hunting party up the Eiver St. Croix, which is but a little distance across the country from the village. Of this we were very glad, as this band are said to be the most notorious beggars of aU the Sioux on the Mississippi. One of their cabins is furnished with loop holes, and is sit- uated so near the water that the opposite side of the river is within musket-shot range from the building. By this means the Petit Corbeau is enabled to exercise a command over the pass- age of the river and has in some instances com- pelled traders to land with their goods, and in- duced them, probably through fear of offending him, to bestow presents to a considerable amount, before he would suffer them to pass. The cabins are a kind of stockade buildings, and of a better appearance than any Indian dweUings I have before met with. "Two miles above the village, on the same side of the river, is Carver's Cave, at which we stopped to breakfast. However interesting it may have been, it does not possess that character in a very high degree at present. We descend- ed it with Ughted candles to its lower extremity. The entrance is very low and about eight feet broad, so that a man in order to enter it must be completely prostrate. The angle of descent within the cave is about 25 deg. The flooring is an inclined plane of quicksand, formed of the rock in which the cavern is formed. The dist- ance from its entrance to its inner extremity is twenty-four paces, and the width in the broadest part about nine, and its greatest height about seven feet. In shape it resembles a bakers 's oven. The cavern was once probably much more ex- tensive. My interpreter informed me that, since his remembrance, the entrance was not less than ten feet high and its length far greater than at present. The rock in which it is formed is a very white sandstone, so friable that the frag- ments of it will almost crumble to sand when taken into the hand. A few yards below the mouth of the cavern is a very copious spring of fine water issuing from the bottom of the cliff. " Pive miles above this is the Poimtain Cave, on the same side of the river, formed in the same kind of sandstone but of a more pure and fine quality. It is far more curious and interesting than the former. The entrance of the cave is a large winding hall about one hundred and fifty feet in length, fifteen feet in width, and from eight to sixteen feet in height, finely arched overhead, and nearly perpendicular. Next suc- ceeds a narrow passage and difficult of entrance, which opens into a most beautiful circular room, finely arched above, and about forty feet in di- ameter. The cavern then continues a meander- ing course, expanding occasionally into small rooms of a circular form. We penetrated about one hundred and fifty yards, till our candles began to fail us, when we returned. To beauti- fy and embellish the scene, a fine crystal stream fiows through the cavern, and cheers the lone- some dark retreat with its enlivening murmurs. The temperature of the water in the cave was 46 deg., and that of the air 60 deg. Entering this cold retreat from an atmosphere of 89 deg., I thought it not prudent to remain in it long enough to take its several dimensions and me- ander its courses ; particularly as we had to wade in water to our knees in many places in order to penetrate as far as we went. The fountain sup- pUes an abundance of water as fine as I ever drank. This cavern I was informed by my interpreter, has been discovered but a few years. That the Indians formerly living in its neighbor- hood knew nothing of it tiU within six years past. That it is not the same as that described by Carver is evident, not only from this circum- stance, but also from the circumstance that in- stead of a stagnant pool, and only one accessible room of a very different form, this cavern has a brook running through it, and at least four rooms in succession, one after the other. Car- ver's Cave is fast filling up with sand, so that no water is now found in it, whereas this, from the very nature of the place, must be enlarging, as the fountain will carry along with its current all the sand that falls into it from the roof and sides of the cavern." On the night of the sixteenth, he arrived at the Palls of Saint Anthony and encamped on the east shore just below the cataract. He writes in hia journal : BESCBIFTION OF FALLS OF SAINT ANTHONY. 85 "The place where we encamped last night need- ed no embellishment to render it romantic in the highest degree. The banks on both sides of the river are about one hundred feet high, decorated with trees and shrubbery of various kinds. The post oak, hickory, walnut, linden, sugar tree, white birch, and the American box ; also various evergreens, such as the pine, cedar, jimiper, etc., added their embellishments to the scene. Amongst the shrubery were the prickly ash, plum, and cherry tree, the gooseberry, the black and red raspberry, the chokeberry, grape vine, etc. There were also various kinds of herbage and flowers, among which were the wild parsley, rue, spikenard, etc., red and white roses, morning glory and various other handsome flowers. A few yards below us was a beautiful cascade of fine spring water, pouring down from a project- ijig precipice about one hundred feet hight. On our left was the Mississippi hurrying through its channel with great velocity, and about three quarters of a mile above us, in plain view, was the majestic cataract of the Palls of St. Anthony. The murmuring of the cascade, the roaring of the river, and the thunder of the cataract, all contrib- uted to render the scene the most interesting and magnificient of any I ever before witnessed." "The perpendicular fall of the water at the cataract, was stated by Pike in his journal, as six- teen and a half feet, which I found to be true by actual measurement. To this height, however, four or five feet may be added for the rapid des- cent which immediately succeeds to the perpen- dicular fall within a few yards below. Immedi- ately at the cataract the river is divided into two parts by an island which extends considerably above and below the cataract, and is about five hundred yards long. The channel on the right side of the Island is about three times the width of that on the left. The quanity of water pass- ins through them is not, however, in the same proportion, as about one-third part of the whole passes through the left channel. In the broadest channel, just below the cataract, is a small island also, about fifty yards in length and thirty in breadth. Both of these islands contain the same kind of rocky formation as the banks of the river, and are nearly as high. Besides these, there are immediately at the foot of the cataract, two islands of very inconsiderable size, situated in the right channel also. The rapids commence several hundred yards above the cataract and continue about eight miles below. The fall of the water, beginning at the head of the rapids, and extending two hundred and sixty rods down the river to where the portage road commences, below the cataract is, according to Pike, fifty- eight feet. If this estimate be correct the whole fall from the head to the foot of the rapids,' is not probably much less than one hundred feet. > But as I had no instrument sufiiciently accurate to level, where the view must necessarily be pretty extensive, I took no pains to ascertain the extent of the fall. The mode I adopted to ascertain the height of a cataract, was to suspend a Une and plummet from the table rock on the south side of the river, which at the same time had very little water passing over it as the river was unusually low. The rocky formations at this place were arranged in the following order, from the surface downward. A coarse kind of lime- stone in thin strata containing considerable silex; a kind of soft friable stone of a greenish color and slaty fracture, probably containing lime, aluminum and silex ; a very beautiful satratifica- tion of shell limestone, in thin plates, extremely regular in its formation and containing a vast number of shells, all apparently of the same kind. This formation constitutes the Table Bock of the cataract. The next in order is a white or yellowish sandstone, so easily crumbled that it deserves the name of a sandbank rather than that of a rock. It is of various depths, from ten to fifty or seventy-five feet, and is of the same char- acter with that found at the caves before des- cribed. The next in order is a soft friable sand- stone, of a greenish color, similar to that resting upon the shell limestone. These stratifications occupied the whole space from the low water mark nearly to the top of the bluffs. On the east, or rather north side of the river, at .the Falls, are high grounds, at the distance of half a mile from the river, considerably more elevated than the bluffs, and of a hilly aspect. Speaking of the bluff at the confiuence o^ ..he Mississippi and Minnesota, he writes: "A military work of considerable magnitude might be con- structed on the point, and might be rendered sufficiently secure by occupying the commanding height in the rear in a suitable manner, as the 86 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. latter would control not only the point, but all the neighboring heights, to the full extent of a twelve pounder's range. The work on the point would be necessary to control the navigation of the two rivers. But without the commanding work in the rear, would be liable to be greatly annoyed from a height situated directly opposite on the other side of the Mississippi, which is here no more than about two hundred and fifty yards wide. This latter height, however, would not be eligible for a permanent post, on account of the numerous ridges and ravines situated im- mediately in its rear." EABLY HISTOBT OF BED BIVEB VALLEY. 87 CHAPTER XV. THOMAS DOTTGLAS, EAEL OF SELiaBK, AND THE BED KIYEE VALLEY. Early travelers to Lake Winnipeg — Earliest Map by the Indian Otchaga — Bellin's allusion to it — Verendrye's Map — De la Jemeraye's Map — ^Port La Reine — Fort on Red River abandoned — Origin of name Red Lake — Earl of Selkirk— Ossini- boia described — Scotch immigrants at Pemhina — Strife of trading companies — Earl of Selkirk visits America — Governor Semple Killed— Romantic life of John Tanner, and his son James — Letter relative to Selkirk's tour through Minne- sota. The valley of the Ked Eiver of the North is not only an important portion of Minnesota, but has a most interesting history. While there is no evidence that Groselliers, the -first white man who explored Minnesota, ever visited Lake Winnipeg and the Red Biver, yet he met the Assineboines at the head of Lake Supe- rior and at Lake Nepigon, while on his way by a northeasterly trail to Hudson's Bay, and learned somethinig of this region from them. The first person, of whom we have an account, who visited the region, was an EngUshman, who came in 1692, by way of York Eiver, to Winni- peg. Ochagachs, or Otchaga, an intelligent Indian, in 1728, assured Pierre Gualtier de Varenne, known in history as the Sieur Verendrye, while he was stationed at Lake STepigon, that there was a communication, largely by water, west of Lake Superior, to the Great Sea or Pacific Ocean. The rude map, drawn by this Indian, was sent to France, and is still preserved. Upon it is marked Kamanistigouia, the fort first established by Du Luth. Pigeon River is called Mantohavagane. Lac Sasakanaga is marked, and Rainy Lake is named Tecamemiouen. The river St. Louis, of Minnesota, is R. fond du L. Superior. The Prench geographer, Bellin, in his "Remarks upon the map of North America," published in 1755, at Paris, alludes to this sketch of Ochagachs, and says it is the earliest drawing of the region west of Lake Superior, in the Depot de la Marine. After this Verendrye, in 1737, drew a map, which remains unpubUshed, which shows Red Lake in Northern Minnesota, and the point of the Big Woods in the Red River Valley. There is another sketch- in the archives of Prance, drawn by De la Jemeraye. He was a nephew of Verendrye, and, under his uncle's orders, he was in 1731, the first to advance from the Grand Portage of Lake Superior, by way of the Nalao- uagan or Groselliers, now Pigeon River, to Rainy Lake. On this appears Port Rouge, on the south bank of the Assineboine at its junction with the Red River, and on the Assineboine, a post estab- lished on October 3, 1738, and called Port La Reine. BelUii describes the fort on Red River, but asserts that it was abandoned because 'of its vicinity to Port La Reine, on the north side of the Assinneboine, and only about nine mUes by a portage, from Swan Lake. Red Lake and Red River were so called by the early French explo- rers, on account of the reddish tint of the waters after a storm. Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, a wealthy, kind-hearted but visionary Scotch nobleman, at the commencement of the present century formed the design of planting a colony of agriculturists west of Lake Superior. In the year 1811 he obtained a grant of land from the Hudson Bay Company called Ossiniboia, which it seems strange has been given up by the people of Man- itoba. In the autumn of 1812 a few Scotchmen with their families arrived at Pembina, in the Red River Valley, by way of Hudson Bay, where they passed the winter. In the winter of 1813-14 they were again at Fort Daer or Pembina. The colonists of Red River were rendered very un- happy by the strife of rival trading companies. In the spring of 1815, McKenzie and Morrison, traders of the Northwest company, at Sandy Lake, told the Ojibway chief there, that they would give him and his band all the goods and rum at Leech or Sandy Lakes, if. they would an- noy the Red River settlers. The Earl of Selkirk hearing of the distressed condition of his colony, sailed for America, and 88 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. in the fall of 1815, arrived at New York City. Proceeding to Montreal he found a messenger who had traveled on foot in mid-wiater from the Bed Kiver by way of Bed Lake and Pon du Lac, of Lake Superior. He sent back by this man, kind messages to the dispirited settlers, but one night he was way-laid near Pon du Lac, and robbed of his canoe and dispatches. An Ojib- way chief at Sandy Lake, afterwards testified that a trader named Grant offered hira rum and tobacco, to send persons to intercept a bearer of dispatches to Bed Eiver, and soon the messenger was brought in by a negro and some Indians. Pailiag to obtain military aid from the British authorities in Canada, Selkirk made an engagement with four ofiftcers and eighty privates, of the discharged Meuron regiment, twenty of the De Watteville, and a few of the Glengary Peneibles, which had served in the late war with the United States, to accompany him to Ked Kiver. They were to receive monthly wages for navigating the boats to Ked Kiver, to have lands assigned them, and a free passage if they wished to return. When he reached Sault St. Marie, he received the intelligence that the colony had again been destroyed, and that Semple, a mild, amiable, but not altogether judicious man, the chief governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson Bay company, residing at Bed Kiver, had been kiUed. Schoolcraft, in 1832, says he saw at Leech Lake, Majegabowi, the man who had killed Gov. Semple, after he fell woimded from his horse. Before he heard of the death of Semple, the Earl of Selkirk had made arrangements to visit his colony by way of Pon du Lac, on the St. Louis Biver, and Ked Lake of Minnesota, but he now changed his mind, and proceeded with his force to Port "WiUiam, the chief trading post of the Northwest Company on Lake Superior ; and ap- prehending the principal partners, warrants of commitment were issued, and they were forward- ed to the Attorney-General of Upper Canada. While Selkirk was engaged at Port William, a party of emigrants in charge of Miles McDon- nel, Governor, and Captain D'Orsomen, went forward to reinforce the colony. At Rainy Lake they obtained the guidance of a man who had all the characteristics of an Indian, and yet had a bearing which suggested a difEerent origin. By his eflSciency and temperate habits, he had se- cured the respect of his employers, and on the Earl of Selkirk's arrival at Red Kiver, his attention was called to him, and in his welfare he became deeply interested. By repeated conversations with him, memories of a different kind of exist- ence were aroused, and the light of other days began to brighten. Though he had forgotten his father's name, he furnished suflScient data for Selkirk to proceed with a search for his relatives. Visiting the United States in 1817, he published a circular in the papers of the Western States, which led to the identification of the man. It appeared from his own statement, and those of his friends, that his name was John Tanner, the son of a minister of the gospel, who, about the year 1790, lived on the Ohio river, near the Miami. Shortly after his location there, a band of roving Indians passed near the house, and found John Tanner, then a little boy, filling his hat with walnuts from under a tree. They seized him and fled. The party was led by an Ottawa whose wife had lost a son. To compen- sate for his death, the mother begged that a boy of the same age might be captured. Adopted by the band. Tanner grew up an Indian in his tastes and habits, and was noted for bravery. Selkirk was successful in finding his relatives. After twenty-eight yeai-s of sepa- ration, John Tanner in 1818, met his brother Edward near Detroit, and went with him to his home in Missouri. He soon left his brother, and went back to the Indians. Por a time he was interpreter for Henry K. Schoolcraft, but became lazy and ill-natured, and in 1836, skulking behind some bushes, he shot and killed Schoolcraft's brother, and fled to the wilderness, where, in 1847, he died. His son, James, was kindly treat- ed by the missionaries to the Ojibways of Minne- sota; but he walked in the footsteps of his father. In- the year 1851, he attempted to impose upon the Presbyterian minister in Saint Paul, and, when detected, called upon the Baptist minister, who, believing him a penitent, cut a hole in the ice, and received him into the church by immer- sion. In time, the Baptists found him out, when he became an Unitarian missionary, and, at last, it is said, met a death by violence. Lord Selkirk was in the Ked River, Valley EAEL OF SELKIRK VISITS SAINT LOUIS. 89 during the summer of 1817, and on the eighteenth of July concluded a treaty with the Crees and Saulteaux, for a tract of land beginning at the mouth of the Eed Eiver, and extending along the same as far as the Great Forks (now Grand Forks) at the mouth of Eed Lake Eiver, and along the Assinniboine Eiver as far as Musk Eat Eiver, and extending to the distance of six miles from Fort Douglas on every side, and likewise from Fort Daer (Pembina) and also from the Great Forks, and in other parts extending to the distance of two miles from the banks of the said rivers. Having restored order and confidence, attend- ed by three or four persons he crossed the plains to the Minnesota Eiver, and from thence pro- ceeded to St. Louis. The Indian agent at Prairie du Chien was not- pleased with Selkirk's trip through Minnesota; and on the sixth of February, 1818, wrote the Governor of Illinois under excitement, some groundless suspicions : •' "What do you suppose, sir, has been the re- sult of the passage through my agency of this British nobleman? Two entire bands, and part of a third, all Sioux, have deserted us and joined Dickson, who has distributed to them large quan- tities of Indian presents, jbogether with flags, medals, etc. Knowing this, what must have been my feelings on hearing that his lordship had met with a favourable reception at St. Louis. The newspapers announcing his arrival, and general Scottish appearance, all tend to discompose me ; believing as I do, that he; is plotting with his friend Dickson our destruction — sharpening the savage scalping knife, and colonizing a tract of country, so»remote as that of the Eed Eiver, for the purpose, no doubt, of monopolizing the fur and peltry trade of this river, the Missouri and their waters ; a trade of the first importance to our Western States and Territories. A courier who had arrived a few days since, confirms the belief that Dickson is endeavouring to undo what I have done, and secure to the British govern- ment the affections of the Sioux, and subject the Northwest Company to his lordship. * * * Dickson, as I have before observed, is situated near the head of the St. Peter's, to which place he transports his goods from Selkirk's Eed Eiver establishment, in carts made for the purpose. The trip is performed in five days, sometimes less. He is directed to buUd a fort on the high- est land between Lac du Traverse and Eed Eiver, which he supposes will be the established lines. This fort will be defended by twenty men, with two small pieces of artUlery." In the year 1820, at Berne, Switzerland, a cir- cular was issued, signed, E. May D'Uzistorf, Captain, in his Britannic Majesty's service, and agent Plenipotentiary to Lord Selkirk. Like many documents to induce emigration, it was so highly colored as to prove a delusion and a snare. The climate was represented as "mild and healthy." " Wood either for building or fuel in the greatest plenty," and the country supplying "in profusion, whatever can be re- quired for the convenience, pleasure or comfort of life." Eemarkable statements considering that every green thing had been devoured the year before by grasshoppers. Under the influence of these statements, a num- ber were induced to embark. In the spring of 1821, about two hundred persons assembled on the banks of the Ehine to proceed to the region west of Lake Superior. Having descended the Ehine to the vicinity of Eotterdam, they went aboard the ship " Lord Wellington," and after a voyage across the Atlantic, and amid the ice- floes of Hudson's Bay, they reached York Fort. Here they debarked, and entering batteaux, as- cended Nelson Eiver for twenty days, when they came to Lake Winnipeg, and coasting along the west shore they reached the Eed Eiver of the North, to feel that they had been deluded, and to long for a milder clime. If they did not sing the Switzer's Song of Home, they appreciated its sentiments, and gradually these immigrants re- moved to the banks of the Mississippi Eiver. Some settled in Minnesota, and were the first to raise cattle, and till the soU. 90 EXPLOBEBS AND FIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XVI. FOET STSfEUJnSGTiTrRISG ITS OCCtTPAKCT BY COMP ANTES OF THE FIFTH EEGEttENT V. S. INFANTBY, A. D. 1819, TO A. D. 1827. Orders for mllitaxy occupation of Upper Mississippi — Leavenwortli and Forsyth at Frairle du Chien— Blrtli in Camp — Troops arrive at Mcndota — Cantonment Established— Wheat carried to Pembina — Notice of Devotion, Prescott, and Mtuor Taliaferro — Camp Cold Water Established — Col. Snelling takes command — Impressive Scene — Officers in 1820 — Condition of the Fort in 1821 — Saint Anthony Mill — Alexis Bailly takes cattle to Pembina — Notice of Beltrami — Arrival of first Steamboat — Major Long's Expedition to Northern Boundary — Beltrami visits the northern sources of the Mississippi — First flour mill — First Sunday School— Great flood in 1826, African slaves at the Fort — Steamboat Arrivals — ^Duels— Notice of William Joseph Snelling — Indian fight at the Fort- Attack upon keel boats — General Gaines' report — Removal of Fifth Hegiment — Death of Colonel Snelling. The rumor that Lord Selkirk ■was founding a colony on the borders of the United States, and that the British trading companies -within the boundaries of what became the territory of Min- nesota, convinced the authorities at "Washington of the importance of a military occupation of the valley of the Upper Mississippi. By direction of Major General Bro^wn, the fol- lowing order, on the tenth of February, 1819, was issued : "Major General Macomb, commander of the Fifth Military department, ■will -without delay, concentrate at Detroit the Fifth Regiment of In- fantry, excepting the recruits otherwise directed by the general order here^with transmitted. As soon as the navigation of the lakes ■wUl admit, he will cause the regiment to be transported to Fort Howard; from thence, by the way of the Fox and Wisconsin Elvers, to Prairie du Chien, and, after detaching a suflScient number of companies to garrison Forts Crawford and Armstrong, the remainder wiU proceed to the mouth of the River St. Peter's, where they ■will establish a post, at which the headquarters of the regiment will be located. The regiment, previous to its depar- ture, will receive the necessary supplies of cloth- ing, provisions, arms, and ammunition. Imme- diate application will be made to Brigadier Gen- eral Jesup, Quartermaster General, for funds necessary to execute the movements required by this order." On the thirteenth of April, this additional order was issued, at Detroit : "The season having now arrived when the lakes may be navigated ■with safety, a detach- ment of the Fifth Regiment, to consist of Major Marston's and Captain Fowle's companies, under the command of Major Muhlenburg, ■wUl proceed to Green Bay. Surgeon's Mate, R. M. Byrne, of the Fifth Regiment, ■wiU accompany the detach- ment. The Assistant Deputy Quartermaster General ■will furnish the necessary transport, and ■will send by the same opportunity two hundred barrels of pro^visions, which he will draw from the contractor at this post. The provisions must be examined and inspected, and properly put up for transportation. Colonel Leavenworth ■will, ■with- out delay, prepare his regiment to move to the post on the Mississippi, agreeable to the Divi- sion order of the tenth of February. The Assist- ant Deputy Quartermaster General -wiE furnish the necessary transportation, to be ready by the first of May next. The Colonel ■wUl make requi- sition for such stores, ammunition, tools and implements as may be required, and he be able to take with him on the expedition. Particular in- structions ■will be given to the Colonel, explaining the objects of his expedition." B^VENTS OF THE YEAR 1819. On Wednesday, the last day of Jime, Col. Leav- enworth and troops arrived from Green Bay, at Prairie du Chien. Scarcely had they reached this point when Charlotte Seymour, the ■wife of Lt. Nathan Clark, a native of Hartford, Ct., gave birth to a daughter, whose first baptismal name was Charlotte, after her mother, and the second Ouiseonsin, given by the oflScers in view of the fact that she was bom at the. junction of that stream ■with the Mississippi. In time Charlotte Ouiseonsin married a young Lieutenant, a native of Princeton, New Jersey, and a graduate of West Point, and stUl resides with her husband. General H. P. Van Cleve, in COL. LEAVENWORTH AJRBIVES AT MENDOTA 91 the city of Minneapolis, living to do good as she has opportunity. In June, under instructions from the War Department, Major Thomas Torsyth, connected with the office of Indian affairs, left St. Louis with two thousand dollars worth of goods to be distributed among the Sioux Indians, la accor- dance with the agreement of 1805, already re- ferred to, by the late General Pike. About nine o'clock of the morning of the fifth of July, he joined Leavenworth and his command at Prairie du Chien. Some time was occupied by Leavenworth awaiting the arrival of ordnance, provisions and recruits, but on Sunday momiag, the eighth of August, about eight o'clock, the expedition set out for the point now known as Mendota. The flotUla was quite Imposing; there were the Colonel's barge, fourteen batteaux with ninety-eight soldiers and officers, two large canal or Mackinaw boats, filled with various stores, and Forsyth's keel boat, containing goods and pres- ents for the Indians. On the twenty-third of August, Porsjrfch reached the mouth of the Min- nesota with his boat, and the next morning Col. Leavenworth arrived, and selecting a place at Mendota, near the present railroad bridge, he ordered the soldiers to cut down trees and make a clearing. On the next Saturday Col. Leaven- worth, Major Vose, Surgeon PurceU, Lieutenant Clark and the vnfe of Captain Gooding ivited the Falls of Saint Anthony with Porsyth, in his keel boat. Early in September two more boats and a bat- teaux, with officers and one hundred and twenty recruits, arrived. During the winter of 1820,Laidlow and others, in behalf of Lord Selkirk's Scotch settlers at Pembina, whose crops had been destroyed by grasshoppers, passed the Cantonment, on their way to Prairie du Chien, to purchase wheat. Upon the fifteenth of April they began their return with their Mackinaw boats, each loaded with two hundred bushels of wheat, one hundred of oats, and thirty of peas, and reached the mouth of the Minnesota early in May. Ascepding this stream to Big Stone Lake, the boats were drawn on rollers a mile and a half to Lake Traverse, and on the third of Jime arrived at Pembina and cheered the desponding and needy settlers of the Selkirk colony. The first sutler of the post was a Mr. Devotion. He brought with him a young man named Phi- lander Prescott, who was bom in 1801, at Phelps- town, Ontario coimty. New York. At first they stopped at Mud Hen Island, in the Mississippi below the mouth of the St. Croix Eiver. Coming up late in the year 1819, at the site of the pres- ent town of Hastings they found a keel-boat loaded with suppUes for the cantonment, in charge of Lieut. Oliver, detained by the ice. Amid all the changes of the troops, Mr. Pres- cott remained nearly all his life in the vicinity of the post, to which he came when a mere lad, and was at length killed in the Sioux Massacre. BVEITTS OF THE YEAE 1820 In the spring of 1820, Jean Baptiste Paribaidt brought up Leavenworth's horses from Prairie du Chien. The first Indian Agent at the post was a former army officer, Lawrence Taliaferro, pronounced Toliver. As he had the confidence of the Gov- ernment for twenty-one successive years, he is deserving of notice. His family was of Italian origin, and among the early settlers of Virginia. He was bom in 1794, in King William county in that State, and when, in 1812^ war' was declared against Great Britain, with four brothers, he entered the army, and was commissioned as Lieutenant of the Thirty-fifth Infantry. He behaved gallantly at Fort Erie and Sackett's Harbor, and after peace was declared, he was retained as a First Lieuten- ant of the Third Infantry. In 1816 he was sta- tioned at Fort Dearborn, now the site of Chicago. While on a furlough, he called one day upon President Monroe, who told him that a fort would be built near the Falls of Saint Anthony, and an Indian Agency established, to which he offered to appoint him. His commission was dated March 27th, 1819, and he proceeded in due time to his post. On the fifth day of May, 1820, Leavenworth left his winter quarters at Mendota, crossed the stream and made a summer camp near the present mihtary grave yard, which in consequence of a fine spring has been caUed " Camp Cold Water." The Indian agency, imder Taliaferro, remained for a time at the old cantonment. The commanding officer established a fine 92 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. garden in the bottom lands of the Minnesota, and on the fifteenth of June the earliest garden peas were eaten. The first distinguished visitors at the new encampment were Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and Henry Schoolcraft, who arrived in July, by way of Lake Superior and Sandy Lake. The relations between Col. Leavenworth and Indian Agent Taliaferro were not entirely har- monious, growing out of a disagreement of views relative to the treatment of the Indians, and on the day of the arrival of Governor Cass, Tel- iaf erro writes to Leavenworth : " As it is now imderstood that I am agent for Indian affairs in this country, and you are about to leave the upper Mississippi, In all probability in the course of a month or two, I beg leave to suggest, for the sake of a general understanding with the Indian tribes in this country, that any medals, you may possess, would by being turned over to me, cease to be a topic of remark among the difEerent Indian tribes under my direction. I wiU pass to you any voucher that may be re- quired, and I beg leave to observe that any pro- gress in influence is much impeded in conse- quence of this frequent intercourse with the gar- rison." In a few days, the disastrous effect of Indians mingling with the soldiers was exhibited. On the third of August, the agent wrote to Leaven- worth: " His Excellency Governor Cass during his visit to this post remarked to me that the Indians jn this quarter were spoiled, and at the same time said they should not be permitted to enter the camp. An unpleasant affair has lately taken place ; I mean the stabbing of the old chief Mahgossau by his comrade. This was caused, doubtless, by an anxiety to obtain the chief's whiskey. I beg, therefore, that no whiskey whatever be given to any Indians, unless it be through their proper agent. While an overplus of whiskey thwarts the benlflcent and humane policy of the government, it entails misery upon the Indians, and endangers their lives." A few days after this note was written Josiah Snelling, who had been recently promoted to the Colonelcy of the Fifth Eegiment, arrived with his family, relieved Leavenworth, and infused new life and energy. A little while before hia arrival, the daughter of Captain Gooding was married to Lieutenant Green, the Adjutant of the regiment, the first marriage of white persons in Minnesota. Mrs. Snelling, a few days after her arrival, gave birth to a daughter, the first white chUd born in Minnesota, and after a brief existence of thirteen months, she died and was the first interred in the military grave yard, and for years the stone which marked its restiag place, was visible. The earliest manuscript in Minnesota, written at the Cantonment, is dated October 4, 1820, and is In the handwriting of Colonel Snelling. It reads : " In justice to Lawrence Taliaferro, Esq., Indian Agent at this post, we, the undersigned, oflBcers of the Fifth Begiment here stationed, have presented him this paper, as a token, not only of our individual respect and esteem, but as an entire approval of his conduct and deportment as a public agent in this quarter. Given at St. Peter, this 4th day of October, 1820. J. Snelling, N. Clabk, Col. 5th Inf. Lieutenant. S. Btjbbank, Jos. Habe, Br. Major. Lieutenant. David Pbbet, Ed. Pubcell, Captain. Surgeon, D. Gooding, P. E.. Geeen, Brevet Captain. Lieut, and Adjt. J. Plympton, W. G. Camp, Lieutenant. Lt. and Q. M. E. A. McCabe, H. Wilkhts, Lieutenant. Lieutenant." During the summer of 1820, a party of the Sisseton Sioux killed on the Missouri, Isadore Poupon, a half-breed, and Joseph Andrews, a Canadian engaged in the fur trade. The Indian Agent, through Colin Campbell, as interpreter, notified the Sissetons that trade would cease with ttiem, until the murderers were delivered. At a council held at Big Stone Lake, one of the murderers, and the aged father of another, agreed to surrender themselves to the commanding officer. On the twelfth of November, accompamed by their friends, they approached the encampment in solemn procession, and marched to the centre of the parade. First appeared a Sisseton bear- ing a British flag ; then the murderer and the de- voted father of another, their arms pinioned, and ABBIVAL OF THE FIBST STEAMBOAT. 93 large wooden splinters thrust through the flesh above the elbows indicating their contempt for pain and death ; in the rear followed friends and relatives, with them chanting the death dirge. Having arrived in front of the guard, fire was kindled, and the British flag burned; then the murderer delivered up his medal, and both prison- ers were surrounded. Col. Snelling detained the old chief, while the murderer was sent to St. Louis for trial. EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1821. Col. Snelling built the fort in the shape of a lozenge, in view of the projection between the two rivers. The first row of barracks was of hewn logs, obtained from the pine forests of Rum Kiver, but the other buildings were of stone. Mrs. Van Cleve, the daughter of Lieutenant, afterwards Captain Clark, writes : " In 1821 the fort, although not complete, was fit for occupancy. My father had assigned to him the quarters next beyond the steps leading to the Commissary's stores, and during the year my little sister Juliet was born there. At a later period my father and Major Garland obtained permission to build more commodious quarters outside the walls, and the result was the two stone hoijses afterwards occupied by the Indian Agent and interpreter, lately destroyed." Early in August, a young and intelligent mixed blood, Alexis Bailly, in after years a member of the legislature of Minnesota, left the cantonment with the first drove of cattle for the Selkirk Set- tlement, and the next winter returned with Col. Kobert Dickson and Messrs. Laidlow and Mac- kenzie. The next month, a party of Sissetons visited the Indian Agent, and told him that they had started with another of the murderers, to which reference has been made, but that on the way he had, through fear of being hung, killed himself. This fall, a mill was constructed for the use of the garrison, on the west side of St. Anthony Falls ,under the supervision of Lieutenant McCabe. During the fall, George Gooding, Captain by brevet, resigned, and became Sutler at Prairie du Chien. He was a native of Massachusetts, and entered the army as ensign in 1808. In 1810 he became a Second Lieutenant, and the next year was wounded at Tippecanoe. In the middle of October, there embarked on the keel-boat " Saucy Jack," for Prairie du Chien, Col. SneUing, Lieut. Baxley, Major TaUaferro, and Mrs. Gooding, EVENTS OF 1822 AND 1823. Early in January, 1822, there came to the Port from the Eed Eiver of the North, Col. Robert Dickson, Laidlow, a Scotch farmer, the superin- tendent of Lord Selkirk's experimental farm, and one Mackenzie, on their way to Prairie du Chien. Dickson returned with a drove of cattle, but owing to the hostility pf the Sioux his cattle were scattered, and never reached Pembina. During the winter of 1823, Agent Taliaferro was in Washington. While returning in March, he was at a hotel in Pittsburg, when he received a note signed G. C. Beltrami, who was an Italian exile, asking permission to accompany him to the Indian territory. He was tall and commanding in appearance, and gentlemanly in bearing, and Taliaferro was so forcibly impressed as to accede to the request. After reaching St. Louis they embarked on the first steamboat for the Upper Mississippi. It was named the Virginia, and was built in Pittsburg, twenty-two feet in width, and one hundred and eighteen feet in length, in charge of a Captain Crawford. It reached the Port on the tenth of May, and was saluted by the discharge of cannon. Among the passengers, besides the Agent and the Italian, were Major Biddle, Lieut. Russell, and others. The arrival of the Virginia is an era in the history of the Dahkotah nation, and will proba- bly be transmitted to their posterity as long as they exist as a people. They say their sacred men, the night before, dreamed of seeing some monster of the waters, which frightened , them very much. As the boat neared the shore, men, women, and children beheld with silent astonishment, supposing that it was some enormous water-spirit, coughing, puffing out hot breath, and splashing water in every direction. When it touched the landing their fears prevailed, and they retreated some distance; but when the blowing off of steam commenced they were completely un- nerved: mothers forgetting their children, with streaming hair, sought hiding-places ; chiefs, re- 94 EXPL0REB8 AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. nounciag their stoicism, scampered away like affrighted animals. The peace agreement beteen the Ojibways and Dahkotahs, made through the influence of Gov- ernor Cass, was of brief duration, the latter be- ing the first to violate lihe provisions. On the fourth of June, Taliaferro, the Indian agent among the Dahkotahs, took advantage of the presence of a large number of Ojibways to renew the agreement for the cessation of hostili- ties. The council hall of the agent was a large room of logs, in which waved conspicuously the flag of the United States, surrounded by British colors and medals that had been delivered up from time to time by Indian chiefs. Among the Dahkotah chiefs present were Wapashaw, Little Crow, and Penneshaw ; of the Ojibways there were Kendouswa, Moshomene, and Pasheskonoepe. After mutual accusations and excuses concerning the infraction of the pre- vious treaty, the Dahkotahs lighted the calumet, they having been the first to infringe upon the agreement of 1820. After smoking and passing the pipe of peace to the Ojibways, who passed through the- same formalities, they aU shook hands as a pledge of renewed amity. The morning after the eoxmcil. Plat Mouth, the distinguished Ojibway chief, arrived, who had left his lodge vowing that he would never be at peace with the Dahkotahs. As he stepped from his canoe, Penneshaw held out his hand, but was repulsed with scorn. The Dahkotah warrior inumediately gave the alarm, and in a moment runners were on their way to the neighboring villages to raise a war party. On the sixth of June, the Dahkotahs had assem- bled, stripped for a fight, and surrounded the Ojibways. The latter, fearing the worst, con- cealed their women and children behind the old barracks which had been used by the troops while the fort was being erected. At the sohcitation of the agent and commander of the fort, the Dahko- tahs desisted trom an attack and retired. On the seventh, the Ojibways left for their homes; but, in a few hours, while they were making a portage at Palls of St. Anthony, they were again approached by the Dahkotahs, who would have attacked them, if a detachment of troops had not arrived from the fort. A rumor reaching Penneshaw's vUIage that he ' had been killed at the falls, his mother seized an Ojibway maiden, who had been a captive from infancy, and, with a tomahawk, cut her in two. Upon fhe return of the son ia safety he was much gratified at what he considered the prowess of his parent. On the third of July, 1823, Major Long, of the engineers, arrived at the fort in command of an expedition to explore the Minnesota River, and the region along the northern boundary line of the United States. Beltrami, at the request of Col. Snelling, was permitted to be of the party, and Major Taliaferro kindly gave him a horse and equipments. The relations of the Italian to Major Long were not pleasant, and at Pembina Beltrami left the expedition, and with a " bois brule ", and two Ojibways proceeded and discovered the northern sources of the Mississippi, and suggested where the western sources would be found ; which was verified by Schoolcraft nine years later. About the second week in September Beltrami returned to the fort by way of the Mississippi, escorted by forty or fifty Ojibways, and on the 25th departed for New Orleans, where he published his discov- eries in the French language. The mill which was constructed in 1821, for sawing lumber, at the Pahs of St. Anthony, stood upon the site of the Hohnes and Sidle Mill , in MinneapoUs, and in 1823 was fitted up for grind- ing flour. The follovraig extracts from corres- pondence addressed to Lieut. Clark, Commissary at Port Snelling, will be read with interest. Under the date of August 6th, 1823, General Gibson writes : " Prom a letter addressed by Col. Snelling to the Quartermaster General, dated the 2d of April, I learn that a large quan- tity of wheat would be raised this summer. The assistant Commissary of Subsistence at St. Louis has been instructed to forward sickles and a pair' of millstones to St. Peters. If any flour is manu- factured from the wheat raised, be pleased to let me know as early as practicable, that I may deduct the quantity manufactured at the post from the quantity advertised to be contracted for." In another letter, General Gibson writes : " Below you will find the amount charged on the books against the garrison at Pt. St. Anthony, for certain articles, and forwarded for the use of the troops at that post, which you will deduct FIBST FLOUB MILL IN MINNESOTA. 95 from the payments to be made for flour raised and turned over to you for issue : One pair buhr millstones $250 11 337 pounds plaster of Paris 20 22 Two dozen sickles 18 00 Total $288 33 Upon the 19th of January, 1824, the General writes: " The mode suggested by Col. Snelling, of fixing the price to be paid to the troops for the flour furnished by them is deemed equitable and just. You wUl accordingly pay for the flour $3.33 per barrel." Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve, now the oldest person living who was connected with the can- tonment in 1819, in. a paper read before the De- partment of American History of the Minnesota Historical Society in January, 1880, wrote : " In 1823, Mrs. Snelling and my mother estab- lished the first Sunday School in the Northwest. It was held in the basement of the commanding ofiicer's quarters, and was productive of much good, Many of the soldiers, with their families, attended. Joe. Brown, since so well know in this country, then a drummer boy, was one of the pupils. A Bible class, for the ofllcers and their wives, was formed, and all became so inter- ested in the history of the patriarchs, that it fur- nished topics of conversation for the week. One day after the Sunday School lesson on the death of Moses, a member of the class meeting my mother on the parade, after exchanging the usual greet- ings, said, in saddened tones, ' But don't you feel sorry that Moses is dead ? ' Early in the spring of 1824, the TuUy boys were rescued from the Sioux and brought to the fort. They were children of one of the settlers of Lord Selkirk's colony, and with their parents and others, were on their way from Eed Eiver Valley to settle near Fort Snelling. The party was attacked by Indians, and the parents of these children murdered, and the boys captured. Through the influence of Col. Snell- ing the children were ransomed and brought to the fort. Col. SnelUng took John and my father Andrew, the younger of the two. Everyone became interested in the orphans, and we loved Andrew as if he had been our own Ut- tle brother. John died some two years after his arrival at the fort, and Mrs. Snelling asked me when I last saw her if a tomb stone had been placed at his grave, she as requested, during a visit to the old home some years ago. She said she received a promise that it should be done, and seemed quite disappointed when I told her it had not been attended to." Andrew TuUy, after being educated at an Orphan Asylum in New York City, became a carriage maker, and died a few years ago in that vicinity. EVENTS OF THE TEAR A. D. 1824. In the year 1824 the Fort was visited by Gen. Scott, on a tour of inspection, and at his sug- gestion, its name was changed from Port St. Anthony to Fort SneUing. The following is an extract from his report to the War Department : " This work, of which the War Department is in possession of a plan, reflects the highest credit on Col. Snelling, his ofiicers and men. The de- fenses, and for the most part, the pubUc store- houses, shops and quarters being constructed of stone, the whole is Ukely to endure as long as the post shall remain a frontier one. The cost of erection to the government has been the amount paid for tools and iron, and the per diem paid to soldiers employed as mechanics. I wish to suggest to the General in Chief, and through him to the War Department, the propriety of calling this work Fort SneUing, as a just compUment to the meritorious oflScer imder whom it has been erected. The present name, (Fort St. An- thony), is foreign to all our associations, and is, besides, geographically incorrect, as the work stands at the junction of the Mississippi and St. Peter's [Minnesota] Rivers, eight miles be- low the great falls of the Mississippi, called after St. Anthony." In 1824, Major Taliaferro proceeded to Wash- ington with a delegation of Chippeways and Dah- kotahs, headed by Little Crow, the grand father of the chief of the same name, who was engaged in the late horrible massacre of defenceless women and children. The obj ect of the visit, was to secure a convocation of all the tribes of the Upper Mississippi, at Prairie du Chein, to define their boundary lines and establish friendly rela- tions. When they reached Prairie du Chein, Wahnatah, a Yankton chief, and also Wapashaw, by the whisperings of mean traders, became dis- 96 EXPLOBERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. affected, and wished to turn back. Little Crow, perceiving tliis, stopped all hesitancy by the fol. lowing speech: "My friends, you can do as you please. I am no coward, nor can my ears be pulled about by evil counsels. "We are here and should go on, and do some good for our nation. I have taken our Father here (Taliaferro) by the coat tail, and will follow him until I take by the hand, our great American Pather." While on board of a steamer on the Ohio Kiver, Marcpee or the Cloud, in consequence of a bad dream, jumped from the stern of the boat, and was supposed to be drowned, but he swam ashore and made his way to St. Charles,- Mo., there to be murdered by some Sacs. The re- mainder safely arrived ia "Washington and ac- complished the object of the visit. The Dahko- tahs returned by way of New York, and while there were anxious to pay a visit to certain par- ties with Wm. Dickson, a half-breed son of Col Robert Dickson, the trader, who in the war of 1812-15 led the Indians of the Northwest against the United States. After this visit Little Crow carried a new double-barreled gun, and said that a medicine man by the name of Peters gave it to him for signing a certain paper, and that he also prom- ised he would send a keel-boat full of goods to them. The medicine man referred to was the Rev. Samuel Peters, an Episcopal clergyman, who had made himself obnoxious during the Revolution by his tory sentiments, and was sub- sequently nominated as Bishop of Vermont. Peters asserted that in 1806 he had purchased of the heirs of Jonathan Carver the right to a tract of land on the upper Mississippi, embracing St. Paul, alleged to have been given to Carver by the Dahkotahs, in 1767. The next year there arrived, in one of the keel- boats from Prairie du Chien, at Port Snelling a box marked Col. Robert Dickson. On opening, it was found to contain a few presents from Peters to Dickson's Indian wife, a long letter, and a copy of Carver's alleged grant, written on parch- ment. EVENTS OF THE YEARS 1825 AND 1826. On the 30th of October, 1825, seven Indian women in canoes, were drawn into 'the rapids above the Falls of St. Anthony. All were saved but a lame girl, who was dashed over the cata- ract, and a month later her body was found at Pike's Island in front of the fort. Forty years ago, the means of communication between Fort SneUing and the civilized world were very limited. The mail in winter was usu- ally carried by soldiers to Prairie du Chien. On the 26th of January, 1826, there was great joy in the fort, caused by the return from furlough of Lieutenants Baxley and Russell, who brought with them the first mail received for five months. About this period there was also another excite- ment, cause by the seizure of liquors in the trad' ing house of Alexis Bailey, at New Hope, now Mendota. During the months of February and March, in this year, snow fell to the depth of two or three feet, and there was great suffering among the Indians. On one occasion, thirty lodges of Sisse- ton and other Sioux were overtaken by a snow storm on a large prairie. The storm continued for three days, and provisions grew scarce, for the party were seventy in number. At last, the stronger men, with the few pairs of snow-shoes in their possession, started for a trading post one hundred miles distant. They reached their des- tination half alive, and the traders sympathizing sent f oiu: Canadians with supplies for those left behind. After great toil they reached the scene of distress, and foimd many dead, and, what was more horrible, the living feeding on the corpses of their relatives. A mother had eaten her dead child and a portion of her own father's arms. The shock to her nervous system was so great that she lost her reason. Her name was Pash- uno-ta, and she was both young and good look- ing. One day iii September, while at Fort Snell- ing, she asked Captain Jouett if he knew which was the best portion of a man to eat, at the same time taking him by the collar of his coat. He replied with great astonishment, "No !" and she then said, "The arms." She then asked for a piece of his servant to eat, as she was nice and fat. A few days after this she dashed herself from the bluffs near Fort Snelling, into the river. Her body was found just above the mouth of the Minnesota, and decently interred by the agent. The spring of 1826 was very backward. On the 20tli of March snow fell to the depth of one or one and a half feet on a level, and drifted in NEOBO SLAVES AT FOBT SNELLING. 97 heaps from six to fifteen feet in height. On the Sth of April, early in the day, there was a violent storm,, and the ice was still thick in the river. During the storm flashes of lightning were seen and thunder heard. On the 10th, the thermome- ter was four degrees above zero. On the 14th there was rain, and on the next day the St. Peter river broke up, but. the ice on the Mississippi re- mained firm. On the 21st, at noon, the ice began to move, and carried away Mr. Faribault's houses on the east side of the river. For several days the river was twenty feet above low water mark, and all the houses on low lands were swept off. On the second of May, the steamboat Lawrence, Captain Eeeder, arrived. Major Taliaferro had inherited several slaves, which he used to hire to officers of the garrison. On the 31st of March, his negro boy, WilUam, was employed by Col. Snelling, the latter agree- ing to clothe him. About this time, William at- tempted to shoot a hawk, but instead shot a small boy, named Henry Cullum, and nearly killed him. In May, Captain Plympton, of the Fifth Infantry, wished to purchase his negro woman, Eliza, but he refused, as it was his intention, ultimately, to free Ms slaves. Another of his negro girls, Har- riet, was married at the fort, the Major perform- ing the ceremony, to the now historic Dred Scott, who was then a slave of Surgeon Emerson. The only person that ever purchased a slave, to retain in slavery, was Alexis Bailly, who bought a man of Major Garland. The Sioux, at first, had no prejudices against negroes. They called them " Black Frenchmen," and placing their hands on their woolly heads would laugh heslrtily. The following is a list of the steamboats that had arrived at Fort Snelling, up to May 26, 1826 : 1 Virginia, May 10, 1823 ; 2 Neville ; 3 Put- nam, April 2, 1825 ; 3 Mandan ; 5 Indiana ; 6 Law- rence, May 2, 1826 ; 7 Sciota ; 8 Eclipse ; 9 Jo- sephine; 10 Fulton; 11 Red Rover; 12 Black Rover ; 13 Warrior ; 14 Enterprise ; 16 Volant. Life within the walls of a fort is sometimes the exact contrast of a paradise. In the year 1826 a Pandora box was opened, among the officers, and dissensions began to prevail. One young officer, a graduate of West Point, whose father had been a professor in Princeton College, fought a duel vrfth, and slightly wounded, WilUam Joseph, the talented son of Colonel Snelling, who was then 7 twenty-two years of age, and had been three years at West Point. At a Court Martial convened to try the officer for violating the Articles of War, the accused objected to the testimony of Lieut. William Alexander, a Tennesseean, not a gradu- ate of the Military Academy, on the ground that he was an infidel. Alexander, hurt by this allu- sion, challenged the objector, and another duel was fought, resulting only in sUght injuries to the clothing of the combatants. Inspector Gen- eral E. P. Gaines, after this, visited the fort, and in his report of the inspection he wrote: "A defect in the discipline of this regiment has ap- peared in the character of certain personal con- troversies, between the Colonel and several of his young officers, the particulars of which! forbear to enter into, assured as I am that they will be developed in the proceedings of a general court martial ordered for the trial of Lieutenant Hun- ter and other officers at Jefferson Barracks. " From a conversation with the Colonel I can have no doubt that he has erred in the course pursued by him in reference to some of the con- troversies, inasmuch as he has intimated to his officers his wilUngness to sanction in certain cases, and even to participate in personal conflicts, con- trary to the twenty-fifth. Article of War." The Colonel's son, William Joseph, after this passed several years among traders and Indians, and became distinguished as a poet and brilliant author. His "Tales of the Northwest," published in Boston in 1820, by Hilliard, Gray, Little & Wil- kins, is a work of great literary ability, and Catlin thought the book was the most faithful picture of Indian life he had read. Some of his poems were also of a high order. One of his pieces, deficient in dignity, was a caustic satire upon modern American poets, and was published under the title of " Truth, a Gift for Scribblers." Nathaniel P. Willis, who had winced under the last, wrote the following lampoon : " Oh, smelling Joseph I Thou art like a cur. I'm told thou once did live by hunting fur : Of bigger dogs thou smellest, and, in sooth. Of one extreme, perhaps, can tell the truth. 'Tis a wise shift, and shows thou know'st thy powers. To leave the ' North West tales,' and take to smelling ours." 98 EXPLOSERS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. In 1832 a second edition of " Truth " appeared with additions and emendations. In this ap- peared the following pasquinade upon Willis : "I live by hunting fur, thou say'st, so let it be, But tell me, Natty I Had I himted thee, Had not my time been thrown away, young sir, And eke my powder ? Puppies have no fur. Our tails ? Thou ownest thee to a tail, I've scanned thee o'er and o'er But, though I guessed the species right, I was not sure before. Our savages, authentic travelers say, To natural fools, religious homage pay, Hadst thou been bom in wigwam's smoke, and died in, Nat ! thine apotheosis had been certain." Snelling died at Chelsea, Mass., December six- teenth, 1848, a victim to the appetite which en- enslaved Robert Burns. In the year 1826, a small party of Ojibways (Chippeways) came to see the Indian Agent, and three of them ventured to visit the Colum- bia Fur Company's trading house, two miles from the Fort. While there, they became aware of their danger, and desired two of the white men attached to the establishment to accompany them back, thinking that their pres- ence might be some protection. They were in error. As they passed a little copse, three Dali- kotahs sprang from behind a log with the speed of light, fired their pieces into the face of the fore- most, and then fled. The guns must have been double loaded, for the man's head was literally blown from his shoulders, and his white com- panions were spattered with brains and blood. The survivors gained the Fort without further molestation. Their comrade was buried on the spot where he fell. A staff was set up on his grave, which became a landmark, and received the name of The Murder Pole. The murderers boasted of their achievement and with impunity. They and their tribe thought that they had struck a fair blow on their ancient enemies, in a becom- ing manner. It Was only said, that Toopunkah Zeze of the vUlage of the Batture aux Fievres, and two others, had each acquired a right to wear skunk skins on their heels and war-eagles' feathers on their heads. EVENTS OF A. D. 1827. On the twenty-eighth of May, 1827, the Ojib- way chief at Sandy Lake, Kee-wee-zais-hish called by the English, Flat Mouth with seven warriors and some women and children, in all amounting to twenty-four, arrived about sunrise at Fort Snelling. Walking to the gates of the C rison, they asked the protection of Colonel Snelling and Taliaferro, the Indian agent. They were told, that as long as they remained under the United States flag, they were secure, and were ordered to encamp within musket shot of the high stone walls of the fort. During the afternoon, a Dahkotah, Toopunkah Zeze, from a village near the first rapids of the Minnesota, visited the Ojibway camp. They were cordially received, and a feast of meat and corn and sugar, was soon made ready. . The wooden plates emptied of their contents, they engaged in conversation, and whifEed the peace pipe. That night, some officers and their friends were spending a pleasant evening at the head-quarters of Captain Clark, which was in one of the stone houses which used to stand outside of the walls of the fort. As Captain Cruger was walking on the porch, a bullet whizzed by, and rapid firing was heard. . As the Dahkotahs, or Sioux, left the Ojibway camp, notwithstanding their friendly talk, they tuMied and discharged their guns with deadly aim upon their entertainers, and ran off with a shout of satisfaction. The report was heard by the sentinel of the fort, and he cried, repeatedly, " Corporal of the guard I" and soon at the gates, were the Ojibways, with their women and the wounded, telling their tale of woe in wild and in- coherent language. Two had been Mlled and six wounded. Among others, was a little girl about seven years old, who was pierced through both thighs with r. bullet. Surgeon McMahon made every effort to save her life, but vrithout avail. Flat Mouth, the chief, reminded Colonel Snel- ling that he had been attacked while under the protection of the United States flag, and early the next morning. Captain Clark, with one hundred soldiers, proceeded towards Land's End, a tra- ding-post of the Columbia Fur Company, on the Minnesota, a mile above the former residence of TBAQIG 8CENI] UNBHIi THE WALLS OF THE FOBT. 99 Franklin Steele, where the Dahkotahs were sup- posed to be. The soldiers had just left the large gate of the fort, when a party of Dahkotahs, in battle array, appeared on one of the prairie hills. After some parleying they turned their backs, and being pursued, thirty-two were cap- tured near the trading-post. Colonel SnelUng ordered the prisoners to be brought before the Ojibways, and two being pointed out as participants in the slaughter of "the preceding night, they were delivered to the aggrieved party to deal with in accordance with their customs. They were led out to the plain ui front of the gate of the fort, and when placed nearly without the range of the Ojibway guns, they were told to run for their lives. With the rapidity of deer they bounded away, but the Ojib- way bullet flew faster, and after a few steps,. they fell gasping on the ground, and were soon lifeless. Then the savage nature displayed itself in all its hideousness. Women and children danced for joy, and placing their fingers in the bullet holes, from which the blood oozed, they licked them with delight. The men tore the scalps from the dead, and seemed to luxuriate in the privilege of plunging their knives through the corpses. After the execution, the Ojibways returned to the fort, and were met by the Colonel. He had prevented all over whom his authority extended from wit- nessing the scene, and had done his best to con- fine the excitement to the Indians. The same day a deputation of Dahkotah warriors received audience, regretting the violence that had been done by their young men, and agreeing to deliver up the ringleaders. At the time appointed, a son of Flat Mouth, with those of the Ojibwa party that were not wounded, escorted by United States troops, marched forth to meet the Dahkotah deputation, on the prairie just beyond the old residence of the Indian agent. With much solemnity two more of the guilty were handed over to the assaulted. One was fearless, and with firmness stripped himself of his ' clothing and ornaments, and distributed them. The other could not face death with composure. He was noted for a hid- eous hare-lip, and had a bad reputation among his fellows. In the spirit of a coward he prayed for life, to the mortification of his tribe. The same opportunity was presented to them as to the first, of running for their lives. At the first fire the coward fell a corpse; but his brave compan- ion, though wounded, ran on, and had nearly reached the goal of safety, when a second bullet killed him. The body of the coward now became a common object of loathing for both Dahkotahs and Ojibways. Colonel SneUing told the Ojibways that the bodies must be removed, and then they took the scalped Dahkotahs, and dragging them by the heels, threw them ofC the bluff into the river, a hundred and fifty feet beneath. The dreadful scene was now over ; and a detachment of troops was sent with the old chief Flat Mouth, to escort him out of the reach of Dahkotah vengeance. An eyewitness wrote : " After this catastrophe, all the Dahkotahs quitted the vicinity of Fort Snel- ling, and did not return to it for some months. It was said that they formed a conspiracy to de- mand a council, and kill the Indian Agent and the commanding officer. If this was a fact, they had no opportunity, or wanted the spirit, to exe- cute their purpose. " The Flat Mouth's hand lingered in the fort till their woimded comrade died. He was sensi- ble of his condition, and bore his pains with great fortitude. When he felt his end approach, he desired that his horse might be gaily caparisoned, and brought to the hospital window, so that he' might touch the animal. He then took from his medicine bag a large cake of maple sugar, and held it forth. It may seem strange, but it is true, that the beast ate it from his hand. His features were radiant with delight as he f eU back on the pillow exhausted. His horse had eaten the sugar, he said, and he was sure of a favorable reception and comfortable quarters in the other world. Half an hour after, he breathed his last. We tried to discover the details of his superstition, but could not succeed. It is a subject on which Indians unwillingly discourse." In the fall of 1826, all the troops at Prairie du Chien had been removed to Fort SneUing, the commander taking with him two Winnebagoes that had been confined in Fort Crawford. After the soldiers left the Prairie, the Indians in the vicinity were quite insolent. In June, 1827, two keel-boats ppssed Prairie du Chien on the way to Fort SneUing with provis- ions. When they reached Wapashaw village, on 100 EXPLOREBS AND PIONEBBS OF MINNESOTA.. the site of the present town of Winona, the crew were ordered to come ashore by the Dahkotahs. Complying, they found themselves surrounded by Indians with hostile intentions. The boatmen had no fire-arms, but assuming a bold mien and a defiant voice, the captain of the keel-boats ordered the savages to leaye the decks ; which was suc- cessful, The boats pushed on, and at Bed Wing and Kaposia the Indians showed that they were not friendly, though they did not molest the boats. Before they started on their return from Port Snelling, the men on board, amounting to thirty-two, were all provided with muskets and a barrel of ball cartridges. When the descending keel-boats passed Wapa- shaw, the Dahkotas were engaged in the war dance, and menaced them, but made no attack. Below this point one of the boats moved in ad- vance of the other, and when near the mouth of the Bad Axe, the half-breeds on board descried hostile Indians on the banks. As the channel neared the shore, the sixteen men on the first boat were greeted with the war whoop and a vol- ley of rifle balls from the excited Winnebagoes, killin g two of the crew. Bushing into their ca- noes, the Indians made the attempt to board the boat, and two were successful. One of these stationed himself at the bow of the boat, and fired VFith killing effect on the men below deck. An old soldier of the last war with Great Britain, called Saucy Jack, at last despatched him, and began to rally the fainting spirits on board. Du- ring the fight the boat had stuck on a sand-bar. With four companions, amid a shower of balls from the savages, he plunged into the water and pushed off the boat, and thus moved out of reach of the galUng shots of the Winnebagoes. As they. floated down the river during the night, they heard a wail in a canoe behind them, the voice of a father mourning the death of the son who had scaled the deck, and was now a corpse in possession of the white men. The rear boat passed the Bad Axe river late in the night, and escaped an attack. The first keel-boat arrived at Prairie du Chein, with two of their crew dead, four wounded, and the Indian that had been killed on the boat. The two dead men had been residents of the Prairie, and now the panic was increased. On the morn- ing of the twenty-eighth of June the second i keel -boat appeared, and among her passengers was Joseph Snelling, the talented son of the colonel, who wrote a story of deep interest, based on the facts narrated. At a meeting of the citizens it was resolved to repair old Fort Crawford, and Thomas McNair was appointed captain. Dirt was thrown around the bottem logs of the fortification to prevent its being fired, and young Snelling was put in com- mand of one of the block-houses. On the next day a voyageur named Loyer, and the well-known trader Duncan Graham, started through the in- terior, west of the Mississippi, with intelligence of the murders, to Fort Snelling. InteUigence of this attack was received at the fort, on the evening of the ninth of July, and Col. Snelling started in keel boats with forCr companies to Fort Crawford, and on the seventeenth four more companies left under Major Fowle. After an absence of six weeks, the soldiers, without firing a gun at the enemy, returned. A few weeks after the attack upon the keel boats General Gaines inspected the Fort, and, subsequently in a communication to the War Department wrote as follows ; " The main points of defence against an enemy appear to have been in some respects sacrificed, in the effort to secure the comfort and conven- ience of troops in peace. These are important considerations, but on an exposed frontier the primary object ought to be security against the attack of an enemy. " The buildings are too laige, too numerous, and extending over a space entirely too great, enclosing a large parade, five times greater than is at all desireable in that cUmate. The build- ings for the most part seem well constructed, of good stone and other materials, and they contain every desirable convenience, comfort and securi- ty as barracks and store houses. " The work may be rendered very strong and adapted to a garrison of two hundred men by re- moving one-half the buildings, and with the ma- terials of which they are constructed, building a tower suflSciently high to command the lull be- tween the Mississippi and St. Peter's [Minnesota], and by a block house on the extreme point, or brow of the cUfE, near the commandant's quarters, to secure most effectually the banks of the river, and the boats at the landing. DEATH OF COL. JOSIAH SNELLINO. 101 " Much credit is due to Colonel Snelling, his officers and men, for their immense labors and excellent workmanship exhibited in the construc- tion of these barracks and store houses, but this has been effected too much at the expense of the discipline of the regiment." From reports made from 1823 to 1826, the health of the troops was good. In the year ending Sep- tember thirty, 1823, there were but two deaths ; in 1824 only six, and in 1825 but seven. In 182i5 there were three desertions, in 1824 twenty-two, and in 1825 twenty-nine. Most of the deserters were fresh recruits and natives of America, Ten of the deserters were foreigners, and five of these were born in Ireland. In 1826 there were eight companies numbering two hun- dred and fourteen soldiers quartered in the Fort- During the fall of 1827 the Fifth Regiment w&s reUeved by a part of the First, and the next year Colonel SnelUng proceeded to Washington on bus- iness, where he died with Inflammation of the brain. Major General Macomb announcing his death in an order, wrote : " Colonel Snelling joined the army in early youth. In the battle of Tippecanoe, he was distinguished for gallantry and good, conduct. Subsequently and during the whole late war with Great Britain, from the battle of Brownstovni to the termination of the contest, he was actively employed in the field, with credit to himself, and honor to his country." 102 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XVII. OCCURRENCES IN THE VICINITY 01" FORT SNELLING, CONTINTXED. Arrival of J. N. NicoUei— Marriage of James WoUs— Nicollet's l6ti»r from Falls- of St. Anthony — Perils of Mai-tin McLeod— Chippoway treachery— Sioux Ro venge — Ruin River and Stillwater battles — Grog shops near the Fort. On the second of July 1836, the steamboat Samt Peter landed supplies, and among its passengers was the distinguished French as- tronomer, Jean N. Nicollet (Nicobiy). Major Taliaferro on the twelfth of July, wrote; " Mr. McoUet, on a visit to the post for scientific research, and at present ia my family, has shown me the late work of Henry E. Schoolcraft on the discovery of the source of the Mississippi ; which claim is ridiculous in the extreme." On the twenty-seventh, Mcollet ascended the Mississippi on a tour of observation. James Wells, a trader, who afterwards was a member of the legislature, at the house of Oliver Cratte, near the fort, was married on the twelfth of September, by Agent Taliaferro, to Jane, a daughter of Dimcan Graham. Wells was killed in 1862, by the Sioux, at the time of the massacre in the Minnesota Valley. NicoUet in September returned from his trip to Leech Lake, and on the twenty-seventh wrote the following to Major Taliaferro the Indian Agent at the fort, which is supposed to be the earliest letter extant written from the »ite of the city of Minneapolis. As the principal hotel and one of the finest avenues of that city bears his name it is worthy of preservation. He spelled his name sometimes Nicoley, and the pronuncia- tion in English, would be Nicolay, the same as if written Nicollet in French. The letter shows that he had not mastered the English language : " St. Anthony's Falls, 27th September, 1836, Dear Friend :— I arrived last evening about dark; all well, nothing lost, nothing broken, happy and a very successful journey. But I done exhausted, and nothing can reUeve me, but the pleasure of meeting you again under your hospitable roof, and to see aU the friends of the garrison who have been so kind to me. " This letter is more particularly to give you a very extraordinary tide. Flat Mouth, the chief of Leech Lake and suite, ten in number are with me. The day before yesterday I met them again at Swan river where they detained me one day. I had to bear a new harangue and gave answer. All terminated by their own resolution that they ought to give you the hand, as well as to the Guinas of the Fort (Colonel Davenport.) I thought it my duty to acquaint you with it be- forehand. Peace or war are at stake of the visit they pay you. Please give them a good welcome until I have reported to you and Colonel Daven- port aU that has taken place during my stay among the Pillagers. But be assured I have not trespassed and that I have behaved as woiild have done a good citizen of the U. S. As to Schoolcraft's statement alluding to you, you wUl have full and complete satisfaction from Flat Mouth himself. In haste, your friend, J. N. NiCOLEY." EVENTS OF A. D. 1837. On the seventeenth of March, 1837, there ar- rived Martin McLeod, who became a prominent citizen of Minnesota, and the legislatm-e has given his name to a county. He left the Red River country on snow shoes, with two companions, one a Polander and the other an Irishman named Hays, and Pierre Bot- tineau as interpreter. Being lost in a violent snow storm the Pole and Irishman perished. He and his guide, Bottineau, lived for a time on the flesh of one of their dogs. After being twenty- six days without seeing any one, the survivors reached the trading post of Joseph R. Brown, at Lake Traverse, and from thence they came to the fort. EVENTS OF A. D. 1838. In the month of April, eleven Sioux were slain in a dastardly manner, by a party of Ojibways, INDIAN BATTLES AT BUM BIVEB. AND STILLWATEB. 103 under the noted and elder Hole-in-ihe-Day. The Chippeways feigned the wannest friendship, and at dark lay down in the tents by the side of the Sioux, and in the night silently arose and killed them. The occurrence took place at the Chlppe- way River, about thirty miles from Lac qui Parle, and the next day the Eev. G. H. Pond, the Indian missionary, accompanied by a Sioux, -v.ent out and buried the mutilated and scalpless bodies. On the second of August old Hole-in-the-Day, and some Ojibways, came to the fort. They stopped first at the cabin of Peter Quian, whose wife was a half-breed Chlppeway, about a mile from the fort. The missionary, Samuel W. Pond, told the agent that the Sioux, of Lake Calhoun were aroused, and on their way to attack the Chippe- ways. The agent quieted them for a time, but two of the relatives of those slain at Lac qui Parle In April, hid themselves near Quinn's house, and as Hole-in-the-Day and his associates were pass- ing, they fired and killed one Chippeway and wounded another. Obequette , a Chippeway from Eed Lake, succeded, however, in shooting a Sioux whUe he was in the act of scalping his comrade. The Chippeways were brought withia the fort as soon as possible, and at nine o'clock a Sioux was confined in the guard-house as a hostage. Notwithstanding the murdered Chippeway had been buried in the graveyard of the fort for safety, an attempt was made on the part of some of the Sioux, to dig it up. On the evening of the sixth, Major Plympton sent the Chippeways across the river to the east side, and ordered them to go home as soon as possible. EVENTS OF A. D. 1839. On the twentieth day of June the elder Hole- in-the-Day arrived from the Upper Mississippi with several hundred Chippeways. Upon their return homeward the Mississippi and Mille Lacs band encamped the first night at the Palls of Samt Anthony, and some of the Sioux visited them and smoked the pipe of peace. On the second of July, about sunrise, a son-in- law of the chief of the Sioux band, at Lake Cal- houn, named Meekaw or Badger, was killed and scalped by two Chippeways of the Pillager band, relatives of him who lost his life near Patrick Quinn's the year before. The excitement was Intense among the Sioux, and immediately war parties started in pursuit. Hole-in-the-Day's band was not sought, but the Mille Lacs and Saint Croix Chippeways. The Lake Calhoun Sioux, with those from the villages on the Minnesota, assembled at the Palls of Saint Anthony, and on the morning of the fourth of July, came up with the Mille Lacs Chippeways on Eum Eiver, before sunrise. Not long after the war whoop was raised and the Sioux attacked, killing and woimduig ninety. The Kaposia band of Sioux pursued the Saint Croix Chippeways, and on the third of July found them in the Penitentiary ravine at Stillwater, under the influence of whiskey. Aitkin, the old trader, was with them. The sight of the Sioux tended to make them sober, but in the fight twenty-one were killed and twenty-nine were wounded. "Whisky, during the year 1839, was freely in- troduced, in the face of the law prohibiting it. The first boat of the season, the Ariel, came to the fort on the fourteenth of April, and brought twenty barrels of whisky for Joseph E. Brown, and on the twenty-first of May, the Glaucus brought six barrels of liquor for David Faribault. On the thirtieth of June, some soldiers went to Joseph E. Brown's groggery on the opposite side of the Mississippi, and that night forty - seven were la the guard-house for drunkenness. The demoralization then existing, led to a letter by Surgeon Emerson on duty at the fort, to the Sur- geon General of the United States army, in which he writes : " The whisky is brought here by citizens who are pouring in upon us and settling themselves on the opposite shore of the Mississippi river, in - defiance of our worthy commanding ofiicer, Major J. Plympton, whose authority they set at naught. At this moment there is a citizen named Brown, once a soldier in the . Fifth Infantry, who was .discharged at this post, while Colonel Snelling commanded, and who has been since employed by the Ameri- can Fur Company, actually bmldiag on the land marked out by the land oflicers as the reserve, and within gunshot distance of the fort, a very expensive whisky shop." 104 EXPL0BEB8 AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XVIII. INDIAN TRIBES IN MINNESOTA AT THE TIME OF ITS ORGANIZATION. Sioux or Dahkotah people— Meoningof words Sioux and Snlikotah— Uarly villages — Residcuce of Sioux in 1849— The Winnobogoes— The Ojibways or CIiippowayB. The three Indian nations who dwelt in this region after the organization of Minnesota, were the Sioux or Dahkotahs ; the Ojihways or Chip- peways ; and the Ho-tchun-graws or Wiimeha- goes. SIOTTX OB DAHKOTAHS. They are an entirely diflEerent group from the Algonquin and Iroquois, who were found by the early settlers of the Atlantic States, on the banks of the Connecticut, Mohawk, and Susquehanna Rivers- When the Dahkotahs were first noticed by the European adventurers, large numbers were occu- pying the Mille Lacs region of country, and appro- priately called by the voyageur, "People of the Lake," "Gens du Lac." And tradition asserts that here was the ancient centre of this tribe. Though we have traces of their warring and hunting on the shores of Lake Superior, there is no satisfactory evidence of their residence, east of the Mille Lacs region, as they have no name for Lake Superior. The word Dahkotah, by which they love to be designated, signifies allied or joined together in friendly compact, and is equivalent to " E pluri- bus unum," the motto on the seal of the United States. In the history of the mission at La Pointe, Wisconsin, published nearly two centuries ago, a a writer, referring to the Dahkotahs, remarks : "For sixty leagues from the extremity of the Upper Lake, toward sunset ; and, as it were in the centre of the western nations, they have all united tlieir force by a general league." The Dahkotahs in the earliest documents, and even until the present day, are called Sioux, Scioux, or Soos. The name originated with the early voy- ageurs. For centuries the Ojihways of Lake Superior waged war against the Dahkotahs ; and, whenever they spoke of them, called them Nado- waysioux, which signifies enemies. The French traders, to avoid exciting the atten- tion of Indians, while conversing in their pres- ence, were accustomed to designate them by names, which would not be recognized. The Dahkotahs were nicknamed Sioux, a word composed of the two last syllables of the Ojibway word for foes Under the influence of the French traders, the eastern Sioux began to wander from the Mille Lacs region. A trading post at 0-ton-we-kpar dan, or Rice Creek, above the Falls of Saint Anthony, induced some to erect their summer dwellings and plant com there, which took the place of wild rice. Those who dwelt here were called Wa-kpa-a-ton-we-dan Those v/ho dwell on the creek. Another division was known as the Ma-tan-ton-wan. Less than a hundred years ago, it is said that the eastern Sioux, pressed by the Chippeways, and influenced, by traders, moved seven mUes above Fort SneUing on the Minnesota River. MBD-DAY-WAH-ICAWN-TWAWNS. In 1849 there were seven villages of Med-day- wah-kawn-twawn Sioux. (1) Below Lake Pepin, where the city of Winona is, was the village of Wapashaw. This band was called Kee-yu-ksa, because with them blood relations intermarried. Bounding or Whippmg Wind was the chief. (2) At the head of Lake Pepin, under a lofty bluff, was the Red Wing village, called Ghay-mni-chan Hill, wood and water. Shooter was the name of the chief. (3) Opposite, and a little below the Pig's Eye Marsh, was the Kaposia band. The word, Kapoja means light, given because these people are quick travelers. His Scarlet People, better known as Little Crow, was the chief, and is notorious as the leader in the massacre of 1862. On the Minnesota River, on the south side NOTICE OF THE HOTCHONGIiAWS, OR WINNEBAOOES. 105 a few miles above Fort Snelling, was Black Dog village. The inhabitants were called, Ma-ga7yu- tay-shnee. People who do not a geese, be- cause they found it profitable to sell game at Fort. SneUing. Grey Iron was the chief, also known as Pa-ma-ya-yaw, My head aches. At Oak Grove, on the north side of the nver, eight miles above the fort, was (5) Hay-ya-ta-o- ton-wan, or Inland Village, so called because they formerly lived at Lake Calkoun. Contigu- ous was (6) 0-ya-tay-shee-ka, or Bad People, Known as Good Eoads Band and (7) the largest village was Tin-ta-ton-wan, Prairie Village; Shokpay, or Six, was the chief, and is now the site of the to-wn of Shakopee. West of this division of the Sioux were— WAR-PA Y-KU-TAY. The "War-pay-ku-tay, or leaf shooters, who occupied the country south of the Minnesota around the sources of the Cannon and Blue Earth Elvers. WAE-PAY-TWAWNS. / North and west of the last were the War-pay- twawns, or People of the Leaf, and their princi- pal village was Lac qui Parle. They numbered about fifteen hundred. SE-SEB-TWAWNS . To the west and southwest of these bands of Sioux were the Se-see-twawns (Sissetoans), or Swamp Dwellers. This band claimed the land west of the Blue Earth to the James Kiver, and the guardianship of the Sacred Red Pipestone Quarry. Their principal village was at Traverse, and the number of the band was estimated at tMrty-eight hundred. HO-TCHUN-GBAWS, OR WINNEBAGOES. The Ho-tchun-graws, or Winnebagoes, belong to the Dahkotah family of aborigines. Cham- plain, although he never visited them, mentions them. Nicollet, who had been in his employ, visited Green Bay about the year 1635, and an early Relation mentions that he saw- the Ouini- pegous, a people called so, because they came from a distant sea, which some French erron- eously called Puants. Another writer speak- ,ing of .these people says : " This people are called ' Les Puants ' not because of any bad odor -peculiar to them, but because they claim to have come from the shores of a far distant lake, towards the north, whose waters are salt. They call themselves the people ' de I'eau puants,' of the putrid or bad water." By the treaty of 1837 they were removed to Iowa, and by another treaty in October, 1846, they came to Minnesota in the spring of 1848, to the country between the Long Prairie, and Crow Wing Rivers. The agency was located on Long Prairie River, forty miles from the Mississippi, and in 1849 the tribe numbered about twenty-five hundred souls. In February 1855, another treaty was made with them, and that spring they removed to lands on the Blue Earth River. Owing to the panic caused by the outbreak of the Sioux in 1862, Con- gress, by a special act, without consulting them, in 1863, removed them from their fields in Min- nesota to the Missouri River, and in the words of a missionary, "they were, like the Sioux, dumped in the desert, one hundred miles above Fort Randall" OJIBWAY OR CHIPPEWAY NATION. The Ojibways or Leapers, when the French came to Lake Superior, had their chief settlement- at Sault St. Marie, and were called by the French Saulteurs, and by the Sioux, Hah-ha-tonwan, Dwellers at the Falls or Leaping Waters. When Du Luth erected his trading post at the western extremity of Lake Superior, they had not obtained any foothold in Minnesota, and were constantly at war with their hereditary enemes, the Nadouaysioux. By the middle of the eighteenth century, they had pushed in and occu- pied Sandy, Leech, Mille Lacs and other points between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, which had been dwelling places of the Sioux. In 1820 the principal villages of Ojibways in Minnesota were at Fond du Lac, Leech Lake and Sandy Lake. In 1837 they ceded most of their lands. Since then, other treaties have been made, until in the year 1881, they are confined to a few res- ervations, in northern Minnesota and vicinity. 106 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XIX. EAKLY MISSIONS AMONG THE OJIBWAYS AND DAHK0TAH8 OP MINNESOTA. Jesuit Missions not permanent— Pl-csbytcriaii Mission at Macltinaw— Visit of Rev. A. Coe and J D. Stevens to Fort SiielUnp— Notice of Ayers, Hall, ami Boutwell — Formation o( the word Itasca— The Brothers Pond— Arrival of Dr. William- son—Presbyterian Church at Fort SneUing — Mission at Lake Harriet— Mourn- ing for the Dead— Church at Lac-qui parle- Father Ravour— Mission at Lake Pokeguma— Attack by the Sioux— Chippeway attack at Pig's Eye— Death of Rev. Sherman Hall— Methodist Missions Rev. S. W. Pond prepares a Sioux Grammar and Dictionary Swiss Presbyterian Mission. Bancroft the distinguished historian, catching the enthusiasm of the narratives of the early Jesuits, depicts, in language which glows, their missions to the Northwest ; yet it is erroneous to suppose that the Jesuits exercised any perma- nent influence on the Aborigines. Shea, a devoted member of the Roman Catho- lic Church, in his History of American Catholic Missions writes : " In 1680 Father Engalran was apparently alone at Green Bay, and Pierson at Mackinaw. Of the other missions neither Le- Clerq nor Hennepiu, the BecoUect writers of the West at this time, make any mention, or ia any way aUude to their existence." He also says that "Father Menard had projected a Sioux mission ; Marquette, Allouez, DruiUetes, aU en- tertained hopes of realizing it, and had some intercourse with that nation, but none of them ever succeeded in establishing a mission." Father Hennepin wrote: " Can it be possible, that, that pretended prodigious amount of savage converts could escape the sight of a multitude of French Canadians who travel every year? * * * * How comes it to pass that these churches so devout and so numerous, should be invisible, when I passed through so many countries and nations ? " After the American Fur Company was formed, the island of Mackinaw became the residence of the principal agent for the Northwest, Robert Stuart a Scotchman, and devoted Presbyterian. In the month of June, 1820, the Rev. Dr. Morse, father of the distinguished inventor of the telegraph, visited and preached at Mackinaw, and in consequence of statements published by him, upon his return, a Presbyterian Missionary Society in the state of New York sent a graduate of Union College, the Rev. W. M. Ferry, father of the present United States Senator from Michi- gan, to explore the field. In 1823 he had estab- lished a large boarding school composed of children of various tribes, and here some were educated who became wives of men of intelli- gence and influence at the capital of Minnesota. After a few years, it was determined by the Mission Board to modify its plans, and in the place of a great central station, to send mission- aries among the several tribes to teach and to preach. In pursuance of this policy, the Rev. Alvan Coe, and J. D. Stevens, then a licentiate who had been engaged in the Mackinaw Mission, made a tour of exploration, and arrived on September 1, 1829, at Fort Snelling. In the journal of Major Lawrence Taliaferro, which is in possession of the Minnesota Historical Society, is the following entry : " The Rev. Mr. Coe and Stevens reported to be on their way to this post, members of the Presbyterian church looking out for suitable places to make mission- ary establishment for the Sioux and Chippeways, found schools, and mstruct in the arts and agri- culture." The agent, although not at that time a commu- nicant of the Church, welcomed these visitors, and afforded them every facility in visiting the Indians. On Sunday, the 6th of September, the Eev. Mr. Coe preached twice in the fort, and the next night held a prayer meeting at the quarters of the commanding officer. On the next Sunday he preached again, and on the 14th, with Mr. Stevens and a hired guide, returned to Mackinaw by way of the St. Croix river. During this visit the agent offered for a Presbyterian mission the mill which then stood on the site of Minneapolis, and had been erected by the government, as well as FORMATION OF THE WORD ITASKA. 107 the farm at Lake Calhoun, which was begun to teach the Sioux agriculture. CHIPPBWAY MISSIONS. In 1830, F. Ayer, one of the teachers at Mack- iaaw, made an exploration as far as La Pointe, and returned. Upon the 30th day of August, 1831, a Macki- naw boat about forty feet long arrived at La Pointe, bringiag from Mackinaw the principal trader, Mr. Warren, Eev. Sherman Hall and wife, and Mr. Frederick Ayer, a catechist and teacher. Mrs. Hall attracted great attention, as she was the first white woman who had visited that region. Sherman Hall was born on April 30, 1801, at "Wethersfleld, Vermont, and in 1828 graduated at Dartmouth College, and completed his theological studies at Andover, Massachu- setts, a few weeks before he journeyed to the Indian country. His classmate at Dartmouth and Andover, the Eev W. T. Boutwell still living near Stillwater, became his yoke-fellow, but remained for a time at Mackinaw, which they reached about the mid- dle of July. In June, 1832, Henry B. School- craft, the head of an exploring expedition, invited Mr. Boutwell to accompany him to the sources of the Mississippi. When the expedition reached Lac la Biche or Elk Lake, on July 13, 1832, Mr. Schoolcraft, who was not a Latin scholar, asked the Latin word for truth, and was told "Veritas." He then wanted the word which signified head, and was told "caput." To the astonishment of many, School- craft struck ofE the first sylable, of the word ver-i-tas and the last sylable of ca-put, and thus coined the word Itasca, which he gave to the lake, and which some modem vraters, with all gravity, tell us was the name of a maiden who once dwelt on its banks. Upon Mr. Boutwell's return from this expedition he was at first asso- ciated with Mr. Hall in the mission at La Pointe. In 1833 the mission band which had centered at La Pointe diffused their influence. In Octo- ber Rev. Mr. Boutwell went to Leech Lake, Mr. Ayer opened a school at YeUow Lake, Wiscon- sin, and Mr. E. F. Ely, now in California, became a teacher at Aitkin's trading post at Sandy Lake. SIOTJX MISSIONAKIES. Mr. Boutwell, of Leech Lake Station, on the sixth of May, 1834, happened to be on a visit to Fort Snelling. WhUe there a steamboat arrived, and among the passengers were two young men, brothers, natives of Washington, Connecticut, Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond, who had come, constrained by the love of Christ, and without con- ferring with flesh and blood, to try to improve the Sioux. Samuel, the older brother, the year before, had talked with a liquor seller in Galena, Illinois, who had come from the Eed River country, and the desire was awakened to help the Sioux ; and he wrote to his brother to go with him. The Rev. Samuel W. Pond still lives at Shako- pee, in the old mission house, the first building of sawed lumber erected in the vaUey of the Minne- sota, above Fort Snelling. MISSIONS AMONG THE SIOUX A. D. 1835. About this period, a native of South Carolina, a graduate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, the Rev. T. S. Williamson, M. D., who previous to his ordination had been a respectable physi- cian in Ohio, was appointed by the American Board of Foreign Missions to visit the Dahkotahs with the view of ascertaining what could be done to introduce Christian instruction. Having made inquiries at Prairie du Chien and Fort SneUing, he reported the field was favorable. The Presbyterian and Congregational Churches, through their joint Missionary Society, appointed the following persons to labor in Minnesota: Rev. Thomas S. Williamson, M. D., missionary and physician ; Eev. J. D. Stevens, missionary ; Alexander Huggins, farmer ; and their Wives ; Miss Sarah Poage, and Lucy Stevens, teachers; who were prevented during the year 1834, by the state of navigation, from entering upon their work. During the winter of 1834-35, a pious officer of the army exercised a good influence on his fellow ofiicers and soldiers under his command. In the absence of a chaplain of ordained minis- ter, he, like General Havelock, of the British army in India, was accustomed not only to drill the soldiers, jbut to meet them in bis own quar- ters, and reason with them "of righteousness, temperance, and judgment to come." In the month of May, 1835; Dr. Williamson and mission band arrived at Fort Snelling, and 108 EXPLOMEBS AND PJONllUBS OF MINNESOTA. were hospitably received by the officers of the garrison, the Indian Agent, and Mr. Sibley, Agent of the Company at Mendota, who had been in the country a few months. On the twenty-seventh of this month the Rev. Dr. "Williamson united in marriage at the Fort Lieutenant Edward A. Ogden to Eliza Edna, the daughter of Captain G. A. Loomis, the first marriage service in which a clergyman officiated in the present State of Minnesota. On the eleventh of June a meeting was held at the Port to organize a Presbyterian Church, sixteen persons who had been communicants, and six who made a profession of faith, one of whom was Lieutenant Ogden, were enrolled as members. Four elders were elected, among whom were Capt. Gustavus Loomis and Samuel W. Pond. The next day a lecture preparatory to administer- ing the communion, was deUvered, and on Sun- day, the 14th, the first organized church in the Valley of the Upper Mississippi assembled for the first time in one of the Company rooms of the Fort. The services in the morning were conducted by Dr. Williamson. The afternoon service com- menced at 2 o'clock. The sermon of Mr. Stevens was upon a most appropriate text, 1st Peter, ii:25 ; " For ye were as sheep going astray, but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls." After the discourse, the sacrament of the Lord's supper was administered. At a meeting of the Session on the thirty-first of July, Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary, was in- vited to preach to the church, " so long as the duties of his mission will permit, and also to pre- side at all the meetings of the Session." Captain Gustavus Loomis was elected Stated Clerk of the Session, and they resolved to observe the monthly concert of prayer on the first Monday of each month, for the conversion of the world. Two points were selected by the missionaries as proper spheres of labor. Mr. Stevens and family proceeded to Lake Ilaniet, and Dr. Wil- hamson and family, in June, proceeded to Lac qui Parle. As there had never been a chaplain at Fort Snelllng, the Rev. J. D. Stevens, the missionary at Lake Harriet, preached on Sundays to the Presbyterian church, there, recently organized. Writing on January twenty-seventh, 1836, he says, in relation to his field of labor : " Yesterday a portion of this band of Indians, who had been some time absent from this village, returned. One of the number (a woman) was informed that a brother of hers had died during her absence. He was not at this village, i)ut with another band, and the information had just reached here. In the evening they set up a most piteous crying, or rather waiting, which con- tinued, with some little cessations, during the night. The sister of the deceased brother would repeat, times without number, words which may be thus translated into EngUsh : ' Come, my brother, I shall see you no more for ever.' The night was extremely cold, the thermometer standing from ten to twenty below zero. About sunrise, next morning, preparation was made for performing the ceremony of cutting their flesh, in order to give relief to their grief of mind. The snow was removed from the frozen ground over about as large a space as would be required to place a smaU Indian lodge or wigwam. In the centre a very small fire was kindled up, not to give warmth, apparently, but to cause a smoke. The sister of the deceased, who was the chief mourner, came out of her lodge followed by three other women, who repau-ed to the place prepared. They were all barefooted, and nearly naked. Here they set up a most bitter lamenta- tion and crying, mingling their wailings with the words before mentioned. The principal mom-ner commenced gashing or cutting her ankles, and legs up to the knees with a sharp stone, until her legs were covered with gore and flowing blood ; then in like manner her arms, shoulders, and breast. The others cut themselves in the same way, but not so severely. On this poor infatuated woman I presume there were more than a hun- dred long deep gashes in the flesh. I saw the operation, and the blood instantly followed the instrument, and flowed down upon the flesh. She appeared frantic with grief. Through the pain of her wounds, the loss of blood, exhaustion of strength by fastmg, loud and long-continued and bitter groans, or the extreme cold upon her al- most naked and lacerated body, she soon sunk upon the frozen ground, shaking as with a violent fit of the ague, and writhing in apparent agony. ' Surely,' I exclaimed, as I beheld the bloody A SOMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONARY. 109 scene, 'the tender mercies of the heathen are cruelty I' " The little church at the fort begins to mani- fest something of a missionary spirit Their con- tributions are considerable for so small a nmnber. I hope they will not only be willing to contribute liberally of their substance, but will give them- selves, at least some of them, to the missionary work. " The surgeon of the military post, Dr. Jarvis, has been very assiduous in his attentions to us in our sickness, and has very generously made a do- nation to our board of twenty-five dollars, being the amount of his medical services in our family; " On the nineteenth instant we commenced a school with six full Indian children, at least so in all their habits, dress, etc.; not one could speak a word of any language but Sioux. The school has since increased to tlie number of twenty-five. I am now collecting and arranging words for a dic- tionary. Mr. Pond is assiduously employed in preparing a small speUing-book, which we may forward next mail for printing. On the fifteenth of September, 1836, a Presby- terian church was organized at Lac-qui-Parle, a branch of that in and near Port Snelling, and Joseph Renville, a mixed blood of great influ- ence, became a communicant. He had been trained in Canada by a Boman Catholic priest, but claimed the right of private judgment. Mr. Renville's wife was the first pure Dahkotah of whom we have any record that ever joined the Church of Christ. This church has never become extinct, although its members have been neces- sarily nomadic. After the treaty of Traverse des Sioux, it was removed to Hazlewood. Driven from thence by the outbreak of 1862, it has be- came the parent of other churches, in the valley of the upper Missouri, over one of which John Renville, a descendant of the elder at Lac-qui- Parle, is the pastor. BOMAN CATHOLIC MISSION ATTEMPTED. Father Bavoux, recently from Prance, a sin- cere and earnest priest of the Church of Rome, came to Mendota in the autumn of 1841, and after a brief sojourn with the Rev. L. Galtier, who had erected Saint Paul's chapel, which has given the name of Saint Paul to the capital of Minnesota, he ascended the Minnesota River^ and visited Lac-qui-Parle. Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, wrote the next year of his visit as follows : " Our young missionary, M. Ravoux, passed the winter on the banks of Lac-qui-Parle, without any other support than Providence, without any other means of conver- sion than a burning zeal, he has wrought in the space of six months, a happy revolution among the Sioux. Prom the time of his arrival he has been occupied night and day in the study of their language. ***** When he iostructs the savages, he speaks to them with so much fire whilst showing them a large copper crucifix which he carries on his breast, that he makes the strong- est impression upon them." The impression, however was evanescent, and he soon retired from the field, and no more efforts were made in this direction by the Church of Rome. This young Mr. Ravoux is now the highly respected vicar of the Roman Catholic diocese of Minnesota, and justly esteemed for his simplicity and unobtrusiveness. CHIPPBWAY MISSIONS AT POKEGTTMA. Pokeguma is one of the " Mille Lacs," or thou- sand beautiful lakes for which Minnesota is re- markable. It is about four or five miles in extent, and a mile or more in width. This lake is situated on Snake River, about twenty mUes above the junction of that stream with the St. Croix. In the year 1836, missionaries came to reside among the Ojibways and Pokeguma, to promote their temporal and spiritual welfare. Their mis- sion house was built on the east side of the lake ; but the Indian vUlage was on an island not far from the shore. In a letter written in 1837, we find the fol- lowing: "The young women and girls now make, mend, wash, and iron after our man- ner. The men have learned to build log houses, drive team, plough, hoe, and handle an American axe with some skill in cutting large trees, the size of which, two years ago, would have afforded them a sufficient reason why they should not med- dle with them." In May, 1841, Jeremiah Russell, who was In- dian farmer, sent two Chippeways, accompanied by Blam Greeley, of Stillwater, to the Palls of Saint Croix for supplies. On Saturday, the fifteenth of the month they arrived there, and 110 BXPL0BEB8 AND PI0NEUB8 OF MINNESOTA. the next day a steamboat came up with the goods. The captain said a war party of Sioux, headed by Little Crow, was advancing, and the two Chippeways prepared to go back and were their friends. They had hardly left the Palls, on their re- turn, before they saw a party of Dahkotahs. The sentinel of the enemy had not noticed the ap- proach of the young men. In the twinkling of an eye, these two young Ojibways raised their guns, fired,- and killed two of Little Crow's sons. The discharge of the guns revealed to a sentinel, that an enemy was near, and as the Ojibways were retreating, he fired, and mortally wounded one of the two. According to custom, the corpses of the chief's sons were dressed, and then set up with their faces towards the country of their ancient ene- mies. The wounded Ojibway was horribly mangled by the infuriated party, and his limbs strevm about in every direction. His scalped head was placed in a kettle, and suspended in front of the two Dahkotah corpses. Little Crow, disheartened by the loss of his two boys, returned with his party to Kaposia. But other parties were in the field. It was not till Friday, the twenty-first of May, that the death of one of the young Ojibways sent by Mr. Russell, to the Palls of Saint Croix, was known at Pokeguma. Mr. Russell on the next Sunday, accompanied by Captain "William Ilolcomb and a half-breed, went to the mission station to attend a religious service, and while crossing the lake in returning, the half-breed said that it was rumored that the Sioux were approaching. On Monday, the twen- ty-fourth, three young men left in a canoe to go to the west shore of the lake, and from thence to Mille Lacs, to give intelligence to the Ojibways there, of the skirmish that had already occurred. They took with them two Indian girls, about twelve years of age, who were pupils of the mis- sion school, for the purpose of bringing the canoe back to the island. Just as the three were land- ing, twenty or thirty Dahkotah warriors, with a war whoop emerged from their concealment be- hind the trees, and fired into the canoe. The young men instantly sprang into the water, which was shallow, returned the fire, and ran into the woods, escaping without material injury. The little girls, in their fright, waded into the lake; but were pursued. Their parents upon the island, heard the death cries of their children. Some of the Indians around the mission-house jumped into their canoes and gained the island. Others went into some fortified log huts. The attack upon the canoe, it was afterwards learned, was premature. The party upon that side of the lake were ordered not to fire, until the party stationed in the woods near the mission began. There were in all one hundred and eleven Dahkotah warriors, and all the fight was in the vicinity of the mission-house, and the Ojibways mostly engaged in it were those who had been under religious instruction. The rest were upon the island. The fathers of the murdered girls, burning for revenge, left the island in a canoe, and drawing it up on the shore, hid behind it, and fired upon the Dahkotahs and killed one. The Dahkotahs advancing upon them, they were obliged to escape. The canoe was now laimched. One lay on his back in the bottom; the other plunged into the water, and, holding the canoe with one , hand, and swimming with the other, he towed his friend out of danger. The Dahkotahs, in- furiated at their escape, fired volley after volley at the swimmer, but he escaped the balls by putting his head under water whenever he saw them take aim, and waiting till he heard the discharge, he would then look up and breathe. After a fight of two hours, the Dahkotahs re- treated, with a loss of two men. At the request of the parents, Mr. E. P. Ely, from whose notes the writer has obtained these facts, be- ing at that time a teacher at the mission, went across the lake, with two of his friends, to gather the remains of his murdered pupils. He found the corpses on the shore. The heads cut off and scalped, with a tomahawk buried in the brains of each, were set up in the sand near the bodies. The bodies were pierced in the breast, and the right arm of one was taken away. Re- moving the tomahawks, the bodies were brought back to the island, and in the afternoon were buried in accordance with the simple but solemn rites of the Church of Christ, by members of the mission. SIOUX MISSIONABIES BEFOBE THE TREATIES. Ill The sequel to this story is soon told. .The In- dians of Pokeguma, after the fight, deserted their village, and went to reside with their countrymen near Lake Superior. In July of the following year, 1842, a war party was formed at Fond du Lac, about forty in num- ber, and proceeded towards the Dahkotah country. Sneaking, as none but Indians can, they arrived unnoticed at the little settlement below Saint Paul, commonly called "Pig's Eye," which is opposite to what was Kaposia, or Little Crow's village. Finding an Indian woman at work in the garden of her husband, a Canadian, by the name of Gamelle, they killed her ; also another woman, with her infant, whose head was cut off. The Dahkotahs, on the opposite side, were mostly intoxicated ; and, flying across in their canoes but half prepared, they were worsted in the en- counter. They lost thirteen warriors, and one of their number, known as the Dancer, the Ojib- ways are said to have skinned. Soon after this the Chippeway missions of the St. Crotx Valley were abandoned. In a little while Eev. Mr. Boutwell removed to the vicinity of Stillwater, and the missionaries, Ayer and Spencer, went to Eed Lake and other points in Minnesota. In 1853 the Eev. Sherman Hall left the Indians and became pastor of a Congregational church at Sauk Eapids, where he recently died. METHODIST MISSIONS. In 1837 the Eev. A. Brunson commenced a Methodist mission at Kaposia, about four miles below, and opposite Saint Paul. It was afterwards removed across the river to Eed Eock. He was assisted by the Eev. Thomas W. Pope, and the latter was succeeded by the Eev. J. Holton. The Eev. Mr. Spates and others also labored for a brief period among the Ojibways. PEBSBYTBEIAN MISSIONS CONTINTIED. At the stations the Dahkotah language was dil- igently studied. Eev. S. "W. Pond had prepared a dictionary of three thousand words, and also a small grammar. The Eev. S. E. Eiggs, who joined the mission in 1837, in a letter dated February 24, 1841, writes: "Last summer^ after returning from Fort SneUing, I spent five weeks in copying again the Sioux vocabulary which we bad collected aad arranged at this sta- tion. It contained then about 5500 words, not including the various forms of the verbs. Since that time, the words collected by Dr. Williamson and myself, have, I presume, increased the num- ber to six thousand. ***** In this con- nection, I may mention that during the winter of 1839-40, Mrs. Biggs, vrith some assistance, wrote an EngUsh and Sioux vocabulary containing about three thousand words. One ot Mr. Een- ville's sons and three of his daughters are en- gaged in copying. In committing the grammati- cal principles of the language to writing, we have done something at this station, but more has been done by Mr. S. W. Pond." Steadily the niunber of Indian missionaries increased, and in 1851, before the lands of the Dahkotahs west of the Mississippi were ceded to the whites, they were disposed as follows by the Dahkotah Presbytery. Lac-qui-parle, Eev. 8. E. Eiggs, Eev. M. N. Adams, Missionaries, Jonas Pettijohn, Mrs. Fanny Pettijohn, Mrs. Mary Ann Eiggs, Mrs. Mary A. M- Adams, Miss Sarah Eankin, As- sistants. Traverse des Sioux, Eev. Eobert Hopkins, Mis- sionary; Mrs. Agnes Hopkins, Alexander G. Huggins, Mrs. Lydia P. Huggins, Assistants. Shahpay, or Sliokpay, Eev. Samuel W. Pond, Missionary; Mrs. Sarah P. Pond, Assistant. Oak Grove, Eev. Gideon H. Pond and wife. Kaposia, Eev. Thomas "Williamson, M. D., Missionary and Physician; Mrs. Margaret P. Williamson, Miss Jane S. WUliamson, Assistants. Bed Wing, Eev. John F. Alton, Eev. Joseph W. Hancock, Missionaries; Mrs. Nancy H. Alton, Mrs. Hancock, Assistants. The Eev. Daniel Gavin, the Swiss Presbyte- rian Missionary, spent the winter of 1839 in Lac- qui-Parle and was afterwards married to a niece of the Eev. J. D. Stevens, of the Lake Harriet Mission. Mr. Stevens became the fanner and teacher of the Wapashaw band, and the first white man who lived where the city of Winona has been buUt. Another missionary from Switz- erland, the Eev. Mr. Denton, married a Miss Skinner, formerly of the Mackinaw mission. During a portion of the year 1839 these Svnss missionaries lived with the American mission- aries at camp Cold Water near Fort SneUing, but their chief field of labor was at Eed Wing. 112 EXPLOREBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA.. CHAPTEE XX. TREAD OF PIONEERS IN THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY AND ELSEWHERE. Origin of the name Saint Croix— Dii Lvlth, first Explorer— French Post on the St. Croix- Pitt, on eai-ly pioneer— Early settlers at Saint Croix Falls— First women there — Marine Settlement — Joseph R. Brown's town site — Saint Croix County organized— Proprietors of Stillwater— A dead Negro woman— Pig's Eye, origin of name — Rise of Saint Paul — Dr. Williamson secures first school teacher for Saint Paul- Description of first school room- Saint Croix County re-organized — Rev. W. T. Boutwell, pioneer clergyman. The Saint Croix river, according to Le Sueur, named after a Frenchman who was drowned at its mouth, was one of the earliest throughfares from Lake Superior to the Mississippi. The first white man who directed canoes upon its waters was Du Luth, who had in 1679 explored Minne- sota. He thus describes his tour in a letter, first published by Harrisse : " In June, 1680, not be- ing satisfied, with having made my discovery by land, I took two canoes, with an Indian who was my Interpreter, and four Frenchmen, to seek means to make it by water. "With this view I entered a river which empties eight leagues from the extremity of Lake Superior, on the south side, where, after having cut some trees and broken about a hundred beaver dams, I reached the upper waters of the said river, and then I made a portage of half a league to reach a laSe, the outlet of which fell into a very fine river, which took me down into the Mississippi. There I learned from eight cabins of Nadouecioux that the Kev. Father Louis Hennepin, Recollect, now at the convent of Saint Germain, with two other Frenchmen had been robbed, and carried ofE as slaves for more than three hundred leagues by the Nadouecioux themselves." He then relates how he left two Frenchmen with his goods, and went with his interpreter and two Frenchmen in a canoe down the Mississippi, and after two days and two nights, found Henne- pin, Accault and Augelle. He told Hennepin that he must return with him through the country of the Fox tribe, and writes : " I preferred to re- trace my steps, manifesting to them [the Sioux] the just indignation I felt against them, rather than to remain after the violence they had done to the Rev. Father and the other two Frenchmen with him, whom I put in my canoes and brought them to Michilimackinack." After this, the Saint Croix river became a chan- nel for commerce, and Bellin writes, that before 1755, the French had erected a fort forty leagues from its mouth and twenty from Lake Superior. The pine forests between the Saint Croix and Minnesota had been for several years a tempta- tion to energetic men. As early as November, 1836, a Mr. Pitt went with a boat and a party of men to the Falls of Saint Croix to cut pine tim- ber, with the consent of the Chippeways but the dissent of the United States authorities. In 1 837 while the treaty was being made by Com- missioners Dodge and Smith at Fort SneUing, on one Sunday Franklin Steele, Dr. Fitch, Jeremiah Russell, and a Mr. Maginnis left Fort Snelling for the Falls of Saint Croix in a birch bark canoe paddled by eight men, and reached that point about noon on Monday aud commenced a log cabin. Steele and Maginnis remained here, while the others, dividing into two parties, one under Fitch, and the other imder Russell, search- ed for pine land. The first stopped at Sun Rise, while Russel went on to the Snake River. About the same time Robbinet and Jesse B. Taylor came to the Falls in the Interest of B. F. Baker who had a stone trading house near Fort Snelling, since destroyed by fire. On the fifteenth of July, 1838, the Palmyra, Capt. Holland, arrived at the Fort, with the ofiicial notice of the ratifica- tion of the treaties ceding the lands between the Saint Croix and Mississippi. She had on board C. A. Tuttle, L. W. Stratton and others, with the machinery for the projected mills of the Northwest Lumber Company at the Falls of Saint Croix, and reached that point on the seventeenth, the first steamboat to disturb the waters above Lake Saint Croix. The steamer Gypsy came to the fort on the twenty-first of WOMEN IN THE VALLEY OF THE SAINT CROIX. 113 October, with goods for the CMppeways, and was chartered for four himdred and fifty dollars, to carry them np to the Falls of Saint Croix. In passing through the lake, the boat grounded near a projected town called Stambaughville, after S. C. Stambaugh, the sutler at the fort. On the afternoon of the 26th, the goods were landed, as stipulated. The agent of the Improvement Company at the falls was Washington Libbey, who left in the fall of 1838, and was succeeded by Jeremiah Eussell, Stratton acting as millwright in place of Calyin Tuttle. On the twelfth of December, Eussell and Stratton walked down the river, cut the first tr6e and built a cabin at Marine, and sold their claim. The first women at the Falls of Saint Croix were a Mrs. Orr, Mrs. Sackett, and the daughter of a Mr. Young. During the winter of 1838-9, Jere- miah Eussell married a daughter of a respectable and gentlemanly trader, Charles H. Oakes. Among the first preachers were the Eev. W. T. BoutweU and Mr. Seymour, of the Chippeway Mission at Pokeguma. The Eev. A. Brunson, of Prairie du Chien, who visited this region in 1838, wrote that at the mouth of Snake Eiver he found Franklin Steele, with twenty-five or thirty men, cutting timber for a mill, and when he offered to preach Mr. Steele gave a cordial assent. On the sixteenth of August, Mr. Steele, Living- ston, and others, left the Falls of Saint Croix in a barge, and went around to Fort Snelling. The steamboat Fayette about the middle of May, 1839, landed sutlers' stores at Fort Snell- ing and then proceeded with several persons of intelligence to the Saint Croix river, who sHtled at Marine. The place was called after Marine in Madison county, Illinois, where the company, consisting of Judd, Hone and others, was formed to build a saw mill in the Saint Croix Valley. The mill at Marine commenced to saw lumber, on August 24, 1839, the first in Minnesota. Joseph E. Brown, who since 1838, had lived at Chan Wakan, on the west side of Grey Cloud Island, this year made a claim near the upper end of the city of Stillwater, which he called Dahkotah, and was the first to raft lumber down the Saint Croix, as well as the first to represent the citizens of the valley in the legislature of Wisconsin. 8 Until the year 1841, the jurisdiction of Craw- ford county, Wisconsin, extended over the delta of country between the Saint Croix and Missis- sippi. Joseph E. Brown, having been elected as representative of the county, in, the territorial legislature of Wisconsin, succeeded in obtaining the passage of an act on November twentieth, 1841, organizing the county of Saint Croix, with Dahkotah designated as the county seat. At the time prescribed for holding a court in the new county, it is said that the judge of the district arrived, and to his surprise, found a claim cabin occupied by a Frenchman. Speedily retreating, he never came again, and judicial proceedings for Saint Croix county ended for several years. Phineas Lawrence was the first sheriff of this county. On the tenth of October, 1843, was commenced a settlement which has become the town of Still- water. The names of the proprietors were John McKusick from Maine, Calvin Leach from Ver- mont, Elam Greeley from Maine, and Elias McKean from Pennsylvania. They immediately commenced the erection of a sawmill. John H. Fonda, elected on the twenty-second of September, as coroner of Crawford county, Wisconsin, asserts that he was once notified that a dead body was lying in the water opposite Pig's Eye slough, and immediately proceeded to the spot, and on taking it out, recognized it as the body of a negro woman belonging to a certain captain of the United States army then at Fort Crawford. The body was cruelly cut and bruised, but no one appearing to recognise it, a verdict of " Found dead," was rendered, and the corpse was buried. Soon after, it came to light that the woman was whipped to death, and thrown into the river during the night. The year that the Dahkotahs ceded their lands east of the Mississippi, a Canadian Frenchman by the name of Parrant, the ideal of an Indian whisky seller, erected a shanty in what is now the city of Saint Paul. Ignorant and overbear- ing he loved money more than his own soul. Destitute of one eye, and the other resembling. that of a pig, he was a good representative of Caliban. Some one writing from his groggery designated it as " Pig's Eye." The reply to the letter was directed in good faith. to " Pig's Eye " 114 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. Some years ago the editor of the Saint Paul Press described theoccasion in these words : " Edmund Brisette, a clerkly Frenchman for those days, who lives, or did live a little while ago, on Lake Harriet, was one day seated at a table in Parrant's cabin, with pen and paper about to write a letter for Parrant (for Parrant, like Charlemagre, could not write) to a friend of the latter in Canada. The question of geog- raphy puzzled Brissette at the outset of the epistle; where should he date a letter from a place without a name ? He looked up inquir- ingly to Parrant, and met the dead, cold glare of the Pig's Eye fixed upon him, with an irresist- ible suggestiveness that was inspiration to Brisette." In 1842, the late Henry Jackson, of Mahkahto, settled at the same spot, and erected the first store on the height just above the lower landing, Roberts and Simpson followed, and opened small Indian trading shops. In 1846, the site of Saint Paul was chiefly occupied by a few shanties owned by "certain lewd fellows of the baser sort," who sold rum to the soldier and Indian. It was despised by all decent white men, and known to the Dahkotahs by an expression in their tongue which means, the place where they sell minne-wakah [supernatural water]. The chief of the Kaposia band in 1846, was shot by his own brother in a drunken revel, but sur- viving the wound, and apparently alarmed at the deterioration under the influence of the modern harpies at Saint Paul, went to Mr. Bruce, Indian Agent, at Fort Snelling, and requested a mis- sionary. The Indian Agent in his report to gov- ernment, says : " The chief of the Little Crow's band, who re- sides below this place (Fort Snelhng) about nine miles, in the immediate neighbourhood of the whiskey dealers, has requested to have a school established at his village. He says they are de- termined to reform, and for the future, will try to do better. I wrote to Doctor Williamson soon after the request was made, desiring him to take charge of the school. He has had charge of the mission school at Lac qui Parle for some years ; is well qualified, and is an excellent physician." In November, 1846, Dr. Williamson came from Lac qui Parle, as requested, and became a resi- dent of Kaposia. While disapproving of their practices, he felt a kindly interest in the whites of Pig's Eye, which place was now beginning to be called, after a little log chapel which had been erected at the suggestion of Rev. L. Galtier, and called Saint Paul's. Though a missionary among the Dahkotahs, he was the first to take steps to promote the education of the whites and half- breeds of Minnesota. In the year 1847, he wrote to ex-Governor Slade, President of the National Popular Education Society, in relation to the condition of what has subsequently become the capital of the state. In accordance with his request. Miss H. E. Bishop came to his mission-house at Kaposia, and, after a short time, was introduced by him to the citizens of Saint Paul. The first school- house in Minnesota besides those connected with the Indian missions, stood near the site of the old Brick Presbyterian church, comer of Saint Peter and Third street, and is thus described by the teacher : •' The school was commenced in a little log hovel, covered with bark, and chinked with mud, previously used as a blacksmith shop. On three sides of the interior of this humble log cabin, pegs were driven into the logs, upon which boards were laid for seats. Another seat was made by placing one end of a plank between the cracks of the logs, and the other upon a chair. This was for visitors. A rickety cross-legged table in the centre, and a hen's nest in one corner, com- pleted the furniture." Saint Croix county, in the year 1847, was de- tached from Crawford county, Wisconsin, and reorganized for judicial purposes, and Stillwater made the county seat. In the month of June the United States District Court held its session in the store-room of Mr. John jSIcKusick ; Judge Charles Dunn presidmg. A large number of lumbermen had been attracted by the pineries in the upper portion of the valley of Saint Croix, and Stillwater was looked upon as the center of the lumbering interest. The Rev. Mr. Boutwell, feeling that he conld be more useful, left the Ojibways, and took up his residence near Stillwater, preaching to the lumbermen at the Falls of Saint Croix, Marine Mills, Stillwater, and Cottage Grove. In a letter speaking of Stillwater, he says, " Here is a little village sprung up like a gourd, but whether it is to perish as soon, God only knows." NAM^(i PliOPOSUl) FOB MINNESOTA TERRITORY. 115 CHAPTEB XXI. EYENTS PEELIMIKARY TO THE OEGANIZATION OF THE MINNESOTA TEERITOBY, Wisconsin State Boundaries— First Bill for the Organization of Minnesota Terri- tory, A. D. 1846 — Change of Wisconsin Boundary — Memorial of Saint Croix Valley citizens — Various names proposed for the New Territory — Convention at Stillwater— H. H. Sibley elected Delegate to Congress.- Derivation of word Hinnesota. Three years elapsed from the time that the territory of Minnesota was proposed in Congress, to the final passage of the organic act. On the sixth of August, 1846, an act was passed by Con- gress authorizing the citizens of Wisconsin Ter- ritory to frame a constitution and form a state government. The act fixed the Saint Louis river to the rapids, from thence south to the Saint Croix, and thence down that river to its junction with the Mississippi, as the western boundary. On the twenty -third of December, 1846, the delegate from Wisconsin, Morgan L. Martin, in- troduced a biU in Congress for the organization of a territory of Minnesota. Tliis bill made its western boundary the Sioux and Bed Eiver of the North. On the third of March, 1847, per- mission was granted to Wisconsin to change her boundary, so that the western limit would pro- ceed due south from the first rapids of the Saint Louis river, and fifteen miles east of the most easterly point of Lake Saint Croix, thence to the Mississippi. A number in the constitutional convention of Wisconsin, were anxious that Bum river should be a part of her western boundary, while citizens of the valley of the Saint Croix were desirous that the Chippeway river should be the limit of Wisconsin. The citizens of Wisconsin Territory, in the valley of the Saint Croix, and about Fort SnelUng, wished to be included in the projected new territory, and on the twenty-eighth of March, 1848, a memorial signed by H. H. Sibley, Henry M. Eice, Franklin Steele, William R. Marshall, and others, was presented to Congress, remon- strating against the proposition before the con- vention to make Rum river a part of the bound- ary line of the contemplated state of Wisconsin. On the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, the act to admit Wisconsin changed the boundary line to the present, and as first defined in the enabling act of 1846. After the bill of Mr. Martin was introduced into the House of Representatives in 1846 it was referred to the Committee on Terri- tories, of which Mr. Douglas was chairman. On the twentieth of January, 1847, he reported in favor of the proposed territory with the name of Itasca. On the seventeenth of February, be- fore the bill passed the House, a discussion arose in relation to the proposed name. Mr. Win- throp of Massachusetts proposed Chippewa as a substitute, alleging that this tribe was the prin- cipal in the proposed territory, which was not correct. -Mr. J. Thompson of Mississippi disliked all Indian names, and hoped the territory would be called Jackson. Mr. Houston of Delaware thought that there ought to be one territory named after the "Father of his country," and proposed Washington. All of the names pro- posed were rejected, and the name in the original bill inserted. On the last day of the session, March third, the bill was called up in the Senate and laid on the table. When Wisconsin became a state the query arose whether the old territorial government did not continue in force west of the Saint Croix river. The first meeting on the subject of claim- ing territorial privileges was held in the building at Saint Paul, known as Jackson's store, near the corner of Bench and Jackson streets, on the bluff. This meeting was held in July, and a convention was proposed to consider their posi- tion. The first public meeting was held at Still- water on August fourth, and Messrs. Steele and Sibley were the only persons present from the west side of the Mississippi. This meeting is- sued a call for a general convention to take steps to secure an early territorial organization, to assemble on the twenty-sixth of the month at 116 EXPLORBBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. the same place. Sixty-two delegates answered, the call, and among those present, were W. D. Phillips, J. W. Bass, A. Larpenteur, J. M. Boal, and others from Saint Paul. To the convention a letter was presented from Mr. Catlin, who claimed to be acting governor, giving his opinion that the Wisconsin territorial organization was still in force. The meeting also appointed Mr. Sibley to visit Washington and represent their views; but the Hon. John H. Tweedy having resigned his ofl&ce of delegate to Congress on September eighteenth, 1848, Mr. Catlin, who had made Stillwater a temporary residence, on the ninth of October issued a proclamation ordering a special election at Stillwater on the thirtieth, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation. At this election Henry H. Sibley was elected as delegate of the citizens of the remaining portion of Wisconsin Territory. His credentials were presented to the House of Representatives, and the committee to whom the matter was referred presented a majority and minority report; but the resolution introduced by the majority passed and Mr. Sibley took his seat as a delegate from Wisconsin Territory on the fifteenth of January, 1849. Mr. H. M. Rice, and other gentlemen, visited Washington during the winter, and, uniting with Mr. Sibley, used all their energies to obtain the organization of a new territory. Mr. Sibley, in an interesting communication to the Minnesota Historical Society, writes : " When my credentials as Delegate, were presented by Hon. James Wilson, of New Hampshire, to the House of Representatives, there was some curi- osity manifested among the members, to see what kind of a person had been elected to represent the distant and wild territory claiming representation in Congress. I wastold by a New England mem- ber with whom I became subsequently quite inti- mate, that there was some disappointment when I made my appearance, for it was expected that the delegate from this remote region would make his debut, if not in full Indian costume, at least, with some peculiarities of dress and manners, characteristic of the rude and semi-civilized peo- ple who had sent him to the Capitoh" The territory of Minnesota was named after the largest tributary of the Mississippi within its limits. The Sioux call the Missouri Minnesho- shayr muddy water, but the stream after which this region is named, Minne-sota. Some say that Sota means clear ; others, turbid ; Schoolcraft, bluish green. Nicollet wrote. "The adjective Sotah is of difiScult translation. The Canadians translated it by a pretty equivalent word, brouille, perhaps more properly rendered into English by blear. I have entered upon this explanation be cause the word really means neither clear nor turbid, as some authors have asserted, its true meaning being found in the Sioux expression Ishtah-sotah, blear-eyed." From the fact that the word signifies neither blue nor white, but the peculiar appearance of the Sky at certain times, by some, Minnesota has been defined to mean the sky tinted water, which is certainly poetic, and the late Rev. Gideon H. Pond thought quite correct. MINNESOTA IN THE BEGINNING. 117 CHAPTEE XXII. MENKESOTA FROM ITS OEGANIZATION AS A TERRITORY, A. D. 1849, TO A. D. 1854. Appearance of the Country, A. D. 1849 — Arrival of first Editor — Governor Ramsey arrives — Guest of H. H. Sibley — Proclamation issued — Governor Banisey and H. M. Rice move to Saint Paul— Fourth of July Celebration — ' First election— Early mewspapers — First Courts— First Legislature — Pioneer News Carrier's Address — Wedding at Port Snelling — Territwrial Seal — Scalp Dance at Stillwater — First Steamboat at Falls of Saint Anthony— Presbyterian Chapel burned — Indian council at Fort Snelling — First Steamboat above Saint Anthony — First boat at the Blue Earth River— Congressional election— Tisit.of Fredxika Bremer — Indian newspaper — Other newspapers — Second Legislature — ^University of Minnesota— Teamster killed by Indians — Sioux Treaties— Third Legislature— Land slide at Stillwater — Death of first Editor— Foui-th Legislature Baldwin School, now Macalester College — Indian fight in Saint Paul. On the third of March, 1849, the bill was passed by Congress for organizing the territory of Minnesota, whose boundary on the west, extended to the Missouri River. At this time, the region was little more than a wilderness. The west bank of the Mississippi, from the Iowa line to Lake Itasca, was unceded by the Indians. At Wapashaw, was a trading post in charge of Alexis Bailly, and here also resided the ancient voyageur, of fourscore years, A. Rocque. At the foot of Lake Pepin was a store house kept by Mr. F. S. Richards. On the west shore of the lake lived the eccentric Wells, whose wife was a bois brule, a daughter of the deceased trader, Duncan Graham. The two unfinished buildings of stone, on the beautiful bank opposite the renowned Maiden's Rock, and the surrounding skin lodges of his wife's relatives and friends, presented a rude but picturesque scene. Above the lake was a cluster of bark wigwams, the Dahkotah village of Raymneecha, now Red Wing, at which was a Presbyterian mission house. The next settlement was Kaposia, also an In- dian village, and the residence of a Presbyterian missionary, the Rev. T. S. WilUamson, M. D. On the east side of the Mississippi, the first set- tlement, at the mouth of the St. Croix, was Point Douglas, then as now, a small hamlet. At Red Rock, the site of a former Methodist mission station, there were a few farmers. Saint Paul was just emerging from a collection of In- dian whisky shops and birch roofed cabins of half-breed voyageuis. Here and there a frame tenement was erected, and, under the auspices of the Hon. H. M. Rice, who had obtained an inter- est in the town, some warehouses were con- structed, and the foundations of the American House, a frame hotel, which stood at Third and Exchange street, were laid. In 1849, the popu- lation had increased to two hundred and fifty or three hundred inhabitants, for rumors had gone abroad that it might be mentioned in the act, creating the territory, as the capital of Minnesota. More than a month after the adjournment of Congress, just at eve, on the ninth of April, amid terrific peals of thunder and torrents of rain, the weekly steam packet, the first to force its way through the icy barrier of Lake Pepin, rounded the rocky point whistling loud and long, as if the bearer of glad tidings. Before she was safely moored to the landing, the shouts of the excited villagers were heard announcing that there was a territory of Minnesota, and that Saint Paul was the seat of government. Every successive steamboat arrival poured out on the landing men big with hope, and anxious to do something to mould the future of the new state. Nine days after the news of the existence of the territory of Minnesota was received, there arrived .James M. Goodhue with press, type, and printing apparatus. A graduate of Amherst college, and a lawyer by profession, he wielded a sharp pen, and wrote editorials, which, more than anything else, perhaps, induced immigration. Though a man of some faults, one of the counties properly bears his name. On the twenty-eighth of April, he issued from his press the first number of the Pioneer. On the twenty - seventh of May, Alexander Ramsey, the Governor, and family, arrived at Saint Paul, but owing to the crowded state of pub- 118 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. lie houses, immediately proceeded in the steamer to the establishment of the Fur Company, known as Mendota, at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi, and became the guest of the Hon. H. H. Sibley. On the first of June, Governor Kamsey, by pro- clamation, declared the territory duly organized, with the following officers : Alexander Kamsey, of Pennsylvania, Governor ; C. K. Smith, of Ohio, Secretary ; A. Goodrich, of Tennessee, Chief Justice ; D. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, and B. B. Meeker, of Kentucky, Associate Judges ; Joshua L. Taylor, Marshal ; H. L. Moss, attorney of the United States. On the eleventh of June, a second proclamar tion was issued, dividing the territory into three temporary judicial districts. The first comprised the county of St. Croix ; the county of La Pointe and the region north and west of the Mississippi, aiid north of the Minnesota and of a line running due west from the headwaters of the Minnesota to the Missouri river, constituted the second ; and the country west of the Mississippi and south of the Minnesota, formed the third district. Judge Goodrich was assigned to the first, Meeker to the second, and Cooper to the third. A court was ordered to be held at Stillwater on the second Monday, at the Falls of St. Anthony on the third, and at Mendota on the fourth Monday of August. Until the twenty -sixth of June, Governor Ramsey and family had been guests of Hon. H. H. Sibley, at Mendota. On the afternoon of that day they arrived at St. Paul, in a birch-bark canoe, and became permanent residents at the capital. The house first occupied as a guber- natorial mansion, was a small frame building that stood on Third, between Robert and Jackson streets, formerly known as the New England House. A few days after, the Hon. H. M. Rice and family moved from Mendota to St. Paul, and oc- cupied the house he had erected on St. Anthony street, near the comer of Market. On the first of July, a land office was estab- lished at StUlwater, and A. Van Vorhes, after a few weeks, became the register. The anniversary of our National Independence was celebrated in a becoming manner at the cap- ital. The place selected for the address, was a grove that stood on the sites of the City Hall and the Baldwm School builduig, and the late Frank- lin Steele was the marshal of the day. On the seventh of Jrdy, a proclamation was is- sued, dividing the territory into seven council districts, and ordering an election to be held on the first day of August, for one delegate to rep- resent the people in the House of Representatives of the United States, for nine councillors and eighteen representatives, to constitute the Legis- lative Assembly of Minnesota. In this month, the Hon. H. M. Rice despatch- ed a boat laded with Indian goods from the the Falls of St. Anthony to Crow Wing, which was towed by horses after the manner of a canal boat. The election on the first of August, passed off with Uttle excitement, Hon. H, H. Sibley being elected delegate to Congress without opposition. David Lambert, on what might, perhaps, be termed the old settlers' ticket, was defeated in St. Paul, by James M. Boal. The latter, on the night of the election, was honored with a ride through town on the axle and fore-wheels of an old wagon, which was drawn by his admiring but somewhat undisciplined friends. J. L. Taylor having dechned the office of United States Marshal; A. M. MitcheU, of Ohio, a graduate of West Point, and colonel of a regi- ment of Ohio volunteers in the Mexican war, was appointed and arrived at the capital early in August. There were three papers pubhshed in the ter- ritory soon after its organization. The first was the Pioneer, issued on April twenty-eighth, 1849, under most discouraging circumstances. It was at first the intention of the witty and reckless editor to have called his paper " The Epistle of St. Paul." About the same time there was issued in Cincinnati, under the auspices of the late Dr. A. Randall, of California, the first number of the Uegister. The second number of the paper was printed at St. Paul, in July, and the office was on St. Anthony, between Washington and Market Streets, About the first of June, James Hughes, afterward of Hudson, Wisconsin, arrived with a press and materials, and established the Minnesota Chronicle. After an existence of a few weeks two papers were discontinued ; and, in their place, was issued the " Chronicle and DESGBIPTION OF THE TEMPORABY CAPITOL. 119 Eegister," edited by Nathaiel McLean and John P. Owens. The first courts, pursuant to proclamation of the governor, were held in the month of August. At Stillwater, the court was organized on the thirteenth of the month, Judge Goodrich pre- siding, and Judge Cooper by courtesy, sitting on the bench. On the twentieth, the second judi- cial district held a court. The room used was the old government mill at Minneapolis. The presiding judge was B. B. Meeker ; the foreman of the grand jury, Franklin Steele. On the last Monday of the month, the court for the third judicial district was organized in the large stone warehouse of the fur company at Mendota. The presiding judge was David Cooper. Governor Eamsey sat on the right, and Judge Goodrich on the left. Hon. H. H. Sibley was the foreman of the grand jury. As some of the jurors could not speak the English language, W. H. Forbes acted as interpreter. The charge of Judge Cooper was lucid, scholarly, and dignified. At the request of the grand jury it was afterwards published. On Monday, the third of September, the first Legislg>tive Assembly convened in the " Central House,'' in Saint Paul, a building at the corner of Minnesota and Bench streets, facing the Mississippi river which answered the double purpose of capitol and hotel. On the first floor of the main building was the Secreta- ry's office and Eepresentative chamber, and in the second story was the library and Council chamber. As the flag was run up the staff in front of the house, a number of Indians sat on a rocky bluff in the. vicinity, and gazed at what to them was a novel and perhaps saddening scene ; for if the tide of immigration sweeps in from the Pacific as it has from the Atlantic coast, they must soon dwindle. The legislature having organized, elected the following permanent- ofiicers : David Olmsted, President of Council ; Joseph K. Brown, Secre- ary ; H. A. Lambert, Assistant. In the House of Representatives, Joseph "W. Farber was elect- ed Speaker; W. D. Phillips, Clerk; L. B. Wait, • Assistant. On Tuesday afternoon, both houses assembled in the dining hall of the hotel, and after prayer was offered by Rev. E. D. Neill, Governor Ram- sey delivered his message. The message was ably written, and its perusal afforded satisfaction at home and abroad. The first session of the legislature adjourned on the first of November. Among other proceed- ings of interest, was the creation of the following counties: Itasca, Wapashaw, Dahkotah, Wah- nahtah, Mahkahto, Pembina. Washington, Eam- sey and Benton. The three latter counties com- prised the country that up to that time had been, ceded by the Indians on the east side of the Mis- sissippi, Stillwater was declared the county seat of Washington, Saint Paul, of Ramsey, and '■ the seat of justice of the county of Benton was to be within one-quarter of a mile of a point on the east side of the Mississippi, directly opposite the mouth of Sauk river." EVENTS OF A. D 1850. By the active exertions of the secretary of the territory, C. K. Smith, Esq., the Historical Society of Minnesota was incorporated at the first session of the legislature. The opening an- nual address was delivered in the then Methodist (now Swedenborgian) church at Saint Paul, on the first of January, 1850. The following account of the proceedings is from the Chronicle and Register. "The first public exercises of the Minnesota Historical Society, took place at the Methodist church, Saint Paul, on the first inst., and passed off highly creditable to all concerned. The day was pleasant and the attendance large. At the appoiuted hour, the President and both Vice-Presidents of the society betag absent ; on motion of Hon. C. K. Smith, Hon. Chief Justice Goodrich was called to the chair. The same gentleman then moved that a committee, consisting of Messrs. Parsons K. Johnson, John A. Wakefield, and B. W. Branson, be appointed to wait upon the Orator of the day. Rev. Mr. Neill, and inform him that the audience was waiting to hear his address. " Mr. Neill was shortly conducted to the pulpit; and after an eloquent and approriate prayer by the Rev. Mr. Parsons, and music by the band, he proceeded to deliver his discourse upon the early French missionaries and Voyageurs into Minne- sota. We hope the society will provide for its publication at an early day. ■'After some brief remarks by Rev. Jfv. 120 EXFhOUJUMkS AJSD FlOBJilJiJHS OJ/' MINNHSOTA. Hobaxt, upon the objects and ends of history, the ceremonies were concluded with a prayer by that gentleman. The audience dispersed highly deUghted with all that occurred." At this early period the Minnesota Pioneer issued a Carrier's New Year's Address, which was amusing doggerel. The reference to the future greatness and ignoble origin of the capital of Minnesota was as follows : — The cities on this river must be three, Two that are built and one that is to be. One, is the mart of all the tropics yield, The cane, the orange, and the cotton-field, And sends her ships abroad and boasts Her trade extended to a thousand coasts ; The othsr, central for the temperate zone, Gamers the stores that on the plains are grown, A place where steamboats from all quarters, range, To meet and speculate, as 'twere on 'change. The third will he, where rivers confluent flow From the wide spreading north through plains of snow ; The mart of aU that boundless forests give To make mankind more comfortably Uve, The land of manufacturing industry. The workshop of the nation it shall be. Propelled by this wide stream, you'll see A thousand factories at Saint Anthony : And the Saint Croix a hundred mills shall drive, And aU its smilhig villages shall thrive ; But then my town — remember that high bench With cabins scattered over it, of Trench ? A man named Henry Jackson's living there. Also a man — why every one knows L. Kobair, Below Port Snelling, seven miles or so, And three above the village of Old Crow ? Pig's Eye ? Yes ; Pig's Eye I That's the spot ! A very funny name ; is't not ? Pig's Eye's the spot, to plant my city on, To be remembered by, when I am gone. Pig's Eye converted thou shalt be, like Saul : Thy name henceforth shall be Saint Paul. On the evening of New Year's day, at Port Snelling, there was an assemblage which is only seen on the outposts of civiUzatioii. In one of the stone edifices, outside of the wall, belonging to the United States, there resided a gentleman who had dwelt in Minnesota since the year 1819, and for many years had been in the employ of the government, as Indian interpreter. In youth he had been a member of the Columbia Pur Com- pany, and conforming to the habits of traders, had purchased a Dahkotah wife who was wholly ignorant of the EngUsh language. As a family of children gathered aroimd him he recognised the relation of husband and father, and consci- entiously discharged his duties as a parent. ' His daughter at a proper age was sent to a boarding school of some celebrity, and on the night re- ferred to was married to an intelligent young American farmer. Among the guests present were the oflicers of the garrison in f uU uniform, with their wives, the United States Agent for the Dahkotahs, and family, the bois brules of the neighborhood, and the Indian relatives of the mother. The mother did not make her appear- ance, but, as the minister proceeded vrith the ceremony, the Dahkotah relatives, wrapped in their blankets, gathered in the hall and looked in through the door. The marriage feast was worthy of the occa- sion. In consequence, of the numbers, the officers and those of European extraction partook first ; then the bois brules of Ojibway and Dah- kotah descent ; and, finally, .the native Ameri- cans, who did ample justice to the plentiful sup- ply spread before them. Governor Ramsey, Hon.' H. H. Sibley, and the delegate to Congress devised at Washington, this vrinter, the territorial seal. The design was Pahs of St. Anthony in the distance. An immigi-ant ploughing the land on the borders of the Indian country, full of hope, and looking forward to the possession of the himtmg'groimds beyond. An Indian, amazed at the sight of the plough, and fleeing on horseback towards the setting sun. The motto of the Earl of Dunraven, "Quse sursum volo videre". (I wish tosee whatis above) was most appropriately selected by ilr. Sibley, but by the blunder of an engraver it appeared on the territorial seal, ^'Quo sursmn. velo videre," which no scholar could translate. At length was substituted, "L' EtoUe du Nord," "Star of the North,", while the device of the setting sun remained, and this is objectionable, as the State of Maine had already placed the North Star on her escutcheon, with the motto "Dirigo," "I guide." Perhaps some future legislature may SGALP DANCE IN 8TILLWATEB. 121 direct the first motto.to be restored, and correctly engraved. In the montn of April, there was a renewal of hostilities between the Dahkotahs and Ojibways, on lands that had been ceded to the United States. A war , prophet at . Eed Wing, dreamed that he ought to raise a war party. , Announcing the fact, a number expressed their willingness to go on such an expedition. Several from the Kaposia village also joined the party, under the leadership of a worthless Indian, who had been confined in the guard-house at Tort SneUing, the year previous, for scalping his wife. Passing up the valley of the St. Croix, a lew miles above StiUwater the party discovered on the snow the marks of a keg and footprints. These told them that a man and woman of the Ojibways had been to some whisky dealer's, and were re- turning. Following their trail, they found on Apple river, about twenty miles from Stillwater, a band of Ojibways encamped in one lodge. . Wait- ing till daybreak of Wednesday, April second, the Dahkotahs commenced firing on the unsuspecting inmates, some of whom were drinking from the contents of the whisky keg. The camp was com- posed of fifteen, and all were murdered and scalp- ed, with the exception of a lad, who was made a captive. On Thursday, the victors came to Stillwater, and danced the scalp dance around the captive boy, in the heat of excitement, striking him in the face with the scarcely cold and bloody scalps of his relatives. The child was then taken to Ka- posia, and adopted by the chief. Governor Ram- sey immediately took measures to send the boy to his friends. At a conference held at the Gov- ernor's mansion, the boy was delivered up, and, on being led out to the kitchen by a little son of the Governor, since deceased, to receive refresh- ments, he cried bitterly, seemingly more alarmed at being left with the whites than he had been while a captive at Kaposia. From the first of April the waters of the Mis- sissippi began to rise, and on the thirteenth, the lower floor of the warehouse, then occupied by William Constans, at the foot of Jackson street, St. Paul, was submerged. Taking advantage of the freshet, the steamboat Anthony Wayne, for a purse of two hundred dollars, ventured through the swift current above Fort Snelling, and reached the Falls of St. Anthony. The boat loft the fort after diimer, with Governor Eamsey and other guests, also the band of the Sixth Eegiment on board, and reached the falls between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The whole town, men, women and children, Uned the shore as the boat approached, and welcomed this first arrival, with shouts and waving handkerchiefs. On the afternoon of May fifteenth, there might have been seen, hurrying through the streets of Saint Paul, a number of naked and painted braves of the Kaposia band of Dahkotahs, ornamented with all the attke of war, and panting for the scalps of their enemies. A few hours before, the warUke head chief of the Ojibways, young Hole- in-the-Day , having secreted his canoe in the retired gorge which leads to the cave in the upper sub- urbs, with two or three associates had crossed the river, and, almost in sight of the citizens of the town, had attacked a small party of Dahkotahs, and murdered and scalped one man. On receipt of the news, Governor Eamsey granted a parole to the thirteen Dahkotahs confined in Fort SneU- ing, for participating in the Apple river massacre. On the morning of the sixteenth of May, the first Protestant church edifice completed in the white settlements, a smaU frame building, built for the Presbyterian church, at Saint Paul, was destroyed by fire, it being the first conflagration that had occurred since the organization of the territory. One of the most interesting events of the year 1850, was the Indian council, at Fort Snelling. Governor Eamsey had sent runners to the differ- ent bands of the Ojibways and Dahkotahs, to meet him at the fort, for the purpose of en- deavouring to adjust their difilculties. On Wednesday, the twelfth of June, after much talking, as is customary at Indian councils, the two tribes agreed as they had frequently done before, to be friendly, and Governor Eamsey presenting to each party an ox. the council was dissolved. On Thursday, the Ojibways visited St. Paul for the first time, young Hole-in-the-Day being dressed in a coat of a captain of United States infantry, which had been presented to him at the fort. On Friday, they left in the steamer Gov- ernor Eamsey, which had been built at St. An- thony, and just commenced running between ]22 EXPLORERS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. that point and Sauk Eapids, for their homes in the wilderness of the Upper Mississippi. The summer of 1850 was the commencement of the navigation of the Minnesota Eiver by steamboats. With the exception of a steamer that made a pleasure excursion as far as Shokpay, in 1841, no large vessels had ever disturbed the waters of this stream. In June, the "Anthony Wayne," which a few weeks before had ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, made a trip. On the eighteenth of July she made a second trip, going almost to Mahkahto. The "Nominee" also navigated the stream for some distance. On the twenty-second of July the officers of the "Yankee," taking advantage of the high water, determined to navigate the stream as far as possible. The boat ascended to near the Cot- tonwood river. As the time for the general election in Septem- ber approached, considerable excitement was manifested. As there were no political issues before the people, parties were formed based on personal preferences. Among those nominated for delegate to Congress, by various meetings, were H. H. Sibley, the former delegate to Con- gress, David Olmsted, at that time engaged in the Indian trade, and A. M. Mitchell, the United States marshal. Mr. Olmsted withdrew his name before election day, and the contest was between those interested in Sibley and Mitchell. The friends of each betrayed the greatest zeal, and neither pains nor money were spared to in- sure success. Mr. Sibley was elected by a small majority. Por the first time in the territory, soldiers at the garrisons voted at this election, and there was considerable discussion as to the propriety of such a course. Miss Fredrika Bremer, the weU known Swedish novelist, visited Minnesota in the month of October, and was the guest of Governor Ramsey. During November, the Dahkotah Tawaxitku Kin, or the Dahkotah Friend, a monthly paper, was commenced, one-half in the Dahkotah and one-half in the English language. Its editor was the Kev. Gideon H. Pond, a Presbyterian mis- sionary, and its place of publication at Saint Paul. It was published for nearly two years, and, though it failed to attract the attention of the Indian mind, it conveyed to the English reader much correct information in relation to the habits, the beUef , and superstitions, of the Dahkotahs. On the tenth of December, a new paper, owned and edited by Daniel A. Eobertson, late United States marshal, of Ohio, and called the Minne- sota Democrat, made its appearance. During the summer there had been changes in the editorial supervision of the " Chronicle and Register." For a brief period it was edited by L. A. Babcock, Esq., who was succeeded by W. G. Le Duo. About the time of the issuing of the Demo- crat, C. J. Henniss, formerly reporter for the United States Gazette, Philadelphia, became the editor of the Chronicle. The first proclamation for a thanksgiving day was issued in 1850 by the governor, and the twenty-sixth of December was the time appointed and it was generally observed. EVENTS OF A. D. 1851. On Wednesday, January first, 1851, the second Legislative Assembly assembled in a three-story brick building, since destroyed by fire, that stood on St. Anthony street, between Washington and Franklin. D. B. Loomis was chosen Speaker of the Council, and M. E. Ames Speaker of the House. This assembly was characterized by more bitterness of feeUng than any that has since convened. The preceding delegate election had been based on personal preferences, and cliques and factions manifested themselves at an early period of the session. The locating of the penitentiary at Stillwater, and the capitol building at St. Paul gave some dissatisfaction. By the efforts of J. W. North, Esq., a bill creating the University of Minnesota at or near the Falls of St. Authony, was passed, and signed by the Governor. This institution, by the State Constitution, is now the State Uni- versity. During the session of this Legislature, the pub- lication of the " Chronicle and Register" ceased. About the middle of ilay, a war party of Dah- kotahs discovered near Swan lliver, an Ojibway \\il,h a keg of whisky. The latter escaped, with the loss of his keg. The war party, drinking the contents, became intoxicated, and, firing upon some teamrters they met driving their wagons with goods to the Indian Agency, killed one of LANDS WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI CEDED. 123 them, Andrew Swartz, a resident of St. Paul. The news was conveyed to Fort Bipley, and a party of soldiers, with Hole-in-the-Day as a guide, started in pursuit of the murderers, but did not succeed in capturing them. Through the influ- ence of Little Six the Dahkotah chief, whose vil- lage was at (and named after him) Shok- pay, five of the offlenders were arrested and placed in the guard-house at Fort Snelling. On Monday, June ninth, they left the fort la a wagon, guarded by twenty-flve dragoons, destined for Sauk Eapids for trial. As they departed they all sang their death song, and the coarse soldiers amused themselves by making signs that they were going to be hung. On the first evening of the journey the five culprits encamped with the twenty-five dragoons. Handcuffed, they were placed in the tent, and yet at midnight they all escaped, only one being wounded by the guard. What was more remarkable, the wounded man was the first to bring the news to St. Paul. Pro- ceeding to Kaposia, his wound was examined by the missionary and physician. Dr. "WUUamson ; and then, fearing an arrest, he took a canoe and paddled up the Minnesota. The excuse offered by the dragoons was, that all the guard but one fell asleep. The first paper published in Minnesota, beyond the capital, was the St. Anthony Express, which made its appearance during the last week of April or May. The most important event of the year 1851 was the treaty with the Dahkotahs,by which the west side of the Mississippi and the valley of the Minnesota River were opened to the hardy immi- grant. The commissioners on the part of the United States were Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Governor Ramsey. The place of meeting for the upper bands was Trav- erse des Sioux. The commission arrived there on the last of June, but were obliged to wait many days for the assembling of the various bands of Dahkotahs. On the eighteenth of July, all those expected having arrived, the Sissetoans and "Wahpaytoan Dahkotahs assembled in grand council with the United States commissioners. After the usual feastings and speeches, a treaty was concluded on "Wednesday, July twenty-third. The pipe having been smoked by the commissioners, Lea and Ramsey, it was passed to the chiefs. The paper containing the treaty was then read in English and translated into the Dahkotah by the Rev. S. R. Riggs, Presbyterian Missionary among this people. This finished, the chiefs came up to the secretary's table and touched the pen; the white men present then witnessed the document, and nothing remained but the ratification of the United States Senate to open that vast country for the residence of the hardy immigrant. During* the first week in August, a treaty was also concluded beneath an oak bower, on Pilot Knob, Mendota, vnth the M'dewakantonwan and Wahpaykootay bands of Dahkotahs. About sixty of the chiefs and principal men touched the pen, and Little Crow, who had been in the mission- school at Lac qui Parle, signed his own name. Before they separated. Colonel Lea and Governor Ramsey gave them a few words of advice on various subjects connected with their future well- being, but particularly on the subject of educa- tion and temperance. The treaty was interpret- ed to them by the Rev. G. H. Pond, a gentleman who was conceded to be a most correct speaker of the Dahkotah tongue. The day after the treaty these lower bands received thirty thousand dollars, which, by the treaty of 1837, was set apart for education ; but, by the misrepresentations of interested half- breeds, the Indians were made to believe that it ought to be given to them to be employed as they pleased. The next week, with their sacks filled vnth money, they thronged the streets of St. Paul, purchasing whatever pleased their fancy. On the seventeenth of September, a new paper was commenced in St. Paul, under the auspices of the "Whigs," and John P. Owens became editor, which relation he sustained until the fall of 1857. The election for members of the legislature and county ofllcers occurred on the fourteenth of October; and, forthefirst time, a regular Demo- cratic ticket was placed before the people. The parties called themselves Democratic and Anti- organization, or Coalition. In the month of jSTovember Jerome Puller ar- rived, and took the place of Judge Goodrich as Chief Justice of Minnesota, who was removed ; and, about the same time, Alexander Wilkin was 124 EXPLOBEBS AND PIONEEBS OF MINNESOTA. appointed secretary of the territory in place of C. K. Smith. The eighteenth of December, pursuant to proclamation, was observed as a day of Thanks- giving. EVENTS OF A. D. 1852. The third Legislative Assembly commenced its sessions in one of the edifices on Third below Jackson street, which became a portion of the Merchants' Hotel, on the seventh of January, 1832. This session, compared with the previous, formed a contrast as great as that between a boisterous day in March and a calm June morn- ing. The minds of the population were more deeply interested in the ratification of the treaties made with the Dahkotahs, than in poUtical dis- cussions. Among other legislation of interest was the creation of Hennepin county. On Saturday, the fourteenth of February, a dog-train arrived at St. Paul from the north, with the distinguished Arctic explorer. Dr. Eae. He had been in search of the long-missing Sir John Franklin, by way of the Mackenzie river, and was now on his way to Europe. On the fourteenth of May, an interestiag lusus naturae occurred at Stillwater. On the prairies, beyond the elevated bluffs which encircle the business portion of the town, there is a lake which discharges its waters through a ravine, and sup- plied McKusick's miU. Owing to heavy rains, the hills became saturated with water, and the lake very full. Before dayUght the citizens heard the " voice of many waters," and looking out, saw rushing down through the ravine, trees, gravel and diluvium. Nothing impeded its course, and as it issued from the ravine it spread over the town site, coveringnp barns and small tenements, and, continuing to the lake shore, it materially improved the landing, by a deposit of many tons of earth. One of the editors of the day, alludhig to the fact, quaintly remarked, that " it was a very extraordinary movement of real estate." During the summer, EUjah Terry, a young man who had left St. Paul the previous March, and went to Pembina, to act as teacher to the mixed bloods in that vicinity, was murdered un- der distressing circumstances. With a bois brule he had started to the woods on the morning of his death, to hew timber. While there he was fired upon-by a small party of Dahkotahs ; a ball broke his arm, and he was pierced with arrows. His scalp was wrenched from his head, and was afterwards seen among Sisseton Dahkotahs, near Big Stone Lake. About the last of August, the pioneer editor of Minnesota, James M. Goodhue, died. At the November Term of the United States District Court, of Ramsey county, a Dahkotah, named Yu-ha-zee, was tried for the murder of a German woman. With others she was travel- ing above Shokpay, when a party of Indians, of whom the prisoner was one, met them; and, gathering about the wagon, were much excited. The prisoner punched the woman first with his gun, and, being threatened by one of the party, loaded and fired, killing the woman and wound- ing one of the men. On the day of his trial he was escorted from Fort Snelling by a company of mounted dragoons in full dress. It was an impressive scene to witness the poor Indian half hid in his blanket, in a buggy with the civil ofiicer, surrounded with all the pomp and circumstance of war. The jury found him guilty. On being asked if he had anything to say why sentence of death should not be passed, he replied, through the interpreter, that the band to which he belonged would remit their annuities if he could be released. To this Judge Hayner, the successor of Judge FuUer, replied, that he had no authority to release him.; and, ordering him to rise, after some appropriate and Impressive remarks, he pro- nounced the first sentence of death ever pro- nounced by a judicial ofiicer in Mimiesota. The prisoner trembled while the judge spoke, and was a piteous spectacle. By the statute of Min-. nesota, then, one convicted of murder could not be executed until twelve months had elapsed, and he was confined until the governor of the ter- orrity should by warrant order his execution. EVENTS OF A. D. 1853. The fourth Legislative Assembly convened on the fifth of January, 1853, in the two story brick edifice at the corner of Third and Minnesota streets. The Council chose Martin McLeod as presiding oflBcer, and the House Dr. David Day, INDIAN FIGHT IN 8TItI11128 OF ST. PAUL. 125 Speaker. Governor Kamsey's message was an interesting document. The Baldwin school, now known as Macalester College, was incorporated at this session of the legislature, and was opened the following June. On the ninth of April, a party of Ojibways killed a Dahkotah, at the village of Shokpay. A war party, from Kaposia, then proceeded up the valley of the St. Croix, and killed an Ojibway. On the morning of the twenty-seventh, a band of Ojibway warriors, naked, decked, and fiercely gesticulating, might have been seen in the busiest street of the capital, in search of their enemies. Just at that time a small party of women, and one man, who had lost a leg in the battle of Still- water, arrived in a canoe from Kaposia, at the Jackson street landing. Perceiving the Ojib- ways, they retreated to the building then known as the " Pioneer " ofiBce, and the Ojibways dis- charging a volley through the windows, wounded a Dahkotah woman who soon died. For a short time, the infant capital presented a sight similar to that witnessed in ancient days in Hadley or Deerfleld, the then frontier towns of Massachusetts. Messengers were despatched to Fort Snelling for the dragoons, and a party of citizens mounted on horseback, were quickly in pursuit of those who with so much boldness had sought the streets of St. Paul, as a place to avenge their wrongs. The dragoons soon fol- lowed, with Indian guides scenting the track of the Ojibways, like bloodhounds. The next day they discovered the transgressors, near the Palls of St. Croix. The Ojibways manifesting what was supposed to be an insolent spirit, the order was given by the lieutenant in command, to fire, and he whose scalp was afterwards daguerreo typed, and which was engraved for Graham's Magazine, wallowed in gore. During the summer, the passenger, as he stood on the hurricane deck of. any of the steamboats, might have seen, on a scaffold on the bluffs in the rear of Kaposia, a square box covered with a coarsely fringed red cloth. Above it was sus- pended a piece of the Ojibway's scalp, whose death had caused the affray in the streets of St. Paul. Within, was the body of the woman who had been shot in the " Pioneer " buUding, while seeking refuge. A scalp suspended over the corpse is supposed to be a consolation to the soul, and a great protection in the journey to the spirit land. On the accession of Pierce to the presidency of the United States, the officers appointed under the Taylor and Pillmore administrations were removed, and the following gentlemen substitu- ted : Governor, W. A. Gorman, of Indiana ; Sec- retary, J. T. Rosser, of Virginia ; Chief Justice, W. H. Welch, of Minnesota ; Associates, Moses Sherburne, of Maine, and A. G. Chatfleld, of Wisconsin. One of the first official acts of the second Governor, was the making of a treaty with the Winnebago Indians at Watab, Benton county, for an exchange of country. On the twenty-ninth of June, D. A. Robertson, who by his enthusiasm and earnest advocacy of its principles had done much to organize the Democratic party of Minnesota, retired from the editorial chair and was succeeded by David Olm- sted. At the election held in October, Henry M. Rice and Alexander Wilkin were candidates for deligate to Congress. The former was elect- ed by a decisive majority. 126 EXPLOBURS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTEE XXIII. EVENTS FROM A. D. 1854 TO THE ADMISSION OF MINNESOTA TO THE UNION. Fifth Leg] slature— Execution of Yuhazee — SixthLepislature— First bridge over the Mississippi — Arctio Explorer — Seventli Legislature — Indian girl killed near Bloomington Ferry — Eighth Legislature — Attempt to Remove the Capital — Special Session of the Legislature — Convention to frame a State Constitution — Admission of Minnesota to the Union. * The fifth session of the legislature was com- menced in the building just completed as the Capitol, on January fourth, 1854. The President of the Council was S. B. Olmstead, and the Speak- er of the House of Representatives was N. C. D. Taylor. Governor Gorman delivered his first annual message on the tenth, and as his predecessor, urged the importance of railway communications, and dwelt upon the necessity of fostering the in- terests of education, and of the lumbermen. The exciting bill of the session was the act in- corporating the Minnesota and Northwestern RaUroad Company, introduced by Joseph R. Brown. It was passed after the hour of midnight on the last day of tlie session. Conlzary to the expectation of his friends, the Governor signed the biU. On the afternoon of December twenty-seventh, the first public execution in Minnesota, in accord- ance with the forms of law, took place. Yu-ha- zee, the Dahkotah who had been convicted in November, 1852, for the murder of a German woman, above Shokpay, was the individual. The scaffold was erected on the open space be- tween an inn called the Franklin House and the rear of the late Mr. J. W. Selby's enclosure in St. Paul. About two o'clock, the prisoner, dressed in a white shroud, left the old log pris- on, near the court house, and entered a carriage with the officers of the law. Being assisted tip the steps that led to the scaffold, he made a few remarks in his own language, and was then exe- cuted. Numerous ladies sent in a petition to the governor, asking the pardon of the Indian, to which that officer ui declining made an appro- priate reply. EVENTS OF A. D. 1855. The sixth session of the legislature convened on the third of January, 1855. W. P. Murray was elected President of the Council, and James S. Norris Speaker of the House. About the last of January, the two houses ad- journed one day, to attend the exercises occa- sioned by the opening of the first bridge of any kind, over the mighty Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico. It was at Palls of Saint Anthony, and made of wire, and at the time of its opening, the patent for the land on which the west piers were built, had not been issued from the Land Office, a striking evi- dence of the rapidity vsdth which the, city of Minneapolis, which now surrounds the Pahs, has developed. On the twenty-ninth of March, a convention was held at Saint Anthony, which led to the formation of the RepubUcan party of Minnesota. This body took measures for the holding of a territorial convention at St. Paul, which con- vened on the twenty-fifth of July, and William R. Marshall was nominated as delegate to Con- gress. Shortly after the friends of Mr. Sibley nonainated David Olmsted and Henry M. Rice, the former delegate was also a candidate. The contest was animated, and resulted in the elec- tion of Mr. Rice. About noon of December twelfth, 1855, a four- horse vehicle was seen driving rapidly through St. Paul, and deep was the interest when it was announced that one of the Arctic exploring party, Mr. James Stewart, was on his way to Canada with relics of the world -renowned and world- mourned Sir John Franklin. Gathering together the precious fragments found on Montreal Island and vicinity, the party had left the region of ice- bergs on the ninth of August, and after a con- tinued land journey from that time, had reached PB0P08En BEMO VAL OF THE SEAT OF GO VEMJSTMEMT. 127 Saint Paul on that day, en route to the Hudson Bay Company's quarters in Canada. EVENTS OF A. D. 1856. The seventh session of the Legislative Assem- bly was begtm on the second of January, 1856, and again the exciting question was the Minne- sota and Northwestern Railroad Company. John B. Brisbin was elected President of the Council, and Charles Gardner, Speaker of the House. This year was comparatively devoid of interest. The citizens of the territory were busily engaged in making claims in newly organized counties, and in enlarging the area of civilization. On the twelfth of June, several Ojibways entered the farm house of Mr. WhaUon, who re- sided in Hennepin county, on the banis of the Minnesota, a mile below the Bloomington ferry. The wife of the farmer, a friend, and three child- ren, besides a Uttle Dahkotah girl, who had been brought up in the mission-house at Kaposia, and so changed in manners that her origin was scarcely perceptible, were sitting in the room when the Indians came in. Instantly seizing the little Indian maiden, they threw her out of the door, killed and scalped her, and fled before the men who were near by, in the field, could reach the house. EVENTS OF A. D. 1857. The procurement of a state organization, and a grant of lands for railroad purposes, were the topics of political interest during the year 1857. The eighth Legislative Assembly convened at the capitol on the seventh of January, and J. B. Brisbin was elected President of the Council, and J. W. Purber, Speaker of the House. A bill changing the seat of government to Saint Peter, on the Minnesota River, caused much discussion. On Saturday, February twenty -eighth, Mr. Balcombe offered a resolution to report the bill for the removal of the seat of government, and should Mr. Rolette, chairman of the committee, fail, that "W. "W. Wales, of said committee, report a copy of said biU. Mr. Setzer, after the reading of the resolution, moved a call of the Council, and Mr. Rolette was found to be absent. The chair ordered the ser- geant at arms to report Mr Rolette in his seat. Mr. Balcombe moved that farther proceedings under the call be dispensed with ; which did not prevail. Prom that time until the next Thursday afternoon, March the fifth, a period of one hun- dred and twenty-three hours, the Council re- mained in their chamber without recess. At that time a motion to adjourn prevailed. On Priday another motion was made to dispense with the call of the Council, which did not prevail. On Saturday, the Council met, the president declared the call still pending. At seven and a half p. m., a committee of the House was announced. The chair ruled, that no communication from the House could be received while a call of the Coun- cil was pending, and the committee withdrew. A motion was again made during the last night of the session, to dispense with all further pro- ceedings under the call, which prevailed, with one vote only in the negative. Mr. Ludden then moved that a committee be appointed to wait on the Governor, and inquire if he had any further communication to make to the CouncU. Mr. Lowry moved a call of the Council, which was ordered, and the roll being called, Messrs. Rolette, Thompson and Tillotson were absent. At twelve o'clock at night the president re- sumed the chair, and announced that the time limited by law for the continuation of the session of the territorial legislature had expired, and he therefore declared the Council adjommed and the seat of government remained at Saint Paul. The excitement on the capital question was in- tense, and it was a strange scene to see members of the CotmcU, eating and sleeping in the hall of legislation for days, waiting for the sergeant-at- arms to report an absent member ui his seat. On the twenty-third of February, 1857, an act passed the United States Senate, to authorize the people of Minnesota to form a constitution, preparatory to their admission into the Union on an equal footing with the original states. Governor Gorman called a special session of the legislature, to take into consideration measures that would give efiiciency to the act. The extra session convened on April twenty- seventh, and a message was transmitted by Sam- uel Medary, who had been appointed governor in place of "W. A. Gorman, whose term of office 128 liXPLOBEBS AND PIONIIEBS OF MINNESOTA. had expired. The extra session adjourned on the twenty-third of May ; and in accordance with the provisions of the enabling act of Con- gress, an election was held on the first Monday in June, for delegates to a convention which was to assemble at the capitol on the second Monday in July. The election resulted, as was thought, in giving a majority of delegates to tlie Kepubli- can party. At midnight previous to the day fixed for the meeting of the convention, the Republicans pro- reeded to the capitol, because the enabling ■ act had not fixed at what hour on the second Mon- day the convention should assemble, and fear- ing that the Democratic delegates might antici- pate them, and elect the officers of the body. A little before twelve, a. m., on Monday, the secretary of the territory entered the speaker's rostrum, and began to call "the body to order ; and at the same time a delegate, J. "VV. North, who had in his possession a written request from the majority of the delegates present, proceeded to do the same thing. The secretary of the ter- ritory put a motion to adjourn, and the Demo- cratic members present voting in the affirmative, they left the hall. The Republicans, feeling that they were in the majority, remained, and in due time organized, and proceeded with the business specified in the enabling act, to form a constitu- tion, and. take all necessary steps for tlie estab- lishment of a state government, in conformity with the Federal Constitution, subject to the approval and ratification of the people of the proposed state. After several days the Democratic wing also organized in the Senate chamber at the capitol, and, claiming to be the true body, also proceeded to form a constitution. Both parties were re- markably orderly and intelligent, and everything was marked by perfect decorum. After they had been in session some weeks, moderate counsels prevailed, and a committee of conference was appointed from each body, which resulted in both adopting the constitution framed by the Democratic wing, on the twenty-ninth of Aug- gust. According to the provision of the consti- tution, an election was held for state officers and the adoption of the constitution, on the second Tuesday, the thirteenth of October. The constitution was adopted by almost a unanimous vote. It provided that the territorial officers should retain their offices until the state was ad- mitted into the Union, not anticipating the long delay wliich was experienced. The first session of the state legislature com- menced on the first Wednesday of December, at the capitol, in the city of Saint Paul ; and during the month elected Henry M. Rice and James Shields as their Representatives in the United States Senate. EVENTS OF A. D. 1858. On the twenty-ninth of January, 1858, Mr. Douglas submitted a bill to the United States Senate, for the admission of Minnesota into the Union. On the first of February, a discussion arose on the bill, in A\hich Senators Douglas, Wilson, Gwin, Hale, Mason, Green, Bro^\Ti, and Crittenden participated. Brown, of Mississippi, was opposed to the admission of ^Minnesota, un- til the Kansas question was settled. Mr. Crit- tenden, as a Southern man, could not endorse sJl that was said by the Senator from ^Mississippi ; and his words of wisdom and moderation during this day's discussion, were worthy of remeja- brance. On April tlie seventh, the bill passed the Senate with only three dissenting votes ; and in a short time the House of Representatives concuiied, and on May the eleventh, the Presi- dent approved, and jMinnesota was fully rec- ognized as one of the United iStutes of America, OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA FROM 1858 TO 1881. CHAPTEE XXIV. ADMISSIOK AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. Admission of the State. — Its want of Resources.— The Hard Times.— Commence- ment of Railroad Building.— The State Railroad Bonds Discredited.—" Wild- Cat" BankiniT Scheme.— The Wright County War.— Failure of the State Loan Scheme. — Attempted Adjustment of the Dilemma. — Partial return of Good Times.— The Political Campaign of 1860. — Secession Movement.— Prospect of War, &c., &c. On May 11th, 1858, the act of Congress admit- ting Minnesota to the Union, became a law, and our State took her place among the sisterliood of republics, the thirty-second in the order of admis- sion, and had thenceforth a voice in the national councils. On the 24th of May, the State officers elect were quietly sworn in, in the Executive Booms in the Capitol, and the machinery of the State government was put in motion. The out- look for the little commonwealtli at this time, was far from propitious. The terrible financial revulsion of tlie previous year had prostrated all business, destroyed values, undermined confi- dence, depressed the energies and ambition of the people, and almost entirely checked immigra- tion. There was but limited agriculture (a large portion of the bread-stuffs used being imported), little accumulated wealth, and that mostly based on real estate, now unsaleable, money command- ing two per cent, a month; no established indus- tries or manufactures, not a mile of railroad, no sound banks or currency, no system for raising revenue, and not a cent of money in the State treasury. In fact the State was considerably in debt. The loan of $250,000 authorized by the Legislature the winter previous, was not yet real- ized on. Meantime, denominational treasury 9 warrants, bearmg interest, were used as currency, while town and county " scrip " were generally circulated among the people as money. It was under such gloomy circumstances as these, that tlie State began its career. An adjourned session of the Legislature was held in July, but little or nothing could be done for the relief of the people from the financial strin- gency or other troubles surrounding them. Some relief was hoped for from the building of the land grant railroads, which were generally got under way during the summer, but there was not as much money disbursed by the companies or contractors, as had been anticipated. The direct- ors of the roads hurried their first ten mile sec- tions of grading to completion as rapidly as possi- ble, and as soon as they were entitled to bonds, according to the terms of the constitutional amendment, applied to Gov. Sibley for the same. He declined to issue them unless the roads would give the State first mortgage bonds in equal amounts, giving it a priority of lien. This the land grant companies refused to accede to, and applied to the Supreme Court of the State, for a writ of mandamus, to compel Gov. Sibley to issue the bonds, as demanded by them. The writ was issued on November 12th, and left the Executive no alternative in the premises, so the bonds were issued. Eiforts were at once made to negotiate them in the New York market. The harvest this year, although a greatly in- creased area was sown, was almost a failure, and — -- (129) 130 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. bread-stufEs were still largely imported. J^Ivery- body was in the most desperate straits financially A winter of gloom and depression set in, such as has never been experienced in the history of the Northwest, and, it is scarcely probable, ever will be again. The price of labor, for such as could get employment at all, touched an unpreeedentedly low figure, though, fortunately, the cost of living had declined in the same ratio. Meantime, the ne- gotiation of the bonds in New York, proceeded very slowly. Capitalists were very unwilling to invest in them, as already some journals in the State had predicted the failure and break-down of the whole scheme, added to pretty clearly ex- pressed threats that the bonds would be repudi- ated. Anxious to save the credit of the State, and prevent a disastrous ending of the measure, Gov. Sibley went to New York in person, about the close of the year (1858) and gave his best en- deavors to aid the pending negotiation of the bonds ; but the capitalists there, alarmed at the hostile tone of the newspapers in the State, finally refused to touch them at all. The only recourse now left for the holders of the bonds, and those interested in the railroad scheme, was to use them as a security for the issue of bank notes, under the recently enacted general banking law. Purported sales at ninety-five cents on the dollar having bBen certified to the State Auditor, he re- ceived a large number at this figure, and procured for the owners currency In like amount. Mean- time, work was progressing on the four land grant roads. No session of the legislature was held in the winter of 1858-'9. The stringency increased with each month. The newspapers of the state which survived, were crowded with mortgage foreclosure advertisements. Taxes were scarcely paid at all, and the warrants, or scrip, of both State and counties, depreciated, in some in- stances, to forty or fifty cents on the dollar. These were soon replaced by the issues of the new banks based on the state raihroad bonds which now began to flood the state, until the names "Glencoe,""Owatonna," "La Crosse" and "La Crescent," etc. , were familiar words. These issues were regarded with considerable distrust from the outset. Bankers in the state received them with much disreUsh, and generally at a discount, while outside the state, they scarcely circulated at aU. The Chicago papers, and some financial journals in New York, classed them as "wild-cat." Their issue was pushed for a few weeks, however, until in the spring of 1859 over $200,000 of the currency was in circulation. There were, in addition to these " railroad banks," several based on Minnesota 8 per cents, which were actually worth par. During the summer of 18d9 the reported discov- ery of gold on Frazer River, and other points in British North America, called the attention of the people of Minnesota to the importance of an over- land route to the Pacific, which might ultimately lead the way for a northern railroad route. Meet- ings were held, and money was subscribed, to equip a train to open a wagon road via the north- ern bend of the Missouri Eiver. Col. Wm. II. Nobles was placed in command of the expedi- tion, which left St. Paul on June 11, and pro- ceeded safely through. Another important step towards settling the regions beyond us, was the successful navigation of Red River, by a steamer launched this season. The Minnesota Stage Com- pany also established a line to the Red River. The " Wright county war," as it has been fa- cetiously termed, occurred this summer. In the fall of 1858, one-H. A. "Wallace was murdered in Wright comity, and a neighbor, named Oscar F. Jackson, was tried for the offense in the spring of 1859, and acquitted. On April 25, a crowd of men assembled, and hung Jackson to the gable end of Wallace's cabin. Gov. Sibley offered a re- ward for the conviction of any of the IjTichers. Not long afterwards one Emery Moore was ar- rested on charge of being concerned in the out- rage, and was taken to Wright County for trial, but was rescued by a mob. Gov. Sibley at once decided to take vigorous steps to maintain the majesty of the law. A military force was called out, and three companies dispatched (^Vug. 5) to MonticoUo to arrest the rioters. The troops pro- ceeded to Monticello, reinforced the civil author- ities, arrested eleven lynchers and rescuers, and turned them over to the civil authorities. Hav- ing vindicated the supremacy of law and order, the bloodless expedition returned. The financial condition had meantime been growing worse. Early in June, the brokers of the state had combined to depreciate the " Glen coe money," as the railroad currency was called. ADHnSSION AND ORGANIZATION OF TEE STATE. 131 and as several sums which had been presented at the bants for redemption, were not redeemed, they were protested, and the state auditor was compelled to advertise the securities for sale. This caused a still further depreciation oi the money, until shortly it was scarcely current on any terms. Meantime all work on the land grant lines had been finally and completely suspended, and $2,275,000 of the state bonds had been issued. In October, it was stated that the bonds had been sold as low as ten cents on the dollar. The cou- pons due on Dec. 1, 1859, were unpaid, and the companies holding the bonds declared in default. The whole scheme had thus been brought to a complete failure, and was now practically aban- doned, while not a mile of road had been com- pleted. The hard times, and the failure of the real es- tate speculative era, liad one good result, how- ever, which was, to turn increased attention. to agriculture. A greatly enlarged area was sown, and the agricultural resources of the State began to be known as the true source of its wealth. For the first time, breadstufEs were exported, and immigration began again. The fall of this year witnessed a bitter political fight. Two years before, the parties had been pretty evenly divided. This campaign each one spent its full force and energy, and had nomina- ted for state ofiicers their most popular men. The election took place on Oct. 11. Hon. Alex. Eamsey was chosen governor, by a vote of 21,335, over Hon. George L. Becker, who received 17,532. The legislature which met on Dec. 7, was largely republican. Tlie most important work which came before this session was some adjustment of the dilemma into which the state had fallen, through the adop- tion of the loan amendment. Nearly the entire session was consumed in debating various plans of extrication without much fruit. The loan amendment was expunged, however, and a new amendment was framed for submission to the people, providing that there should be no further issue of bondr; to the companies; also, that no law levying a tax to pay either principal or interest on the bonds already issued, should be of any force or effect, until ratified by a popular vote. These constitutional amendments were adopted by a large majority of votes, in the fall of the same year. The governor was also directed to foreclose the deeds of trust given to secure interest on the bonds loaned, and bid off and purchase the prop- erty sold, in the name of the state. This was done, the following summer, and the state again secured the forfeited rights, franchises and land grants. The Federal census taken this year (1860), showed that the state had a population of 172,- 123. The harvest was a good one, and business was considerably revived. Immigration was be- ginning to become brisk, and building in the towns and cities was perceptibly increasing, while the tilled area was receiving great additions. It seemed that the " hard times " had about ceased, and the hope of prosperous days was be- ginning to enliven all. But this gleam of sun- shine was of short duration. The memora- ble presidential contest of that year, the first in which Minnesota had a voice, was a period of un- precedented heat and excitement. The electoral vote of Minnesota was cast for Abraham Lincoln by a very large majority, he receiving 22,069, Douglas, 11,920, Breckenridge 748, and Bell 62. It was not long before the disunion cloud arose in the slave states, and the mutterings of rebell- ion began to be heard. It was a period of doubt and forebodings. The currency used generally in the state, being largely based on the bonds of seceding states, became greatly depreciated. All classes suffered much loss, business became de- pressed, real estate unsalable, and soon a condi- tion of distress ensued, almost equal to the dark- est days of the panic, three years before. The legislature of 1861 considered the raUroad question at length, and passed acts designed to facilitate the construction of the land grant roads by turning over the forfeited franchises of the old companies to new organizations, believed to be able to complete them. The Lake Superior and Mississippi Eailroad Company was also char- tered. The secession movement progressed steadily during the winter, and it soon became apparent to all that war was inevitable. Lincoln was in- augurated, but his address promised only coer- cion, and coercion war. The feeble and unreal movements for compromise and conciliation all failed. Meantime business in this state was daily growing worse. Large numbers were out of em- ployment, and anticipating still further disaster. 132 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XXV. MnSTNESOTA'S SHARE IN SUPPRESSING THE REBELLION. The Wnr Actually Begun. — Excitemeut of the Period. — Minneaota Called on for One Regiment.— Recruiting Vigorously Begun.— The First Regiment Mus- tercdin for Three Yejirs.— It is Ordered to Washington.— A Second Regiment calledforand Recruited. — The First Engaged at Bull Run.— Contributions for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded.— Progress of Railroad Building.— Third, Fourth, and Fifth Regiments Called For.— Battle «f Mill Springs.— Railroad Legislation.— Battle of Pittsburg handing.— A Sixth Regiment Authorized.— Currency Troubles. — Expeditions to Idaho.— First Railroad Completed.— Gal- lantry of Minnesota Troops in the South.— The Seven Days Fight.— Heavy Levies of Men Culled For.— The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Regiments Ordered. Saturday, April 13, 1861, was a dark day in the annals of our state. The telegraph brought the unwelcome news of the attack on Fort Sumter, and it was seen that war was inevitable. The bulletin boards of the newspaper offices were sur- rounded all day with an excited and anxious crowd, but courage and determinaticn were every- where visible. The next day was the Sabbath, bright and balmy. The churches had but meagre audiences that day. All day knots of angry and excited men gathered on the streets, con- versing on the startling events of the time. On Monday, the proclamation of President Lincoln was received, calling for 75,000 volun- teers for three months' service, and assigning to Minnesota one regiment. Gov. Eamsey, who was in AV'ashington, had already tendered to the Pres- ident, in person, a like force. Lt. Gov. Donnelly at once issued a proclamation callmg on the citi- zens of Minnesota to enlist, and Adjt. Gen. Acker issued a general order giving tlie needed instructions. In all the principal towns and cities of the state, public meetings were at once held, and enlistment stations opened. A fervid pat- riotism pervaded all ranks. " The war" was the sole topic of conversation. Everything else, even business, to a large extent, was suspended for the time. Never, and in no other state, was a peo- ple so imbued with warlike zeal. In four or five days ten companies, in vaj'ious localities, had been raised and accepted by Adjt. General San- born (Gen. Acker having resigned to recruit a company.) Fort Snelling liaving been designated by the war department as a school of instruc- tion, the companies were rendezvoused there, and by the 25th were all in their quarters, and busily engaged in drilling. The regimental offi- cers were announced on the 29th, and on that day, two weeks from the time when the president's call was received, the " Immortal First," over one thousand strong, was mustered into service, for three months, with Ex-Gov. Gorman as Colonel. Scarcely was this accomplished, when the War Department decided that it could only be received as a three years regiment, and it became neces- sary to at once renew the enlistments on that basis. After a few days delay, enough recruits were received, and mustered In, to fill a three years regiment, and it was accepted on that basis. The War Department, contrary to the hopes of the men, at first ordered the companies to garrison the various posts in and near the state, relieving the regulars stationed there, and some detachments had already left for their posts, when the need of more troops for the Virginia campaign became imminent, and the order was countermanded and the First Regiment directed to proceed at once to Washington. The compa- nies were quickly reassembled at Fort Snelling, and, on June 22d, left that post by boat, arriving in Washington on June 26tb. In the various cities through which the First passed, they were re- ceived with patriotic demonslrations of respect, and it was noticed by the press as a remarkable fact that a young commonwealth, unknown and almost without populiition a dozen j ears before, could now send to tlie defense of tlie Union a reg- iment of such stalwart and brave soldiers. Meantime, the war spirit which had been aroused in the State, was not content with send- ing one regiment. There were nimibers, in fact several almost full companies, who had tried to get admission into the First, but were too late, and were anxious to go. This fact being made MINNESOTA'S SHARE IN SUPPBESSING THE REBELLION. 133 known by Gov. Kamsey on May 3d, to the Secre- tary of War, he at once authorized the raising of a second regiment, and the recruiting for the same was proceeded with, with alacrity. The regiment was filled to the minimum, and mustered in on June 26th, with the gallant Van Cleve as Colonel, and rendezvoused at Fort Snelling, for the time being, some of the companies, mean- time, garrisoning the forts in and near Minnesota. The First Regiment on reaching Washington, was, after a few days of camp life at Alexandria, pushed to the front, and took an active part with Heintzelman's Division, in McDowell's campaign against Manassas, acquitting itself well. On July 21st, scarcely more than three weeks after its arrival in the field, it took part in the memorable battle of Bull Eun, in which disastrous engagement it lost 174 men, of whom 44 were killed, 107 wounded, and 23 taken prisoners. The gallantry of the men, and their fine conduct in the heat of battle, gained the regiment as well as our State, great praise ; but the sad news of the loss it suffered, filled our citizens with gloom. The magnitude and solemnity of the great strug- gle in which the nation had engaged, began to be realized, while the sympathy and benevolence of the citizens of the State, especially the ladies, was aroused by the wants of the wounded and sick soldiers in the hospitals, and a general move- ment made for such contributions of money and clothing and delicacies suitable for invalids. Nearly $2,000 in money alone, was promptly con- tributed, and sent to the Chaplain of the First. This was the commencement of a splendid stream of gifts towards the same object, which continued to flow during the whole four years of the war, the Sanitary and Christian Commissions being soon after organized as a means of collecting and distributing relief. In no State, during the strug- gle for the Union, was found a more patriotic, liberal, actively generous people, than in Minne- sota. Not long after the battle of Bull Eun, the First Eegiment went into camp between Poolesville and Edwards Ferry, Maryland, for winter quar- ters, remaining there several months. While these events were occurring, the mate- rial progress of our State was receiving an im- pulse. Capitalists from Ohio were induced, under the legislation of the last winter, to embark in the completion of the " Minnesota and Pacific Eail- road," from St. Paul to St. Anthony. This line had been partially graded three years before, and with little labor was made ready for the super- structure. Ties and rails for several miles were provided, and track-laying commenced. A loco- motive and cars arrived, and the first wheel turned by a locomotive in this State, was on Sep- tember 19th. At this juncture, unfortunately, a disagreement sprang up between the contractors and the ofiicers of the road, and resulted in a sus- pension of the work for several months. Business remained very much depressed all the season, a result, in part, of the miserable cur- rency used in trade. Eecruiting for the second regiment did not cease until September, by which time all the companies were filled to the maximum, and the battalion was ready for service on southern fields. Meantime a company of Sharp-Shooters had been recruited by Capt. Peteler, and having been ac- cepted (Sept. 3d), left on Oct. 6th for Virginia, where they were attached to Berdan's U. S. sharp-shooters. Congress, at its special session, commencing July 4th, had authorized the raising of 500,000 troops. Under this call Minnesota was called on for two more regiments, on Sept 17th. There were already some partially completed companies, and recruiting commenced vigorously in-all parts of the state. Up to this time all the troops re- cruited had been for the infantry service, but in order to give all who wished to enlist, their pref- erence for the different arms of service, cavalry, and artillery organizations were commenced. Three companies of cavalry were authorized, and began to receive recruits, while a battery of light artillery was gotten under way. On Oct. 3d, Capt. N. J. T. Dana, formeriy of the regular army, was commissioned as Colonel of the First, vice Gorman, who had been pro- moted to Brigadier General. On Oct. 14, the Second Eegiment left for Vir- ginia, but at Pittsburgh was ordered to Louis- ville, Ky., and soon after went into camp at Leb- anon Jimction, where they remained some weeks, guarding bridges. On Oct. 29th, the Third Eegiment was announced as organized, and Hen- ry C. Lester appointed Colonel. On Nov. 16th the Third left for Kentucky, and were employed in 134 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. the same service as the Second, near which they were encamped for some weeks. The Fourth Kegiment was filled nearly at the same time, and Adjt. Gen. John B. Sanborn appointed Colonel. It was retained in the state, doing garrison duty, until spring. On Oct. 19th the First Begiment participated in the action at Edwards Perry, sufEering small loss, but making a noble record for gallantry. The state election occurred on Oct. 9th. Parti- san poUtics were not much noticeable in this con- test. Alex. Ramsey was re-elected for governor, by a vote of 16,274 over E. O. HamUn, who had 10,448. The three cavalry companies, commanded re- spectively by Capts. Von Minden, Brackett, and "West, were ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., in December, and incorporated into an Iowa troop called Curtis Horse, and subsequently Third Iowa Cavalry. The First Battery Light Artillery, Capt. Munch, also left for St. Louis Dec. 1st, and was soon after ordered to Pittsburgh Landing. During this month a Fifth Begiment was authorized, and considerable progress made in flUing it. On January 19th, 1862, occurred the memora- ble battle of Mill Springs, in which our Second Begiment won a national reputation. Early on that day, the enemy, under Gen. ZoUicofEer, at- tacked the union forces. Col. Van Cleve says in his ofl&cial report: " After proceeding about half a mile, we came upon the enemy, who were posted behind a fence along the road, beyond which was an open field, broken by ravines. The enemy, opening upon us a galUng fire, fought desperate- ly, and a hand to hand fight ensued which lasted about thirty minutes. * * * The enemy gave way, leaving a large number of their dead and wounded on the field. * * * We joined in the pursuit, which continued till near sunset, when we arrived within a mile of their intrench- ments, where we rested upon our arms during the night. * * * Six hundred of our regi- ment were in the engagement, twelve of whom were killed and thirty-three wounded." Gen. Zollicoffer himself was among the enemy slain. Private George G. Strong, of Company D, is thought to have killed Baillie Peyton, a promi- nent rebel ofiicer. The news of the victory at Mill Springs, occur- ing, as it did, during a period of depression, was Uke a gleam of svmshine, and our Second Begi- ment won bright laurels for their gallantry. For meritorious service in this engagement. Col. Van Cleve was soon after promoted to Brigadier Gen- eral. On Feb. 24th Capt. Alfred Sully was commis- sioned colonel of the First Begiment, vice Dana, promoted to Brigadier General. The legislature of 1862 had many important questions under consideration, prominent among which were those measures providing for miUtary necessities, and putting the state on a " war foot- ing." The work of releasing the land grant rail- roads from the entanglements resulting from the old five-million loan, and bestowing the franchis- es on real capitaUsts, who would undertake to build in good faith, was another of the important measures of the session. The latter work was successfully accompUshed In most cases. On the line of the Minnesota & Pacific, between St. Paul and St. Anthony, work was recommenced and pushed vigorously. On April 6th the battle of Pittsburg Landing occurred. The only Minnesota troops engaged in this conflict was the First Battery, which was in the heat of the action at several points. Sev- eral cannoneers were wounded (Capt. Mrmch se- verely) two killed, and also a number of horses. The battery did splendid service, and " mowed the enemy down with cannister." Capt. (form- erly adjutant general) "Wm. H. Acker, of the Sixteenth Begulars, was kUled during this en- gagement. On March 20th, the Fifth Begiment was de- clared organized, and the field officers were com- missioned. Budolph Borgesrode was appomted Colonel. The Second .Sharpshooters, CaptaJn Eussell, which had been recruited during the winter, soon after left for Washington, arriving there AprU 26th. On AprU 24th, the Fourth Begiment, and Second Battery of Light Artillery, Captain Hotchldss, left for Benton Barracks, and were soon pushed to the front in Mississippi. On May 13th, the Fifth Begiment also left for the same destination, excepting companies B, C, and D, who remained behind to garrison forts, and a few weeks subsequently took a conspicuous paxt in the Sioux war. On May 26th, the call for a sixth regiment was MINNESOTA'S SHABE IN SUFPBESSINO THE BEBELLION. 135 made and recruiting was commenced very act- ively, several skeleton companies, partially flUed for the Fifth Eegiment, being already in the field. . Congress, at its extra session, commencing July 4th, 1861 had authorized the issue of "legal ten- der" notes, which were by this date, in large cir- culation. The result of this was to greatly en- liven business and enhance prices. While govern- ment was expending in our state but a small fraction of the enormous sums it was paying out in eastern States for materials of war, the results were unmistakably felt here. One effect was the gradual and almost coiriplete withdrawal of coin, especially small coin from circulation. This oc- casioned great inconvenience in "making change," and various devices were used to overcome the trouble. Postage stamps came into general use for fractional sums, and soon became a decided nui- sance. Then many of the cities and towns, as well as business firms and banks, issued fractional "shin-plasters" as currency. The country was soon flooded with these, and it proved an intolera- ble nuisance. The issue of the Treasmy Depart- ment, soon after, of "postage currency," some- what relieved the dearth of small change. A steady enhancement in the price of goods, labor, thecostof living, etc., commenced, from this date, an inflation which lasted for two or three years. The material development of the state pro- gressed during this period, notwithstanding the burdens and waste of war, and the fact that over six thousand of our young men were withdrawn from productive industry. An increased area was sown. Immigration was becoming large, especially of Scandinavians. Further efforts were also made to open and extend our area of trade towards the northwest. The reported discovery of rich gold fields in the region now known as Idaho and Montana, led to the formation of a company of citizens to proceed thither overland. On May 14th, the expedition left St. Paul, and arrived safely at the diggings. Congress had, meantime, been appealed to for some protection to this emigration movement, and a small appro- priation was made for this purpose, and Captain , James L. Fisk appointed to organize and com- mand any party that might wish to go over. An- otlier expedition was organized and equipped, leaving on June 16th, and made a successful journey to the gold fields. These expeditions did much towards preparing the way for the opening and settlement of the Northwest, and were repeated in 1863 and 1864. Another important event was the completion of the Minnesota and Pacific EaUroad from St. Paul to St. Anthony, which was opened for trafiBc on June 28 — the first line operated in our state. From that date on, railroad building was rapidly carried on, on several of the Unes. While these encouraging events were in prog- ress in our state, her brave troops, in Virginia and Mississippi, were contending against great odds.' The Fourth and Fifth Regiments and the Second Battery, whose departure for " Dixie" was noted a few lines back, had been pushed rapidly to the front, and, being a part of the "Army of the Mis- sissippi," were soon face to face with the enemy, in the great Corinth campaign. On May 28th the Fifth Eegiment had a sharp action with the enemy, in which several were killed, and a num- ber wounded, and won much praise for gallantry. On July 12th, near Murfreesboro, Tenn., the Third Eegiment was attacked by a gi-eatly supe- rior force, and after a brave resistance, losing twelve men, its ammunition became exhausted, and it was compelled to surrender. The men were paroled a few weeks later. Meantime the First Eegiment had taken an active part in a campaign of great danger and hardship. It had remained in its winter quar- ters, near Edward's Ferry, until March, when (attached to Sedgwick's Division) it proceeded to Winchester, from whence they were ordered to join the army of the Potomac near Fortress Monroe. In April they took part in the siege of Yorktown. From thence they participated in McClellan's great Eichmond campaign, and the "seven days fight." At Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, on May 31st and June 1st; at Peach Orch- ard, June 29th; Savage's Station, June 29th; Glendale and White Oak Swamp, June 30th; Nelson's Farm, June 30th; Malvern Hills, July 1st, the brave First took an active part, and suf- fered severe-losses, with great hardship and con- tinual fighting. In all these engagements, it lost ninety men. At the Battle of Fair Oaks, the Second Sharp-Shooters was united with the First Eegimet, and continued with them during the rest of the campaign. The disastrous termination of the operations 136 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. by McClellan, and the heavy losses of the army, produced a feeling of great discouragement and doubt throughout the North. On July 2, the pres- ident called for 300,000 more troops. Still this heavy draft was met cheerfully, and in this State vigorous steps were taken to fill our quota. On July 24th, a rousing war meeting was held at the Capital, which lighted anew the flres of patriot- ism, roused the despondent, and infused new hopes into all. Eecruiting commenced vigor- ously. But scarcely was the work under way, when the call of August 4th, for 300,000 more troops, was issued. It now became evident that special exertions would be needed to fill our quo- ta by the 18th, at which time the Secretary of War had ordered a draft to be made, if not filled. Public meetings were held at various places, and large sums of money were subscribed by individ- uals, ia addition to local bounties, to stimulate enlistments. Great excitement prevailed through- out the State for some days— fully equal to the patriotie war spirit following the fall of Sumpter, and business seemed to be almost suspended ; ia fact, in many instances, actually was, as the en- tire employees of many estabUshments enlisted. To some extent, martial law was enforced in the State. The Adjutant General, in a pubUshed proclamation, forbade citizens (males of military age) from leaving the State without a pass from him, nor were they allowed to go from one county to another without a permit from the Sheriff. The Sixth Regiment, which was partially filled when the call of July 2d was issued, was quickly filled and organized. A seventh regiment was authorized on August 5th. On August 10th the eighth was called for ; on August 13th, the ninth; and soon after even a tenth. Recruiting for the old regiments was also brisk. Four companies were received at Fort Snelling in one day. The Press of August 19th, says: "On Sunday and yesterday, large bodies of men were continually pouring in." Over three thousand men were then at the fort. The work of receiving, muster- ing in, clothing and equipping these troops, laid on the authorities a heavy task. THE SIOUX MASSACBJS. 137 CHAPTEE XXVI. TUB SIOUX MASSACRE. The Sioux Miissacre —The Events Which Prohnhly led to It.— Discontent of the Indians. — The Miu'ders at Acton. — Connncncenient of the Carnage at Red Wood.— Awful Scenes.— NaiTow Escape of Wliites. —The Battle of Red Wood Ferry.—Fiendish Cruelties of the Savages. — Panic and Fliglit of tlic Settlers. — Condition of Affairs at Fort Ridgely.— The Alarm Reaches St. Peter.— Rein- forcements Set Out from There.— Th^ first Attaclt on New Ulni.— The Savages Repulsed.— They Besiege Fort Ridgely— But Fail to Capture It— And Again Fall on New XTlni. — Desperate Fighting. — The Town Nearly Burned Down — The Savages Withdraw, Unsuccessful. — The Town Evacuated.— End of '.he first " Weelt of Blood."— Its Results to tlie State. While these exciting events were occurring, and attracting the attention of our citizens, a fearful storm was gathering in an unexpected quarter, and soon burst upon our state with ap- palling fury. The Sioux Indians, of wliom sev- eral thousand were living on reservations in the western portions of Minnesota, had been for sev- eral weeks (i. e. since about June 14th) collected at the Yellow Medicine agency, to receive their annual payment. This would have been made to them by the proper officer, at that time and place, promptly, had not the necessities of the government just at that juncture, prevented the prompt transmission of the S70,000 in gold coin, which was to pay the Indians tlieir annuities. As soon as it could be got ready, it was sent, and hurried forward by special messengers, night and day, arriving just one day too late. Meantime the Indians were waiting impatiently for their money, and for the provisions and other supplies which were to be given them when the payment was made. They were almost destitute of food, and some were really suffering from hunger. In this discontented condition, they were ready to listen to bad counsel. Malicious parties had whis- pered to them that the war had destroyed most of the young men of the whites; that only old men and boys were left; and if so disposed they could repossess themselves of the land; that they were to be cheated out of their money by the traders, whom they had before accused of de- frauding them; and other wrongs, real or fan- cied, were recited to inflame them. As was usual, a small detachment of troops had been sent to the agency when the Indians first assem- bled, to preserve order. This consisted of fifty men from Port Ridgely, under Capt. Jno. S. Marsh, and fifty from Fort Eipley, commanded by Lieut. T. J. Slieehan. Yet, notwithstanding the presence of these soldiers, guarding the ware- houses, on Aug. 4th, several hundred Indians attacked and broke into one of the buildings, and took about one hvmdred sacks of flour before they could be stopped. The missionaries, with Major Galbraith, the agent, at length quieted this outbreak. The agent issued some ammuni- tion and goods to tliem, and persuaded them to disperse, and he would send them word when the money was ready for them. To this they appeared to agree, and apparently left the agency and went to their hunting-grounds. It was now supposed that the trouble was over, and the troops were allowed, on Aug. 16th, to depart for their posts. But it was only the calm before the storm. All this time bad blood was brewing, and the storm gathering, unnoticed, or at least unheeded by the whites. Only a spark was needed to explode this magazine of savage fury, and that, at length came. There is good evi- dence to believe that during this interval the In- dians were holding councils and " soldier's lodg- es, ■' and had concluded that as the forts were manned by but a handful of soldiers, it would be a good time to rise and sweep away the white race from their old hunting-grounds. On Sunday, Aug. 17, a party of four Indians, be- longing to a band noted for insubordination, were in the neigliborhood of Acton, Meeker County, where they had been for several days hunting. They were angry and quarrelsome. They came to the house of a Mr. Howard Baker, where they found him and his wife, and a Mr. Webster and wife. Mr. Eobinson Jones and wife and a Miss Wilson, neighbors, came in soon after. The In- dians had previously had a quarrel with Jones, 138 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. which was now renewed. They then proposed shooting at a mark with Baker and Jones, which was done. After discharging their guns, the Indians at once reloaded, and commenced firing on the whites. Jones and his wife, and Baker and Webster were killed, and Miss Wilson, Mrs. Baker and child, and Mrs. Webster, were un- hurt. The four Indian murderers then stole horses in the neighborhood, and rode rapidly, during the night, to the Indian village near the agency, where they told what they had done, and m-ged that, as blood had been spilt, and they would suffer the penalty, they must all unite and exterminate the whites. The otHer Indians then armed themselves, and at sunrise, Aug. 18, the work of the death commenced, at the Lower Sioux Agency, near Red Wood. It is strongly asserted by other writers, who give good reasons for the belief, that the Indians collected at the Agency had all ready demanded on the massacre, and commenced it on the 18th, without knowing of the events at Acton. The iirst victim to this hellish plot was James AV. Lynde, a clerk in the trading house of Nathan Myrick. He was a man of fine attainments, and had written a work on the History and Eeligion of the Dakotas, which was just ready for publi- cation. Three other persons were killed at the same store. At Porbes' trading house, near by, George H. Spencer, the clerk, was badly wounded, when his life was saved by the interposition of a friendly Indian, named Chaska, who protected him until he recovered. Other white persons in and near the houses at the agency, were either killed or wounded, within a few minutes. At this point the Indians ceased their carnage, in order to plunder the stores and government ware- houses, and this delay enabled Bev. S. D. Hin- man and some other whites, to escape to Port Bidgely, spreading the alarm as they went. After a brief time spent by the savages in rob- bing the stores, they continued their work of car- nage in every direction. They were soon joined by the warriors of the other bands, and, to the number of two or three hundred, spread through the settlements for several miles iip and down the river, murdering all the whites whom they could find, excepting a few young womem, whom they took captive, and in many instances burning the houses of the settlers. Meantune, the whites at the upper, or Yellow Medicine Agency, some thirty miles distant, were in ignorance of these dreadful scenes, and of the danger which threatened them. It was not until nearly night when John Other-Day, a Christian Indian, brought them the dreadful news, and warned them to save their lives. The whites, sixty-two in number, at once took refuge in a warehouse ; but flight seemed the only safe course, and before daylight the next morning, they were on their way across the prairies to- wards Henderson, the men on foot, and the wo- men and children, with S. B. Garvie, who had escaped from his warehouse, after being badly wounded, in wagons. The noble Other-Day piloted them truly and skillfully. This party, after great hardships, arrived safely at the settle- ments on the Minnesota river, and thence to St. Paul, though Mr. Garvie died on the way. The two missionaries, Messrs. Williamson and Eiggs, also escaped, with their families, after suflfering much hardship. On Monday mornmg, August 18th, about three hours after the first outbreak at Red Wood agency, a messenger from that place arrived at Port Ridgely, twelve miles distant, with the startling news. Captain Marsh, Company B, Pifth Regiment, then in command, at once dis- patched a courier to Lieutenant Sheehan, Com- pany C, Pifth Regiment, who, with his detach- ment, had left the post the morning previous on his return to Port Ripley, and also to Major Gal- braith, who had left at the same time for St. Peter, with about fifty recruits, called the "Ren- ville Rangers," en-route for Port SnelUng, urging them to return at once. Captain Marsh at once left for the scene of carnage, with forty-fom- men on foot. After a forced march, he arrived about 2 o'clock P. M. at the ferry opposite the Agency, near which place they found nine dead bodies. They were met here by Rev. jNlr. Hinman, on his way to the fort, who cautioned Oapt. jNlarsh against an ambuscade, and warned him to return, as tlie Indians greatly outnumbered his force. Captain iMarsli, who was a very brave but very rash man, would not listen to the advice, declaring that he could "whip all the Indians," or something to that effect. Arriving at the ferry, his men were drawn up on the bank, in plain sight, when three or four hundred Indians concealed in the thickets THE SIOUX MA8SAGBE. 139 neax by, poured a volley into them. Nearly half of his men fell dead or mortally woimded at the first fire, some of them pierced with twenty bul- lets, while several others were wounded, but managed ultimately to escape ; some of them not reaching the fort for three days. The survivors of this sudden attack { Captain Marsh being himself uninjured) fell back from the ferry towards the fort, keeping up a running fight amidst the thick timber on the river bottom, but against terrible odds. Bushing up to the fallen soldiers, the savages tomahawked those still living, and tore the scalps from most of them, inflicting also nameless bru- talities on their corpses. All the fine Springfield muskets carried by the dead, and their ammuni- tion, fell into the hands of the redskins, and were subsequently used by them, with deadly effect, at the sieges of FortEidgely and New L'lm, and the battle of Birch Coolie. The remains of the fallen heroes were ultimately interred at Port Bidgely, and the legislature, some years subsequently, caused a fine monument to be erected there ia honor of their bravery. For some time a hot battle raged in the forest, Capt. Marsh and his men retreating towards the fort, contesting the ground, inch by inch. Find- ing that his men were falling fast, and that the enemy was gathering in force ahead of him, so as to cut him off, he determined to cross the river, so as to gain the open prairie on that side, and reach the fort, if possible. He had now but thir- teen men left. At their head he attempted to Wade the river, but was drowned while so doing. His men got over in safety, and made their way to the fort about dark. Out of the forty-four who had left it that morning, twenty-four were dead. Thus ended the Battle of Bedwood Perry, the first engagement of the war. The Indians, it is thought, lost only one or two warriors. Flushed with this easy victory in their first encounter with our troops, the Indians now con- sidered that the way was clear for their bloody war of extermination. They scattered in every direction, carrying death and torture to the homes of all the settlers withia reach. For several days the work of carnage was awful. No pen can describe, the horrors of that bloody week. So sudden and unexpected was the outbreak, and so insidious and skulking the mode of warfare of the savages, that the mhabitants were overtaken at their various pursuits and butchered in cold blood, without any chance of flight or resistance. Most of them were European immigrants who had re- cently settled on the frontier, and were qidte un- acquatated with savage warfare and treachery. But few of them possessed ellective fire-arms, or weapons of any kind, indeed, and even if they had these, so sudden and stealthy was the onset, that resistance would have been unavailing. The savages generally went about on these raids in squads of eight or ten, well armed. In many instances the treacherous devils would advance boldly and with friendly demeanor into houses with whose owners they were acquainted, as if to ask for food, (as was their custom, for the set- tlers had always freely supplied them) ; when all at once they would shoot down or tomahawk the unsuspecting inmates, perhaps the very per- sons who had many times fed them when him- gry. In a few instances children, and sometimes adults, fled unobserved while this work of death was going on, and escaped a like fate by skulking in the grass or bushes, from whence they were often compelled to witness the cruel tortures practiced on the other menibers of their family, or flee for life with the death shrieks of the suffer- ing victims ringing in their ears. Some of those who escaped thus, were rescued many days sub- sequently, after enduring incredible hardships, skulking by day around deserted houses, endeav- oring to find food, and wandering by night through the trackless waste, towards the settle- ments. Delicate women, carrying or leading in- fant children, thus traveled scores of miles to some place of safety, sometimes wounded and sick and almost naked. Many perished from hunger, exposure or wounds. Others lived, to suffer for years from their injuries. There were literally hundreds of such incidents as the above, and a full narrative of these adventures and escapes would fiU volumes. No record can ever be made of them, and the fate of many wUl never be known until the last day. The cruel barbarities practiced by the savages on their victims, was another sickening feature of the massacre, and its bare recital makes one shudder. All the fiendish cruelties that their savage nature and pent up hatred of the pale faces could suggest, they wreaked on their vie- 140 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. tims, a people who had always been their friends and benefactors. The wounded and dying were scalped or tomakawked out of all semblance of humanity. The bowels of many were gashed open, and their hands and feet, or other members, cut off and thrust into them. Children were slashed with knives, eyes gouged out, ears or hands cut off, or skulls smashed with war clubs. Some of these survived even such awful wounds. Babes were thrust living into stove ovens, and there left, to roast to death. Pregnant women were ripped open, and their unborn babes torn, away, and thrown into their face, or nailed to a door or tree, for their dying gaze to Witness. But few women, comparatively, were killed outright. Instant death would have been a more merciful fate than they were reserved for. Frequently delicate young maidens were tied, or held by the fiends, and repeatedly outraged by the band of captors, some actually dying in the hands of their tormentors, or if they survived, led into a cap- tivity of horrors. But let us draw a veil over these atrocities. After the murder of the inmates of a house, pillage was the next step, and the torch was then generally applied to it, oftentimes the wounded victims, unable to escape, being burned to death. Day after day the columns of smoke rising here and there showed where the various bands of de- mons were plying their work of destruction, while night after night the sky along the frontier was lurid with the light of burning homes. Two or three thousand dwellings were thus destroyed, in addition to three entire towns. Cattle were shot from mere wantonness, and others left to starve, with no one to attend them, Horses were saved for the use of the marauders, hundreds of them being stolen, and in many instances the savages were observed riding to and fro in fine buggies and carriages. As the houses of the settlers were generally isolated from each other, the news of the out- break could not reach the more remote and scat- tered, in season to save them. Along the main roads leading to the settlements, the alarm was spread by fugitives, after a day or two, and this fact enabled thousands to save their lives who would otherwise have fallen. Abandoning houses, crops, cattle— everything, hastily seizing some food and clothing, and harnessing their teams, they fled towards New Ulm, Fort Ridgely, St. Peter, Mankato, Henderson, and other towns along the river. Some even pressed on to St. Paul. Soon the roads were literally crowded with a panic-stricken cavalcade, on foot, on horseback, in all sorts of vehicles, hurrying along with blanched faces and nervous trepidation. Many were pursued and shot at (some killed, even) while flying, and all had horrid stories to relate. Lieut. Gov. Donnelly, on Aug. 26, wrote from St. Peter: " You can hardly conceive the panic existing along the valley. In Belle Plame I found 600 people crowded in. In this place there are between 3,000 and 4,000 refugees. On the road between New Ulm and Mankato were over 2,000. Mankato is also crowded. * * * Their property in the mean time abandoned and going to ruin." The condition of these throngs of fugitives, crowded into the small towns, was pitiable. The handful of men who survived the massa- cre at Redowod Ferry, and made their way back to Fort Eidgely, found that post already crowded with panic-stricken fugitives from the sur- rounding country. All night these poor settlers arrived from every direction, many of them wounded, havmg left portions of their families murdered, and their homes in flames. In every direction, all night long, the sky was reddened with the light of burning houses. It was a night of terror and despondency. About ten o'clock on Tuesday morning, the inmates were gladdened with .the return of Lieutenant Sheehan and his command, who, on being overtaken the evening before by the messenger sent out to recall them, had made a forced march of sixteen hours. Lieutenant Sheehan at once took command of the post, and in connection with Sergeant John Jones, of the regular army, post ordinance ser- geant, took effective measures to put the fort in a defensible condition. All the civilians who wei-e lit for duty, were armed, or put on guard, and even the women were employed making cart- ridges, running bullets, &c. No attack was made that day, however, although Indians were seen watching the fort. [The warriors were busy at- tacking New Ulm, as will be seen a little farther on.] About noon on Monday, the messengers and guard in charge of the $70,000 in gold, reached THE SIOUX MAS8ACBE. 141 Fort Kidgely, and remained there during the siege. Let us now follow Mr. J. C. Dickinson; of Lower Agency, 'the messenger sent from Red- wood to recall Maj. Galbraith from St. Peter. Maj. G., so well satisfied was he with the loyal promises of the Indians, had left the agency with some volunteers for Fort Snelling. His family were at Yellow Mediciae, and escaped from that place. He, with the " Renville Ran- gers," Lieut. O'Gorman, had arrived at St. Peter Monday evening, when Mr. Dickinson reached there, with the startling news. It was at first discredited, but he at once made preparations to return, with the Rangers, and a company of vol- unteer citizens. He immediately dispatched Wm. H. Shelley, of St. Paul, who was with him, with a message to Gov. Ramsey, asking military aid. Shelley rode at full speed all night, and reached St, Paul, nearly one hundred miles distant, at 10 o'clock p. M. Tuesday, spreading the news as he passed down the valley. Gov. Ramsey at once took steps to send troops to the scene of blood. But of this anon. Monday night was spent by the soldiers and citizens at St. Peter in organizing companies, searchmg for arms, making cartridges, etc. Early on Tuesday morning, the bells were rung and the inhabitants called together. Great excitement prevailed, but a company was at once organized. Hon. Chas. E. Flandrau, associate justice of the Supreme Court, was elected captain, and W. B. Dodd, first lieutenant. Teams, wagons, camp equipage, etc., were hastily collected. Major Galbraith, with the Renville Rangers, and others who accompanied them, armed as well as could be possible, left St. Peter at 6 a. m., and after a hard march, reached Fort Ridgely (Forty-five miles distant) the same evening. Just as they arrived at the fort, a furious thunder- gust came up. In the darkness and rain they got into the fort safely, although hundreds of Indians were watching it, and must have seen them but for the storm. There were now 250 fencible men in the fort, and the crowd of fu- gitives hourly increasing. These were cared for as well as possible, the hospital being full of wounded. Meantime a company of sixteen horsemen left St. Peter (Tuesday) for the aid of New Ulm, which was reported by fugitives to be in great danger. At one o 'clock the same day , Hon. Chas . E. Flandrau left for the same place with 100 well armed men, on foot. Let us now give some account of the SIEGE OF NEW ULM. This town was on the south bank of the Minne- sota River, thirty miles, by land, from St. Peter, and eighteen miles below Fort Ridgely. It con- tained about 1,500 inhabitants, mostly Germans. On Monday morning, Aug. 18th, a party of citizens left jSTew Ulm to recruit for volunteers. When some seven or eight miles west of new Ulm, they found several dead bodies lying m the road. Con- vinced that the Indians had risen, they retraced their steps, but on their way back were fired on, and several of the party killed. The rest fled to town and gave the alarm. At the same time, fugitives came in from other directions, near the town, all telling horrid tales of butchery. This created a great panic in the town, and many fled to St. Peter. All that day and night, and next day, fugitives continued pouring into the place. The leading men of the tovm at once took steps to organize for defence. Arms were collected, barricades erected, sentinels posted, and every- thing done which could be, to repel an attack. These precautions were taken none too soon. About four o'clock on Tuesday, aparty of mount- ed Indians appeared on the prairie above the town, and dismounting, advanced on the place. The few men who had arms, at once attacked them, but most of the people gathered into the houses in the center of the town, panic stricken. Fortunately, soon after the attack commenced, the fifteen horsemen from St. Peter arrived, and at once began a vigorous defence. The savages burned several buildmgs on the west edge of th town, and kept up a hot fire on the people with- in the barricade. The St. Peter cavalry soon made such a brave advance on the Indians, that they were compelled to retire, about dark, sev- eral having been killed. During the engagement, the whites lost several, killed and wounded, also. About nine o'clock, in the midst of a furious thunder-storm. Judge Flandrau, with over one hundred men, reached the town, and were warmly welcomed. Vigorous efforts to organize for defence were at once made. Judge Flan- 142 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. drau was chosen commander-in-chief, Capt. Dodd, provost marshal, &c. Small reinforcements con- tinued to arrive from Mankato and other points, and by Thursday, 325 armed men were guarding the town. Wednesday passed without any alarms, and scouting parties were sent out in va- rious directions to bury the dead, of which a number were found. Let iis now glance at the condition of things AT FOKT BIDGELY. About three o'clock on Wednesday, the 20th, the first attack was made on this, post, probably by the same force who had been at New Ulm the evening previous. It is thought five hundred Indians were engaged in it. Concealing them- selves in the wooded ravines near the post, the savages suddenly advanced on it with horrid yells and a volley of balls. The suddenness of the on- set almost threw the garrison off their guard, and two of the soldiers were killed at the first fire. The men speedily rallied, however, and fought bravely. Sergeant Jones was quickly at his guns, two 6-pounders and one 24-pounder, but on at- tempting to fire, they wovild not go off. On drawing the charges, he found them stuffed with rags! Some treacherous half-breeds had done this dastardly act, and then deserted to the enemy. Assisted by a citizen, J. C. Whipple, who had served in the Mexican war, and Sergt. McGrew, of Company C, he soon poured several rounds of cannister and shell into the thickets, amongst the foe, killing and woimding a number. The savages then succeeded in crawling up be- hind some old outbuildings and hay-stacks, from which they poured furious volleys into the fort. Sergt. Jones soon set these on fire with shells, and drove the savages off. At dusk the light of this fire, and the noise of the artillery, impressed the people at New Ulm and otlier places in the vicinity with tlie belief that, the fort had fallen. But when night closed down, tlic savages with- drew. The garrison renwincd on arms all night. One great danger was the dryness of the roofs' which could have been ignited with "liic-ar- rows." A close watch was kejit, and Providence favored the beleagured force, for late at night a heavy rain-storm commenced falling, and contin- ued until next day, entirely averting this daiigei-'. The large stables of the fort, about thirty rods distant, were perfectly filled with government mules, and horses brought in by the fugitives. These the Indians succeeded in getting out and stampeding. The next morning (Thursday) the attack was lenewed about 9 o'clock, and lasted hotly for an hour, when the savages retreated, but again at- tacked the fort about 6 p. m., when another en- gagement took place, and lasted about an hour. But their efforts to capture the fort were useless. They found it too well defended. It could have been taken by charging into it, but this Indians are afraid to do. Meantime the garrison was be- coming worn out with loss of sleep and continual labor and fighting. Nearly five hundred refugees were crowded into its small buildings, where they were compelled to lie on the floor to avoid the bullets of the foe, which swept like a hail- storm through the windows. To add to the trou- ble, many were becoming sick, and the stores both of ammunition and provisions, and even water, were running low. That night, as subsequent evidence revealed. Little Crow and his forces returned to the Lower Agency, where he found the upper Indians, whom he had sent for, arrived. This increased his force to 450 warriors. Large numbers were also marauding among the settlements, as far east as Forest City and as far south as Lake Shetek. Confident that with this large force he could take both Port Kidgely and New Ulm, he now moved on the former post. During the night, however, the garrison had strengthened its weak points with great skill and success. Earthworks liad been thrown up, bar- ricades erected, out of cordwood, sacks of grain, etc., and other defenses provided, while the can- non were stationed so as to command the most exposed points, and the riflemen posted where they could do the greatest execxition. About noon the Indians appeared in greater numbers than on either previous attack, and commenced an assault so determined and furious, it seemed MS if tlu>y were confident that this time the post must fall. But as they advanced, yelling like de- mons, the Kuiniers sent a storm of grape and can- nister amongst them, Avliile the riflemen poured volley after volley into them, and the savages re- treated from this hot fire. They soon rallied and took possession of the stables and other outbuild- THE SIOUX MASSACRE. 143 ings near the fort, and kept up a terrible fire from them. A perfect storm of balls poured into the frame buildings in the fort, sometimes passing clear through them. Several soldiers were hit, and some civilians (one being killed), though all the non-combatants kept well concealed. Finally Sergt. Jones was compelled to fire the outbuild- ings with shells, and drive the savages out. Soon the flames and black smoke rolled up, and, with the yells of the Indians, the rattle of small arms, and the thunder of the cannon, made an exciting scene. Por five hours the battle raged hotly. Little Crow was heard repeatedly order- ing his warriors to charge into the fort, and sev- eral times they gathered for that purpose and started, but Sergt. Jones would send a storm of shell or cannister among them, and drive them back. It is thought numbers of them were killed in this attack. About dark their fire ceased, and the night was passed in quiet, but there were few slept around the post except the non-combatants. All the men were under arms all night, being five nights of weary vigil and sleeplessness. The garrison were well nigh worn out, and expected another day of hard fighting. The sun rose, but no signs of In- dians. Work was continued on the fortifications, which were greatly strengthened. While thus engaged, a large body of mounted Indians (said by Louis Bobert, who counted them, to number nearly 1,000) were seen coming down from the Lower Agency on the opposite side of the river. They did not, however, cross to the Fort Ridgely side, but kept on towards New Ulm. It now became evident that the latter place was their objective point, and the garrison breathed freer. Still, they knew not what a day might bring forth,andkept up their working and watchiag. Let us now return to KEW TJLM, and see how that beleagured town fared. After the battle of Tuesday, before described, no at- tack had been made on the town, though small parties of Indians, doubtless scouts, were once or twice seen near the place. This interval of quiet was spent in erecting barricades, and other works of defence, and in taking such steps as seemed necessary, in case of another attack. About ten o'clock a. m. on Saturday, the 23d, the Indians (mounted) appeared in great force on the prairie above town, and our forces were at once posted on the open ground in that direction. The Indians first approached slowly, but when about a mile from our line, increased their speed, and gradually spread out their front, like a fan, until it covered our whole line. On they came at full speed, yelling like demons. When about double rifle-shot off. Col. Flandrau's men, inex- perienced in such warfare, fell back on the town, the Indians firing on them. The whites com- mitted the error of passing the outermost build- ings, and not occupying them, an error the sav- ages soon took advantage of, as they at once took possession of them, and opened a furious fire on our men. By the exertions of Col. Flandrau, the latter soon rallied, and coimnenced a vigorous fire from every protected spot, each doing duty as best he could, '• on his own hook." They soon recovered their coolness, and fought bravely. The enemy, from their great numbers, were able to surround the town, and soon poured into it a fire from every direction. The battle became fu- rious and general. The Indians also succeeded in getting possess- ion of the houses on the bluff, which gave them a great advantage, commanding, as it did, the inte- rior of the town below , but about twenty men of the Le Sueur company had occupied the windmill, a high building in that locality, and kept up such a hot fire , the Indians could do but little execution on that side. They took possession of the lower end of the city, however, and, the wind being from that direction, fired the houses one by one, ad- vancing thus towar&s the center of the city, con- cealing themselves behind the smoke. The greatest danger seemed now to be from this di- rection, and a strong force of the best marksmen was sent to resist the advance. They fought bravely, and checked the enemy considerably. The battle here was very hot for several hours. About three o'clock the enemy concentrated a force on the river side, asif preparing for a grand assault. A detachment was sent to meet it. The Indians came on at full speed, but our men stood firm, and sent such volleys among them, that they broke and retreated, losing several. Two of our best marksmen, however, fell at the same time. The battle raged furiously and without inter- mission until dark. Many of our men were 144 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. wounded, several killed. All had fought nobly, some performing feats of great daring. The en- emy had left ten dead on the field, besides many killed and wounded carried off, and had gained, so far, no- great advantage; but if the attack con- tinued much longer, the worst result was feared. Night closed on the weary defenders, full of doubt and anxiety. A consultation was now held among the leading men and those in command, as to the " situation.' One thing that seemed necessary, was to contract the lines of defence toward the center of the town so tliat a less number could more readily defend any point. To do this it was voted that all build- ings, except a few in the center of the town, must be burned. To this the inhabitants consented, and themselves applied the torch to about forty buildings. One brick house was left, and loop- holed for defence. Including those burned by the savages, 190 houses in all were now in ashes. Only about twenty-five were still standing. A range of rifle-pits were now dug in front of the barricade, and all the defences strengthened. When morning dawned (Sunday, August 24th), the savages feebly renewed their attack, but they soon saw they were foiled. In order to get near enough to the barricade or buildings to do any execution, they must pass over an open space right in the face of the defenders rifles, where there was not even a bunch of grass to skulk behind. They kept up a flre at long range for three or four hours, but as i\ made no impression they ceased the attack about noon, and left ii the direction of Lower Agency They were seen from Fort Kidge- ly tha afternoon, passing up the river with a long train oi wagons, probably loaded with their plun- der, and many horses and cattle stolen from the settlers. Neither Fort Eidgely nor New Ulm were again attacked. The brave resistance of the whites had balked the red demons at both places. Had either of tlioKe posts fallen, hundreds of women and children, and even of tlie armed men, would have been massacred. l!iit few would have escaped, and there is no doubt but that the victorious savages would have ])resseil on and taken both St. Peter and Mankato. In the attack on New Ulm, ten whites were killed and about fifty wounded. The few build- ings left standing in the place, were almost filled with the dead and wounded, and with sick people ; for disease had by this time commenced to do its work. The provisions were nearly exhausted, and it seemed impossible to hold the place any longer. There were no houses adequate to shel- ter the two thousand people now crowded within the fortifications. Hundreds had been for several days huddled in cellars and other unsuitable pla- ces. On Sunday afternoon, one hundred and fifty more volunteers from St. Peter and vicinity, arrived, in command of E. St. Julien Cox, well armed and equipped. A council of war was held, and it was resolved to evacuate the town. Ac- cordingly, on Monday, August 25th, every inhab- itant, some two thousand in number, with a train of one hundred and fifty-three wagons bearing the sick, wounded and feeble, commenced the march to Mankato. " It was a melancholy spec- tacle (says Colonel Flandrau, in his report) to see two thousand people, who a week before had been prosperous and happy, reduced to utter beggary, starting on a journey of thirty miles through a hostile country." The volunteer troops guarded the train through safely One week had now elapsed since the cruel mas- sacre began. It was a "week of blood." Over seven hundred persons had been murdered (many think the number exceeds one thousand); two hundred had been taken captive; nearly two thousand houses burned ; thousands of horses and cattle stolen, and a fertile region some two hundred miles long and one hundred wide, laid waste and depopulated. Eighteen counties were ravaged, thirty thousand people (one-tenth of the population of the State) homeless, their crops and property going to ruin. Claims were subsequently filed by nearly three thousand persons, who lost property valued at :j2,o()0,000. But this does not represent the total loss to our State, while no sum can reiiresenl the sorrow and suffering caused by the, massaeie. DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 145 CHAPTEE XXVII. DEFEAT AKD PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. Military Measures to Defend the Prontier.—Wantof any Organized Force.— H. H- Sibley Appointed to Oommand an Expedition. — Great Lack of Anns and Am* munition, — Volunteers Hurry to the Rescue in Large Force. — Col. Sibley Gath' ers a Column at St. Peter— And Relieves Fort Ridgely.— Great Want of Ammu- nition, Transportation, and Supplies — Danger of a Chippewa Outbreak. — Ac- count of Indian Raids in Kandiyohi, Meeker, and other Counties. — Siege of Hutchinson. — Siege of Port Abercrombie. — A Mounted Force Provided. — The Battle of Birch Coolie.— Relief Measures for the Refugees. —The State Apro. priates J25,000.— Col. Sibley Opens Negotiations for the Release of Prisoners.— They Prove Successful.- Extra Session of the Legislature. — Battle of Wood Lake. — The Savages Defeated. — Release of the Captives,— Arrest and Trial of the Guilty Murderers.— Three hundred and Three Convicted and Sentenced to be Hung.— Close of the Indian War.— Departure of more Regiments for the War.— Hard Fighting by our Troops in the South.-.-Esecution of Thirty-eight Indian Murderers at Mankato. While these exciting events were occurring along the frontier, the State authorities had been acting with great energy and promptness in or- ganizing and equipping a military force to pro- ceed against the savages. The suddenness of the outbreak found them totally unprepared for any such emergency. The Sixth Regiment was in barracks at Fort SneUing, nearly full and par- tially organized, but its field officers had not yet been appointed, nor had the men received their arms. The Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Regiments were also partially recruited but not mustered in. Skeleton companies were at Fort SneHing, but none had been organized, and the men were undisciplined. .Large nmnbers had been let off on furlough, to complete harvesting their crops. All the arms due the State had been drawn and issued to the old regi- ments. The general government was so hard pushed that even blankets and tents could not be furnished to the new troops. Immediately on receiving the news, Governor Ramsey appointed Hon. H. H. Sibley, of Men- dota, to the command of such forces at Port gnelling as the commandant there, Colonel B. E. Smith, could organize on the instant. Colonel Sibley was admirably qualified for such a respon- sible duty. His long and intimate acquaintance with the Indian character and habits, and espe- cially with the bands now in rebellion, together with his knowledge of military matters, and his 10 familiarity with the topography of the coimtry, enabled him to either meet the savages in the field successfully, or to treat with them to advantage. Eoiu: companies of troops, about three hundred in all, armed with Belgian rifles and 19,000 cart- ridges, were furnished to him ; and they at once started on a small steamer for Shakopee, arriving there on the 20th. From thence they marched to St. Peter. On the 21st, the six remaining compa- nies of the Sixth Regiment were filled by consol- idation and transfers, and sent forward as rapidly as possible. On the 21st, Governor Ramsey is- sued a proclamation, reciting the news of the out- break, and calling on such citizens as had horses and arms, to start at once and join the expedition moving up the river. Considerable numbers did so. Companies of horsemen were formed in St. Paul, and several other places, and rode forward night and day. SmaU companies of infantry also organized in various towns in the central and east- em portion of the State, and made forced marches to the relief of the frontier. By the end of the first " week of blood " (a very short period, con- sidering how unprepared the State was for such a war) several thousand armed men were pressing ' forward on different routes to meet and drive back the savages. These companies were mostly distributed at stockades and garrisoned tgwns along the frontier, where they remained for sev- eral weeks, imtil the worst danger was over. On September 9th, Governor Ramsey's message re- ports, there were twenty-two militia companies, with 2800 men under arms, and volunteer troops enough to make 5500 men in all. On Friday, the 22d, Col. Sibley arrived at St. Peter, and remained there some three days, get- ting his troops in hand and properly armed. The latter was a work of difficulty. Most of the Sixth Regiment were armed with Belgian rifles, many of them almost worthless, and none of them very reliable. But a small part of the cartridges fur- 146 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. nished were of tlie right calibre, and much time was lost " swedging " bullets. Gov. Eamsey had, on the 20th, telegraphed to the governor of Wis- consin to "borrow" 100,000 cartridges. They were promptly sent, and' reached Col. Sibley at Fort Ridgely. Provisions had to be collected, and transportation secured. Meantime the peo- ple of the State were nervous with anxiety, and blamed the commander and State authorities for not throwing his half-armed and unorganized troops at once on the several hundred well armed and desperate savages at New TJlm or Fort Eidgely. Had this been done, a " Custer massa- cre " would have resulted, and another rout and panic ensued, many fold worse than that of the week previous. By the 24th, nine companies of the sixth reg- iment (of which Wm. Crooks had just been ap- pointed colonel) were concentrated at St. Peter. There were also some three hundred mounted men, and several companies of militia infantry. On the morning of August 26th, Col. Sibley, with his entire force, about 1400 men, commenced the march to Fort Eidgely. Col. McPhaill, with one hundred and eighty mounted men, was sent on in advance. These arrived at the Fort at dark, to the great joy of its beleaguered inmates. The main force arrived on August 28th. No Indians were encountered on the way. The expedition , was halted at this post for several days, until nec- essary reinforcements and ammunition (which he called for from the executive) should arrive, and enable him to pursue and successfully act against the Indians, who had retreated some distance up the river,where it was reported they had a number of prisoners. On August 2.5th, Col. B. F. Smith was ordered to organize a force of 1000 men, out of detach- ments of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth regiments, at Fort Snelling, and dispatch said force at once to join Col. Sibley. This force was put under command of Lt. Col. Wm. E. Marshall, of the seventh regiment, and moved forward as soon as it could be properly equipped, reaching the expedition on September 1st. The difficulty of securing transportation for these expeditions, was a serious drawback to ce- lerity of movements. Finally, a general order was issued by the adjutant general authorizing the commanding officers of detachments in act- ual service, to seize and impress citizens teams whenever needed. This was done, and enough transportation secured in that way, resulting in many cases of individual hardship, but this is one of the inexorable "necessities of war." Another great need which bothered the state au- thorities, was the scarcity of serviceable arms. Good rifles were few. Many of the troops were very poorly armed, and even of these inferi- or guns, enough could not be had. The general government was telegraphed to, but could supply none, in season to do any good. The authori- ties then seized all the gun-shops in the states and confiscated their serviceable rifles and mus- kets, and ammunition. All the powder and lead in the hands of dealers everywhere was seized, yielding 3,175 pounds of powder and 1,200 poimds of lead. Even this was insufficient. A lead pipe, some 3,000 feet long, which had been laid in one of the streets oi St. Paul, but was just then unused, was dug up and melted into biiQets. A force of young women were working day and night making cartridges. Finally, however, all the troops were wel supplied and equipped, and no further trouble was felt. It must be remem- bered that there were then no railroads in the state (except one ten-mile section between St. Paul and Minneapolis,) and no telegraph but one from St. Paul to La Crosse. All military messages and dispatches to the frontier, had to be sent by special couriers. DANGER OF A CHIPPEWA WAR. Meantime, a new danger threatened the people of the state. In addition to the powerfiil Sioux nation, there were in Minnesota the Winnebagoes, with 400 warriors, and in the northern half of tlie state, the Chippewas, whr could muster 2,500 or 3,000 warriors. There were good grounds for be- lieving that these tribes had been in consultation with the Sioux, and that if the latter were suc- cessful they would also rise II has-been proved that several Winnebagoes participated in the earlier murders neai- the Upper and Lower Agen- cies, while on the same day as the outbreak at Eedwood, the Chippewas commenced plundering their agency at "Crow Wing on the Upper Miss- issippi, and assembling armed warriors. They acted very turbulent and defiant, and an out- break between them and the whites was immi- DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 147 ment. Indeed, on one occasion, shots were act- ually exchanged. The possibility of an outbreak by them so weighed on the mind of Maj. L. C. "Walker, their agent, that he committed suicide near Monticello, on Aug. 23d. Companies of cavalry were authorized by the state authorities to protect the country north of St. Paul, and per- formed patrol duty for some days. Had the Chippewas risen also, nearly the whole state would have been laid waste. Even the cities of St. Paul, Minneapolis, etc. , would have been captured, as there were not arms in those places enough to have defended them. A company of Home Guards was organized in St. Paul as a precau- tionary measure. For some days the situation was very critical, and full of danger. Finally, Hon. Wm. P. Dole, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hon. H. M. Eice, Major E. A. C. Hatch, Clark "W. Thompson, and other men who had influence with the Ojibways, calmed them down, and averted what might have proved an awful disaster. THE WAB IN MEEKER, KANDIYOHI AND STEAENS COUNTIES. The counties along the Minnesota Elver were not the only ones ravaged by the red devils during that week of blood. McLeod, Monongalia, Kandi- yohi, Steams, Meeker, Otter TaU, Douglas, Sib- ley, etc. , were aU overrun in whole or in part, and the inhabitants either butchered or driven away. The first blood of the outbreak had been shed at Acton , Meeker county. A messenger was sent post haste by the citizens there to inform Gov. Eamsey. He arrived at the capitol just at the same time that the courier from St. Peter bore the news from Eedwood. The Governor issued to Capt. Geo. C. Whitcomb, of Forest City, seventy-five guns and a small amount of ammunition, to en- able them to make a stand. Capt. W. returned with these at once, via Hutchinson, where he left some of the guns. On arriving at Forest City he found the whole region in a state of panic, the inhabitants fleeing, and the Indians killing and ravaging the country. A company was at once organized and armed, and marched over into Monongalia county (since a part of Kandiyohi), where they found the bodies of a number of slain, and also of hundreds of cattle killed in mere wan- tonness. They also rescued several persons who had been wounded and were hiding. The militia, aided by citizens at Forest City, at once began erecting a large stockade for defence, in the cen- ter of town, in which the inhabitants and refugees could take shelter. Hearing that a family at Green Lake were in great danger, Capt. Whit- comb went to their relief. Near that spot his men had a hard skirmish with the Indians, in which three of the redskins were left dead on the ground, and only one of his own men slightly wounded. He returned to the stockade that night, but next day, with a larger party, again attempted to reach Green Lake. The Indians again attacked him, and after a sharp battle he returned without loss to Forest City. That night the savages made a fierce attack on the town, burned several buildings, and fired on the stock- ade, but fortunately hurting no one. The troops returned the fire. About dayUght the Indians were seen trying to drive off a number of horses and cattle in a corral. The troops saUied out and drove them off, killing two, and having two of their own number badly wounded. By this time Meeker county west of Forest City, and all of Kandiyohi and Monongalia counties, were entirely deserted by the whites. On August 26th, Captain Eichard Strout of the Tenth Eegiment, was ordered to proceed to Glen- coe and the region adjacent, to protect it. He reached that place about September 1st, and found the town had been well fortified and de- fended by the militia under command of General John H. Stevens; of the state mUitia, and was safe from any immediate danger. He therefore marched, with about seventy-five men, towards Acton. On the morning of September 3d, he was attacked near that place by about one hundred and fifty Indians, and a sharp battle ensued. The troops were driyen back towards Hutchinson, fighting all the way, until afternoon, when they reached that place. Captain Strout lost three men killed and fifteen wounded, all of whom were brought ofiE the field, and lost most of their equi- page, rations, &c., and several horses and wagons abandoned and mired. The Indians must.have lost several killed. At Hutchinson, a large stockade had been built, and a company of about sixty militia commanded by Captain Harrington, were defending the town. About nine the next morning, September 4th, the 148 OUTLINES OF THE HI8T0BY OF MINNESOTA. Indians attacked the post. They burned all the houses on the edge of the town and one or two more centrally located. Our troops sallied out and routed them, however, and a succession of skirmishes ensued, which lasted aU day. Meantime, General Stevens had heard of the engagement near Acton, and at once sent the companies of Captain Davis and Lieutenant Weinmann to the relief of Hutchinson. They arrived about six o'clock on the evening of the fight, but the Indians had withdrawn. Several persons in the neighborhood were killed by them, and others escaped into the stockade. All the signs indicated that the Indians had retreated towards the upper Minnesota, taking a large drove of stolen horses and cattle with them. The Indians were not seen again in this vicinity until September 23d, when a band of about fifty inva- ded Meeker and Kandiyohi counties. They killed two or three settlers who had retmmed to their farms, but seemed more intent on steaUng cattle than on killing whites. They were pursued by the troops, and sixty-five head of cattle rescued from them. Wright county does not seem to have been in- vaded by the Indians. Fortifications were erect- ed by the inhabitants at various points, but no depredations were made in that locality, so far as known. Western and southern Steams county, how- ever, suffered severely from the depredations of the red foe. About August 23d, they committed murders and other crimes near PajmesviUe. The people of that town erected a strong stockade, and the citizens and refugees from points further west, sheltered themselves therein. A part of the town was burned, but no attack was made on the post. At Maine Prairie, St. Joseph's, Sauk Centre, Clear Water, Little PaUs, and other pla- ces, similar stockades were built, and held by a few determined citizens. At St. Cloud, which was filled with refugees, strong fortifications were built, and preparations made to defend the place to the utmost, but no foe ever appeared, fortu- nately. A number of persons were murdered in the western and southern part of Steams county, and houses bumed. The southwestern portion of the State was also overrun, and a number of murders committed. This district was soon after placed in command of Colonel Plandrau, and about- five hundred militia garrisoned at different points, who soon rid the country of Indians. The Third Eegiment, which had been paroled, after its surrender, at Murfreesboro, was now at Benton Barracks, Mo. Gov. Eamsey telegraphed on Aug. 22d to have them sent to this state at once, for service against the Indians. The re- quest was compUed with. The regiment received its exchange on Aug.24th, and they arrived in St. Paul on Sept. 4th. All their oflacers were still prisoners in the hands of the rebels, and the companies were commanded by non-commissioned oflacers. Maj. Welch, who was not vrith the regi- ment at its surrender, (having been taken pris- oner at Bull Eun) was in command of the regi- ment. Three hundred men were at once sent to the frontier, where they did good service, being the only veteran troops engaged during the war. On Aug. 23d, Gov. Eamsey, in response to many petitions, called an extra session of the legislature, to meet on Sept. 9th. SrBGB OF FOET ABEECEOMBIB. On Aug. 23d the Indians commenced hostili- ties in the valley of the Eed Eiver. Port Aber- erombie was then garrisoned by Co. D., Plfth Eegiment, Capt. J. Yan der Horck, but about half the company was stationed at Georgetown, protecting the Transportation Company's goods at that place. Early on the 23d a band of 500 Sissetons and Yanktons crossed the Otter Tail Eiver, with the intention of capturing a train of goods and cattle en route for Eed Lake, where a treaty was to be made with the Chippewas. The train was at once ordered to take refuge in Fort Abercrombie, and did so. Most of the citizens in the surrounding region also repaired to that post, for safety, but many were killed, or taken prisoners. The town of Dayton was destroyed. Eeinforcements were ordered to Fort Aber- crombie as soon as its danger was learned, but the troops sent out were detained en route, to protect and aid threatened places in Steams and Meeker Counties, and did not reach the fort. Meantime it was in great danger, and was quite suiTOunded by the enemy. Skirmishes near by had taken place between detachments of the troops and the Indians. On Aug. 30th the latter appeared in large numbers before the fort. A DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 149 large herd of the treaty cattle (172 head) and about 100 horses and mules were grazing on the prairie near by. The Indians drove these ofE, and the small garrison could make no resistance. On Sept. 3d, at daybreak, the Indians attacked the post. A fight was kept up for two or three hours, but they were repulsed, with some loss on both sides. Active measures were then taken to strengthen the post by a stockade of timber. On Sept. 6th, a second attack was made, and a sharp battle raged imtil nearly noon. A nuihber of the Indians were killed and wounded, but only one of our force was killed, and one mortally wounded. The Indians hung around the fort, occasionally attacking a messenger, or a water- ing party, until Sept. 23d, when reinforcements arrived via St. Cloud to the great joy of the be- leaguered garrison, who had now been besieged over three weeks. No farther demonstrations, of any force, were made by the Indians. But for the brave resistance made by a mere handful of soldiers, aided by a few citizens, the post must have fallen. A EEGIMBNT OF MOTJITTED BANGERS KAISED. The want of a mounted force to pursue the In- dians was severely felt by Col. Sibley. His smaU number of irregular mounted militiamen were leaving for their homes. He several times urged Gov. Ramsey to provide cavalry, and that official in turn asked of the War Department the proper authority. This was granted on Sept. 1st, and a regiment of mounted rangers at once called for, for three months service, which was subsequently changed to one year. The regiment was soon recruited, and Col. S. McPhaill appointed colonel. BATTLE OF BIRCH COOLIE. While waiting at Tort Eidgely for proper sup- plies and equipments, and before imdertaking any offensive campaign against the Indians, Col. Sibley sent out, on August 31st, a detachment to bury dead bodies, rescue any fugitives that might be found, and makereconnoissanees. This de- tachment consisted of part of Co. A, sixth regi- ment, Capt. H. P. Grant, about seventy mounted men under Capt. Joa. Anderson, and a fatigue party — about one hundred and fifty men in all, accompanied by seventeen teams. The whole force was in command of Maj. Joseph R. Brown, who was perfectly familiar vrith the country and with Indian warfare. On the first day's march sixteen dead bodies were found and buried. The next day (Sept. 1) the force separated into two detachments. During this day fifty-five mutil- ated bodies were buried. In the evening the whole force went into camp at Birch Coolie (or Coulee) in a spot selected by Maj. Brown. No Indians had been seen that day. Just before daybreak on the 2d, the camp was aroused by a volley of firearms and the yells of Indians, who had crawled unperceived within a few yards of the encampment. For a few min- nutes terrific volleys were poured into the tents, cutting them into shreds and wounding or kilUng a number of men and horses. As soon as they could seize their arms, those who were unhurt crawled out, and sheltering themselves as wdl as they could behind wagons, dead horses, etc., re- ' turned the fire. Shortly after daylight the meni began excavating, with such implements as they could get, a line of rifle-pits, and in a short time had about two hundred feet dug. The firing in the still of the morning was heard by the sentinels at Fort Ridgely, fifteen miles away, and a detachment of troops under Colonel McPhaill, at once pushed off to their relief. When within- three miles of Birch Coolie, they were met by such a large force of Indians they could not advance, and sent a courier back for reinforce- ments. Meantime, the troops of Major Brown's command lay all day in their rifle-pits, keeping the savages at bay. The wounded were cared for as well as possible, but some died during the day. i As soon as McPhaill's courier reached Port Bidgely, a large force, with some artillery, was sent to the reUef of his and Brown's troops. They came up about daylight, and the whole col- umn then pushed on to Birch Coolie, dislodging and driving the Indians from their position, after keeping our men under fire for thirty hours , with- out food or drink. The camp was an awful scene, when reUeved. Twenty-three men had been killed outright or mortally wounded, forty-five badly wounded, and seventy horses killed. The dead were buried on the spot, and the wounded carried back to Port Eidgely in wagons. Thus terminated the most bloody battle of the war, and one which spread gloom over the State. It is not creditable to 150 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. Minnesota that this battle ground should have been allowed to pass into private hands, and be plowed over. It should have been reserved by the State as a historic spot, and marked with a suit- able monument. All the bodies, however, were subsequently removed, and properly interred else- where. BELIEF MEASURES FOR THE REFUGEES. The condition of the poor refugees from the ravaged districts, was deplorable in the extreme. In St. Peter alone, there were in September, as many as 6,000 or 7,000 for some days, and at one time 8,000. In St. Paul there were 1,000, and at Minneapolis an equal number, and all the towns had more or less. They were all destitute of money, clothing, employment, &c., and many were sick, while not a few were actually insane from trouble and grief. The active exertions of citizens of St. Peter alone prevented great suffer- ing there, but their means were soon exhausted. They then appealed through the papers for aid, and Governor Kamsey appointed commissioners to receive and disburse supplies. About $20,000 in money was contributed, half of which came from eastern cities, while large quantities of cloth- ing were collected by local relief committees, in St. Paid and other places. The Legislature, when it met, voted $25,000 more. These amounts relieved the worst cases of need. In October, most of those whose homes, had not been des- troyed returned to them, and the number of des- titute rapidly decreased. Several hundred, how- ever, were supported all winter. Fortunately, laborers had now become scarce, and wages en- hanced, so that all could get employment. The building of railroads went along unchecked in the midst of all the panic. The Winona and St. Peter RaUroad completed about ten miles of road this fall. NEGOTIATIONS FOB RELEASE OF THE PRIS- ONERS. Before leaving the battle-field of Birch Coolie, Col. Sibley left the following note attached to a stake: " If Little Crow has any proposition to maJie to me, let him send a half-breed to me, and he shall be protected in and out of camp. "H. H. SIBLEY, " Col. Com'g Mil. Exped'n." Col. Sibley had reason to believe that their re- peated defeats had discouraged the foe, and ne- gotiations could be made with the disalfected Indians, and those tired of lighting, for the re- lease of ,the prisoners. This note bore good fruit very soon. It was now evident that all the marauding bands from the interior had been called in, and that the Indians would oppose the column on its march with all their combined forces. Col. Sibley ordered the Third regiment, then at Glencoe, to join his command, and it reached Fort Ridgely on Sept. 13th. Meantime Col. Sibley's note had been shown Little Crow on his return from the raid on the Big Woods settlers, and A. J. Campbell, a half- breed who acted as his secretary, read it to him. Crow at once dictated a reply, blaming Galbraith and the traders for wronging them, and enumer- ating some grievances which caused the war. He requested an answer. This note reached Col. Sibley at Fort Eidgely on Sept. 7th. Col. S. at once replied demanding that Little Crow should release the prisoners, and he would then treat with him. On Sept. 12th a reply was received from Crow, saying that the Mdewakantons had 150 prisoners, and other bands some more. He said: "I want to know from you, as a friend, what way I can make peace for my people." Col. Sibley at once replied, urging Crow to give up the prisoners, and complaining that he had allowed his young men to kill nme more whites since he sent the first letter. The same courier who brought Little Crow's letter also brought one pri- vately from the chief AVabasha, and Taopi, a Christian Indian. They asserted that they were forced into the war, and were now anxious to make peace, and if a chance offered they would come in and give themselves up, with all their prisoners. Col. Sibley replied to this message urging them to do so, and promising them pro- tection, adding that he was now strong enough to crush all the Indians who held out. When this letter was received by Wabasha and his friends who wished to separate from the other Indians, a great dispute arose among all the bands. Indeed, disaffection and jealousy had been brewing ever since the outbreak. The pris- oners were in great peril and might have been murdered. But at last all worked out well, and DEFEAT AND PUNISHMENT OF THE HOSTILE INDIANS. 151 the friendly and repentant Indians carried tlie day. The War Department had meantime created Minnesota and Dakota into a military depart- ment, and appointed Gen. John Pope to the com- mand. He reached St. Paul on Sept. 12th, and established his headquarters there. The EXTRA SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE, caUed by the Governor, met on September 9th, and adjourned on September 29th. The legisla- t'on was mostly in regard to matters growing out of the Indian war. A Board of Auditors was created to adjust claims growing out of the mas- sacre, and $75,000 was appropriated to settle them. Congress was memorialized to reimburse the State for this outlay. A Board of Commis- sioners was authorized to collect names of slain, and the facts of their death, &c. [This was never done.] The sum of |25,000 was voted for the relief of indigent refugees. Congress was also memorialized for the removal of the Winneba- goes from the State. THE NEW REGIMENTS, (the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) which had been hurried off to the frontier, half organized, were, by this time, completely organized and mustered in. The Colonels were appointed as follows : Sixth, Wm. Crooks ; Seventh, Stephen MiUer ; Eighth,-Minor T. Thomas ; Ninth, Alex. Wilkin ; Tenth, James H. Baker. BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE. Col. Sibley, after the arrival of the Third Kegi- ment and the supplies and ammunition he had needed, broke camp, on Sept. 18th, and started in pursuit of the Indians at or near Yellow Medi- cine. On the morning of Sept. 23d, while en- camped near Wood Lake, the Indians suddenly attacked the force. The EenvlUe Kangers were thrown out, and met the enemy bravely. Maj. Welch soon had the Third Regiment in line, and they poured steady volleys into the advancing line of Indians, as did also the Sixth Eegiment, under Maj. McLaren. The fight then beqame general. Lieutenant Colonel Marshall charged the enemy with three companies of the Seventh and A of the Sixth, and put them to rout. The bat- tle had lasted an hour and a half. Our loss was four killed and fifty wounded; among the latter, Maj. Welch. The Indians lost quite a number- thirty, it is said — fifteen being found dead on the field. After burying the dead, Col. Sibley marched toward Lac qui Parle, near which place Wabasha had notified him he would meet him and deliver up the prisoners. EBLEASB OF THE CAPTIVES. On September 26th tlie column arrived at the camp where the friendly Indians had the prison- ers, and made their own near by. It was oppo- site the mouth of the Chippewa Kiver, and was named by our men "Camp Release." Col. Sibley withoxit delay visited the Indians and demanded the captives. They were at once produced, nearly two hundred and fifty in number. Many wept with joy at their release ; others had grown almost indifferent. These poor people — mostly women and children — were sent as soon as possi- ble to their friends, if the latter were still living. The Indians who had given themselves iip were at once placed under guard nntil they could be examined as to their guilt. During the next few days a number came in and gave themselves up, and some smaller parties were captured soon after by our troops under Lt. Col. Marshall, so that soon our force had over 2,000 Indian war- riors in their hands. Col. Sibley at once organized a military commission, composed of Col. Crooks, Lt. Col. Marshall, and Capt. Grant, with I. V. D. Heard as judge advocate, to examine all evi- dence against the Indians, and indicate the guilty ones. Another commission of five ofiicers was appointed to try the accused. These commissions continued at work until November 5th, by which time they had found three hundred and twenty-one Indians guilty of murder, ravishing, and other crimes, and sen- tenced three hundred and three to death. These were at once removed to South Bend, there to await the orders of the president. The other Indians and their familis were taken to Port SnelUng and confined all winter in a stockade. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR. Meantime Little Crow and the still hostile In- dians had retreated into Dakota, and before win- ter reached Devil's Lake, where they remained until the next season. As the war in this State was now practically over, most of the settlers whose homes had not been destroyed returned to 152 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. them. The Third Minnesota regiment, and the Twenty-flfth Wis. and Twenty-seventh Iowa, were sent south before winter, but the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Minn., with the Mounted Kangers, were retained for home service, and were stationed in detachments in a cordon of posts reaching from the south line of the State across the frontier to St. Cloud. The country between the garrisons was carefully scouted and patrolled, so that no hostile Indians could pass the line. On November 25th, Gen. Pope removed his headquarters to Milwaukee , and Brig. Gen. Sibley (for such he was made after the battle of Wood Lake) remained in command at St. Paul. The winter passed without any hostilities. OUB KBGIMBNTS IN THE SOUTH had not been idle meantime. On Sept. 4th the Fifth Regiment was in the battle at Corinth, and under fire some time. One account says: " The ground in front of us was covered with killed and wounded rebels." The Kfth suffered a loss of six killed, eighteen wounded and three missing. The Fourth Eeglment was also in the same fight, and lost, during two days' fighting, three killed and nine wounded. The Fourth Eegiment was also hotly engaged at the battle of luka, on Sept. 19th. It lost three killed, four wounded, two missing. At Corinth, Oct. 3d and 4th, the Fourth also ' bore an active share, losing three killed and five wounded. " The regiment bore itself most gal- lantly," says an oflBcial report. In the same en- gagements the Fifth Minnesota also shared, ex- pending about fifty rounds of ammunition, with which they made deadly work among the enemy, losing six killed, sixteen wounded, and four miss- ing. The First Battery were also in this en- gagement, and did good work, having only one man wounded. THE FIEST EEGIMENT also bore its share during this period. At the Battle of Antietam, on Sept. 17th, it was closely engaged, and left ninety men dead or mor- tally wounded on the field. Their bodies now rest in the national cemetery there. The First also participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, on December 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th, during which it lost nine wounded and one missing. EXECUTION OF THE INDIAN MUKDEREKS. The three hundred and three Indian murderers were kept at South Bend a short time and then removed to Mankato, where they were confined in a stone warehouse strongly guarded. Mean- time, some (so called) " philanthropists," princi- pally Quakers, at Philadelphia and other eastern cities, interfered in the matter, and got up a strong pressure on President Lincoln to pardon the guilty wretches. This was resisted by the prominent men and officials of Minnesota, the people of the State almost unanimously demand- ing their execution, and threatening, if it were not done, to apply lynch law to them. President Lincoln selected thirty -nine of the murderers, and (on December 6th) ordered General Sibley to execute them. This was carried into effect on December 26th, at Mankato, (one, meantime, dying of disease). Thirty-eight of the savages were swung off of one scaffold, in the presence of a large concourse of people. The rest of the mur- derers were imprisoned until spring, then taken to Davenport, Iowa, where they were confined a few months, after which they were removed to a reservation on the Missouri river, and set at liberty. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAE OF SECESSION 153 CHAPTEB XXVIII. CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAR AND THE WAR OP SECESSION. Events of the Year 1863.— Scattering Raids on the Frontier.— A Scalp Bounty Offered. — ^Bemovai of the Sioux and Winnehagoes. — Gen. Sibley's Expedition of 1863.— Brave Conduct of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Regiments.— The First at Gettyshurg.— Death of Little Crow.— Gen. Sibley's Column Attacked by the Sioux.— Remarkable Drought in 1863-64.^Xhjee More Regiments sent South. —Return of the First Regiment.— Gen. Sibley's Expedition in 1864.— Heavy Drafts for Men.— Inflation and High Pricea.^Battles in which Minnesota Troops Took Part.— Union Victories.- Close of- the War.— Return of our Troops.— The State's Share in the Conflict.*"A new Era of Material Prosperity Begun. The winter of 1862-'63 was spent by Gen. Sib- ley in making preparations for an" expedition to the Missouri Kiver, to pursue and punish the hostile Sioux. A third battery of light artillery was recruited for this purpose, and John Jones, the gaUant defender of Fort Eidgely, appointed captain. At the session of the legislature. Gov. Eamsey was elected U. S. Senator, but did not vacate the gubernatorial chair until June 30th. Early in the spring, small parties of Sioux be- gan to make predatory incursions into the state, and these raids continued all summer. Some twenty persons were killed, in all, and a num- ber of horses stolen. The Indians were pur- sued by troops in every case, and a number of them killed. A reward of $25 was offered by the Adjutant General for Sioux scalps, and afterwards raised to $200. In May, the Sioux were removed from the state, together with the Winnebagoes, and sent to a- new reservation on the Missouri Kiver. Efforts were made to get rid of the Chippewas, but were not successful. Gen. Sibley in May concentrated three thous- and troops at Camp Pope, on the upper Mumesota Elver, for his expedition. These were: the Sixth, Seventh, and Tenth Infantry, Capt. Jones' Bat- tery, and the Mounted Eangers. On June 17th, the expedition started on its march. Gen. Ste- phen Miller was meantime in command of the department here. Gen. Alfred Sully was at the same time moving up the Missouri Eiver with another expedition. On June 22d, the War Department authorized the formation of a three years battalion of six companies of cavalry, for service against the In- dians, to be commanded by Major E. A. C. Hatch. This was soon recruited, and in active duty at the various posts in this department. OUK EEGIMENTS IN THE SOUTH. The suromer of 1863 was one of hard service and brilliant renown to our regiments in the South. On May 3d, the Fourth Eegiment was in hot action in tbe battle at the crossing of Big Black river, with a loss of three kiUed. One of its oflficers planted the Union flag on the Capitol at Jackson. At Champion Hills (May 16th) it lost one killed. On May 22d, at Vicksburg, it again suffered severely, losing twelve killed and forty-two wounded. The Third Eegiment was also in the same campaign. On May 19th, the Fifth Eegiment near Vicksburg, lost one killed and five wounded. The severest loss of any of our regiments in the war, however, was that suffered by the First Eegiment at Gettysburg, on July 3d. It took part in the hottest of that memorable action, and made a movement in the face of an awful fire from the rebels. In a few minntes it lost sixty- eight killed, 149 wounded, 90 missing, and when it emerged from the baptism of fire, had only 87 men in its ranks. The news of this terrible car- nage was received with profound sympathy by the people of the State, mingled with thankful- ness, however, for the great victory won there, and at Vicksburg, on the same day. DEATH OF LITTLE CROW. During June, a band of seventeen Indians greatly annoyed the settlers in Meeker and Kandi- yohi counties, killing several. On July 3d, a man named Nathan Lampson, and his son Chauncy, were hunting near Hutchinson, when they espied two Sioux. A fight ensued, in which Mr. Lamp- son was badly wounded, when his son, by afortu- 164 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. nate shot, killed one of the Indians. The dead body of the latter was taken to Hutchinson. From its appearance, and certain marks, it was supposed to be Little Crow. It was scalped, and the re- mains buried. Not long after, an Indian was captured in Dakota, which proved to be Wo-wi- na-pe, Little Crow's son. He confessed that the Indian killed by Lampson was his father, and that he was with him at the time. The remains of the celebrated chieftain, whose name for months was a terror to our people, were then exhumed, and the skeleton preserved. The scalp and arm bones axe in the museum of the Histori- cal Society, at St. Paul. Gen. Sibley's expedition reached the Coteau of the Missouri on July 24, and on that day, at a place called " Big Mound," was attacked by about one thousand Indians. A sharp engage- ment ensued, in which twenty-one Indians were killed, and only two of our troops. On July 26, at" Dead Buffalo Lake," the Sioux again attacked his column, but were repulsed, with a loss on our side of one man. On July 28, at " Stony Lake," about two thousand Indians again gave battle, but were routed, with considerable loss. The expedition pursued the savages to the Missouri river, across which they escaped. It returned to the state about Sept. 1st. Gen. Sully's column had several engagements with the Indians, chas- tising them severely. The summer of 1863 was memorable for an in- tense drouth, which continued until the close of 1864. During these two seasons almost no rain fell, yet the harvests were good. The worst re- sult was on the river, which was unprecedently low, and business was badly interfered with, and the lumbering interest was, for the same reason, greatly depressed. On Sept. 19 and 20, at Chickamauga, the Second Regiment was hotly engaged, and suffered a loss of thii-ty-flve killed and one hundred and thirteen wounded. Early in October, the Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Eegiments were relieved from duty here and sent to St. Louis, from whence they went to the front. On Oct. 12th, the War Department, having called for two hundred thousand more troops, authorized the Second Begiment of cavalry to take the place of the Moimted Bangers, whose term of service had expired. On Oct. 14 the First Begiment was engaged at Bristow's Station, and lost one killed and nine- teen wounded, capturing two hundred prisoners and several guns. At the state election this fall. Gen. Stephen Miller was elected governor, by a vote of 19,628 over Henry T. Wells, who had 12,739. On Nov. 23, the Second Begiment was in the action at Mission Bidge, and suffered a loss of five killed and thirty-four wounded. The provost marshals of the State made an en- rollment of all the male citizens this fall, pre- paratory to the draft. Eesistance was made in some cases, but no serious disturbances took place, as in other states. EARLY IN 1864, the regiments which enlisted in 1861, and had re- enlisted as " veterans," were allowed to return to the State on furlough. They were received in the various towns of the State with the most lively demonstrations of pride and grati- tude, and banqueted and petted as the brave heroes deserved. On April 28th the First regiment, whose term of service had expired, was mustered out at Fort Snelhng. Barely one hundred of the 1080 men who had stood on the same parade ground three years before, were in the ranks. Out of some re- enlisted men and recruits a battaUon was formed, called the "First Battalion," which did good ser- vice during the next year. On March 30th the Third regiment had a close action at a place called Fitzhugh"s Woods, near Augusta, Ark. Seven were killed and sixteen wounded. Gen. Andrews, commanding, had his horse shot u;ider him. On June 6th an expedition left Fort Bidgely in pursuit of the hostile Sioux on the Missouri River, luider command of Gen Sully. It con- sisted of the Eighth Minn, (mounted), six compa- nies of the Second Cavalry, three sections of Jones' Battery, and Brackett's Battalion of cav- alry, which had re-enlisted and was now organ- ized as a separate command. On June 14, the Sixth Regiment left Fort Snel- ling for the south, and was soon after placed in the Sixteenth Army Corps, in which was also the CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WAB AND THE WAB OF SECESSION. 155 Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota reg- iments. The rifth had, not long previously, taken a part in the disastrous Eed Eiver cam- paign, and the Ninth had borne a share in the unfortunate Guntoven expedition (June 10), where it suffered a loss of seven killed, thirty-three wounded, and two hundred and forty-siK taken prisoners. On Feb. 1 the War Department had made a call for two hundred thousand men, and on March 14 another call for the same number, fol- lowed by one in April for eighty-five thousand. The quota of our state imder these heavy calls was about five thousand men, and on May 26 drafting commenced to fill the quotas of some districts which were delinquent. The desire of some towns and districts to escape a draft led to the issuing of bonds, with the proceeds of which, they paid high bounties and procured recruits. Subscriptions were raised in some districts for the same purpose. A class of middle men, called recruit, or bounty, agents, sprang up, who, in bidding for recruits, sometimes gave as high as $700 or f 800 for men to fill quotas. Under this stimulus recruiting went on pretty lively, while a considerable number of men were drafted and sent to fill old regiments. On July 18tli came an- other call for five hundred thousand, and this again produced a new struggle to fill quotas. The entire number of men apportioned to our state up to this time was 21,442. That these frequent and heavy drafts for men produced a feeling of doubt and despondency can not be denied. It was now the fourth year of the war, and its end still seemed far off, while its rapa- cious maw appeared to literally swallow up the enormous levies which the people in their pride and patriotism promptly furnished at each call. There was mourning in nearly every household for some "unreturning brave," and suffering in the families of enlisted men. The inflation of the currency also produced an unheard-of rise in the price of living. On June 1 gold was 150. On July 1 1th it had reached 285 — the highest point during the war. All other values advanced accordingly. There was some silver lining to the dark cloud, though. The great advance in goods literally made the for- tunes of many dealers. Even real estate began to show life, while there was an ease in the money market which reminded one of 1857. Several of our railroads ■were now in active progress, and labor was la great demand. The continued drouth and low water was a serious drawback, however. Prayers were put up in most of the churches for rain. Small raids were rqade by the Sioux several times during the summer, and several persons killed, but these attacks occasioned but little alarm. On July 13th, our Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Eegiments were in the Battle of Tupelo, and all suffered some loss. The Seventh had nine killed and fifty-two wounded. Col. Wilkin, of the Ninth, was killed — one of the bravest and finest officers who left our state. Under the call of July 23d, an eleventh regi- ment of infantry was authorized, and fiUed very quickly. James GilfiUan, formerly of the Sev- enth, was appointed colonel. The Eleventh left the state on Sept. 22d, for Tennessee, where it performed guard duty for several months. A battalion of heavy infantry was also re- cruited, which was soon increased to a full regi- iment. Wm. Colville , late of the First Regiment, was placed in command. The regiment served for several months at Chattanooga, Tenn. The bullets of the enemy were not so disas- trous to some of our regiments, as the malaria of southern swamps. Our Sixth Eegiment at Plelena, and the Third at Pine Bluff, Ark., were both decimated by disease. Sometimes only a handful of men were found well enough for duty. On October 5th, the Fourth Eegiment was in a heavy action at Altoona, and captured two flags. Their loss was killed, 13 ; wounded, 31. On December 7th, the Eighth Eegiment took part in an engagement near Murfreesboro, Tenn- essee, in which it lost 14 killed and 76 wounded, in a charge on the enemy's batteries. On December 16th, the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Eegiments took part in the great bat- tle of Nashville, between Thomas's and Hood's armies. All suffered loss, though fortunately not severe. On December 19th, another call was made, for .300,000 troops, and the recruiting and bounty business grew more intense than ever, and con- tinued all winter. During this time, the patriotic people of our 166 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. State were contributing with generous liberality to the Sanitary and Christian Commissions, to various relief movements, to special hospital funds of our various regiments, for the support of destitute soldiers' families, and individual cases of distress without number. No State in the Union did more, proportioned to their means, in these works, than the people of Minnesota. THE YEAR 1865 opened with more encouraging prospects. The large forces of the Union army were gaining sub- stantial victories. The successes of Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, Sherman in, his historic march to the sea, " crushing the confederacy like an eggshell," and Grant, doggedly consuming the enemy at Petersburg, were fast shattering the rebellion. In the siege of Spanish Fort, at Mobile, in April, the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Minnesota Volunteers bore an active and honorable part. Not unmingled with tears were the rejoicings over these victories. Every battle bulletin brought sorrow and mourning to many homes in our state On April 3d came the great news of the fall of Richmond, and on April 8th, while the people celebrating this event, the dispatch of General Grant announcing the unconditional surrender of Lee and his army was received, setting nearly everybody crazy with joy. On April 13th the provost marshals received an order to cease draft- ing and recruiting, and the war was practically over. One of its saddest results was yet to come — the death of President Lincoln, on April 15th. This calamity was duly observed in all the towns of the State, on April 19th, by suspension of business, and religious services. These gloomy feelings were soon dispelled, however, by the EETUKN OF OUB EEGIMENTS, early in the summer, and their muster out at Port Snelling. As each of these bodies of brave men returned, they were received with such ovations and demonstrations of joy as a grateful people could devise. Quietly our soldiers "hung up their bruised arms," and were soon again ab- sorbed into the body of the people. In all, Min- nesota had furnished to the armies of the repub- lic 25,052 men, or about one-seventh of its entire population at the beginning of the war. Of these, it is estimated from the best data obtaina- ble, that 2500 were killed in battle and died of disease during the war, while probably twice as many more received wounds from which they will suffer through life. Many died shortly after the war, from the effects of disease or imprison- ment incurred in service. In her devotion to the cause of the Union, our State has a bright record. The state was almost free from Indian raids during aU this year. Only one of any moment occurred. On May 2d a family of five persons named Jewett, were murdered near Garden City. A half breed named Campbell, who aided in the raid, was arrested at Mankato several days afterward, and hung by a mob. The census of 1866, showed a population of 250,099 — a gratifying increase, considering the war of secession and the Indian war as draw- backs. With the close of the war a new era of pros- perity seemed to have begun in the state. Money was abundant, immigration brisk, labor in de- • mand, and real estate advancing. Our railroads were in rapid progress in all directions, and vil- lages and towns springing up everywhere. On Nov. 11th, at Port Snelling, Shakopee and Medicine Bottle, two Sioux convicted of taking part in the massacre of 1862, were hung. They had fled to Manitoba, and were not caught untU 1864. This fall much excitement was occasioned by the reported discovery of gold quartz at Lake Vermillion. Several mining companies were formed, and veins opened and worked, but the yield did not pay, and the mines were soon aban- doned. The state election this year was very feebly contested. Two well-known old settlers were nominated for governor, but the vote was light. Wm. E. Marshall received 17,318 and Henry M. Rice 13,842. At the same election an amend- ment to the constitution was voted on, proposing to confer the elective franchise on negroes, but was defeated. PBINCJPAL EVENTS FBOM 1866 TO 1881. 157 CHAPTER XXrX. PBnsrCIPAL EVENTS FBOM 1866 TO 1881. A Penod of Inflation.— Rapid Railroad Construction.— Proposed Removal of the Capital.— Attempted Adjustment of the Railroad Bonds. — Legislative Control of Freight Tarifis.— Prairie Fires in 1871.— An Arctic Cyclone.— Impeachment of State Treasurer.— The Jay Cooke Panic— Regulating Railroad Tariffs.— Grasshopper Ravages.— Suffering on the Frontier. — Relief Ueaaures Adopted by the Legislature.— Murderous Raid by Missouri Outlaws.— Further Attempts to Adjust the Railroad lioan Debt.— End of the Grasshopper Scourge. •••Return of " Good Times," and Rapid Growth in Prosperity. The year 1866 was one of great financial ease. The large expenditure of money by the govern- ment, in the pay of discharged troops, bounties, and various war claims, made money unusually plenty. The railroads of the State were pushed this year with great vigor. By winter, 315 mUes were in operation. There was a continuous Une from St. Cloud, via Owatonna, to Winona, a distance of 245 mUes. These roads were an important element in aiding the settlement and business of the State. Formerly the sole dependence for travel and freight had been on the river, and the winter was a season of dullness and depression. This was now largely changed. At the State election in the fall of 1867, Wm. E. Marshall had 34,874 votes, and Charles E. riandrau 29,502. This would indicate a popula- tion of about 320,000, showing a heavy immigra- tion during the years 1866 and 1867. At this election, a negro suffrage amendment was again voted on and defeated. The following year [1 868] the amendment was a third time voted on, and adopted; ayes, 39,498; noes, 30,121. PROPOSED REMOVAL OF THE CAPITAL. At the session of the legislature in 1869 , a biU was introduced to remove the seat of government to a spot near Big Kandiyohi Lake. The bill was at first regarded as a joke, and it met with small opposition, passing both houses with little delay. Gov. Marshall vetoed the measure, and an at- tempt to pass the act over his veto, failed. At this session, the legislature celebrated the completion of an all-rail route to the east by a visit to Milwaukee, and to the Wisconsin legisla- ture at Madison. At the state election in the fall of 1869, Horace Austin (rep.) was elected governor, by a vote of 27,348, over George L. Otis (dem.), who had 26,401. By the census of 1870, Minnesota was found to have 439,706 population. PROPOSED ADJUSTMENT OF THE RAILROAD BONDS. At the session of the Legislature in 1870, an act was passed submitting to the people an amendment to the constitution, providing for the sale of the five hundred thousand acres of what was known as the "Internal Improvement Lands," and the use of the proceeds in extin- guishing the state railroad loan bonds, ia the fol- lowing manner: Two thousand of the bonds were to be deposited with the State Land Commis- sioner on or before the day of sale, by the hold- ers, they agreeing to purchase with them the lands at $8.70 per acre, etc. The amendment was adopted by a popidar vote, but as only 1,032 bonds were deposited by the owners, the measure failed. The unusual low water of 1863, '64 and '65 had now given way to a series of years of the oppo- site extreme. In 1870 occurred great freshets, doing much damage, and the water was reported " higher than for twenty years." Railroad construction had been pushed with great vigor for the last year or two. At the close of 1870, there were 1,096 mUes in operation, 329 of which were built that year. A road had been completed to Lake Superior during the season, thus connecting the river and lake systems, while the Northern Pacific Railroad was under full headway. During 1869 and '70, much complaint was made by shippers, of unjust charges by the raikoads of 158 OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. the State. Governor Austin, in his message, January, 1871, called attention to the subject very pointedly. An investigation was made by a legislative committee, which resulted in the en- actment of a freight and passenger taiiff, and the creation of the office of Kailroad Commissioner. The tariff so fixed was disregarded by the rail- roads, and in 1871, an action, as a sort of test case under the statute, was commenced by John D. Blake, of Eochester, against the Winona and St. Peter Railroad, for unjust freight charges. The presiding judge decided the act unconstitu- tional, but the Supreme Court of the State re- versed this decision, when the raihoad company appealed the case to the Supreme Court of the United States. It was not until 1876 that a de- cision was rendered, sustaining the right of legis- lative control over railroad tariffs. An act was passed by the legislature of 1871 to "Test the validity and provide for the equitable adjustment" of the State railroad bonds, by the creation of a commission, to ascertain and award the amount due on each. The act was voted on in May following, and rejected by the people. Another important measure passed at the same session, was an act dividing up the 500,000 acres of Internal Improvement Land, among various railroad companies. This was vetoed by Gov. Austin. Two years later the constitution was amended so that no act disposing of these lands should be valid, unless approved by a vote of the people. In the fall of 1871, destructive JGires, driven by high winds, swept over a number of frontier counties, lasting several days, and inflicting great damage on the settlers. Hundreds lost their houses, crops, hay, fences, etc., and several per- sons were burned to death. During the summer, many had also lost their crops by destructive hail- storms. Gov. Austin appealed to the people of the state, by proclamation, for aid for the suffer- ers, lie received in response J14,000 in money, and clothing, provisions, etc., worth $11,000 more, while the next legislature appropriated $20,000 for the purpose of purchasing seed wheat for those who had lost their crops. In November, 1871, Horace Austin was re- elected governor, by a vote of 46,833, over W. Young, who had 30,092. From 1870 to 1873, was a period of great uifla- tion and speculation. The money market was unprecedentedly easy, and real estate partook of the same excitement as. characterized the flush times of 1856 and 1857. Eailroad buUding was carried on to a remarkable extent, and the entire State was enjoying an unusual period of material progress and development. The winter of 1872-3 was an unusually early and severe one. On January 7th, 8th and 9th, 1873, occurred an " Arctic Cyclone", or " Polar Wave ", of a violence and intensity never before experienced in this State. The worst effects were felt in the prairie region. Gov. Austin, in a spe- cial message to the legislature, reported that sev- enty lives were lost, thirty-one persons suffered loss of limbs, and about three himdred cattle and horses perished. The legislature voted ?.5,000 as a relief fund to aid sufferers. During the session of 1873, charges of corrupt conduct and misdemeanors in office, were made against Wm. Seeger, State Treasurer. On ilarch 5th, the House of Eepresentatives impeached him, and the Senate, on being presented with the arti- cles, appointed May 20th as the date to sit as a Court of Impeachment. Prior to that date, ^Ir. Seeger resigned his office, and Gov. Austin ac- cepted the resignation. When the Senate met on May 20th, this fact left that body uncertain whether to proceed with the trial or not. On May 22d, -Mr. Seeger sent in a written plea of " guilty" to all the charges. A resolution was then adopted by the Senate, declaring that the judgment of the court was, that he be removed from office, and disqualified to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit in this State. On September I9th, 1873, the news was circu- lated la this State, of the failure of Jay Cooke's banking house in Philadelpliia, occasiontng a flnaiK'ial panic. Its effects here were far dif- ferent from those of the jianic of 1857. There was some stringency in tlie money market, rail- road building ceased, and real estate was very (lull for several years, but not a bank in the State closed its doors, and but few mercantile houses failed, Immigiation was large, good harvests added annually to the wealth of the State, and it advanced steadily in prosperity. PBINCJPAL EVENTS FROM 1866 TO 1881. 159 THE GEA8SH0PPEK 8C0TJRGE. During the summer of 1873, a species of grass- hopper, called the "Eocky Mountain Locust," made its appearance in myriads, in some of the south-western counties, almost totally destroying the crops. Hundreds of families were ieft in great destitution. These facts being reported by the press, an energetic movement was made in the towns and cities in the eastern portion of the state, to. send relief to the sufferers, and large quantities of clothing, provisions, medical sup- plies, etc., were collected and distributed to them, beside quite an amount of money. At the state election this year, Cushman K. Davis was elected governor, by a vote of 40,741, over Ara Barton, who had 35,245. When the Legislature of 1874 assembled, it promptly voted $5,000 for the temporary relief of the frontier settlers, and on March 2nd, a further sum of $26,000 for the purchase of seed grain. "With the aid thus furnished, the settlers planted their crops again, but soon the ground was fairly alive with young grasshoppers, hatched from eggs deposited the year previous. As soon as these were large enough, they laid bare the region about them, then fell on other localities near by, and thus destroyed the crops in a number of coun- ties again. The people were once more in a state of great destitution. Gov. Davis addressed a circular to the com- missioners of the counties not ravaged by the lo- custs, ' asking them to advance money propor- tioned to their property, for a relief fund. Con- tributions were also solicited from the people of the state. By the latter, $18,959 was raised, to- gether with very large quantities of clothing and provisions, and forwarded to the sufferers. Even with this aid, there was much suffering the next winter. The legislature of 1875, immediately on as- sembling, appropriated $20,000 for immediate relief, and later in the session, $75,000 for the purchase of seed grain. Only $49,000 of this was used. The farmers again planted their crops, in hope, but early in the summer they were, for a third time, destroyed. The situation now became serious. All the state was beginning to feel the effects of this calamity, though the portions yet unharmed kept up an active collection and for- warding of supplies for the destitute. "Without this benevolent work, the suffering would have been severe. By the state census this year, the population of Minnesota was found to be 597,407. At the state election, John S. Pillsbury was elected Gov- ernor, by a vote of 47,073, over D. L. Buell, who had 35,275. The season of 1876 saw the grasshopper devas- tations repeated, and over a larger area than be- fore. The crops were more or less a failure, and again an appeal was made to the benevolent people of the rest of the State for aid, which was liberally and cheerfully responded to. On September 6th, a daring crime was perpe- trated at Jf orthfield. A band of eight outlaws from Missouri, attacked the ISTational Bank in that town, with the intention of robbing it. The cashier and another citizen were shot dead, and two of the robbers killed by persons who hastily armed themselves. The rest of the desperadoes fled, and, after a chase of several days, four of them were surrounded in a thicket in "Watonwan county, where one was killed, and three taken prisoners. The latter, who were brothers named Younger, plead guilty of murder, and were sent to the State's Prison for life. The legislature of 1877 prepared an amend- ment to the constitution, providing for biennial sessions of that body, and the amendment was adopted by the people at the fall election. Five acts were passed at the same session, re- lating to the grasshopper scourge. ■ One of these appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs. [This was never put into eifect.] A State loan, to raise the money therefor, was also authorized. In ad- dition, townships or villages were authorized to levy a tax to pay similar bounties. The sum of $75,000 was also appropriated to purchase seed grain for those who had lost their crops, anJ $5,000 was voted for a special relief fund. At the same session was passed an act provid- ing for the redemption of the State raUroad bonds, by giving for each outstanding bond siu-- rendered, a new bond for $1,750, at 6 per cent. Interest. The amendment was defeated at an election held on June 12th. Early in the summer [1877] the grasshoppers appeared in myriads agam, and began devouring 160 OUTLINES OF THE HI8T0BY OF MINNESOTA. tte crops. The* farmers endeavored to destroy them by fireSj ditcMng,- and catching them in pans smeared with tar.' A day of fasting and prayer for riddance from the calamity, was ap- pointed by the Governor, and generally observed throughout the State. Soon after this, the grass- hoppers disappeared, and a partial harvest was secured in the region formerly afflicted by them. For five successive seasons, the farmers in that district had lost their crops, more or less entirely. In the fall of 1877, Gov. Pillsbury was re- elected Governor, receiving 57,071 votes, over "Wm. L. Banning, who received 39,147. The legislature of 1878, appropriated $150,000 to purchase seed grain for destitute settlers, the amounts issued, to such, to be repaid by them. Over six thousand persons, in thirty-four counties, received loans under this act, enough to plant 223,727 acres. Most of these loans were repaid. At the same session an act was passed, propo- sing a constitutional amendment, offering to the holders of State raUroad bonds, Internal Improve- ment Lands, in exchange for such bonds. The amendment was rejected by the people at the next election. During the year 1878, railroad extension, which had been almost suspended for four years, was renewed again with much vigor, and the mate- rial progress of the State was very marked, the western counties, especially, developing rapidly. At the election in 1879, John S. Pillsbury was re-elected Governor for a third term, by a vote of 57,471, over Edmund Kice, who had 42,444, and other candidates, who received 6,401. On November 15th, 1880, the Hospital for the Insane, at St. Peter, was partially destroyed by fire, and twenty-seven of the patients lost their lives, by burning, or in consequence of exposure and fright. The census of 1880, showed a population in Minnesota, of 780,082. The assessors' returns give a valuation of real and personal property, of $268,277,874. These figures show a proud and gratifying condition of growth and prosperity in the short space of thirty-one years, since Minne- sota began its political existence. FORT SPELLING. CHAPTEK XXX. A PLAIN POST — SITUATION— RECENT IMPROVE- MENTS — DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA — DEPART- MENT HEADQUARTERS — LIEUTENANT DOUG- LAS' REPORT— HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION — MISSIONARY LABORS — S. W. AND GIDEON H. POND — MISSION OF A. B. C. F. M. — FIRST CHURCH — OLD GOVERNMENT MILL. If a visitor expects to see a stone fortification, bristling with cannon and prepared for defense against intruders by land or water, he will be dis- appointed in Fort Snelling. If, on the other hand, he anticipates a pile of ruins overgrown with ivy, the remains of former greatness and strength, he will find himself as much deceived in that direction. No mark of cannon-ball or even musket shot exists. The fort has never sustained an attack. Some old buildings, it is true, are dis- used and look sadly forsaken, their places being supplied by new and more modern structures, still it would require some stretch of the imagina- tion to construe them into ruins. One of the oflBcers, however, jokingly suggested that ivy be planted around the tower that in old time guarded the main entrance, pierced for two tiers of mus- ketry, and a ruin be made of it. This was a valuable suggestion, as in its present condition it performs no useful purpose, and is an eye-sore to the visitor. Thus we see that the fort fails to at- tract, either by its military freshness or by a ruin- ous condition. It is simply a plain military post without display. It has, however, served a pur- pose, and it is now the historical landmark for the state and the north-west. Here was the first settlement, the first birth, first marriage and first death. Here was organized the first church, here was the first farming, first milling and first enter- prise of every kind. Around Fort Snelling clus- ter all the early associations of the state. What 11 matters it, if it has been a means of fraud on the national resources and a continual charge to the government? Had the paltry dollars been kept back, much would have been lost and the country made poorer not richer. As the skilful general in the hour of battle wastes ammunition, pro- perty of all kinds and even lives of men that in a less critical hour he would cherish, to accom- plish a result superior in importance to money or lives, so the government is often compelled to submit to much waste to achieve great ends. The fort stands on the bluffs of the Mississippi, whose pure white sandstone affords a strong con- trast to the dark waters below, as well as to the green banks above. The wide gorge through which the Father of Waters brings down the floods of the north is here greatly increased in width, after receiving the waters of its confluent, the Minnesota. Geologists tell us that once the Minnesota was the larger river, and that the Mis- sissippi was its tributary. They tell us, too, that the Mississippi once traversed a different course, leaving its present channel at the mouth of Bas- sett's Creek, and, taking a route through the Lakes Harriet and Calhoun, flowed into the Min- nesota at some point between Shakopee and th% fort. No historian, however, can confirm the testimony of the rocks, and the old fort cannot reach back far enough to aid in the research. We are indebted to the politeness of Colonel John Gibbon, the officer in command, and to Adjutant Harding for the following history of the fort, prepared by S. R. Douglas, 2nd Lieut., Seventh Infantry. This will give the facts of the fort as it was, and as it is, except the improve- ments of the past year. The improvements con- sist of a bakery, a commissary store house and a stable, added at a cost of about $9,000. It will be necessary for us, however, to notice some im- provements lately made in the reservation, in consequence of the establishment of the head- (161) 162 FORT SNELLING. quarters of the "Department of Dakota " at this point. The "Department of Dakota" was created Aug. 11th, 1866, out of the departments of the Missouri and Platte, and Brevet Major General Alfred II. Terry assigned to command. May 18th, 1869, General Terry was succeeded by Major General Winfleld S. Hancock. December 3d, 1872, the latter was succeeded by Brevet Major General, now Brigadier General, Alfred H. Terry. The Department of Dakota now includes the territories of Montana and Dakota and the state of Minnesota. The object of the department is to facilitate the movement of troops, the distribution of supplies, etc., etc. The troops in this depart- ment are the Second and Seventh cavalry, Third, Pifth, Seventh, Eleventh, Seventeenth, Eigh- teenth and Twenty-flfth infantry. The head- quarters have been located at St. Paul since the creation of the department, with the exception of a short time when they were located at Port Snelling. During the past year, extensive build- ings have been erected on the Port Snelling res- ervation with a view to the establishment of the headquarters of this department there, near the militaiy post. These improvements are still in progress, and, when complete, will add greatly to the beauty and usefulness of the reservation, Fourteen buildings, built of cream-colored brick, are nearly complete, and present a fine appear- ance. They differ in architecture and are large and elaborate. The headquarters building is a handsome structure. So much has been said, and is still to be said, in this history in reference to Port Snelling, that it has been thought best to insert the following report of the fort: FoKT Snelling, Minn., j December ,4th, 1879. j To the I'ost Adjutant. Fort Snelling, Minn.: Sir: Pursuant to instructions from the com- manding officer. Port Snelling, Minn., 1 have the honor to submit the following report, viz.: In 1805, Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, U. S. Army, was sent out to explore the upper Missis- sippi river, to expel British traders who might be found violating United States laws, and to make treaties with the Indians. On the 21st of September, 1805, he encamped on what is now known as Pike Island, at the junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota, then St. Peters, rivers. Two days after, he obtained by treaty with the Sioux nation, a tract of land for a military reservation, which was described as follows: "Prom below the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Peter, up the Mississippi to include the Palls of St. Anthony, extending nine miles on each side of the river." By this treaty, as ratified by the senate, the United States stipu- lated to pay two thousand dollars for the lands thus ceded. The reserve, thus purchased by Lieutenant Pike, was not used for military purposes until Pebruary 10th, 1819, at which time, to cause the power of the United States government to be fully acknowledged by the Indians and settlers of the northwest, to prevent Lord Selkirk, the Hudson Bay Company and others, from establish- ing trading posts on United States territory, to better the condition of the Indians, and to de- velop the resources of the country, it was thought expedient to establish a military post near the junction of the Mississippi and the St. Peters. Accordingly part of the Pifth United States In- fantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Leavenworth, was despatched to select a site and erect a post. They arrived at the St. Peters in September 1819, and went into cantoment on the south side of it, near where the town of Mendota now stands. The first monthly report was rendered for Sep- tember, 1819. During the ensuing winter (1819-20) scurvy raged amongst the troops, referring to which. General H. H. Sibley, in his address before the Minnesota Historical Society, says: " So sud- den was the attack, that soldiers apparently in good health when they retu-ed at night, were found dead in the morning. One man who was relieved from his tour of sentinel duty, and stretched himself upon a bench, when he was called four hours after, to resume his duties, was found lifeless." In May, 1820, the command left their cantonment, crossed the St. Peters, and went into summer camp, at a spring near the old Baker trading house, and about two miles above the present site of Port Snelling. This was called "Camp Cold Water." During the summer the men were busily engaged in procur- ing logs and other necessary materials for the work. All preparations were being made to com- FORT BUILT. 163 mence building the new post, which was called "Fort St. Anthony;" the site selected being that of the present military cemetery. But in August, 1820, Colonel Josiah Suelling, 5th U. S. Infantry, having arrived and assumed command, selected the site where Fort Snelling now stands. Work steadily progressed, the troops perform- ing the labor, and on September 10th, 1820, the corner stone of Fort St. Anthony was laid with due ceremony. During the following winter 1820-'21, the buildings of the new post not being habitable, the troops were quartered in the cantonment of the preceeding winter. The first measured distance between Fort St. Anthony and Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, was taken in February, 1822, and was given as two hundred and four miles. Work on the post was pushed forward with all possible speed. The buildings were made of logs, and first occupied in October, 1822. The first steamboat, the Virginia, arrived at the post in 1823. A saw-mill was built, the first in Minnesota, by troops from the post, in 1822, and the first lumber ever sawed on Bum river, was for use in the construction of the fort. Minneapolis now includes the mill-site. The post continued to be called Fort St. An- thony until 1824, when, upon the recommendation of General Scott, U. S. A., who inspected the fort, it was named Fort Snelling, in honor of its founder. In 1830 stone buildings were erected for a four company infantry post, also a stone hospital and a stone wall nine feet high surrounding the post. These buildings were not actually completed, however, until after the Mexican War. Notwithstanding the treaty made by Lieuten- ant Pike, the Indian title to the Fort Snelling reservation, did not cease until the treaty of 1837, which was ratified by the senate in 1838, and by which the Indian claim to all lands east of the Mississippi, including said reservation, ceased. In 1836, before the Indian title ceased, many settlers located on the reservation, on the left bank of the Mississippi. On October 21st, 1839, the president of the United States issued an order, by virtue of the act of March 3d, 1807, "An act to prevent settle- ments being made on lands ceded to the United States, until authorized by law," directing the United States marshal to remove squatters from the Fort Snelling reserve, and if necessary, to call on the commanding officer at Fort Snelling for troops to assist him in executing his order. Ac- cordingly, on the 6th of May, 1840, a few of these settlers, having received the necessary notice, were forcibly removed by the marshal, assisted by U. S. troops from the fort. In 1837, Mr. Faribault presented a claim for Pike Island, part of the reservation purchased by Lieutenant Pike in 1805. This claim was based on a treaty made by him with the Dakotas in 1820. A military reservation of seven thousand acres, at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, was set aside by the president, on May 25th, 1853. In November fol- lowing, the president amended his act of May 25th, and reduced the reservation to about six thousand acres. The first map of the Fort Snelling reserve was made by 1st Lieutenant James W. Abert, corps engineer, in October, 1853. Pursuant to the act of March, 3d, 1857, which extended the provisions of the act of March 19th, 1819, authorizing the sale of certain military sites, the secretary of war sold the Fort Snelling reserve, excepting two small tracts, to Mr. Frank- lin Steele. The articles of agreement between the board appointed for the purpose on the part of the United States, and Mr. Steele, were dated June 6th, 1857, and were approved on the second day of July, following. The reservation and build- mgs thereon were sold for ninety thousand dol- lars, one-third to be paid on July 10th, 1857, and the balance in two equal yearly installments. The first payment, $30,000, was actually made, July 25th, 1857, on which date Mr. Steele, in pur- suance of military authority, took possession of said property. The troops were withdrawn from the post previous to Mr. Steele's occupancy there- of. Mr. Steele having made default in the two remaining payments, the United States entered into possession and occupancy of the reservation and post, on April 23d, 1861. By act of August 26th, 1862, the FortSnelUng reservation was reduced and defined as follows: "Beginning at the middle of the channel of the 164 FORT SNELLING. Mississippi river below Pike's Island; thence ascending along the channel of said river in such direction as to include all the islands of the river to the mouth of Brown's creek, thence up said creek to Eice lake; thence through the mid- dle of Rice lake to the outlet of Lake Amelia; thence through said outlet and the middle of Lake Amelia to the outlet of Mother lake; thence through said outlet and the middle of Mother lake to the outlet of Duck lake; thence through said outlet and the middle of Duck lake to the southern extremity of Duck lake; thence in a line due south to tlie middle of the channel of the St. Peter's liver; thence down said river so as to include all the islands to the middle of the channel of the Mississippi river; reserving further, for military purposes, a quarter section on the right bank of the St. Peter's river, at the present ferry, and also a quarter section on the left bank of the Mississippi river, at the present ferry across that stream." Mr. Steele presented, on February 6th, 1868, a claim against the United States government for the possession and occupancy by United States troops, of said post and reservation; which claim exceeded in amount the original purchase with interest. By act of May 7th, 1870, the secretary of war was authorized "to select and set apart for a per- manent military post, so much of the military reservation of Port Snelling, not less than one thousand acres, as the public interest may require for that purpose, and to quiet the title to said reservation, and to settle all claims in relation thereto, and for the use and occupation thereof, upon principles of equity." In pursuance of which act, the secretary of war set apart for a permanent military reservation, fifteen hundred and thirty-one and twenty hundredths acres, de- fined as follows: "Beginning at a point where the south line of the north-east quarter of the north-east quarter of section thirty-two, township twenty-eight north, of range twenty -three west of the fourth principal meridian, intersects the middle of the main chan- nel of the Minnesota river; thence west to the south-west corner of the north-west quarter of sec- tion thirty- two, town and range aforesaid; thence north to the north-west corner of section twenty, town and range aforesaid; thence east to middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence along the main channel of the Mississippi river and the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers at the head of Pike Island and the middle of the Minnesota Eiver, to the place of beginning, including the officers' quarters, bar- racks, &c." A reserve of ten acres granted by the United States to the Catholic Church at Mendota for a cemetery, was also reserved. Mr. Steele executed full release of all claim whatsoever to this prop- erty, and for the use or occupation of all property sold to him per agreement dated June 6th, 1857; in consideration of which, the United States re- leased Mr. Steele from all indebtedness on the purchase made by him, and granted and con- veyed to him the remainder of the so-called Port Snelling reservation excepting one small tract, which is defined as follows: "All of section nineteen, thirty and thirty- one, and all that part of section eighteen lying south of Minnehaha creek, and all that part of section seventeen lying south of Minnehaha creek and west of the Mississippi river; all that portion of section twenty, lying east of the main channel of the Mississippi river, including the islands east of said main channel, and the south- west quarter of the northwest quarter, and all that portion of the southwest quarter and of the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of sec- tion twenty-one which lies east or northeast of the main channel of the Mississippi liver, and all those portions of sections twenty-one, twenty- two and twenty-eight lying on Pike's Island so- called, being the entire island, and aU that other portion of section twenty-eight which lies east and south of the Minnesota river, except twenty acres, being the south half of the southeast quar- ter of the northeast quarter of said section, the same being reserved for a Catholic Church and burial ground, where the church and burial ground now are; all that portion of the south half and of the south half of the north half of section thirty-two which lies west or north- west of the Minnesota river ; all the above described lands being in township twenty-eight north, of range twenty-three west of the fourth principal meridian. Also all that portion of sec- tion thirteen, lying south of Minnehaha and Rice Lake and east of the creek running between said PBESUNT BESGBIFTION. 165 Kice Lake and Lake Amelia and. east of said Lake Amelia, and all land in section twelve that may be included in said boundaries. All of sec- tion twenty-four lying east of the western bound- ary of said reservation ("reserve selected") and any portion of section twenty-three that lies east of the creek joining Mother Lake and Lake Ame- lia, and the east half of section twenty-five and the east half of section thirty-six, all in township twenty-eight north, of range twenty-four west of the fourth meridan. Also all that portion of sec- tion five which lies west or northwest of the Min- nesota river; all of section six; all that portion of section seven which lies north of the Minneso- to river, and all those portions of sections eight and eighteen which lie west and north of the Min- nesota river ; all in township twenty-seven north, of range twenty-three west. Also the east half of section one, and the east half of section twelve, and all that portion of the east half of section thirteen which lies north and east of the Minnesota river ; all in township twen- ty-seven north, of range twenty-four west. The action of the secretary of war in selecting said reservation and buildings and conveying the above specified lands to Mr. Steele, was approved by the president on January 4th, 1871. A stone prison was erected during the war of the rebellion, which is now used as a commissary storehouse. The old stone hospital is now used for offices and laundress' quarters. The new hospital is j ust completed. Fort Snelling is situated on a high bluff on the right bank of the Mississippi, in latitude 44 deg. 52 min. 46 sec. north, and longitude 93 deg. 4 min. 54 sec. west. It is an irregular shaped bastioned redoubt. A wagon road runs entirely around the post, and is eight feet below the parade at the gorge, but gradually arives on the same level at the shoulder angle. The old post is almost enclosed by five build- ings, and in form is nearly a rhombus, with a tower at each angle. A new two-story barracks for six companies of infantry and sixteen sets of officers' quarters was built during 1878. The east tower, stone wall, and old guard house, have been torn down. The commanding officer's quarters have been re- modeled during the current year. The waiter is obtained from a spring about three-quarters of a mile from the post, by means of water wagons. Water is also obtained from the Minnesota river, being forced through pipes by an engine, into a large tank on the west side of the parade ground, but the water thus obtained is unfit for drinking purposes. During extreme cold weather the water pipes freeze up, rendering it impossible to refill the tank except during the open weather. There is a post-offlce, a telegraph office and a railroad station at the post. ********** The nearest supply depots are at St. Paul, four miles distant from the post, by wagon road, and six miles by railroad. A bridge is building across the Mississippi river at the post. Forage and fuel are obtained by contract. The post and company garden supply vegetables for the garrison. The armament consists of two three-inch rifled cannon, with carriages, model of 1861. The present strength of the garrison is sixteen com- missioned officers and three hundred and fourteen enlisted men. It is impossible to obtain from the records of the post, the various expenditures for barracks and quarters, and repairs of same, for any defiinite period. All that I have been able to obtain is that thirty-five thousand dollars was appropriated for barracks and quarters in 1878. It is presumed, however, that the required in- formation can be obtained at the quartermaster general's office. The work, practically, with few exceptions, has been performed by the labor of the troops, and the cost to the government cannot be correctly estimated. A site has been selected on the Fort Snelling reservation upon which to erect buildings for the headquarters of the department. The records of the post are very incomplete. It seems, from all attainable evidence, that the records were removed in 1857, when the troops were withdrawn, and have not been returned. It further appears that these records had not been received by the adjutant general of the army prior to July 18th, 1866. The last board of officers appointed to investigate claims on the 166 FORT SNELLING. Fort 8nelling reservation met pursuant to S. O. No. 278 A. G. O. dated October 17th, 1870. I have been unable to find any general order re- ferring to the reservation of 1853 or 1862, or re- ferring to lands sold in 1857 and 1870. The reservation of 1870 was announced in General Order No. 66, Adjutant Genetal's office of that year, and was first surveyed by Captain D. P. Heap, corps of engineers, on April loth, 1871. A new line for the soutliern boundary was run by First Lieutenant Edward Maguire, corps of engineers, on May 7th, 1877. I respectfully submit the foregomg, believing it Avill cover a few of the points required. I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient ser- vant. S. E. Douglas, Second Lieutenant Seventh Infantry. It has already been intimated that Fort Snell- ing was the point of departure for every enter- prise connected vrith the north-west, and in addi- tion to the matter already given with reference to events that there took place, we may with in- terest add others. Missionary enterprise for the north-west began among the Ojibwas of the north, in 1831. The region of country about Lake Superior and along the northern borders of the United States, had been longer open by reason of trading-posts, and the safer and more approachable character of the tribes. The fierce, wild traits of the Sioux had repelled the Jesuit missionaries, as well as all other efforts for their good, until 1834, when two determined young men appeared on the scene, destLaed to prove superior to all obstacles. These were the mission- aries now so well known to all acquainted with the history of the north-west, by their clerical names. Rev. S. W. Pond and his brother. Rev. Gideon H. At this time, however, they were young adventurers in the Christian work, without profession or patronage save that of the Master in whose vineyard they set at worlc, devoting their lives to His service. They arrived by steamboat at Fort Snelling, May 6th, 1834, self-equipped and commissioned to labor for the Sioux. Major Taliaferro, the In- dian agent, was absent on their arrival at tlie fort, but they obtained a room in one of the agency houses of the post, by feeing the mercenary sub- agent in charge. To exhibit some of the trials to which the brothers were immediately exposed, we give some of Rev. S. W. Pond's reminiscences. " We had not been at the agency house at the fort long, before Major Bliss sent his orderly, re- quiring us to appear before him and give an ac- cout of ourselves. I, of course obeyed the man- date, and he told me it was his duty to exclude from the Indian country all who were not author- ized to be here. Having no authority to show, I handed him Mr.Kent's letter ,which he pronounced unsatisfactory, for he said though Mr. Kent was a reliable man being the Presbyterian cler- gyman at Galena, his acquaintance was too short for him to know much about me. I then handed him a private letter from General Brinsmaid, a man well known in New England, and also a let- ter from the postmaster of my native place. These letters he said were perfectly satisfactory, so far as our character was concerned. He then asked me what our plans were. I toM him we had no plans except to do what seemed most for the benefit of the Indian. He told me then that the Kaposia band wanted plovrtng done, and had a plow and oxen, but could not use them," so I volunteered to go down and help them, and then hastened back to the agency house to tell Gideon how I had succeeded with the major, for I knew that his mind would be in a state of anxious sus- pense. These little things may seem now hardly worth relating, but whether we were to stay here or be driven away, depended on the result of that interview with the major. "We were in fact in- truders, and had no right to be here. The mis- sionaries of the board did not come here without authority from the secretary of war. Major Plympton, who succeeded Major Bliss in com- mand, received orders to remove all persons from this region who were not authorized to be here, but we were not molested. From the time of my first interview with Major Bliss, he and Mrs. Bliss were our true friends and when I returned from Kaposia, they invited me to reside in their family, and instruct their son, a boy eight or ten years old, but I had other work to do. When the Indians learned that I would plow for them they took down the plow in a canoe, and I drove down the oxen. At Kaposia, the chief was Big Thunder, the father of Ta-o-ya-te-du-ta, called by the whites erroneously Little Crow, and the chief soldier was Big Iron These two held the plow FIRST CHUROff. 167 alternately, while I drove the oxen. I suppose they were the first Dakotas whoever held a plow. The dogs, or Indians, stole my provisions the first night I was there, and I did not 'fare sumptu- ously every day,' for food was scarce and not very palatable. About the time I returned from Kaposia, Major Taliaferro arrived and seemed glad to find us here. No more was said about rent, and we kept the key to our room till our house was finished at Lake Calhoun. This was a great convenience for us, for before that time, neither provisions nor clothing were safe at the lake. We told the agent that we wished to build a house near some village, and he advised us to build at Lake Calhoun, and after my brother plowed for the Indians a few days, we commenced building where the pavillionnow stands. Owing to our inexperience we wasted a great deal of labor. We put up a building of large oak logs that might have stood fifty years, but we could have built a more comfortable house afterwards with half the labor. Five years after, we used the timber to build a breastwork for the Indians. While building we occupied a temporary shelter in the woods, where we were constantly sur- rounded by a cloud of musquitoes, and, as my brother's health was not good that summer, the laborious days and restless nights almost wore him out, but when our house was finished it seemed like a palace to us after living a few weeks in that kennel, and we were no longer compelled to walk eight miles and back every week, to the agency-house to get a supply of food, for we now had a safe place to store our clothing and provisions. Major Taliaferro gave us a window-lock and an ax, and Mrs. Bliss sent us a ham, and Major Bliss gave us potatoes to plant the next spring. That was all the pecuni. ary aid we received or wished to receive, and when the agent offered us a stove we preferred to build a fire-place, for while we felt grateful for the favors we received, we wished to maintain a spirit of independence. We had the use of oxen, but we used them chiefly for the Indians and to take care of them through the winter. But though we did not receive and should not have accepted much pecuniary aid if it had been offered us, the influence of friends in our favor was of great advantage to us, for it was needed to coun- teract the efforts of others to excite the prejudice of the Indians against us, and we congratulated ourselves on the timely arrival of Mr. Sibley at Mendota." Lake Calhoun was within the Fort Snelling reservation and thus was established the first mission, not only for the fort, but for the whole country of the Sioux. Kev, T. S. Williamson, M. D., and Eev. J. D. Stevens, with their wives and associates, Mr. Huggins and Miss Poage, arrived at Fort Snell- ing in May, 1835, under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Dr. Williamson came by the Missis- sippi from the mouth of the Ohio, and Mr. Stevens came through Lake Michigan to Green Bay, thence by the Fox and Ouisconsin (then so spelled) rivers to Prairie du Chien, thence to Fort Snelling by the Mississippi. Major BUss in com- mand. Major Loomis, Major Taliafero,and all at the fort welcomed their arrival. During their continuance at the fort and before proceeding to the stations selected at Lac qui Parle and Lake Harriet, about a month elapsed. In June they organized a Christian church, to which eight persons connected with the garrison and who had been hopefully converted during the preceding winter and spring, were admitted on profession, together with six others, who had been members of other churches. The elders of the church were Col. Gustavus Loomis, Hon. fl. H. Sibley, then a young man who had lately as- sumed charge of the trading post at Mendota, A. G. Huggins and S. W. Pond. "On the second Sabbath in June, these with the members of the mission families, amounting to twenty-two in all, sat down in the wilderness to communicate the dying love of the Savior of sinners, hundreds of miles in advance of where a similar scene had ever before been witnessed or enjoyed. " It is in- teresting to follow out this feeble beginning. SulBce it to say, the First Presbyterian Church in Minneapolis, of which D. M. Stewart, D. D., is pastor, is a continuation or perpetuation of the old church at the fort. In 1822, to supply the demand of the fort, amUL was erected at the Falls of St. Anthony to saw lumber, and to this was added, in 1823, stones for grinding corn for provender. Thus the fort opened enterprise in the direction of manufac- tures. This old stone mill, partially hid by shrub- 168 FOBT SNBLLING. bery, was long a land mark, but its simple stra&- ture produced small results in the way of sawing ■ or grinding. A small house was built near the mill for the occupany of those employed in its operation; and here, when the settlement after- wards began, was a small, cultivated traet,which, with the mill, was under the charge of one called "Old Maloney," who was aided, as required, by soldiers from the fort. Hon. Robert Smith, member of congress from Alton district, Illinois, wrote, February 15th, 1849, from the house of representatives, to the commissioner of Indian affairs, expressing a wish "to lease for five years the old government house and grist and saw-mill, on the west side of the Mississippi river, opposite the Palls of St. An- thony." In the letter he adds: "I shall move into the territory of Minnesota after the adjourn- ment of congress, and I wish to procure this house for my family to live in, and to fix up the old grist mill to grind com and other grain, there being no grist-mill now in that region of coun- try." This led to correspondence between Major "Woods, in command at the fort, and the secretary of war, and also other letters. A letter descrip- tive of the property at that time is here intro- duced, but the details must be taken with many grains of allowance, as the writer was in league with the grasping congressman, to descry the property and obtam it for a song. In September, Mr. Smith had asked the privi- lege of purchasing the buildings, and in March, 1853, Captain N. J. T. Dana, quartermaster at Fort Snelling, wrote to the quartermaster-general at "\V"ashington: "I returned to this post on the 20th instant, and on the next day visited the old mill and buildings belonging to the quartermas- ter's department, and now in possession of Hon. Robert Smith, and I submit the following as my opinion of the value of the buildings to the gov- ernment at the time when Mr. Smith received them. The old stone grist-mill, the building somewhat dilapidated, the water-wheel worn out entirely, but the other machinery, including two mill-stones, good, was worth $400. The old frame of a saw-mill, greatly decayed, together with the mill-irons on it and extra posts, mostly worn out, $100. The one-story frame building, much decayed, |200. Fences and races, much de- cayed, |50." The result of the negotiation was the purchase by Mr. Smith of the improvement, and a permit granted him from the secretary of war to make a claim including the same, although at this time the land formed a part of the Fort Snelling reserve. The purpose of the grant was that Mr. Smith should operate the mill for the benefit of the gov- ernment, in supplying provender for Fort Snell- ing. This purpose was carried out by Mr. Smith by placing Reuben Bean in charge to operate the mill, soon after substituting Calvin A. Tuttle, who continued several years. The ostensible pur- pose, of moving to Minnesota, and personally oc- cupying the buildings and land, was never car- ried out on, Mr. Smith's part, for he remained in Illinois until his death, representing Alton dis- trict in the house of representatives at Washing- ton. Soon after the erection of Fort Snelling, the fur trade of the northwest, which had previously been carried on by the way of the lakes, took the great river as one important avenue, and the fort became the rendezvous of traders and speculators, forming their channel of communication and base of supplies. Under the sheltering wing of the fort also sprung up, on the reserve, cabins and small farms, some of which were occupied by French Canadians, who here took a rest from their voy- aging, living with the squaws, with whom they seem to have mated as easily as birds in the spring. Others were occupied by half-breeds, very similar in character to the former, but the Swiss refugees, from Lord Selkirk's colony, were by far the most interesting and important of these squatters. Induced by the flattering representa- tions of Lord Selkirk, a large settlement had been formed on the Red river, in the Hudson Bay ter- ritory, from the Swiss and Scotch. After suffer- ing untold privations from cold, hunger, floods and the strife between the two great fur companies of the north, this colony was broken up and the individuals that constituted it found homes at various points within our territories. Many located near Dubuque, but a few about Fort Snelling, and to this exodus from the north we must ascribe our first settlement. Some of these became farmers with no small pretensions. Perry, who located on the limits of the reserve, BEMOVAL OF SWISS SETTLERS. 169 at the cave, near St. Paul, was called the Abra- ham of the country, in consequence of his large flocks. Near him also lived Benjamin Garvais and his brother Pierre, who had farms with considerable improvements. After occupying their comfort- able homes for nearly ten years, in obedience to an imperative order from the war department, these inoffensive settlers were forced to abandon their lands and improvements and seek other homes. We cannot forbear tender sympathy for these simple people, whose misfortunes had al- ready been so great, when we see them the vic- tims of new trouble. The instructions of the war department, reiterated October 31st, 1839, were, however, imperative and inexorable, and it is probable that the unwarranted force exercised was necessary to compel obedience to the military order. On May 6th, 1840, Edward James, United States marshal for the territory of Wisconsin, called on the commanding officer of Fort Snelling for troops, by his deputy. Brunson, and the set- tlers were forcibly and hastily removed. On the following day their cabins were destroyed. Thus rendered homeless and shelterless, they sought new abodes. Perry, Gervais, Clewette, Rondo and some others made claims and settled at St. Paul, while others removed to Wisconsin. A large portion of what is now Minneapolis was included in the reservation, and there, similar events were enacted some years later, when squatters began to encroach on that portion of the reserve. The permits granted to a few to locate on the reserve opposite the Falls of St. Anthony, encouraged settlers to make claims and locate there in anticipation of the reduction which it seemed probable was near at hand. It is un- fortunate that it must be recorded of the officers in charge, that their rough treatment in the exe- cution of orders were often executed in an arbi- trary and tyranical manner, unless we discredit the universal testimony of the well known settlers of respectability thus dispossessed. In addition to pulling down their shelters and threatening the occupants with the guard-house in case they re-built, the officers were guilty of corruption and received bribes from the squatters in the form of notes or agreements to pay when their claims were established. In these various ways the history of our cities, the settlement of the country at large, and even farming and manufacturing find in Fort Snell- ing their origin and first progress. The perusal of the following pages will exhibit much more fully the intimate connection between Fort Snell- ing and the development of the north-west, and, although its influence is a thing of the past, its history will always remain a matter of present interest. CHRONOLOGY. CHAPTEE XXXI. PKINCIFAL EVENTS CHRONOLOGICALLY AR- RANGED. 1659. Groselliers (Gro-zay-yay) and Kadisson visit Minnesota. 1661. Menaid, a Jesuit missionary ascends the Mississippi, according to Perrot, twelve years be- fore Marquette saw the river. 1665. Allouez, a Jesuit, visited the Minnesota shore of Lake Superior. 1680. Du Luth in June, the first to travel in a canoe from Lake Superior, by way of the St. Croix river, to the Misssissippi. Descending the Mississippi, he writes to Seignelay in 1683: "I proceeded in a canoe two days and two nights, and the next day at ten o'clock in the morning" he found Accault, Augelle, and Father Hennepin, with a hunting party of Sioux. He writes: "The want of respect which they showed to the said Reverend Father provoked me, and this I showed them, telling them he was my brother, and I had him placed in my canoe to come with me into the villages of said Nadouecioux." In September, Du Luth and Hennepin were at the falls of St. Anthony on their way to Mackinaw. 1683. Perrot and Le Sueur visit Lake Pepin. Perrot with twenty men, builds a stockade at the base of a bluff, upon the east bank, just above the entrance of Lake Pepin. 1688. Perrot re-occupied the post on Lake Pepin. 1689. Perrot, at Green Bay, makes a formal record of taking possession of the Sioux country in the name of the king of France. 1693. Le Sueur at the extremity of Lake Su- perior. 1694. Le Sueur builds a post on a prairie island in the Mississippi, about nine miles below Hastings. 1695. Le Sueur brings the first Sioux chiefs who visited Canada. 1700. Le Sueur ascends the Minnesota river. Fort L'Huillier built on a tributary of Blue Earth river. 1702. Fort L'Huillier abandoned. 1727. Fort Beauhamois, in the fall of the year, erected in sight of Maiden's Rock, Lake Pepin, by La Perriere du Boucher. 1728. Verendye stationed at LakeNepigon. 1731. Verendrye's sons reach Rainy Lake. Fort St. Pierre erected at Rainy Lake. 1732. Fort St. Charles erected at the south- west comer of the Lake of the Woods. 1734. Fort Maurepas established on Winnipeg river. 1 736. Verendrye's son and others massacred by the Sioux on the isle in the Lake of the Woods. 1738. Fort La Reine on the Red River estab- lished. 1 743. Verendrye's sons reach the Rocky Moun- tains. 1766. Jonathan Carver, on November 17th, reaches the Falls of St. Anthony. 1794. Sandy Lake occupied by the North- west Company. 1802. William Morrison trades at Leech Lake. 1804. William Morrison trades at Elk Lake, now Itasca. 1805. Lieutenant Z. M. Pike purchases the site since occupied by Fort Snelling. 1817. Earl of Selkirk passes through Minne- sota for Lake Winnipeg. Major Stephen II. Long, U. S. A., visits Falls of St. Anthony. 1818. Dakotah war party under Black Dog, attacks Ojibways on the Pomme de Terre river. 1819. Col. Leavenworth arrives on the 24th of August, with troops at Mendota. 1820. J. B. Faribault brings up to Mendota, horses for Col. Leavenworth. (170) CHRONOLOGY. 171 Laidlow, superintendent of farming for Earl Selkirk, passes from Pembina to Prairie du Chien to purchase seed wheat. Upon the 15th of April left Prairie du Chien with mackinaw boats and ascended the Minnesota to Big Stone Lake, where the boats were placed on rollers and dragged a short distance to Lake Traverse, and on the 3d of June reached Pembina. On the 5th of May Col. Leavenworth estab- lished summer quarters at Camp Coldwater, Hen- nepin county. In July, Governor Cass,' of Michigan, visits the camp. In August, Col. Snelling succeeds Leaven- worth. September 20th, comer stone laid under com- mand of Col. Snelling.- Pirst white marriage in Minnesota, Lieutenant Green to a daughter of Captain Gooding. Pirst white child born in Minnesota, daughter of Col. Snelling; died following year. 1821. Port St. Anthony was suflSciently com- pleted to be occupied by troops. Mill at St. Anthony Palls constructed for the use of garrison, under the supervision of Lieuten- ant McCabe. 1822. Col. Dickson attempted to take a drove of cattle to Pembina. 1823. The first steamboat: the Virginia, on May 10th, arrived at the mouth of the Minnesota river. Mill stones for grinding flour sent to St. An- thony Palls. Major Long, U. S. A., visits the northern boundary by way of the Minnesota and Eed river. Beltrami, the Italian traveler, explores the northernmost source of the Mississippi. 1824. General Winfield Scott inspects Port St. Anthony, and at his suggestion the war de- partment changed the name to Port Snelling. 1825. April 5th, steamboat Eufus Putnam reaches the Port. May, steamboat Kufus Put- nam arrives again and delivers freight at Land's End trading post on the Minnesota, about a mile above the Port. 1826. January 26th, first mail in five months received at the Fort. Deep snow during February and March. March 20th, snow from twelve to eighteen inches. April 5th, snow storm with flashes of light- ning. April 10th, thermometer four degrees above zero. April 21st, ice began to move in the river at the Port, and with water twenty feet above low water mark. May 2d, first steamboat of the season, the Law- rence, Captain Reeder, took a pleasure party to within three miles of the Falls of St. Anthony. 1826. Dakotahs kill an Ojibway near Port Snelling. 1827. Plat Mouth's party of Ojibways at- tacked at Port Snelling, and Sioux delivered by Colonel Snelling to be killed by Ojibways, and their bodies thrown over the bluff into the river. General Gaines inspects Port Snelling. Troops of the Fifth Regiment relieved by those of the First. 1828. Colonel Snelling dies in Washington. 1829. Rev. Alvan Coe and J. D. Stevens, Presbyterian missionaries,visit the Indians around Port Snelling. Major Taliaferro, Indian agent, establishes a farm for the beneflt of the Indians at Lake Cal- houn, which he called Eatonville, after the sec- retary of war. Winter, Spring and Summer very dry. One inch was the average monthly fall of rain or snow for ten months. Vegetation more back- ward than it had been for ten years. 1830. August 14th, a sentinel at Port Snell- ing, just before daylight, discovered the Indian council house on Are. Wa-pa-sha's son-in-law was the incendiary. Cadotte and a half-breed called "Little French- man" killed on the St. ('roix by Sioux Indians. 1831. August 17th, an old trader, Rocque, and his son arrived at Port Snelling from Prairie du Chien, having been twenty-six days on the journey. Under the influence of whiskey or stu- pidity, they ascended the St. Croix by mistake, and were lost for fifteen days. 1832. May 12th, steamboat Versailles arrived at Fort Snelling. June 16th, William Carr arrives from Missouri at Port Snelling, with a drove of cattle and horses. 172 CHRONOLOGY. Henry E. Schoolcraft explores the sources of the Mississippi. 1833. Eev. W. T. Boutwell establishes a mis- sion among the O jib ways at Leech Lake. E. F. Ely opens a mission school for Ojibways at Aitkin's trading post, Sandy Lake. 1834. May. Samuel W. and Gideon H. Pond arrive at Lake Calhoun as missionaries among the Sioux. November. Henry H. Sibley arrives at Men- dota as agent of Fur Company. 1835. May. Rev. T. S. Williamson and J. D. Stevens arrive as Sioux missionaaries, with Alex- ander G. Huggins as lay assistant. June. Presbyterian Church at Fort Snelling organized. July 31st. A Red River train arrives at Fort Snelling with fifty or sixty head of cattle, and about twenty-flve horses. Major J. L. Bean surveys the Sioux and Chip- peway boundary Une under treaty of 1825, as far as Otter Tail lake. November. Col. S. C. Stambaugh arrives; is sutler at Fort Snelling. 1836. May 6th, "Missouri Fulton," first steam- boat, arrives at Fort Snelling. May 29th, "Frontier," Captain Harris, arrives. June 1st, "Palmyra" arrives. July 2d, "Saint Peters" arrives, with J. N. Nicollet as passenger. July 30th, Sacs and Foxes kill twenty-four Winnebagoes on Root river. September 7th, first Christian marriage' cele- brated at Lac-qui-Parle. 1837. February 25th, Rev. S. F. Denton, mis- sionary from Switzerland, arrives at Red Wing's village. Rev. Stephen R. Riggs and wife join Lake Harriet Mission. Rev. A. Brunson and David King establish Ka- posia Mission. Commissioners Dodge and Smith, at Fort ' Snelling, make a treaty with the Chippeways to / cede lands east of the Mississippi. Franklin Steele and others make claims at Falls of St. Croix and St. Anthony. September 29th, Sioux chiefs at Washington sign a treaty. November 10th, steamboat Rolla arrives at Fort Snelling with the Sioux on their return from Washington. December 12th, Jeremiah Russell and L. W. Stratton make the first claim at Marine, in the St. Croix valley. 1838. April, Hole-in-the-day and party kill thirteen of the Lac-qui-Parle Sioux. Martin Mc- Leod from Pembina, after twenty-eight days of exposure to snow, reaches Lake Traverse. May 25th, steamboat Burlington arrives at Fort Snelling with J. N. Nicollet and J. C. Fremont on a scientific expedition. June 14th, Maryatt, the British novelist, Frank- lin Steele and others rode from thB ' fort to view Falls of St. Anthony. July 15th, steamboat Palmyra arrives at Fort Snelling with an official notice of the ratification of treaty. Men arrived to develop the St. Croix valley. August 2d,. Hole-in-th^-Day encamped with a party of Chippeways near Fort Snelling, and was attacked by Sioux from Mud Lake, and one killed and another wounded. August 27th, steamboat Ariel arrives with commissioners Pease and Ewing to examine half- breed claims. September 30th, steamboat Ariel makes the first trip up the St. Croix river. October 26th, steamboat Gypsy first to arrive at Falls of St. Croix with annuity goods for the Chippeways. In passing through Lake St. Croix grounded near the town site laid out by S. C. Stambaugh, and called Stanibaughville. 1839. April 14th, first steamboat at Fort Snell- ing, the Ariel, Captain Lyons. Henry M. Rice arrives at Fort Snelling. May 2d, Rev. E. G. Gear, of the Protestant Episcopal church, recently appointed chaplain, arrived at the fort in the steamboat Gypsy. May 12th, steamboat Fayette arrives on the St.] Croix, having been at Fort Snelling with members '- of Marine Mill Company. May 21st, the Glancus, Captain Atchison, ar- rives at Fort Snelling. June 1st, the Pennsylvania, Captain Stone, ar- rives at Fort Snelling. June 5th, the Glancus arrives again. June 6th, the Ariel arrives again. June 12th, at Lake Harriet mission, Rev. D. Gavin, Swiss missionary among the Sioux at Red CHRONOLOGY. 173 Wing, was married to Cordelia Stevens, teacher at Lake Harriet mission. June 25th, steamboat "Knickerbocker" arrived at Fort Snelling. June 26th, steamboat "Ariel" on third trip. June 27th, a ti-ain of Bed Eiver carts, arrives under Mr. Sinclair with emigrants, who encamped near the fort. , July 2d, Chippeways kill a Sioux of Lake Cal- houn band. July 3d, Sioux attack Chippeways in ravine above Stillwater. 1840. April, Eev. Lucian Galtier of the Ro- man Catholig church, arrives at Mendota. May 6th, squatters removed from military reser- vation. June 15th, Thomas Simpson, Arctic explorer, shoots himself near Turtle river, under arberration of mind. June 17th, four Chippeways kill and scalp a Sioux man and woman. 1841. March 6th, wild geese appeared at the fort. March 20th, Mississippi opened. April 6th, steamboat "Otter," Captain Harris, arrived. Koboka, an old chief of Lake Calhoun band, killed by Chippeways. May 24th, Sioux attack Chippeways at Lake Pokeguma, of Snake river. Methodist mission moved from Kaposia to Red Rock, Rev. B. P. Kavenaugh, superintendent. August, Mission church of unburnt bricks built at Lae-qui-Parle and surmounted with the first church bell. ISTovember 1st, Father Galtier completes the log chapel of St. Paul, which gave ' the name to the capital of Minnesota. Eev. Augusthi Ravoux ar- rives. 1842. July, the Chippeways attack the Kapo- sia Sioux. 1843. Stillwater laid out. Ayer, Spencer and Ely establish a Chippeway mission at Red lake. Oak Grove Indian mission established by G. H. Pond. June 20th, Rev. S. R. Riggs and R. Hopldns establish an Indian mission at Traverse des Sioux. July 15th, Thomas Longley, brother-in-law of Rev. S. R. Riggs, drowned at Traverse des Sioux mission station. 1844. August, Captain Allen with fifty dra- goons marches from Fort Des Moines through southwestern Minnesota, and on the 10th of Sep- tember reaches the Big Sioux river. Sisseton war party kill an American named Watson, driv- ing cattle to Fort Snelling. 1845. June 25th, Captain Sumner reaches Traverse des Sioux, and proceeding northward arrested three of the murderers of Watson. 1846. Dr. Williamson, Sioux missionary, moves from Lac-qui-Parle to Kaposia. March 31st, steamboat Lynx, Captain Atchi- son, arrives at Fort Snelling. Rev. S. W. Pond establishes an Indian mission at Shakopee. 1847. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, organized, Stillwater the county seat. Harriet E. Bishop establishes a school at St. Paul. Saw mills be- gun at St. Anthony Falls. First framed house above Fort Snelling in the Minnesota valley erected by Mr. Pond. Lumber brought from Point Douglas. August, Commissioners Verplanck and Henry M. Rice make treaties with the Chippeways at Fon du Lac and Leech Lake. The town of St. Paul surveyed, platted, and recorded in the St. Croix county register of deeds oflBce. • Hole-in- the-Day, the elder Chippeway chief, killed by falling frorn a wagon, when drunk. 1848. Henry H. Sibley, delegate to congress from Wisconsin territory. May 29th, Wisconsin admitted, leaving Minne- sota (with its present boundaries) without a gov- ernment. August 26th, "Stillwater convention" held to take measures for a separate territorial organiza- tion. October 30th, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to congress. 1849. March, act of congress creating Minne- sota territory. April 9th, "Highland Mary" Captain Atchison, arrives at St. Paul. April 18th, James M. Goodhue arrives at St. Paul with first newspaper press. May 27th, Governor Alexander Ramsey arrives at Mendota. June 1st, Governor Eamsey issues proclama- tion declaring the territory duly organized. July, first brick house in Minnesota, erected at St. Paul, by Rev. E. D. Neill. 174 CHRONOLOGY. August 1st, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to congress for Minnesota. August, first Protestant house of worship in white settlement, a Presbyterian chapel, com- pleted at 8t. Paul. September 3d, flrst legislature convened. November, First Presbyterian Church, St. Paul, organized. December, flrst literary address at Falls of St. Anthony. 1850. January 1st, first annual Historical So- ciety meeting. June 11th, Indian council at Fort Snelling. June 14th, Steamer Governor Kamsey makes flrst trip above Falls of St. Anthony. June 26th, the Anthony Wayne reaches the FaUs of St. Anthony. July 18th, Steamboat Anthony Wayne ascends the Minnesota to vicinity of Traverse des Sioux. July 25th, steamboat Yankee goes beyond Blue Earth river. September, H. H. Sibley elected delegate to congress. October, Frederika Bremer, Swedish novelist, visits Minnesota. November, the Dakotah Friend, a monthly paper, appeared. December, Colonel D. A. Eobertson establishes Minnesota Democrat. December 26th, first public Thanksgiving day. 1851. May, St. Anthony Express newspaper began its career. July, treaty concluded with the Sioux at Trav- erse des Sioux. July, Eev. Robert Hopkins, Sioux missionary, drowned. August, treaty concluded with the Sioux at Mankato. September 19th, the Minnesotian, of St. Paul, edited by J. P. Owens, appeared. November, Jerome Fuller, chief justice in place of Aaron Goodrich arrives. December 18th, Thanksgiving day. Smithsonian Institution publish Dakota Gram- mar and Lexicon. 1852. Hennepin county created. February 14th, Dr. Rae, Arctic explorer, arrives at St, Paul with dog-train. May 14th, land-slide at Stillwater. August, Jas. M. Goodhue, Pioneer editor, dies. Noirember, Yuhazee, an Indian, convicted of murder. 1863. April 27th, Chippeways and Sioux fight in streets of St. Paul. Governor Willis A. Gor- man succeeds Governor Ramsey. October, Henry M. Rice elected delegate to congress. The capitol building completed. 1854. March 3d, Presbyterian mission-house near Lac-qui-Parle burned. June 8th, great excursioji from Chicago to St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls. December 27th, Yuhazee, the Indian, hung at St. Paul. 1855. January, first bridge ovet Mississippi completed at Falls of St. Anthony. Church erected near YeUow Medicine. Indi- ans contribute two-thirds of its cost. October, H. M. Rice re-elected to congress. December 12th, James Stewart arrives in St. Paul, direct from Arctic regions, with relics of Sir John Franklin. 1856. Erection of State University building was begun. 1857. Congress passes an act authorizing peo- ple of Miimesota to vote for a constitution. March, Inkpadootah slaughters settlers in South-west Minnesota. Governor Samuel Medary succeeds Governor W. A. Gorman. March 5th, land-grant by congress for rail- ways. April 27th, special session of the legislature convenes. July. On second Monday, convention to form a constitution assembles at Capitol. October 13th, election for state officers, and ratifying of the constitution. H. H. Sibley flrst governor under the state con- stitution. W. W. Kingsbmy elected delegate to Congress. December. On flrst Wednesday, flrst legisla- ture assembles. December. Henry M. Rice and James Shields elected United States senators. 1858. April 15th, people approve act of legis- lature loaning the public credit for flve millions of dollars to certain railway companies. May 11th, Minnesota becomes one of the United States of America. June 2d, adjourned meeting of legislature held. GHBONOLOGT. 175 W. "W. Phelps representative In congress. Jas. M. Kavenaugh representative in congress. November. Supreme court of State orders Governor Sibley to issue railroad bonds. December. Governor Sibley declares the bonds a failure. 1859. Normal school lavif passed. June. Burbank and Company place the first steamboat on Red River of the North. August. Bishop T- L- Grace arrived at St. Paul. October 11th, state election, Alexander Ramsey chosen governor. William .W. Windom elected representative to congress. Cyrus Aldrich fleeted representative to con- gress. December, Morton S. Wilkinson elected United States senator. 1860. March 23d, Anna Bilanski hung at St. Paul for the murder of her husband, the first white person executed in Minnesota. August 9th, telegraph line completed to St. Paul. August 20th, J. B. Faribault died, aged eighty- seven. 1861. April 14th, Gov. Ramsey calls upon the president in Washington and offers a regiment of volunteers. June 21st, First Minnesota Regiment, Col. W. A. Gorman leaves for Washington. June 28th, first railway completed from St. Paul to St. Anthony. July 21st, First Minnesota in battle of Bull Run. October 13th, Second Minnesota Infantry; Col. H. P. "Van Cleve leaves Fort Snelling. November 16th, Third Minnesota Infantry, H. C. Lester go to seat of war. Alexander Ramsey re-elected Governor. William Windom re-elected to congress. Ignatius Donnelly representative in congress. 1862. January 19th, Second Minnesota in bat- tle at Mill Spring, Kentucky. April 6th, First Minnesota Battery, Captain Munch, at Pittsburgh Landing. April 21st, Second Minnesota Battery, goes to seat of war. April 21st, Fourth Minnesota Infantry Volun- teers, Col. J. B. Sanborn leaves Fort Snelling. May 13th, Fifth Regiment Volunteers Col. Borgesrode leaves for the seat of war. May 28th, Second, Fourth and Fifth in battle near Corinth, Mississippi. May 31st, First Minnesota in battle at Fair Oaks, Virginia. June 29th, First Minnesota in battle at Savage Station. June 30th, First Minnesota in battle near Wil- lis' church. July 1st, First Minnesota in battle at Malvern Hill. August, Sixth Regiment Col. Crooks organized. August, Seventh Regiment, Col. Miller organ- ized. August, Eighth Regiment Col. Thomas organ- ized. August, Ninth Regiment, Col. Wilkin organ- ized. August 18th, Sioux attack whites at Lower Sioux Agency. Amos W. Huggins killed by Sioux. James W. Lynd killed by Sioux. Philander Prescott killed by Sioux. September 2d, battle of Birch Coolie. September 23d, Col. Sibley defeats Sioux at Wood Lake. December 26th, Thirty-eight Sioux executed on the same scaffold at Mankato. 1863. January, Alexander Ramsey elected United States senator. Henry A. Swift, governor for an unexpired term. May 14th, Fourth and Fifth Regiment in battle near Jackson, Mississippi. July 2d, First Minnesota Infantry in battle at Gettysburgh, Pennsylvania. July 3d, Tah-Oryah-tay-doo-tah or Little Crow killed near Hutchinson. September 19th, Second Minnesota Infantry en- gaged at Cihickamauga, Tennessee. November 23d, Second Minnesota Infantry en- gaged at Mission Ridge. William Windom elected to Congress. Ignatius Donnelly elected to Congress. 1864. January, Col. Stephen Miller inaugu- rated Governor of Minnesota. March 30th, Third Minnesota Infantry engaged at Fitzhugh's Woods. June 6tli, Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at Lake Chicot, Arkansas. 176 CHEONOLOGY. July 13th, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth, with portion of Fifth Minnesota Infantry engaged at Tupelo, Mississippi. July 14th, Colonel Alex. Wilkin, of the Ninth, killed. October 15th, Fourth Eegiment engaged near Altoona, Georgia. December 7th, Eighth Eegiment engaged near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Fifth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth Eegiments at Nashville, Tennessee. Eaihvay reaches Elk Eiver. 1865. January 10th, Daniel S. Norton elected United States senator. , April 9th, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth and Tenth at the siege of Mobile. November 10th, Shakpedan, Sioux chief, and Medicine Bottle, executed at Fort Snelling. William Windom re-elected to congress. Ignatius Donnelly re-elected to congress. 1866. January 8th, Colonel William E. Mar- shall inaugurated governor of Minnesota. EaUway reaches St. Cloud. 1867. Preparatory department of the State University opened. • Eailway reaches Wayzata. 1868. January, Governor Marshall enters upon second term. January 1st, Minnesota State Eeform school opened for inmates. June 27th, "Hole-in-the-day," the second Chippeway chief of that name, shot by relatives, near Crow Wing. M. S. Wilkinson elected to congress. Eugene M. Wilson elected to congress. 1869. Bill passed by legislature, removing seat of government to a spot near Big Kandiyohi Lake vetoed by Governor Marshall. Alexander Eamsey re-elected United States senator. Eailway completed to Willmar. M. H. Dunnell elected to congress. J. T. Averill elected to congress. 1870. January 7th, Horace Austin inaugurated as governor. Eailway to Benson completed. August, railway completed from St. Paul to Duluth. 1871. January, Wm. Windom elected United States senator. In the fall destructive fires, occasioned by high winds, swept over frontier counties. October, railway reached Eed Eiver of the North at Breckenridge. Hon. George L. Becker, president of the rail- road, gives invitations to the old settlers to an excursion to the Eed Eiver. 1872. January, Governor Austin enters upon a second term. 1873. January 7th, 8th and 9th, polar wave sweeps over the state, seventy persons perishing. May 22d, the senate of Minnesota convicts state treasurer of corruption in ofHce. September, grasshopper raid began and con- tinued five seasons. Jay Cooke failure occasions a financial panic. ('■ 1874. January 9th, Cushman K. Davis in- augurated governor. William S. King elected to congress. 1876. February 19th, S. J . E. McMillan elected United States senator. November, amendment to state constitution, allowing any woman twenty-one years of age to vote for school oflflcers, and to be eligible for school offices. Eocky Mountain locusts destroy crops In south- western Minnesota. 1 876. January 7th, John S. Pillsbury inaugur- ated governor. January 12th, State Forestry association or- ganized. September 6th, outlaws from Missouri kill the cashier of the Northfield Bank. 1879. November, state constitution amended, forbidding public moneys to be used for the sup- port of schools wherein the distinctive creeds or tracts of any particular Christian or other relig- ous sect are taught. J. H. Stewart, M. D., elected to congress. Biennial sessions of the legislature adopted. 1878. January, Governor Pillsbury enters upon a second term. May 2d, explosion in the AVashbarn and other flour mills at Minneapolis. One hundred and fifty thousand dollars appro- priated to purchase seed grain for destitute set- tlers. 1880. November 15th, a portion of the Insane Asylum at St. Peter was destroyed by fire and twenty-seven inmates lost their lives. 1881. March 1st, Capitol at St. Paul destroyed by fire. HISTORY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. CHAPTER XXXU. LEGEND OF THE ST. CKOIX — DU LTJTH FIRST EXPLORER— HENNEPIK'S DESCRIPTION— IN- DIANS FIGHT AT FALLS OF ST. CROIX — EARLY TRADERS, PORLIER AND REAUME — SCHOOL- CRAFT'S EXPLORATIONS — POKEGtTMA MIS- SION. The river and Lake St. Croix, which Le Sueur, as has been narrated in a former chapter, says was called after a Frenchman of that name, was always called by the Sioux, Hogan-wahnkay- kin, (the place where the fish lies.) Their le- gend as to the origin of the name is that two Dahkotah hunters were descending the river after a long hunt. After several days of fasting one said " are you not hungry?" "Yes," was the re- ply of the other, "but what have we for food?" At night the one who opened the conversation, killed a sand hill crane, and preparing it for sup- per invited the other to partake. The comrade answered "If cranes did not wade I could eat. I am not afraid of water, but may not eat flesh which has touched water." His friend astonished asked, "How can that be?" But he persisted in refusal, saying "Hold your peace and eat alone. I am hungry as well as you, but may not eat." The journey was continued^ when the first es- pied the tracks of a supposed raccoon on the snow, and they followed it to a hollow tree and the comrade was pleased at the thought of finding flesh which had not touched water. He first kindled a fire, while his comrade ascended the tree, and looking into the hollow he was disap- pointed in finding it a fish, and told the first, "If you will not urge me to eat, I will throw down the fish, which is a pike." 12 The pike was thrown to the ground and roasted by the first, and his comrade could no longer re- sist the craving for food, and agreed to eat, on condition that the first would bring water from the lake, on the shore of which they were, to sa- tiate his thirst. After the meal was over, the comrade began to ask for water. It was brought again and again. After he had been supplied hundreds of times, stUl he asked for more, when the first, worn out with fatigue, told his comrade to lie down by the water of the lake and drink. The comrade answered, " You urged me to eat, but now you weary in giving me drink. If you had continued one day you would have saved me. You will soon tremble with fear." After this speech he lay down by the waters of the lake and drank. Gradually he was transformed into a large fish, and stretched himself across the lake. This, tradition says, is the origin of " Pike Bar," which stretches across the middle of the lake. Upon page 112, will be found the description of Du Luth, who was the first explorer. Hennepin, who afterwards met Du Luth on the Mississippi, writes: " Forty leagues above, is a river full of rapids, by which striking northwest, you can reach Lake Conde [Superior], that is as far as Nimmissakouat [Brule], river, which empties into the lake. This first river is called Tomb river, because the Issati [Knife lake Sioux], left there the body of one of their warriors, killed by a rat- tlesnake. According to their custom, I put a blanket on the grave, which act of humanity gained me much importance by the gratitude dis- played by the countrymen of the departed, in a great feast, which they gave me in their country, and to which more than a himdred Indians were invited." (177) 178 EISTOBY OF. THE SAINT CBOIX YALLHY. The Sioux have a tradition that a tribe called Onk-to-kah-dan lived just above Lake St. Croix, and were exterminated before white men ex- plored the country. Very near the period that Prance ceded Can- ada to Great Britain, the last conflict of the Foxes and Ojibways took place at the Falls of St. Croix. "VVaubojeeg, or White Fisher, who died at La Pointe, in 1793, when he was in the prime of life, sent his war club and wampum to collect a party to go against the Foxes and their allies the Sioux. The Ojibways who had but recently driven the Sioux from Sandy Lake, sent word that they would unite with him at the confluence of the Snake and St. Croix rivers. Waubojeeg with three hundred warriers reached that point, and the Sandy lake party not having arrived, he did not wait, but continued down the St. Croix. Early one morning he reached the Falls of St. Croix, and while some of his warriers were pre- paring to take their bark canoes around the port- age, scouts were sent in advance to reconnoitre. They soon returned with the information that they had discovered a large party of Foxes and Sioux. The Ojibw£iys instantly prepared for the conflict, and the Foxes requested the Sioux to sit still and watch them defeat the foe. The flght now commenced in earnest, and about noon the Foxes began to yield, and at last fled in confusion. They would have been driven into the river, if the Sioux had not come to their relief. The Ojibways bravely resisted the attack of the allies, but their ammunition being exhausted, they in turn were forced to retreat, and they would have been exterminated had not at this juncture the band from Sandy lake arrived. Eager for the flght this 'last party withstood the onset of the Foxes and Sioux, and at last drove them from the field. Many to escape sprang into the roaring wa- ters, and in the crevices of the rocks some of the wounded crept, and died. From this time the Foxes ceased to appear in large bodies in this region. A French post was established fifty leagues from the Mississippi, on the upper St. Croix, on the Wisconsin side of the river, but on a map prepared in 1762, by JefEerys, geographer to the king of England, it is marked as destroyed. During the latter part of the last century. James J. Porlier, sometimes written Perlier; traded with the Indians of the St. Croix valley. He was a native of Montreal, and in 1793 was employed by Pierre Grignon, of Green Bay, to take goods to this region, and here he married the daughter of ,an Indian woman who had been abandoned by a French trader. His associate was a broken-down merchant of Montreal, quite pompous and eccentric, by the name of Charles Eeaume. One day, it is stated, that he asked Por- lier, and some other traders, to dine with him. The company arrived, and the venison was cooked, when Amable Chevalier, a half breed, told Eeaume that there were not plates enough on the table, because there were none for him. "There are," said Eeaume sternly, when Chevalier without a word, tore a red cap from Eeaume's head, and placing it upon the table, without cere- mony, filled it with hashed venison. Eeaume in indignation, threw some hash into the half-breed's face, and the whole room was in an uproar. Eeaume afterward lived at Green Bay, as justice of the peace, and in the eighth volume of the Wisconsin Historical Collections is the following certificate signed by him: "I certify that I have baptized a child of Mr. Grignon, named Bernard, at Green Bay, the 22d of June, 1806. Bom the 12th of June, at 9 o'clock, A. M." About seventy years ago, the South West Com- pany had a trading post on the upper St. Croix. In 1825, the Indian agent at Fort SnelUng licensed a trader of the Columbia Fur Company, to trade at the Falls of St. Croix, and the post was desig- nated as Fort Barbour, but in 1831, the only licensed trader above the falls, on the Minnesota side, was Thomas Connor, an energetic Irishman whose trading post was at Lake Pokeguma on Snake river. The first American explorer of the St. Croix river, was Henry E. Schoolcraft, and among his companions was the Eev. W. T. Boutwell. On the 16tli of July, 1832, about three o'clock in the afternoon he entered the lake from the Missis- sippi. As evening approached he met a Mr. B descending in charge of four canoes and several Frenchmen and Indians, and as there was reason to suppose that he had been selling whisky to the Indians, his license to trade was revoked. At eight o'clock of the evening of the next day he encsmpcd at the Falls of St. Croix BABLY MISSIONABms. 179 On the 30th he reached Snake river, and had an interview with the Chippeway tribe called Pez- hikee, or Buffalo. Indians at that point num- bered about three hundred, and the half-breeds, thirty-eight. By eight o'clock of the morning of the next day, he was at the mouth of Yellow river, and at two o'clock in the afternoon, reached the Namakagun fork of the St. Croix, where the Ojibway Chief Kabamappa and his band received him with a salute. On the evening of the second of August, he reached the lake which is the source of the river, and then made a portage to Splashing Brule or Misakoda river, by which he descended to Lake Superior. In the fall of 1825 the Ojibways of Pokeguma were visited by Mr. Frederick Ayer. He was bom October 11th, 1803, at Stockbridge, Massa- chusetts, and in June, 1829, became a teacher and catechist in the Mackinaw mission, and in 1831 went to La Pointe, and moved from thence in September, 1833, to Yellow Lake, in northwest Wisconsin, where with his wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Taylor, a native of Heath, Massachusetts, he established a mission school among the Indians. As the point did not prove favorable, he came to Pokeguma, to make ar- rangements for removal there. He soon brought to the lake his wife and two assistants, John L. Seymour as teacher and mechanic, and Sabrina Stevens. By the close" of the year 1836, four Ojibways had been induced to clear small farms, and settle near the station. In the spring of 1837 the Eev. Sherman Hall, missionary at La Pointe, passed a week at Lake Pokeguma and organized a church, consisting of the missionary's family, Henry Blatchford a mixed blood from Mackinaw, a chief of the band, and some others. On the 4th of October, 1837, Mr. Ayer wrote: "We have assisted in putting up a log house for the chief, who is a member of the church, and are now about completing two more. * * * * * * The Indian must have some- thing tangible, something that he can see and feel to induce him to let go his hold on long cher- ished habits." During the summer of 1839, as the Ojibways had abandoned Pon du Lac, Edmund P. Ely, teacher and catechist, and his wife, were trans- ferred to the Pokeguma mission. Mr. Ely was a native of iSTorth Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and at the age of twenty-four, on the 19th of Septem- ber, 1833, became a missionary teacher at Ait- kin's trading post, on the shores of Sandy lake. In August, 1834, he went to Eon du Lac, and on the 30th of August, 1835, he married at La Pointe, Catherine Bissell, who was born at Sault St. Marie. Eev. W. T. Boutwell, who had been for several years a missionary at Leech lake, on the 4th of January, 1841, with two men, left La Pointe for _ Pokeguma. The snow upon the ground was over two feet in depth, and placing blankets, axes and provisions on a dog train, the journey was per- formed on snow shoes, and occupied nearly ten days. Mr. Boutwell, upon his arrival, was very much surprised to find the highest chief and many others of the band cutting wood with axes. Mr. Ayer had persuaded them to work by offer- ing them a bushel of potatoes, or an equivalent in coin, for each cord of wood cut, and thus had suppressed the habit of begging. Mr. Boutwell wrote on the 8th of February, after his return to La Pointe: "I administered the sacrament of the Lord's Supper to twelve. ' Five of the num- ber were natives of Pokeguma. The ordinance of baptism was administered to three children. Two were admitted to the church on profession of their faith, one of them a young man from Ohio, who had wandered into the forest to engage in lumbering." Jeremiah EusseU, a pioneer, in 1837, in open- ing the pine forests of the Saint Croix valley, was in 1840 appointed by the United States govern- ment, to oversee the farms for the Pokeguma band, and he cheerfully co-operated with .the mis- sionaries. Mr. Ayer wrote in April of this year: "During the past winter Indians from among the heathen portion of the tribe have chopped for us, about one hundred cords of wood and boarded themselves. Chief and subject, men, women and children of all ages from twenty to seventy, have come and solicited work. Some who were once so lazy that they preferred going hungry to working, have the last winter here chopped from four to six and eight cords of wood. Two or three, one of them a man of seventy or more, have cut most of the timber for their houses alone. 180 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. "In connection with Mr. Kussell we have helped them draw their timber, and put up the body of the buildings. Three others are erecting houses, and another completing a house begun two years ago. One of the last mentioned is a chief, as is the old man. They visited Washing- ton during Mr. Adams' administration. * * * Mr. Russell takes a lively interest in the settUng of the Indians, and has to some extent assisted thus far, all, with one exception, who have re- cently begun to build. He is also preparing to aid the Indians efficiently in agriculture this spring. He will assist exclusively the heathen Indians. "We think it expedient, on the whole, that the praying Indians should depend on us for aid, since the heathen party seeks every possible occasion to speak evil of them, and accuse the farmer and blacksmith of partiaUty toward them. On this account, I presume, they prefer digging up their fields with the hoe, to soliciting or receiv- ing aid from the Indian farmer. They are de- signing to cultivate much larger fields than here- tofore. The lumber company wOl purchase at a very fair price all the surplus produce of the set- tled Indians." In May, 1841, the Sioux attacked the Ojibways at Pokeguma, and this conflict, the particulars of which are given on page 110, was a death-blow to the mission at that point. CHAPTEE XXXIII. TOPOGHAPHT — HESERVOIKS — UNUSED WATBE- POWEB — KAPIDS — DALLES — POT-HOLES — A TBIP DOWN THE ST. CROIX — THE ST. CROIX TALLEY. No strictly classic grounds exist in the north- west. By the aid of the imagination, poets and novelists have been able to formulate from the beautiful legends of Indians, sketches and poems that rank among American classics, but the country is new to literature and not rich m works of art. It bears the impress still of its savage occupancy in every state, county, town, city and village; further, as we sit or walk on the streets of any town we see frequently the coarse black hair, high cheek bones and copper-colored skin of the full-blood Indian, and still more fre- quently meet the half-breeds, that resulted from the legal marriages, and iUicit habits of the early French voyageurs, many of whom still remain as settlers now occupying the land, while others have passed away, or followed the direction of their reckless habits into new fields, where their semi-barbarism could have free scope. If any portion of the north-west above Prairie du Chien, and west of Green Bay, is old and rich in reminiscences, it is the St. Croix Valley, as evidence of which, we instance the facts and in* cidents that follow in this volimie. "What, however, may be lacking in man's work, is amply atoned for by' the prodigal hand of Na- ture, that has here lavished a wealth of towering rock, noble forests and a magnificent stream, with picturesque rapids and water-faUs in the main channel and on its tributaries, that affords scenery rarely equalled in America. Here, too. Nature has set to work her cunning workmen that with slow but unerring stroke have hewed out monuments of her power, and excavated caves and weUs, that show what Ues within the range of her infinite possibilities, though in the Umited view of man, outside the bounds of utility. By the casual observer it would be supposed that, starting with the Upper St- Croix lake as the head waters of the river, the valley proper would begin, extending on each side of the river, in- cludipg all the basin from which tributary streams flow. The trend of the surface and more espe- cially the dip of the rocks show, however, a par- adoxical condition, for the St. Croix river takes its rise withm Umits naturally drained by the St. Lawrence system and the slope of the surface is for the Upper St. Croix mostly north-westward; while at the same time the inclination and dis- charge of the valley is toward the south-west and south. In the upper portion, the direction is south-westward and in the lower dii'ectly south. The common distinction of the Upper and Lower St. Croix, though usually indefinite, may, there- fore, properly be determined as follows; the Up- per St. Croix is that portion whose surface and rocks trend toward Lake Superior and the Lower BESGBIPTION OF THE VALLEY. 181 St. Croix, that which trends toward the Missis- sippi basin. The low ridge which separates these two basins appears to cross the valley of the St. Croix near the north line of township thirty-one. Investigations below the surface in the Upper St. Croix ought therefore, to exhibit a similarity to the regions of Lake Superior. Geologists explain the apparent anomaly ex- hibited in this water-shed by the deposit of Pots- dam sandstone by the advance of the Silurian sea from the south, which formed a new surface sloping toward the Mississippi basin and that the river by its own drainage excavated the basin through which its waters are discharged. The Upper St. Croix region is diversified by plains, rolling land and lakes. Numerous small depressed areas exist without outlet, and others with such imperfect outlets as to form marshes or lakes. Many of these are utilized for the benefit of the lumbering indus- tries carried on extensively. By dams easily formed, the water is checked or discharged for the "drive," and thus the winter's "cut" of logs on the upper streams is easily floated to the river; this becomes more and more important each year as lumbering camps are carried higher and higher up on the smaU tributaries. These reservoirs, as they may be called, operate to preserve an even flow of water in the St. Croix by means of which the stream always remains within its channel and is guiltless of the lawless violence exhibited by the Minnesota and other streams. The water of the river, owing to the nature of the soil and rocks through which it flows, is soft, but has a yellowish color from the large amount of organic matter held in solution. The pure waters of its tributaries abound in trout, affording a fine field for sportsmen as an offset for the want of game. The extent of the country drained by the river above the falls, is about 6,000 square miles. Beginning now at the water shed between the Brule and the St. Croix, we find an altitude of about 445 feet and the entire descent of the St. Croix from the upper lake to below the falls, 393 feet. The upper river and its tributaries are swift, breaking out frequently into rapids and water falls, utilized to only a limited extent. At the falls of St. Croix and Taylor's Tails, which are on different sides of the river, the former in Wisconsin and the latter in Minnesota, an im- mense power exists, entirely unused. Here the river pours down violent rapids, though without a perpendicular fall. There, rapids extend a distance of about seven miles, admitting of numerous dams between the high bluffs on either side, that would, if utilized, afford an almost unlimited power, the descent being about forty feet within a mile. Some of the tributaries have much greater de- scent with occasionally perpendicular falls, al- though this river may be called a system of rapids rather than water-falls. This river in its time has done a great work, cutting inch by inch, its deep channel through this valley, stopping neither for rock nor boulder, but chiseling away, it has secured a bed deep down with high overhanging blrifls, above which, on either side stretch away the level areas, rolling districts and basins of the lakes. At Taylor's Palls, this erosion exhibits itself in the most marked manner, forming the beautiful dalles admired by the lovers of the gi-and and beautiful; these are called the Upper DaUes in distinction from others two miles below. A deep canal has been excavated here, cutting down into the solid rock. As the tourist on the little steamer runs up into these rocky fastnesses, he imagines that he has arrived at the head of the river, and that the water pours from the rocks, which appear to meet in a solid front before him. Dalles, derived from the French dalle, meaning a flagstone, is a name given by the voyageurs to deep, rocky chasms, forming a narrow passage for a river. In this passage of the St. Croix, the whole volume of the river is compressed into a narrow space between its rocky sides, only about one hundred feet in width, where the impetuosity of the current from the rapids above is checked to a quiet, deep flow, as in awe of the grandeur around. The high trappean rocks on each side, cut in grotesque forms by the former action of the water, and now left far above, represent stern sentinels, who never desert their post. The rock is a dark brown, with a shght cast of purple, and though porphyritic in character, is full of seams, as though some material of a softer nature had been interlarded between its adamantine layers, which the action of the water had moved. By frost and other agencies, these cliffs have 182 HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. been broken into cubical blocks, which lie strewn about their base, at some points tumbling down in huge piles, at others, scattered here and there. The striking features are, however, points where the disintegration has left tall columns formed of these same cubical blocks, piled one on top of the other to which fanciful names have been attrib- uted. His Satanic majesty has been especially- honored in their nomenclature. Another feature is striking, the abundance of pot-holes, or wells, as they are usually called, of various dimensions, found high up on the rocks, one hundred feet or more above the level of the stream, as well as near the bed of the river. Some are quite small in size and resem- ble in internal finish a teacup or small bowl, while others are immense in size and of considerable depth, resembling cisterns, the largest exceeding twenty-flve feet in diameter and depth. The walls of some are vertical, some bowl-shaped, smaller at the bottom, while others are like a bean pot, smaller at the top and spread- ing out at the bottom. The largest exammed was called the Devil's kitchen formed with reced- ing sides, having in the middle of the floor a table of the same trap rock with a flat surface adapted, we may Imagine, to the convenience of impish fes- tivities, though more recently we may hope aban- doned entirely to the tourists who here spread their picnics. Passing through a convenient door- way the Devil's ice-house is near at hand, exca- vated stUl deeper in the rock, filled as we found in early summer for the coming season. Near by are his caldrons, too, and his wood lot, the en- tire sides of the cliff. A little below, at a con- venient distance from his kitchen, is his lofty chair overlooking the damp, gloomy daUes and affording observation up and down the valley, where he might rest his weary feet on a platform far below and lean against the smooth hewed back. His chair is the most striking feature of the "dalles," formed by the piling up of huge cubical blocks of the porphyritic rock. The pot-holes or wells are supposed, and their form evidently bears witness to the fact, to be formed by the circling eddies of the rapid flowing stream whirling hard boulders against the sides until they are worn smooth, the wearing pebble or boulder being worn out in the process to be succeeded by another or many others untU the eddy ceases. The damp, shaded glen is fertile Mdth mosses and ferns of almost infinite variety, cUnging to the sides of the rocks and affording a pleasing re- lief to the eye by their varying colors. The at- mosphere strikes a damp chill in mid-summer when closed in by full foliage, and associating the weird scenery and damp shades with its imp- ish vocabulary, timid explorers are sometimes overawed and repelled. It would be strange if the Indians with their close observation of nature and awe of the grand, did not associate the wild and picturesque, exhib- ited here on all sides, with their pantheistic re- ligion. To the savage, that was sublime which to the intruding white man was only beautiful and perhaps simply useful. Evidences exist about the rocks themselves as well as in the testimony of the pioneers, who heard their legends, that here doom was pronounced by the evU spirit upon the cowards of their tribes who were not fit to inherit the happy hunting' grounds, reserved only to the brave. We leave to the tourist these scenes, and rec- ommend him to visit the "Colossal Cross," the "AVells," the "Devil's Chair," the "Balancmg Bock," "LoneKock," and the pretty, picturesque bridge over the river, where the rocky sides ap- proach so near together, that with a leaping-pole and a place to rest it in the middle, one might be tempted to try a spring across to avoid the "toU;" we, however, paid only thirty cents for the privi- lege of crossing and returning. Of the many light draft steamers that ply up and down the river, it was our good fortune to take the Jennie Hayes, Captaui Ben Knapp, and we owe much to the courtesy and information of the captain and olBcers, who afforded us every facility in their power for extending our know- ledge of this interesting region. Passing down, the attention is arrested continually by new feat- ures in the remarkable scenery. We soon reach the Lower Dalles, where a canon similar to that of the Upper Dalles has been .formed. Here the walls are vertical, the important difference in their appearance being an indication of more active agency of frost in dis- integrating their surfaces. Here much of the surface rock of the gorge, as originally chiseled LAKE SAINT CBOIX. 183 smooth by the action of th? water, has been riven and thrown down. The bluffs remind us occasionally of the pali- sades of the Hudson, though on a more modest scale, from the perpendicular walls surmounted by foliage and green herbage that might be im- agined closely shaven lawns. Leaving Franconia on our right, a little ham- let of small pretensions, we stopped at the village of Osceola, county seat of Polk county. This village is beautifully located high up on the bluffs, settled by the best stock of old New Eng- land, and though it partakes of the retrograde exhibited, throughout the valley, in material pro- gress, its citizens maintain the fresh intelligence and culture that belongs to the stock they repre- sent. Here the pleasing acquaintance with the genial Captain O. F. Knapp began, and in his company the remainder of the trip was made enlightened by his intelligent view of things, often suggesting events of the past, with which his long acquaint- ance with the navigation of the river, made him familiar. Though not remarkably rapid, the course of the river is very straight. Soon after leaving Osceola, " Eagle Point " is passed half a mile below, named from the eagle nests above its rocky crags, and, while on the point of rushing to the stern to obtain a longer view of the conspicuous cliff, the captain calls at- tention to the Mineral Spring house, half a mile further on, and thus from one thing to another, our attention is enlisted, and again distracted throughout the trip. A word about the mineral spring. The water here percolates through lime- stone, from which it derives calcareous, mag- nesian and other salts, giving rise to the mineral spring for which the town of Farmington is fam- ous, and bringing patronage to the Mineral Spring house. As this water surcharged with lime and magnesia pours over the cliffs, a portion of the mineral is deposited, taking the form of a coating of vegetation, especially moss, popularly termed petrified moss. The water is charged principally with bi-carbonates of lime and mag- nesia, together with other ingredients. Here we stop and obtain specimens, and see where lime kilns burn this moss-like deposit, and from it manufactures valuable lime. On the cliff we see the Eiverside hotel with its broad piazzas and beautiful location, inviting us to stop and be revived by the pure air and min- eral water, but we proceed on our way. The sides of the cliffs are covered with timber of smaU size, and of recent growth we are told, for before settlement- fires often swept over, burning the grass, shrubbery and everything of life, causing the bluffs to present a totally bare front. Near the lime kiln a cave was accidentally discovered, which at some time had been occu- pied, prior to the earliest history recorded in the valley. The entrance had perhaps been obstructed for centuries, when operations on the bank dis- closed it. Within were discovered bones of ani- mals, evidently used for food, and remnants of a fire. Two miles further and we reach Cedar Bend, where the old cedar projects over the river and marks the ancient division between Chippewa and Sioux. Ten miles below Osceola is Marine Mills, thel pioneer lumbering town of the valley, and so far down that it seems to have escaped the business stagnation of the Upper St. Croix. Here a fine town stands out, conspicuously exhibiting, in its churches, school buildings and industries, that we are again approaching business activity. Our little boat, that has been impeded all the way by the drive of logs which fill the stream, occasion- ally produchig a blockade, from which she was obliged to beat a retreat with her two barges of freight hugged to her sides, here finds great difll- culty in making a landing. The drive usually begins much later, and we meet here the employes of the boom company, and the pile driver, hurrying on the preparations for the logging season, thus precipitated upon them by the rise in the river. June 1st all would be ready, but the logs are coming in large numbers, about three weeks in advance. The steamboat strikesjbhe logs continually, with loud thumps that threaten her sides, and to back is impossible, for the stern paddle wheel picks up the logs and tears off her buckets. The preparations of the boom company consist in stretching booms on each side of the stream and attaching them to piles, to prevent logs from wandering off into the marshes and lakes which border the stream on both sides, especially dur- ing high water. For much of the distance be- 184 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. tween Stillwater and the Falls of St. Croix, the banks are naturally protected, but from what has been said of the valley it will be understood that the present channel of the river occupies but a small portion of the ravine cut out in former years by the rapid waters. On each side, at intervals, extensive marshes extend far from the main channel, which formerly caught much of the drive of logs. Operations of the boom com- pany have removed this diflflculty, and retain most of the logs in the main channel. Fre- quently, however, the companies are compelled to extricate, logs thus caught and return them to the river. We pass Areola six miles above Stillwater, Titcomb's landing a mile below, and Harriman's landing after another mile. General Harriman is an old settler, who has a flouring and saw-mill on Apple river, three mUes from this landing, where he ships the product of his mills. Near Stillwater the main stream is abandoned to logs and their rafting, and a canal excavated by the united capital of the boom company and the appropriations of the general government forms the channel for steamboats. We are here free from logs, and turning to the left leave the main channel. The logs occupy the river proper from the boom to Titcomb's land- ing three miles above, crowding out the steam- boats. Eeaching Stillwater, we are at the end of the trip of the Jennie, and reluctantly leaving her and her hospitable oflScers, we must seek other transportation. Here a draw bridge spans the Lake St. Croix, into which the river now merges, spreading out a mile in width forming a magnificent channel for steamers from the Missis- sippi, affording them depth enough and ample sea room. The scenery of this lake has been often de- scribed and will never cease to interest and de- light tourists by its lofty blufEs. Its waters are still and deep, well deserving the name of lake, extending twenty-five miles to the old town of Prescott. This lake from the earliest times, in- vited explorers from the Mississippi to its peace- ful waters, and it has in consequence been the theatre of some of the earliest events recorded in the north-west. We leave it and turn to the active scences connected vsdth its early set- tlement and the valley as a whole. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE ST. CBOIX RIVEK AND LAKE— OLD LAND- MARK— POKEatTMA MISSION INDIAN BATTLE -LETTERS FROM REV. MR. BOUTWBLL — TREATIES OF 1837 — FIRST SETTLEMENT. The St. Croix river takes its rise in upper St. Croix Lake, which is situated in Wisconsin, on the water shed which divides the St. Lawrence system from that of the Mississippi, deriving its waters in the upper portion from numerous small lakes, with which the water-shed is dotted. Flowing in a southerly direction to its junction with the Mis- sissippi it has been taken as the boundary line between the States of Minnesota and Wisconsin, becoming an important stream both in size and usefulness. The length of the river, following its tortuous course from its source to its mouth, is nearly 170 miles. It receives as tributaries, the Canoe, Yellow Pine, Crooked, Sand, Bear Creek, Kettle and Snake rivers, on the Minnesota side, of which the Snake with its several branches, viz: the Ground House creek. Fishing creek. Knife river' and Little Snake; and the Kettle vsith its branches, viz: the Grind Stone, Pine, Split Bock, Moose and Willow, are the principal, while innumerable smaller streams and rivulets add to its volume. After receiving its principal tributaries, it pours over rocks, forming, beauti- ful rapids, once largely used for manufacturing purposes, thence it pursues its uniform course about thirty miles, nearly to the city of Stillwater, where it expands in width, forming what is called Lake St. Croix, a sheet of water averaging three- quarters of a mile in width, extending to the mouth of the river, a distance from the point where the expansion begins, of about twenty-five miles. On the Wisconsin side of the river the tributaries are smaller and are, the Apple, Wolf, Trade, Wood, Clam, Willow and smaller streams. The valley drained by the St. Croix is nearly 140 miles m length, varrying in width from sixty miles at the widest point to much narrower di- mensions. The water of the lake is clear and palatable. The blufEs upon either side are bold and lofty, bearing strong resemblance to those of the upper Mississippi. The lake is naviga- OLD LAND MASK. 185 ble at the lowest stage of water for steamboats of the largest tonnage upon the Mississippi. Above the lake the river is navigable to Taylor's Falls, an enterprising and flourishing town. This was the country of the Chippewas and Sioux; the Chippewas occupied the northern por- tion and the Sioux the southern; it was, too, the scene of many a bloody battle between the hostile tribes. One old landmark remains about twelve miles below the falls of St. Croix, at what is called Ce- dar Bend, that is said to mark the dividing line between the Chippewas of the north and the Sioux of the south. This is an old cedar tree standing on a high bluff, or at least it probably once stood upright, but in reaUty it now leans far over the bluff straining its roots that are bedded in the soil above, and reaching far down with its tendrils on the abrupt bluff to catch in the moist soil below. All the valley of the St. Croix lying north of this tree was said to belong to the Chip- pewas, while that part of the vaUey south be- longed to the Sioux. The river was here called Cedar Bend, because of the cedars that lined the banks of the stream at this turn in its course. In the rocks near by are seen deep prints that resem- ble the impress of a horse's foot of mammoth dimensions. The Indians reverence these as the foot-prints of the Great Spirit's horse, supposing that he crossed the river at this point by leaping his horse over with such a violent stride that his feet were indented ia the solid rock. White men tore away the old Indian name, Hogan-wauke-kin, and gave the river new names. Father Hennepin says, in speaking of what is now the St. Croix: "This river is called the Tomb river, because the Issati left there the body of one of their warriors." On his map of the country of the Dakotas he also gives the name "The river of the Tomb," and marks the position of the falls. In his geographical description of the country he speaks of it as "a river fuU of rapids, by which, striking northwest, you can reach Lake Conde (Superior), that is as far as Ifamissakouat river, which empties into the lake." Later in 1700, Le Sueur speaks of it as the St. Croix, thus named because a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked at its mouth. Penicaud states that it was so called because of a cross planted over the remains of a voyageur. The first map which showed this valley was made in Paris in 1688, by Tillemont, upon which ap- pears Lakes Brade (Mille Lacs). Magdeline (St. Croix) and Prophet (Snake) river. The valley of the St. Croix was once a famous hunting ground of the Indians, and equally fam- ous as the battle ground of the contending tribes. It has been called the Golgotha of the Indians, because it was strewn with the skulls of their braves. Over this territory, as disputed land, one enemy pressed the other back and forth, according to the temporary advantage obtained by each. At Pokeguma (now Pokegama) lake, on Snake river, was an Indian village, where in later times a missionary station was estabUshed. This vil- lage was occupied by Dakotas as late as 1700, but subsequently it became by conquest the abode of the Chippewas. Rev. E. D. Neill says of it: " Pokeguma is one of the ' Mille Lacs,' or thou- sand beautiful lakes, for which Minnesota is re- markable. It is about four , or five miles in extent, and a mile or more in width. Its shores are strewn with boulders, that in a past geologic age, have been brought by some mighty impetus from the icy north. Down to the water's edge grow the tall pines, through which, for many years, the deer have bounded and the winds sighed mournfully, as they wafted away to dis- tant lands the shriek of many Dakota or Ojib- way mothers, caused by the slaughter of their children. The lake is situated on Snake river, about twenty miles above the junction of that stream with the St. Croix." The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, in 1836, established a mission among the Chippewas at Lake Pokeguma. Their mission house was on the east shore, but the In- dian vUlage was on an island in the lake. The efforts of the missionaries were devoted to the encouragement of the habits of civilization among the savages, inducing them to buUd houses like their own around the mission and to cultivate the land. They were encouraged in these labors by the purchase of the surplus provision raised. The women of the mission pursued the same policy on their part, encouraging the squaws to cleanliness and domestic arts. In a letter writ- ten by the missionaries in 1837, they say: " The young women and girls now make, wash andiron 186 HISTOBY OF THE SAIJUTT CBOIX VALLEY. after our manner. The men have learned, to build log houses, drive team, plough, hoe and handle an American axe, with some skill in cut- ting large trees, the size of which, two years ago, would have afforded them a sufHcient reason why they should not meddle with them." The traditions of the Indians point back in- definitely to struggles between the Chippewas and Sioux, indicating that their hostility has been, long standing, existing perhaps centuries before the advent of the white man. They inform us of great battles in the past, though such have rarely occurred in recent times: as evidence of this fact a curious mound is pointed out by them shaped like a turtle with the head pointing to- wards the west. This mound is at the portage between the Cut Foot Sioux and Big Fork, and the tradition is: The Sioux and Chippewas here met in large force, and after a furious battle the Chippewas were beaten and fled in confusion with much loss to the eastward. After the battle the Sioux,, to commemorate their victory, built the turtle, which to this day is perfectly defined in outline, with its head pointing to the east. Indicating the direc- tion in which their foes had fled. Soon, however, the Chippewas received re-inforcements, and re- turning renewed the battle. This time victory perched on the opposite banner, and the Sioux fled to the westward with as much precipitation as the Chippewas had exhibited after the first en- counter, but in an opposite direction. The Chip- pewas then to commemorate their victory and de- ride the Sioux, reversed the turtle by building a head at the west end and converting the head made by the Sioux into a tail. Thus reversed the turtle temains to verify the traditions of the tribes and to be a monument to the superior prowess of the Chippewas, who step by step drove to the south the Sioux who once occupied large villages as high as Leech Lake, and on the southern borders of Canada. The Ojibwas of the north had in company with other tribes formed an alliance in early times with the French. The Sacs and Foxes who usually occupied the country on the Fox river in Wisconsin, frequently hunted through the St. Croix Valley, and formed an alliance to wage war against these allies of the French. Their atti- tude placed them also in hostility to the French traders. Encouraged.and abetted by the French, the Ojibwas made incursions into Minnesota about 1726, with the purpose of driving out tribes hostile to the French by means of the fire-arms placed in their hands by them. Under the lead- ership of Bi-ans-wab, they drove the Dakotas from their homes in the north at Leech Lake, Mille Lacs and other points. Forced to take up their residences on lands below, and near the Valley of the St. Croix, frequent hunting excur- sions were made through this valley, and many a hostile encounter took place between the deter- mined foes. The last conflict between the Foxes and Ojibwas took place at St. Croix, the account of which is here condensed from that of the late Anglo-Ojibwa, Wm. W. Warren. Waub-o-jug, or White Fishe"", a famous war chief of Lake Superior summoned by means of his war club and wampum sent to all the scattered tribes of the Ojibwas, his combined forces to march against the Sioux village. The different bands responded by sending to- bacco as a favorable reply to the -message con- tained in the war club; emblems full of signifi- cance to savage intelligence. The band from Sandy Lake village were, however, behind time in meeting their appointment; Waub-o-jug, there- fore, proceeded cautiously down the St. Croix. On reaching the falls early in the morning, they were preparing to make the portage, when scouts sent forward to reconnoitre returned hurriedly to give information of a large party of Sioux and Foxes landing at the other end of the same portage. Instant preparation was made for the battle which was now inevitable, and as their presence had become known at the same time to their foes, the hostile parties met as if by mutual agree- ment, in the middle of the portage. The Ojib- was numbered but three hundred, and the Foxes seeing their own superiority in numbers and con- fident in their valor, requested the Sioux not to join in the fight, but to sit by and see how quickly they could rout the Ojibwas. Accordingly the Foxes alone encountered their old foes, and inch by inch the field was contested, many daring acts of personal prowess exhibiting the deadly nature of their hate. About noon the Foxes commenced yielding gi-ound, and at last were forced to flee in confusion. INDIAN BATTLE. 187 Fortunately the Sioux wlio had been smoking their pipes in what appeared stoical indifference now raised the war whoop and stopped the rout in season to save their allies who would otherwise have perished to a man. For a time the battle raged again with the greatest fury, until the Ojibwas having exhausted their ammunition were forced in turn to retreat. This retreat was just turning into a rout, at the head of the portage, when the tardy band from Sandy lake arrived at this opportune moment, and eager and fresh they withstood the onset of Sioux and Foxes, until their retreating friends could rally again to the battle. Victory again changed sides, and the former victors were forced back with great slaughter in their ranks. Many were driven over the rocks into the boiltug flood below, and every crevice in the cliffs contained a dead or wounded enemy. From this time the Foxes retired south and forever gave up the war with their victorious enemies. The old Ojibwa chief, Buffalo, of La Pointe, says that the fires of the Foxes were by this stroke nearly extinguished, and they were reduced to fifteen lodges. They were subsequently absorbed in the Algonquin tribe. Not so with the Sioux, whose prowess enabled them to sustain themselves, and in time to become more than a match for their former victors. Carver's first acquaintance with the Dakotas, or Sioux, commenced near the river St. Croix. He says: "Near the river St. Croix, reside bands of the Naudowessie Indians, called the Biver Bands. This nation is composed at present of eleven bands. They were originally twelve, but the Assinepoils, some years ago, revolting and separating themselves from the others, there re- main at this time eleven. Those I met here are termed the Kiver Bands, because they chiefly dwell near the banks of the river; the other eight are generally distinguished by the title of Naudo- wessies of the plains, and inhabit a country more to the westward. The names of the former are Nehogatawonahs, the Mawtawbauntowahs and Shashweentowahs." On the Otis farm, above Marine Mills, in the valley of the St. Croix, there are numerous mounds, and every appearance of an Indian set- tlement. Dakota tradition alleges that there was once a small and powerful band that lived above Lake St. Croix. The Mautauton Dakotas, which are spoken of by Le Sueur and Carver, may re- fer to these. Rev. S. W. Pond, in commenting on Indian warfare, states that great slaughters seldom oc- cur. He says: "Indeed, Indians consider it fool- hardiaess to make an attack when it is certain some of them will be killed. Bloody battles were seldom fought by them, except when the party attacked, rallied and made an unexpected resist- ance. The Dakotas had traditional accounts of very few battles where many were killed; yet, such an event, if it occurred, would not be soon forgotten. He often spoke of an attack made by the Chippewas long ago, on a party of Dakotas who were encamped by the Mississippi where Prescott now stands, in which many Dakotas were killed; also of a very successful winter cam- paign made by them against the Chippewas, some seventy or eighty years ago. But they told of very few great battles or great slaughters, and had preserved no definite account of the number killed. It is probable that some years, perhaps often, they lost more by murder and suicide than by war." Mr. Pond gives a report made up from his diary, showing the number of Indians killed during the ten years following 1835, to be only 214 men, women and children, and the greatest mas- sacre numbered seventy, mostly women and children caught unprotected. The Indian method of warfare was a cowardly one, creeping undiscovered to attack their enemy unprepared. If their approach was discovered be- fore the attack was made, the attacking party would withdraw, if possible, without striking a blow. If driven to bay, they would exhibit the desperate fighting qualities of animals under like circumstances, but their courage was of a kind showing itself more in fuss and feathers and washed off as easily as the war paint. The following is a letter from Eev. Mr. Bout- well, descriptive of an attack the Sioux made upon the Ojibway settlement, on Snake river, in consequence of which the Ojibwas were com- pelled to abandon the settlement. The letter bears date, September 28th, 1841, and is as fol- lows: "Here on the upper Lake St. Croix, several families came to pass the summer. They came 188 HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. forward and showed me the wounds they had re- ceived in the battle. The circumstances were briefly these: While our people were all quiet at home and busily engaged in planting and build- ing, one hundred and eleven Sioux came upon them, and one would have naturally supposed that they would have cut off the whole settle- ment. But no, the Lord wrought for the Ojib- was a most signal deliverance. Not one of our praying Indians or a member of their families was cut off. The Sioux had divided their num- ber into tens and secretly posted them so as to strike upon the different parts of the village at the moment a preconcerted signal should be given. The Lord frustrated their council and prevented a general slaughter. "Three Ojibwa young men had embarked in a canoe to cross over the lake, just opposite our house, taking with them two young girls to bring the canoe back. At the point where they landed lay a party of Sioux in ambush. Though the sig- nal had not been given, yet the Sioux could not resist the temptation, and the whole party fired into the canoe. The three young men jumped into the water and gained the shore and escaped, with only one wounded in the thumb. The Uttle girls waded into the lake and were pursued by the Sioux and dispatched with spears and war clubs. Their screams were distinctly heard by their parents and their dying agonies in the hands of their enemies were all witnessed and within half a mile of the mission door. This gave the alarm to the whole village. The women and children betook themselves to their canoes and fled for a small island in the lake. The attack soon began upon every part of the settlement. The men and the boys who could bear arms, about fifteen in all, gathered themselves in three houses, and defended themselves as well as they were able. Only a few days previous to the at- tack Mr. Ayer sent Mr. Coe to assist the Indians in fortifying one of the houses. Here they did some execution and damped the courage of their enemies. "The fathers of the two little girls who were killed, after seeing their children murdered be- fore their eyes, embarked in a canoe and came over from the island and killed one Sioux. They were so hard pushed they were obliged to return to their canoe. One of them plunged into the water, and swam with one hand and towed his friends in the canoe with the other, while the Sioux were on the shore with their rifles taking , aim at his head. The man literally swam and towed away his friend in a bark canoe, dodging the balls of his enemies falling on every side. This is no fiction, but a fact witnessed by Mr. Ely and others, who stood and saw .the whole affair. The result of the whole affair was, the Sioux lost two warriors, and killed two little girls, besides having some six or eight wounded in all. After the engagement subsided, Messrs. Ely and Coe went for the bodies of the two children. They found the heads severed, and a tomahawk stick- ing in each, one of which Mr. Ely has and designs to send you, still besmeared with the blood of one of his scholars. "The third day after the Sioux retreated, the Ojibways followed their trail and found the bodies of the two men. They scalped them, cut off their heads, and brought home the flesh and a part of the Umbs of one. The flesh they boiled and made a feast of it. Not many days after this affair, they fled and hardly an Indian has been seen at Pokegama since. After my arrival in June a party of six men from Mille Lac came and gave us a formal invitation to remove there with our people. In July I went to visit our people on the upper St. Croix and at La Pointe, whither they had fled. I informed them of the visit of the Mille Lac Indians, and that the Sioux are determined to prosecute the war. They were unanimous in saying we wUl return to Pokegama, and you must not leave us. A few days since I received a letter from one of the Mille Lac men, now at La Pointe, saying that he is coming to see us again, and that there will be tliree hundred Indians this winter at Mille Lac, and one of us must go and open school there. Our families have all been visited with sickness. * * ♦ * It is still a matter of doubt with us whether our Indians will venture back to winter by us, though they talk so strongly and are so unwilling to let us go to Mille Lac. The Lord I trust will direct; to Him we constantly look, and on Him we will wait." While missionaries were thus engaged in mor- al, humane and religious measures for the im- provement of the savage, the general government was not idle in formulating and enforcing expe- TBEATY WITH CmPFEWAS. 189 dients looking toward peaceful relations between the hostile trihes, and its decisive measures were productive of more permanent good than the sim- ple persuasions of the kindly-meaning mission- aries. Further, in view of the wants of the settler, it was determined by the government to open up the lumber district of the North-west by the purchase from the Indians of these lands. (Same, upon which they had relied for subsist- ence, had become scarce on the east side of the Mississippi, and white men were beginning their encroachments. In view of these facts the treat- ies in contemplation were pressed to consuma- tion. The year 1837 was a memorable one in the his- tory of the St. Croix Valley, for during, that year occurred the two Indian treaties which threw open to settlers the whole of the valley with its almost inexhaustible pineries, and the fine strip of agricultural land lying between the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers. The first of these treaties was made with the Chippewas July 29th, 1837., at St. Peters, now Mendota, by Gov. Dodge of Wisconsin, acting as commissioner of the United States government. We give the full text of the treaty. TEEATY. "Article 1. The said Chippewa nation cede to the United States all that tract of country in- cluded within the following boundaries: Beginning at the junction of the Crow Wing and Mississippi rivers, between twenty and thirty miles above where the Mississippi is crossed by the forty-sixth parrallel of north latitude, and running thence to the north point of Lake St. Croix, one of the sources of the St. Croix river; thence to and along the dividing ridge between the waters of Lake Superior and those of the Missis- sippi, to the sources of the Ocharsua-sepe, a tribu- ary of the Chippewa river; thence to a point on the Chippewa river, twenty miles below the out- let of Lake De Flambeau: thence to the junction of the Wisconsin and Pelican rivers; thence on an east course twenty-five miles; thence southerly on a course parallel with that of the Wisconsin river, to the line dividing the territories of the Chippewas and Menomonees; thence to the Plo- ver portage; thence along the southern boundary of the Chippewa country, to the commencement of the boundary Une dividing it from that of the Sioux, half a day's march below the falls on the Chippewa river: thence with said boundary Une to the mouth of the Wah-tap river at its junction with the[^^Mississippi river, to the place of begin- ning. Article 2. In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the United States agree to make to the Chippewa nation, annually, for the term of twenty years from the date of the ratification of this treaty, the following payment: 1. Mne thousand five hundred dollars to be paid in money. 2. Nineteen thousand dollars to be delivered in goods. 3. Three thousand dollars for establishing blacksmith shops, supporting the blacksmiths and furnishing them with iron and steel. 4. One thousand dollars for farmers, and for supplying them and the Indians with implements of labor, with grain or seed, and whatever else may be necessary to enable them to carry on their agricultural pursuits. 5. Two thousand dollars in provisions. 6. Five hundred dollars in tobacco. The pro- visions and tobacco to be delivered at the same time with the goods, and the money to be paid ; which time or times, as well as the place or places where they are to be delivered, shall be fixed upon, under the direction of the President of the United States. The blacksmith-shops to be placed at such points in the Chippewa country as shall be desig- nated by the superintendent of Indian affairs, or under his direction. If at the expiration of one or more years, the Indians should prefer to receive goods, instead of nine thousand dollars to be paid to them in money, they shall be at liberty to do so, or, should they conclude to appropriate a portion of that annuity to the establishment and support of a school, or schools, among them, this shall be granted. Article 3. The sum'of one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid by the United States to the half-breeds of the Chippewa nation, under the di- rection of the president. It is the wish of the In- dians that their two sub-agents, Daniel P. Bush- nell and Miles M. Vineyard, superintend the dis- 190 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. tribution of this money among their half-breed relations. Article 4. The sum of seventy thousand dol- lars shall be applied to the payment, by the United States, of certain claims against the In- dians, of which amount, twenty-eight thousand dollars shall, at their request, be paid to William A. Aitkin, -twenty-five thousand dollars to Lyman M. Warren, and the balance applied to the liqui- dation of other just demands against them — which they acknowledge to be the case with re- gard to that presented by Hercules L. Dousman, for the sum of five thousand dollars ; and they request that it be paid. Article 5. The privilege of hunting, fishing, and gathering the wild rice upon the lands, the rivers and tlie lakes included in the territory ceded, is guaranteed to the Indians, during the pleasure of the president of the United States. Article 6. This treaty shall be obligatory froin and after its ratification by the president and sen- ate of the United States. Done at St. Peter, in the territory of Wiscon- sin, the 29th day of July, 1837. (Signed) Henkt Dodge, Commissioner. From Leach Lake — Chiefs": Aish-ke-bo-ge- koshe, or Flat Mouth; E-che-o-san-ya, or the El- der Brother. Warriors : Pe-che-kins, the Young Buffalo; Ma-ghe-ga-bo, or La Trappe; O-he-gua- daus, the Chief of the Earth; Wa-bose, or the Rabbit; Che-a-na-quod, or the Big Cloud. From Gull Lake and Swan Elver— Chiefs: Pa- goo-na-kee-zhig, or the Hole in the Day; Songa- ko-mig, or the Strong Ground. Warriors: Wa- boo-jig, or the White Fisher; Marwu-da, or the Bears Heart. From St. Croix Elver— Chiefs: Pe-zhe-ke, or the Buffalo; Ka-be-ma-be, or the Wet Mouth. Warriors: Pa-ga-we-we-wetlng, Coming Home Hollering; Ya-banse, or the Young Buck; Kis- ke-ta-wak, or the Cut Ear. From Lake Courteoville— Chiefs: Pa-qua-a-mo, or the Wood Pecker. From Lac De Flambeau — Chiefs: Pish-ka-ga- ghe, or the White Crow; Na-wa-ge-wa, or the Knees; 0-ge-ma-ga, orthe Dandy; Pa-se-quam-jis, or the Commissioner; Wa-he-ne-me, or the White Thunder. From La Pointe (on Lake Superior)— Chiefs: Pe-zhe-ke, or the Buffalo; Ta-qua-ga-na, or Two Lodges Meeting; Cha-che-que-o. From Mille Lac— Chiefs: Wa-shask-ko-kone, or Eat's Liver; Wen-ghe-ge-she-guk, or the First Day. Warriors: Ada-we-ge-shik, or Both Ends of the Sky; Ka-ka-quap, or the Sparrow. From Sandy Lake— Chiefs: Ka-nan-da-wa-vfin- zo, or Le Brocheux; We-we-shau-shis, the Bad Boy or Big Mouth; Ke-che-wa-me-te-go, or the Big Frenchman. Warriors: Na-tarme-garbo, or the Man that Stands First; Sarga-targun, or Skimfc. From Snake Eiver— Chiefs: Nandin, or the Wind; Sha-go-bai, or the Little Six; Pay-arjik, or the Lone Man; Na-qua-narbie, or the Feather. Warriors: Ha-tan-wa; Wa-me-te-go-zhins, the Little Frenchman; Sho-ne-a, or Silver. From Fond du Lac (on Lake Superior)— Chiefs; Mang-zo-sit, or the Loon's Foot; Shing-go-be, or the Spruce. From Eed Cedar Lake — Mont-so-mo, or the Murdering Yell. From Eed Lake — Francois Goumeau {a half- breed.) From Leech Lake — Warriors; Sha-wa-ghe-zhig, or the Sounding Sky; Wa-saw-ko-ni-a, or Yellow Eobe. Signed in presence of Verplanck Van Ant- werp, secretary to the commissioner; M. M. Vine- yard, United States Sub- Indian agent; Daniel P. Bushnell; Law. Taliafero, Indian agent at St. Peters; Martin Scott, Captain Fifth Eegiment In- fantry, J. Emerson, assistant surgeon, United States Army; H. H. Sibley, H. L. Dousman, S. C. Stambaugii, E. Lockwood, Lyman M. War- ren, J. W. Nicollet, Harmen Van Antwerp, Wm. H. Forbes, Jean Baptiste Dubay, Interpreter; Peter Quinn, Interpreter; S. Campbell, United States Interpreter; Stephen Bonga, Interpreter; Wm. W. Coriell. To the Indian names were subjoined a mark and seal. The other treaty was concluded at Washington in the fall of 1837, (September 29) with the Da- kotas. Bv the terms of this treaty all their lands were ceded, lying east of the Mississippi, includ- ing all the islands therein. They received there- for, three hundred thousand dollars, to be in- vested in five per cent, stocks, the income of which shall be paid to them annually;, one hundred and BEYELOPMENT OF THE COUNTBY. 191 ten thousand dollars to be divided among the mixed bloods; and ninety thousand dollars to payment of debts owed by the tribe, etc. The ratification of these treaties was a very ! important event for Minnesota, sounding, as it were, the key note for the settlement of the state, and from this time on, settlers began to arrive and people the St. Croix Valley. The first attempt at settlement on the St. Croix was the claim made by military officers stationed at Fort Snelling. This took place in 1827, and their occupancy continued under a color of title until about 1840, covering a large tract of land at the intersection of the St. Croix and the Missis- sippi rivers. Although this claim proved abortive in consequence of an act of congress prohibiting military ofiicers from usurping the rights of citi- zens while in the employment of and enjoying com- pensation from the United States government, the result of this attempt was the establishment of Philander Prescott in the enjoyment of 160 acres of land, forming a part of the original claim. Mr. Prescott had been an Indian interpreter and farmer under the government and was at the time of the passage of the act referred to, residing on the land attempting to hold the whole exten- sive claim in trust for the oflacers interested therein. The awe-inspiring frown of the officers of the fort, whose power was respected and whose rights were not fully understood by pioneers for a long time, prevented settlement and progress at this point. Settlement was, therefore, pushed fur- ther up the river and for a long time assumed the character of lumbering camps without permanent improvements. The settlement at the falls of St. Croix in 1837 was the most important of the these, and the next made. The pioneers of every western state are by na- ture, fortune-seekers. The love of nature and romantic scenery does not determine settlement, and further, as the love for his new home is yet to be developed, the settler is still looking west- ward and cannot be called a fixture until children have grown up around his hearth and the heart strings have become entangled among the new associations. Too often before these ties are ce- mented he acts the part of a vandal, by cutting trees and recklessly wasting the store of wealth laid up by the generous hand of nature in the soil and foUage. Many of the pioneers of the St. Croix valley,' long felt that it was not their future home. They came with ax on shoulder, purposing to do the, work of hardy lumbermen, make what could be made here in dollars and cents, and then move on to new fields of couquest. To locate sixty miles from a post-office, and receive mail and supplies by semi-annual communication with the outside world, with a purpose of waiting for the world to open communication with them during their life would have been presumption, to say the least, on the part of our pioneers. The development of the country surpassed their fondest predictions, and what would have seemed altogether improbable at first, has become true, viz: this has become the home of their choice. '] The word home covers it all, implying in itself the institutions that follow the settlement of en- lightened people, the church, the school, and the associations of agreeable people in ties of warm friendship. The feature which attracted settle- I ment to the St. Croix Valley was the pine forests ' on its tributaries, taken with the facilities for i its manufacture into lumber and convenience of i transportation to good markets. The pine for- ' ests of Minnesota extend in a broad belt from the upper St. Croix Valley northwesterly across the tributaries of the St. Croix and the Mississippi to Red Lake. The numerous streams by which this extensive tract is interlaced, enables the compa- nies that cut logs during the winter to drive them during the spring freshets to the seats of lumber manufactories, of which the principal ones now are Minneapolis on the Mississippi, and Stillwater and other points on the St. Croix. The largest amount of logs at any part of the St. Croix Valley are cut and rafted down the Kettle and Snake rivers and the Wisconsin tributaries from sixty to one hundred miles "above Taylor's Falls. The valuable water-power at the Falls of St. Croix had long tantalized speculative explorers, and was remarked as an attractive and romantic spot for settlement, in addition to the wealth seen in the power of the falls, should it be developed. In 1837, Franklin Steele, who had acted as pri- vate secretary for General Jackson, and at the close of his administration had taken the advice of the general to embark in western enterprise on the upper Mississippi, started from Fort Snelling in a birch bark canoe, propelled by eight men. 192 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. and descending the Mississippi river to the mouth of the St. Croix, ascended that river and made a claim at the falls, which included the water- power, building a log claim cabin in which to place a tenant to protect his rights according to the code of squatter sovereignty. This claim was made on the Wisconsin side of the river. Franklin Steele was a native of Ches- ter county, Peimsylvania, and brought with him, in addition to a large amount of natural talent and energy, some capital and much political in- fluence. A company was at once formed, consisting of Franklin Steele, W. S. Hungerford, Dr. Fitch, James Libbey, B. F. Titcomb, James Livingston and "W. S. Holcombe as members, with the last named member, Mr. Holcombe, as general mana- ger. Mr. Steele, however, both by the advice of Gen- eral Jackson before setting out, and his own judgment after viewing the country, had deter- mined to secure if possible, the more valuable lo- cation, at what is now the city of Minneapolis. Succeeding in this his original plan, he disposed of his interests at St. Croix, and transferred his energies to the development of the interests at the falls of St. Anthony. Pending the ratification of the treaty, opera- tions at St. Croix were delayed, but in 1838, W. S. Hungerford, Livingston and company, began the work with energy, and in 1840, finished the mill. The old steamer Palmyra, Captain Hol- land, from St. Louis, had brought up men, stores and mill machinery, and a general supply for the lumber camp. She arrived at St. Croix, Jidy 17th, 1838 ; prob- ably the most important part of her cargo, large though it was, consisted of the news budget, of which the sum total and that which embraced all was the oflBcial notice of the ratification of the treaty made at Fort Snelling the previous year, and ratified by the senate on the 15th of June. This force not only built the mill, dam and water-race, but buildings were soon going up at different points on the townsite. Stores and sa- loons were built, and around them congregated Indians and half-breeds, besides the mechanics and laborers occupied in building the future city. Wages were high and all was bustle and activity. Among those engaged in the work were J. L. Taylor, H. N. Setzer, J. W. Ludden, Patrick Fox, William Colby, Elam Greeley, John Mc- Kusick, Jacob Fisher, Ehas McKean, Martin Mower, D. B. Loomis, and others whose names are enrolled among the pioneer aristocracy of Minnesota. We give below a letter written by J. M. Mul- len, of Taylor's Falls, as a fitting introduction to some early settlers and descriptive of things as they were in 1840 on the St. Croix river. "It was in April, 1840, nearly forty-one years ago, that the old steamer Tennessee could have been seen lying at the landing at St. Louis with steam escaping fi'om her steam-pipes, and the black smoke rolling from her chimneys. The crew was busy engaged in taking on board a laige supply of stores, mill machinery and general merchan- dise. About eighty passengers were on board, ■ the boat having been chartered by the St. Croix lumber company for a trip to the falls of the St. Croix, then the new "Eldorado," the pine re- gion of the then territory of Wisconsin. Every- thing being aboard, the lines were let go, the last tap of the bell was heard, and the steamer slowly moved from her moorings into the stream and was headed on her course. The city was soon passed and lost sight of by the bends in the river; almost every nook and corner was covered with freight. The cooks were busy preparing meals for passengers and crew, while the clerk had regis- tered on his books the names of W. S. Holcombe, Dr. Fitch, W. S. Hungerford, J. L.' Taylor, W. S. Libby, J. W. Furber, Daniel McLean and W. O. Mahoney, names that have since become historic in the St. Croix valley. But few small towns were seen along the lone banks of the Mississippi, and after passing the little town of Dubuque the evidences that tliey were beyond the bounds of civilization, and near the haunts of the red man, were plainly visible. Frequently would be met a lot of natives in their birch-bark canoes, hideous in their war paint, and as the steamer passed they would make the woods ring with a savage war whoop. "After a voyage of fourteen days the boat en- tered Lake St. Croix, an event that pleased all on board, glad that the journey was so nearly ended. The steamer glided swiftly over the lake's smooth surface, and soon reached its head, at which place was a trading post kept by Joe. Brown. STABYINQ TIME. 193 About twelve miles up the river could be seen a lone cabin. As the steamer approached the land; ing, the entire population was on hand to greet the boat, among them Orange Walker, Hiram Berkey, Asa Parker, David Hone, William Dibble, Samuel Burkleo and others. Mrs. David Hone, the only white lady in the place, was stand- ing in her cabin door. They were at work get- ting the frame ready for a new saw-mill; a por- tion of the machinery had arrived some time be- fore. After passing Marine Mills, not a habita- tion of any ktad was seen along the river. It was evening when the Tennessee reached the dalles, and her passengers gazed with wonder on the high, perpendicular rocks which rose majes- tically on either side. As the escape of steam from the pipes of the boat could be heard for miles, the entire population was on hand and looked with amazement at the steamer. It was indeed a mixed crowd, white, Indians and half- breeds. Soon all hands had climbed the high cliffs, and took the trail that led to the village of St. Croix Falls. "The arrival of the Tennessee was the opening up of civilization, and the lumber business on the St. Croix." CHAPTEE XXXV. DISTANCE FBOM POST-OFFICE — STAEVING TIME — FIBST FAKMERS — FIRST COUKT— FIRST SUR- VEY — SUSPENSIOlir OF BUILDING AT FALLS OF ST. CEOIX— SAW MILLS — JUDGE JOEL FOS- TER. In the spring of 1840 the inhabitants of St. Croix numbered only twenty men; at Marine were found ten or twelve. These settlers had no post- oflBce nearer than Fort Snelling, sixty miles away. Indeed, the post-office at the fort was the only office in the whole north-west above Prairie du Chien, and received its mail monthly, carried by half-breeds in canoes, on sledges or on their backs. Letters for the whole valley were therefore ad- dressed to Port Snelling, and the fortunate or un- 13 fortunate man to whom a letter came, got it as he could and made reply subject to the same incon- venience. This continued until 1848, when offices were established both at Point Douglas and St. Croix. At this date only two shipments of supplies were received during the year; these came up the river, spring and fall, and it demanded good hus- bandry on the part of settlers to make provisions and supplies hold out. Fortunately game was abundant and enabled pioneers to extend their supplies; at times, even this was their only de- pendance. It sometimes happened that a steam- er, loaded with supplies, would be prevented by the ice of an early winter from reaching the up- per country. It happened more than once that not a pound of flour or pork could be purchased above Prairie du Chien. In the winter of 1844 such a scarcity of pro- visions occurred, ending in what was called at St. Croix the "starving time," though actual starva- tion was not reached, for the pluck of a few was sufficient to cut a road in the spring, fifty miles to Fort SneUing, haul shingles through and obtain in exchange condemned army pork. It is even reported that they imitated the rag-pickers of our cities in sorting over heaps of garbage around the fort, carrying such refuse back with them. George W. BrowneU, engaged in a geological survey for the United States government, passed through this vaUey while the inhabitants were in this sad predicament and dispensed to the suffer- ing settlers all the provisions at his disposal. This starving time lasted about two months be- fore the first steamer from below arrived with supplies. Usually, however, fish in the streams, and large and small game on the land sufficed to tide over such times of scarcity. The Indians were always friendly, except on rare occasions when the whisky of the white man made them entirely reckless and irresponsible. Gen. Furber says: "We often came in contact with their war parties, but always on the best of terms, both tribes being anxious to keep- the good will of the white man, from whom they received many faVors. I have been upon some of their battle grounds, even before they were cleared of their carnage, but in all my early contact, I never but once felt that my personal safety was in dan- ger and on that occasion the danger was wholly 194 HISTOBY OF THE SAINI CBOIX VALLEY. caused by the dealing out to the Indians of whis- ky by a trader. White man's whisky was the cause, as it generally has been, of all the trouble." Although Lieutenant Camp, of Fort Snelling in 1823, had proved the fertility of the soil of Min- nesota, and proved too, that owing to the rapid- ity of growth, ordinary crops would come to full maturity in spite of the short season, still the set- tlers of the valley were long incredulous on the subject. It would seem, too, that observation of the Indians who raised corn in considerable quan- tities would have stimulated experiments in farm- ing among the early settlers, but facts prove them intent on lumbering, and as previously in- timated, they seem to have entertained no idea of permanent settlement, but planned to slash the timber, snatch what could be made imme- diately available and abandon the land. Honor is due to Joseph Haskell and J. S. Nor- ris for exhibiting a diflferent spirit and inaugurat- ing genuine farming in the valley. Indeed they were the first men who cultivated land in Min- nesota to a sufficient extent to be worthy the name of farmer. Joseph Haskell settled at Afton, now in Washington county, in 1839, and the fol- lowing year broke the first land, becoming thus the pioneer farmer of Minnesota. J. S. Norris, a brother-in-law of Mr. Haskell settled at Cottage Grove, a neighboring town, and began breaking his farm in 1841. These first farms were about six miles apart. The business of farming having been inaugurated, it increased as is usual in set- tlements and created new demands. The first mill for grinding com and grain in Minnesota, aside from the old government mill at the Falls of St. Anthony, was built in 1843 by Samuel Bowles on Bowles creek. This was a small mill, having one pair of eighteen-inch stones, but without a bolt- ing apparatus. The custom of farmers in the vi- cinity at this time, was to carry their small grists of wheat to the mUl, where it was crushed; after- ward at home it was sifted and, reports say, made admirable bread. In 1846, Mr. Bowles introduced the first bolting cloth, and it can be said of this, as of his mill, that it was the first introduced north of Prairie du Chien. The first court held in the county, was at Still- water, in June, 1847, with Charles Dunn as judge; Joseph B. Brown, clerk; M. S. Wilkinson, prose- cuting attorney. This court was held in accord- ance with an act passed by the legislature of the territory of Wisconsin of the same year, by which the county of St. Croix was established for judicial purposes with the county seat at StUl- water. In 1848 General Sibley was appointed delegate to congress for the territory of Wisconsin, after the state of Wisconsin had been admitted. As a portion of the original territory of Wisconsin, which included all the land lying between the Mississippi and the St. Croix was not embraced in the state of Wisconsin as organized in 1848, it appeared plain to the citizens that it was either entirely without government, left out in the cold, , or the jurisdiction of the old territory of Wiscon- sin still continued in force. Much discussion en- sued, but Governor Sibley was appointed delegate, and after much dispute at Washington, was ad- mitted to his seat, as delegate for the territory of Wisconsin. To his efforts, while such delegate, is due the act organizing the territory of Minne- sota. The first survey in this territory was be- gun ia August, 1847, by the United States gov- ernment, with the following force of surveyors: Henry A. Wittse, contractor for the survey on the fourth meridian, and third correction line; James M. Marsh, in charge of survey under Wiltse, and also contractor for survey of township lines; subordinate employes, Mahlon Black, John Mobley, John Smith, I. Seeley, John BothweU, A. B. Howland. The instructions of the war department, under whose direction the survey was made, since at this date there was no department of the interior, were to make a lineal, topographical, and geologi- cal survey of the country, and submit a full report. It was found, however, that this was impracticable, as the special knowledge required, exceeded the province of the sui-veyors, though skilled in their own special branch of service, and the department finally assigned the geological department to Hon. Robert Dale Owen, who with a corps of assistants, accompanied the expedi- tion taking charge of his special part. Mr. Owen had at this time acquired a wide reputation in literature, and as a social reformer; following the example of his father the distinguished social reformer of Scotland, and sustaining the reputa- tion of the family name. From 1843 to 1847 he represented the first dis- TOWNSHIP SUBVEY. 196 trict of Indiana in congress, acting with the dem- ocratic party. He took an active part in the settlement of the north-western boundary ques- tion, serving as a member of the committee of conference on that subject. His subsequent career is familiar to the reading public. The fourth principal meridian had already been extended from the mouth of the Illinois river north to township twenty-four. This . sur- vey extended the Une to the mouth of the Mon- treal river, ajid established a monument on Lake Superior July 4th, 1848; this monument to be the termination of the fourth principal meridian. After completing this meridian line the party de- scended the Chippewa river in canoes as far soutli as practicable, when they traveled easterly across the country until they found the north line of town- ship thirty, on said meridian as established. They then run the north boundary of thirty, this being the third correction line, extending the same west from the fourth principal meridian to the Missis- sippi river. The purpose at that time was to make a land line the division of states; for the valley of the St. Croix was from the nature of its settlement and the unity of its interests, well situated to form one intergal section. It was also supposed that jealousies would arise in case of a disruption in consequence of the rivalry that usually springs up between two adjoining enterprising and grow- ing states. Of course the result is known; the val- ley is divided, and the anticipated jealousies have to some extent arisen. This was a detached survey for the purpose of reaching the pineries of the north-west, and the contract for the township surveys made with Mr. Marsh, included all west of range fifteen and south of the north boundary of township thirty- two north, and west to the Mississippi river; a triangular section including the settlements on the lake and river St. Croix, Point Douglas, Still- water and Marine and on the Mississippi, St. Paul and St. Anthony, the northern boundary crossing Cedar Bend on the St. Croix river. This was the limitation of the original survey, and was eight months in progress, ending with the meandering of White Bear Lake, the last item in the survey, December 25th, 1848, when the surveying party was disbanded. This area was thus townshiped and sub-divid- ed and ready for sale. By this survey the department at Washington supposed that the great bulk of the pine lands of the north-west would be included and opened for occupation and settlement, whereas it proved that only a small portion was thus embraced. This fact shows at what a recent date the to- pography and resources of the north-west were unknown even to the departments at Washington. Much more was it an unknown land to the citi- zens at large. This ignorance of the country was further ex- hibited by the surveying party, for, misjudging the length of the meridian line first run, and making the point of departure a base of supplies, they started with such outfit and supplies as they deemed necessary to accomplish the object of reaching Lake Superior. Provisions, however, failed and the party were subjected to great hard- ship. Abandoning their line and subsisting on the saliva of trees, they struck directly for the lake. The point at which the line was abandoned was just south of Porcupine mountains, and ascend- ing the high land in crossing, they joyfully saw the lake, apparently quite near. It proved, how- ever, to be fifteen miles from this water-shed be- tween the waters of the St. Lawrence system and that of the Mississippi to Lake Superior. Prom this high land they-could plainly see the Madeline islands in the lake, though twenty-five miles dis- tant, and saw some object not clearly distinguish- able, which proved to be the schooner Napoleon sailing into the harbor of La Pointe. They proceeded in a random course from the mountains and reached the upper falls of the Montreal river, where they discovered a miner's shanty on the opposite side of the river from them. Wading over they discovered it to be va- cant and locked, but, their hunger proving too great for ceremony, they burst in only again to be disappointed, for only a little rude furniture and bedding was found, and no provisions. A trail from the shanty, however, led them in a di- rection where they heard the barking of a dog, and soon found an occupied shanty ; but a man seen in the distance, ran in and locked the door, for one sight was enough. Our gentleman sm-- veyors were in a sad plight, clothes nearly torn of by their scramble through the brush, and drabbled 196 HI8T0BY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VAZLEY. with mud and water from wading, they were more frightful than Indians in war paint. After some persuasion, admittance was gained, and with still greater reluctance provisions to a small amount were furnished. The cabin was occupied by two men as claim keepers for the Michigan Copper Mining Company. Thus furnished our adventurers pressed on to the mouth of Bad river, half way to La Pointe, where they camped, and next day reached a point on the river, opposite La Pointe, built a signal fire, by which a reUef party from the fort were attracted, and obtained transportation to the station on the other side — this was a trading station of Borup and Oakes, an ancient post on Lake Superior. Provisions and equipage were here obtained that enabled the little party to resume their line and complete the survey. At this time our party saw the JuUa Palmer, the first steamer on Lake Superior, which had re- cently been transferred over the ways of the Sault St. Marie. Three schooners were at this time plying on the lake. They met Hon. Henry M. Rice and party, who went up by canoes to meet at La Pointe, Gen. H. Dodge, the governor of the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of making a treaty with the Chippewas. The In- dians were present in large numbers and pre- sented a remarkably fine appearance, clean and in good clothing. Financial embarassment, and at last insolvency, interrupted operations at St. Croix Palls. The changes in ownership of stock brought in James Perrington, an experienced lumberman from Maine, as a member of the company, and in 1847 Caleb Cushing, the distinguished lawyer, politician and author from Massachusetts, be- came interested in the enterprise. The circum- stances attending his connection with the com- pany were as follows: while on a western tour he fell in with Mr. Perrington on a steamer on Lake Superior, as the latter was returning from a trip East, and was induced to accompany him up the Brule and down the St. Croix. Mr. Cushing was delighted with the falls, and determined to make an investment in the stocli of the company. A new company was then formed with a capital stock of $60,000, and business was once more resumed. The newi company was composed of Isaac I. Green, Caleb Cusliing, William S. Hungerford, James Perrington and J. T. Christy. Soon, however, the financial crisis came on, and in 1848 lumber would not bring half its cost. The company was, therefore, forced to suspend, and litigation followed between the members of the firm, growing out of the claim itself, which not only stopped all operations, but ended in the general demolition of the works. St. Paul about this time took its start, and attracted many who had been interested at the Falls of St. Croix. In 1857 a new start was taken under Colonels Bodfish and Murphy. They made some valuable improvements, but continued only about a year, leaving the United States marshal, sheriff and constable to sell ofE a large part of the lands and some personal property. The property then continued idle until 1870, when with a great swell came a Swede nobleman. Count Taub, with some two or three hundred workmen, whose purpose seemed only to defraud his confiding victims. After getting a few months' labor out of the poor immigrants, and what he could otherwise of portable property, he returned to Sweden. Though the company at St. Croix was the first organized, a number of energetic men from Marine, Illinois, induced by reports made of this timber country by Lewis S. Judd and David Hone, from exploration made by them in the fall of 1838, organized a company in Hlinois, and May 13th, 1839, began work at the point now known as Marine Mills, named from the original home of its members, and in the fall of the same year, started their muley saw, thus becoming the pioneers in Imnber in the St. Croix Valley. The saw-mill at StUlwater was the third, buUt in 1844, by John McKusick and Company. In 1845, the next was built at Osceola, Wisconsin, by Wm. Kent and others. In 1847, one at Areola, by Mr. Mower; in 1849, one at Hudson, by east- ern capitalists; in 1850, one at Hudson by Joseph R. Brown; in 1850, one at Stillwater, by Sawyer and Ileaton; in 1852, one in Lakeland, by Moses Perrin; in 1852, one at Areola, by Mr. Mower; in 1863, one at Bay town, by Nelson, Carlton and Company, two in Stillwater, in 1854, one of which was built by Hersey, Staples and Company, and the other by Schulenberg and Company, and one at Prescott. LUMBEEING OPEEATIONS. 197 The six mills first built were operated by water- power; of those mentioned, the water-power milj last built was that at Hudson, in 1849. The year 1850, marks the era of steam-mills in the valley; during that year two were built, and of the eight mentioned, the remainder were built in 1852-3 and '4. The business began with the simple flut- ter wheel and single sash saw of the old Marine mill, but increased business soon compelled the introduction of improved machinery. Little by little the business has increased in dimensions- In 1855, fourteen mills located in the valley op- erated fifty gang, four rotary and twenty-nine sash saws with an annual cut of 34,900,000 feet of lumber, with thirteen lath saws making 18,- 600,000 lath. The largest at that time, was the mill of Hersey, Staples and Company, with its thirty saw gang and an annual cut of 12,000,000 feet. To facilitate lumbering operations the St. Croix boom company was incorporated February 7th, 1851; capital stock fixed at $10,000 with the priv- ilege of increasing it to $25,000; Incorporators, Orange Walker, John McKusick, George B. Judd, Levi Churchill, Socrates Nelson, Daniel Mears,"W. H. C. Folsom and William Kent. In 1856, the St. Croix Boom Corporation into which the pre- vious company was merged, was incorporated by Martin Mower, W; H. C. Folsom, Isaac Staples, Christopher Carli and Samuel Benkles. The capital stock of this company was fixed at f25,- 000 with the privilege of increasing it to $50,000. The privilege waS' subsequently obtained to in- crease the capital to $100,000, of which amount $97,000 has been subscribed. The amount of logs rafted by the St. Croix Boom Corporation previous to 1865, did not exceed in any one year 50,000,000 feet. In 1865 the amount rafted amounted 105,000,000 feet. Since that date the amount has been about 150,000,000 feet annually, and for the last five years the amoimt shipped has been nearly 200,000,000 feet. During the year 1865 the entire amount of the lumber business of the St. Croix VaUey is epito- mized in the following statement of the business of the St. Croix Boom Corporation, through which are passed the whole amount of logs which go to or below Stillwater, also of the amount rafted at or held in other booms, and of the amount sawed during the year. The boom company began its operations April 15th, closing October 15th, employing a force of eighty men. During this period they passed through the boom 100,000,000 feet of logs and 40,000 cedar posts; logs run through Folsom'sboom 10,000,000 feet; on hand in the spring of 1865, 10,000,000 feet; sawed by Schulenburg, Boeckeler & 'Co. at Stillwater, 11,700,000 feet; sawed by Hersey, Staples & Co. at Stillwater, 6,000,000 feet; run in brails to be sawed at Hudson, Afton, Glenmont, Prescott, Hastings and Bed Wing, 9,000,000 feet; total amount of logs 155,700,000 feet; logs left in the booms at the time of the close, October 15th, 1865, 22,000,000 feet. Deducting from the total amount scaled the logs remaining on hand, the remainder 138,700,000, went to market in the form of lumber and logs. Of this amount 22,550,000 was sawed on the St. Croix and 110,950,000 was exported in the form of logs. Nearly all this lumber was manufactured at Stillwater; Schulenburg, Boeckeler & Co. manu- facturing 11,700,000 feet of lumber, 1,350,250 shingles, 2,449,300 lath; Hersey, Staples & Co., 5,987,217 feet of lumber, 1,009,645 shingles, 1,699,- 880 lath. The estimated value of logs passed through the booms, added to the value of manu- factured lumber at market prices, gave a total for the year 1865, of about $1,400,000, according to the most reliable information within reach. The lumber product of 1870 amounted to 191,- 577,776 feet of logs scaled by the surveyor gene- ral; total value of the product, $2,126,848.62. The product of 1871 amounted to 149,777,235 feet scaled, valued at $2,122,139, showing that the product fell ofi 41,800,541 feet from that of the preceding year, but the total value, owing to increased price of lumber, was nearly as great as that of the former year. In 1872, the logs from the St. Croix boom amounted to 205,000,000 feet; total value, $2,358,- 000. The prices obtained were as follows: logs, $10.50 per thousand ; manufactured lumber, $14.00 per thousand. We clip from the North Star, in regard to lum- bering business of the St. Croix in 1872: "The lumbering establishments on the St. Croix are seventeen mills and two booms, with a capital invested of $500,000. These mills are capable ef turning out 35,000,000 feet of lumber, 10,000,e;00 198 HTSTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. lath, and 15,000,000 shingles annually, the total value of which is at least one-half mUlion dollars." The year 1873 shows a falling off in the prod- uct and total valuation, but an increase in value per thousand. The items were 88,063,976 feet of lumber at $13.50 per thousand, $1,188,893.67; 20,200,000 shingles at $3 per thousand, $60,600; 22,477,000 lath at $2 per thousand, $44,954; 56,- 054,171 feet of logs at $9 per thousand, $504,- 487.53; 28,000,000 feet of logs above and below the boom, at $7 and $9 per thousand, $233,090.91; total 166,163,628 feet, $2,031,996.11 valuation for the year's product. In 1874 the log product was 167,170,525 feet, valued at $2,186,522. In 1875,152,410,069 feet of logs passed through the St. Croix boom. In the winter of 1875-6 the cut on the tributaries of the St. Croix was 126,600,000 feet. In 1877 the logs scaled by the surveyor general amounted to 153,373,869 feet. For once in the history of the St. Croix lumber trade no logs re- mained on hand, either in the boom at Stillwater, or down the river. In 1878 the cut was 130,189,- 265 feet of lumber, 43,007,200 shingles and 20,- 664,400 lath. The total amount of logs run through the Still- water boom during the year 1880 was 207,100,000 feet. Logs scaled and recorded at the surveyor general's office during the year, 1,068,106, scaling 212,239,721 feet. The following is the summary of the lumber cut in the St. Croix Valley during [ the year 1880: Total amount of lumber, 32,307,- i 000 feet; shingles, 9,157,000; lath, 5,367,000. ' We have been kindly furnished by Judge Joel Foster, of Eiver Falls, with an account of his first acquaintance with this valley, and since it sets foi-th ui familiar language, incidents and scenes of early days in a very interesting manner, as only an eye witness could describe them, we offer it here entire, believing that it should be preserved and will be enjoyed and dierished by our readers: Judge Joel Foster was born in Moriden, Con- necticut, December 15th, 1814, lialf way between New Haven and Hartford, on the old original road from New York to Boston, where he spent the earlier years of his life on a farm, until De- cember 30th, 1830, when he with his brother George, and brother-in-law, Lewis, started for the then far western wilds of lUmois, their objective point being East St. Louis, or Marine, a short distance below, on the Illinois side of the river. They made the trip across the country with two teams, in wagons, reaching East St. Louis some- time in February, 1831. From that point they went to Marine, where their brother Isaac was located. Joel then attended school for. a short time and then engaged with his brother in a store until the spring of 1832, when he commenced to open up a farm on government land, a short dis- tance from the village of Marine. He continued on the farm for three years, when he removed to Alton, Illinois, and took charge of the steam ferry across the Mississippi river at that point, which belonged to his brother. His ambition at this time was to run a river steamer. But a steam saw-mill company at East St. Louis, per- suaded him to take charge of their engine, which he did, and remained with them one year. The mill was engaged in getting out railroad timber. At the expiration of this time he removed to Ed- wardsville, Madison county, Illinois, and en- gaged with another mill company until the spring of 1846, when he enUsted for the Mexican war. He took this step partially on account of failing health, and furthermore, with a view to change of occupation. His military service, together with the climate of the table lands of Mexico, proved favorable, and he recovered, and was promoted in consequence of merit to the office of second lieu- tenant in the Second Illinois Volunteers, Col. Bissell's regiment. During the summer of 1847, he returned to St. Louis, and, the winter follow- ing, visited New England. From this point we will allow the judge to tell his own story. CHAPTER XXXVI. REJtINlSCENCES OF JUDGE JOEL FOSTER OK THE EAELY HISTORY OF RIVER FALLS. " 'Judge, how did you happen to find this beau- tiful little nest, hid away here among the hills as it wereV 'What induced you to come out here and locate all alone as you did'i" These ques- tions have been put to me so often in the last twenty-seven or eight years, I shall state as briefly JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENSES. 199 as possible the train of circumstances that en- abled me to find this location, and the inducements that made me locate here. "At the time of the breaking out of the Mexi- can war, I was in business in Edwardsville, Mad- ison county, Illinois, having come west at an early day, a boy of sixteen, locating in the valley of the Mississippi, forty-six years ago this coming winter. The location proved almost fatal to the family, there being eight of us at this time, five brothers and three sisters, and I became so well satisfied of the mistake made in locating so far south, with different water and air from what we had been breathing and drinking, and that I must shift my location if I wanted to live long, that I made use of the war to help me break up where I was, and give me chance to view Texas and Mex- ico, with reference to future location. Of course there was a small sprinkling of patriotism and loyalty in it. "The campaign iu Texas and Mexico proved a great help to me so far as health was concerned. I became stout and robust. The mountain air of Mexico agreed with me, but on returning home to Illinois a relapse took place, and I was in a fair way to be worse ofE than ever, and was thinking of starting to San Antonio, Texas, when a nephew, Eli Lewis, who afterward settled on the place that Mr. O. S. Powell now owns, near the village of River Falls, came down from this section. He told me he thought it very healthy, though no farming country; but you understand steam- boating, you can go into that, or lumbering. I started at once, as there was no time to spare, on account of ill-health; took passage with Captain Harrison the old 'Senator,' almost the only boat that came up this far at that time. The boat had two barges in tow loaded with United States dra- goons for Fort Snelling. It was a month, lacking three days, when we landed at St. Paul, owing to the overloading of the boat and breaking the main shaft. The boat landed at the foot of the street that goes to the river, past the Merchants' hotel, on Saturday evening. Had few or no passengers ex- cept the troops and myself. The plank was run out just long enough for me to walk ashore with my rifle, blanket and satchel, the boat pushed off, and started for the fort. I looked around and on the bank, or bluff above me, in the grass and hazel brush, was a bench with five or six men sitting on it. In looking for a place to get on the upper bank I found a narrow cut through, that enabled me to land on the bank above. There was a small building, where the Merchants now stands, for a hotel. The grass and hazel brush were all around it. "Next morrung was the Sabbath. There was little stir. Some half dozen of us were sitting on a bench outside of the house. About ten o'clock a man came along with some rather better clothes than the most that were around. He stopped and looked us over and eyed me in par- ticular. I had on a coat that I had worn through the war. Part of the officers of Col. Bissell's regiment instead of adopting the army frock coat had adopted the dress coat with the same coUar, and when we cut ofE the brass buttons and put on black, it made the clergy uniform. After looking at me some time he gave me a very polite uivitation to go with him to church. I excused myself on the ground of ill-health, this mistake you will see is easily made when you see how near an honest copperhead Democrat resembles an honest preacher. "The boat returned about 11 oclock Sunday. Captain Harris hailed me on the bank, and said: 'Poster, you had better come on board and go round to Stillwater, and make out your month.' I did so and found myself at Stillwater next morning at sunrise. In the course of the fore- noon I went into a saloon to get out of the sun, as I was quite weak; not able to walk two hun- dred yards without resting. There were a num- ber of men drinking and talking. They appeared to be men that had been employed in hunting pine lands, and carrying axes and chains on on government surveys. They were talking of the advantages and disadvantages of different localities, when one who was^a little more drunk, than the rest, said: 'Gentlemen you may talk of your fine lands, and locations, but if I had a sec- tion or two in the Kinnickinnic Valley, I would not ask General Jackson to be my aunt.' He staggered near me and I said; 'Where is this valley?' 'Oh, over in Wisconsin, back of the mouth of the Willow river.' 'Where in the val- ley is this land?' 'Oh, anywhere near the falls.' 'Are there falls?' 'Yes stranger, the d st prettiest falls you ever seen.' "The two Noble brothers that I had known in 200 HISTORY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. Illinois, had located at the mouth of Willow river, near Hudson, and that being the point that I wanted to stop at to look around, I looked out for the first skiii or dug-out to get down from Stillwater, and stopped with Milton Noble, in a little log house on the bank of the lake. "At this time the inhabitants of what is now Hudson, on both sides of the Willow river; what could be called located, consisted of old 'Doc'Ald- ridge and his son Bascol and families, Amos An- drews, the Noble brothers, Peter Bouchea, Louis Massey, Joe Lagrew, and one or two half-breeds. These composed the inhabitants on the south side of the river. Old Perrington as ■^e called him, who had just moved down from St. Oroix Falls and located on the north side of the river, and commenced building a dam for a mill, and Capt. Paye, who had commenced lumbering on the Willow river, embraced the settlers on the north side of the river. Strong feeling existed at that time as to which side of the river the future town should be located. Perrington and Paye could control more votes as they employed the floating population in lumbering, the only business at that time it was thought the country was fit for. I found the greatest excitement on the south side at the time of my arrival in laying out a town and inducing settlers to locate, and beat old Perring- ton. They had a surveyor at work, but were not agreed as to the name for the new town. I sug- gested the name of Buena Yista, from the battle of that name, just won, which in the Mexican lan- guage means beautiful view, an appropriate name since the town site gave a beautiful view of the lake. Within two or three days the new town received a reinforcement that raised the spirits of the settlers very high. They had got a, new settler down as it were, right out of the ene- my's camp. Moses Perrin came to their landing from up the river. He was a first-class carpenter and builder. He had been at work at St. Croix Falltf for Perrington, and had taken his wages in lumber, and was going to locate with them, put his lumber in a house and keep a hotel. He did so, and it was the first hotel built, and a first- class house for those times. It was not very large, but large enough to accommodate the traveling public at that time. It held the land oflfice and boarded the officers in a later day. The climate and water appeared to take immedi- ate efEect on my health. My recovery was so rapid that in four or five days I could take my rifle and go up the bottom shooting, going farther each day, until I got to the point I wished to ex- amine. The heavy timber on the Willow river bottom extended then nearly to its mouth. I continued all the time quizzing and laughing at the settlers about their country, but taking note of everything of importance. In ten or twelve days I had gained strength sufficient to go to Rush river, a distance of twenty miles, by using two days for the excursion. This stream was at this time called the best trout stream in the sec- tion. I had become quite anxious to view the Kinnickinnic valley and falls, but as fishing and hunting was all the interest I claimed to take in the country, and having been told there was no trout in the Kinnickinnic, and learning that the trail to the Rush river crossed near the falls of the Kinnlckennic, I set myself at work hunting up some one that would take the trip with me to the Bush on a hunting and fishing excursion. Looking around I fell in with a sort of a 'Leather Stocking' that was stopping on the other side of the lake at what is now called Baytown. He agreed to go with me if I could get supplies of pork and bread, or flour, which at that time was hard to get outside of lumbering camps. "The settlers on the south side of the WUlow river had to this time relied on deer killed by Peter, the half-breed, and the large amount of fish which were easy to take, for supplies. It so hap- pened that three or four days after, Mr. Nobles was going to Stillwater, in a skiff, and my appe- tite had so improved that I wanted pork to cook with my fish and venison. I said, 'Nobles, don't you think you could get some pork at StUlwater?' He replied, 'Yes, if I had the money.' On start- ing up the river, I had placed in my watch pocket 1200, one twenty and one two doUar bill. Bank of Missouri money, at that time land oflice money. Having spent my small change, I had to fall back on these bills, and gave Nobles the two dollar bill, to buy pork. On seeing the other bills he said: 'Foster, here now, you see that I have got a claim on this quarter section, and it will make a town some day. Now I will teU you what I will do. I will relinquish my claim in your favor. You enter and give me forty acres.' I laughed at him, saying: 'What do I want of this sand JUDGE FOSTEB'S EEMINISCENCE8. 201 bank? What show for a town here? The lum- bermen say it is no pinery country.' He got the pork, which gave me supplies for the trip to Rush river. I told my hunting companion that we could go only half way the first day, and would start after dinner. We did so, and encamped under a black oak tree just back of what is now Professor Wild's residence, and I could hear the roar of the falls. Next morning I suggested to my partner that we take a hunt, he go up stream and I go down. I climbed up the mound and came on to the point behind which Mr. McGreg- or's house now stands. Viewing the valley be- fore me for a few moments I made straight for the falls, not stopping to shoot a deer that leaped the tall grass before me; viewed the falls awhile and returned to find my friend waiting. We broke camp and reached what was known as the crossing on Rush river about two o'clock. We caught all the trout we wanted that evening; one looked as though it would weigh three pounds, and returning the next day camped on the same place as the night before. I took an- other look at the falls and returned to the lake the next day to be laughed at as usual for not be" ing a better hunter and fisher. I have thus stated the train of circumstances that led me to find the location. Now the inducement that led me to locate here, a short extract from a letter to my brother may give some light. 'I think I have found the New England of the north-west, the same pure water, the same speckled trout, the same swamp alder, with a more beautiful forma- tion. It looks as though the Almighty had made this portion of our country first and made it on a perfect system, piling the rocks up in beautiful mounds, spreading over them sufficient soil to dress and beautify and make pasture land of them, spreading out the farming lands between the mounds, with pure streams of water and beautiful falls, giving abundant water-power, with timber convenient. The great growth of vegetation growing wild, told me that the same soil would also grow tame vegetation. I knew that nature never beUed herself, and the history of the wild man had taught me that they never made a mistake in locating, as far as natural ad- vantages are concerned. What has been their judgment in reference to the St. Croix Valley? I see two powerful tribes, the one at the head. the other at the foot, as it were, the Chippewas and Sioux. That this section, watered by the Apple, Willow, Kinnickinnic, Eush and Eau Galle rivers had been the neutral or bloody grounds between the two tribes. The only ques- tion for me to decide was what point in the val- ley embraced the most of the advantages. I thought the falls of the Kinnickinnic' Having selected the falls of the Kinnickinnic in preference of. all other points in the St. Croix Valley as my future home, believing it to embody more natural advantages than any other point in the valley, the next step was to examine the out- lets for that point. Eor that pmpose I purchased from Peter Bouchea a skiff, and made prepara- tions, as I told them, to get out of the country before winter set in, and one beautiful morning in the fall of '48 loaded all I had, consisting of blankets, pork and bread, on board of my skiff. I think all the men in their new town were on the landing to see me off, except Uncle Massey and one half-breed, Jo Lagrew. They appeared to feel sad that any one should leave them when needed settlers so badly. We shook hands all around; 1 pushed off and gave them my benedic- tion : 'Boys get out of this frozen, God forsa- ken country as soon as possible; but if you will stay, God have mercy on you !' When about fifty yards from shore T heard one of them say : 'This is the last we shall see of Poster in this country.' "There was a large flock of vsdld geese on the sand-bar on the Minnesota side; I floated near them, fired, and got two of them. At noon I was at Cat-fish bar, now Glenmont, looking for a boat landing and some outlet for a road towards the falls. Had broiled pork and goose for my dinner and pushed on to the mouth of the Kin- nickinnic, to examine how far the lake backed up and what chance for an outlet from the falls in that direction. Went up the mouth in my boat to the first rifile, just below what is now the crossing of the Prescott and Hudson highway, and camped for the night. The next morning I rigged up my blanket for a sail, rowed out into the lake and had hoisted my saU, when one of those sudden gusts of wind struck my boat and came near upsetting me. The wind blowing di- rectly down the lake, I did not dare to attempt landing, so turning the bow of the boat down the 202 HISTOEY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. lake, and it run that six mUes Jike a race-horse, shot out of the mouth of the lake, behind the point of rocks, into the Mississippi, running up almost high and dry on the sand. "The mouth of the lake, or what is now Pres- cott was the controlliag point at this time so far as farming was concerned, as St. Croix Falls was for lumbering. St. Croix Tails had conti'ol of all the valley, and could send whoever they pleased to represent them politically. "I found the settlers at the mouth of the lake raising the third little frame house in the place— The Thing brothers were building it. There were at this time around the mouth of the lake, opening and preparing to open farms, Doe, the two Harnsberger brothers, the three Thing brothers, two Comelison brothers, Kice, Schaser, McMurphy, Eissue, Miner, and a fur trader whose name I do not recollect. "I soon learned that I should not have to use my boat any further, as a steamboat had just gone up to the fort with supplies. I sold my skifE, and while waiting for the boat in the trad- er's little store, a circumstance took place that benefited me much in reference to my situation with the Indians afterwards. I was sitting on the trader's counter looking at an Indian crossing the river in a canoe. He landed and came into the store, extended his hand to the trader saying ' How !' They commenced talking. In a short time he gave a kind of a grunt, ' Ugh ! ' and commenced eyeing me as it were on the sly. Af- ter he left I said to the trader : ' What were you and the Indian talking about?' 'About you.' ' What had you to say about me ? ' 'He wanted to know what 'chemokee man,' or white man that was?' 'What did you tell him?' 'I told him that you were one of old General Taylor's braves, jiist off the war-path with Taylor.' 'That was the reason he gave the grunt.' The Indian happened to be Six, the chief of the Eed Wing band, and a friend of General Taylor when he was in command at Fort Snelling. "There are three things that the Indian thinks necessary to take him to the beautiful and happy heaven, or hunting grounds with his fathers ; these are bravery, strength and marksmanship. Sis had found me a brave, he afterwards found me strong and a good shot, and he always re- spected me and made his people do the same. "The next morning the boat came down. I got on board, went to St. Louis, told my brother what I had found, and that I intended to return in the spring. Said he, 'As you are in no business, would it not be better to return at once and see how you like the winter in that country ? Be- sides there is no teUing what may take place in your absence. Others may see all the advan- tages you have and get the start of you.' I re- plied : ' That is so. If I can get a boat back I will go." I started for the landing and found the ' Senator,' Captain Harris, going on her last trip. Next morning I engaged passage for my- self and a black boy, at that time twenty years old, who had bound himself to me after losing his parents at nine years of age, until he should be twenty-one. I had obtained permission from the judge of probate of Madison county, Illinois, for him to come with me. "On landing at the mouth of the cooley, or ra- vine that leads to the lake at what is now Hud- son, with our supplies, we created quite a sensa- tion among the settlers. They had not expected another boat to land there that season, moreover, when I went ashore they appeared greatly sur- prised to see me; and when they saw my supplies — three barrels of beans, one of sugar, a sack of coffee a barrel of vinegar, one of hard-bread, and one of flour — they concluded I meant lumbering. They were much pleased to see the supplies, as these were all there were in the new town. They helped me to get them into the cellar of the first little building erected for a store, on the bank of the lake, which building was afterward occupied by Mr. Stone, the first merchant of Hudson. "I dared not fetch all of my supplies out to the falls at once. I thought them safer at the lake. "The first question I asked the settlers was: Have you had any new settlers in the country since I left? 'Not a man; but what have you come back for?' 'Boys, I hated to see your settlers all starve.' I got the loan of an old gray pony for a day or two, packed on our blankets, buffalo robes, axes, provisions for a few days, shouldered our rifles and said to the little crowd that then composed what is now the city of Hud- son: 'Gentlemen, if you come out our way, don't fail to call on Mr. and Mi'S. Foster, at the falls of the Kinnickinnic' JUDGE FOSTEB'8 BEMINISGENGES. 203 "We arrived at the falls and selected a place to camp at what was called the middle falls, at the junction of the two streams, under the rocks that shelved over at that point. We made our house by splitting logs about ten feet long for one side,one end locked on to the side, the other against the rock, the upper end left open for fire-place and entrance. The shelving rock made half of our roof; we levelled the floor, put down a carpet of grass, fastened up hooks to hold our rifles, started a fire against the rock at the entrance of our house, and found that there was so strong a suction or draft that when the rock got heated up it threw the heat into our parlor so that it almost made an oven of it. "Commenced looking around to see what we could have for tea besides pork and bread. Dick took his rifle, and I took my rifle, fish-line, and hooks. We passed down the little pasture to the mouth of the spring branch, about 160 yards be- low the falls. I crawled into a large clump of alders to get a view of the main stream, at the mouth of the spring branch, and found it fairly black with trout that would weigh from one- fourth to two and one-half pounds. Commenced to clear away brush to make it convenient to the water, cut a slim alder for a fish-pole, fastened on my line, caught a 'hopper' placed him on the hook, and let him gently touch the water, when there was a great commotion, and out came a trout that would weigh about a pound; took out another, placed my fishing tackle convenient for future use, and returned for tea, satisfied that our future supplies of fish were as sure and handy as any house-keepers's fish barrel. "Having selected the land now occupied as a driving-park for farming, and the rise of ground now used as a grove, which has grown up since, for Fourth of July purposes, for my building-spot, I went to work at once to get material on the ground for a shanty to winter in, as my first one would be too far from my rail-splitting to be con- venient. We had cut logs, made shakes for cov- ering, got a few rocks out for the chimney, got Uncle Massey's oxen— the only yoke owned in what is now Hudson— got all on the ground, got the house up, covered and ready to daub with mud, when the first snow-storm of the season set in and the snow fell to the depth of about a foot on the level. The next day was very cold. Cleared away the snow and made a door. "I told Dick that we would try for deer. Both started out with rifles; Dick returned to camp first: just as he arrived on the bank above the camp, he heard a loud whoop from some one be- low, on the left bank of the stream. Supposing it to be some one in search of our camp he an- swered it, when some one answered from the right hand side of the stream, near the lower falls. They kept up this triangular yelling at each other until finally the man on the left side of the stream, to the left of the lower falls, came to where Dick was standing on the point of the rocks over the camp, leaning on his rifle. He was the head man of a surveying party that had got behind in their job of sub-dividing this section of country up to the lake into sections. Not sup- posing there was any one but themselves, unless it was Indians, in the country, he was greatly sur- prised to find a black man that would weigh 200 pounds leaning on a rifle. 'Wherein the name ■ of did you come from?' 'I lives here.' 'Live where?' 'Oh, down dar,' pointing over the bluff. 'Who do you live with?' 'Mr. Fos- ter.' 'Where is he from?' 'St. 'Louis.' 'Well, by he has got the start of me.' It appears that my brother was correct. Here was a man that had made the same discovery that I had, and was going to return and take advantage of it as soon as he could close up his job and settle with the government. "That snowremaiaedon the ground until spring, and it was near three months that the snow would not melt on your moccasins. "The third day after the storm some one whooped to find our camp; it proved to be a man by the name of Webster, who was hunting pine lands. He was very cold. He told me that there was a man dead, or nearly so, at the head of Kocky Branch. It proved to be a man that had started to carry too much whis- key with him from Diamond Bluff to Pres- cott, and had lost his course in the storm. "We were forced to dig a hole inside our chain, build a fire, and heat water to make mud to finish the cabin and chimney; the mud froze just as fast as put on and remained frozen till spring. I spent the most of the winter splitting rails in a fine grove of timber in a cove or hoUow be- 204 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. tween the mound and the now residence of Mr. Wm. Purves. "At that time few or no wild bees had been seen in the country. We felled a tall oak ex- pecting to get three cuts for rails, which in fall- ing, struck the stump of another tree, and burst all to pieces, covering the snow with bees and a large amount of line honey. We cut down a basswood, dug out a trough, gathered up our honey and got it all safe in our cabin, using it for dessert all winter, by sopping fried-cakes or hard-bread ill it after sopping them in pork grease, Dick using one end of the trough, and I the other. » "One of us had to go in to the mouth of the Willow, as we called it at that time, for supplies every ten days. The snow got to be very deep, and it was a hard trip, taking from four in the morning until after dark. Having all the coffee and sugar in the place, except Peter's and Un- cle Massey's maple sugar, I always saw all of the settlers, and got all the news, as most of them came for sugar and cofEee. On about the first of December, on one of my trips for supplies, I met Joseph Bowron for the first time, at Mr. Wm. R. Anderson's. Mr. Anderson had come down from St. Croix Falls, moved into the building in the cellar of which I kept my supplies. He had no family except a young, energetic, and stirring wife. Before I got warm was posted in aU the news. Husband was a surveyor; wasn't at home; member of the legislature; was then trying to get some way to get to Madison. Mr. Bowron came in and introduced us to each other. She said she could give us something to eat if she could get that 'blamed' frozen pork to pieces, pointing to a barrel. Bowron went for the ax, I for wood, and in a short time we had hot bis- cuit, coffee and fried pork. "Mr. AnderRon has been a very useful man in the county from that day to this; he was our first county clerk, a practical surveyor, and has raised up a large family. Mr. Bowron after a good deal of trouble succeeded in getting Mr. Milton Noble to take a horse for packing purposes; they started in the direction of Madison,, through the Big Woods. After straying a good deal they arrived at Black River Falls, where Noble hung up until spring, and Bowron got through to Madison. We never knew until spring whether our important interests were being attended to or not. Mr. Bowron returned in the spring, fetching a wife and his wife's sister, which made a great addition to our society. Mr. Bowron had much to do in giving this section its first start. He was a whole-souled, liberal man, to the extent of injuring himself. "About the first of January was m for supplies again; met Messrs. Dan. Mears and Kelley, of St. Croix Falls for the first time, and Lane, the fur trader from the mouth of the lake; stopped over night to compare notes and attend a half- breed ball at the cabin of Jo Lagrew, on the lake shore close to the mouth of the WUlow river. Peter was manager in chief; there were three ladies from near Cat-fish bar, on the Minnesota side, part negro, part French; they were the lead- ing belles, straight as Indians; having long black hair with a beautiful kink in it, they appeared to realize their superiority over the fviU and half blood Indian. The balance of the ladies consisted of the squaws and half breed squaws. The danc- ing went off lively, the ladies occasionally clipping the pigeon wing in their beaded moccasins and the gentlemen trying to keep even in their plain moccasins; there was none of that rough coming down on the heel of the young buck of the pres- ent day. They danced reels and cotiUions, but the most interesting dance was the one before the nut cakes and black strap, made of whiskey and maple sugar, was served up — a sort of French dance. Uncle Massey led to the middle of the floor an elderly half-breed lady, saluted her in the style of a French dancing master, the music struck up, and they commenced dancing at each other with aU the force and energy they could throw into it. A ring was formed at once, the men on one side and the ladies on the other. I did not understand the dance; it appeared that Mears, Kelley and the trader did. They appeared to be getting a good ready for sometliing. Directly Mears stepped in front of Uncle Massey, made a bow to him, turned to the lady and and got right down to work, beautifully. In jumped one of the belles with the beautiful kinky hair, courtsied low to the half-breed lady, turned to Mears and shook her beaded moccasins most beautifully at him. Kelley and the trader followed Mears; the excitement ran high ; the sweat fairly run off the fiddler ; there was a half brother of Peter's pres- JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENCES. 205 ent that looked like a full-blooded Indian. Hav- ing some whisky in him he was getting as much excited as he would at a war dance, when he gave a regular war whoop which made the cabin ring. It was like Tam O'Shanter and his witches. All were seated and the ladies and gentlemen ate nut- cakes, drank blackstrap, and shook hands all around to show that all was lovely. After re- freshments the trader and myself left and went to Pascal Aldridge's, at the mouth of the cooley. "What became of the trader I never knew; Kel- ley was killed in some kind of a scrape at St. Croix Palls, that had a woman in it; Mr. Mears has since raised a family, has done much to im- prove the section of country he is in by lumber- ing and farming, and has represented this sena- torial district in Madison. "Having by the 1st of Pebruary made all the rails that I intended to make that winter, I told Dick we would go into the lake and start up something to do until we could go below to St. Louis for horses and tools for summer work. The only horses in the country were a pair of small one ones belonging to Pascal Aldridge, and Uncle Massej 's one-eyed pony. "There was nothing going on on the south side of Willow river but a lawsuit about a hog, between 'old Perrington,' as they called him, and Samuel Worth, of St. Croix Palls. They had had one suit over the boarding of an ox, and Perrington and his side had to go to St. Croix Palls to the trial, but as they had a justice and a constable in the persons of Aldridge and Peter at the mouth of the Willow, they were determined the hog trial should come ofE there, and the St. Croix Palls people had to come to time. As there were no lawyers on this side of the lake, both parties had to go to Stillwater for lawyers. Wilkinson, since Senator WUkinson, of Minnesota, was on one side and North, the first settler of Northfield, Minnesota, on the other. "Dick and myself had taken robes and blankets, and gone in to the Lake. I had persuaded Al- dridge to go in with me and put a lot of wood on the bank for boats — I cut, he haul, and divide equally. The wood was cut on the bottom, now overflowed by the mill pond. Aldridge had to lose a day on accoimt of the hog suit. When I came in in the evening, the suit was in full blast in the little cabin. The room was about 12x15 feet; Mrs. Aldridge and the children in one cor- ner, behind the stove, the court, using the balance of the room. As this suit drew all, or nearly all of the settlers on this side of the lake together, except from Prescott, it gave us a chance to get acquainted with each other. We all knew each other by hear-say, but we always examined each other for ourselves when we met to find out if the. new-comer was an educated, smart man, a natural fool, or an educated one. It appeared to be my turn to be examined. The justice stopped pro- ceedings and gave me an introduction all around. Perrington led off, 'Well, Mr. Poster, are you trying to get an honest living?' 'Well, yes! only as an experiment, however, as I saw that was the only business that no one had gone into, as yet. I had some hopes of being able to start an ox boarding house, or fancy hoggery, but I see I am too late.' The court, lawyers and all hands took a hearty laugh, and went on with the trial. " I see from my book of accounts that I sold my two barrels of beans to Perrington for $1 .25 per bushel. Captain Harris made his appearance first in the spring with a new boat, and landed at the foot of the cooley. His favorite old pilot was at the wheel, and when he saw me and Dick in the small crowd on shore, hails the captain and says ' Captain,' pointing to me, ' didn't I tell you we were sure of one passenger in the spring?' " Captain Harris invited me to get on board and go up to the falls with him. I did so, which was the first time I ever saw St. Croix Falls. On our return Dick got on board and we started for St. Louis. The pilot would hardly beUeve that I was foolhardy enough to try farming in this country. " I returned from St. Louis about the 10th of June ; had four horses, two cows, three dogs', twelve chickens, one sixteen-inch plow, and seven dollars in money on hand. I broke seven acres of ground as soon as possible to put in oats for horse feed the next winter ; could find no seed oats nearer than Stillwater, and I went in to the lake, got a skiff of Peter, puUed up to Still- water, got seven bushels of oats by running all over the place, getting from one to two bushels in a place from the lumbermen, all they had left, and half of that was pigeon-grass, with which I was unacquainted, and thought was millet, and was very careful to sow every seed of it. I broke up a hazel-brush thicket and planted potatoes. 206 HISTOET OF THE 8AIN1 CBOIX VALLEY. " The horses were all young, the weather very warm, the buffalo gnats thick, the breasts of the horses became sore ; the gnats were eating them to the extent that they began to look scabby. Finally I told Dick that we must stop breaking except morning and evening, but sobn found that was the only time the horses could eat. I got somewhat disgusted with things generally, turned out the team early and went to the lower falls for fish and deer. At that time the flsh could come from the lake to the falls, and all kinds of fish such as bass, wall-eyed pike, pickerel, cat- fish and very large ti'out could be taken to almost any amount at the lower falls. We soon had all the fish we wanted and returned to the shanty, to look to the horses. If they were out of sight long, they were liable to be taken by the Indians for strays to be returned for money, or taken for keeps if not caught next morning. On stepping outside the cabin, I observed a fine deer going from the river toward the mound walking very leisurely indeed. I took my rifle and went nearly to the spot he would pass ; waited for him and gave him the signal that I wanted him to stop while I shot him; hailed Dick to come and help haul him to the cabin. "I was in a quandary what to do. The horses looked so bad that I did not like to work them, and we had used up all the old pants and coats we could muster to protect their breasts. The pike were very fat, their insides were one mass of fat. The thought struck me that fish-oil would be good to keep off the gnats. "We oiled every part where the gnats troubled the horses, took the deerskin, put it the flesh side down un- der the collar on the worst horse, and started to breaking. The gnats left the horses, the fresh deer skin took all the fever and soreness out of the horses shoulders, and we were all right, as we could get all the flsh and skins we wanted. "About this time they had a big arrival on the south side of the Willow, in the person of a Mr. Putnam, from Ohio, who was about to fetch on seventy families to settle the country, and he would build a large hotel at the landing at the mouth of the cooley. The flrst thing to be done was for a delegation, consisting of the old Dr. Aldridge and others, to fetch him right out to the falls and show him the valley and the back coun- try that was to build up their town site. At the same time there was a man by the name o Davis, from Michigan, looking over the country in the in- terest of the Goodrich family. One of the brothers was then at St. Paul, in the person of Judge Goodrich. There were foiu: or five brothers of them, and they were prospecting for a future location for the family, and this man Davis appeared to be in their employ. Davis and Putnam had met and got acquainted. While Putnam was out in the valley, Davis was looking over the falls of the Willow river. On their return to Buena Vista, the name of the new town, they compared notes. Putnam told Dayis he had found something worth looking after; it was true there was a fellow squatted on it, but he would not amount to much. "Davis started out at once, came to my cabin late one Saturday evening, spent the Sabbath with me. After breakfast I told him that I must go to the falls for fish. It was very warm. After tak- ing what fish we needed, we went on to the ground now used as an Episcopal burying ground, to view the falls and stream, and get a cool breeze. There were three deer in the stream in the still water, almost one hundred yards below where the bridge stands. I went for one of them, picked out my deer and fired. The deer went out on the left bank; the grass was very high and thick, I was sure the deer was kiUed, and I went over to cut its throat. I searched all around but did not find him. When I came back to Davis, he says, ' Why didn't you cut the throat of your deer?' 'Couldn't find him.' 'He fell close to the bank. You went too far around him.' Da- vis returned to Buena Vista, and he and Putnam conferred together again. Davis told Putnam there was something very desirable there, but the man that had located there knew his business, and the less he fooled with him the better. "Davis reported to the Goodrich family. The result was one evening there was a fine double carriage driven up to my shanty, containing Judge Goodrich, the first landlady of the old American hotel, Mrs. Parker, another lady, and the driver. We gave the ladies the inside of the cabin, and took the outside for sleeping purposes. Mrs. Parker was pleased with what is now called Mann valley, and laid claim to all of it as her future farm. In a short time one of the Good- rich brothers made his appearance, made a claim JUDGE FOSTEB'S REMINISCENCES. 207 on what was afterwards taken by the Powells; bought part interest in the falls, and made ar- rangements with me to test the country as to growing winter wheat, by agreeing to ship to me three barrels of seed wheat, one barrel to be clear • white flint, one, Sewell's, and one, a mixture of all kinds, which he did. It was quite a round-a- bout way to get it here at that time. It had to go down the Illinois river to St. Louis and up the Mississippi to Buena Vista. "I broke about twenty acres of prairie, and went to work preparing for the next winter. Dick, the black man, would be of age and free in the fall. He had made a claim on what is now Professor Weld's farm, and had made arrangements to go below, marry a wife, return in the spring, and keep house for me and improve his claim. He worked very hard with me in digging and walling a well and a cellar, building a large log house and cutting hay for winter. The house was made of large logs. We used a horse and long rope with long skids, the rope passing over the house. We had got all done but chinking and daubing the house and digging the potatoes, when Dick must go below. I took him in, to the lake, and made arrangements with Captain Harris to see him safe to St. Louis. As we shook hands he was much affected, and the tears ran quite lively. He said, 'I shall be sure to return.' We have never met since. He married, and his wife's friends told him it would be wrong for him to take his wife to such a cold region, where no black people would ever go, and she would never have company. On returning alone to the valley quite a feeling of loneliness came over me, but having so much to do to prepare for winter, there was little time to waste in sympathising with myself. "One afternoon, two young men made their ap- pearance at my cabin. They said they were hunt- ing a place to locate for themselves, and wanted to go at once to work if they could find a place to suit them. They said their names were Walter and James Mapes. Walter had been in the Mexi- can war. Here was a chance for a neighbor and a brother Mexican soldier. They stayed all night, and I gave them all the information I could to induce them to locate. Next morning we stood in front of my shanty and I pointed the country out to them, describing Mann valley, the main stream towards the monument, which they could plainly see, the south fork valley, and the fine body of timber handy. They said little after I was through. Walter says, 'How much is to pay?' 'Not anything.' He flushed in the fa«e and says, 'We are no beggars! We want to pay our way.' I replied, I never had charged any- thing yet ; did not know how soon I should, but did not want to begin on them. Hoped they would find something to suit them and that they would settle, and it would be all right. They left, going up the main stream toward the monu- ment. When they returned they told me they were satisfied and would locate here. James wanted to stop with me while Walter went below to Galena for supplies. Put James to digging potatoes in my hazel thicket. They were of the old Irish gray kind as we called them, and very large. James worked very well except when he rolled out one that he called a pumpkin, then he would stop to laugh. "Walter returned and they cut hay, not very good — cut too late, for the breaking team that they meant to get early in the spring, put up a cabin for the winter, and went to keeping house. Walter was 'Mr.' and James, 'Mrs.' Mapes. "Quite a change had taken place at Buena Vista. They had got a land office, with Messrs. Gibson and Catlin as register and receiver. Mr. J. O. Henning and wife had come to the country. These with the wife and wife's sister of Mr. Bow- ron put their new town far ahead of anything on this side of the lake. "I at onetime had faint hopes, being a common farmer, that I should be able to come into this aristocratic crowd by way of the wife's sister, as Bowron and myself were good democrats together but my hopes were small, as I had Gibson, and a new doctor by the name of Handy to contend with, and the latter made himself entirely too handy to the young lady for both of us. But a circumstance took place that ruined aU my hopes of the matrimonial kind at that time. I had worked almost night and day to get my log house ready for vranter. Had sent by Dick to have my brother at St. Louis send me a supply of common clothing. I was nearly destitute of clothing, the brush and tall grass had so cut my over garments that they failed to cover my under garments. I had lost my razor, had been three weeks without shaving, did not expect any one of the female 208 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. kind except squaws, had got my hair full of mud in daubing my house, and had got to look like a cross between the lower order of the heathen Chinee and the Digger Indian. Had got out of meat as well as clothes. Would not stop for any- thing until the house was daubed for winter. Started early in the morning for deer; shot a fine buck, came in and got a team and had just got him to the house and thrown him out in front of the door, and gone inside when a carriage drove up in front of the door. There was no window hole cut at that time, there was no chance to get into the brush, and there were Mrs. Henning, the wife's sister from Madison, and some others. Frank Catlin, from the land office, had them in charge, and I think that I have never got ac- quainted with any one that enjoyed anything in the ludicrous order more than he, or made more out of it. He comprehended the situation in a moment, and no exhibitor of wild animals ever took more delight in stirring them up with a long pole than he did exhibiting me. Mrs. Henning saw his game and helped me out somewhat, though the thing was so ludicrous that I could not help laughing myself to see how he enjoyed it; but 1 was too much like the frog in the fable; it was fun for him but death to me. "We had got to be somewhat ambitious by this time, and did not like the plan of waiting from fall to spring for our mail and news from below. We' had got word that if we would cut a trail through the woods to Eaton and Carson's miU on the Eau GaUe river, we could have a mail once a month, on horseback. We in the valley — that is, the Mapes and myself, were ready to do our part. I would supply a team and go myself if I could find some one to keep house while gone. •' A short time before this, one evening, some seven or eight men from Canada landed at the log house which they had now named ' Fort Fos- ter.' Mr. McGregor was one of the number. Most of them had on the little scotch cap. They aU camped down on the floor and left next day. In a few days McGregor returned and said that he should like to take a claim near me, and move into my house and winter with me. His wife could do the cooking. He said he could come right along. I told him to do so as it would en- able me to go on the road expedition. Ex-Gover- nor Tim Burns was at St. Croix Falls, having been appointed receiver of that property as it was then in dispute. ' ' He said if we would raise our company he and . his clerk would join us, and help open the road, as it would enable him to get below before spring. Our company was composed of Henning, Deni- son, Peter, the surveyor, Burns and his clerk, Walter Mapes and myself. The trip was a very pleasant one although we were caught in a very severe snow storm. Peter was the guide and hunter, Mapes and Denison the choppers, Hen- ning and Burns to pack the wood and build flres, the clerk take care of horses, and I to do the cooking. We had rousing flres and after supper good stories from Henning and the governor. Then we would go for each other on our town sites. Henning having located at Hudson, my- self at the falls, and Bums had got his eye on La Crosse. It would be two against one, first Bums and myself would go for Henning : ' What have you got to build up a town ?' He would fall back on Mapes and me and say here are my far- mer backers. We were camped at or near what is called Kock Ehn Center, near a spring among very tall butternut, oak, and rock elm timber, when Burns says : ' Well Foster, what have you got to buUd a town after Henning steals it aU ?'' I arose to my feet pointed to the tall timber and said : ' Gentlemen do you see these trees point- ing so high towards the heavens ; do you see this spring, this soil, these are my backers.' I then said to Tim ' What have you got to back your sand-bank?' He claimed it was the only good point for some distance on the river, and there were some good valleys around it. '■ When we returned I found McGregor and his wife hard at work fixing up the house, as winter had set ui in earnest. He had hung a door, cut a hole for a six pane window, and tlungs began to look awfully stuck up. Up to this time we had been living in this beautiful valley like Adam in the garden, in a state of peiiect innocence, sleeping on prairie feathers, robes and blankets. McGregor introduced women, rocking chairs and feather-beds, and whether he can be justly held responsible for all the wild extravagances that have spread over this valley from that time to the introduction of the 'pinback' is a question I shall leave for future historians to decide. "McGregor and myself agreed to work together JUDGE FOSTSB'S BEMINI8CENGES. 209 through the winter, getting out rail timber, for fencing for both, and logs for a house for Mc- Gregor, at the rate of one load for him, and two for me. As there was no grain in the country for horse feed but what I had raised from my seven bushels of seed, we concluded to let one pair of horses winter on hay, with a little oats, and keep the other pair in good shape for hard work, and campaigning through the winter. This proved good policy, as we afterwards found. "During the early part of the winter, four men, afterwards known as the French boys. Jack, Lewey, Jo Bonner, and John D., had gone into camp on Eush river, on the opposite side of the river from Eouche's store, in Martel, for hunting and trapping purposes. As there were no roads, every man made his own track and tried to keep it open for his own use. If you went outside of that, it was a hard fight for men and horses, as the snow was deep, and in places drifted very hard. "I was forced to make a trip to St. Paul on business in connection with the Goodrich family. At that time there were no roads from opposite Hudson to St. Paul, but there was one from Stillwater. We had heard in the valley of a man stopping at the lake with Esq. Aldridge, making sash and doors for a new house for Aldridge, by the name of Cox, from Ohio, who was talking of building a saw and grist mill on the Kinnickin- nic. The lumbermen thought he must be a fool, and if the farmers did, they kept still about it. I had a little curiosity to look at him, and meant to do so on my trip to St. Paul. I had a favorite horse for such trips that I always used. Being of good blooded stock, and what horsemen call 'game,' I have often felt badly that I parted with him as I did after the great service he had done me. He had a record many an old settler will recollect. 1 sold him to Horace Taylor, a boy at that time, on credit, to assist in starting the first mail conveyance to our town from Pres- cott. He had managed by the assistance of friends, to get another horse. Two horses, a buggy and harness, and a tin horn completed the outfit. No doubt it was the biggest under- taking of his life. We all felt that it was a big thing, and no doubt you at this time would think so too if you could see him rise the slope coming from Prescott, near the house of John Poster, 14 slowly until he got on top in view of what we thought our big hotel, and two or four small houses then he would straighten up, pull up his shirt col- lar, pick up his horn, tighten up his reins, give several loud blasts on his horn which would raise the ears of old Jim as well as his own, and the way they would come tearing into our big town over the south fork bridge was very exciting to say the least, and if by chance he had a passen- ger, every one wanted to know if he was going to stop here; if he had money; where he was from; was he married; if it was a woman: who does she belong to, or is she free. 'Hod,' as we called him, was always prepared to inform us. He started early in life in the news and blow business, and is in it yet. Prom Taylor, old Jim went into the hands of some one in Hudson, I think Douglass, and became the pioneer horse to carry the mail through the big woods on the Prairie du Chien road. At that time he was always on time with the mail, as he was a good three minute horse. The next man that owned him was, I think, a well-digger, rather a hard case. Old Jim at this time had got to be little but skin, bones, and cords, but still this man would charge through our Main street, as we called it, on old Jim that they had now named old rail-spUtter, the old horse show- ing all the life he did with Hod and his horn be- hind him. Where his bones Ue I cannot say. "I mounted him early one morning to make my trip to St. Paul through deep and quite hard snow; got to Hudson early, and went into Aldridge's cabin to warm. Aldridge sat close to the stove holding a child about two years old. A stranger sat wedged in behind the stove with one much young- er. Both of them appeared to be hard at work to keep the little ones quiet, whilst Mrs. Aldridge got the breakfast ready. The stranger appeared to understand his business, andthe way he fought that baby to keep it quiet, showed me that he re- alized that his breakfast depended in a great measure upon the result of the fight. The fight was getting interesting. He was turning the child every way but the wrong end up, and mak- ing all kinds of faces at it, when Mrs. Aldridge gave her left arm a kind of a scoop which landed the child square on her left hip in good old Illi- nois style whilst with the right she grabbed the coffee pot off the stove and says, 'Sit right up to the table. Come Mr. Poster, you need a hot cup 210 HISTOBT OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. of coffee after your ride.' Aldridge appeared to take great pleasure in introducing Mr. Cox and myself to each other on that occasion, it being the first of our meetings. My being the pioneer farmer of this section and he intending to be the pioneer miller, and it may truly be said of us that we have been warm social friends and po- litical enemies from that day to this. "I broke my track until I struck the trail from Stillwater, got to St. Paul by the middle of the afternoon, and started back the next morning. Old Jim was anxious to get home, and fairly plowed through the snow. I found a team had left this side of the lake and gone in the direction of the falls, found where they had unloaded in a snow bank near the hog-back, turned around and gone back. I got home between two and three in the afternoon. Mrs. McGregor told me that Jock, one of the French boys, had been to Still- water for supplies, and had got kettles and boilers to make sugar with in the spring. They had hired Putman and Aldridge to fetch them to my place. They had hitched up three horses and started with four or-flve hundred pounds all told; had run into a snow bank and then unloaded, the horses were so weak for want of grain that they could hardly get back to the lake. Jock wanted me when I got home to take my team, get the traps and take them out to them ; that one of them would stay in camp to be sure to answer my hail when I struck the Bush, and help me into camp, and they would give me a $4.85 gold piece for doing it. I hitched on to the sled, went back that evening and fetched every- thing to my house. "It was a debatable question whether I could break through with a team in one day. I started with old Jim and his mate, both strong and long- legged, got ofE at four in the morning ; never stopped the horses except when they would get into the snow so deep and hard that they could go no further, then they would stop themselves, and old Jim would look around as much as to say, 'Now it is your turn.' I would pull off my coat go in front and tramp and break a track for each one until I thought it was shallow enough for them to go ahead again. In this way I succeeded in coming in sight of the old crossing, between sundown and dark, without stopping to eat or do anything else ; gave a loud whoop, got a reply lower down stream, from the camp on the oppo- site bank. One of the boys, Joe Bonner, had re- mained in camp to cook and watch for me. They had been betting and gambling on my bringing tlie supplies and kettles. Old Jock, as they called him, was ready to go his pile on my coming to time. I don't think I ever saw so much meat de- voured by five men at one time, as we ate at that meal. It was venison, with just pork enough to season well, cooked in a large kettle and emptied into a large pan, such as is used to wash dishes in ; setting it in the middle of the table, every one helped himself. Next morning I found the mucles of my legs very sore and tender, but made the re- turn trip in time for dinner at Fort Foster. "In the fall two young men by the name of Bai- ley came to the country, and were stopping with my nearest neighbor toward Prescott, Mr. George Rissue. I made a call on Bissue, stopping over night, and slept with the two Baileys in rather a narrow bed in the loft of Bissue's old log house, got acquainted, talked much of the future hopes and prospects of the country, what experiments would be best to try first to test the country. I found them to be pioneers, for more of thefamUy were to come if things looked favorable to them, and both Dexter and Monroe BaUey haye done much to develop the resources of the country for the country's benefit as well as their own. "On looking at my old account book at that time, I find quite an increase of names on or about the opening of navigation in the spring of 18f)0. I find charged March 30th, 1850, Mr. Fish Dr., to one-half day's hauling from town, to one and one-half day's hauling logs. Mr. Fish set- tled near the point of the mound where Mr. Strahl now Uves. April 1st, Fish Dr., to moving family one and one-half days. It appears that his house was ready for use. "April 28th, 1850, Mr.Livingston Dr., to postage paid on letter, fifteen cents. Mr. Livingston had come to the country with Mr. Fish, and they were making claims together, in co-partnership as it were. "April 28th, 1850, Sam, Dr., to pork, fifty cents. Sam was a Swede. He made claim to all that part of Mann valley called the Burrough's farm, as well as some others. Sam was quite quick tem- pered, got into trouble about his claim, and left the country April 29th, 1860. JUBGE FOSTHR'S REMINISCE NGES. 211 " 'Mr. Walstow debtor, to- load hay.' Mr. Wal- stow was the first settler on the prairie this side of Hudson, near the mound. "'May 17th, 1850, Mr. McGregor debtor, to breaking three acres of ground, $9.00.' "There was little or no money used among us then. It was help for help. May 20th, Mr. Liv- ingston debtor, to breaking ground, $2.50. Creditor, by laying floor, by plowing two days. Mr. Clark Green debtor, to six day's board. Mr. Clark Green settled were Mr. S. Wales now- lives. The country was filling up fast, we thought, and we were going to be a success. Had got a road through the big woods called the Prairie du Chien road, but reported so bad that it was doubtful if any one could get through on it. "Must have a big Fourth of July celebration, and big dinner in good old fashioned style, with roast pig. The committee reported that it would nearly destroy the hog crop of the country to have pig. What to do we did not know. Peter came to the rescue, said he would get up early on the Pourth, kill a deer in time, and we could have trout and any amomit of little fixings. The committee accepted Peter's plan and he killed the deer, and we had a glorious time eating and drinking with the spread eagle all in, but the best part took place whilst we were eating. Some one reported that an emigrant wagon with family and live stock had just arrived tliroughthe big woods, on our new road. This created great excitement. A committee was sent at oiice to fetch every- thing, dogs and all, right to the table and have them feasted. "Mr. Cox had got to work near the mouth of the river, at what is now Clifton, on his saw mill. Mr. Strahl and Mr. Shaddock, the pioneer farm- ers of that locality, had commenced work. I had changed some of my horses for cattle. One Sun- daymorning was quite tired, and would like rest, but what should I do to feed company through the week. Must try to get some large three pound trout for coming as well as to use fresh. I hitched a yoke of oxen to the wagon, put in hay to ride on, took my rifle and fishing tackle and started the oxen toward what is called Dayton's pond. Arrived at the little bottom at the head of the pond, and had no trouble in getting a fine string of large trout. I was on the point of start- ing home, when I saw Mr. Cox coming up the stream at the foot of the little bottom with a large string of trout in his hand. It was very warm. He came slowly up to my wagon and says, 'They say that the way of the transgressor is hard, but I don't see but your way is easy enough.' 'They likely meant the other fellow. How will it he with you by the time you get home with that string of trout?' Mr. Cox at that time had to feed the most of the stragglers at that end of the stream as I was doing at the falls. We compared notes a short time and went home with our sup- plies. "The question is often asked, 'How did you spend your long winter evenings?' We had some very good books, we talked of the future of the country, Mr. McGregor could sing a good Scotch song, and if anything turned up for fun we made the most of it. One evening after a hard day's work, Mr. McGregor complained of not feeling well, thought he had got a cold some way. Mrs. McGregor had, it appeared, for fear of such times, laid in a quart or two of fine whisky and maple sugar. "She went at once for her supplies and made two glasses of black strap out of sugar, whisky and hot water, and gave each of us one. It had good effect. It cured McGregor and he sung his song before going to bed. While coming in from work a few evenings after, we concluded we must have more of that whisky. I must play sick. It came. We kept on in that way, until one even- ing it was McGregor's turn to be sick, when Mrs. McGregor says, ' What shall we do. The whis- ky is all gone.' He looked at me and says, ' Well it is no use being sick if the whisky is gone.' We got a lecture upon the meanness of two men taking advantage of a lone woman ten miles from anywhere, to get the last drop of whisky ia the house. ' What would we do if we were sick. Didn't care much if we were.' We hung our heads, but got no credit for penitence, but had our regular sing before going to bed, but did not think it sounded as well or that McGregor sung as well as when we had our regular medi- cine, but the result was we had to get along the balance of the winter without sickness or whisky. Society will no doubt excuse us for making the most of our opportunities for pleasure, even though some of them were at the expense of a lady, when they consider that we were debarred 212 HISTORY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. as it were of all the higher order of pleasures of to-day, such as Sabbath evening theaters and operas, ten cent christian sociables and charities. "One Saturday evening some ten or twelve men came to the log house. They were very tired, dusty and hungry. They had been traveling over in Minnesota looking for homes ; were not satisfied, and had crossed over to this side. They were Norwegians. There was a clergyman along with them by the name of Clausen, a very highly educated gentleman, speaking different languages very fluently. He was their spokesman : ' Can we stop with you to-night ? Carf you feed us ? "We are very hungry ; have been living on dried meat and crackers for some time. Do you know of any good section of country for a settlement ?' ' What kind of land do you want ! Why did you not like Minnesota?' 'It is too unUke the country we have left. We want more clay, gravel, timber and water combined, something like the country we have left, but not so hard.' " 'Do you know of such a section of coun- try?' 'Yes.' 'Will you show it to us?' 'Yes.' 'How far is it?' 'Twelve miles.' I got them up a good meal — trout and pork, cream biscuits, and nearly a half bushel of fine potatoes, and plenty of coffee. I poured the potatoes into a large pan in the centre of the table, and told them to sit up. I don't think any crowd ever enjoyed the exhibition of seeing wild animals fed in a menagerie more than 1 did to see those men eat. The potatoes were very large and mealy — the skins burst open on them. The first thing done was to reach the right hand and take two and place them beside their plates. Some of the men had been eating cold potatoes whilst I was cook- ing supper; but the clergyman describes the sup- per better, in the following extract from a letter to me, than 1 can: "LxTTHEK Valley, September 6th, 1850. /. Foster Esq; Dear Sik: I feel really ashamed that I have not written to you before, to thank you again for your friendly hospitality towards me and my fellow travelers, when we were repeatedly at your house, and almost ate up all your provisions. I often laugh heartily when I think of that almost ferocious appetite with which we fell over your cold potatoes first, and then keeping you in con- stant exercise, emptying your pan and eating your biscuit as fast as you could fry and bake. I assure you such recollections often makes my heart yearn after your country with its fresh and bracing climate, its delicious trout, venison, etc. "The next morning being the Sabbath they held divine service, the first ever held in this part of the country. The arrangement was that after service I should hitch up my team and take them to the promised land I had told them of. The French boys had built a fine log house in the little pine grove on Jock's claim. The pines were the first you came in sight of and that told you where the stream was. We got there about two in the afternoon, and the clergyman and myself went at once to work to see which could get the most trout in the least possible time, for supper. The crowd scattered in every direction, some to hunt, and some to fish. We soon had an abimdance of trout and met again under the pines for supper. I had taken bread, pork and coffee, had a large fire started and went at once to cooking trout in large frying-pans. They de- voured about as fast as I could cook, but they had to stop at last. There were a few trout left, but I put on a fresh pan to fry, and commenced eating. Clausen says : 'What are you frying those for; we are all done?' 'Do you begrudge me a few trout. I guess your men don't know how to eat trout,' and I commenced eating in backwoods style. "He began making fun at my expense. I kept right on eating as though I had had nothing to eat for a week, when I stopped, leaned forward towards Clausen, drew down my face and said,'Can you see any red specks on my face ?' He leaned forward, took a good look and said 'Ko.' 'Are you sure ?' He took another good look and says, "I can't see any.' 'I am all right then. I al- ways eat trout till the specks show," and then went to eating again, and he and the French boys took a hearty laugh at his expense. Next morn- ing they all selected places, and some of them are in them yet. This is the start of the large Norwegian settlement that has done so much in this section of countiy. Had nothing inter- vened to disarrange the plans of myself and Clausen, this place would have been now quite a city. He was to fetch settlers and have an in- terest in the water-power; we were to get an m- terest at Prescott for an outlet. I carried out JUDGE FOSTEB'S BEMINISCENCES. 213 my part. Mr, Clausen was unable to fulfill his part of the plan owing to the war between Den- mark, Austria, and Prussia. Mr. Prescott the old proprietor of that city, came down from the Port to lay out his town. He got Mr. J. O. Hen- ning to do the work. I went to Prescott whilst they were laying out the town, took dinner with Prescott in the old log house; the dinner was cooked by a squaw, the wife of an old French- man that lived in the house. I told Mr. Prescott what I would like to do. He was very liberal. He said: 'Mr. Foster, I will sell you lots fair, and will give you one. Take it where you like.' Up to this time I had been popular in Hudson — all were very friendly to me, and in directing peo- ple where to go, they would tell them they could not go anywhere without going by Foster's, at the Falls of the Kinnickinnic. After that they would tell them they could not go anywhere and go past Foster's. "Let us now look at the account book: "Two new names August 1st, 1850 ; Mr. Woods debtor, to horse to Big river, credit, by work one day. Mr. Woods, at times known as Capt. Woods, was the first settler on Big river. French Brothers debtors, to one plow $15 ; by cash $6.00. The same plow broke the first ground on both streams. Mr. Luke Pomeroy had come to the valley that spring but had not at that timejocated in the valley. The first time I saw him was on this side of the mound this side of Hudson, start- ing a breaking team, breaking the first furrow on the Jones farm. He and others had had a hard time getting through the woods on our new road with his teams and stock. December 15th, 1850, Mr. Bartlett, debtor, to one horse and cow, |75. Mr. Bartlett was quite an old man. He had come over the road with a lot of cows for sale late in fall. He did not stop in the country but several that came with him did. One man by the name of Baker, settled at what was Baker Station. Another by the name of Fuller settled near the mouth of Rush river. The first circuit court was held in the small frame house, built by one of the Nobles and sold to Col. Hughes, by Judge Jack- son of Mineral Point. Two Indians were tried for killing a white man. It took all the settlers to make up a jury. We lacked one man. A man who was in the habit of stopping on either side of the lake happened over that day and so was made use of to fill up the required number. "I was selected foreman. This court was a grand thing for us as it gave us a chance to meet and know each other personally, as we had by re- port. It was the most intelligent body of men that I ever met in like associations, and Judge Jackson made the same remark after shaking hands with nearly all present on the occasion. "It gave us a good chance to post ourselves on what had taken place or was going to take place in the country. Some one from down the river toward Prescott was telling me of some very interesting circumstances that happened, when I asked who was along. He said there were three brothers by the name of 'Thing' in the county, and all were at court; one had a club foot. My informant answered: 'I was along, and such a one,' pointing to another, and to one of the Things, 'This Thing was along, and that Thing, and the Devil's own Thing, was along,' pointing to the one with the club foot; which remark caused a good deal of merriment. Again refer- ing to the account book we find: 'October 20th, 1850 — Mr. 'Fish, debtor, to trip to town for doc- tor; to cash paid for sugar and candles, 75 cents; and sundries.' "This was the first occurrence of the kind that had taken place in this section, the arrival of set- tlers by birth, a boy and girl. Mr. Fish had gone below for supplies of lumber, Mr. McGregor was in Hudson at work, I was the only man available on the occasion and did my duty manfully; so much so that Mrs. Fish said if I would wait long enough, I should have the girl. 'Mr. Comstock, debtor, to two meals, 25 cents.' There were two of the Comstocks, and a brother-in-law, Mr. Dud- ley. One of the brothers died at Diamond Bluff. The other and Mr. Dudley are living on a fine farm near Prescott. "'January 1st, 1851, Mr. Hayes, debtor, to team to move from town, $1.00.' Mr. Hayes worked for me and his wife kept house until spring, when he moved on to land about half way to Rush river. 'February 14th, 1851 — Settled this day with D. McGregor.' This I think is the first settlement made in the Valley. It wiU be seen that in the spring of 1851 there was quite a rush of settlers to the Valley. March 1st, 1851 , Mr. Perrin settled on land now owned by Professor 214 HISTORY OF THE SAINT CROIX VALLEY. Wild. Mr. Oowen selected land near the edge of the woods, the same spring, and still remains. 'April 7th, 1851, Mr. Parks, debtor, to two bush- els of corn, $1.50.' Mr. Parks settled near the Mapes's on the banks of the Kinnickinnic. April 7th, Mr. W. A. Tozer settled on the place now owned by Mr. Spaulding. Mr. Seeley came about this time and settled near the mouth of Rush river. This spring seemed to be a very busy time with us at the 'fort,' as they called it. Among the nimiber that called on us and settled on the road to Rush river was Nelsen, a Dane. Mrs. Nelsen was the first white woman that settled in that section. Mrs. Nelsen was a small woman, but wide awake. She with the other settlers, had her share of my chickens. She said she did not see what an old bachelor wanted with so many hens. I had occasion to visit the French boys, that had settled on the Rush river in the fall, and on the way 1 called on Mr. Nelsen. He was away from home. Mrs. Nelsen was very much pleased to see nje. 1 must stop to dinner. I told her I could not wait. ' But me have one little baby and you must see him.' She went to a short piece of hollow log, split in two, with the bark off and made smooth, so it could rock, and took a fine, healthy child up to show me. 'What is it?' 'One little girl.' I told her that was wrong for a new country; ' Yes, yes, Nelsen want him a bby.' ' Mr. Foster, them chickens you let me have, they aU make eggs." ' The one you gave me to make noise, he make egg to.' ' Mr. Nelsen must come and get more." Here was encouragement to a democratic old bachelor, that believed in home resources, and was ambitious to fill up the country and build up a city, to have ladies in the country that would raise settlers right on the ground and make roost- ers lay eggs for supplies." "Judge Foster was married in 1856, to Miss Charlotte Porch, of Chicago. The fruit of the union was five children. Albert P., Charlotte A., Joel J., Eimice A. and Mary. His daughter Charlotte died March 30th, 1869." CHAPTER XXXVII. ABTUBEMBNTS — LYNCHING OF INDIAN MUIIDEB- ER — DAILY MAIL— STEAMBOAT BUILDING — NEWSPAPEKS— RAILWAYS— CHURCHES. This history would not give a faithful repre- sentation of the days of yore if the amusements of the time were left out. We all live for happi- ness, and aim at it in all our plans. People differ, however, so much in their estimate of happiness, and the means by which it is attained, that no theory can be promulgated for securing it. The higher the culture the deeper do quiet and unde- monstrative pleasures sink into the soul, while to the savage, happiness comes only from spasms of ecstasy. It cannot be denied that the habits of our pio- neers verged towards barbarism, and that their pleasures were often derived from what to-day would be called gross amusements. Such were the dances of the day, but we can hardly find heart to condemn the pioneers of so severe a cli- mate for taking advantage of every circumstance for creating diversion. Women were scarce, but squaws were plenty, and dances must be had. Therefore the dark-eyed maidens of the wood, who hung around the villages of the whites, were brought to grace the baU-room. Mr. Partridge, in "Quail Town," near St. Croix Falls, had quite a large house where he sold Uq- uor, and was only too willing to allow a dance to be held, as it greatly increased his business. This place, moreover, had great attractions for the Indians, who always congregated where Uquor could be had. The walls were rude and bare, without ornament, except perhaps the horns of a deer, or a plain rack supporting a gun, present- ing a marked contrast to the elegant dancing halls of modern times. This dance-house was long since demoUshed by citizens, as the presence of Indians in its vicinity and in the village could not otherwise be prevented. While it continued, squaws to fill the sets at a dance were found " abundant. Dress at these balls was not elaborate, and on the part of the men was the lumberman's uni- form, red shirts under which they wore white LYNCHING OF INDIAN. 215 ones, diflering essentially from the swell dress- coat and black pants of modern times. The squaws wore short, jaunty dresses, deco- rated with such ornaments as they could obtain, and their hair was trimmed with ribbons of all hues. The music emanated from one fiddle in the corner of the room, and amid such charms the hours of many a night that would otherwise have dragged heavily, sped swiftly away, for their spirits- were full of health and exuberance, al- though too often exhilarated by the wares of the landlord. Before the dance closed, according to custom, one of the Indian damsels would slyly slip up to one of the men and throw around him a ribbon, as though lassoing a buffalo. This act elected the victim to give the next ball and be- come master of ceremonies. Mem-in-qua-we-an or Butterfly William was one of their favorites; he was also sometimes called Kishetawan, mean- ing hot man, although his true name was William J. Vincent. Daniel Mears was nick-named by them Cesinaboin-a-ninny, or the ribbon man, be- cause he kept a store and sold dry ^oods. ' He was sometimes caught in the gay colored lasso. Joshua E. Taylor was also among the gayest of the gay, and entered into these entertainments with his whole soul. Such were the pioneer danc- es of the valley. In March, 1848, an Indian was hung at the Falls of St. Croix, by a mob. He was guilty of a murder under the following circumstances : Miller, a whisky dealer and trader, who had long plied his vocation in the vicinity, became jealous of Tornell, a rival who had set up busi- ness in the same line. Determined to rid himself of this competition, he employed this Indian to shoot Tornell. Accordingly, the skulking creature hung about and killed, and secreted the body of Tornell and a blacksmith by the name of McEl- roy. As soon as McElroy's absence from his accustomed post was observed, an investiga- tion was instituted which resulted in the discovery of his body. Suspicion was at once directed to the right individual, and Morris M. Samuels and George Field, acting as detec- tives, ferreted out the rascal and with the aid of citizens of St. Croix, brought him to jus- tice. He was regularly tried during the day, but though no doubt existed of his guilt, fears were entertained as to his conviction. The judge perceiving the determination of the crowd to hang the " red devil," judgment or no judg- ment, quietly withdrew during the night, letting matters take their course. The mob, for such the assembly must he called after legal proceedings were abandoned, took the case in hand. The crowd was largely composed of respectable citi- zens from Stillwater, who had come up to see that justice was properly administered. Among them was Hon. M. S. Wilkinson, at that time, and for an indefinite period, holding by appointment, the office of county attorney, a sinecure, with a salary of $200 per annum, who by his official capacity added dignity to the occasion, in consequence of which he has been roughed many a time by his associates. The mob were satisfied not only of the guilt of the Indian in this affair, but that he was the perpetrator of the murder of Jack Drake. They consequently proceeded to business. The executioner upon the occasion was B. B. Cyphers, familiarly known as Bun. Cyphers. Preparations for the final ordeal were in accordance with the general character of the proceedings. A rope was properly adjusted to the villain's neck and swung over the high limb of a tree, under which two barrels were placed standing on end, one on top of the other. When the victim had been placed on the top and the rope tightened, the word was given and Cyphers stationed for the purpose, kicked out the bar- rels with a tremendous force that sent them fly- ing, and in an instant the villainous rascal was kicking in the air. It appears that they had more respect for the white man than for the red, for the same evi- dence that hung the Indian ought to have been sufficient to hang the white man. The verdict, however, was that MiUer should be whipped, and the execution of this sentence was as promptly administered as the other. Pat Col- Uns, an enemy of Miller's was assigned the duty and privilege. He prepared himself by stripping off his coat and administered the sen- tence on the bare back of the victim with a good will that savored of old animosity. MiUer had been previously tied to the same tree on which the Indian was hung, stripped to the waist. When released, he was provided by a contribu- tion taken up among the crowd, with fifteen dol- lars in money to pay his expenses down the river, 216 HISTORY OF THE SAINT CBOIX VALLEY. and in charge of the Stillwater party sent away, with the parting injunction never to return to the valley of the St. Croix on the peril of the fate meted out to the Indian. After 1861 the valley enjoyed a daily mail dur- ing the season of navigation between Prescott and Taylor's Falls and tri-weekly during the rest of the year. After 1864 a four horse coach made trips three times a week from Stillwater. This soon proved insuflScient for the fabt developing country and in 1866 Burbank and Company took the contract, and connecting at Stillwater with the daily mail from St. Paul, carried the mail through to Taylor's Falls. The steamboats of the river, impeded by freight and encumbered with barges in tOw, cannot be relied on for close connection. The mail of the valley is, therefore, much more satisfactorily deUvered by the mail coaches which run with regularity to points not provided with railroad connection. The building of steamboats, barges and other crafts on the St. Croix has been an important in- dustry. The best of material for the construc- tion of boats is found in abundance in the timber regions of this valley in the black oak, a wood very tough and adapted to the construction of first class boats. "We give a history of the steamboats built on the St. Croix up to the year 1 872 : The Os- ceola was the first ; she was built at Osceola by Holmes and Cummings in 1854, and was a small side-wheel steamer. After the wood work was completed she was towed to Davenport, Iowa, where her machinery was put in. After running two years she sunk in the Mississippi. This boat was commanded by Capt. George Hermes, long a resident of St. Croix Falls. The Fanny Thornton, built at Franconia, by Foster and Thornton during the winter of 1862 and '63, was the second steamer built on the St. Croix. She was a stem-wheeler with one boiler and one engine, commanded by Captain Thorn- ton of Franconia. After a short time this boat was sold and went below. The Pioneer was built at Osceola by A. Stover, and received her machinery from the old steamboat Staver. The Pioneer was subsequently used towing rafts on the river. The Staver was built in 1861-2 on Green Lake back of Franconia by the proprietors of the stave mill for the car- rying business of their establishment. She was hauled across from the lake to the river and em- ployed for the purpose intended. Subsequently her hull became a barge and her machinery was transferred to the Pioneer as above stated. The Viola was built in 1864, at Franconia by Captain Oscar Knapp, one of the most experienced river men of the west. She received her machin- ery at La Crosse and was intended for the trade, between La Crosse and St. Croix Falls and for her construction, a stock company organized under a special act of the legislature of Wisconsin was formed with business men all along the river as stock holders. Oscar Knapp was the first captain, but was soon superseded by Captain Bartlett, of Hudson, in consequence of difficulty arising among the members of the company. The G. B. Knapp was built at Osceola, in 1866, by Captain Knapp, and received her machinery at Stillwater. The Dalles was also built at Osceola, in the winter of 1866-7, by Captain "Winch, and was furnished with machinery from the old steamer Enterprise, purchased by Captain Winch, the fall previous. After running one season between Prescott and the falls, she was sold to a company at Chester, Illinois. The steamboat Minnie WUl, was built at Os- ceola, in 1867, and commanded by Captain Cyrus Bradley for many years. Captain Bradley was one of the first men on the river that tried to ex- periment to towing logs and proved its expedi- ency. The steamer Nellie Kent, was built at Osceola, in 1867, and received her machinery at La Crosse, appearing first on the St. Croix in June, 1868. She was built by Captain William Kent, one of the most popular steamboat men on the St. Croix. The Wymau X, was built at Taylor's Falls in the fall of 1868, by lion. W. H. C. Folsom, one of the pioneer settlers of the north-west, and at that time one of the most extensive lumbermen on the river. She received her machinery at St. Anthony, and was the best and most powerful on the St. Croix. It is worthy of mention that she was the first wholly built and fitted with ma- chinery within the state of Minnesota. The Helen Marr was built in 1871 at Osceola, by Captain William Kent of that place, and John Dudley, of Minneapolis. The Maggie Beany was also built in 1875 by NEWSPAPERS AND BAILWAYS. 217 Captain Kent, at the same point, under an agree- ment with Captain J. H. Eeany, of St. Paul, in accordance with which the boat received her name, and three-fourths of the stock was trans- ferred to him. The Jennie Hayes was built at Osceola, by Captain O. P. Knapp and David Hayes, in 1879' and is commanded by Captain Ben. Knapp. The Ada B. and an ice boat were built at. Areola. The newspapers of a country are the means by which its citizens receive not only their daily rations of gossip, but the bulk of their knowledge and education. They furnish it, truly, in a desultory manner, and can hardly be called good educators, since the attention is rarely drawn out in a continuous line of thought. They bring in, however, a large amount of knowledge of the outside world, and give intelligence if not culture. In a new country the newspaper is welcomed with the greatest enthusiasm, aud with pride a little town witnesses the. first issue of its local paper. In addition to histories of news- papers in the various towns, found in the town- ship articles, it is interesting to note the first issues in the valley. The palm for priority must be awarded to the St. Croix Union, established at Stillwater in 1854, the first issue appearing November 7th, of that year, F. S. Cable and W. M. Easton editors. The Union continued only three years, and was democratic in politics. The Stillwater Messenger, first issued in 1856, is, however, the oldest paper. Its first editor was A. J. Van Vorhes, and its present editors are Seward and Taylor. The Paraclete, afterwards called the Transcript, first published at Prescott in 1855, by C. E. Young; the Journal, in 1858, atKiver Palls, pub- lished by Taylor Brothers; the St. Croixian, at the Falls of St. Croix, established in 1860 by J. D. Reymert and Junius Bartlett; the Polk County Press, into which the St. Croixian merged, and the Taylor's Falls Reporter, established in Feb- ruary, I860, are the most important. Of the different railways pushing their way north and westward the Tomah and Lake St. Croix railroad was the first to reach the valley of the St. Croix. This company was incorporated in 1863, with power to build a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah to a point on Lake St. Croix, between townships 25 and 31. A few months after its organization the company passed into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Hum- bird, who afterwards commenced the construction of the road from Tomah via Black River Falls and Eau Claire to Hudson, a distance of one hun- dred and seventy-eight miles, which point it reached November, 1871. Soon after its complex tion to this place its name was changed to the West Wisconsin railroad. The repair shops were established at Hudson the following year. In 1873 the company built .the road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass on the St. Paul road to Elroy, thereby making connection vidth the Chi- cago and North-western railroad, and took up the track from Tomah. By the building of the bridge across the Lake St. Croix it makes con- nection with the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls railroad at the junction. In 1856 a land grant was made by congress to assist in building a railroad from Lake St. Croix to some point on Lake Superior. In 1869 the Lake St. Croix and Lake Superior railroad com- pany was incorporated to build a road from Lake St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The land grant was placed in the hands of the state for disposal, with certain restrictions. The com- pany proceeded to build a short distance of the road, which reached New Richmond, forty miles, in hopes to secure the grant, but failed. In 1873 the grant was conferred on the Milwaukee and St. Paul company, but on account of the restric- tions declined. About this time the name was changed to the North Wisconsin railroad, and the grant given to the company, who are now pushing it forward each year. The Hudson and River Falls railroad was com- pleted October 26th, 1878. The company was organized in the spring of the same year, and was composed of some of the leading citizens of St. Paul, Stillwater, Hudson and River Falls. The road was constructed by the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls railroad. This road is about thirteen miles in length, with a short extension from Hudson across the lake to Stillwater on the west side of the lake. The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls railroad was incorporated De- cember 4th, 1869, and built in 1871, extending from St. Paul to Stillwater and Hudson, a dis- tance of twenty-two miles, the Stillwater branch 218 HISTOBY OF THE SAINT CBOIX Y ALLEY. forming a junction three miles south of Stillwa- ter. The West Wisconsin passing over this road to St. Paul as their western terminus. These roads with their branches are operated by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Com- pany. The Stillwater branch of the St. Paul and Duluth railroad was built in 1871, running from White Bear Lake to Stillwater, a distance of about fourteen miles. The Taylor's Falls and Lake Superior railroad was incorporated February 18th, 1875, for a term of fifty years, with a land grant of seven sections to the mile. The road was built in 1880 a dis- tance of twenty mUes, and leased to the Minne- apolis and St. Louis and the St. Paul and Duluth railroads on condition that they shall run a con- tinuous line from Taylor's Falls to Fort Dodge, Iowa. The road is operated by the St. Paul and Duluth road, from Wyoming to Taylor's Falls, twenty miles. The pioneer of the church in the St. Croix val- ley was Rev. W. T. Boutwell, a gentleman of fine culture, who was sent as a missionary by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to the Chippewas with Eev. Sherman Hall. They came into the north-western territory in 1831, but first located on Lake Superior. Rev. Mr. Boutwell was commissioned by the mission- ary board to make explorations, which he did in company with Schoolcraft, in 1832. In 1833, he preached on Snake river, and was theretore the first to preach in this valley. It will be impossi- ble here to follow him in his wild and romantic experiences among the fierce people with whom he made his home. In 1838, he joined the mis- sion at Pokaguma, and has smce made his home in the valley of the St. Croix. His work among the Indians at Pokaguma was undermined by the white man's whisky, and he was finally induced to seek a more promising field of labor. Accord- ingly in 1847, he removed to Stillwater. In a letter written about this time he said: "Here is a little village sprung up like a gourd, but whether it is to perish as soon, God only knows." Although the Rev. Mr. Boutwell had been lo- cated in the north-west about sixteen years, still at this time he was among the pioneers of this valley. Before locating at Stillwater he had previously preached there in 1845, in the dining hall of John McKusick's boarding house, when on a visit to Cottage Grove. In 1845, he preached in the dining hall of An- son ZSTorthrup's hotel at Stillwater, and was ac- customed to ring the dinner bell belonging to the house, up and down, to summon people to the ser- vice. In June, 1847, he assumed charge of Stillwater mission, under the patronage of the American Home Missionary Society, preaching at Stillwater and Marine alternately. He soon procured a room over Isaac Staple's meat market, and send- ing to St. Louis, obtained a bell of his own, which the worthy man used to shake up and down as before. After one year Rev. J. C. Whitney was ap- pointed by the society to take charge of the mis- sion at Stillwater. He preached his first sermon in the school-house, on the comer of Third and Olive streets, and with Revs. Boutwell and E. D. Neill, December 8th, 1849, organized a Presby- terian church with eight members, William Hol- combe and wife, Cornelius Lyman and wife, Ebenezer K. Colton and wife, Mrs. Stover Ly- man and Mrs. Eliza B. Whitney. WUUam Holcombe, Cornelius Lyman and Ebenezer K. Colton were trustees. The first church building was commenced in 1850, and fin- ished during the summer following. Rev. Mr. Whitney resigned in 1853, and was succeeded by Rev. Henry Nichols, who began his labors in the fall of the same year. During the ministry of Rev. Mr. Nichols, the present church was buUt. Rev. Mr. Boutwell after this took charge of the missionary field including St. Croix, Point Doug- las and the country between for fifty miles along the river. For one year's service, about 1848 or '49, he re- ceived in all from this large range of country, f 110 for his services, and this was paid in pork and flour, except $5 in cash, there being little money in the country at the time. During this period his two boys took his family in an ox cart to Stillwater, nearly every Sabbath to attend church. In 1848, and again in 1849, Rev. A. Kent, pas- tor of the Presbyterian church at Galena, Illinois, visited at Stillwater. At his first visit, he found but two church members and a Sunday school of fifteen scholars ; at his second visit the church BOUNSABISS OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. 219 was organized with eight members and the Sun- day school had increased to forty. Bev. E. D. Neill preached at the falls' of St. Croix, also at the Mills four miles north at White river and at Cottage Grove, eleven miles south. In the fail of 1850 a friend of Rev. Mr. Whit- ney, named William Putnam of Ohio, sent a bell to the church at Stillwater to be kept in trust, un- der the agreement that when the church did not need it the bell should be sent westward to some feeble church. Mr. Whitney writes that he is grieved to learn that the trust has been abused by allowing the bell to go into the possession of the Eoman Catholic Church. The first mission in the valley was established under the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, at Yellow Lake, Burnett coun- ty, Wisconsin. Rev. Frederick Ayers and wife, afterward located at Belle Prairie, Minnesota, were in charge of the mission. Miss Crooks was employed as teacher and a school was opened September 24th, with eight scholars. In February, 1837, Rev. Mr. Hale of La Pointe mission visited Pokeguma and organized a church with seven members, three of whom were na- tives. Eight baptisms were celebrated and two marriages. These were probably the first bap- tisms and marriages in the valley; they do not, however, form a part of the record of any county so far as we have ascertained. SAINT CROIX COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXVIII. OKGA SIZ ATION FIRST OFFICERS COUNTY SEAT — VOTING PRECINCTS — LIQUOR LICEN- CES— TOW:NS AND VILLAGES— JAIL— TAXES- COURT HOUSE — SCHOOL DISTRICTS — TOPOG- RAPHY — DRAINAGE . The territorial legislature of Wisconsin, in ses- sion at Madison, Wisconsin, January 9th, 1840, passed an act to take effect August 1st, of the same year, wherein all of the territory of Wiscon- sin, lying west of a line commencing at the mouth of the Porcupine river on Lake Pepin, thence up said river to its first fork; thence on a direct line to the Meadow fork of Red Cedar river; thence up said river to Long Lake; thence along the canoe route to Lac Courte d' Orielle; thence to the nearest point on the Montreal river; thence down said river to Lake Superior; thence north to the United States boundary line, was established a separate county, named and styled the county of St. Croix. The same act called for an election , of county oflScers, and the first Monday of August, 1840, at which time the peo pie shall determine by a popular vote the location of a county seat. The same act also authorized the county commissioners to erect suitable build- ings at such point as received the largest number of votes. The polls were opened at Chasiwakau Falls, on the St. Croix, and at La Pointe; returns to be made to the clerk of the board of commissioners of Crawford county. Two points were contest- ants for the county seat; "Prescott's Claim," at the mouth of Lake St. Croix, and "Brown's Ware- house" at the head of the lake, on the west side. On canvassing the votes, it was found that Brown's Warehouse had received the majority of the votes, by a vote of forty-five to thirteen. The commissioners were Hazen Mooers, Sam- uel Burkleo and Calvin A. Tuttle. The board deeded to Joseph R. Brown the tract of land described in his claim, in consideration of $800 paid into the county treasury, reserving one-half acre for county seat, arrangements being made with Mr. Brown to fmnish all necessary buUd- 220 HISTOBY OF SAINT CBOIX C0UN2Y. ings for the use of the county for the first four years. At the same election the following officers were elected: Joseph R. Brown, treasurer, register of deeds, and surveyor ; Orange Walker, Joseph Haskell and Philander Prescott, assess- ors ; Phineas Lawrence, collector; J. S. Norris, coronor; the returns of the election being certi- fied to by C. J. Learned, clerk of Crawford county. By an act approved April, 1844, the clerk of the board of county commissioners of St. Croix county, was authorized to perform all duties in relation to elections that were required by law to be performed by sheriffs. The third section of the same act made St. Croix a probate district, and Philip Aldrich was appointed judge of probate. In 1845 St. Croix county was re- duced in size by setting off the county of Lar Pointe. The remaining territory of St. Croix county was bounded as follows: Beginning at the mouth of Porcupine river, passing up said river to its first forks, thence to Meadow fork of Red Cedar river, thence up that river to Lac Courte d'Orielle, thence to Yellow Lake, thence to the mouth of Mud river, thence down the Mississippi river to the point of starting, including an area of about eleven thousand square miles. The population of the entire district was estimated at one thou- sand five hundred, St. Croix Falls being the most important town. In 1846, congress passed an act permitting the territory of Wisconsin to become a state, provid- ing the people would adopt a constitution and accept certain boundary lines, which boundary on the west was formed by a line, running directly south from the rapids of the St. Louis river to the main branch of the St. Croix river, thence down the main channel of the stream to the Mis- sissippi. By this act a large portion of St. Croix county was left unorganized. By an act approved the following year, the then re- maining territory of St. Croix was organized for judicial purposes. This division of territory took away from St. Croix her county seat, thus de- stroying her organization. It thus became nec- essary for the county to establish a county seat within her own limits. This was done by an act of the legislature approved June 8th, 1848, which located it at the mouth of WiUow river on sec- tions four and five.. In August, 1848, the act was amended by lo- cating it on section twenty-four, requiring the courts to be held in some house on that section until special buildings could be erected. The same year the last court was held at Still water as the county seat of St. Croix county. Judge Aaron Goodrich presided. Harvey Wilson was clerk, and A. M. Mitchell United States dis- trict attorney, H. L. Moss attorney for the county and John Morgan sheriff. In August, of the same year, a special election was held to elect officers for the new county. The first board of county commissioners met at the house of Philip Aldrich, on section twenty- four, township twenty-nine north, range twenty, west of the fourth principal meridian, on the 9th day of September, 1848; commissioners present, Ammah Andrews and W. H. Morse. Ammah Andrews was appointed chairman of the board; W. K. Anderson, clerk. On motion, Philip Aldrich was appointed treasurer of the county. It was voted to establish a new voting precinct. AU that part of the county lying south of a line running due east from the mouth of Kinnicinnic river to the east line of the county, was formed into a new election precinct, entitled the "Mouth of St. Croix Precinct." Thus form- ing four voting precincts in the coimty, namely; Kinnickinnic Elver, Willow River, and Osceola and Falls of St. Croix, voted at same meeting that the scroll of the pen shall denote the seal of this county. At a meeting of the county commis- sioners, called at the house of PhiUp Aldrich, October 2d, 1848, Harmon Crandall, in the chair. On motion, Moses Perrin was appointed collector for St. Croix county. At the same meeting it was voted that the retailers of liquors shaU pay for license $20, and not be allowed to retail less than one quart; voted that the rate of taxation for the year shall he seven mills on the dollar; voted by the board to accept and locate a certain lot of land, donated by Philip Aldrich, and des- ignated on the plot of the town of Buena Vista, surveyed and platted by H. Wilson, for the pur- pose of erecting county buildings thereon. At the state election held November 7th, 1848, there were one hundred and fifteen votes cast in the TOWNS ESTABLISHED. 221 county of St. Croix for electors for president and vice-president. Zachariah Taylor, Martin Van Buren and Lewis Cass, being candidates that year. Tiie first oflScers elected under the state legislature by the legal voters of the then existing St. Croix county was as follows : A. Hayatt Smith, mem- ber of congress; E. E. Williams, superintendent of schools for the state, and James Pisher, state senate. For member of assembly, Joseph B. Blown; county commissioners, W. H. C. Morse. Harmon Crandall and Ammah Andrews; county clerk, "W. Richardson ; register of deeds, W. K. Anderson; judge of probate, A. D. Heaton; coro- ner, W. O. Mahoney; county treasurer, I'hilip Al- drich; A. S. Toule, surveyor of logs and lumber ; assessors, Geo. W. McMurphy, O. "Weymouth, . and M. V. Nobles; road supervisors, Edward "Worth, H. Crandall, Moses Perrin, and L. M. Harnnberger; collector, Geo. "W. McMurphy, the "Mouth of St. Croix precinct," "W. Thing and I. E. Rice, justices of the peace; A. Cameli- son and L. M. Harnsberger, constables. At "Willow River precinct, justices of the peace, Philip Aldrich and E. R. Steves; constables, J. McKnight and P. E. Bouchea; Osceola and Ealls of St. Croix precinct, John Davis, Andrew Kelley and S. S. Crowell, justices; R. H. Hughes, John "Weymouth and G. E. Deathey, constables. Three licenses were granted that year: F. Lar- penter, mouth of St. Croix store; Geo. Field at the Falls of St. Croix; M. M. Samuels, at the Falls of the St. Croix tavern. At the same election in the representative district of St. Croix and La Pointe fifty-three votes were cast for member of the assembly; "W. R. Marshall received thirty- four. At a meeting of the county commissioners held at the house of Philip Aldrich, the first Monday in January, 1849, a license was granted to Philip Aldrich to run a ferry across Lake St. Croix at a point any place on the north-west half of section twenty-five, south of "Walnut street. It being the south boundary of the present plat of the vil- ■ lage of Buena "Vista. The rates to be charged for ferriage were regu- lated by law as follows: Footman 25 cents, horse and rider 75 cents, horse, driver and single buggy $1.00; one span of horses with wagon or buggy $1.25, wagon with four horses or wagon with four oxen and driver $1 .50, horned cattle, mules or horses 25 cents each, slieep or swine 12J cents each, lumber per 1000 feet 37J cents, all kinds of freight 8c per 100 pounds. At a meeting of the board held at the house of Philip Aldrich, February 28, 1849, on motion, the county of St. Croix was divided into towns, as follows: All that portion of the county lying north, of the south boundary of township No. 28, north, and south of the line between Nos. 30 and 31 shaU comprise one town, named "Buena Vis- ta;" and all that portion of the county lying north of the south boundary of township 31, north, shall compose one town, called "Falls of St. Croix;" all that portion of the county lying south of the line between townships No. 27 and 28, north, shall compose a town to be known by the name of "Elizabeth." At the same meeting it was voted to purchase a lot of ground for coxmty purposes, lying due east of block No. 3, of the original plat of Buena Vista, containing one acre, from Moses Perrin, re- ceiving from said Moses Perrin a bond for a deed, the conditions of which were that the county commissioners or their successors in oflBce pay or cause to be paid to said Perrin, on or before March 1st, 1850, the sum of $53.50. Also voted that the first town meeting shall be held in the several towns, viz: The town of EUza- beth, at the house of Freeman Larpenter ; the town of Buena Vista, at the house of Philip Aid- rich ; the town of Falls of St. Crors, at the house of J. McLaughlin. The result of the first county election by towns at which ninety votes were cast, was as follows: Sheriff, N. C. D. Taylor ; district attorney, S. J. Hewett ; county surveyor, R. V. D. Smith ; clerk of the circuit court, J. D. Ludden. At a meeting of the county board of supervis- ors for St. Croix county, held at the house of Philip Aldrich, June 4th, 1849, it was voted to authorize the clerk to issue a license to "W. H. Moses to run a ferry across Lake St. Croix, for the term of three years. He, the said Moses to comply with the law in such cases made and pro- vided. Also a tax was voted for the current ex- penses of the present year, of ten nulls on the dol- lar. It was voted at the same meeting that the treasurer proceed against persons elected to oflGlee in the several towns, also county, who failed to 222 HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY. qualify, at a meeting of the justices, and clerk of county board of supervisors, September 17th, 1849, to canvass the vote for county judge at the election held September 3d, ninety-one votes were canvassed, of ■which Hamlet H. Perkins received 49, Joel Foster 41, and Bailey F. Baldwin 1. Hamlet H. Perkins, though elected to the office of county judge, did not fill the position in con- sequence of the sad calamity of his death, which happened by drowning during the winter follow- ing his election. Mr. Perkins was a lumberman, and had received the support of this class of peo- ple at the election. During the winter he broke through the if-e while engaged On the river, and thus met an untimely end. Accordingly, Governor Dewey, first governor of tlie state of Wisconsin, made out a commission with an appointment, and sent at once to Mr. Foster, who had received the next largest num- ber of votes at the previous election, by the sup- port of the farmers, to come to Hudson and take charge of the first court. Mr. Joel Foster by this means obtained the office and continued to discharge its duties until the separation of Polk and Pierce county. At an election held November 6th, 1849, the following was the result: whole number of votes cast, 69; John S. Watrous, member of assembly; Joseph E. Brown, clerk of circuit court; Sylvan- der Partridge, sheriff; D. N. Johnson, prosecu- ting attorney; Alexis S. Toule, surveyor of logs and lumber. At a special meeting, called at the house of P. Aldrich, May 25th, 1850, it was voted to appoint James Hough district attorney in plaje of D. N. Johnson, resigned; also John O. Henning, county surveyor. In view of the fact that there was no suitable place for holding court and for other county purposes, it was voted that a committee be appointed to make arrangements for a suitable building for such purposes, also for the confinement of county prisoners. The com- mittee appointed was James Hughs and J. M. Bailey. At an election held the first Monday in July, 1850, for the election of judge for the sixth judi- cial district, 130 votes were cast, of which Wiram Knowlton received 74. At an election held No- vember 5th, 1850, the following was the result: 152 votes cast; Benjamin C. Eastman, member of congress; Joseph R. Brown; senator, John O. Henning, member of assembly; W. K. Anderson register of deeds; W. R. Anderson, county sur- veyor; James M. Bailey, clerk county board of commissioners; W. H. Simmes, district attorney; James Perrington, coroner; J. "W. Stone, county treasurer; James Hughs, surveyor of logs and lumber. In 1850, the value of real and personal property in the three towns and one village which com- posed the county of St. Croix was: Elizabeth town, 622 acres of land assessed at $3,930; personal property, $11,281; amount of taxes, state and county, $310.31. Buena Vista town, 3,100 acres of land, assessed at $31,765; per- sonal property, $2,430; taxes, $697.56. Village of Buena Vista, real estate, 105 lots assessed at $7,164; personal property, $130; taxes, $148.80. Falls of St. Croix town, 1,531 acres of land, assessed at $19,425; personal property, $83,497; taxes, $2,099.61. The population of St. Croix county in 1850, was 624. At the annual meeting of the county board held November 15th, 1850, Otis Hoyt was fined fifty dollars for non-attendance at the meeting of the board, but the action was rescinded at a subse- quent meeting on his making due explanation of the cause of his absence. At a special meeting of the board held at the court-house January 15th, 1851, a petition was presented by the citi- zens of the Kinnickinnic valley, desiring to be set of£ into a separate town. After due dehberation it was voted to grant said petition, the boundary of said town to be as follows: Beginning at the north-west corner of section 3 in township 28 north, range 19 west, and running east along said township line to the east boundary of said county, thence south to the linebetween townships 26 and 27 north, thence west along said line to the center of township 27, range 19; thence north to place of beginning; which town shall be called Kin- nickinnic; the first town meetuig to be held at the house of Joel Foster. At the same meeting the board voted to erect a building for the use of the county, as a temporary prison. Mr. Ammah An- drews was appointed agent to carry out the same, with specifications given. During the session of the legislature of 1851, John O. Henning pre- pared a bill, which was passed, changing the name of the town of Buena Vista and all villages there- in, to Willow River; also the village of Elizabeth EEECTIOJSI OF COUNTY BUILDINGS. 223 and town changed to Prescott. At a meeting of the county board held at the village of Willow River, Otis Hoyt was called to the chair. It ap- peared at this meeting that Ammah Andrews had failed to fulfill his contract with the county to build a jail. The board voted to rescind said contract, also voted to appoint Daniel Mears to build said jail after different specifications ; said jaU to be lo- cated on the grounds of the county. At an ad- journed meeting of the board, held November 13th, 1852, a petition was presented, signed by Joseph E. Bonin and others, asking for a new town to be set off from Kinnickinnic, and granted, the boundary of said town to be as follows: Com- mencing at the north-west comer of section 4, township 28 north, range 17 west ; thence east on township line, between townships 28 and 29 north, to the eastern boundary of the county ; thence down the county line to the township line, between the townships 26 and 27 north ; thence west along the township line, between the town- ships 26 and 27 north, to the south-west corner of section 33, in township 27, north of range 17 west ; thence north to the place of beginning ; said town to be known by the name of Eush River. It was further ordered that the first town meeting be held at the house of Daniel McCart- ney. At an adjourned meeting of the board, No- vember 14th, a petition was granted to James Anderson to run a ferry across the Lake St. Croix at Stillwater. At an adjourned meeting of the board, November 15th, it was voted to ap- propriate 1350 to build a jail. At an annual meeting of the county board, held at the office of J. Bowron, November 9th, 1852, the following pe- tition was presented, signed by Aaron Chase and others, desiring a new town to be set off from the town of Falls of St. Croix. On motion the pe- tition was granted, with the following boundaries, viz : Commencing at the southwest corner of fractional township 31, of range 19 ; thence east to township line, between 14 and 15; thence north to township line, between 31 and 32 ; thence east to the east line of St. Croix county ; thence north to township Une, between 33 and 34 ; thence west on said lines to St. Croix river ; thence down said river to the place of beginning ; said town to be known by the name of Leroy. The first town meeting to" be held at the house of W. Kent. At the same meeting of the county board, a petition was presented by A. Day and others asking that the name of the town of Wil- low River, and the villages therein contained, be changed, to be hereafter known by the name of Hudson. Since the people were dissatisfied with the old name, they voted two to one for the change. Alfred Day had the honor of suggesting the new name. By an act of the legislature March, 1863, all that portion of St. Croix county lying south of the line between townships 27 and 28, was set off as Pierce county. By the same act. all that portion of St. Croix county lying north of the line between township 31 and 32, was set off as Polk county, leaving a strip of ter- ritory between Polk and Pierce counties, twenty- four miles wide, and thirty miles long, which was then known as St. Croix county, with seat estab- lished at Hudson. At a special meeting of the board of super- visors, called at Hudson, July 2d, 1850, with Duncan McGregor in the chair, on motion of Ira Parks it was voted to annex that portion of the town of Leroy, in St. Croix county, lying between the south line of Polk county and the north line of Hudson, to the town of Hudson. At a meeting of the county board held June 15th, 1855, it was voted to purchase and adopt a seal for said county board of supervisors, de- scribed as follows : " C. B. S., St. Croix County, Wis.," to be used as the seal of the board of super- visors of said county. At a subsequent meeting of the board, held July 28th, 1856, a petition was presented by B. C. B. Foster and others, asking the organization of a new town to be known and called Star Prairie; said town to consist of the following described territory : commencing at the north-east corner of section one, township 30, range 17, and running west a distance of 118 chains and 40 links; thence north on the east of township 31, range 17, a distance of 482 chains and 10 links; thence west along the north Une of township 31, a distance of 960 chains; thence south along the west Une of township 31, range 18, a distance of 480 chains; thence east, along the south line of township 30, a distance of 125 chains and 67 links; thence south, along the west line of township 30, range 18, a distance of 240 chains and 50 links; thence east, through the center of township 30, ranges 17 and 18, a 224 HISTOBY OF SAINT GBOIX COUNTY. distance of 961 chains and 80 links; thence north along the east line of township 30, range 17, a distance of 243 chains and 37 links, to place of beginning. That is to say, all of township 31, ranges 17 and 18, and the north one-half of town- ship 30, ranges 17 and 18; the first town meeting to be held for organizatian, and election of oflBcers at the house of B. C. B. Foster. At a special meeting of the board, called at the clerk's office, September 19th, 1850, the following petition was presented from the towns of Rush River and Kinnickinnic, asking for the formation of a new town, with the following boundaries, viz: the east half of township 28, r^nge 18, and the west half of township 28, range 17; said town to be called Pleasant Valley; the first town meeting to be held at the house of Davidson Williams, on the first Monday in October, 1850. A second petition was granted for a new town to be called Somerset, comprising the following territory, viz : commencing at the north-west comer of the town of Star Prairie, running thence west to the St. Croix river: thence down said river, and Lake St. Croix to the south line of section 15, township 30, range 20; thence east to the south-east corner of Star Prairie; Thence north on the west line of Star Prairie to place of beginning; the meeting for the organization and election of officers to be held at the house of Mr. Chaples, on the 1st Monday in October. At the same meeting a petition for the organi- zation of the town of Hammond was presented with the following boundaries: all of township 29, ranges 15, 16 and 17. The meeting for the election of officers and the organization of the town was ordered held at the store of George Spaulding. While the board was in session the question of building a new court house was discussed. On motion it was voted to advertise for sealed bids or proposals to build said court house. At a meeting of the board held October 27th, 1856, it was voted to change the boundary line of Kin- nickinnic and Pleasant Valley towns, by taking from the west end of Pleasant Valley two miles by six and adding it to the town of Kinnickinnic. At'a meeting of the board held November 13th, 1856, it was voted to award the contract of build- ing the court house for St. Croix coimty to Am- mah Andrews on condition that he would build said house according to the proposals, now be- fore the board, for |14,300. At an adjourned meeting held November 14th, 1856, it was voted to form a new town from township 28, range 18, said town to be called Dayton ; the first meeting for the organization and choice of officers to be held on the first Tuesday in April 1857, at the school house in district number two. At the same meeting, November 14th, 1856, it was voted to add the west half of township 28, range 19, and all that part of the fractional town- ship running to Lake St. Croix, of township 28, range 20, of Hudson, to Kinnickinnic. At a meeting of the board, held March 25th, 1857, it was voted to change the name of the town of Dayton to Malone. December 9th, of the same year the inhabitants of Erin Prairie presented a petition to the board, asking the formation of a new town with the following boundaries, viz: all of township No. 30, ranges 15 and 16, and the south half of township No. 30, range 17. At the same meeting petitions were presented, asking for the formation of a new town with the foUovidng boundaries: all of township 30, range 18, to be known as Cold Spring. It was also voted to at- tach to the town of Star Prairie, township 31, ranges 15 and 16 ; first meeting to be held at thie village of Fremont. December 10th, 1857, the board voted to change the name of Kinnickinnic to Troy. On motion it was voted to annex the following territory to Erin Prairie, viz: sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 in township 30, range 17. At a meeting of the board held March 10th, 1858, a petition was presented by the Inhabitants of township 28, ranges 15 and 16, asking for the formation of a new town to be called Brockville ; petition granted, but the name was subsequently changed to Eau Galle; the first election to be held at the school house near Holmans. At a previous meeting, the board voted to es- tablish a new town to be called St. Joseph, with the following boundries, commencing at a pointon the shore of lake St.Croix,where the south line of lot number 1, in the north-west quarter of section 12, township 29, range 20, intersects said lake, and running east on said line to the town line between township 29, range 19, and township 29, range 18; thence north to the centre of the east line of township 30, range 19; thence west to the shore of the lake; then south along said lake DIVISION OF TOWNS. 22-5 shore to place of beginning. At the same meet- ing it was voted to change the name of the town of Cold Spring to Eichmond. At a meeting of the board held November 25th, 1858, it was voted to set off from the town of Hudson the territory embraced in township 29 north, of range 18 west, to be called the town of Warren, the first elec- tion to be held at the house of Dr. J. N. Van Slyke, to organize said town. At a meeting of the county board December 2d, 1859, an order was issued to detach sections 1, 2, 11 and 12 of township 30, range 17, from town of Cylon and annex the same to Eiin Prairie; also that sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, township 30, range 17, be detached from the town of Star Prairie and annexed to town of Erin Prairie; the order to take effect the 1st Tuesday in April, 1860. The population of St. Croix county in 1860, was 5,394. At a meeting of the county board, held June 8th, 1860, an act to organize the town of St. Jo- seph, was adopted, viz : all that portion of the late town of St. Joseph, in township 30, ranges 19 and 20 west, and which was by an act of the leg- islature approved April 2d, 1864, attached to, and nlade to become a part of the town of Somer- set, and all of that portion of said town of St. Joseph, bemg in township 29, ranges 19 and 20 which was by said act attached to, and made to become a part of the town of Hudson, is hereby set off from said town, to which they were so attached, and organized as, and made to constitute a town to be known as St. Joseph; the election for the re-organization to be held at the store of J. R. Brown, June 27th, 1860. At a meet- ing of the board, held June 18th, 1860, an act was passed, attaching the east one-half of town- ship 28, of range 16 west, to the town of Eush Eiver. At a meeting of the board, held June 9th, 1860, the following act was passed, that all of township 28 north, range 16 west, is hereby detached from the town of Eush Eiver, and at- taced to Eau Galle in said county. At a meeting of the board, held November 23d, 1860, the following act was passed, viz: that sections 1,2, 11 and 12, township 80, range 17 west, now forming a part of the town of Cylon, be detached from Cylon and attached to the town of Erin Prairie; said act to take effect the 1st 15 Monday in April, 1861. An the same date the following act was passed, that township 30, ranges 15 and 16, now forming a part of the towns of Erin Prairie and Cylon, be, and is hereby de- tached from said towns and organized into a new town to be called Emerald; the first election to be held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in April, 1861, at the house of Thomas Eoss, in sec- tion 20, township 30, range 16. At a meeting of the board held November 12th, 1861, an act was passed that all of township 29, ranges 15 and 16, now forming a part of the town of Hammond, be, and is hereby detached from said town and organized into a new town, to be known as Springfield, the first election to be held at the school-house in district number 4, the first Tuesday in April, 1862. At a meeting of the board held December 2d, 1864, it was voted to change the name of that portion of St. Croix known as Malone, in township 20, range 18, to Kinnickinnic. At a meeting of the board held December 30th, 1870, the following act was passed: township 31 north, of range 17 west, of the fourth principal meridian, being a part of Star Prairie, is hereby detached from said town of Star Prairie and formed into a new town to be known as Stanton; first election to be held the first Tuesday in April, 1870. At the same meet- ing the board voted to divide the town of Eau Galle, and all of township 28 north, of range 16 west, of the fourth principal meridian, to be formed into a new town called Cady; election for the organization to be held the first Tuesday in April, 1870, at the school-house in district No. 1, township 29, range 11. At a meeting of the board held December 4th, 1872, it was ordered that a certain district, known as township 29 north, of range 16 west, being a part of the town of Springfield, be set off from said town and formed into a new town to be known as Baldwin; first meeting to be held on the first Tuesday in April, 1873, in school-house in joint district No. 4. At a meeting of the board held December 16th, 1880, it was ordered that all of township 31, range 15, now a part of Cylon, be detached and form a new town called Forest; first meeting to be held the first Tuesday in April, 1881. We have given the legal divisions and the boundaries of the twenty towns of the county. 226 HISTORY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. The county has thirteen whole congressional townships, except township 31, a portion of which lies .on the west side of the river. The meander- ings of the river leaves a fraction of townships 29, 30 and 31 on the east side of the lake, which gives the county about 850,000 acres of land. The general features of the county are the same •as other counties bordering on the lake. The bluffs along the lake are irregular and broken, and present some fine, romantic scenery, with here and there a river or creek flowing from the interior down through deep ravines, shaded by heavy foliage on their entrance ' to the lake, pre- senting some most beautifully arranged views, while at other points the landscape slopes more gently down to the water's edge. From the river eastward the country is broken and somewhat hUly, while in the eastern part it becomes more level. In the central portions are rolling prairies on which are opened some very fine farms. The eastern tier of townships were formerly covered with a heavy growth of timber, and was known as the Big Woods, extending through the county north and south. The timber is composed of walnut, butternut, and red, black and white oaks, and maple, with some white pine in the north- east. The soil is mostly of a clayey loam. In some portions, however, it becomes more sandy, and well adapted for all kinds of grain. Some fine qualities of lime and sandstone crop out from the hiUs in different parts of the county. The drainage of the county is fine. Numerous rivers and creeks, having their rise in the north and east flow across the county and empty into the lake. Apple river, the largest in the county, has its rise in Polk county, enters St. Croix in section one of Star Prairie township, passes diagonally south-west across the township, enters Somer- set township from section thirty-one, makes a long sweep to the north then to the south and enters the Lake St. Croix between Hudson and Osceola. Willow river, the next in size, has its rise in Cylon township in the north-east, extends through the south-east corner of Stanton town- ship, thence through the north of Erin Prairie, thence into Richmond, south-west, and enters the lake between North and South Hudson. Hay river has its rise in Emerald and Springfield town- ships, extends toward the south-east and enters the Bed Cedar river in Dunn county. Kinnic- kinnic river in the south has its rise in Warren and Pleasant Valley townships, flows south-west and enters Lake St. Croix from Pierce county. Hush river rises in Rush River and Eau Galle town- ships, and flows south into Lake Pepin. These streams, having their supplies from springs and small lakes, have an abundance of water, which flows rapidly along, thereby furnishing good pow- ers for manufactories, mills, etc. Several small lakes in different parts of the county are well supplied with fish. The Bass, Twin, BeU Perch and Cedar lakes are flue little bodies of water, and furnish fine resorts for the tourist. HUDSON. CHAPTER XXXIX. INCOBPOBATION MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS — FIKST PHYSICIAN — QEEAT FIKES OF 1866 AND 1872 — -FIBB DEPARTMENT BANKS FLOURING MILLS— THE PEESS — NEW BLOCKS. The name first given to this tovra was Buena Vista. It was organized in the spring of 1849, laid off by act of the board of county com- missioners, at a meeting held at the house of PhUip Aldrich, Eebruary 28th, of the same year. The name of Buena Vista was suggested by Joel Foster, at the time it was laid out. He had just come to the settlement, and had been m the bat- tle of Buena Vista. The excitement over the victory made it a popular name, and it was ac- cordingly adopted. By an act of the legislature in the winter of 1851, the name of the town and all villages therein were changed to Willow River, under which title it remained until November 9th, 1852, when by petition of the citizens it was changed to Hudson. The first settlement in the county was made at the mouth of WiUow river, by Louis Massey and Peter F. Bouchea, a Frenchmen, followed soon INCORPORATION OF HUDSON. 227 after by W. Steets and Joseph Sauperson, known as Joe Lagrew. The four men and their fami- lies were the first settlers on the land that is now occupied as Hudson city. In 1846, Capt. J. B. Page with his family, from the Mormon settle- ment of Nauvoo, landed on these shores and made a claim.. Kext came Mr. Perrington, who with Mr. Paye, built a saw-mill in 1847, at this point. Thus began the settlement of this wild and ro- mantic country, which was destined to be one of the finest in St. Croix valley. About that time J. W. Stone and the Nobles brothers came. In the spring of 1848, Philip Aldrich, Ammah An- drews, Moses Perrin. James Sanders and Joseph Mears, joined the settlement. The nearest store and post-oflfice was at Red Eock, on the Missis- sippi river. The enterprise of the new settlers was not long in overcoming these inconveniences. In 1848, James Stone erected a store and kept a general stock of goods ; also opened a law office in connection. A mail was received once in two weeks from Prairie du Chien, Philip Aldrich, act-, ing as post-master. About the same time Moses, Perrin built an hotel. Mrs. Page in connection with her other duties practiced medicine, Thomp- sonian. Substantial dwellings sprang up all over the site of this then wild spot, which had but a short time before been occupied by the wig- wam of the Chippewa. The records tell us that Louis Massey entered his claim August 23d, 1848, the east half of the south-west quarter of section 24, township 29, range 20. This claim of Louis Massey was first occupied by him in the spring of 1838, and when finally entered for record, in 1848, was the first recorded in the county. At the same time, Peter F. Bouchea made a claim of the west half of the north-west quarter, of section 25, township 29, range 20. September 15th, 1848, a portion of Mr. Massey's claim was layed out and platted as Buena Vista. June 3d, 1850, Messrs. Gibson, Henning, Bouchea, Stone and Crowns, layed out and platted twenty acres adjoining Bviena Vista, and called it Willow River. At this time the settlers began to make this an objective point. The same year Dr. Otis Hoyt appeared on the scene with his surgical instru- ments and medicines, and the settlement was provided with a physician. The early settlers, not forgetting the advanta- ges which they enjoyed in their far-ofE homes in the east, began to think of their children and to make arrangements for the improvement of their minds. The subject of schools was discussed, and a district called number one was formed September 22d, 1849. A meeting was called . at the house of M. V. Nobles, and the district or- ganized by the election of the first board of offi- cers, as follows: Moses S. Gibson, director; P. P. CatUn, treasurer; Pascal D. Aldrich, clerk. The first school was taught by E. P. Pratt in what was known as the stone house. S. C. Simonds taught the school in the winter of 1853-'54. It was no small matter to maintain a school in those days. Money was scarce and teachers not very plenty, who wished to teach at the small wages settlers could pay. At the next annual meeting, September 30th, 1850, Ammah Andrews was elected director and J. J. Putman treasurer; P. D. Aldrich clerk. The meeting voted $40 tax to pay for a six months' school. Miss Charlotte Mann took charge of the school for about eight years, and by industry, culture and high character obtained a reputation among the settlers as valuable in her more limited sphere as that of Horace Mann, the great champion of pubUc education. In the winter of 1851-'52 two separate plats, or villages, of Buena Vista and Willow River were imited and changed in name to Willow River. The next spring the first church was es- tabUshed, which was the Pirst Baptist under the ministry of Rev. Mr. CatUn. As the village increased and the town back from the river became more thickly settled the people became dissatisfied with the name of the village and township. A vote was taken which resulted in a petition being presented to the board of county commissioners to have the name of the town and villages therein contained changed to Hudson, which name was suggested by Alfred Day. Additions were made to the original plat from time to time until quite a large city, on paper, stretched from the banks of the lake back up the sides of the bluff and along the more level valley of the Willow river. In the winter of 1856-7 a charter was procured and the first municipal elec- tion was called for the first Monday in April of the same year. The following officers were elected: 228 HISTOBY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. Mayor, A. D. Gray; aldermen for the first ward, James B. Gray, J. M. Fulton, M. V. Nobles; aldermen for Second ward, Alfred Day, K. A. Gridley, C. E. Dexter ; aldermen for Third ward, Chas. Thayer, H. P. Lester and, N. Perry. The first meeting of the city council was called at Hendee's Hall, May 4th, 1877, his honor the mayor presiding, J. B. Gray, clerk pro tem. The election of the minor officers was made by ballot with the following result: City clerk, O. Bell ; city attorney, Cyrus T. Hall; city surveyor, Michael Lynch. On motion, the council fixed the bonds of the city treasurer at $5,000, with three good sureties; the same to be approved by the council. It was voted to appoint a committee to draft by-laws and ordinances; J. B. Gray, Charles Thayer, O. Bell and J. M. Fuller were appointed as said committee. It was voted to appoint Day, Nobles and Lester committee on printing. On motion. Dexter, Gray and Day were appointed to draft laws for the regulation of the council. On motion, it was voted to fix the salary of the city clerk at $250 per year; voted to fix the salary of the city surveyor at $5 per diem for the time actually engaged; voted to fix the sal- ary of the city attorney at $200 per annum; also voted that the city engineer receive $1.50 per day. On motion, it was voted that the following shall be the standing committees of the council, claims, ways and means, streets, fire department, printing, health, taxes and licenses. The mayor made the following appointments: on claims, Day, Fulton and Perry; ways and means. Grid- ley, Gray and Lester; health, Thayer; fire depart- ment, Nobles; taxes, Gray, Dexter and Lester ; on printing, Day, Nobles and Lester; on licenses, Fulton, Gridley and Berry. On motion, a committee was appointed to procure rooms for the meetings of the council, and Nobles, Gridley and Thayer were appointed said com- mittee. The subject of establishing grades was discussed and referred to committee on streets. On motion, it; was voted to hold the council meetings at city hall the first Tuesday of each month, at 7:30 p. m. At a meeting of the council held May 13th, 1857, it was voted to charge the following rates for licenses: for hotel keeper to sell intoxicating liquors, $50.00; bowling allies, with saloon, $25.00 in addition to the other license charged; wholesale dealers, $200; billiard saloons, $25 for each table, aside from any other license charged. The first license issued by the city was to John Cyphers; said Cyphers to receive license on presentation of a receipt signed by the treasurer for $40 for whole- sale, $100 for saloon and $24 for two billiard tables. At its organization the city was divided into three wards, as follows: all that portion o the city lying south of a line drawn through the center of Walnut street, from the west to the east boundary of said city, shall constitute the First ward; all that portion of said city being north • of said line and south of a line drawn through the center of Division street, from the eastern to the western boundary of said city, shall constitute the Second ward, and all that portion of said city lying north of the Second ward shall constitute the Third ward. The cause of education has so advanced that at this time they have three fine graded schools. The first school house was erected in 1855, in the Second ward, a large two story-house, at an expense of about $1 ,000. Two wings larger than the original have since been added to the building. A new school house was built afterward in the First ward. At the organization of the city, the follow- ing officers for school commissioners were elected: J. W. Peers and M. A. Fulton for the First ward; S. C. Simonds and A. D. Gray, for the Second ward; Charles Thayer and H. F. Bond for Third ward. The steady onward progress of school interests in the city has brought them to a very favorable showing. On August 31st, 1879, the report was: amount on hand, $2,022.08; tax for school purposes, $4,004.38; tax levied by county superintendent, $229.95 ; state school fund, $250.40 ; total, $6,506.70. During the school year arhounts paid for male teachers, $800.00 ; paid for female teachers, $2,410,00; school fur- niture, $120.00; for all other purposes, $1,323.98; total paid out during year, $4,653.98; amount on hand August 31st, 1880, $1,852.78. At the enumeration of 1880, it was found that there were children in the city over four years and under twenty: Males, 355; females, 323; total, 678. In the public schools over four and under twenty, 590. From the files of the Star and Times of May DESTEUCTION BY FIBE. 229 24th, 1866, we clip the following description of the great fire that occurred May 19th, 1866: ■'Terrible conflagration— the city in ruins— six- ty-four business houses in ruins and twenty-five families homeless— only one store left standing- total loss, $325,000— insurance, $75,000. The Are broke out at 1:30 p. m., in the rear of H. A. Tay- lor and Company's building, used for furniture rooms and printing offices. No fire had ever been used in the shed. It was supposed to have origi- nated by sparks from the saloon or the pipe of a drunken man, found lying' where the fire origi- nated, and barely saved from burning with the building. The rapidity with which the flames spread was almost impossible to believe. Not even the books and personal effects from the Star and Times office were saved. Merchants in the adjoining stores had barely time to secure their valuable papers. The wind blew a gale. The flames seemed to break in every direction. The City hotel was enveloped in flames before the alarm was hardly given. The family and guests escaped with only what they had on. In an hour the scene was terrific; the billows of fiame and the blinding smoke with the explosion of gun- powder; the piles of goods hastily moved only to be destroyed; the approaching darkness, which caused uncertainty, terror and despair; the blackened ruins of what a few moments before were marts of merchandise and elegant homes; the crowds of toiling, anxious men and terror- stricken women; all formed a scene alike terrible and grand. "In about two hours the fire fiend had done its work. What at noon was the mart of a thriving city, at sundown was a blackened ruin, with only one standing store. The proceeds of years of toil, the abundance which brought affluence and elegance, the little that had been saved from the proceeds of toil, all perished and gone. It is due to the business men to say, no men eVer bore losses with more fortitude, or set to work with more cheerfulness and energy to retrieve their losses. Most were able to go on without any very serious embarrassment. The fire had not ceased before the work of re-building was planned, and the city rose from the ashes with finer pro- portions than before." The hook and ladder company was first organ- ized in 1860, with Joseph H. Harrington foreman, John Bartlett assistant foreman and A. Freer sec- retary. There were thirty members at its organ- ization. In 1865, the company established a free library for the use of its members. The company was well equipped and did efficient work at the great fire. The city had hardly recovered from the first great conflagration, when it was once again visited by the fire fiend, destroying a large part of the busi- ness portion. This time the fire broke out in the Chapin Hall hotel, standing on the present site of the Chapin Hall house at 12 o'clock, noon. Every effort was made by the fire company and citizens to keep the fire from spreading, but to no avail. It seemed as though the city must be en- tirely destroyed again. It was found impossible without assistance from abroad to check its mad career. It was also impossible to get assistance in time to do much good, when the fire was at last subdued, it was found that about thirty dif- ferent firms had lost more or less. The aggre- gate loss estimated at $100,000, with only $15,000 insurance. Misfortune never comes single-handed, so with our devoted city. The smoke of this great conflagration had hardly subsided when the alarm was once again sounded. This time the seat of the fire was in the elevator and the ware- house of Coon and Pratt, with their contents. The elevator contained about 30,000 bushels of wheat. The warehouse of C. D. Powers was also destroyed. The total amount of the loss dis- tributed among several parties, was $60,000, with $16,355 insurance. The city authorities began at this time to see the necessity of supplying some means of pro- tection against the devouring elements. In Sep- tember of the same year, the city purchased their present fire engine, which was place in the hands of the old hook and ladder company. In March the old company was disbanded and a new com- pany organization effected, under the title of the Hudson City Fire Company, with the following officers : M. Whitten, chief engineer; G. Ander- son, first assistant; J. B. Martin, second assistant; M. D. Aldrich, secretary; D. W. Coon, treasurer; George "W. Willis, in charge of engine. The company is well equipped with a good machine and all necessary additions to enable them to cope with a fire. The city has a fine building for the engine house, centraly located, with fine 230 HISTORY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. rooms above for the use of the city council, where everything is kept in fine Order by J. A. Bunker, city clerk, who, in 1870, was elected to the position. He was also in 1873, elected secretary of the fire company. The library of the old hook and ladder company was transferred to the new Are company, November, 1872. January, 1877, the city was once again visited by fire and the Dippo block destroyed, with a loss of $5,000 and no insurance. The First National Bank was organized under the general banking law with a capital of $50,000 and the following oflicers: John -Comstock, presi- dent ; A. E. Jefferson, cashier. The original di- rectors were L. P. Wetherbv, Alfred Goss, Wm. H. Crown, John Comstock, Amos E. Jefferson, Alfred I. Goss. The bank deals in foreign ex- change and transacts a general exchange and col- lection business. A safe and thriving business is being done at this time under the management of the following gentlemen: John Comstock, president ; A. E. Jefferson, cashier ; H. A. Tay- lor, John C . Spooner, T. D. Harding, A. L. Clarke, and Jas. A. Andrews, directors. The Hudson Savings Bank, formerly the Na- tional Savings Bank of Hudson, was organized October, 1870, with Alfred Goss, president, and A. J. Goss, cashier, having two departments, general banking and exchange, domestic and foreign bills bought and sold. Savings depart- ment; deposits of one doUar and upwards re- ceived and interest paid, compounding every six months. The Willow River flour mills, Comstock, Clarke and Company, proprietors. The south mill was built by D. A. Baldwin in 1868, 30x40, three stories, purchased by Comstock,- Clarke and Company, in 1877, rebuilt in 1880, by Messrs. Com- stock, Clarke and Company, with a fifty six inch Leffel wheel, 130-horse power, one set of corru- gated rollers, one pair of Smith rollers, two Smith purifiers, and turns out seventy-five barrels of flour per day. The north mill was built by D. A. Baldwin in 1867, of wood 40x60, three stories above base- ment, with four run of stone. In 1877 it was purchased by Comstock, Clarke and Company, who enlarged and rebuilt, and added an eleva- tor, with a capacity of 15,000 bushels. The pre- sent mill is 54x60 feet, with a sixty-six inch American turbine water wheel of 160-horse power. It has all the latest improved machinery for a rol- ler mill, which consists of thirteen sets of corru- gated rollers, ten pair of Smith rollers, and four run of stone, and thirteen Smith purifiers, with all other machinery necessary for a first class mer- chant mill ; capacity 300 hundred barrels per day. The past year it was overhauled and improve- ments made, which make it a first class mill with a capacity of 450 barrels per day. The St. Croix Valley mill was built by L. D. Bartlett, about 1861 and used as a warehouse un- til 1870, when it was purchased by Hall and Com- pany. In 1873 they placed in the building a forty-five horse power engine, one feed mill and corn-sheller. In 1875 they added four run of stone with other machinery for manufacturing new process fiour. In 1880 the null was over- hauled and new machinery added, which consisted of five sets of corrugated Stevens roUers, three sets Smith rollers, two run of stone, seven Smith purifiers, and other machinery for a first-class mill. The mill is 50x100 feet on the ground, three stories high and is a frame structure. The engine room is of brick and stone, 26x40 feet, one story high. The mill has a capacity for pro- ducing 100 barrels of flour per day, and furnishes employment to fifteen men. The property is owned by Hall and Goss, the mUl being operated by A. W. Hall. The West Wisconsin Railway Company, in building their road, had secured the right to bridge the lake at Hudson, to make a western connection with the St. Paul, Stillwater and Tay- lor's Palls railroad, and thereby securing an en- trance into St. Paul as its western terminus. The building of the bridge caused hard feeling to rankle in the breasts of the lumbermen at Still- water, because, as they claimed, the passages were not wide enough. We clip the history of the 'Battle of the Piles': "On the morning of the 7th of July, 1871, warlike preparations were no- ticeable at Stillwater. Six steamboats moved down the lake towards the nearly completed bridge at Ilui^son, Wisconsin. They carried a force of two hundred active, able-bodied men. The work on the bridge had been progressing rapidly, much to the satisfaction of the people of Hudson. The "pile drivers" had placed a long line of piles, or supports, in position, and had left BATTLE OF THE FILES. 231 space for a draw of ninety-eight feet in the main channel of the river. The bridge was looked upon with displeasure by the people of Stillwater for various reasons, but they urged principally that the draw was too small. It may be that the rafts could have been diminished in size. But 'may bes' don't count, and on Monday, July 3d, an injunction was formally served upon the bridge builders. Their work was suspended temporarily and an agreement was made, the Stillwater folks thought, to stop further proceed- ings and take the matter from the 'district' to the 'circuit court.' They found, however, that the bridge builders continued the work. When the steamers, with their forces, arrived near the Hud- son bridge, at ten o'clock that Friday morning, it was discovered, by the aid of a glass, that more piles were being driven. So three of the steam- ers — the Louisville, Whitmore, and Brother Jonathan — were lashed together and ordered to the attack. They proceeded under a fire of in- vectives from the Hudsonites, who had gathered at the bridge. Several of the attacking party were stunned by the force of the invectives, but they were carried to Doctor Morpheus, in whose care they soon recovered. At five minutes past ten a. m. the attack was commenced. A great hawser was uncoiled from the deck of one of the steamers. Several gallant, but slightly excited, men fastened it to one of the piles. The com- mander commanded, the bells rung, the engines moved, the wheels revolved, the hawser slipped ofE, and Hudson whooped with joy. The other three steamers moved toward the point of attack, hoping to be called upon. But the undaunted commander renewed the attack. The hawser was again fastened, the command given, and this time steam was victorious. The pile was drawn, and from up river went a yell of delight that was repeated by the re-inforcements, and again and again repeated by both. Through- out the day eighty piles were drawn. Duringthenextdaya steamer was left to guard the passage, and not till evening did she leave her post. Even then she finished the fight by cap- turing that great machine, the 'pile-driver,' which she delivered into the custody of the good city of Stillwater, l^o record has been kept of the woimded feelings of the lost spirits. It is a matter of regret that they cannot enter into the 'Battle of the Piles.' A flag of truce was sent, a couple of conferences were held, and finally on Saturday, July the 16th, 1871, an agreement was entered into under which the building of the bridge went on, and the draw was made 140 feet clear above, and 136 feet clear at the water line for the passage of rafts. Thus was effected the bridge compromise; and soon Hudson celebrated the completion of the West Wisconsin railroad." The first newspaper printed in the St. Croix valley was the "St. Croix Banner," the first num- ber of which appeared January 20th, 1850, edited by Mrs. E. Hugh, Colonel James Hugh proprie- tor. Late the same year the "St. Croix Inquirer," was established by Sexton and Johnson. In 1860, H. A. Taylor edited a paper known as the "Hud- son Chronicle." He changed the name to "Hud- son Times," which he published for four years, when he purchased the "Hudson Star," estab- lished by Dr. Otis Hoyt in 1854. Mr. Taylor con- solidated the two under the title of "Star and Times," which title it still retains, and is now ably edited by Messrs. Taylor and Price. The "True Eepublican" was established by M. A. Fulton in 1876, who sold it to Sharrattand Cline, in- 1876. In December, 1878, Sharratt sold his interest to James Coggswell, and it is now edited by Messrs. Cline and Coggswell. The St. Croix Agricultural Society was organ- ized in 1857. It held its annual fair on grounds fitted up near Hudson untU 1867, when the two counties of St. Croix and Pierce united and held a fair at River Falls in the fall of 1868. Not suited with that arrangement, the society rented grounds near Richmond, and held their fairs until 1879, when they purchased grounds one-half mile south of the city limits on a beautiful plat of ground located on the bluf£. The grounds are nicely laid out with race-track and fine buildiags. The people from all parts of the county take pride in contributing to support and maintain a first-class fair. Siacethe great fires of 1866 and 1872 many fine, large blocks have been erected, which give the city a new appearance. The City hotel, burned in 1866, was rebuilt 1868, as Chapin Hall house. It was burned again in 1872, and rebuilt in 1879 by Messrs. Taylor and Andrews. The Hosford block was built in 1866 by Messrs. Hosford, Crowe, Chubback brothers, Clarke and Jefferson 232 EISTOBY OF SAINT GBOIX COUNTY. Henning block was built by John O. Henning in 1867. The Taylor block was built in 1868 by Horace A. Taylor. First National Bank, built 1870. The Goss, Boyden block was built in 1871 by Messrs. Goss, Boyden and Martin. The North block was built in 1872 by Lemuel North. The Schneider block was built in 1872 by Charles Schneider. The Commercial house was built as a blacksmith shop in 1875 and rebuilt in 1876, with additions, by Charles Schneider. It is now 26x110; addition, 20x88; three stories. Music Hall block was built in 1873, with a fine public hall in the upper story, 44x80 feet, seating 300 people. The Dippo block was built in 1877 by David Dippo. The Kickard block was built in 1879 by A. Rickard. The post-office block was built by Prank D. Harden in 1879. Crowe block was built in 1880; contains a beautiful hall, finely arranged for the comfort of large au- diences; will seat 500 people quite comfortably; building, 55x80; hall, 46x60; built in 1880 by W. H. Crowe. The Taylor and Goss block was built in 1881 by Messrs. Taylor and Goss. CHAPTEE XL. -MANUFACTORIES- BUSIKESS ENTERPRISES- CHURCHES SCHOOLS SECRET SOCIETIES NORTH HUDSON — WILLOW RIVER VALLEY. The business interests of the city of Hudson are representedas follows: Hotels — Chapin Hall house, Commercial house, Seeley house, and housy hrrse. Mercantile Houses — General merchandise, Lemuel North, J. B. Chubbuck, H. Barlow, E. H. Streeter, and Messrs. Cevenson and Blitch- feldt. Dry Goods and millinery— Ansley Brothers. Clothing— J. Shrimski.J. C. Schneider, T. Bench, and Ilyslop and Davies. Druggists— Boyden and Martin, Carl. T. Paterson, and llenning and Jagger. Books, stationary and notions — W. H. Crowe, and Frank D. Harding. Fruits, notions and news— W. H. Jones. Grocers— J. J. Luck, S. Roe and Company, S. W. Fuller, D. Hoffman, "W . B. Hatch, and M. P. Palmer. Hardware— T. E. Williams, W. M. Otis,R. E. Hoffmann, and J. H. Harrington. Boots and shoes — Evans and Mann, Amos Balsom, W. Beggs, and Frank Leis- ter. Harness shops— Harras and Company, and F. W. Blum. Furniture— Beard and Company, J. T. Slater, and ^V. C. Brown. Lumber— M. Herrick. Wagons and carnages- John H. Wil- liams, Alvin Otis, S. Hyslop. Flour and feed- George Hosford. Worsted and fancy goods- Mrs. J. Birch. Millinery— Mrs. D. M. Dippo, and Misses Butler and Watson. Attorneys- Henry C. Baker, J. W. Bashford, Glover and Vannatta, L. P. Weatherby, John C. Spooner, N. H. Clapp, Moffat and Hughs, S. C. Patten, S. H. Clough, and C. L. Catlin. Physicians- Otis Hoyt, C. F. Kmg, J. F. Baker, S. C. Johnson, and D. Silliman. Dentists— M. P. Goodwin, L. C. Gould, and M. Whitten. Real estate— C. Y. Denniston, Kelley and Hughs, and Ole Gunder- son. Land Commissioners of the North Wiscon- sin railroad lands— W. H. Phipps, and C. W. Porter. Insurance agents — J. W. White, F. E. and F. C. Crarey, and James A. Bunker. Agri- cultural implements and insurance — J. B. Jones and George Munson. Sewing machine agent — Henry Crosby. Photographer — J. F. Mass. Book-binder — Henry Beard. Livery — H. D. Champlin and C. R. Coon. Grain dealers — W. S. Evans and G. W. Martin. Blacksmiths — Christ. Hanson and S. Cockburn. Gunsmith — Orville Holmes. Wholesale Liquors — Mr. Mc- Guire. Breweries — Louis Yoerg and William Montmann. Meat markets — D. W. ('oons and Johnson Bros. Ice dealer — John Mules. The Hudson Furniture Manufactory was es- tablished by Messrs. Nash and Beard, in the fall of 1877. The factory was well equipped with the necessary machinery for manufacturing furni- ture, and used for the same until August, 1880, when the firm divided their interests. John N. Nash took the factory, and Mr. Beard the sale rooms and otlier business. Mr. Nash, with the use of the machinery, has for the past two sea- sons been engaged in manufacturing granulated sugar and syrup from amber cane. That, which at first was an experiment has proved a complete success. Since November, Mr. Nash has employed his machinery in getting out mate- rial for the manufacturing of twenty-five thresh- ing machines for Kelley and Hughs. MAmjFACTOBIES. 233 The Wisconsin Governor, the name of a newly invented thresher and separator of M. Sullivan and H. Christofferson is being manufactured and placed upon the market by Kelley and Hughs. The flattering success with which this new ma- chine has met, has induced Messrs. Kelley and Hughes to engage in the enterprise, which adds to Hudson manufacturing interests. They expect to have twenty-five new machines ready for ttie market by the coming season. The features that this machine claims are, its length of separating and cleaning capacity, which is fifteen feet work- ing with a double separating balanced rack, each rack in its movements passes through the other giving agitation to the straw and carrying it to the rear of the machine. In actual experience, this machine has carried away three hundred feet of straw and chafE per minute, and that entirely without assistance. It has an adjustable end- shake shoe and a cleaning capacity of forty-three inches by seven feet and two inches. The blast is over-shot with boards so adjusted as to deliver the wind an any part of the sieve that may be desirable. Hudson Foundry and Machine Shop. Rich- ard Hartley and Son, proprietors, was established in 1870. The machine shop is 22x50, two-stories, with foundry 20x30, giving employment to sev- eral hands. They have the contract for getting out the necessary castings for twenty-five threshers for Messrs. Kelley and Hughes. They also man- ufacture the Hartley improved feed-cutting box. The Hudson Carriage Works was established in 1875, J. H. Williams, proprietor. His present shop and storage room was built in 1880, 22x66, two-stories, with addition of 22x40. The past season he manufactured thirty new wagons and carriages besides doing a large repairing business, giving employmet to several men. The capital amounts to $5,000. Montmann's Brewery was established in 1857, by Wm. Montmann, proprietor. His first brew- ery was built in the rear of his hotel, on the corner of Second and Walnut streets. He was burned out in the fire of 1866, and opened his present brewery at the foot of Second street, near the bridge during the same year. Yoerg's Hudson City Brewery was established in 1870, Louis Yoerg, proprietor. He commenced with a building 20x40, and manufactured five hun- dred barrels per year. He lost his brewery by fire, and rebuilt again at once, the new building being 20x80. He put in steam power in 1876, and now manufactures one thousand bar els yearly, finding a market in Hudson and vicinity for all he can manufacture. The First Presbyterian Church was organized December 22d, 1855, under the pastoral care of Rev. Charles Thayer, with a membership of ten. Their services were held in Hendee hall untU May 9th, 1857, at which date they dedicated their first house of worship, which was 24x40. First board of ruling elders: Sampson Hartman, Her- man Humphrey, D. C. Fulton, John M. Nash and Geo. Slater; said oflflcers have held office to this date. The present beautiful house of worship was built of brick in 1873-4, and dedi cated November 22d, 1874, during the ministry of Rev. Bradley Philips. Rev. Walter R. Frame was called to the pastoral care of the church in 1879. The membership at this time is one hun- dred. The society also owns a fine parsonage, built in 1868. The First Congregational Church was organized under the ministrations of Rev. C. II. Marshall August 6th, 1857, with a membership of nine, holding their first worship in the school building on the levee. The society erected their first house of worship on Fourth street about 1860, of wood; size, 38x50. 'Their present membership is sixty-three, with Rev. C. L. Corwin pastor. The First Baptist Church of Hudson was organized May 29th, 1852, under the ministry of Rev. S. T. Catlin, with a membership of eleven. They held their services at the house of Deacon Martin. They built their first house of worship the same year at an expense of 11.000; size, 22x40. Their present house was completed in 1866, of wood, 40x60. Rev. Mr. Kelley was pastor at that date. Their present pastor is Rev. Wm. Hartley, and membership ninety-six. First Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1851, Rev. Mr. Richardson, a missionary under the Minnesota conference, came to this then new country and organized a class, from which sprang the now flourishing church. The church organ- ization was effected about 1852, and the first church was erected in 1866, on the site of their present house. It was almost destroyed shortly after by the wind blowing the steeple over, 234 HISTOEY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. whicli falling on the roof broke it through and destroyed the seats. It was rebuilt the same year. The present church was built 1875, by making an addition to the first church, veneering the whole with brick, making the audience room about 40x60, pastor's study and class rooms in rear about 20x40. The membership at this date is sixty, present pastor. Rev. M. C. Benson. The Episcopal Society wasi first organized about 1855 under the ministrations of Eev. Mr. Wilkin- son. They have been supplied with preaching from time to time from Stillwater and other points ; Rev. H. Langlois present pastor. Ser- vices are held in the Good Templars hall at the present time. The Evangelical Lutheran Society was organ- ized in 1876 with six members. Rev. Mr. Hoyes- tert pastor. They built their present house of worship the same year ; size 40x80 ; present pas- tor Rev. Mr. Clog; membership now numbers forty-five families. The St. James Catholic Society was organized about 1856, under the ministration of Rev. Father McGee. They erected their first house of wor- ship the same year. The present fine commodi- ous house of worship, 40x80 of stone, was com- menced in 1874, completed and dedicated Novem- ber 16th, 1879. The present pastor. Rev. Father T. A. KeUey, came to the care of the church June, 1874. They have a membership of 200 famiUes. A parochial school of 100 scholars is connected with the church. Hinckley's Military Institute was established at Eiver Falls, about the year 1870, by Prof. J. R. Hinckley. He soon removed the school to Hud- son as a more favorable point, and erected for the use of the institute a large wooden structure in the eastern part of the city, about 60x80, three stories and basement, at an expense of $7,000. The institution was conducted for about two years, when for the want of means to carry on the school, he was obliged to discontinue. In 1880 the buildings were sold to the Catholics for school purposes, who established the same year what is known as the St. Mary's Academy. The Young Men's Christian Association was organized Oct. 1875, with a membership of twenty- five. They have held their meetings in the rooms of the Ladies Library Association since its organ- ization; first president, Rev. W. E. SafEord; vice- president, James Pye; Richard Hartley, corres- ponding secretary. Owing to the many changes of the young men of this city, coming and going, its membership has remained about the same. Much good has been accomplished through their labors, maintaining mission schools from time to time. It has maintained a Sabbath afternoon service since the date of its organization. The Ladies Library Association was organized in 1868. For the first three years the library was kept at the house of Mrs. Jefferson. In 1871 rooms were fitted up in the Goss and Boyden block. At that time they had about 600 volumes. At the Chapin Hall fire, 1872, the association had its library and furniture somewhat damaged by re- moval to a place of safety. In 1878, they removed to rooms in the Dippo block, and remained until their present rooms were completed in the Taylor and Goss block. They have beautiful apartments with splendid furniture and 2,000 volumes of the best standard authors in the country. St. Croix Lodge No. 56 A. F. and A. M., was chartered June 15th, 1855, with the following offi- cers : Benjamin Allen, "W. M.; Otis Hoyt, senior warden; E. B. Livingston, junior warden. Tha lodge was burned out in the fire of May, 1866, also in the fire of May, 1872. When the Dippo block was rebuilt in 1877, the lodge secured the privilege of building the third story of the block. They now have as fine rooms as can be found in the state. They are furnished with every con- venience necessary to make them first-class in every particular. The officers at present are: WilUam Beggs, W. M.; Dr. C. F. King, S. W.; Carl T. Paterson, J. W.; and George R. Hughes, secretary. Colfax Lodge, No. 86, 1. O. O. F. was first char- tered in 1856. The first list of officers was G. E. Otis, N. G.; G. R. Jones, Y. G., with five char- ter members. In the great fire of 1866 the lodge was burned, which was a severe loss to the order. Their books and papers were lost with their fur- niture. Colfax Lodge No. 58 was re-organized Jan- uary 17th, 1868: A. F. Gallop, N.G.; G.R. Jones, V. G. When the Taylor block was rebuilt in the fall of 1870, the lodge secured the privilege of building the upper story, which they have fitted up in fine shape, with all the equipments for a first-class lodge. Members at this time, 65. Nash Lodge of I. O. G. T. was organized SOCIETIES. 235 April 7th, 1877, with seven charter members. The lodge is under the patronage of the Scandi- navians. Since the organization the order has done great good among that class. They have within their order one-fourth of the Scandinavians of Hudson. They have a membership of 49 at this time, and have initiated 125 since the order was established. The order works in both Scandina- vian and English. Hudson City Lodge, No. 486, of the I. O. G. T. was organized February 4th, 1867, with thirty or forty members. The order has done great good in its influence over the youth of the city. Many that were on the downward road have been res- cued; over 700 persons have been initiated into the order since it was organized. But the changes in society have scattered them all over the state. The membership at this time is ninety; meet- ing every Monday evening. In connection with this society was organized in 1877 a juvenile I. 0. G. T. for children sixteen years of age. The membership at this time is 71, meeting every Saturday afternoon at four o'clock. The Temple of Honor was organized in De- cember, 1877, with 15 charter members. The order has been quite prosperous since its organi- zation. They have had as many as 130 good working members at one time. Their present membership is fifty. Meetings are held every Saturday evening. The St. Croix Lodge A. O. U. "W., No. 41, was organized October 16th, 1880, with fourteen char- ter members, the following officers: J. N. Pries- ter, P. M. W.; Ed Drugen, M. W.; G. Z. Holmes, foreman ; G. Slifer, Overseer ; M. Moody, guide ; James Balsom, financier ; E. E. Hoffmann, re- ceiver ; W. A. Hall, recorder ; Thos. Clearland, 1. W.; John Kuley, O. W. The lodge has in- creased to thirty members at this date. They hold their meetings in Masonic hall every "Wed- nesday evening. The master workman at this time is G. Z. Holmes ; J. N. Priester, recorder. The Equitable Aid Union, a new fraternal or- der, was incorporated March 22d, 1879, at Colum- bus, Ohio. The subordinate union of Hudson was organized December 9th, 1880, with twenty- eight members, said to be the first union organ- ized in the state. The following is a list of the oflicers: Amos Balsom, president ; A. H. Otis, vice-president ; Eobert Brow, secretary ; H. P. Densmore, treasurer. The meetings are held regularly each week. The number of members at this time is forty-one. The Hudson City Brass Band was organized in 1880, with ten pieces, under the leadership of J. N. Priester : G. Z. Holmes, teacher ; H. P. Dens- more, business manager ; W. Hatch, treasurer. The Hudson City Quadrille Band with five pieces, under the leadership of Professor G. Z. Holmes, discourses fine music by which the gay ones trip the fleeting hours away. The Old Settlers Association of the East side of the St. Croix valley, was organized about the year 1861 or '62, with about 75 members. The records of the society were destroyed in the fire of 1866. The old settlers of that date were those coming before 1850. At the last re-union, wh'ch was held at Hudson, February 2d, 1881, one himd- red old settlers and fifty families were present. The society voted that an old settler was one that came prior to 1853 ; voted to hold the next meet- ing at Elver Falls. The organization at Hudson of the society of what was then known as the order of 1001, was affected about 1853. Many of the old settlers may bring to mind the ancient history of this very ancient order by the following lines: "Way down by the mouth of old Aetna, Just at the setting of the sun. This glorious old older springs into existence. And was christened the one thousand and one." The Chapin HaU house is of Milwaukee brick, three stories above basement, 90x110 feet on the ground. It contains fifty rooms, nearly all of which are large, well lighted, ventilated and ele- gantly furnished. It is furnished with bath rooms, barber shop, and electric beUs. It has one hundred and fifty feet of verandah each on the first and second stories. The upper and lower verandah open out from the ladies' parlor. A pleasant billiard room is attached. Livery accom- modations first class. Mr. Spencer, the proprietor, has, had fourteen years' experience at the Vilas house and Park hotel, Madison, wliich will be a sufiicient guaranty that Chapin Hall will be kept first class. The Commercial hotel was built in 1875 by the present proprietor, J. C. Schneider. The main building is 26x110 feet, three stories, with a wing of 20x88 feet, two stories. He also uses 236 HI8I0RT OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY. the upper story of the two adjoining stores. He has thirty-six rooms in first class order for guests, billiard and sample rooms connected. The Seeley house was built and opened to the public in 1873, by I. D. Seeley. It is 30x64, three stories high, with an addition 32x28, containing fifty rooms; well patronized during the summer months. The Tracy house was built about 1866, by Den- nis Cavanaugh, who kept it until 1878, when he sold it to J. M. Tracy, the present proprietor, for the sum of $9,000. NORTH HUDSOK. ' The Hudson Land and Water-power Company laid out and platted a tract of land on both sides of the Willow river at its mouth, November, 1857, said plat extending out to the channel of the lake. On the north of this plat, what is known as North Hudson was laid out and platted by D. A. and A. H. Baldwin, August, 1873. The West Wisconsin railroad was buUt to this point November, 1871. The repair shops and round house were established at this point December 1872. The round house will accommodate eight locomotives. The main repair shop is 60x120, with paint and other shops of different depart- ments of the works, giving employment to one hundred and sixty men. The North Wisconsin railroad, built by the same company, was completed to Eichmond in 1872, and to Clayton the following year. The River Falls railroad was built by the St. Paul, Stillwater, and Taylor's Falls company, in 1878. The above railroads are now all under the control of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Company. The same year that the plat was laid out by the Messrs. Baldwin, D. A. Bald- win built a large hotel north of the depot, which was known as the Baldwin house, but was taken down in 1879, removed to South Hudson and used to rebuild the Chapin itall house. The offices of the North Wisconsin railroad and the West Wis- consin railroad were built in 1876— a large three- story brick building. The Nortli Hudson foundry was estabUshed in 1874, by Henry Orme, who has the contract for manufacturing all the cast- ings used by the railroad company except the wheels. He gives employment to ten hands most of the time. His shop is about 40x40. He takes off a heat every day. They do a business of about $30,000 per year. THE WILLOW KIVEK VALLEY. Willow river is so named from a grove of wil- lows at its mouth when the first settler came into the St. Croix valley. The river rises in the towns of Forest, St. Croix county, and in Black- brook, Polk county, and flows in a southwest course through the towns of Stanton, Erin Prairie, Richmond, St. Joseph and Hudson, and enters the St. Croix lake at North Hudson. BOAKDMAN. The village of Boardman is located in the Willow River valley, in section 19, town of Richmond, one-half mile east of the river, and facing the west bank of Ten Mile creek. C. A. Boardman and Samuel Beebe were the first se<^ tiers. The village was platted and layed out by William R. Anderson, in 1864. It has one general store, two flour mills, two blacksmith shops, one shoe shop, school house, hotel, citizens' hall, etc. Ten MUe creek was so named because its conflu- ence with Willow river is ten miles out, on the old Hudson and pinery wagon road. The creek is ten or twelve mUes long, and the Union mill s are there located. Paper Jack creek, another tributary of the Willow river, was so named from a lumberman of earlier days, whom his associates nick-named Paper Jack. Much lumber was cut on it, but it was soon exhausted. The Union mills, S. D. Beebe proprietor, lo- cated on the North Wisconsin, on section 29, township of Richmond, village of Boardman, on Ten Mile creek, one and a half miles from its confluence with Willow river — was built in 1859; 30x32; three and a half stories; wing 14x24; one and a half stories; began grinding February 14th, 1860; two sets of buhrs; capacity, twenty barrels per day; one set of buhrs for feed; does custom work; ships large quantities of flour and feed up the North Wisconsin rail- road to the pineries. Mr. Beebe purchased Mr. Boardman's interest in 1864. In 1869, Beebe and Boardman built a saw-mill on Willow river. Mr. Boardman sold his interest in 1873. Mr. Beebe is a practical miller, and has taken charge of both mills. The Boardman mills, located on Willow river, Eichmond township, sections 19 and 30, Wm. and MANUFACTURING. 237 James Johnson, proprietors, was constructed in 1876; 40x70; addition, north side, 20x50; east side, 14x40; main building, three stories, with a head of fourteen feet, and a 48-inch American turbine wheel. It has two run of stone, six sets of corrugated rollers, of which four are Stevens' patent and two of E. P. Ellis' patent; five sets of smooth rollers, with capacity of 150 barrels in twenty-four hours. Special brands manufac- tured by them "New Era," "Bergen," and "Our Patent," are shipped to eastern markets. They have a large cooper shop attached. W. J. Bergen, head miller. Boardman Blacksmith Shop, Smith and John- ston proprietors, was built in May, 1879, 20x58 feet, and does a general blacksmithing business. Boardman Store, E. H. Daniels proprietor. The building was erected by Mr. Daniels in 1876, is 24x40, two stories, ware-room 12x16, residence attached, 32x28. Mr. Daniels keeps a general store with post-office in the store; Mr. Daniels, postmaster. Willow River Falls Store, at Burkhardt, John Trieb proprietor. The building belongs to C. Burkhardt, 24x56, two stories. He keeps a gen- eral line of merchandise; post-ofBce held in store; name of post-office "Burkhardt," formerly "Bou- chea." Willow River Falls are located on Willow river near Burkhardt station, on the North Wisconsin railroad. They are wild and sublimely beautiful, having a descent of 78 feet, from the base of the Burkhardt mills one-half mile above, to the foot of the falls, with one perpendicular descent of eighteen feet. It is a beautiful, romantic spot, over-shadowed with impending bluffs, rock-ribbed and rough, surrounded by Cyprus trees, and much visited by tourists in the summer season. The falls and surrounding land is owned by C. Burk- hardt. Willow Falls Mills, C. Burkhardt proprietor, is located on Willow river, in St. Joseph town, section 3, eighty rods above Willow river falls, one-half mile north of Burkhardt station, on the North Wisconsin railroad. The mill was erected in 1869, 51x63, four stories, frame, with addition 24x28, two American turbine wheels; head eighteen feet, with five flour buhrs, one feed buhr, two set of rollers, one set of stones for making pearl barley, the only pearl barley mill in the state; capacity of entire mill, one hundred and five barrels every twenty-four hours; brands, "Longla," "Hudson," and "Family Flour;" em- ploying eleven men. The elevator is situated one hundred feet from the mill; 32x42, 32 feet in height, capacity 30,000 bushels; a cooper shop attached employs four to six men. The Planing mill located one hundred and fifty feet from the mUl, is operated by a wire cable from the mill. " A lumber yard is attached. The lumber is cut at Black Brook, twenty-five miles north, on the North Wisconsin railroad. Paradise mills were built in 1854, by Messrs. Cox and Green, 36x36, one and one-half stories high, capacity sixty barrels in twenty-four hours, having three run of stone. The mills in 1864 became the property of Green and Son; in 1873 Caleb Green died, and S. G. Green became sole proprietor. In 1877 the old mills were burned and a new one was erected in 1878, 36x42, two and one-half stories and basement, addition 18x42, at a cost of $14,000. It now has three run of stone, one feed stone, with capacity of sixty barrels in twenty-four hours, employing seven men. Robert McDiarmid, Wm. C. Scott and Thomas Hitchings, in partnership, purchased four yoke of oxen, and together on their respective claims, in the spring of 1851, broke the first land on Hud- son prairie. The first house built on the prairie was that by Wm. C. Scott, in 1850. The old frame house still stands on section 10, Hudson town. Ebene- zer Quimby built the second house, located at the mouth of Paper Jack creek. Willow River cheese factory is located on sec- tion 2, St. Joseph town three-quarters of a mile north of Burkhardt station. The building 30x50, was built May, 1880, by Daniel Lewis and Joseph Beer, capacity five hundred cows. They made the first year 26,000 pounds of cheese, all marketed at home. This was the first factory established in St. Croix county. SCHOOLS. School district number 1 , was organized in the winter of 1856-'7, located on section 2. The first board of trustees was Joseph Bowron, director; John Durning, clerk; Daniel Lewis, treasurer; first teacher, Jessie McDiarmid. 238 EISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY. District number 2, was organized September, 1877, set off from district number 1; ofiScers, James A. Newton, clerk; John Tobin, director; C. Simon, treasurer. The school-house was built in 1878, on section 19, at an expense of $490; Ann Spencer, first teacher. School district number 4, was organized in 1853; first officers, Wm. Z. Dailey, director; W. C. Scott, treasurer; F. W. Hitchings, clerk. The school-house is located in Hudson town, north- west quarter of the north-west quarter of sec- tion 15. Present officers, H. S. Brooks, direc- tor; Robert McDiarmid, treasurer; Jacob Bork, clerk; forty scholars are on the roll. The school has a fine librai-y for the use of the scholars and residents of the district. School district number 1, was set off from Hudson district number 4 and organized No- vember 18th, 1868; first officers, George Martin, clerk; WiUiam Virtue, treasurer; H. Crandall, director; first teacher, Frank Nye. The district includes six sections. The present board of offi- cers, John Kelley, clerk; Jacob Dailey, director; Wm. Virtue, treasurer; twenty-six scholars en- rolled. The school-house was built in 1869, at a cost of $800. School district number 3, Richmond town located at the village of Boardman, was organ- ized in 1857; first board of trustees, Ira Parke, clerk; C. A. Boardman, treasurer; S. L. Beebe, director; first teacher, Warren Libby; first ses- sion taught in the winter .of 1857-'8, at the res- dence of Ira Park. The present school house was built in 1861, 22x28 feet, with belfry and beU; scholars enrolled, fifty or sixty. The present officers are C. A. Hall, clerk; Hiram Tool, di- rector; G. Ilurd, treasurer; teacher, Edwin Lovell. Union Hall, at Boardman, was built in 1878 by an association of citizens of the town, com- posed of grangers, good templars and other citr izens. Building 26x60, 16 foot posts. The pres- ent officials are A. Philip, president; Hiram Tool, treasurer; E. II. Daniels, secretary. Farmers' Co-operative Store located at North Wisconsin railroad junction was organized Janu- ary, 1878, on the Rochelle English plan, with fifty shares, par value $5.00 eachj afterwards in- creased to 165 shares, and purchases and sells goods in the regular way on a strictly cash plan. First officers were Wm. H. Diarmid, president; F. W. Hitchings, secretary. Present officers: James S. Kelley, president; Lorenzo Crandall, secretary. The Warren Mutual Insurance Company, organ- ized in 1880, has its head office in Warren, but does business in several adjoining town- ships, doing a strictly farm business on the co- operative or assessment plan. At their last meeting it was found that they were carrying about $60,000 of risks. Annual meeting first Tuesday m January. Charles Parker, president; J. C. Searl secretary. Martin's elevator, Geo. Martiu, propietor, lo- cated at North Wisconsin Junction, was erected in 1875; building 38x40 feet and 60 feet high; ca- pacity 20,000 bushels, handling 100,000 bushels per annum. This is a profitable enterprise for the farmers in the surrounding country, as Mr. Mar- tin pays full price with other markets. Pomona Grange of St. Croix county, a county organization of over 200 members, meets quar- terly at the various grange halls in the county. S. J. Madison, of Pleasant Valley, master; John C. Searl, Warren, secretary. Prairie Grange No. 203 was organized October 4th, 1873, with sixteen or eighteen charter mem- bers. The first officers were W. Hitchings, mas- ter; John Kelley, secretary; present enrollment, 65. In November, 1864, the grange purchased a vacant school-house on section 15, Hudson, with one-fourth acre of land attached, for the purpose of a hall, at a cost of S225. The building was enlarged to 32x58 feet, refitted and furnished in fine style, and has since been occu- pied by the grange. Regular meetings are held on the first three Saturdays and last Monday of each month. The hall is supplied with a fine li- brary. Officers: John Hodgin, master; Miss Mary E. Pell, secretary. CHAPTER XLI. BIOGRAPHICAL. J. F. Baker M. D.,anative of New Hampshire, was born at Meridan in 1845. When ten years old came with his parents to Davenport, Iowa, BIOGBAFHIGAL. 239 where his father has been ever since, engaged in the practice of medicine. Dr. Baker graduated at Bellevue Medical College, New York, in 1868, then practiced in Davenport until 1878. Since that year he has been a resident of Hudson. John W. Bashford, born at Fayette, Wisconsin, in 1848, graduated from the Madison University in 1871, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar. He immediately came to Hudson and for two years practiced in partnership with J. E. Glover. Since 1876, has been alone. Charles H. Beard, a native of Hudson, was born in 1856. tn 1871 commenced to work for Nash and Beard, furniture dealers, and remained with them until 1877. Then went to Baldwin and for eight months engaged in photograph business. At the end of that time returned to Hudson and entered the firm of Moss and Beard, which con- tinued until 1879. From May, 1879, until the fall of 1880, he worked at carpentering. Next entered the firm of T. Beard, and has since been engaged dealing in furniture, Samuel J. Bradford was bom in Paris, Keno- sha county, Wisconsin, November 25th, 1852. Was raised on a farm and received an academic and commercial education. Graduated from the law department of the University of Wisconsin, and was admitted to the bar in 1876. In the fall of 1877 he was elected clerk of the circuit court of St. Croix county, and re-elected in 1879, hold- ing that position since. Married Miss Barbara E. Koss, October 8th, 1878. A. J. Buell, born in Germany in 1836, came to the United States in 1853, and for four years was in Rochester, New York, engaged in mUling. came to Hudson February 17th, 1866, and has been head miller in the Willow Kiver mills since. Mr. Buell married MagdelinaDe Eoncke, in 1867. Charles J., Cora J., Ida M., and Pearl are their children. F. P. Catlin was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in 1815. Came to Hudson in June, 1849, commissioned by PEesident Taylor to open the Willow River Land Ofiice. This was the first land ofiice in north-western Wisconsin. Mr. Cat- lin conducted its affairs four years. After quit- ting the land office he was engaged in dealing in real estate until 1866. Then spent several years traveling in this country and in Europe. From 1874 until 1878 he lived in Eipon, since then has lived in Hudson. Mr. Catlin is the youngest and only surviving one of fourteen children of one parentage, and claims to be the oldest living man whose father was in the revolutionary war. Mar- ried in 1840, to Elizabeth Du Bois of Pennsyl- vania. She died in 1852, leaving three children, Charles L., Frank E., and Fred. Again married again in 1857, and in 1872 lost his second wife, by whom he had one son, William W. H. D. Champlln, a native of Cattaraugus coun- ty. New York, was bom in 1840. Came to Hudson in 1858, and has since made it his home, and for thirteen years he was engaged in running a boat on the St. Croix river; the last seven years he owned the boat, which he sold in 1875. Then made a trip to Iowa, purchased a number of horses and mules, brought them to Hudson, and since has dealt in stock. In 1879 he built a fine stable, 80x100 feet, and has since conducted it as a livery, boarding and sale stable. Hans Christofferson was bom in Norway in 1844, immigrated to this country in 1869, and set- tled at Janesville, Wisconsin, where he was en- gaged in carpenter work, then went to Depere, and was engaged as pattern-maker until the spring of 1880. He is the inventor of the thresh- ing machine known as the "Governor," which was patented by Sullivan and Christofferson in September, 1880. J. R. Chubbuck, a native of Oxford, Chenango county. New York, was born in 1834. He learned the moulder's trade and was engaged in the foun- dry business until 1856, when he came to Hudson, Wisconsin, and with a brother engaged in mer- cantile business. At the end of the first year they were burned out, and soon after purchased what was known as the old Packard stock. In the spring of 1880, he purchased his brother's in- terest and in January, 1881, moved to his present location. Mr. Chubbuck is one of the oldest set- tlers and merchants of Hudson. N. H. Clapp, a native of Waitsfleld, "Vermont, was born in 1850, came to Pepin county, Wiscon- sin, in 1856, thence in 1865 to Kinnickinnic, St. Croix county. In 1870, came to Hudson, was ad- mitted to the bar, and has since practiced here. A. L. Clarke, of the firm of Comstock, Clarke and Company, millers, is a native of New York, born December 27th, 18H. Came to Hudson in 1869, and for one year was teller in the bank. \ 240 HI8T0BT OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. Then took charge of the Willow Eiver mills for D. A. Baldwin, and conducted it until the pres- ent firm purchased it in 1877. Mr. Clarke mar- Miss Emma Louise Stowell, of Chicago. They have three children, Lulu, Frank B. and Herbert. George DuMars Cline was born in 1850, in Mercer county, Pennsylvania. Came to Wiscon- sin with his father in 1852, and settled on a farm in La Fayette county. Attended an academy in Fayette from 1864 to 1867. In 1868, he entered the State University at Madison, graduating in 1872. Was employed as a teacher until 1875, when he became editor of tl^^ Mineral Point Tribime. In February, 1876, he purchased an interest in the True Republican, of Hudson, and has since been one of its owners and editors. Mr. Cline was superintendent of the city schools from 1877 until 1880. He was married in November, 1877, to Miss Mary Thompson, of Freeport, Illinois. S. L. Cockbum was bom in New Brunswick in 1845. Came to Hudson in 1866 and worked at blacksmithing until 1878, when he started in business for himself. Was married in June, 1873, to Miss Fostina Arey, who has borne him three children, oneof whom, Jennie M., survives. James Coggswell was bom in Bayto wn, Wash- inton county, Minnesota, May 26th, 1854. Until 1861, he was part of the time in Stillwater, Min- nesota, and part in Baytown. During that year his parents removed to Hudson, where they have since resided. Receiving a common school edu- cation, he entered the office of the Star and Times as an apprentice, and since that time has con- tinuously been in newspaper business. Decem- ber 1st, 1878, purchased an half interest in the True Republican, and is at present one of its edi- tors and publishers. John Comstock, of the First National Bank, is a native of Cayuga county. New York. Born in 1814. In 1827, removed to Michigan and en- gaged in milling, merchandise and building. In 1856, he removed to Hudson, and has since been interested in milling, building and banking. C. R. Coon, a native of Colchester, Vermont; born in 1828; came to Hudson in 1856. For nine- teen years was in mercantile business. In 1861, he built the first elevator in the town, and shipped the first grain from St. Croix and Pierce counties. In 1875, he disposed of his mercantile interests. and devoted his attention to the livery stable, which he had started in 1872. Mr. Coon married Miss Anna Pattee, of Milton, Vermont, in 1857. They have had three children, Calvin P. and Harriet P. are living. R. L. Day was bom at Burlington, Vermont, in 1824, came west and located in Illinois in 1849, in the fall of 1850, came to Hudson and engaged in livery business the next year. In the spring of 1855, he sold that business, and until 1862, dealt in real estate. Next turned his attention to farming until 1873. Then sold the farm and again turned his attention to real estate and live stock. In the fall of 1879, he added livery busi- ness and sold in July, 1880. In January, 1881, entered the firm of Day and Ismon in livery, boarding, and sale stable business. Mr. Day was married in 1854, to Miss Jeannette L. AUen, who died in 1855, leaving one son, George A. Married his second wife. Miss Lucy A. Treadwell in 1860. Charles Y. Denniston was bom in New York. In 1865, he came to the St. Croix Valley, and located Hudson, where he has since resided, dealing in real estate. From 1858 to 1862, he was clerk of the county board of St. Croix county. Mr. Denniston also has an office in Ellsworth, Pierce county, presided over by his son John C. Has complete sets of abstracts of both counties. Robert Dinsmore, a native of Somerset county, Maine, born April 22d, 1838. Having received a common school and academic education, he came to Hudson in 1855, and engaged in farming until 1870. Mr. Dinsmore has held many of the town offices, and in 1878, was elected county clerk, and has held that office since, was mamed November 27th, 1864, to Miss Emma Bunker; Anson J. and Tena M., are their children. W. S. Evans, a native of Wales, was born in 1829, came to the United States in 1840, settling in New York, and in 1863, came to Hudson, where he has since been in the wheat business. Has an elevator 50x90. feet, with a capacity of 22,000 bushels. Mr. Evans has for five years held the office of police justice, and for two years was chief of the fire department. L. C. Gould, dentist, a native of London, Ohio, born in 1840, studied dentistry and practiced in his native city until 1879, when he came to Hud- son, where he has since resided.- BIOGBAPHICAL. 241 Edward S. Graves is a native of New York, came to Wisconsin in 1854, and since 1870, has been connected witli the railroad business. In 1878, he took charge of the ticket oflace at Hudson, and has since acted as ticket agent for all lines running through the city. Christ. Hanson-, a native of Denmark, was bom in 1850. He immigrated to the United States in 1873, and three years later settled in Hudson. He married Hannah Johnson in 1877. They have one child, Walter A., bom June 27th, 1879. N. P. Hanson was born in Denmark in 1856. Immigrated to the United States in 1872, locating in Polk county, Wisconsin, where he farmed four years; After spending a year in Iowa, he came to Hudson and farmed until the fall of 1880, when he entered the employ of Sullivan and Christofferson. Joseph H. Harrington was bom in in Boston Massachusetts, May 17th, 1818. Lived there until twenty-three years of age, meanwhile having learned the tinsmith's trade. Then re- moved to East Boston, and worked at his trade until May, 1856, when he came to the St. Croix Valley, settling in Hudson. Worked for others until 1860, when he established a tin-shop on the eoriier of Vine and Fourth streets, where his store now stands. In 1861, he was the first man from Hudson to enlist, entering Company G, Fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. After serving three years he was honorably discharged and re- turned home. Mr. Harrington organized the first fire company of this city, and for a time was chief engineer of the department. Married Miss Catharine T. Perry of East Boston in 1844. Of their nine children, five are living: Catharine L., Francis E., MarthaN.,Lucy P. and ClaraH. Eichard Hartley a native of Blackburn, Lan- cashire county, England, was born in 1822. He emigrated to Canada in 1853, and in 1871 settled ill Michigan. In 1872 removed to Hudson, and has since been employed in the foundry and rnachinfe shops. D. Hoffman is a native of Germany, bom in 1847. In 1874, he immigrated to this country, settling in Hudson, worked as a baker until 1878, when he opened a grocery store and bakery of his own. Mr. Hoffman was married in 1874, to 16 Miss Augusta Neman. They have three child- ren : Emma E., Joseph D., and Mary A. Eudolph E. Hoffmann was bom in the city of Driesen, Prussia, January 23d, 1862. In 1862 he came to America with Ms parents, who for a short time resided ia this city, then went to La- crosse, and finally removed to lilichigan; where they now reside. At the age of nineteen Eudolph left home and came to Hudson. In 1871 he re- moved to Stillwater, and remained one year, then returned to this city, leased the St. Croix House, purchased it in 1874, and has since conducted it successfully. From 1874 until 1880 he also run a grocery. He then sold the stock, and put in a complete stock of hardware. Mr. Hoffmann married Miss Mary Schuier of Shakopee, Minne- sota, in July, 1872. They are the parents of sis children, all of -whom are living. Otis Hoyt, M. D., one of the oldest and best known citizens of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, was bom in Sandwich, New Hampshire, De- cember 3d, 1810.. Was the son of George and Mary Hoyt. Both grandfathers, Hoyt by name, served in the revolutionary war. His fa- ther was a farmer by occupation. During his early life Otis assisted his father on the farm. At the age of fourteen he entered the academy at Fryburg, Maine, where he prepared for college. In 1829 he entered Dartmouth College, and grad- uated in 1833 ; then studied medicine for a time with Prof. Massey. Afterwards completed his course at Philadelphia, and graduated from Jef- ferson Medical College in 1836. After two years practice in Mason, N. H., he removed to Far- mington, Massachusetts, and practiced until 1846, at which time he entered the Mexican war as surgeon in the regular army, and remained until its close. In April, 1849, he visited Hudson, but there being no houses to live in, he went to St. Croix Falls, and spending one year, returned to Hudson, where he has resided since. At that time there were more half-breeds than whites, more log cabins than frame houses. The only white men with families were P. Aldrich, Am- mah Andrews, Moses Perrin, W. R. Anderson, John A. Henning and Joseph Tyler. In 1851 Dr. Hoyt was elected to the legislature. House room being so scarce in Hudson he removed his family to Stillwater during his absence. When the doctor opened his office in Hudson in 1850, 242 HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY. there was no other physician in the state within 150 miles. The nearest one being at Fort Snell- ing, Minnesota. He often went from fifty to seventy-five miles to attend a patient. Some- times he traveled on mule-back, sometimes on foot. He was no respecter of person, but obliged every call, whether in an Indian wigwam, or a white man's cabin. He has always had a good reputation as a physician and surgeon. In 1862 Dr. Hoyt went Into the army as surgeon of the Thirtieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, but was on detached service most of the time. For a time he had charge of the hospital at Camp Randall, Madison. He was examining surgeon of 11,000 recruits. He was medical director at Bowling Green and Louisville, Kentucky. He was known as one of the most successful surgeons in the state. Dr. Hoyt was twice married, his wives being sisters. Misses Mary E. and Eliza B. King, of Ipswich, New Hampshire. By the first he had two children, a son and daughter. By the second wife seven children, two sons and five daughters. Simon Hunt, a native of Camden, Maine, was bom in 1826. In the spring of 1851 he came to Hudson, and for seventeen years was in the shoe trade. Then for twelve years he was in the nur- sery business. In the fall of 1880, he resumed his old trade. Mr. Hunt has, for the past fifteen years, taken charge of and conducted funerals in this city. He was married in 1854 to Miss Jane C. Arey, of Maine. They have had four chil- dren, Mary P. and Leonard B. James R. Ismon, bom July 24th, 1821, is a native of Essex, Essex county. New York. In 1854, he came to this city, remained one month, went to Waukesha, and, in 1855, returned to Hudson. During the summer, engaged in real estate, but returned to Waukesha in the winter, and, in 1856, brought his family to Hammond, where he erected the first saw-mill built in that town. In 1860, he sold the mill to Davis and Clapp, removed to Hudson, and has since resided here, engaged in real estate and live-stock busi- ness. Besides this he is extensively interested in milling enterprises in the St. Croix Valley. He married Miss Sarah H. Hammond in 1844. They have had five children, Kate K., Susie E., Harry I., Rensselaer II. and Allie L. Phillip B. Jewell was born at Hopkinton, Mer- rimac county, New Hampshire, October 25th, 1816. Lived there until .1847, then came to the St. Croix Valley, and located in St. Croix Falls, where he remained until 1851. He then moved to Hudson, and has since made it his home. He has always been an active lumberman, and is a veteran pilot of the St. Croix river. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in the Twelfth Wisconsin Volun- teer Infantry. In 1874 he was appointed inspector of logs and lumber of the fourth district, and has since held that office. He married Hannah J. Fuller, October 21st, 1841. She died in October, 1875, leaving five children. Mary J., Hannah J., George S., Mary D and Ada M. Married Ellen C. Restiaux in October, 1878. They have one daughter, Bessie C. S. C. Johnson, a native of Kingston, Georgia, was bom in 1842. He resided at his birth-place until 1865, then came to Hudson in September, and has since made the city his home. George W. Keech, engineer and machinist, was bom at Syracuse, New York, April 30th, 1828. When twelve years of age he began the ma- chinists' trade, subsequently beginning as an en- gineer. In 1844, he went to sea, and for five years followed the life of a sailor; then returned, and in 1851 again embarked. His voyages were mostly for whaling and trading, and, on his re- tirement from sea life, he had circumnavigated the world twice. In 1863, he went on an expedi- tion up the Yellow river, and run the first steamer up that river. In 1858 he came to the St. Croix Valley, where he has since made his home at Hudson. Much of his time has been spent as an engineer on the western lakes and rivers. He enlisted in Company D, Thirtieth Wis- consin Volunteer Infantry, in 1862, serving three years. His marriage with Miss Ellen M. Hayes took place in 1859. Clara R., Elijah B., Laura W. and Elsie are their children. Joseph Kelly, a resident of Hudson, is a native of Canada, bom in 1835. His youth was passed in his native coimtry, imd in 1854 he came to the United States, locating at Hudson. He engaged in the quiet pursuit of agriculture until 1880,wlien he was chosen sheriff, and now holds that po- sition. Thomas A. Kelly, priest of St. Patrick's church, is a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, born April 17, 1861. At the age of fifteen he began classical studies at Waterford, Ireland, and after pursu- BIOGRAPHICAL. 243 ingliis studies six years came to America. In 1871 he entered the St John's Seminary, at Nor- folk, Virginia, spending three years in theologi- cal studies. Coming to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1874, he finished his studies at that city, in the St. Francis Seminary, where, in March, 1875, he was ordained by Bishop Heiss. After passing three months at Prairie du Chien, he assumed charge of the St. Patrick's church and congrega- tion at Hudson, where he has since presided. Charles F. King was born at Buffalo, Kew York, September 14, 1844. While yet a babe he came west to Milwaukee, removing the next year to Waukesha county, where he resided until enlisting in the Third Regiment Wisconsin Cavalry. He served till the regiment was mus- tered out at Madison, November, 1865. He then went to the Kansas frontier, remaining three years. He commenced the study of medicine at the Rush Medical College, from which he gradu- ated in 1873. Since that time he has been in ac- tive practice as a physician at Hudson. His wife was Miss Ella F., daughter of Dr. Otis Hoyt; married May 18, 1875. Lincoln, Otis and Eliza are their children. Jacob Krapfel, deceased, was bom in Ba- varia 1837, and left his native country, with his parents, for the United States in 1846. His father died on the voyage across the Atlantic, but his mother proceeded direct with him to Dubuque, Iowa. Here he was reared and edu- cated, and acquired a knowledge of saddlery and harness-making. Soon after, he established liim- self in the harness trade at Hudson, and until his death was very prominent in the young city. In consequence of failing health he passed two win- ters in the south, which seemed, however, to do little good, for on March 11th, 1880, at his broth- er's home in Pennsylvania, he quietly passed to his final rest. His widow, Helena Krapfel, nee Trieb, was born at Buffalo, New York, and came to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1858; where she grew to maturity and completed her education. She and the late Jacob Krapfel were tnarried at Du- buque in 1865, and came direct to Hudson. She has had four children. Nellie, who is being edu- cated at St. Joseph's Academy, at St. Paul; Albert, at the College of the Sacred Heart at Prairie du Chien; Helena is attending school at home; one child died in infancy. Louis Massey. The subject of tliis sketch is the oldest living settler in the valley of the St. Croix. He was bom August 6th, 1793. There are doubts of the truth of this date, as it is doubted if he can give the date of his birth. He lias called himself eighty, so the old settlers say, for the past twenty-five years. He was raised on a farm in Canada with his parents until seven- teen years of age, at which date he left home, not returning until about twenty-seven years ago when he made a short visit at the old home near Montreal. His first trip from home was to Mich- igan, where he was employed at different trading- posts for two years. He suffered great priva- tions, owing to the fact that his employer was arrest°.d by the American authorities and taken to Detroit. He, however, obtained his freedom, but was again captured by the Indians with all his outfit. In the fall of 1812 Mr. Massey was employed by Colonel Dickson, of- the British gov- ernment, as one of a crew to bring to Prairie du Chien five Mackinaw boats loaded with supplies. The boats started from Mackinaw, came to Green Bay, then up Fox river to Lake Winnebago; then up the river to where Portage City now stands. Then the boats with their contents were hauled overland to the Wisconsin river; then to Prairie du Chien, which took them three days and three nights to perform — from Portage to Prairie du Chien. They were almost starved when they reached that point, but were supplied there. The goods were presented by Colonel Dickson to the Indians as from the British gov- ernment. He wore a British uniform. He next engaged to a man by the name of Sansliong who had a trading-post a short distance from St. Louis on the Illinois river. In the winter of 1813 he engaged to parties on the great river, freighting with small keel-boats, loaded with furs and lead, from St. Louis to New Orleans. On their first trip they arrived at New Orleans and spent Christmas. On then- return trip they were loaded with sugar, coffee, etc. They found it hard work to row, poling and warping the keel-boats against the current of the river. In 1818 he engaged to the American Fur Com- pany at Fond du Lac and up on Lake Superior near Duluth. He was engaged with them for ten years. During that time he was married to Peter 244 HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY.. Bouchea's sister. Mr. Massey is one of the few men living that before the time of steamboats navigated the Mississippi river from Sandy lake to New Orleans, except at St. Anthony's falls, where he had to make a portage. He has navi- gated the St. Peters river from Lac qui Parle to its mouth. Prom Montreal he came to the upper lakes in a birch-bark canoe. In 1828 Mr. Massey came to Fort Snelling and remained some years. He cultivated a small piece of land near the fort. He, by his gentle- manly manners, gained the confidence and esteem of the commander of that post,, who rendered him assistance in removing his goods to his new home on the St. Croix in 1838. His brother-in- law, Peter Bouchea, joined him at that time. Mr. W. Steets and Joseph Sauperson, called Joe Lagrew, came in about fifteen days. The four were the first settlers at this point. To build their houses, they rafted the flooring and boards down the river from Marine. The old gentleman is quite active yet, and at the old set- tlers' meeting, held February 24th, 1881. he made a good deal of sport for the people by dan- cing a French jig. J. S. Moffat, attorney at law, was born in 1814, in Tompkins county. New York. He was ad- mitted to the bar in that county in 1844, then gave his attention to the mercantile trade until 1854. Removing to Hudson he was in the land oflBce until 1857, then for twelve years held the position of police justice. He afterward held the ofiBceof county judge eight years and since 1878 has been in the practice of law. Thomas F. Moss, Jr., photographer, is a native of Marquette county, Wisconsin, bom 1855. When about eighteen years of age he went to Portage, making it his home until 1865, then went to Menomonee where he learned photography. Coming then to Hudson in 1877, he in company with C. H. Beard, opened a photograph gallery, and in 1879 he became sole proprietor of the establishment. He has all the moderrt facili- ties and does all classes of work. Married at Co- lumbia, Wisconsin, in 1879. Edith F. is his only child. G. S. Munson was bom at Burlington, Ver- mont, 1844, and when a lad of ten years came to Hudson. In 1862 he was employed as clerk for the American Express Company, serving until he enhsted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, in 1864. Eeturning to Hudson he pursued agriculture two years then re-entered the employ of the Ameri- can Express Company as clerk; subsequently taking as partner Z. Piatt, being dealers in farm machinery and insurance and express agents. His partner died in 1880, since which time Mr. Munson has continued alone. His wife was Amelia A. Wilcox, married 1871. Francis and Richmond are their children. OUver H. P. Olds was bom at Springfield, Ohio, in 1824. His father, Marcus Olds, was the first white child bom west of the Genessee river. New York. Oliver Uved with his father untU twenty-three years of age. At the age of eleven he learned the trade of broom making, and en- gaged in it in his native state, Canada and Indi- ana. In 1853 he entered a tract of land in Troy township in the St. Croix Valley, on which he settled two years later. After twelve years on the farm, he removed to Hudson, erected a fac- tory, and has since carried on an extensive busi- ness in broom-making, completing the first brooms made in this county. He makes about twelve hundred dozen brooms per year. Married, in 1856, Miss Elizabeth S. Moore, a na- tive of England. They have had ten children, only four of whom are Uving. A. H. Otis was bom in New Hampshire in 1828. On attaining majority he removed to Be- loit, Wisconsin, and engaged in manufacturmg the Beloit reapers until 1869, then came to Hud- son, and is now manufacturing wagons, buggies, etc. He has been twice married, his first wife ' dying in 1865, leaving one child, Jennie L. His present wife was Miss Mary T. Bell. Their chil- dren are, Frank E. and Ada E. George W. Page is a native of Hudson, born May 27th, 1848. His sister Abagail was the first white child born here. George has been a life- long resident of Hudson , and since boyhood has been in the lumbering business until 1876, when he opened a billiftrd hall and saloon. Horace A. Taylor, son of Rev. Adolphus Tay- lor, was born at Norfolk, St. Lawrence county, New York, May 24th, 1838. When five years old his father died, leaving him at Madrid, with his brother-in-law, where he remained five years. When a lad of ten years, he came to Illinois and passed three years on a farm. In 1851, he re- BIOGBAPHIGAL. 245 moved to Pierce county, Wisconsin, on the pres- ent site of River Falls. He then returned east and spent four years in farming. Soon after he established the first stage line between Hudson and Prescott. In 1855 he, in company with a brother, established the River Falls Journal, and five years later, sold his interest and pur- chased the Hudson Chronicle and changed the name to the Hudson Times. Four years later he consolidated it with the North Star, giving the new paper the name of the Star and Times, which name it still retains. He has also been connected with other papers, but still retains his interest in the Star and Times, having sold one- half interest to B. J. Price, in 1879. Mr. Taylor was appointed state agent of the railroad lands, and has been largely interested in real estate a number of years, owning several thousand acres in northern Wisconsin. In 1860 he married Miss Lizzie Madden, of Chicago. They have had three children. Dwight Silliman was born at Salisbury, New York, in 1839. Graduated from the University of New York, in 1866, and there practiced his profession one year, thence to Saratoga Springs and practiced one year. After remaining one year in Minneapolis, he came to Hudson in 1879, where he has since made his home. S. C. Simonds was born at Hooksitt, New Hampshire in 1831. When eleven years old, he accompanied his parents to' Norwich, Vermont, and prepared himself by attending the Academy, for the Norwich University, from which he grad- uated at the age of twenty-one years. In 1853, he removed west and located at Hudson; here he engaged in teaching school, and in 1854, was ap- pointed deputy clerk of the circuit court of St. Croix county. During the fall of 1855, he was appointed deputy register of deeds,which office he held one year, in the meantime reading law with Messrs. Gray and Humphrey; was admitted to the bar in 1856. He was elected to the office of clerk of circuit court in 1869 for two years, and re-elected in 1872. During the spring of 1877, was chosen county judge. His wife was Miss M. C. Bloomer, married in 1860. Irvine C, WilUam B. and Martin H. are their children. John C. Spooner was bom at Lawrenceburgh, Indiana, in 1843. His profession is that of a law^yer. Coming to Wisconsin in 1870, he located at Hudson. In 1872, was made general solicitor for the West Wisconsin Railroad Company, and in 1878, geneiral solicitor for the Chicago, St. Paul and Milwaukee Railway; in 1880, general solicitor for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Company. George B. Strong, deputy county surveyor, was bom at Waltham, Addison county, Vermont, December 29th, 1819. He grew to manhood in his native place and acquired his education. In 1841 he came west to Illinois, and in 1846 en- listed, serving one year in the Mexican war. In 1843 came to Wisconsin, and has since made this state his home. At the beginning of the late civil war he enlisted in the Second Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, C. C. Washburn in command, serving until his discharge in August, 1866, hav- ■ ing the rank of second lieutenant. Re has since made his home in Wisconsin, and for ten years he was county surveyor, and at present is deputy. In 1865 he was elected member of the Wisconsin assembly, and held that position one term. He is now living at Baldwin, St. Croix county. Michael Sullivan was born in Milwaukee county, Wisconsin, 1852. He moved to Lake Superior ui 1872, working at the carpenter trade four years. Thence to De Pere and engaged in the manufacture of farm machinery un- til 1880. Coming to Hudson that year he, with H. ChristofEerson, patented the threshing machine known as the "Wisconsin Governor." John Van Meter, a resident of Hudson, first lo- cated at this place in 1852; was on the river until 1861; then enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin, serving a term of five years. After his return to civil life, and to his home, began the carpenters' trade, and has since continued in that business. His wife was Mary Kennedy, of Hudson; mar- ried 1867. They are the parents of four children, the living are Warren W. and Laura N. William Whewell was born in the parish of Glossop, county of Derbyshire, England, Febru- ary 6th, 1827; was first employed for.several years in the Dinting Vale print works of Edmond Pot- ter and Company. June 29th, 1851, he was united in marriage with Miss B. Hollingworth, and came to America in 1855. They located first in Waukesha county, Wisconsin, and in 1860 re- moved to St. Croix county, opening a farm in I what is now Baldwin. Here he resided as a 246 HISIOBY OF SAINT CBOIX COUNTY. tiller of the soil until December, 1878, removing at that time to Hudson. lie was chosen county treasurer in 1879, and re elected in 1880. J. H. Williams is a native of the Emerald Isle, but, when yet a child, in 1855, came to make his home in the United States, locating in Oneida county. New York. In 1863 he came westward to St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, remain- ing until 1875; then removed to Hudson. Start- ing in the manufacturing of carriages; he has continued until the present, his annual business increasing from one thousand tp ten thousand dollars. G. W. Willis was born at Hampton, Washing- ton county, New York, 1831. April 1st, 1875, he removed to Hudson, and April 4th was elected by the x;ouncil, engineer of fire department, and was subsequently appointed chief of police, which position he has since held. In 1878, Mr. Willis laid three thousand feet of water pipe for the purpose of street sprinkling, the pipe being tapped every seventy-five feet. This is a private enterprise, and in every way a laudable one. In 1851, he married Miss Catherine Hills, who died in 1869, leaving four children. His present wife was Addle L. Loughery, married in 1875. They have one child. L. Yoerg, a native of Germany, was born in 1845. At the age of thirteen, he came to Amer- ica, locating at St. Paul, Minnesota, which place was his home until his removal to Stillwa- ter in 1867. Three years later, he became a resident of Hudson where he has since made his home. During the civil war he served three years in the Fifth Minnesota Regiment. In 1867 his marriage with Paulina Lewerer took place. Their only child living is Joseph. Theo. F. Young was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1845. When a lad of eleven years, he came west to Lakeland, Washington county, Minnesota, and to Troy, Wisconsin, in 1860. In 1864, he enlisted in the Forty-fourth Wisconsin Regiment and served one year, then returned to Troy, where he engaged in agricultui'al pursuits until January, 1881. He was elected register of deeds in the fall of 1880, and is now occupying that position. TOWN OF HUDSON. Samuel J. Coit was born in Norwich, Connec- ticut, December 8th, 1834. He grew to manhood receiving a good common education. In 1853 he came to St. Croix Valley, where he took a claim of 160 acres in Hudson township, to which he added by purchase and now owns 400 acres of fine land. In 1864 he was married at Delphi, Indiana, to Miss Francis Olds. Francis R. and Clyde W. are their children. John Kelley, a native of Tyrone county, Ire- land, was bom in 1826. When he was three years of age his parents brought him to Quebec, settling in Cornwall, where he grew to manhood, receiv- ing a fair education. In 1850 he came to the St. Croix Valley and for a time stopped at Hud- son, where he worked for a time in the mills. In 1851 he helped build the residence of W. W. Scott, the first house built on Hudson prairie. In 1853 he pre empted 160 acres of land, where he now resides. Mr. Kelley was married February 29th, 1852, at Hudson, to Miss Jane McCutcheon, a native of Ireland. They have had seven child- ren, four of whom are living: Jameseanna, Edith E., Mary J. and Isabella H. Lloyd Garrison Greene, was born in Cumber- land county, Ohio, January 23d, 1847. When he was four years of age his parents moved west, stopping at Hudson, Wisconsin, where he re- ceived his education and learned the trade of mU- ler. At the death of his father m 1873 he be- came sole proprietor of the Paradise mUls. In 1867 Mr. Green was married to Miss Adelle Rogers of River Falls. They have two children, Minnie B. and Ada. Caleb Greene, deceased, was born in 1795, at Providence, Rhode Island. At an early age emi- grated to the ''Western Reserve," Ohio, where he was pastor of the Baptist church and carried on farming until 1851. Came to Hudson in 1854 aud with Mr. Cox erected the Paradise mill. Here he lived until his death in 1878, and was prominent in the business affairs of the valley. His wife was Miss S;vrah Westcott, who was born in Massachusetts in 1807 and died in 1858 at Hud- son. (Jeorge Marthi, a native of Steuben county, New York, was born in 1838. When he was but six years of age his father removed to Rock county, Wisconsin, and in 1852 came to Hudson. Benig an only child, George has had rare educa- tional advantages, and took a collegiate course. After completing his education, he was for a BIOGBAPHIGAL. 247 time engaged in business in Hudson, but soon concluded to turn his attention to farming. He has a fine farm of seven hundred acres, in Hudson township, and is an extensive stock-raiser. Dur- ing the year 1880, he spent ten thousand dollars in purchasing improved stock. He also owns the elevator at North Wisconsin Junction. He mar- ried Miss Anna Ansley, at Hudson, in 1861. William Martin, father of George Martin, was born in Vermont, in 1800. In early life he set- tled in Steuben county. New York, where his son was bom. In 1851 he came to St. Croix Valley, which has since been his -home. He now lives, at an advanced age, with his son. William MeCutcheon, a native of Ireland, was bom March 23d, 1824. He was educated in his native coimtry, and in 1846, came to Arnerica, landing at Montreal, Canada. In 1850, he came to Hudson, and until 1853 was employed in the mills at Hudson. He then commenced farming. In 1858, he sold out his interests here and sailed for Australia, embarking at New York. After spending two years there, he embarked at Sidney, for home. Upon arriving here he bought his present farm, and has since been occupied in agriculture. May 12th, 1868, he married Miss Mary A. Hodgin. They have two children : Anna S., and William Henry. William H. McDurand, a native of New Bruns- wick, was born in 1830. In 1850, he immigrated to the St. Croix Valley. Por a number of years he was engaged in lumbering at Hudson. In 1853, he pre-empted a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, in Hudson township. Since then he has added to the original claim by purchase, and now owns a finely improved farm of five hundred and ninety acres. In 1862 he enlisted in com- pany D, Thirtieth Wisconsin Infantry, and served until 1865. He married Miss Laura Babold, in December, 1865. They have five children: Kate, Mary, Henry, Eoy, and Donald. ST. JOSEPH. Julius Beer was bom in Saxony in 1843. When he was eleven years of age his parents brought him to the United States, and settled in Cook county, near Chicago, Illinois. In 1869 he came to St. Croix county, and has since resided here, and now owns a fine farm of two hundred acres. He is a member of the firm of Lewis and Beers, proprietors of the Willow River cheese factory. In October, 1867, Mr. Beers married Miss Ellen Thake, of Cook county, Illinois. Frank, Wil- liam, Albert and Edward are their children. Christian Burkhardt was bom near Baden-Ba- den, Germany,- September 26th, 1834. Here he acquired an education, and learned the trade of mill-wright. In 1854 he came to this country, worked in various places, and in 1858 returned home, and in 1859 again came to America and was engaged in different parts of the north-west until 1868, when he removed his family to St. Croix county, and has since resided here. Mr. Burkhardt owns four hundred and eighty acres of land along the Willow river, including the famous falls where Bowron's mill was built. He was mar- ried in 1862, to Miss Ernestine Beer, of Chicago, Illinois. They have eight children, Louisa, Frank, Emma, Bertie, A.ugusta, Ida, Lina and Elfrida. Wilhelm Dreschler, a native of Germany, was born November 29th, 1834. In 1854 he came to the United States, and for about four years was in the coal regions of Pennsylvania. In 1857 he came to StiUwater, and for twelve years was em- ployed in lumbering on the St. Croix river. For five years he run a ferry between Stillw£tter and St. Joseph, where, in 1878, he purchased forty-six acres of land and built Wilhelm Heights, a fine two-story house. In connection with his hotel, Mr. Dreschler also is interested in farming. John Durning was bom in Donegal, Ireland, May 1st, 1811. In 1840 he immigrated to the United States, and for two years lived in Phila- delphia, then removed to Galena, Illinois, where remained until 1851, employed in carpenter work. In 1851, he came to St. Croix county, and com- menced work on the construction of Bowron's mill. In a short time he acquired by entry and purchase a large tract of land, and now owns an even section on which his residence is situated. He was married in Galena, Illinois, in 1845. His wife died of cholera in 1850. In 1851 he married Miss Ann Donnelly, of Galena. James, Joseph, Charles and Henry are their children. Thomas Haggarty, a native of Houlton, Aroos- took county, Maine, was bom in 1845. In 1868 he went to Cambria county, Pennsylvania, and resided four years; then came to Stillwater, Min- nesota, in 1872, and for the next two years was 248 HISTOBY OF SAINT CROIX COUNTY. interested in lumbering on the St. Croix river. In 1877 he began mercantile business in St. Joseph, and has a fine residence adjoining his store. WilUam C. Hanson was born in St. Stephens, New Brunswick, May 22d, 1841, and while yet a child came, with his parents, to Lincoln city, Maine. When sixteen years of age he went to Hamden, New York, and commenced learning the carpenters' trade. In August, 1861, he en- listed in Company F, Twelfth Maine Volunteer Infantry, and served until in August, 1864. After a visit to his home he again enlisted and served to the close of the war. After ^working at his trade in Maine until 1872, went to Nebraska and resided there two years. In 1874 he came to Stillwater, Minnesota, and in 1876, to St. Joseph, where he has built a shop, and manufactures sash, doors, blinds and all kinds of building ma- terials. Oluf M. JueU was born in Norway, November 3d, 1844. Having learned the machinists' trade in his native country, he immigrated to America in 1864. For about seven years he engaged in far mi Ti g in Burnett county, Wisconsin; then, in 1871, went to Stillwater and worked on a farm. In 1877 he came to St. Joseph, and has since conducted a blacksmith shop. Married Miss Hannah Christopherson, of Gransburg, July 31st, 1870. They have had seven children, three of whom are living. Daniel Lewis was bom near Swansea, Wale."!, August 25th, 1821. In 1850 he came to America, and located at Green Bay, Wisconsin. After lumbering four years, he came to St. Croix county, and during that year bought and located two himdred and ninety acres of land. For six years he was employed in lumbering on the St. Croix. Since 1860 he has given his attention to farming. He is also senior member of the firm of Lewis and Beers; married in 1860 Miss Catherine Welch, of St. Joseph. They have six children, Hannah, Margaret, Evan, David, May and Elizabeth. Alexander McMillan was born in Canada West, where he lived until eighteen years old, then came to Michigan, and for two years was engaged in lumbering. He passed some time at La Crosse, and came to Stillwater in 1867. For seven years was lumbering on the St. Croix river, most of the time for Thomas Dunn. In 1874, went to Fra- zier's river, British Columbia, and worked four months for Wm. Moody. He then returned . to Stillwater and was in the lumber business until 1880, when he established his business in St. Joseph township, St. Croix county, Wisconsin, opposite Stillwater. Griffith lloberts, a native of Wales, was born in 1825. Came to the United States in 1849, and proceeded directly to Manistee, Michigan. In 1851, came to the St. Croix Valley, and located a claim, the site of his present farm. Until 1856, he engaged in logging on the head waters of the St. Croix, then began to make permanent im- provements on his farm. As there was no market for wheat, the product of two years remained stored in his granary. In 1851, Joseph Bowron began building bis mill, which was a noted place in early days. Mr. Roberts now owns two hun- dred acres of land on section 10, near Burkhardt station on the North Wisconsin railway. He has held the offices of town supervisor, treasurer, school offices, etc. In May, 1862, he was married to Elizabeth Heath, of St. Joseph. They have two children, Ann and Emma. Two boys and three girls died young. Nicholas Schenk, head-mUler at the WiUow River Falls mUls, was born in Prussia, in 1853. In 1872, he left his native coimtry, and after landing in New York, came to Chicago, where he remained four months, then engaged in a miU in Walworth county, Wisconsin. After a stay of nearly three years, he went to Kingston, Min- nesota, thence to Long Lake, stUl engaged in milling, then to the Willow River mills for one and one-half years. Then one year in Minne- apolis, after which he retured to the employ of Mr. Burkhardt as head-miller. Michael J. Smith, proprietor of the Burkhardt House, was born in Buffalo, New York, March 30th, 1852. When eighteen years old he accom- panied his parents to Dubuque, Iowa, where he learned the trade of chair-maker. In 1879 came to Burkhardt and engaged in mercantile business until 1880 when he opened the hotel he now con- ducts. It is a neat house of ten rooms. October 12th, 1875, he married Celia Stolz of Dubuque, Iowa. They are the parents of two children, John and Emma. John Tobin, deceased, was one of the pioneers of the St. Croix valley, having entered it as early BIOQBAPHICAL. 249 as 1842. He was born in Ireland in 1818. His father died and at twelve years of age an uncle brought him to this country. In 1842 he came to the St. Croix and engaged in lumbering, making his headquarters at Stillwater. In 1853 he came to Bowron's mill and two years later located on what is now section 36, St. Joseph township. At .the time of his death, January 22d, 1880, he was the owner of 340 acres of land. He held all the prominent town offices and was universally re- spected. His widow, Mary Jane Tobin, was born in Madison county, Illinois, and in 1848 was mar- ried and came with her husband to this coimty. She is still living at the old home. They had twelve children, seven of whom are now living. William Trieb, merchant at Burkhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, June 26th, 1847. At the age of ten, moved with his parents to Du- buqe, Iowa, and there grew to manhood learning the trade of turner. In 187'i came to Hudson and spent the summer. The following year, did the same, and in 1877 opened his store at Burk- hardt, where he has since Jived. He is deputy postmaster and has charge of the business of the office, which is located in his store. Married in 1877, Clara Schilling of Dubuque, Iowa. They have two children, Helen and George. RICHMOND. Samuel L. Beebe was born in Delaware county, New York, September 23d, 1830. There he re- ceived a fair education and learned the carpenter's trade. At the age of twenty he came to Janes- ville, "Wisconsin, and two years later arrived at Hudson, May 23d, 1852. On his arrival, pro- ceeded to Boardman's mill, then in process of erection, and worked there until its completion. In 1853, he pre-empted a claim on section nine- teen, and built the first shanty put up on "Ten Mile" creek. He was then engaged in working at his trade in different localites until 1857, when he, in company with C. H. Boardman, built the .present hotel at Boardman, which they occupied three years. In 1859 they built the Union miUs. His present residence was erected in 1878. Mr. Beebe has been active in opening and promoting the interests of the Willow river country, and has held several offices in the town. He was married in 1858 to Jane E. Spears, a native of Canada. They have eight children, four boys and four girls. Samuel W. Beebe, deceased, one of the pioneer farmers of the Upper Willow river country, was born in Delaware county, New York, in 1801. Immigrated to Wisconsin in 1848, locating in Wal- worth county, where he remained imtil 1856, when he brought his family by team overland to St. Croix county. He pre-empted a large farm on section thirty-three, Cylon township, where he resided until his death, which occurred in 1876. His wife was Cornelia Ellis, who was born in Delaware county. New York, in 1808. She died in Cylon, in 1859. They had thirteen children, ten of Whom reached ihaturity. Francis H. Boardman was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1832. He completed a course of study at the Eandolph Centre Academy, and in 1855 came west, and located at Hudson. The year following he spent in the pineries, and in 1856 located at Boardman. In 1865 he began mercantile business, being the first merchant in the town, and followed the business for about thirteen years, since which time real estate has claimed his attention. The village and post-office of Boardman, was named after himself and brother. In 1870, at Hudson, he was married to Isabella Spenee. They have three children liv- ing, Ernest N., Lillie M. and Erancis. Mary Edith died at the age of two years. William Johnston was born in Ontario, Can- ada, in 1831, and there grew to manhood. When twenty-four years old, he came to the United States and settled in the St. Croix Valley; has since Uved in St. Croix county, where he has been engaged in agriculture principally, engag- ing also in lumbering. In 1875, he, in company with his brother James, built the Boardman mills, and has since been the active manager, his brother devoting most of bis time to lumbering They have a large interest in the saw-mill at New Richmond. Mr. Johnston was married in 1873 to Miss Fannie Starkweather. They have one child, Frederick. James Johnston, brother and partner of Wil- liam Johnston, was born in Ontario, in 1837, and has followed the fortunes of his older brother during the greater part of his business Ufe. He is unmarried. WilUam Johnston, Jr., was born in Ontario, Canada, January 25th, 1856. In 1878 he came to Northfleld, Minnesota, and after a brief stay 250 HISTOBY OF PIERCE COUNTY. there and at Faribault, came to New Richmond. After one season in the pineries he located at Boardman, and began business in partnership with James Smith, which still continues. James O. Smith, a native of Maine, was bom March 16th, 1854. When a child, his parents removed to Nova Scotia. He left the provinces in 1869, and went to Boston, Massachusetts, then to Dunn county, Wisconsin, and remained there one year. Since then he has been a resident at Boardman, and is now a member of the firm of Smith and Johnston. William J. Virgil, head-millei' at the Board- man mills, is a native of England, born October 20th, 1844. He learned the trade of miller in England and came to the United States in 1866. Engaged at his trade in various places in Ohio and Michigan, and came to Minnesota, and started the Manannah mills in Meeker county. Thence to Minneapolis, thence to Hudson, Wisconsin, and at the opening of the Boardman mills took charge of them and has since flUed the position to the entire satisfaction of his employers. He is thoroughly versed in milling, and understands the roller system of manufacturing flour. Was married in 1868, at Greenville, Michigan, to Arestia Goodsell. They have two children : Gracie and Claudie BeU. PIERCE COUNTY. CHAPTER XLII. PHYSICAL FBATUEES GEOLOGY ORGANIZA- TION — COUNTY SEATS— COUNTY BUILDINGS — TOWNS. This county was named in honor of President Franklin Pierce. It is situated in the western part of the state, and lies immediately south of the forty-flfth parallel of north latitude, between ninety-two and ninety-three degrees of longitude west from Greenwich, and is consequently west of the fourth principal meridian. It is triangu- lar in shape, the hypothenuse being formed by Lake Pepin, the Mississippi river and Lake St. Croix, which secure to this county one of the longest navigable water-fronts in the state. The boundaries on the north and east are St. Croix, Dunn and Pepin counties. It embraces an area of 600 square miles, or 387,000 acres, the greater part being owned by actual settlers. This county is situated at the junction of the Mississippi river and Lake St. Croix, the lake forming its western boundary, its southern border resting on the Mississippi. Along the river it presents the usual feature of valley succeeded by bluff, broken at frequent intervals by ravines, through which the streams from the interior seek communication with the great river. Toward the north and east the hills become less elevated and the valleys more extensive. This gives a di- versity to the scene, though less bold and grand than is found in mountainous districts, yet one strongly marked. The luxuriant sward, clothing the hill-slope to the water's edge; the steep cliff shooting up through its mural escarpments; the streams clear as crystal, now quiet, now ruffled by a temporary rapid, now forming a romantic cascade over some terrace of rocks; trees dis- posed in a manner to baffle the landscape garden- er — now crowning the height, now shading the slope; the intervening valleys giving the picture of cultivated meadows and rich pasture lands, irrigated and drained by frequent rivulet and stream, along which, and on the hillside, are seen the farm-house and village, scenes of wealth, happiness and comfort; all these and many more are features of the county. On the summit lev- els spread the wide prairies, abounding in flowers of gayest hue, the long undulations stretching away till sky and meadow mingle in the horizon. COUNTY OBGANIZED. 251 The country is sufficiently level to allow of the highest grade of cultivation, perhaps two-fifths being in an active stats of agriculture. The principal part of the farming-land is in the west- ern half of the county, which .was originally oak openings and prairie; the eastern part being tim- ber land and covered by the "Big woods." This is a belt of hard wood timber that extends from the Mississippi river to Lake Superior. In the limits of Pierce county the timber is of the hard wood varieties, such as the red, white and black oaks, sugar maple and butternut, all timber of flrst-class grade for the manufacture of farm and other implements. There are numerous large streams distributed over the county, such as the Kinnickinnic, Eush, Trimbelle and Isabella riv- ers, with many smaller creeks which drain the region completely and empty into Lake St. Croix, the Chippewa and Mississippi rivers. The cur- rent of the streams is generally swift, and ailords magnificent water-power, a resource that is used only to a small fraction of its capacity. Springs are numerous and give origin to streams in which abound the speckled trout, with bass, bullheads, pike, pickerel, carp and catfish in the rivers. The lover of wild game of the wood or prairie here may gratify his taste. The surface of Pierce is about three hundred feet above Lake Michigan. It belongs to the lower Silurian age, the lower magnesian lime-stone being the characteristic, at points overlaid by the upper sand-stone, both of which project from the hills and mounds. There is also an occasional layer of shell sand-stone coveringthe higher elevations. The soil, derived from the decompostion of three formations, is always of excellent quality, rich in organic matter, as well as in salts. This gives a rapid growth to plants, and a durability that en- ables it to withstand a long succession of crops. Pierce county was formed from St. Croix by an act of the legislature approved March 14th, 1853, and organized with full powers. By the same act, the county seat was located at the vil- lage of Prescott, with liberty to change the same to any other point at any general election. The same act called for an election of county officers in J?^ovember of the same year, and made the town board of Prescott the county board of su- pervisors, which board was formed of Osborn Strahl, as chairman of the board; Silas Wright and Sylvester Moore, supervisors. On motion, H. Teachout was appointed clerk, pro tem. The first meeting was held at the home of 8. Moore, November 15th, 1853. The following persons were appointed as judges of election: J. R. Freeman and J. Hewitt, and O. T. Maxon, justice of the peace. One hundred and ten votes were cast, the majority of which elected JST. S. Dunbar, sherifE; J. E. Preeman, treasurer; S. E. Gunn, clerk of the court; Henry Teachout, clerk of the board; J. Olive, coroner; P. V. Wise, district at- torney; J. B. True, surveyor. At the first meet- ing of the county board held November 16th 1853, three county superintendents of the poor were appointed; E. G. Thompson, Jonathan Bailey and J. E. Preeman. At the same meeting a tax of fifteen mills on the taxable property of the county was voted for the current expenses of the county. At the same meeting, a license was granted to Lovejoy and Tell, to run a ferry across the mouth of the St. Croix river between Pres- cott and Point Douglas, said parties required to give bonds to the county for a faithful fulfill- ing of the law in such cases required. The fol- lowing are the rates allowed to be charged as fer- riage; foot-men, five cents; man and horse, twenty- five cents; ox, cow, or mule, fifteen cents each; two horses and wagon or carriage, fifty cents; one pair of oxen and wagon, fifty cents; one horse and buggy, thirty-five cents. At a special meet- ing called at the house of O. Strahl, January 18th, 1854, J. M. Whipple was appointed to the office of register of deeds, the vote being a tie at the regular election. It was voted to allow said Whipple the usual fee, as regulated by law, for transcribing the records of St. Croix county to the records of Pierce county. It was voted to allow P. V. Wise $40 per annum, as district at- torney. It was voted to form the following new towns. The town of Greenwood with the following boundaries: Commencing at the range line between 17 and 18, where said line crosses the township line, between townships 27 and 28, run- ning south on said line to the south-east corner of said section, running between sections 12 and 13 of township 26, range 18; thence due east on the same line between- said sections 12 and 13 in said township to the section hne running north and south between sections 9 and 10 of township 26, range 19; thence due north through the centre J 252 HISTOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY. • of townships 26 and 27, of range 19, to the town- ship line between townships 27 and 28, of range 19, thence due east on said township line to the place of beginning; the first town meeting to be held at the house of Col. Stone, near the source of Book Branch. On motion, it was voted to form a new town, with the following boundaries: Commencing at a point where the range line, running between ranges 14 and 15, crosses the township line be- tween townships 27 and 28, south on said range line to the township line between townships 27 and 28; thence west on said township line to the range line between ranges 18 and 19; thence north on said range line to said line between townships 27 and 28; thence on said township line to place of beginning; said town to be known as MarteU; the first election to beheld at the house of Amos Bonesteel; the remaining part of Peirce county to be known as the town of Prescott. The following is an aggregate valuation of real and personal property, as taken from the asses- sor's list of November 16th, 1853: Real estate, $24,452; personal property, $3,616; total, $28,068, as certified to by P. V. Wise, deputy clerk. That year, at the November election, W. J. Copp was chosen circuit judge, and received in Pierce county ninety-six votes. Same fall. Mason Stone was elected county judge. The place of holding the county court at this time was somewhat varied, using whatever hall or empty room they could secure, the jail being the only county building then erected. The following are the returns of the county election held November 7th, 1854: Congressman, C. C. Washburn; state senator, Moses S. Gibson; assemblyman, Smith E. Gunn; sherifE, J. Olive; county treasurer, J. Bailey; county surveyor, O. Strahl; clerk of circuit court, John Truax; dis- trict attorney, A. C. Stowell; register of deeds, S. T. Otis; clerk board of supervisors, N. N. Pow- ell; coroner, C. B. Cox; county judge, Col. M. Stone; sealer weights and measures, Wm. Mc- Murphy. At a meeting of the board of county supervi- sors, called March 2d, 1855, a petition was pre- sented asking for the formation of a new town, with the following boundaries: Townships 24, 25 and 26, range 15, and fractional township 24 of range 16, and townships 25 and 26 of range 16, and fractional township 24 of range 17, and town- ships 25 and 26, range 17; said town to be known as the town of Isabella; first election to be held at the house of Abner Brown. At the same meeting a petition was presented for a new town, with the following boundaries: Township 26, range 18; to be known as the town of Trimbelle; first election to be held at the house of P. Otis. At a meeting of the board held at Concert hall, Prescott, November 26th, 1856, a petition was presented asking for a new town with the following boundaries: All that part of Pierce county lying within the boundaries of fractional township 25, range 19, and township 25, range 18. and fractional township 24, range 18, be, and is hereby, set off from the town of Prescott, and en- titled the town of Diamond BlufE; the first elec- tion to be held in the village of Diamond BlufC, at the house of Daniel Comstock. At a meeting of the board of Pierce county, held at the clerk's office March 3d, 1857, petitions were presented asking for the establishing of a new town, with the following boundaries: Com- mencing . at the north-east comer of section 3, town 27, range 19; thence running on the line of said township to the centre of Lake St. Croix; thence down said lake to the middle of the south- west line of the south-west quarter of section 3, township 26, range 20; thence following the line of the city of Prescott to the north-east corner of the city limits; thence north to the middle of the north line of the north-west quarter of section 2, township 26, range 20; thence following the line between townships 26 and 27 to the south-east corner of section 84, township 27, range 19; thence north to the place of beginning; the first election to be held at the house of A. P. Manning, in the village of Clifton Mills ; said town to be knovm as Clifton. At the same meeting a petition was granted to establish a new town with the following boun- daries: Commencing at the north-east corner sec- tion 1, township 26, range 19; thence west on the line between townships 26 and 27 to the middle of the north line of the north-west quarter of sec- tion 2, township 26, range 27 ; thence south to the north-east corner of the city limits ; thence south on the east line of the city of Prescott to the mid- dle of the Mississippi river; thence down said river to the line between townships 25 and 26, on TOWN BOUNJDABIUS. 253 said town line to the south-east comer of section 36, township 26, range 19 ; thence south on the line between ranges 18 and 19 to the place of be- ginning ; said town to be known as the town of of "Oak Grove" ; the first election to be held at the village of Pleasant Grove. The following resolution was passed: That the above named towns of "Clifton," "Oak Grove" and "City of Prescott," shall pay their share pro rata of the indebtedness of the present town of Prescott. At the same meeting the board voted that township 26, range 17, Pierce county, be and is hereby set ofi and established as the town of "Perry," and that the first election of said town be held at the house of D. H. Pilkins, in said town. At a special meeting of the board of supervisors held in the city of Prescott, March 30th, 1857, it was voted to divide the town of Isa- bella in the following manner : Beginning at the south-west comer of township 24, range 17, and running due north on the west line of township 24 and 25 across said town, that all that part of said town of Isabella situated east of said boun- dary line, be and is hereby known as "Pleasant Valley ;" the first election to beheld at the house of Jeremiah Puller. At a meeting of the county board of supervisors, called at the council hall, city of Prescott, November 14th, 1857, it was voted to form a new town from the town of Isabella, township 25, range 17, west, to be known as the town of "Hartland ;" the first election to be held at the house of Joseph Sleeper. At the same meeting it was voted to establish a new town with the following boundaries: All that portion of Diamond Bluff in fractional town- ship 24, range 18, sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, -24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and fractional sections 33, 34, 35 and 36, of township 25, range 18, for and the same is hereby set off into the new town of "Trenton ;" first election to be held at the store of J. Akeis. At a subse- quent meeting of the board held Friday, March 26th, 1858, a petition was received from the legal voters of Greenwood township, asking to have the name of the town changed to "Kiver Palls," which was granted. At the same meeting Jesse M. Southwick was appointed county treasurer in place of J. Ayers resigned, the former having held the position of deputy. The records reveal to us the facts in connection with the resigna- tion; the county business had been somewhat loosely kept and the county credit was very much impaired during his administration. It was evi- dent that he had little knowledge of the proper manner of doing public business. One early set- tler remarked, "The Pierce county treasury ac- counts were carried in the top of the treasurer's hat, subject to the four winds of heaven," and no doubt were often disarranged, so much so, that it required the labor of a committee several months to get them settled up. At a meeting of the board, held November 18th, 1858, it was voted to set off township 26, ranges 15 and 16, which boundary included a por- tion of Pleasant Valley township, into a new town to be known as "El Paso ;" first election to be held at the house of George P. "Walker, in said town. In accordance with an act of the legislature, approved March 15th, 1861, the question of the removal of the county seat from Prescott to Ells- worth, was submitted to the people, with the following result: nine hundred and seventy- three votes were cast, of which six hundred were for removal, the remainder opposing. At the next session of the county board, the officers went to the point designated in the act, and did business in a board shanty erected for their comfort. Soon after this, there was a meet- ing of the board held at the new county seat, which was the scene of a lively contest. The eastern delegation presented and contended for a bill calling for an appropriation for the erection of permanent buildings. The Prescott faction opposed it, and wished only for those of a tempo- rary character. No amicable arrangement could be secured and the meeting adjourned "sine die." The fol- lowing year an act was approved calling for an election to return the county seat to Prescott. The effort, however, was a failure, and the seat of government remained at Ellsworth. Temporary buildings were used until 1869, when their present beautiful and substantial buildings were erected. The same year an appro- priation of $3,000 was made for the purchase of a poor farm, which is located near Ellsworth. At a meeting of the board, held April 17th, 1861, the sum of $2,000 was voted for the erection 254 HISTOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY. of suitable buildings for holding the courts of the county, also for a jail for the use of said county; the buildings to be erected on the following: the south-west quarter, section 17, or the south- east quarter of section 18, or the north-east quar- ter of section 19, or the north-west quarter of section 20, in township 26, range 17 west, on any part of said land as may be determined by the board of supervisors. The vote stood as follows: nine for and five against. At a meeting held June 11th, 1861, it was voted to add $4,500 to the sum already voted. At a meeting held Novem- ber 16th, 1861, it was voted to organize town- ship 25, range 15, into a new town to be known as Union, the first election to be held at the house of Frank Masher. At a meeting of the board, held January, 13th, 1862, a petition was granted asking that the name of the town of Perry be changed to Ellsworth. At a meeting of the board, held January 14th, 1862, it was voted to form a new town with the following boundaries: township 25, range 16 west, said town to be known as the town of Salem. A petition of the voters of the town of El Paso, asking for the formation of a new town with the following boundary : township 26, range 15, said town to be known as Bock Elm; the first election to be held at the house of J. Pickett. At a meeting of the board held at Prescott November 10th, 1868, it was voted to form a new town with the following territoiy: township 27, range 15, said town to be known as Spring Lake, the first election to be held- at the house of A. M. Wilcox. A petition of the voters of the town of Martell was granted by setting off a new town with the following territory: township 27, range 16, said town to be known as Deerfield; the first election to be held at the house of Albert Martin. At a meeting held February 1st, 1869, it was voted to vacate the town of Isabella, township 24, range 17, and attach the same to Ilartland, to be known as Hartland; first election to be held at Hodgeman's school-house. At same meeting it was voted to change the name of township 24, lange 15, and township 24, range 16, known as Pleasant Valley, to Maiden Book. At a meeting of the board held May 26th, 1869, it was voted to change the name of township 27, range 16, known as Deerfield, to Gilman. A meeting of the board was called August 9th, 1869, at which time the contract was let to D. C. Hill to build the courtr house, his bid being $13,455. At a meeting of the board held June 19th, 1871, a canvass of the votes of the town of Hart- land had been taken in regard to a division of the town. A majority were in favor of the following division: township 24 north, of range 17 west, to be set off and called Isabella. At a special meeting of the board called June 17th, 1872, it was voted to issue bonds of the county to the amount of $5,000, for the normal school fund; said bonds payable March 1st, 1873. The first records of the judicial courts held at Prescott, 1854, were kept on sheets of foolscap paper fastened together with wafers, such as were used to seal letters in the days of yore. The first case before the court was as follows: "State of Wisconsin, Pierce county; Wm. Woodruff versus Charles D. Stevens, August Loehmen and Charles Peschke. — In court of said county. In equity. On reading and filing the bill of complaint in this case on motion of S. J. B. McMillan and H. M. Lewis, solicitors for counsel J. S. Foster, it is or- dered that a writ of injunction be issued in the case, pursuant to the prayer of said bill upon said complaint. Some one, in his behalf, filed with the clerk of said court a bond for damages and costs in the sum of $1,700, with surety to be ap- proved by the clerk or judge of said court. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 22d day of May, A. D. 1854. (Signed) Wiram Knowlton, judge of the sixth judicial dis- trict." ELLSWORTH. The village of Ellsworth is located on the edge of the "big woods," at about the center of Pierce county. An act of the legislature, ap- proved March 15, 1861, submitted to the people by vote, the question of the removal of the county seat from Prescott to Ellsworth, at the same time designating its location in case of removal. The popular vote decided the change contemplated in the act, and the court house was thus placed near the center of the county in a most beautiful lo- cality. The village has a population of about six hundred inhabitants; surrounded by a fine farm- ing country. The county buildings were erected in 1869, of brick and stone, at an expense of $30,000. There-are other small villages located CITY OF PBE8C0TT. 255 in different parts of the county, such as Maiden Rock, Diamond Bluff, and Trenton, on the river; and Clifton, Spring Valley, Eock Elm, El Paso, andMartell, located in their respective towns of the same name. PRESCOTT. CHAPTER XLIII. CITY CHAETEK SCHOOLS CHUKCHES MANUFACTUEES BIOGEAPHICAL. In the early history of Prescott we find an or- ganization of some of the leading United States oflScers located at Port Snelling, for the purpose of securing the land at the present site of the city of Prescott. This organization was effected in 1827, and was composed of the following par- ties: Major Plympton, Captain Scott, Colonel Thompson, (Japtain Brady, Dr. Emerson, and Philander Prescott, the latter being an Indian in- terpreter for the government. A claim of twelve hundred acres was made, and Prescott appointed to take charge of the claim until it came into market. The claim was protected until ]841, when an act was passed by congress, denying the right of any organization to hold claims. Under this law Mr. Prescott secured his claim of 160 acres, and a few years later he added one hun- dred more, all of which territory occupied a large portion of the present site of the city of Prescott. In 1838 a trading post was estabUshed at this point. In the meantime, Prescott had been called to the fort in performance of his duties as Indian interpreter. One Reed, a discharged soldier, was sent to hold the claim for the organization, but was afterwards succeeded by a Frenchman by the name of Moshia. The same year, Hilton Doe, S. J. Hodgeden, from Ohio; ,1. T. Truse and J. D. McBuUy, from New York, landed at this point. In a short time Doe was left alone with Reed and a small community of Indians and half-breeds. The settlement grew very slowly from the fact of the company excluding all settlers from their claim. In 1841 William Schaser ar- rived, but only remained for a short time. He, however, returned in 1844, bringing with him his wife, the first white woman in this region. Mr. Schaser claims to have built the first frame house in Prescott. Their daughter Eliza was the first white child born in the county. In 1847 additions were made by the arrival of J. R. Rice and family, W. Lockwood, L. N. Hamsberger and Geo. W. McMurphy. Mr. McMurphy was married to a daughter of Mr. Rice April 24th, 1848, which was the first marriage performed in the county. The second was that of H. N. Hol- man in 1853. From this period the settlement began to grow quite rapidly. We find that the list of early settlers at this date was as follows: Hilton Doe in 1838, who remained for a short time, when he went below on the river and held the position of Indian farm- er for seven years; he returned again in 1845. George Schaser came in 1841 and remained a short time; he returned again in 1844. Thing Broth- ers and the Comelison Brothers came in 1847; J. R. Rice the same year. Dr. Aldrich came in 1843; W. Lockwood in 1846; W. McMurphy and L. Hamsberger in 1848; N. S. Dunbar, Ly- man Smith and J. D. Freeman in 1849; Dr. O. T. Maxon, W. J. Copp and Dr. Beardsley about 1850. This county was still a portion of St. Croix county, but in 1849, the town of Elizabeth was set off and comprised what is now the county of Pierce. The first officers elected at the organiza- tion of this new town were Wilson Thing, chairman of the board, Aaron Comelison, L. N. Hamsberger, supervisors; Hilton Doe, clerk; George W. McMurphy, treasurer. In 1851, by an act of the legislature, the name of the town was changed to that of Prescott, in honor of Mr. Prescott. The city is located at the junction of Lake St. Croix, with the Mississippi, which forms a large curve or point of land on which the city is built, and which was known in olden times as Lake Mouth. Extending back from the water's edge for some forty rods, the ground has a gentle rise, on which is built the business portion of the city; from the base of the bluff it rises more 256 HISTOBT OF PIEBGE COUNTY. abruptly, over forty feet to the table lands on which the resident portion of the town is situated. From this elevation the city of Hastings at dis- tance and the bold bluff of the Minnesota shore pre- sents a scene, both grand and romantic, with the old ''father of waters" extending away to the east and west while the placid waters of the lake stretch away to the north. Tlie large stretch of levee on the river and the lake, so well adapted to business purposes, combine to make this point one of the finest locations for a city on the river. Prior to 1850, the improvements were very slow, when Dr. O. T. Maxon and W. J. Copp purchased the site. Previous to this, Mr. Prescott had sold several lots, Mr. William Lockwood had opened up a small store, and was trading in a small way with the Indians; afterwards extended his trade by placing a more general stock, as the settlers gath- ered in and his trade increased. Mr. Lockwood died soon after; he was the first white person that died, and was buried in the town. Messrs. Maxon and Copp had the site slirveyed and platted soon after their purchase. From this time on, im- provements began to increase qtute rapidly. In 1853, Pieirce county was separated from St. Croix county and the county seat established at this point by an act of the legislature of that year. The city charter of Prescott was granted in the winter of 1856-7. At the election held in the spring of 1857 the following officers were elected: Mayor, J. R. Freeman; aldermen for the First ward, N. S.Dunbar, Thomas Dickerson and Seth Ticknor; Second ward, Hilton Doe, George M. Oakley and N. A. Miller. On motion, George M. Oakley was chosen secretary of the meeting. On motion, Alderman Ticknor was elected presi- dent of the council; J. W. Beardsley was elected clerk of the council; J. J. Foster, justice peace of the First ward, and A. Edwards justice peace for the Second ward. A resolution was presented and passed, declaring N. S. Dunbar and Hilton Doe senior aldermen for the ensuing year. On motion, the council elected P. V. Wise, city at- torney; William Howes, city surveyor; Thomas Dickerson, superintendent of schools for the city. At the same meeting, C. H. Weigh presented bonds and was declared elected justice peace. It was voted that the city attorney receive fifty dollars for his salary for the year; it was voted to pay the city clerk fifty dollars per annum as sal- ary; voted to pay the city surveyor three dollars per diem while engaged. The first division of the city was made in the following manner: First ward, all that part of the city south of Kinnic- kinnic street and east of the Mississippi- river. All north of Kinnickinnic street and east of the Mississippi river to be known as the Second ward. At a meeting of the council held May 9th, 1867, it was voted that the city treasurer be required to give bonds to the amount of §10,000. Also that the superintendent of schools be required to give bonds of f 1,000, said bonds to be ap- proved by the coimcU. At a meeting of the council held on the 18th of the same month, the following committees were appointed by the mayor: On finance, Dunbar, Dickerson and Miller; on auditing, Dunbar, Ticknor and Miller; on schools and school-houses, Dunbar, Oakley and Dickerson; on streets, Dunbar, Doe and Ticknor; on cemeteries and public property. Mil- ler, Oakley and Dutibar; on license, Ticknor, Doe and Miller; on printing, Oakley, Dickerson and Doe; as board of health, Dickerson, Miller and Oakley; on ordinances, Oakley, MiUer and Tick- nor. John Henderson was chosen pound-master, and L. R. Smith city marshal. Thus we find our embryo city equipped with aU the legislative power for self government. In 1869 a new divis- ion of the city was made, and another ward added, as follows: all that part of the city south of Kinnickinnic street as First ward, and aH lying between Kinnickinnic and Cherry streets shall be known as the Second ward; all north of Cherry to the city limits, shall be known as the Third ward — each ward extending back from the river to the eastern limits of the city. SCHOOLS. The first steps taken in the matter of educa- tion, were by Mrs. Olive in the spring of 1851. In connection with her household duties she opened a school m her house, which was a por- tion of what is now merchant Harusberger's, and gave instruction to all the children that she could gather together in the neighborhood where she was living, which was the first school taught in the county. The first school taught in Pres- cott was by Miss St. Mathews in the spring of 1852, in a large log house situated between Main street and the levee. The first district CHVBGHES. 257 school organization was effected in the fall of 1862, by the election of the following officers, viz.: Gr. W. McMurphy, director; N. S. Dunbar, treas- urer; O. T. Maxon, clerk. Said district was composed of a portion of the towns of Clifton, Oak Grove and Prescott. The first school taught was by Miss Helen Smith in the spring of 1863, in a portion of the house owned by H. N. Hol- man. The first school-house built by the district was a portion of what is now the public school building. From these small beginnings, step by step the matters of education were carried for- ward until July, 1859, when the subject of a graded school was agitated. A call was issued to the legal voters in joint district No. 1 to meet at the school-house, July 22d, 1859, and vote on the following resolution, viz.: "Eesolved, that the sum of fifteen hundred dollars be raised by joint school district No. 1 for the purpose of building addi- tions to the present school-houge in said district, suitable for the purpose of maintaining a graded school." There were 136 votes cast — 76 for and 60 against; 16 majority. Sealed proposals were called for, and four were handed in. The lowest bid was by M. "W. Barb, who contracted to erect the building for the sum of one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight dollars, after certain specifications furnished by the board. The school- house, when completed, was valued at twenty- five hundred dollars. The board of officers at the date of building and re-organizing of the schools were L. D. Newell, director; G. W. Mc- Murphy, treasurer; P. Y. Wise, clerk. The re- port jof the superintendent of schools, August 31st, 1860, was that there were residing in the city, between the ages of four and twenty, 356. The number attending school during the year was 273. The schools at this date are in a very flour- ishing condition, with five departments under the following board of efficient teachers: G. L. Bow- man, principal, with the following assistants: Miss Florence Olive, Miss A. McCray, Miss Allie Ellis, Miss Mary Tabor and Miss Hattie Ives. CHUBCHES. The first class in connection with the early his- tory of the Methodist Episcopal church of Pres- cott was formed in the fall of 1853, under the labors of Eev. Norris Hobert, a missionary from the Methodist Episcopal conference. The first 17 members of the class were Silas "Wright and wife, and Frederick Hyatt, they being the only mem- bers of that denomination in the town at that time. Mr. Hyatt being an earnest worker in the good cause, together with his other labor as that of a house carpenter, devoted a portion of his time in forming plans to establish a Sabbath school, which was accomplished that fall, and was the first Sabbath school organized in the county. The first services were held in the school-house, which was located on the present site of the public school, and a part of the same building that is now used by the Baptist society for their church. To this small class of three devoted persons, in the spring were added others from among the new settlers, and during the next year a society was organized, and soon steps were taken to build a house of worship. Their first house was completed in 1866; built of wood, 22x30 feet, and located on the same site of the Lutheran church. In 1858 they added twenty feet to its length. In 1868, during the ministry of Eev. Mr. Eichardson, steps were taken to erect their present fine, commodious church, which is of wood, 40x70, and was completed and dedicated September 8th, 1870, during the ministry of Eev. J. D. Searles. Their present membership is eighty; present pastor, Eev. Wm. Haw. The First Baptist church of Prescott sprang from the early labors of Eev. E. W. Cressey, a missionary sent in 1853 by the American Baptist Home Missionary society, to labor at Prescott and other points. Their first meetings were held in a small unfinished house owned by Mr. Hol- man. Afterwards in a building down in the town, used as a tailor shop and law office during the week. During the winter following, the school-house was finished and they were per- mitted to occupy it for a portion of the time, which made a more comfortable place to hold their meetings. A church organization was ef- fected February 6th, 1854. Eev. T. B. Eodge was the first regular minister called. The church has labored under many difficulties since its or- ganization. They have occasional services. The foundation was laid for the establishment of the Lutheran church at Prescott, in 1 865, under the ministration of Eev. C. Hayer, who labored three years, when Eev. J. Schadegg, from Oak Grove, succeeded him, October, 1868. During his 258 HISTOBY OF FIEBCE COUNTY. ministry in March, 1874, tlie church was organ- ized. They held their meetings for a while in the Congregational church. In the fall of the same year they purchased the old Methodist church, which was located on the site of their present church, to which the society have made additions and repairs until they have a fine church. Thirty-five is their present member- ship. The Episcopal Church of Prescott was organ- ized under the auspices of the Calvary mission about 1872. The first step taken toward es- tablishing and maintaining services at this point, was by Eev. John Williamson, a missionary from the above mission, in 1859, who continued his labors two years, when he was followed by Eev. A. B. Peabody in 1861. Rev. J. L. Breck followed him, preaching occasionally for two years. Eev. T. Wilkinson visited them occa- sionally and held services. The church was regularly organized under the preaching of Eev. William Guild ui 1872. Eev. Mr. Thorp preached for them occasionally for a short time. They held services in the Dill hall. In 1880 com- menced his labors with them, holding service in the Baptist church. They have at this time twenty-five female communicants, no males. The First Congregational Church of Prescott was organized at Point Douglas, February 16th, 1852, under the ministrations of Eev. E. Hall, who was laboring at different points in Wiscon- sin and Minnesota in the employ of the Home Mission society. Owing to the arrival of settlers and the changes made by the opening up of new fields, the church was removed to Prescott, De- cember 22d, 1854. Eev. Mr. Hall continued his labors with them until 1856, when Eev. Mr. Boutwell, also a missionary, labored with them for a time. The church held their services for a while in the school-house. Steps were taken in 1855, toward the erection of a church, but it was not completed until 1858. Eev. 11 . W . Cobb was the first minister called to labor with the church ; he remained one year. They have a fine church edi- fice built of stone, 40x50 feet, with tower and bell. Eemovals and death has so thinutid their njembers that they are unable to support preach- ing at this time. The Presbyterian Church of Prescott was or- ganized in 1855. Their- church was erected in 1866. Change incident to all new countries has seemed to withdraw a large portion of its support; under these circumstances preaching is not main- tained at this time. The Catholic Church of Prescott was organized under ministry .of Eev. Father Vervais. The society erected their present church, which is of wood, 24x60 feet, in 1868. The membership con- sists of about fifty families. The Rev. Father Kansas, living in the town of Oak Grove, holds services once in two weeks. Theii- house of wor- ship is located on the bluff, commanding a fine view of the surrounding country. SOCIETIES. Prescott Lodge, I. O. O. F., No. 154, was insti- tuted September 6th, 1868, with the following charter members, viz : Daniel J. Dill, David Lord, Samuel Small, Isaac W. Pierce, Henry C. Colton. Its first officers were as follows: D. J Dill, N. G.; S. Small, V. G.; H. C. Colton, R. secretary: David Lord, treasurer; W. R. Gates, W.; B.F. Paine, C. Its present officers are as follows, viz: E. R. Welch, N. G.; W. H. Leavitt, V. G.; A. L. Roberts, E. S.; D. J. DUl, treas- urer ; William Lessman, E. S. N. G.; Paul Freese, L. S. N. G.; A. Edwards, W.; N.McGill, C. The lodge is in a flourishing condition. It holds its meetings weekly in their nicely fur- nished hall in the Meacham block. The North-western Lodge A. F. and A. M. of Prescott was first instituted in 1856, and worked under a dispensation untU June 12th, 1858, when they received their charter. E. A. Meach- am, W. M.;H. Harvey, S.W., and 6. H. Nichols, secretary. The lodge held its first meetings in a building on the corner of Orange and Front streets owned by A. H. Young and Company. They now occupy rooms in tile third story of John Dudley's store, fitted up in flue style. Their present officers are as follows, viz: W. F. Mc- Cray, W. M.; John Wicks, S. W.; N. S. Dunbar, treasurer; A. B. Failing, secretary; B. Catzen- berger, S. D.; A. M. Rudy, J. D.; S. Johnson, tyler. The lodge is in fine working order, with a membership of fifty- eight. The Independent Order of Good Templars, Lodge No. 319, was organized September 25th, 1876, with eighteen charter members. The first offlcrs were: J. S. White, W. C. T.; Miss J. D, SOCIETIES AND PBE8S. 269 Newell, W. V. T.; George N. Ross, W. C; Clara McCray, W. S. E. C; Dr. E. S. Akers, W. F. S.; Ada Covell, W. T. E.; Frank A. Ross, W. M.; Lottie Newell, W. D. M.; Ida Rubey, W. I. G.; J. W. Howes, W. O. G.; Gertie Ives, W. R. H. S.; Hattie V. Newell, W. H. S.; A. Gray, P. W. C. T. This lodge has been in a prosperous condition since its organization. They have at this time over one hundred members. The Prescott Juvenile Temple, No. 108, was organized March 17th, 1877, by Lillie J. Robin- son, and was named Wide Awake. It had ninety charter and twenty-one honorary members. C. Smith was the first superintendent, and held the office for three months, when Nellie Bancroft was elected to the office, which she' held until she resigned in February last. The number of ini- tiations since its organization, ninety-six; deaths, three. The children have collected a library of fifty-four volumes through different entertain- ments given by the lodge. Amount of money received aside from library fund, fifty dollars. Twenty-eight members have passed into the sub- ordinate lodge, and fifty-six members in good standing at this time. Great good has been done through this lodge, which is now in a prosperous condition. The Prescott Temple of Honor was organized December 27th, 1878, with forty-flve charter members. The first officers elected were as fol- lows: J. S. White, W. C. T.; H. C. Goodsell, W. V. T.; H. 8. Miller, W. T.; T. J. Griffln, W. R.; J. Weeks, A. W. R.; E. G. Babbidge, W. F. R. W. Bosworth, W. M.; John Roddy, P. W. C. T. This lodge has initiated one hundred and three members, and has at times been in a very pros- perous condition. They hold their meetings in Odd Fellows hall each Friday. The ofBces are held by the same persons mentioned above, ex- cept the W. C. T., which is held by W. Haw. The Prescott Grange No. 161, was first organ- ized in Pierce Valley, town of Clifton, June 9th, 1873, by state deputy, A. H. Edwards, with twenty- two charter members. The first officers elected were as follows: J. S. Capley, W. M.; John Mozer, overseer; A. B. Ilickox, lecturer; Erastus Tubbs, steward; W. Findley, assistant steward; L. H. Cadwell, chaplain; Edward Ham- mond, treasurer; C. W. Wright, secretary; Ed- ward Walters, gate keeper; Mrs. Maggie Walters ceres; Mrs. P. Johnson, pomona; Mrs. S. Ham- mond, flora; Mrs. M. A. Wright, lady steward. The lodge was moved to Prescott, July 19th, 1873. They have had as high as ninety-four members; death and changes incident to all such enterprises have decreased their number until but forty-five answer to roll call, in good and regular standing. The society holds its meetings in their finely furn- ished hall in the second story of the Dill block, the third Saturday of each mouth. The follovnng are the officers at this time: J. S. Capley, W. M.; W. F. McCray, overseer; F. C. Bliss, lecturer; E. A. Brown, steward; E. F. White, assistant steward; A. Watters, chaplain, Thomas Davis, treasurer; Mrs. E. A. Bailey, secretary. The Pierce County Agricultural Society was or- ganized March 15th, 1859. Officers at the date of organization were, O. T. Maxon, president, with one vice-president from each town; George M. Powell, recording secretary; Oliver Gibbs, cor- responding secretary. The grounds of the society are located about one-half mile east of the city on the higher ground. The grounds are nicely finished with one-half mile race track and build- ings suitable for the display of products of the county. The present officers are, W. T. Bunker, president; Col. D. J. Dill, secretary; Frank C. Ross, corresponding secretary. The meetings of the society are well sustained and fine displays are made each year, with a good attendance from this and adjoining counties. PRESS. The first newspaper published in Prescott was in the winter of 1854, by C. E. Young, the first copy of which appeared on the 14th of February, and was given the title of the Prescott Paraclete,' republican in sentiment. In the fall of 1865 Oliver Gibbs purchased an interest in the paper, and the title was changed to the Prescott Tran- script. In 1857, Messrs. Lusk, Wise and Bailey commenced the publishing of a democratic paper entitled the Pierce County Democrat. In the fall of 1861, Mr. Lute A. Taylor moved the River Falls Journal to Prescott, and published it as the Prescott Journal until the fall of 1868>when he sold it to Messrs. Flint and Weber, who pub- lished it until June, 1871, when the office with the material were destroyed by fire. The sub- scription Ust was sold to Messrs. Kimball and 260 HISTOBY OF FlEBCE COUNTY. Morse of the Pierce County Herald, of Ellsworth. In 1873, April 1st, M. B. Kimball commenced the publication of what was known as the Pres- cott Clarion. He sold his interest to E. C. Kibbe, the same year, who changed the title to that of Pierce County Plaindealer. July 1st, 1876, E. H. Ives, purchased the paper, and has pub- lished it since. The mercantile interests of the city of Prescott are represented by the following firms, viz: John Dudley, E. A. Meacham* and Son, John G. Theurer, Jacob Freese, general merchandise; N. S. Dunbar, groceries; McGill, and Wilkinson, L. Jurgens, and W. Sesemann, boots and shoes; Carlos McCray, and E. R. Welch, drugs; C. Mc- Cray, books and stationery ; George S. Holister, and Joseph Eirner, Jr., hardware; H. S. Miller, banker: J. S. White, P. A. Ross, and E. H. Ives, attorneys; Arthur Young and H. C. Colton, physicians and surgeons ; J. R. Gardner, veteri- nary surgeon ; G. H. Miller, Frank A. Ross, and W. H. H. Clements, insurance agents; I. P. Peterson and son , and Arniel Cosminskie, watch- makers and jewelers; M. T. Dill, Redmon and Son, O. S. Hutchinson, E. W. Haviland, Theurer and Rader, and J. K. Havens, grain dealers ; Mrs. J. A. Abbott, and Mrs. P. D. Freese, mil- linery, dressmakers ; N. Swanstrom, and John Sheehan, merchant tailors; W. Rittman, Charles Maurer, and Clemens and West, harness makers; J. K. Havens and Joseph Fimer, Jr., agricultural implements; C. E. Meacham, furniture; John Dudley, lumber; C. O. Boughton, and Krueger and Beeler, meat market; N. S. Morgan, livery stable; A. B. Failing, machine shop and boat building ; John Neinstadt, John Murry, Anson Bancroft, and Samuel Elfman, manufacturers of brick. J. W. Taylor, barber shop; William Miller and Mrs. Bloomer, bakery; E. R. Welch and Joseph Maurer, confectionery; N. P. Husting, brewery; B. Katzenberger, cooper shop; Central house, D. Fielding, proprietor; Union house, John Harwell, proprietor; St. Nicholas, George Shaser, proprie- tor; Prescott house, M. J. Beeler, proprietor; omnibus and steam ferry, W. II. II. Leavitt, pro- prietor; rope ferry, William B. Dibble, proprietor. Prescott has some fine, substantial improve- ments, among which we would mention the post- oflSce, Dubley, Meacham and J. Freese blocks, built in 1870, Meincke block in 1871, the Dill, Dun- bar and Theurer blocks built in 1872, the Gray block in 1873, the Holister block 1876, and Ives block in 1879. The manufacturing interests of Prescott are not as extensive as the good people of the city would wish. Several enterprises have been started, but their life has been of short duration. The location for manufactories is second to no point on the river as a convenient point for river and lake shipment. The history of those now in existence, as far as can be arrived at, is as fol- lows: About 1856 Messrs. Silverthom and Dud- ley established a portable saw-miU at this point, which they operated until about 1861, when Mr. Dudley purchased Mr. Siverthorn's interest and erected his present steam mills, which consist of a saw-mill, 40x50, with one upright, one rotary and one edger saws. Also, a flour mill, 40x70 feet in size, with two flour and one feed run of stone; used exclusively as a custom mill. The manufacture of wagons and carriages is carried on to some extent by F. Meincke. He established his business, or present shops, at this point in 1862. His main shop is of brick, 24x60 feet; paint shop of stone attached, 26x60; blacksmith shop of wood, 28x60. He turns out of new work twenty- five lumber wagons and fifteen carriages, together with quite an extensive repairing business. J. Neinstadt also carries on quite an extensive business in the way of manufacturing heavy farm wagons. He commenced his present en- terprise in 1875, then in rented shops. In 1878 he purchased his present shops, which are built of biick, 22x62, with paint shop 20x36. Last season he manufactured about twenty-five new wagons, together with a large amount of repair- ing. The Prescott brewery, N. P. Husting, was es- tablished in 1866; building 50x60. He turned out about 800 barrels during the past year. He finds a market in Prescott and in the country back from the river. In connection with his brewery he is quite extensively engaged in fatten- ing cattle. The Prescott machine shop was established in 1876 by H. B. Failing, the present proprietor, who erected his shop the same year, of wood, 24x 40 feet. The shop is well equipped witTi- all kinda of machines necessary to enable them to do first- BIOGBAPHICAL. 261 class repairs. During the summer montlis he has a large amount of repairing in connection with the river boats. In connection Mr. Failing man- ufactures row-boats for which he finds a ready market for all he can manufacture, with his other business. The first bank was established in 1858. May 28th, the bank was organized and chartered un- der the state laws of Wisconsin, and known as the "City Bank of Prescott." Charles Miller president, and W. P. Westfall cashier, with a cash capital of $25,000, which was afterwards in- creased to $50,000. The bank continued to oper- ate tinder the same title and by the same firm un- til the spring of 1877, after the act was passed "taxing state banks," when the bank succumbed to the pressure and closed the doors. In June, 1877, the doors were again opened under the title of "Bank of Prescott," by H. S. Miller, who is doing a general banking and exchange business. The first post-ofiice established m Prescott was in 1845, by the appointment by Uncle Samuel of J. E. Freeman, post-master. The means of trans- portation in those days being by the river during the summer months, and on the ice or by a slow and tedious trip through the forests toward the -eastern part of the state in winter, the mails did not reach this point very often. Such being the case no post-ofiBce was needed, so to have matters convenient the mail was deposited in the postmaster's hat. So the early settlers say. With change of administration the next in- cumbent of the office was J. M. Whipple ; then O. T. Maxon. Next in course was Andrew Kader, then George A. Dill, next WilUam Gates. The dates of these transfers we are unable to ob- tain, as the parties were not at hand. The last appointment and the present incumbent of the office received the appointment 1877. BIOGBAPHICAL. Parker Adams was born in St. Clair county, Illinois, in 1817, and was reared on a farm. His education was limited to that received at the com- mon schools. In 1855, he settled at Eiver Palls, Wisconsin, making that place his home two years; thence to Prescott where he has since re- sided. He has occupied the office of justice of the peace in Prescott. His marriage with Miss Sarah, daughter of ex-Governor Kinney, of Illi- nois, took place in 1842. They have had three children, two living. Charles O. Boughton was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, December, 1829, and there remained until nine years of age. He then accompanied his parents to Elyria, Lorain county, Ohio, making that place his home for five years. In 1850, he, with his father went to California, and on returning, after a stay of two years, came by way of the isthmus. They embarked at San Francisco, on the propeller Union, and when off the coast of South California, about seven hun- dred and fifty miles from San Francisco, they were wrecked; the vessel was lost, but all on board succeeded in getting ashore. For seven- teen days they subsisted on clams, when they were rescued by a passing vessel, and crossed the isthmus, embarking in the Brother Jonathan with five hundred passengers; when in the gulf stream the ship took fire, but by the heroic efforts of the crew and passengers it was saved. After reaching home Mr. Boughton removed to Galena, Illinois, and engaged in milling. In 1864 he came to Prescott, and has followed different pur- suits, the past "ten years having been in the meat business. His wife was Miss Sarah Kelly, mar- ried in 1855. Six children have been born to them, all living. Dr. Henry C. Cotton is a native of Maine, born October 17th, 1840. He attended the public schools until nineteen years of age, then entered the medical college at Albany, New York, from which he graduated in 1861. The next year he enlisted in Company B. Thirty-first New. Jersey, as a private, serving nine months then joined the Twenty-ninth Maine Veterans as assistant sur- geon and served until honorably discharged, June 28th, 1866. At New Richmond, Wisconsin, he began the practice of medicine, and one year subsequently removed to Prescott, and has since been a practitioner at this place His wife was Miss Emily Edgecomb, a native of Maine, mar- ried in 1866. They have two children. Col. Daniel J. Dill was born in Dillsburg, York county, Pennsylvania, February 24th, 1830. Ee- maining on his father's farm untU nineteen years old, he received a good practical education, then was employed as a traveUng agent for a whip manufactory in which he continued ten years. In 1859, came to Prescott and engaged in merchan- 262 IIISTOBY OF PIERCE COVNTT. dising until 1877, and is still counted among the leading business men. In 1861, answering to his country's call, he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Wisconsin, being appointed captain, served one and one-half years in the Army of the Potomac, then was appointed by Gov. Solomon, of Wis- consin, colonel of the Thirtieth Wisconsin, and was honorably discharged at Madison, 1865. One year previous, he was on the plains under Gen- eral Sully, and assisted with the regiment in building Tort Eice, Dakota. During his last year was provost marshal general of the Kentucky de- partment on General Palmer's staff. He married in 1867, Miss Mary P. Johnson. ' Three children have been born to them, all living. George A. Dill was born at Dillsburg, Pennsyl- vania, December 24th, 1831. When fifteen years of age he went to Williamsport and remained in that vicinity three years. He purchased cattle in Iowa in 1853, and brought them to Prescott for sale. The following year he began opening land, which he sold in 1855, and engaged in mercantile and grain trade. In 1868 he and Miss Annie Harvey were united in marriage at Treeport, Illinois. They have one son, George A. Jr. N. S. Dunbar was bom at Predonia, New York, June 22d, 1820. When a lad of fourteen years, he removed with his parents to Niles, Michigan. In 1840 he began the battle of life, going to Mus- catine, Iowa, there learning the trade of bricklayer and stone-mason. Becoming a resident of Prescott in 1852, he embarked in the grocery trade, con- tinuing eight years; then added a general stock. In 1868, he disposed of his stock and lived a re- tired life two years, then again entered business as a grocer, still remaining. Mr. Dunbar was elected the first sheriff of Pierce county in 1854. He married, in 1842, Miss Amanda Roach. They have two children. Richard Fielding was born at Bangor, Maine, 1844. When quite young moved with his parents to Massachusetts, where they lived four years; then came to Shakopee, Minnesota. He made that place his home twelve years, thence to St. Paul for four years, and finally located at Prescott and began the pursuit of agriculture. In 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Wiscon- sin Volunteers; was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness in his left wrist, losing his hand from the effects; was honorably discharged in June, 1865. He started the Central house at Prescott in 1880. His marriage with Miss Francis E. Mil- ler took place in 1867. Two children have been born to them. Joseph Friner, deceased," was bom at Baden, Germany, 1827, where he learned the trade of tinsmith. He came to America in 1849, landing in New York city; worked at his trade in that city, also in Cincinnati, New Orleans and St. Louis. Removing to Prescott in 1856, he started in the hardware trade on a small scale, doing all the work himself. He continued in the trade until the time of his death. His wife was Bar- bara Neff, whom he married in 1850. His widow and her three children survive him. Francis, now the wife of Andrew Winter, of Prescott; Joseph Jr. married Miss Nancy Kempf, in 1880; and Theodore. Henry A. Jay is a native of Allegany coimty. New York, born May 18th, 1831. At the age of two years his parents removed to Binghampton, and when nineteen years old he returned to his native place. For five succeeding years he attended school, during the time beginning the study of law. During the spring of 1855 he came to Prescott and first gave his attention to the manufacture of brick, then to agricidture and milling until 1858, when he began the practice of law with J. S. White of this place. In 1864 he abandoned the practice of law and took charge of John Dudley's interests, remaining in his em- ploy until 1878. He and Miss Jeanie Houston, a native of Canada, and of Scottish descent, were married October 18th, 1855. At the age of forty- one she departed this life, leaving three children. William L. Leavitt was born at Naples, Maine, 1841, where he made his home until 1861. Com- ing to Prescott at that time he followed farming until enlisting in Company I, Twelfth Wisconsin, in 1863. Was honorably discharged at Madison, in 1866, and returned to Prescott. He was elected city marshal in 1868, which office he held nntil 1880, then was chosen alderman of the first ward. Since 1878 he has given his attention to steamboating. Ills marriage with Lydia P. Jones, took place in 1860; their union was des- tined to be a short one, for she died in 1866, leaving two children. His present wife was Mary A. Smith, who has borne him seven child- ren, six of whom are living. BIOOBAPHIOAL. 263 Carlos McCray, born at Ellington, Connec- ticut, June 23d, 1826. When a lad of twelve years, he accompanied his parents to Allegany county, New York, remaining six years, and dur- ing the time attended school. He engaged in farming in Walworth county, Wisconsin, from that time till 1854, then removfed to Prescott, where his father died in 1872. Engaging in agri- cultural pursuits until 1861, he then embarked in the drug trade, and was also appointed post- master. He was married in 1849 to Miss K. A. McKeen. They have live children living. Captain Edgar A. Meacham, born May 31st, 1832, at Brandon, Vermont. Here his childhood days were passed, and on attaining majority he began the mercantile trade at his native place, con- tinuing, until removing with his parents, to Prescott in 1856. On their arrival, he, in com- pany with his father. Col. A. A. Meacham, purchased a steam saw-mill, which they op- erated one year; then sold, and established a sash and door factory. In 1871 his father disposed of his interest to another son. Mr. Meacham, in 1876, opened a general store in this place and formed a partnership with his son, Edgar L. He enlisted in 1862, and was appointed first lieuten- ant of Company F, Thirtieth Wisconsin; tlie next year was promoted to the rank of captain of the same company, receiving his discharge at Camp Randall in October, 1865. He was united in marriage with Eliza Belknap in 1854. They are the parents of four children living. Griffin H. Miller, a native of Westchester county. New York, was born in 1821. His educa- tional advantages were somewhat limited during his youth. Remaining at the old homestead until 1848, he then retired from agricultural pur- suits, and engaged in the loan and discount busi- ness at Cross River, same county. In 1857 he came to Prescott and has since been engaged in the same business, although at times giving his time to agriculture, standing to-day as one of the leading capitahsts of Prescott. Mr. Miller be- came identified with the Methodist Episcopal church when twenty years old and has since been one of its staunch members. His wife was Miss Joanna B. Silkman; married in 1842. They have six children living. E. N. Redmon was born in 1827, in Scott county, Illinois. He was employed in his father's store as clerk until reaching man's estate; then went to California and engaged in mining and trading until 1852. Returning to his home lie tarried only a brief time, then removed to Daven- port, Iowa, and for five years was in the dry goods trade with his father-in-law, Frederick Knapp. In 1857 he became a resident of Pres- cott, and embarked in grain speculation, buying and shipping the first bushel from this landing, and has been connected with the grain trade since. Mr. Redmon owns and cultivates a farm near Prescott; also owns three thousand acres in Dakota, one thousand of which are under culti- vation. He has held the office of sheriff of Pierce county two years. His marriage with Sarah A. Knapp took place in 1852. They have three sons. Frank A. Ross, a resident of Prescott nearly his whole life, was born in Grundy county, Illi- nois, March 24th, 1856. When a babe of one and one-half years, he came to this place with his parents, and attended school until eighteen years old. He then taught the district school of Pres- cott; afterwards read law with J. S. White. De- cember, 1872, he was admitted to the bar. One year previous he married Miss Hettie Newell of this place. Lyman R. Smith is a native of Onondaga county. New York, born July 5th, 1814. Remain- ing at his native place till 1836, then came westward to Niles, Michigan, and located on a farm, engaged in tilling the soil imtil 1845; then went to Muscatine, Iowa, where he worked as a stone-mason. Five years subsequently he visited California, and there embarked in mercantile trade, also in mining. In 1852 he became a resi- dent of Prescott. Except ten years spent at Fari- bault, Minnesota, this place has been his home. He has been twice married; in 1840 to Miss Leah Van Vleet, who died in 1843, leaving two child- ren. His present wife was Miss Mary Amorett Dunbar, who has borne him three children, one living. N. Swanstrom, a native of Sweden, was born 1832. Here he learned tailoring, after having at- tended school until twelve years old. In 1868 he came to America and after a residence of short duration at Point Douglas became a citizen of Prescott, which place he stUl makes his home. Working at his trade as a journeyman a short time he finally in 1870 opened an establishment 264 HISTOBY OF PIEBCE COUNTY. for himself. In May, 1856, he married Annie. Anderson, who died in 1867, leaving fom- child- ren. Samuel C. Williams, bom in Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, 1834. During early life he learned the printer's trade, and worked on several Ohio and Pennsylvania newspapers. In 1857 he came westward to St. Paul, Minnesota, and was for a time in the old "Pioneer" office. The year fol- lowing he began farming in Minnesota along the Crow river, and in 1861 answered his country's call by enlisting in company P, First Wisconsin, serving until honorably discharged at Louisville, Kentucky. Since returning to civil Ufe he has been a painter at Prescott. In 1858 his marriage with Isabel Chinnock took place ; they have three children living. RIVER FALLS. CHAPTER XLIV. EAKLT SETTLERS — FIRE OF 1876 — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES — BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVES — BIOGKAPHICAL. The village of River Palls as we find it to day, located on the banks of the beautiful Kinnic- kinuic has a population of about fifteen hundred inhabitants. The line between St. Croix and Pierce counties divides the village plat, and one- third lies in St. Croix county. The river goes dashing through the central part of the village with a current so swift that the frosts of winter are unable to check its course or coDgeal its sur- face. On its banks are located four flour mills and one saw and feed mill, which are propelled night and day by the power gathered from its water. Quite an extensive merchant flouring business is done, and the flour shipped by rail to distant markets. Various religious societies have their pleasant places of worship. The different secret societies have their organizations and com- fortable lodge rooms. The public school build- ing, located on the west side, is a large imposing structm'e of brick with all the late improvements, which will accommodate nearly three hundred pupils. The Fourth State Normal School in the south-eastern portion of the village, is built of brick and cost twenty-five thousand dollars, a large portion of which siun was donated by the adjoining towns. A more particular history of their permanent improvements is given in another part of the chapter. The early settlers of the Kinniekinnic Valley at, and near the village of River Falls. First came Joel Foster in the fall of 1 848, to this, then wild, but beautiful spot, which had hardly been visited save by the red man of the forest. Next to follow and settle in the fall of 1849, were D. McGregor, James and Walter Mapes. In 1850, Mr. Hayes, W. Tozer, Mr. Penn and Ira Parks, settled here. Following them, came N. N. Pow- ell and Clark Green and soon after, O. S. PoweU and others of the family. Capt. Woods settled on Big River; C. B. Cox, struck his first oil in Clifton Hollow. The settlers now began to come rapidly, each making his claim. The PoweU brothers made claim of a large portion of the land on which the village now stands. Quite a nucleus of settlers were gathered around this point, which, with the valuable water-power made it a desirable location for a manufacturing centre. The spirit of enterprise came vsdth the new settlers, many, if not all of whom were at this time from New England. With an eye to the future, N. N. and O. S. Powell laid out and platted sixty acres in 1854, a portion of their claim bordering on the river, and called it Kin- niekinnic. The same year they erected the first store, which they filled with a stock of general merchandise. In 1856, they made another plat of one hundred and twenty acres, across the river on the west side. Additions have been made at dif- ferent times by others. The first hotel built was by W. II. Winchester; first blacksmith shop by R. (Uilfith; first wheel- Wright, N. Wales; first cooper, C. J. Riker. FIRE. Like most other towns. River Falls has had its drawbacks, which came in the shape of fire and flood. Its worst mishap was the great" fire of 1876. At half past one o'clock on the morning SCHOOLS AND CBJJBCHES. 265 of the 30th of January, 1876, fire was discovered in the office of E. B. Homes, next to the post- office. The wind at the time was blowing a gale from the south, which swept the fire with fearful rapidity. There being no fire department or or- ganized company, the fire continued its course un- til it had destroyed some of the most valuable property in the village. The morning light found the labor and savings of years laying in ashes. The following is a partial list of those who were losers in the great conflagration, the aggregate estimate of which was $30,000: G. I. Ap Roberts, general meichandise ; S. G. Dodge, hardware ; C. R. Ellis, store ; Messrs. Hedderly and Davis ; Mr. Watson, harness shop ; the office of A. D. Andrews and Company ; the Odd Fellows hall ; Good Templars hall and several others were included in the general loss. The amount of insurance was very Ught. The next issue of the Journal was set up, and the forms locked ready for the press were saved, and by the activi- ty and enterprise of the publishers, and the kind- ness of the publishers of the Star and Times, the paper was out on time for distribution that day. SCHOOLS. The same spirit of enterprise which had from the first, manifested itself in the early settlers of this beautiful valley in other matters, was manifested in matters of education. The flrSt step taken towards providing the means for the education of their children was the building of a school house in the fall of 1854, at a cost of $500, which amount was contributed by C. B. Cox, G. W. Pratt, N. N. and O. S. Powell, J. E. Nichols, Asaph Pratt, B. C. Flint, W. H. Win- chester, Pomeroy Brothers, and others. The site was donated for the purpose by Messrs. Powell Brothers. The house was 20x30, a portion of what is now known as the Baker Institute. The entire charge of the construction of the house was placed in the hands of G. W. Pratt, then town superintendent of schools. Miss Helen Flint was the first teacher employed and her salary was paid by subscriptson. The next year, district No. 1 was regularly organized, and the school house was transferred to the district board. Miss Laura Pratt was the first teacher under the new regime. The same spirit of enterprise and a desire to es- tablish their reputation for an interest in edu- cational matters, prompted a few of the leading settlers of the town to take steps toward provid- ing a more thorough course of education. A joint stock association was organized and incor- porated as the "Eiver Falls Academy Associa- tion " in the spring of 1856, and a building was erected during the same year on the west side of the river on a beautiful site, donated by N. N. and O. S. Powell; at an expense of about $5,000; size about 36x66, two stories. Professor Benjamin Wilcox was employed as the first prin- cipal. It was maintained as an academy until 1860, when the clamor for free schools, where the many under all circumstances of life, might enjoy the advantages of a more cornplete education, in- duced the association to sell the academy build- ings to the joint district No. 1, for a public school at the moderate sum of $1,500. The first prin- cipal employed was Prof. Allen H. Weld, assisted by Mrs. Weld. In the fall of 1879 the house was destroyed by fire. A temporary building was erected, and a school held in it during the next spring and summer, and steps were at once taken for the erection of another building. After much discussion on the different plans, it was at last de- cided to erect a building containing all the mod- ern improvements and large enough to accomo- date 300 pupils. The building is a most beauti- ful structure, built of brick on the site of the old academy, at an expense of $15,000. CHUECHBS. The Congregational Chm-ch of Eiver Falls. The early settlers of this region were accustomed to gather for religious worsliip at the residence of Mrs. Penn, about a mile and a half north of the village, in the town of Troy, on the farm now owned by Professor A. H. Weld. A Sunday- school was organized in 1853. In July, 1854, Rev. Richard Hall, superintendent of the Home Missionary society of Minnesota and north-west- ern Wisconsin, preached the first sermon in River Falls, in the pioneer store, which had not yet re- ceived its stock of goods. After that, services were held with occasional preaching, sometimes in the store, sometimes in the Prairie mill, and sometimes in Mr. Luke Pomeroy's bam, until the school-house on the corner of Fourth and Maple streets was finished. The church was organized February 3d, 1855, with seventeen members, viz: 266 HISTOR Y OF PIERCE COUNTY. Mason Stone, Mary B. Stone, N. Wales, Mary J. Wales, N. N. Powell, H. L. Wadsworth, Ann B. Wadsworth, Geo. W. Pratt, A. Pratt, H. Pratt, Persis Pratt, Eunice C. Pratt, J. P. Nichols, S. H. Nichols, S. M. Pratt, Mrs. P. Pratt and Mrs. S. McHan. Rev. James Stirratt preached for them six months, each alternate Sabbath. In March, 1856, Eev. W. R. Stevens was installed pastor, and remained until 1862. ''He was a giant in body and a giant in mind; tall of stature and tall in intellect. We had long been looking for a minister we could all look up to, and he completely filled the bill— for all ordinary mortals had to look up or they couldn't see half way to the top. Usually sedate, hehad an under- current of genuine humor, and often indulged in the keenest sarcasm. These traits were manifest on his first Sabbath with us. Mr. Stirratt, his predecessor, was a very tall man. We had rigged up a sort of three-story desk for him, but in the presence of Mr. Stevens said desk dwindled to most diminutive proportions. It was with a se- vere struggle that he managed to get through his first sermon, and as he came out of the house he said to a brother with a" look bordering on despair, 'That desk was so low that I couldn't preach but half my sermon, and that the upper half.' Some men are great without knowing it. Mr. Stevens comprehended every inch, and with the utmost good nature would answer all questions thereunto pertaining. On his way hither he stopped at Prescott over night. The next morning as he was walking near the river he perceived he was the observed of all observers. When one called out, 'I say, stranger, where did you lodge last night?' With the utmost gravity he replied: 'My head lodged in Barker's hotel, my feet in in- finite space.' " He had much to do with shaping the early his- tory of this region, and during his ministry 116 members were added to the church. The edifice they now occupy was built in 1857 and dedicated in July, 1858. In November, 1862, Rev. W. Gill became pastor and remained until 1876. In 1867 steps were taken to build another church. Lots were purchased and the founda- tion laid, and the frame erected and enclosed for a house to cost about $10,000, when a huricane prostrated the structure. Not feeling able to re- pair the loss at once, they abandoned the project for the while. In 1875, Rev. John Ball came and preached one year ; Rev. T. C. Jerome one year. In 1879 Rev. N. T. Blakeslee, their present pas- tor was employed and a beautiful parsonage was erected adjoining the church, the whole cost- ing $2,000. The society hope to be able to com- plete their new church during the coming year. Since its organization the church has enrolled 306 members. But with the changes incident to all societies they have but 158 members at this time. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union was organized March 3d, 1881, with a membership of fifty. The following officers were elected : Mrs. N. T. Blakeslee, president ; Mrs. W. E. Kellogg, Mrs. M. Pomeroy, Mrs. E. Boutwell, vice-presi- dents; Miss R. Taylor, secretary; Miss Hattie Levings, corresponding secretary ; Mrs. G. W. Parnsworth, treasurer ; Mrs. N. T. Blakeslee and Mrs. O. S. Powell were chosen to conduct the temperance column in the Journal. The First Baptist Church of River Falls was organized as a branch of the First Baptist Church of Hudson, April 12th, 1857. Their first covenant meeting was held on the 18th day of April. The following day, the 19th of April, the ordinance of Baptism was administered in the beautiful waters of the Kinnickinnic. June 1st, 1857, Rev. A. Gibson, under the appointment of the American Baptist Home Missionary society , took the pastoral charge of this new field, which in August, 1857, by letters of dismission from Hudson church become an independent church vsdth fifteen members. In 1861, their first house of worship was commenced and completed in 1862. April 6th, of the same year. Rev. Mr. Gibson was given leave of absence to the army. Rev. T. E. Kuley became a stated supply until April 6th, 1863, when Rev. M.Bailey supplied the pulpit for a time. April 7th, 1871, Rev. J. Statthard was called to the church and remained until 1874. June 6th, 1875 Eev. II. N. Hony became their pastor and continued until September 18th, 1875, when Rev. C. K. Colver took the field and remained until July, 1878, since which time they have had no regular service. The Catholic Church of River Falls was organ- ized under the ministry of Rev. Father Connelly of Hudson, in 1875, with a membership of thirty- eight families. Their fine house of worship was built in 1876. Rev. Mr. Kelley of Hudson has had the church under his charge since its organi- SOCIETIES. 267 zation, holding services at this place once a month. There are now connected with the soci- ety, forty-six families. They soon hope to have a regular priest. The Episcopal Church of Kiver Falls was first convened under the labors of Rev. John Wil- liamson, a missionary from the Calvary Mission, in 1859, holding services in the school-house. He also extended his labors to other points. He con- tinued his labors with this mission until 1870, when Rev. A. P. Peabody took his place, preach- ing every alternate Sabbath at a school-house lo- cated in what was known as Glass Valley, four miles south of River Falls. He continued his labors until the spring of 1865, when the services were transferred to the village and held in a hall until the spring of 1871 , when Rev. Charles Thorp came and was located at the Falls, and held ser- vices regular. During his ministry the church regularly organized, with sixteen communicants, and the erection of their present beautiful house of worship was commenced and completed in 1872. The building is of brick, about 40x60^and located on the west side of the river. Rev. F. Durlin commenced his labors with them in 1873. Rev. Mr. Langlois preaches for them occasionally at this time. SOCIETIES. Odd Fellows Lodge, number 199, was first or- ganized February 2d, 1872, with the following charter members: A. Morse, B. F. Pierce, J. W. Pierce, H. S. Baker and James Stoddard. They were in a flourishing condition when the great fire of January 30th, 1876, destroyed the building in which their hall was located, and their charter, together with their furniture and fixtures. The charter was re-issued in December, 1876. The officers elected at that time were as follows: C. Henry, N. G.; M. E. Cady, V. G.; W. E. How- ard, secretary; W. S. Hodson, treasurer. The lodge is in a flourishing condition at this time, with the following list of officers: W. S. Ensign, N. G.; C. G. Knowles, V. G.; P. F. Lowell, sec- retary; T. Martin, treasurer; W. P. Marshall, permanent secretary. The Masonic Lodge of River Falls was char- tered June 15th, 1859, with the following charter members: Amos Saunders, W. A. Tozer, James A. Short, S. K. Rollins, Clark H. Crossman, P. H. Sain, T. McCleary, Benj. Wilcox, Z. B. Flint and B. C. Vannatta. Meetings were held in the B. Wilcox hall, which was burned in 1876. The first officers elected at the date of organization, were as follows: C. E. Abbott, W. M.; A. Saun- ders, S. W.; W. A. Tozer, J. W.; J. A. Short, treasurer; Benj. Wilcox, secretary, P. H. Sain, J. D.; C. H. Crossman, S. D.; S. K. Rollins, tyler. In 1860 their place of meeting was changed to the C. B. Cox hall. In 1869 they removed to what was afterwards known as the Masonic hall, in the Wolf block, where they remained until 1879, when they returned to the Cox hall, where they now hold meetings. Their present officers are as follows: T. McCleary, W. M.; Joseph Stephens, S. W.; D. D. Proctor, J. W.; O. Strahl, treasurer; W. H. Saunders, secretary; W. A. Ben- nett, S. D.; Frank Scribner, J. D.; and T. W. Hammond, T. The A. O. U. W. received their charter June 8th, 1878, and was organized with twenty-two charter members. The organization was effected by the election of the following officers: P. M. W., O. C. Hicks; M. W., E. E. Getchell; G. F., P. F. Lovell; O., W. A. Burnett; recorder, L. W. Austin; financier, William G. Cheever ; receiver, D. D. Proctor; G., E. G. Farnsworth ; O. W., Manley Healey. The society is in a flourishing, condition at this time, with a membership of thirty-six in good standing. They hold meet- ings in the same hall with the Odd Fellows, over the store of G. I. Ap Roberts. The present officers are as follows : P. M. W., S. J Oakley; M. W., W. G. Cheever; G. F., O. C. Hicks; O., D. D. Proctor; recorder, W. A. Burnett; financier, E. W. Jackson; receiver, Geo. E. Reed ; G., John Scott ; J. W., C. P. Butler ; O. W., E. G. Farnsworth. The River Falls Temple of Honor was insti- tuted May 31st, 1878, with thirty-five charter members. The lodge held its meetings for a time in the River Falls institute. The use of the Odd FellcJws hall was obtained, and the lodge met there, every Monday evening, for two years. Much good has been accomplished by this lodge, in reclaiming the fallen and throwing around the pathway of the young, protection from the evil influences of bad company. They afterwards united with the Good Templars, and the two lodges occupied the hall of the latter on different evenings. The lodge was organized with the 268 HISTOMT OF FIEBGE COUNTY. following officers: G. B. Merrick, W. C. T.; J. C. riynn, W. V. T.; Joseph M. Smith, W. T.; and J. D. Pardee, W. E. The Juvenile Temple of Honor, number 109, was organized March 15th, 1877, with the follow- ing officers: W. Dodge, C. T.; Lettie Thayer, V. T.; Hiram Nye, K. S. ; Walter Wales, P. C. T ; B. Hauser, F. S. The temperance question is strongly repre- sented by the different lodges of the village. The oldest temperance organization of River Falls is that of the I. O. G. T., the first organization of which dates back several years prior to the present organization. Like all temperance so- cieties, its life was spasmodic. The last charter for lodge 360, is dated March 15th, 1877, with sixteen charter members, with the following offi- cers: Eev. S. W. Horner, W. C. T; Mrs. B. J. Knowles, W. V. T. ; W. T. Bennett, W. C. The lodge has initiated over one hundred and seventy-five members since its last organization. The Bank of River Falls was organized Janu- ary 1st, 1874, with Joseph M. Smith as cashier. Engaged in general banking and exchange busi- ness; also, in foreign exchange. They represent several of the leading fire insurance companies. The extensive milling interests of the town fur- nish a large amount of banking business. Hudson and River Falls railroad. One of the most important events in the history of River Falls was the completion of the Hudson and River Falls railroad. The celebration of which occurred October 26th, 1878, by a large excur- sion, composed of many of the leading citizens of St. Paul, Stillwater and Hudson. The benefits of a railroad to this thriving town had been the sub- ject of discussion for many months. How to se- cure the much-desired improvement was the question. The matter began to assume shape in the early spring of the same year, through assistance rendered by some of the leading citi- zens of the neighboring cities. The Hudson and River Falls Railroad Company was organized by the election of the following officers: President and treasurer, Horace Thompson; secretary, C. L. Hall; vice-president, A. D. Andrews; directors, H. Thompson, A. K. Wilder, C. Gotzian, and A. B. Stickney, St. Paul; D. M. Sabin and E. F. Hersey, Stillwater; C. S. Hall and J. Comstock, Hudson; A. D. Andrews and E. E. Stephens, River Falls, with A. B. Stickney, superintendent of construction, who was also general manager of the St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls and West Wisconsui railroads. An arrangement was made with the first named road to operate it. Tlie intention of the management was to have completed the road by the 4th of July, but un- foreseen obstacles prevented its completion until the date of which we speak, the day long to be remembered by the people of this good town and county. The first three or four miles of the road out from Hudson are up the sides of a high bluff, with a grade of ninety-three feet to the mile, which required an immense amount of labor and time to accomplish. Reaching the table lands, the remainder of the road was speedily constructed over the rolling prairies. Manufactories of the Kinnickuinic Valley. The pioneer saw-mill was erected in 1850, by C. B. Cox, at what is now know as Clifton Hollow. The following year he erected the first flour-mill at, or near the same point. In 1852, N. N". and O. S. Powell built a saw-mill a short distance be- low where the Greenwood mill now stands; this mill was destroyed by fire in 1856. They erected another saw-mUl a short distance below the Junction mills in 1865, which was also destroyed by fire in 1872. Prairie flour mill located on the north branch of the Kinnickinnic river, was built by C. B. Cox in 1854, two and one-half stories above basement; main building 36x36 feet, with wing on the south side, with two run of stone. The power was a wooden scroll wheel with twelve foot head of water. In 1856, this was replaced by an over- shot wheel. It was run as a custom miU until 1860, when Mr. Cox commenced to do merchant work. In the spring of 1866, a forty-eight inch turbine wheel was placed in the mill and other re- pairs made. In 1874, J. D. Putnam and Com- pany purchased the entire interest in the mill, and over-hauled it, putting in machinery for man- ufacturing the patent process flour, also adding another run of stone, and have run it as a mer- chant mill exclusively, with a capacity of sixty- five barrels per day. The same year the company built a substantial ware-house and grain elevator, across the street from the mill, 40x60 feet, with a capacity of 45,000 bushels of grain, and large storage room. They have also rebuilt their dam, FLOURING MILLS. 269 placing it up the stream a short distance on a solid rock fomidation, giving them the most sub- stantial dam on the river, with additional power. This season they have added another story to the mill and remodeled the whole inside structure, putting in eight rollers of Stevens' patent, with two run of stone. They expect to be able to turn out one hundred barrels per day. On the same branch, a short distance to the south, is located the Greenwood mills, built by C. B. Cox and Caleb Green in 1858, size 30x60 feet, two stories, with two run of stone. The first wheel was an old-fashioned central discharge, with eight and one-half feet head, run as a cus- tom mill. In 1873, Messrs. Pomeroy and Bowron purchased the entire interest. In a short time Mr. Pomeroy sold his interest to Messrs. McKay and WoodrufE. In 1877, Mr. George Fortune purchased the entire interest and rebuilt the mill, cutting of£ ten feet of its length and adding another story, replacing the former wheels with two Leffel wheels, one forty-eight and the other twenty-six inches, also three run of stone; ca- pacity, about forty-live barrels per day. Mr. Fortune keeps a flour and feed store on Main street where lie is in daily attendance on custo- mers. Still further to the south on the same branch, we find the Foster mills, built in 1854, as a saw- mill, with an old fashioned flutter- wheel and nine feet head of water, with one upright and one circular and slab saw. He run his first mill un- til the spring of 1868, when he removed it and erected a new mill 40x75 feet, two-stories, plac- ing a thirty-five inch Leffel wheel with one up- right, one edger and one slab saw. In 1877, he added one run of stone and a corn shelter for a feed mill. At the junction of the nojth and south branches is located the great flouring mills of Messrs. Freeman and Stevens, known as the Junction mills, which were built in 1867 as a merchant mill by C. B. Cox and A. D. Andrews. The orig- inal mill was 30x50, three stories above basement, with flve run of stone, propelled by two Leffel wheels, twenty and twenty-six inches, with twenty-eight feet head. In 1870 Mr. Cox sold his interest to A. D. Andrews. The same year Geo. Fortune purchased one-fourth interest. Three years afterwards A. A. Freeman purchased an interest in the mill, and the same year an addi- tion was made of 60x60 feet to the main build- ing, also a wing on the west side 30x60, and on the east side 30x50, taking out three of the origi- nal four-foot stones, and adding eight four and one-fourth foot stones; also placing new machinery of the Smith patent to enable them to manufacture the new process brands of flour. In 1877 Mr. A. A. Freeman purchased the en- tire interest, which he still owns, except one- sixth interest in the business which he sold to E. E. Stephens of Minneapolis. Finding that the water-power was not sufficient to drive the machinery during the entire year, they added to the power in 1879, aHarris and Corliss engine and three boilers which gave the mill a capacity of 400 barrels per day, giving employment to twenty men. In 1880 they adopted the Hungarian roller system, placing in the mills eighteen sets of double rollers, thirteen reels, seven purifiers and six aspirators, with seven run of stone. They have a large elevator, 50x70 feet, with a capacity of 60,000 bushels, and in addition large storage sheds 30x200 feet. The Hudson and Kiver Falls railroad runs to the mUl and takes away the product, which amounts to about thirty car-loads per week. On the opposite side of the river the company have their cooper-shops, which give employment to twenty or thirty men, turning out from 300 to 400 barrels per day. To the south of the mill, located on the south branch, is the "Cascade mill," built in 1868 by William Barker; size 32x60 feet, two and one- half stories above the basement, with ware-house connected 32x40 feet. The original mUl con- tained two run of stone, with a twenty-inch Leflel wheel. In 1876 another run of stone was added. The entire cost of the mill was about $13,000; capacity of about forty barrels per day, used only as a custom mUl. For the want of water the mUl is obliged to stand stUl for a por- tion of the year. Mr. Barker being a practical mill- Wright has superintended the construction of his own mill. Among the first thoughts of the people coming to this far away country, is writing back to the loved ones left behind in the dear, old home. This led to early measures for establishing a post- office; moreover, the mails had been a source of pleasure in the old home. Quite natural it was 270 HISIOBY OF PIEBGE COUNTY. that they should inquire for the same here. As the settlement increased and facilities for trans- porting the mails improved, the government was importuned, and Charles Hutchinson received the first appointment as postmaster in 1854, and the first ofiftce was established in the Pioneer store, N. N. Powell being appointed deputy. It continued thus until the fall of 1858, when Jerry E. Webb was appointed and held the office in the same place until 1862, when W. A. Tozer re- ceived the appointment. He removed the office to the next building south. With a change of administration came the appointment of Milton Webster, October 6th, 1868, which was under Andrew Johnston's administration, whose term was short', and so was Mr. Webster's. In 1869, AprD 12th, it was transferred to George P. Brackett. The next change was made October 9th, 1871, when J. E. Flint, the present in- cumbent, was appointed. THE PRESS or BITER FALLS. The River Falls Journal was established June, 1857, under the auspices of Taylor Brothers. Shortly after, Horace Taylor sold his interest to his brother, L. A. Taylor, who continued the publication for a short time, when he removed it to Prescott, where he conducted it until the fall of 1868, when he sold it to Messrs. Flint & Weber. In June, 1871, the material of the Journal office was destroyed by fire and the subscription list transferred to Messrs. Kimball and Morse, of the Pierce County Herald. After fifteen years of conflict with various adverse circumstances, the Journal once again appears on the very soil where it was first planted. This time published by A. Morse & Co., Friday, August 2d, 1872. Novem- ber 15th of the same year it appears, as published under the firm name of A. Morse and Son. No- vember 16th, 1876, J. D. Moody purchased an in- terest in the Journal, and the firm became C. R. Morse and company, which continued until February 24th, 1881, when J. 11. Wilkinson purchased Mr. Moody's interest, and the firm appeared as Morse and Wilkinson. Democratic in politics, and has a large list of subscribers. The River Falls Press was established July 23d, 1874, by George B. Merrick, editor and pro- prietor, with strong republican sentiments. In 1877, Walter S. Fowler bought one-half interest. and assumed the entire control of the mechanical department of the paper. Though much younger than the Journal it still has many warm friends and a fair list of subscribers, and is flourishing like a "green bay tree." The St. Croix Valley Driving Park Association was organized under the statutes of the state of Wisconsin, September 13th, 1872. The amount of capital stock of said association was $5,000. The following were the members of the associa- tion at the date of its organization, viz: D. McGregor and G. P. Brackett of Troy, St. Croix county; W. Taylor, A. H. Lord, G. W. Fortune, F. J. Burhyte, J. H. Lord, Joel Foster, and T. Cleary of River Falls. The object of the associa- tion was the improvement of the stock of the val- ley and surrounding country. Beautiful grounds were fitted up by the association, on the west side of the river. The River Falls machine shop was established July, 1872, by the Messrs. Touny Brothers. The power for the shop was furnished at the Foster mills until 1878, when the firm erected a two- story shop in the south part of the town, 24x56 feet. The firm are engaged in the manufactur- ing of brass work, turning and lathe work, with a general repair shop. The motive power is a six horse-power engine. The River Falls lime works were first estab- lished in 1868, by Messrs. Oakley and Nichols. In 1869 Mr. Oakjey purchased Mr. Nichols's interest and run the works until 1879, when Mr. Oakley put in the patent kihi.' March, 1881, Mr. J. Hale purchased an interest. It now is run under the firm name of Oakley and Hale. The product of the works during the past year was20,000 barrels. With the improvements being added, the firm ex- pect to turn out 40,000 barrels diu'ing this sea- son. Amber cane syrup manufactory. O. S. Powell embarked in this ne\Y enterprise in the spring of 1880, erecting a building for the purpose, 42x80 feet, with what is known a steam train for oper- ating the same, with a capacity of 500 gallons per day. While last season was very unfavor- able for gro\Ving the cane, he was among the most succesful operators in the west. He manufactured 10,000 gallons. The quality, when compared with ten other states represented at St. Louis at the Cane Growers association, was pro- BIOQBAF RIVAL. 271 nounced as superior. Also at the Cane Grower's association at Minneapolis he received, the prem- ium over all other manufacturers of syrup. He grew twenty acres of cane last year. Expects to grow forty acres this coming year. The business blocks erected since the Are of 1867 are: The Burhyte and Wolf blocks in 1867 ; Brackett block, in 1868 ; Howard, Ap Eoberts, Bradshaw and Dodge blocks, in 1877 ; Scales, Nel- son, Opera, Davis aad Jenson blocks in 1878: Fleming block in 1878 ; McGregor block in 1880. The business interests of River Falls are rep- resented by four mercantile houses carrying stocks of general merchandise,' three groceries, three drug stores, three hardware stores, two furniture, two boot and shoe stores, one harness shop, one watchmaker, one book store, three mil- lineries, three merchant tailoring establishments, two photograph galleries, four hotels, two restau- rants and two livery stables. There are seven blacksmith shops, three wagon-makers, one stave mill, one marble shop, three lumber dealers, two meat markets, three dealers in agricultural im- plements, one barber shop and one cooper shop. The professions are represented by Ave physicians and surgeons,"Bix attorneys and one dentist. There are also five insurance agents. The compiled statistics of the Hudson and River Falls railroad at River Falls station during the ten months ending December 31st, 1880. The total amount of imports was 8,356,040 pounds. Among the leading articles are wheat, lumber, general merchandise, agricultural imple- ments, etc. The total amount of exports foot up to 26,761,357 pounds, among the leading items of which we find wheat, mill stuff, flour, wool, lime, and barrel stock. The grand total for ten months was 35,117,397 pounds. Adding the same pro- portion of business for the two months not in- cluaed in this statement and the business of this station during the year 1880, would amount to 40,970,266 pounds of freight, out and in, or enough to load 417 cars at 20,000 pounds each, with goods coming in, and 1,338 ears going out; a total of 1,755 carloads during the year- a good showing for a town of its size. BIOGKAPniCAL. G. I. Ap Roberts is a native of JSTor^h Wales, born in 1836. He and his parents settled in Co- lumbia county, Wisconsin, in 1850, and three years later he began selling goods as clerk for Townsend Brothers, at Fox Lake. He removed to Hudson in 1859, and was employed as clerk by C. E. Darling for one year; after which he came to River Falls, and here made his home until 1862. He then spent two years at Hudson, where he was married to Miss Sylvia Brownell, of Ver- mont. During the fall of 1864 he returned to River Falls, and began business for himself. The fire of 1876 destroyed his store, so the fol- lowing season his present substantial place of business was erected. Mr. and Mrs. Ap Roberts have six children: Mabel, Eleanor, Percy, Paul, Elizabeth and Robert. William Barker was born at Wakefield, New Hampshire, in 1814. His early life was passed in Maine, moving there at the age of ten, and re- mained until 1857. He also learned the trade of mill-wright, and was engaged in milling at Brooksville. In 1857 he came to River Falls and began in the pursuit of his trade. For three years he held the office of sheriff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, and afterward built the Cas- cade mill, which he still owns. His marriage with Eliza Walker took place in 1848; her death occurred in 1880. Dr. R. R. Bourn is a native of Massachusetts, where he was born November 29th, 1816. At an early age, moved with his parents to Geauga county, Ohio, remaining there until 1845, when he came to Kenosha, Wisconsin. Here he made his home about four years, then returned to Ohio and began the study of medicine, and graduated from the State Medical Institute of Ohio in 1868. He afterward praticed in Columbia county until 1870, then located at River Falls, where he has since practiced homeopathy. He married Myra J. Rockafellow in 1838, who has borne him two children. George Fortune is a native of Scotland, bom in 1840. When quite small he came to America with his parents and located in Lower Canada, where he made his home until the spring of 1857. Removing to River Falls he began working in the mills, and being successful purchaised the Green- wood mill in 1877. His wife was Mary J. Fra- zier, to whom he was married in 1873. Three children have been born to them, all of whom are living. 272 HISTOBY OF PIERCE GOTJNTY. G. R. Griffin was born in Trumbull county, Ohio, April 6th, 1829. Here he learned the trade of blacksmithing, and in April, 1851, came west, landing at Hudson, Wisconsin, with forty-one others from his native town. He made that place his home until 1853, when he removed to River Falls and began blacksmithing as a journeyman, which he continued during the first winter. The spring following, he opened his shop and has since been doing a good business. Mr. Griffin has been twice married ; his first wife was Mary A. Wal- den, who died, leaving two children. He married Miss C. C. Fuller in 1862. They have one child living. A. H. Lord was born in Greenfield, Hancock county, Maine, 1839. At the age of twelve years he moved to Stillwater, Minnesota, with his pa- rents. Two years later he removed to Eiver Falls on a farm, where he lived with his parents until 1871. He then moved to the city and bought a livery stable, in which he has since been engaged. He was elected to. the office of sheriil of Pierce county, January, 1881 , also held the office of deputy sheriff four years previous. He married Miss Louisa Backus in 1861, who has borne him two children. Lyman H. Merrick, deceased, was bom in New York, 1802. He was located at Painesville, Ohio, for several years engaged in milling. In 1852 he came to Frescott, Wisconsin, and until the time of his death was a prominent citizen. He married Betsy C. Page in 1825, who died five years after. His second wife was CorneUa M. A. Whelpley, who bore him seven children, three of whom are living: Elizabeth P., George B. and Samuel W. Abner Morse, deceased, was a son of Calvin and Elvira Morse, and was born at Randolph, Orange county, Vermont, October 31st, 1819. He was the oldest of eight children, three of whom, David M., of Galesburg, Hlinois, Edwm and Betsey Woodbury ,of Bethel, Vermont, survive him. When Abner was three years old his father removed to Bethel, Windsor county, Vermont, where he purchased a farm and reared his family. The sons grew to manhood as tillers of the soil, consequently Abner's opportunities for acquiring an education were somewhat limited. After having reached his eighth year, his schooling was confined to three months' attendance each year at the district school until attaining his eigh- teenth year, when he attended a select school one term. The winter following, he taught one term and afterward attended the Royalston Academy two terms, closing his studies at the age of twenty. During the following ten consecutive winters he pursued the vocation of teaching. His sympathies were ever with the down-trodden and oppressed, and though his father was a strong democrat, he himself espoused the aboltion cause and became an active member of that political creed. Upon the organization of the republican party he entered its ranks and remained true to its principles. Mr. Morse was first married in 1843 to Miss Julia A. Smith, but this union was destined to be of short duration, the young wife dying of consumption in the autumn of 1844. He was remarried in 1846, at Braintree, Vermont, to Miss Mary Randall. He removed to the west in 1854, and located at River Falls, where he con- tinued to reside until his death, with the excep- tion of a brief residence in Minnesota. He was for about one year editor of the Green Mountain Herald, published at West Randolph, Vermont. For five years he maintained an active connec- tion with the River Falls Journal, and, in 1877, suffered a paralytic stroke that rendered him in- capable of further participation in the active du- ties of life, and from the effects Of which he never fully recovered. He was admitted to the practice of law in 1871, and had acquired an extensive local practice at the time of his sad misfortune. Mr. Morse was ever active in the interests of any community with which he identified hunself; generous, and possessed of a social and hospitable nature; always ready to relieve the distressed, and we fain would believe that his great misfor- tune, and that his death, also, is mourned by all who knew him. He leaves a wife, son and daughter, who have bestowed upon him the tenderest solicitude and care, unceasing in their efforts to lighten, as far as possible, the burden of his life, and who now mourn his departure to that luidiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns. Frank Pomeroy was born in Steuben county. New York, October 25th, 1824. He remained at his native place until twenty-six years of age, en- gaging in the pursuits of lumbering and farm- ing. In 1851, he removed to River Falls and be- BIOGBAFHICAL. 273 gan working for his brother; two years later, he purchased a farm of eighty acres, and soon after added forty acres to it. He erected a saw-mill on Eush river, and operated it two years, since which time he has pursued the quiet and inde- pendent vocation of farming, at River ^Falls. He married in 1859, Mary Shepard, a native of Massachusetts. Six children have been born to them, five of whom are living. Oliver S. Powell was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, June 19th, 1831. He re- moved to Hancock county, Illinois, at the age of twelve, with his father, and for the next seven years made his home with his sister in that county, attending school. In 1850, he came to St. An- thony, Minnesota, where his brother had located one year previous. During the fall of the same year, the two brothers came to the present site of River Tails, made a claim and pur- chased and kept in operation a threshing machine, the first north of Prairie du Chien. During the winter Mr. Powell attended school at his old home, and with the spring-time returned to River Palls, bringing vnth him a drove of cattle, which proved very profitable to him, owing to their scarcity. He was elected to the state legislature in 1869, and was instrumental in locating the normal school at River Palls. He married Miss E. Nichols in 1860. They have seven children. John D. Putnam was born in Windham county, Connecticut, 1887. Until twenty-one years of age, he remained at home, acquiring an educa- tion, and during the time attended the state nor- mal school of Connecticut. In 1859, he came to Wisconsin and located on a farm near River Falls. EnUsting in the Pirst Wisconsin Infantiy as a private in 1861, he served until appointed regimental commissary, in which rank he re- mained one year, then received his honorable dis- charge in 1 864. Returning to civil life, he re- mained on his farm until 1873, then rented the Prairie mill at River Palls, and the following year purchased an interest. His wife was Miss Catherine Lovell, whom he married in 1859. They have six children living. E. R. Stephens was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 1847. He began in the miller's trade when thirteen years old, in which he con- tinued, in his native place, until the age of twenty. He then removed to Iowa City, Iowa: 18 after a short time came to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and worked at his trade until locating at River Palls in 1877. Having purchased an interest in the Junction mill, he has since made this city his place of residence. He was married to Elma Brown in 1871, who has borne him five children. H. L. Wadsworth was born in Erie county. New York, July 10th, 1821. At his native place he gained a knowledge of the shoemaker's trade, and in 1846 came west and made his home at Beloit, Wisconsin, where he engaged in the shoe trade six and one-half years- He then followed the independent life of farming, nineteen years, near River Palls, after which he began his trade in the city. He represented his district in the legislature of 1867, and has also held many town offices. His marriage with Miss A. R. Baldwin occurred in 1841. They have eight children Professor Allen H.Weld was born at Braintree, Vermont, September 7th, 1809. He graduated from Yale College in 1836, and soon after- wards commenced teaching. During the first six years he was principal of the Academy of North Yarmouth, Maine, which, while under his supervision, attained a favorable reputation throughout the whole state. While at that city he published "Weld's Grammar," "Weld's Latin Lexicon," and other well-known text-books. Going south to Maryland, he taught a large school for six years, then returned and assumed cha rge of the Ladies' Seminary at West Lebanon, New Hampshire. In 1857 he came to River Palls, and has since been engaged chiefly in farm- ing, having a fine homestead near thecity. Hewas county superintendent of schools several years and for nine years was a member of the board of regents of normal schools. In 1832 he married Harriet Wood, and by her had two children, one of whom, A. P. Weld, is a resident of River Palls. Allen P. Weld was born at North Yarmouth, Maine, 1839, his father being Professor Allen H. Weld. He graduated from Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, with the degree of A. B., in 1859. The same year he came west and passed his time chiefly on his father's farm until 1864, when he determined to pursue the profession of lawyer. Graduating from the Albany Law School, in 1866, he opened an ofiice two years later at River Palls, and has since given his almost exclusive attention to his practice. 274 H1S20EY OF POLK COUNTY. POLK COUI^TY. CHAPTER XLV. DESCRIPTIVE EARLY SETTLEMENT IM- PBOVEMENTS — FmST SCHOOLS— BOUNDAEIBS OF TOWNS. By an act of the legislature, approved March, ^ 1853, all that portion of St. Croix county lying north of the line between townships 31 and 32, was set off and formed into a new county, to be known as Polk county, in honor of James K. Polk, ex-president. The county at that date included a part of Bar- ron, Chippewa and Ashland counties, and all of Polk, Bayfield, and Douglas counties. By acts of tlie legislature from time to time, the territory was divided into the above named counties, leav- ing the present Polk county, located on the west- ern boundary of the state, on the east side of Lake St. Croix. It contains twenty-seven full and three fractional townships, with about 700,- 000 acres area. About three-sevenths of this is under improvement. Throughout the western portion of the county, near the river, the land is generally high and rolling. The central and east- ern portions are quite level. The country along the streams is well wooded with pine, oak and maple. The drainage is good. On the west the St. Croix flows the entire length of the county, while the Apple, Wolf, Trade, Wood, Clam and Willow are the principal rivers, which, with their tributaries and numerous small lakes, furnish the county with abundant irrigation. Pine trout, pickerel, bass, perch,- and various other fresli- water fish are plenty. Fine water-powers are found on the larger streams, of which the one at St. Croix Palls on the St. Croix river is the most important. The soil varies from sandy to loamy, witli a clay subsoil in places, and is well adapted to wheat raising. In different portions of the county we find large deposits of lime and sand rocks. which furnish valuable material for building pur- poses. Deposits of iron, copper and lead are found in different portions of the county. Some of the finest scenery in the northwest is found within the limits of the county — the dalles of the St. Croix, the towering 'rock. Devil's chair, with tlie high bluifs, the pleasant groves and fine scenery surrounding the beautiful lakes, are vis- ited by thousands of strangers during the sum- mer season. The county agricultural society was organized in 1860, and has had many successful fairs, which have awakened an interest among the farmers for the more thorough development of the impor- tant branches of farming. This county was originally occupied by the Chippewa Indians. By a treaty which was made at Port SneUing July 29th, 1837, between the Umted States, by their commissioner, Henry Dodge, then governor of the territory of Wiscon- sin, and the Chippewas, the latter ceded to the United States the upper valley of the St. Croix. The remainder of their lands in this region were ceded to the general government in 1842, since which time no organized bands have made a per- manent settlement in the county. The first white men that visited this region were Daniel Greysolon Du Lhut, or Du Luth, with five Fiench Canadians, who, as early as l(j81, were ei gajed in trading with the Indians. The same year, Patlier Louis Hennepin visited this locality. Amap of this portion of the country was made by Jonathan Carver in 1766. The Ihst permanent settlement was made in July, 1837, by Franklin Steele, George W. Fitch, Colonel Stambaugh, Emerson Maginnis and others, who made claims and squatted on land where tlie village of St. Croix now stands. In 1838, a company was organized to carry on a gen- eral lumber, manufacturing and trading business, composed of the following persons: rrank_ EABLT SETTLEJR.8. 275 lin Steele, Dr. George W. Fitch, W. S. Hun- gerford, James Livingston, James Libbey, B. F. Titcomband W. S. Ilolcombe; known as the St. Louis Lumber Company. This company built a dam and large saw-mill, with several stores and shops; also, quite a number of dwellings, and carried on an extensive business for a few years, when they failed. In 1847, another company was formed, consisting of James Perrington, from Maine, and Caleb Gushing, with a capital of $60,000, who obtained possession of the property, made many improvements, and did a fine busi- ness for a short time, when they succumbed to the hard times; we hear of Mr. Perrington, at the mouth of Willow river, building a saw- mill. Of those whose names we find on the roll of early settlers, who came between 1844 and 1848, are the followuig: William Kent, H. N. Setzer, Smith Ellison, J. L. Taylor, Daniel Mears, John Mower, William Nobles, Martin Mower, W. J. Vincent, Harvey Walker, W. Malioney, Mr. Perkins, Joseph and W. R. Mar- shall, P. Jewell, J. Weymouth, W. S. Hunger- ford, Joseph Bowron, H. Schultz, Anson North- rup, Robert Kent and others. Of this number, we find that Wm. Kent erected a saw-mill at what is now Osceola Mills in 1844; he, with his brothers, were afterwards the founders of Osceola Mills. He was the first county treasurer, and has long been a prominent steamboat man on the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. H. N. Setzer was established in the law business at Du-" luth. Daniel Mears located at St. Croix Falls in 1848, where he remained for a short time, when he removed to what was Willow River, now Hud- son. He was elected to the state senate, 1868 and 1859, and has held a prominent position among the lumber interests of the St. Croix Valley. W. R. Marshall afterwards became governor of the state of Minnesota, Joseph Bowron founded what is known as Bowron's mills in St. Croix county. In 1849, he represented St. Croix and La Pointe counties in the assembly. William Vincent held several important civil ofiices, and Robert Kent was county judge for ten years. Settlers came in slowly until 1866, when the influx of population began to set in at tliis point. The first hotel built in the county was by the St. Louis Lumber Company; known as the Planters' House. The first grist mill was built in 1848, by Kent brothers at Osceola Mills. The first store, first frame house, first blacksmith shop were built by the lumber company at St. Croix Falls. The second hotel was built by the Cushing Lum- ber Company at the falls. The first bridge built across the St. Croix river in 1856, located between St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin and Taylor Falls, Min- nesota. The first mail route was opened by Dr. Aldrich, from Stillwater to St. Crots, and the mail transported in a bateau on the river in the summer, on the ice in the winter once a week. The Doctor also established an over-land mail route in 1847, from what was then Willow River to St. Croix Falls. This was carried weekly on foot through the woods until 1855, when he es- tablished a regular stage Une. The first white child born at the falls was Charles H. Northrup, September 25th, 18ll. Rev. Mr. Boutwell per- formed the first marriage ceremony, for Louis Barlow. Mrs. Tainter taught the first school at St. Croix Falls, in 1848. The first school taught in Osceola, was in 1845, by W. A. Talboys. The first school-house built in Osceola, was in 1854, in St. Croix Falls, in 1861. Rev. Mr. Boutwell, a Congregational mis- sionary, located at Pokegama, held the first re- ligious services at St. Croix Falls. The Metho- dists represented by Rev.Mr. Eddyvin in 1852, or- ganized the first religious society in Osceola. Dur- ing the ministry of Rev. S. T. Catlin, the Baptist society built their first church at Osceola Mills. In all new settlements after the school and the church, comes the newspaper, the great dissemi- nator of information. The first to establish a newspaper at St. Croix Falls, was Messrs. Rey- mert and Bartlett in December, 1860, at which date they commenced the publication of the St. Croixian. One year later it assummed the title of the Polk County Press, and was removed to OsceoJa, by S. S. Fifield, in 1861, he having purchased the paper. Charles E. Mears afterwards became its publisher. The first to dispense powders and pills to the sick and lan- guishing at St. Croix Falls, was Dr. Carli. The first dispenser of law to the lawless at St. Croix, was Isaac Freeland. The early settlers of this, then wild, remote district, had many trials to en- dure. Selfishness was often predominant in the matter of location of lands. The poor were over- 276 HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY. ridden by the rich. An instance of this kind oc- cured in the town of Farmington. A valuable piece of land had been pre-empted by several set- tlers who had failed in making their final entry at the proper time. One Ovid Pinney, a wealthy speculator, taking advantage of this circumstance entered the lands from them. This act so enraged the settlers that they re- solved to'deal out to the "old man" a measure of speedy justice. They held a council and decided to drown him. But better judgment prevailing, they allowed the old man to depart. Many acts of lawlessness were committed during those early times. Murders were quite frequent, both with whites and Indians. So frequently were these acts committed that a well-organized vig- ilance committee was established by the settlers. Osceola and St. Croix Falls became points of some size in 1845, and, as with other places that had the appearance of becoming even villages in size, a tract of land was platted and laid off into village lots by M. T. Chandler, for St. Croix Falls, in 1845, and by F. G. Murrey, April 26th, 1855, for Osceola Mills. Polk county has the honor of the building of the first steamboat in the St. Croix Valley, which was built at Osceola by Holmes and Cummings in the winter of 1855. The first territorial election was held at St. Croix Falls in 1844, and the first general election was held in November, 1853. The county was at that time divided into two voting precincts, Le- roy and St. Croix Falls. The county seat was located then at the latter place. At the general election, sixty-four votes were cast, and the fol- lowing officers were elected: Isaac Freeland, clerk of the county; E. C. Treadwell, sheriff; O. A. Clark, surveyor; W. A. Talboys, register of deeds; William Kent, treasurer; Harman Cran- dall, coroner; Nelson McCarty, district attorney; Robert Kent, clerk of the court. The first meet- ing of the board of supervisors was held at the house of F. W. Abbott in Osceola. At the same house the county offices were located for several years. At the fall election of 185S a vote was taken to remove the county seat to Osceola, re- sulting in forty-four for, and none against the re- moval; the records were consequently removed to Osceola. The subject was still agitated, and again voted on in the fall of 1854, which resulted in the records remaining at Osceola. Judge Wiram Knowlton, of the eighth judicial district, held the first court at Osceola in a school-house. The first county judge was Isaac W. Hale. James Livingston has the honor of giving the name "Osceola" to the village, in honor of a Seminole Indian chief of Florida. The county has one railroad, the North Wiscon- sin, which crosses the southeast comer of the county, built in 1874. Several ancient mounds are found in different parts of the county, from many of which have been exhurned human bones large in size, which would indicate that a race of larger people had once lived in these parts. The records of Polk county, from organization to 1863, were destroyed. The following is the affidavit of C. H. Staples then clerk of the board of supervisors: "C. H. Staples, clerk of the board of supervisors of Polk county, being duly sworn, deposes and says, that between the 19th and 24th of April, 1863, the buildings occupied by the county offices for said county, were entered by some person or persons, and there was taken from them the records of the county, containing all of the proceedings of the county board of supervisors, since the organization of the county, also a copy of the tax sales of said county, and said book has not to this date been returned. Sworn and subscribed to before me, this 18th day of May, 1863. W. M. Blonding, county judge." The first town organization was that of Leroy, in 1853, which at that time included the whole of Polk county. The next organization was that of Alden; as the books were destroyed, the dates do not appear. The boundaries were as follows : commencing at the south-east corner of the county, thence west to the south-west corner of section 33, township 82, range 18, thence north on the section line to the north-west corner of section 4, of said township and range; thence tivst to the eastern boundary of the county; then south to the place of beginning, to be known as Alden. The next was Farmington, the boundaries of which are as follows: commencing at the south- cast corner of section 32, township 32, range 18; thence north to the north-east corner of section 32, township 33, of range 18; thence west on section line to the north-west corner of section 35, town- sliip 33, range 19; thence south on section line to the quarter post between sections 34 and 35 ; bovndabi.es of towns. 277 thence west to the St. Croix river; thence south down said river to the south-west corner of tlie county; thence east to the place of beginning to be known as Farmington. The boundaries of the town of Osceola were as follows: commencing on the St. Croix river, on the township line between towns 33 and 34 ; thence east on township line to the north-east corner of section 4, township 33, range 17; thence south on the section line to the township line between townships 32 and 33; thence west to the south-west corner of section 33, township 33, range 18; thence north to the north-west corner of section 33; thence west on the northern bound- ary line of the town of Farmington, to the St. Croix river; thence north on said river to the place of beginning. Also the boundaries of the town of Lincoln, the date of the organization of which does not appear, were as follows: commencing at the north-east corner of section 4, township 33, range 17; thence east on township line to the eastern boundary of the coimty; thence south to the town Une be- tween township 32, range 33; thence west to the south-east corner of section 33, township 33, range 17; thence north on section line to the place of beginning. The boundary of the town of "St. Croix Falls" was as follows: Commencing at the St. Croix river on the township line between townships 33 and 34. Then east on said township line to the county line, thence north to the township line be- between townships 35 and 36, then west on town- ship line to line between ranges 18 and 19, then south on range line to the southeast corner of section 1, township 34, range 19. And all that portion of Polk county north of the northern boundary of the town of St. Croix Falls to known as the town of "Sterling." In the winter of 1862 and '63, by a vote of the people of what was then known as Dallas county, townships 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37, of range 15, were set off from the county of "Dallas," now "Barron," and attached to the county of Polk. At a meeting of the board of county supervisors held May 18th, 1863, township 36 and 37, of range 15, were set off and called the town of "Sterling." At the same meeting it was voted township 34 and 35 of range 15, be atttached to the town of "St. Croix Falls." Also that township 33, range 15, be attached to the town of "Lincoln." At same meeting it was voted to attach township 32, range 15, to the town of "Alden." The valuation of property in Polk county in 1863 in the then six towns and two villages, of which the county was comprised. In the town of Alden there were 30,843.46 acres under cultiva- tion, valued at $55,789.48. Personal property $2,004.00. Farmington 27,171.87 acres, valued at $48,047.34 ; with personal property $2,311.00. Lincoln 14,305.20 acres, valued at $80,514.99; personal $490.00. Osceola 26,276.78 acres, valued $61,226.00 ; with village lots valued at $9,820.00 ; personal $11,610.00. St. Croix Falls 93,781.54 acres, valued at $175,107.00; with village lots valued $16,101.00; personal $8,569.00. Sterling 49,095.75 acres, valued $87,235.00; personal $1,- 886.00. Total acres 241,361.73, value $457,254.81 ; total value of village lots $25,921.00; personal $26,870.00. The same year "Burnett" county was added to "Polk" county for judicial purposes. No organizations of new towns were effected from this date imtil 1867, when at a meeting of the county board held August 15th, it was voted that all of the territory of township 32 north, of ranges 15 and 16, west, situated in the town of "Alden" in the county of Polk, be and is hereby set off from said town of Alden and made into a new town to be known as the town of "Black Brook," the first election to be held at the house of Horace Nelson, on section 34, township 32, range 16, west. At a meeting of the county board held Novem- ber 9th, 1869, it was voted to lay ofE a new town to comprise the following territory, viz: All of townships 36 and 37, ranges 15, 16 and 17, be de- tached from the town of "Sterling" and formed into a new town to be known as "Luck," the first election to be held at the house of W. Foster, on section 28, township 36, range 17. At a meeting of the board held December 20th, 1869, it was voted that the following territory be set off from the town of St. Croix Falls: All of township 35, in ranges 15, 16 and 17, be and is hereby set off and formed into a new town to b3 known as "Milltown," the first election to be held in the school house in district number 5. At the same meeting it was voted that all of township 34, ranges 15 and 16, and sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 278 HISTOBT OF POLK COUNTY. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, in township 34, range 17, is hereby set off from said town of St. Croix Falls, to be known as "Balsam Lake," the first election to be held in the school house in district number four. . At a meeting of the board held November 14th, 1872, it was voted to set off township 36, and 37, of range 15, from the town of Luck to be formed into a new town to be known as "Loraine," the first election to be held at the house of N. B. Bull. At a meeting of the board held December 16th, 1873, it was voted to lay off tjje follovping'des- cribed territory, viz: Township 35, range 18 and 19 to be detached from the town of St. Croix Falls, and formed into a new town to be known as Eureka, the first election to be held in the school-house in the Hoover district. At a meetr ing of the board held November 10th, 1874, it was voted to detach from the town of Sterling township 36, range 18, and said territory to be formed into a new town to be known as Lake Town, the first election to be held in school-house in district number 3. At a meeting of the board held November 10th, 1875, it was voted to form a new town from township 33, range 15 west, said territory to be detached from the towm of Lincoln, and formed into a new town known as Clayton, the first election to be held at the house of Fisher Brown, section 26. At the same meet- ing it was voted to detach sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, township 32, range 16, from Lincoln, and annex the same to Black Brook town. It was also voted to set off township 37, range 17 west, from the town of Luck, and form a new town known as West Sweden. The first election to be held at the school-house in district number 2. At a meeting of the board held June 8th, 1876, it was voted to set off from the town of Balsam Lake, township 34, range 15 and 16, and form the same into a new town to be known as Apple River. The first election to be held at the school- house in district number 5. At a meeting of the board held July 14th, 1876. it was voted to de- tach from the town of Luck, township 37, range 16, and form the same into a new town to be known as Clam Falls. The first election to be held at the village of Clam Falls. At a meeting of the board held June 20th, 1877, it was voted to detach sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, township 32, range 16, from the town of Lin- coln and annex the same to the town of Black Brook. Also voted to form a new town from township 32, range 15, said town to be known as " Clear Lake." The first election to be held at the school-house near the lake. At a meeting of the board held November 15th, 1878, it was voted to detach township 35, ranges 15 and 16, from the town of Milltown, and form the same into a new town to be known as "Georgetown." The first election to be held at the school-house in district No. 3. "The war record of Polk county was what they may justly be proud of. The whole number of volunteers that enlisted from the county was sixty-two, which constituted one-fifth of the whole population of the county. It is doubtful if another county in the state can produce such a record of the patriotism of its people." Some a little too old, and many too young, if the exact figures had been given, rushed to the front, fired with a noble spirit of patriotism, to defend their country, in the hour of her need, from the de- stroying arms of her foe. Her volunteers were scattered Into every regiment that went from the state. OSCEOLA. CHAPTER XL VI. FIRST CLAIM MILLS BUSINESS HOUSES CHURCHES— SOCIETIES — BIOGRAPHICAL. William Kent made a claim of the land on which the village of "Osceola" now stands, in 1844, located on section 27, township 34, range 19, sui-veyed and platted by F. G. Murry April 26th, 1855. The honor of naming the town was given to James Livingston, after the Florida chief "Osceola." It is said that he made the offer of two sheep for the privilege, which was granted. The Osceola Lumber Com- MILLS AT OSCEOLA. 279 pany was organized in the fall of 1844, consist- ing of Colonel William Nobles and brother, H. Walker, W. O. Mahoney and W. Kent; the com- pany taking steps at once for the erection of a mill. The timber for the frame of their mill was purchased of Messrs. Taylor and Baker, of Tay- lor's Falls, who had commenced the erection of .a mill in 1839, but had relinquished the enterprise. The mill when completed was 40x60, two stories high. The power consisted of an old-fashioned flutter-wheel, which they replaced with a 28-foot o^rershot-wheel in 1845; receiving their supply of water from Osceola creek. The mill was equipped with two muley and one lath saws, with a capacity of 10,000 feet every twenty-four hours. In 1847, Nobles Brothers and H. Walker sold their interest to Anson Northrup, and the firm became Northrup, Mahoney and Kent. In 1848, Northrup sold hfs interest to Mahoney and Kent, who ran the mill until 1852 under the firm name of Kent and Mahoney, when Mahoney sold his interest to Kent Brothers. There were five brothers in the firm. In 1856 they rebuilt the mill, making it 50x80, placing a 45-foot overshot- wheel, adding two sash-saws, one circular, and one lath and shingle machine. They continued the operation of the mill until 1862, when they failed, and the property passed into the hands of B. H. Campbell of Galena, Illinois. In 1865, Mr. Campbell removed the overshot wheel and placed instead a twenty-two-inch Lef- fel wheel, which proved to be too large for the supply of water. After a large expenditure of money, the enterprise was abandoned and the machinery sold for a nominal sum. The Cascade Flouring mills were built by Kent Brothers in 1852; size, 30x40; four stories; and propelled by an overshot wheel. It had two run of stone. In 1862, this property also passed into the hands of B. H. Campbell, who made some repairs and improvements, replacing the old wheel with a new twenty-eight-foot over shot wheel. The mill was leased to different parties until 1870, when Emil Munch purchased the mill, and made several improvements, replacing the over shot wheel with a sixteen-inch Leffel wheel, adding another run of stone, with a purifier and packer, all at an expense of some $3,000. He operated the mill until 1874, when he turned it over to the creditors. It was purchased by F. G. Mayo and Company. In 1876, Mr. Mayo became sole pro- prietor. He also made some improvements, mak- ing it a miU with a capacity of thirty to forty barrels each twenty-four hours. It was op- erated untilJuly 4th, 1880, when it was destroyed by fire, being the oldest mill in Polk county. The City mills were built by George Wilson, S. B. Dresser and W. H. Barnes, ui 1869 and 1870; size, 28x40; two and one-half stories and base- ment, using a thirty-inch turbine wheel as power. Mr. Barnes sold his interest to the other mem- bers of- the firm prior to the completion of the mill. The mill was operated as a custom mill, with two run of stone. The following year they attached a ware room, 28x30 feet, one story. In 1875, the mills were purchased bv the firm of Howell, Happock and E. B. Greenwood, of New York, who placed P. A. Sandberg in charge for a while, when it was transferred to the charge of Eudow and Breitner. In 1877, Wm. Endow purchased the property and refitted the mill, putting in a new twenty-inch Leffel wheel in place of the old turbine, with other improvements, which enables them to grind from 150 to 200 bushels of grist per day. The Osceola brewery was established in 1867 by Veit Geiger as a hand brewery. Until 1872 he occupied a small frame build- ing, 20x30 feet, when he added a stone building, 23x50 feet, two stories. He has cellars extending, one forty and the other thirty feet, into the rock in the rear of the main building. Mr. Geiger manufactures from 150 to 200 barrels each year. The Osceola Mill company opened the first store with a stock of general merchandise in the village, which they continued unto 1862. The next store opened was by Wyckoff and Stevens, in 1856, occupying the front room of Wm. Guild's house. The building is now owned by W. Eam- sey. The next was by Mr. Fiskin a room of the Wilson house. The fourth by Rice Webb, in 1857, in the front room of his house. The build- ing is now owned by W. A. Talboys. The first store room was built by Rice Webb, in 1858, 20x40, one story. After the completion of his building he took as partner L. D. Newell, now of Prescott. In 1860, Mr. Webb purchased Mr. NewelFs interest, continuing the business alone until 1866, when he disposed of his entire 280 HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY. interest to Messrs. Talboys and Staples. In 1872 Mr. Talboys purchased Mr. Staples' interest, and continued in trade until 1876, when he closed up his business. In 1877 F. C. Mayo opened up a trade in the same store with a stock of goods, con- tinuing in trade until the fall of 1878, when the stock and store were destroyed by fire, which ended his commercial career. In 1862 Russell Gridley erected a store, and continued in trade until 1863, when S. S. Fifield, then editor of the Polk County Press, purchased his interest, and the building was afterwards used as a printing office. E. 11. Armstrong and Company opened up trade with a stock of goods, in 1862, in a building built by W. Ayers in 1858, continued in trade until 1864, when the stock was purchased by Dresser, Wilson and Armstrong, and removed to a store built by C. P. Garlick, now Dresser Broth- ers. They continued trade until 1867, when D. VV. Armstrong withdrew, and the firm of Dresser and Wilson continued until May, 1873, when P. B. Lacy and J. H. Johnson, of St. Croix, pur- chased the stock and continued trade for one year, when they returned to St. Croix. In May, 1876, A. A. Heald and B. A. Thing rented the store and with a stock of goods continued in trade until July, 1877, when they removed their stock to the KowclifiE building; improvements were made to the building, extending it in length and raising it one story, and fitting up rooms above for the Masonic hall. They continued the use of this until January 2d, 1879, when it was destroyed by Are. They at once erected a new stone build- ing 30x70 feet, two stories; the upper story was fitted up for the Masonic hall. Stephen Row- cliff opened trade with a stock of goods in the spring of 1871, closed out that stock in 1874, but in connection with the post-office he dealt in no- tions and confectioneiy. In 1877 he erected a small building 20x30, where he continues the trade in connection with the post-office. Dresser Brothers opened trade with a stock of goods in the Garlick store, July, 1877. The following year they erected a ware-house 25x40. William Kent, the genial captain, erected a store in May, 1878, 26x70; is still in trade. The drug trade was first established in Osceola by S. S. Pifleld and Dr. C. B. Marshall, in 1868. The year following, Mr. Marshall sold his stock to S. S. Fifleld, who continued the trade until 1870, when he closed out his stock to W. C. Guild. In 1873 the stock was purchased by C. H. Staples, who, in 1879, built a new store 24x40, and con- tinued trade until 1880, when he was succeeded by his son, C. W. Staples, who stUl continues the trade. The furniture trade was first established by Robert Kent, in 1878, in a building located on the present site of the building now occupied by William Maxwell as a billiard hall, but was burned January 2nd, 1879. The following spring he rebuilt on a lot opposite the office of the Polk County Press, where he is now located with a large stock of furniture. Among the contractors we find Robert Kent and C. W. Peaslee, who formed a co-partnership in 1877, also John Montgomery, who began in 1879. The harness trade was first established by Fred Summerfield, about 1872 ; he closed out in 1876, and was followed in 1877 by Paul Filzen, over G. D. Umland's saloon. In 1878 he erected a frame building 24x45 to which he removed his stock, but was burned out. November 2nd, 1878 he returned to his old quarters. He was settled but a few days when he was burned out again. He erected a new brick building the same season, 24x45. The millinery trade was first established in 1865, by Mrs. E. B. Garlick. In 1870 she erected a building 12x20. In 1873 she sold her interest to Miss Ella Walker. She sold to Mrs. Henry Fi- field in 1875. Mrs. Fifleld was burned out Jan- uary 2nd, 1879. Mrs. Garlick opened business again in 1876. She sold out to Mrs. A. Prentice in 1880, but was compelled to resume the trade with the same stock The first shoemaker was Joseph Bondelier, on lot one, block thirteen; he remained but a short time. In 1863 Thaddeus Prentice began. Then Lewis Jourgins. In 1872 came William Sum- merfield, followed by George H. Wilson. Then came J. Kemp, in the fall of 1876. He sold to Henry Voegh, in 1877; he still pegs away. The manufacture of wagons was first begun in Osceola by James Godfrey in 1860. He con- tinued until 1867. He was absent at Taylor's Falls until 1871 when he returned and continued OSCEOLA CHURCHES. 281 until 1877. John Kent followed him in the fall of 1880. Boat building has been carried on to some ex- tent at Osceola. The first boat built in the val- ley was by Holmes and Cummings in 1855, and named Osceola. She made one trip on the river, when she was taken below to run on the Missis- sippi river, between Rocli Island and Muscatine. The next was by Stover and Barnes in 1867, and named the Pioneer, placing in it a boiler once used in a mill at Amadore, Michigan. The same year the G. B. Knapp was built by Oscar F. Knapp, also a boat known as The Dalles, built by Marshall Wench in 1867. The Minnie Will was built by C. G. Bradley in 1867. The Nellie Kent, by William Kent, in 1870, since remodeled and renamed the Mary Barnes; also the Helen Marr, built by W. Kent and J. Dudley. The Maggie Raney built by the same parties in 1876. Quite a large number of barges have also been built. The livery business was first instituted by Ben- nett and Jones in 1869, which they continued for two years. Messrs. Thing and Whiting opened a stable in 1879. They sold their interest in 1880 to S. C. Benjamin. The first public library was instituted in about 1848, and known as the Lumberman's library, about fifty volumes were contributed by two Epis- copal clergymen from St. Anthony. It was located in the old Kent boarding house; it has however, become extinct. In 1868, what is known as the Teachers library, was organized. The Osceola Beading Boom and Library asso- ciation was instituted in April, 1874, with thirty members, each paying one dollar; W. Kent, pres- ident; Ella Walker, vice-president; Eev. S. W. Homer, secretary; Mrs. W. Kent, treasurer; and J. C. Jorden, librarian. This organization contin- ued for one year, when they organized as a stock company, each member paying five dollars as membership fee; the ofiices of the new company were Capt, Kent, president; H. B. Dike, secre- tary; Mrs. W. Kent treasurer; Mrs. Emma Fifield, librarian; this continued until the date of the great fire, since which time the surviving books were deposited in a damaged condition in Capt. W. Kent's store. Among the early settlers not already mentioned, we find the names of Harman Crandall, WUliam Ramsey, J. F. Nason, Charles Ayers, M. Peaslee, Isaac W. Hale, Charles Lea, Joel Scott, H. B. JSTason, J. B. Wright, Nelson McCarty, J. S. God- frey and others, who arrived between the years of 1848 an '52. The first birth as reported at Osceola, was Jen- nie Guild, daughter of W. C. Guild, now the wife of Irvin Benson, of St. Paul. The first death was that of Leroy Hubbard, a mill hand who, in 1846, came to his death by a falling limb from a tree which he was chopping down. The next was that of Mrs. Close, in 1847. The first to obey the divine injunction " it is not good for man to be alone," in that new country, was Wm. Kent and Miss Ellen Kidder, May 22d, 185o. Made happy at the same time was Isaac Freeland and Agnes Kent. Bev.Mr. Fullerton,of StLllwater,was invited to perform the ceremony; but the patience of the happy ones was somewhat tried by the de- lay of the arrival of the boat containing the ofl^ elating divine, the boat resting for a while on a sand bar. The proposition to postpone the cer- emony was opposed, and the justice was called, who proceeded with the ceremony, the boat arriving just in time for the minister to make the closing prayer. The next to be joined in holy wedlock, were True Foster and Mary Hays. The first preaching at this point was in 1849, by Rev. Mr. Breck, a missionary under the auspices of the Episcopal church, of St. Paul, who was on a missionary tour from St. Paul to Lake Superior. The first Methodist Episcopal church organiza- tion was effected in the faU of 1854, under the ministration of Rev. G. M. Hilton in what was known as the old Kent school-house. The mem- bers of the first class were W. Kent Sr. and wife W. A. Talboys and wife, Joel Scott, Freeman Fenlayson and wife. The Sabbath school was organized 1858. Tlie society erected a church in 1867, size 32x50. The present pastor is Rev. E. Russell. The present membership is fifty-five. The First Baptist clmrch of Osceola was organized in the fall of 1857 with six members, as follows: Rice Webb and wife, Herman Nason and wife, Rev. S. T. Oatlin and wife; Mr. Nason deacon and Mr. Webb first clerk. Services were lield in the school until 1860, when, with the addition of new members came the desire to erect a church, whicli was ac- complished during the year; it was built of 282 HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY. wood, 24x32 feet. In 1871 they added fourteen feet to the front, with a belfry. The church has a membership of fifty-seven at this time. The Universalist society of Osceola was organ- ized September 28th, 1866, with eighteen members, under the ministrations of Rev. H. S. Bowen, which position he held for ten years. The church became quite flourshing, but it has greatly de- creased by the removal of its members to other points. Osceola Lodge No. 134 of Masons, under dis- pensation April 7th, 1862, was organized June 10th, 1862. The charter members were Judge Henry T. Barron, James D. Reym'ert, Wm. Kent, Charles Thompson, David Tewksbury, C. P. Gar- lick and William Ward. The first officers were Henry D. Barron, W. M.; James D. Eeymert, S. W.; Carmi P. Garhck, J. W.; W. A. Talboys, treasurer ; Chas. II. Staples, secretary; W. Kent, S. P; DavidTewksbury, J. D.; C.H.Thompson, tyler. The lodge numbers about sixty mem- bers at this date. They own a beautiful hall over the store of Messrs. Heald and Thing, which cost 51,500. The present ofiicers are as follows, viz: H. B. Dike, W. M.; E. C. Treadwell, S. W.; S. B. Dresser, J. W.; R. Kent, treasurer; W. A. Talboys, secretary. The Osceola Lodge of I. O. O. F., No. 278, was organized March 8th, 1879. The charter mem- bers were W. Kent, R. Kent, Chas. Ayers, G. D. McDill, r. A. Dresser, B. A. Thing, W. Rudow, and A. Kimball. The first ofllcers were: A. Kim- ball, N. G.; Chas. Ayers, V. G.; T. A. Dresser, treasurer; B. A. Thing, secretary; R. Kent, W.; G. D. McDill, conductor. The lodge holds its meetings in the building which was used as a court house until 1880, when in conjunction with the township ofiicers they erected a building 26x74 at an expense of $1,500 ; the first floor is used for town purposes and the upper floor by the lodge. The membership at this time is about fifty ; pre- sent officers, W. II. Tilton, N. G.; C. II. Peaslee, V. G.; Robert Kent, treasurer; W. II. Foster, secretary., Osceola Lodge I. O. G. T. No. 299, was organ- ized February 29th, 1877, with thirty-eight char- ter members. First officers were: II. C. Good- wm, W. C. T.; Mrs. Haw, W. V. T.; Rev. J. Haw, W. C; J. Godfrey. W. S.; Miss Philbrick, W. A. S.; Jere Mudget, W. F. S.; Kate Ileald, W. T. The lodge is in a flourishing condition with eighty members; they have done much toward rescuing the youth of the town from the downward road of intemperance. The present ofiicers are: E. P. Sanderson, W. C. T.; Mrs. Low, W. V. T.; Rev. E. B. Russell, W. C; F. Staples, W. S.; Ella Fish, W. A. S.; Rose Fish, W. F. S.; Flora Kent, W. T. The first hotel or boarding-house erected at Osceola was built by Kent Brothers soon after their arrival at this point. In 1856, Isaac Free- land built a hotel on the present site of the Meth- odist church. It was destroyed the following year by fire, and was not rebuilt. The Osceola House was built by Mrs. Elizabeth Hayes in 1856 and opened as a hotel in 1857. The house was 22x32, one and one-half stories. In 1859 she made ah addition by raising it one-half story, with addition 18x42. In 1861 she rented the house until 1863, when she re-occupied it and conducted it until 1867, when she sold it to Mrs. E. B. Garlick. She kept it until 1870, when she transferred it to J. F. Abbott, who ran it until November 1879, when he sold his interest to S. A. Fisk, who is now the popular "host." The "Northwestern Hotel." The erection of this house was commenced in 1857 by John Webb and John Irish, but was not completed until 1860 when James Kenyon purchased it. The house was somewhat angular in shape, on account of the lay of the streets which it was built to meet, being 40x60 on one side and 40x42 on the other; three stories high. The upper story was used for a public hall. Mr. Kenvon conducted the house until 1868, when it was rented to different parties until December 16th, 1875, when it was destroyed by fire. The Wilson house, a portimi of which was erected in 1853 by Mr. Foster, was com- pleted by George Wilson, in 1802, and used as a private residence until the burning of the North-western hotel, December, 1875, when he (George Wilson) made many improvements to the house and opened it as the Wilson house. It is beautifully located within a short distance of the Osceola Cascade. In the spring of 1880 he rented to W. Stowell, but will resume its charge the present spring. The building used for the first school was built by Kent Brothers in 1852, who gave the use for a school. It was also used for religious and other POST-OFFICE AND BUSINESS HOUSES. 283 public gatherings. Said building was afterwards sold to the district. The iirst school was taught by Wm. A. Talboys in the fall of 1845 by private subscription. In 1860, a new school-house was erected, which is now used as the primary department. In 1869, another building was erected, in which the grammar department is taught. Under the laws of the state a high school was instituted in 1874 and operated for three years, when a change in the law, requiring a stipulated number of inhabitants within a cer- tain limit, debarred them from the privilege, and it was discontinued. The present officers of the school are: George D. McDill, director; W. Kent, treasurer, and Robert Downend, clerk. The first post-office was established in 1854, W. C. Guild receiving the first appointment. Pre- vious to this the inhabitants had received their mail from Taylor's Falls. A mail route was es- tablished from Willow Eiver in 1847. Mr. Guild held the office until August, 1873, when the ap- pointment was transferred to S. RowclifC, the present occupant. . The -first blacksmith was Ole Lindberg, who opened a shop in 1850. Gus Sto- ver opened a shop in 1856, but was burned out in 1861. M. M. Nason rented his tools and opened a shop soon after. E. C. Smith opened his shop in 1868. Gus. Newman in 1879. Charles Ayers was the first local machinery agent, but had no ware-rooms. F. C. Talboys and Staples erected large rooms in the spring of 1879. Messrs. Van HoUen and Newman erected rooms the same year. The first cemetery was established in 1855. Mrs. Jacob Sanders was the first person buried therein. Mount Hope cemetery was laid out in 1862. Bev. T. G. Hilton, together with his ministerial duties, also ministered to the bodily ailments of the early settlers of Osceola from 1857 to 1860. Dr. Hammond spent the winter of 1858 and practiced. C. P. Garlick the next on the list of physicians, commenced in 1860; was commis- sioned assistant surgeon in the Thirty-fifth Wis- consin regiment, and contracted disease while in the army from which he died in Milwaukee in 1865. Dr. Gray practiced a short time. At the close of the war came Dr. Brooks, with Dr. J. R. M. Garlick, and remained for one year. Dr. C. B. Marshall came in 1866; he still remains; Dr. Searles, of St. Croix, joined him in 1876, and in partnership they practiced one year. Dr. Ward practiced during the summer of 1880. Dr. Hard- wig Runge came last summer, and was joined last fall by Henry E. Combacker. Isaac Preeland was the first attorney that hung out his shingle in Polk county. He came to Os- ceola in 1855, and continued until 1870. J. C. Button practiced for a short time in those early days. The "Patrick Henry" of those early days was Decatur Williams. Marcus Dowling located at this place in 1860, but only for a short time. Geo. D.McDill came in 1872, H. B. Dike in 1876, and J. Past and C. H. Oakley in the spring of 1880. The last four still "hold the fort." The following are the present incumbents of the several county offices: Iver Michaelson, county clerk; Robert Downend, treasurer; T. P. Monty, sheriff; A. C. Granum, clerk of court; A. Kimball, register of deeds; Ole Larson, coun- ty judge; T. M. Nye, district attorney; Sam. Emery, coroner. In 1865 the county board rented, for the use of the several offices, a build- ing erected by the Methodist conference for a school — said school for some reason was never started. The population of Osceola is 1,297. There is no village organization of Osceola, but a township organization. This had been essentially a temperance town; licenses had not been granteJ nor saloons opened until about 1870, when licenses were issued by the town board. In 1874 the better class of citizens of Osceola; seeing the ruin which was being done to their community by the use and sale of intoxicating liquors, decided to take stfeps to check the evil. The subject was agitated, and a temperance or- ganization was effected, known as the Temper- ance League, with Captain W. Kent, president; Rev. B. K. Barber, vice-president ; Mrs. Geo. Wilson, secrecary; Miss Etta Hanscomb, treas- urer; Rev. S. W. Horner, H. C. Goodwin, W. A. Talboys, executive committee. Crusaders: Mrs. N. Kent, Mrs. W. Kent, Mrs. J. Kent, Miss E. Hanscomb, Mrs. Geo. Wilson, Mrs. A. Kent, Mrs. Lucy Rowclifl, Mrs. Dr. Marshall, Mrs. Ellis Seavey, Mrs. Goodwin. The ladies commenced work by securing a promise on the part of the town board not to grant licenses, on condition that the ladies would secure a petition signed by a majority of the citizens of the town asking that 284 HISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY- no licenses be granted. When the petition was presented with the required majority of names, still the board ignored the petition, another having been circulated by one "Umland," a saloon-keeper, taking names outside of the town, and which the board knew had no right to a voice in the matter. BIOGRAPHICAL. Charles Ayers was born in Crawford, Wash- ington county, Maine, March 12th, 1829. In his early life, he was engaged on a farm, while ac- quiring an education, such as fell to the lot of farmer boys in those early days. As he grew older, he engaged in the lumber business. In 1850, he, with his parents came to Wisconsin and settled at St. Croix Falls; he went up the river ninty miles above the falls and engaged in cutting the first logs put in the river at that point. The same year, he pre-empted a tract of land in sec- tion 34, Farmington township; he settled on it the year foUovring, still engaged a portion of the time at lumbering. In 1854, he erected a store at what is now known as Farmington Centre, which he carried on in connection with his farm. In 18o8,he made a trip to California, returned in the spring of 1860, and carried on his different branches of business until 1862, when he estab- lished the butcher trade. In 1866, he again op- ened his store. In 1876, he was burned out. In November, 1880, he sold his farm and moved into the village of Osceola and continued in the sale of agricultural implements, which business he carried on for sometime. He was first married September 12th, 1850, to Miss S. S. Woodruff from East Machias, Maine. They had ten chil- dren, five living. She died December, 1865. lie was married again July 4th, 1866, to Miss Mary A. Williams, from Wisconsin. They had four children. She died December 5th, 1868. He was married again June 22d, 1869, to Mrs. Amanda McCarty. S. C. Benjamin was born in Madison county, New York, in 1842. His parents removed to Steuben county the following year, and settled on a farm where his early life was spent. In 1855, he, with his parents, removed to Wisconsin and settled near Marquette. In 1857, he moved to Adams county, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1861, when he enlisted in Company I, Eleventh Wisconsin regiment. He was engaged in eleven hard fought battles, and was wounded in the first engagement at the battle of Arkansas. Returning in 1865, he settled in Adams cOunty. In 1866, he moved to Warren, St. Croix county, where he remained until 1872, when he removed to Star Prairie and established himself in the livery business. He was married January 19th, 1867, to Miss Ella Marvin, of De Witt, Michigan. They have had four children: Ina M., born Octo- ber 22d, 1867; Lizzie R., born June 7th, 1873; Hugh R., born February 12th, 1876; Mary E., born October 8th, 1878; Lizzie R., died August 23d, 1876. Mr. B. established himself in the livery business in Osceola, little over a year ago. Theodore M. Bradley was born in Jackson county, Illinois, July, 1831. He removed to La Fayette county, Wisconsin, in 1847, and attended school winters, working at farming summers for three years, then came to Osceola Mills. Was employed in Kent and Mahoney's saw mill two years, then engaged several years in rafting on the St. Croix river. Since 1859 he has given his time and attention to both farming and rafting, and now resides at Osceola Mills. He married Margaret Wilson in 1857, who is a native of Ire- land. They are the parents of three sons and two daughters. Dr. Henry E. Combacker is a native of Boston, Massachusetts, born in 1853. He accompanied his parents to Somerset, Wisconsin, at the age of three years ; here he remained untU eightesn years of age attending school and engaged in farming. He then began teaching, and in the fall of 1872 went to Hinkley's Academy, af Hud- son, also attending the university at . Madison three years. He then attended the iledical Uni- versity of Michigan, graduating in 1 879. Return- ing to his home, he removed m 1880 to Osceola Mills, where he is practicing with Dr. Runge. Dr. Combacker was appointed county physician of Polk county, in -lanuary, 1880. Henry B. Dike is a native of Wales, born in 1847. When quite young he came with his par- ents to America, and settled in Chicago. His mother dying, he was reared by his aunt, and attended school at Dixon and Chicago. In 1858 he came to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in 1861 enlisted in Company I, Fifth Minnesota, as a musician, serving until honorably discharged at BIOGBAPHICAL. 285 St. Paul in 1865. Three years later he located at Osceola Mills and began teaching, and study- ing for the bar, and in 1876 began practicing law. He is at present superintendent of schools of Polk county. In 1871 he married Mary E, Staples, who lias borne him two sons and two daughters. Eobert Downend is a native of England, born 1835. While quite young he came to America with his parents, and settled in Oneida county, New York, where he remained until coming to Osceola Mills in 1857. Here he erected a shingle mill and engaged in lumbering, which he followed until 1878, then entered upon his duties as treasurer of Polk county, and still occupies that responsible position. Enlisted in Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry in 1861, and served until honorably discharged at Memphis, Tennes- see, in 1865. His wife was Matilda A. Johnson, whom he married in 1877, and who has borne him one child. F. A. Dresser was born at Moscow, Maine, in 1840. He went with his parents to Bangor, in 1843, where he attended school until 1857, com- ing thence to Taylors Falls, Minnesota. In 1862 he enlisted in Company A, Thirtieth Wisconsin, serving until honorably discharged at Louisville, Kentucky, 1865. He then passed one year in Canada, and in 1867 returned to Osceola Mills and engaged as clerk for his brother imtil his election as county treasurer of Polk county, in fall of 1873. He occupied the position until 1878. He is now engaged in trade with his brother at this place. His wife was Miss Mary E. Thomas, to whom he was married in 1867. Samuel S. Fifleld, a native of Carmina, Penob- scot county, Maine, was born June 24th, 1839. When the subject of this sketch was but three years of age his father removed to Bangor, where he attended the city schools until the age of ten, when the death of his mother broke up the family and turned young Fifleld out to seek his own for- tunes. He entered a store as clerk and chore- boy, and remained four years. In 1853, he ac- companied his father and uncle to Eock Island, Illinois. The next spring the party left Rock Island and removed to the St. Croix Valley, settling in Prescott. Until the spring of 1859, young Fifleld was engaged as clerk in different stores and hotels of Prescott. Then being out of work, he shipped as night watch on the steamer Equator, running between Prescott and Tay- lor's Falls. In May, the boat was wrecked and Fifleld, with the rest of the crew, was trans- ferred to the Kate Castle. When that boat went into winter quarters, Fifleld's career as a steam- boatman ended. In February, 1860, he engaged with Captain Frank H. Pratt as apprentice and business assistant in the publication of the Tay- lor's Falls Eeporter, the first newspaper worthy of notice established in the upper St. Croix val- ley. He accompanied the material from Prescott to the Falls on the ice, arriving there February 19th. The paper was issued a few days after- wards, and Fifleld was with it until January 1st, 1861, 111 health compelled him to quit, and for a number of months he was toll-keeper on the bridge between Taylor's Falls and St. Croix Falls. On the 1st of November he accepted the position of foreman of the St. Croixian, a paper in St. Croix Falls, founded by J. D. Eeymert and Junius A. Bartlett. In December the paper was removed to Osceola MJUs, county seat of Polk county, and the Polk County Press was issued under his management. In the spring of 1862 he purchased the paper of Mr. Eeymert and became editor and proprietor. The paper thenceforth gained largely in influence and circulation and its editor became well known throughout the north- west. The St. Croixian. under Eeymert's man- agement, had been democratic, but when Mr. Fifleld took charge it was changed to republican. After peace the Press became the earnest advo- cate and representative of the upper St. Croix valley, and did much to attract attention to its varied resources and induce immigration and capital to come into the country. In his busy, toilsome career Mr. Fifleld has found time to ac- quire a thorough, practical business education, which adverse circumstances had deprived him from gaining in the usual course of school train- ing. In the spring of 1872 he transferred his in- terest to Charles E. Mears, his partner, and re- moved to Ashland, where, in company with his brother, he started the Ashland Press. During his residence in the valley, Mr. Fifleld has held many ofiices of honor and trust. September 20th, 1863, he married Miss Stella Grines, of Prescott. Paul Filzen was bom in Germany, 1854. He came to America in 1872, and after reaching Min- 286 HISTOBY OF FOLK COUNTY. nesota located at New Ulm, remaining only six months, thence to Shakopee. Here he began learning the harness trade, and after a seven month's stay removed to Jordan and vyorked at his trade, completing it at Hastings. He after- ward worked in Stillwater and in 1877 hecame a resident of Osceola Mills. The following Octo- ber he married Kosa Langenberg who has borne him two children, both of whom are living. S. A. Fish was born at Halifax, Windham county, Vermont, 1811. He remained at his na tive place until attaining majority, then went to Jefferson county. New York, where he made his home three years. After spending a number of years in Indiana, Iowa, and Wisconsin, he located at Ottawa, Illinois, residing there twelve years, then engaged in farming five years and in trade ttaee years, in Iroquois county. Finally in 1879, he purchased the Osceola house at Osceola Mills, of which he is still the proprietor. He married m 1842, Eliza Town. Their children are Edward G., Rosa, Charles and Ella. Dr. Carmi P. Garlick, deceased, was born in Erie county, Pennsylvania, 1818. When about fifteen years of age he accompanied his mother, his father having died previously, to Union coun- ty, Ohio, where he remained until 1850. Studied medicine at Milf ord Centre, and attended lectures at Columbus. In 1850 went to California, re- maining two years, and in 1853 made another visit to the Pacific coast. During the fall of 1859 he located in Chisago county, Minnesota, where was his home until coming to Osceola Mills. Here he practiced his profession until 1864, when he enlisted as surgeon of the Thirty-fifth Wisconsin. He was honorably discharged on account of disability, in February, 1866, and died the next June at Milwaukee. Dr. Garlick was married to Elizabeth B. Thompson in 1842, who has borne him five children, two of whom are now living. Veit Geiger is a native of Germany, born in 1823. Worked at the brewers' trade in his native country and in 1853 came to America, locating at Sandusky, Ohio, where he also engaged at his trade. Two years later he removed to Minneapo- lis, Minnesota, thence to Polk county, where he began fanning, in which he continued until com- ing to Osceola Mills in 1867. Man-ied Genofaver Grup in 1865. They have four children living. Andrew C. Granum, a native of Norway, was born in 1845. During his younger days, he at- tended school, and in 1877 came to America and settled in Rock county, Wisconsin, remained four years, attending school and farming; then located on a farm in Polk county, but afterward attended the Northwestern College at Madison, and has since taught some of the schools of this coimty. In 1877 was elected to the office of clerk of the district court, which position he now holds. Mar- ried Lena Gullickson in 1878, who has borne him one child. A. A. Heald was bom in Somerset county, Maine, in 1829, where he remained until 1849, and during the last year was in the mercantile trade at Industry. In 1852, settled in Walworth county, Wisconsin, engaged in both teaching and farming for four years, then removed to Lake- land, Minnesota. Finally, in 1859, he settled on a farm in Polk county, on which he lived six years; during the time he occupied the position of county treasurer four years. Sold his farm in 1874 and started in the mercantile trade at Osce- ola Mills the year following, vdth B. A. Thing as partner, who withdrew in January, 1881. Mr. Heald was married in 1862, to Miss Christiana Thing, who has borne him three children, two of whom are- living. Benjamin F. Kent was born at Galena, Illi- nois, in 1 846. Removed with his parents to Osce- ola Mills in 1853. He attended school until six- teen years of age, then began lumbering, which he followed until 1872, and was then engaged in the furniture trade two years. Then operated a shingle mill at Black Brook one year, since which time he has been a painter. He married, in 1871, Miss Belle Ford. They are the parents of three children. Robert Kent is a native of Scotland, born in 1818. When two years of age moved with his parents to New Brunswick, thence to Bangor, Maine, where he lived until reaching the age of twenty-two. He. then returned to Europe, and in 1839 came to Galena, Illinois, where he worked at carpentering. In 1848, removed to St. Croix valley, and for about thirteen years engaged in lumbering, and has since followed carpentering and cabinet-making. Mr. Kent was the first clerk of Polk county, and has also been county superintendent of schools and county judge. At Galena, lUinois, 1842, married Miss Mary Cham- BIOQRAPRICAL. 2S7 bers. She died in 1848, leaving four children, three of whom are now living. His present wife was Susan N. Babb. who has one child living. Captain William Kent was bom in Frederick- ton, New Brunswick, in 1824, and when quite small moved with his parents to Bangor, Maine. In 1844, came to St. Croix Falls, and soon after to Osceola Mills, being one of the first actual settlers. Here he engaged in lumbering until 1864; then gave his attention to steamboating until 1879. He was first treasurer of Polk county, which office he held two years — also the office of county judge. In politics he is a dem- ocrat. His wife was Ellen Kidder, whom he married in 1855. Asahel Kimball was born in Erie county, Penn- sylvania, in 1827. When eighteen years of age, removed to Cattaraugus county. New York, where he engaged in lumbering seven years; then returned to his home and passed four years. In 1856, came to Osceola Mills, and in 1866 was elected register of deeds of Polk county, which office he held ten years, also that of clerk of court; has continued as recorder since 1876. His wife was Matilda Fuller, whom he married in 1852. They have one child. Captain O. F. Knapp was born in Clinton county, New York, 1831. At the age of fifteen he came west with his parents and remained at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, until attaining his majority. He then came to Osceola Mills and began lum- bering. A few years later, in company with C. B. Strong, he purchased the steamer, "H. S. Allen," which he ran about three years. In 1861 he engaged as pilot on the steamer "Enterprise," which he purchased soon after and ran it three years. He, in company with others, built the 'Viola," "G. B. Knapp" and Jennie Hayes." In 1878 he entered the employ of the government under Major C. J. Allen, in the improvement of the St. Croix river, Mr. Knapp having charge. His wife was Angeline Hayes, to whom he was married in 1855. They are the parents of three sons and two daughters. Judge Ole Larson is a native of Norway, born in 1841. He received a liberal education at the graded schools at Ourdahl, and learned the trade of painting and graining. In 1868, he crossed the seas to America and worked at his trade at differ- ent places in the southern portion of Wisconsin. He came to Osceola Mills in 1872, and five years later was elected judge of Polk county, taking his seat in January, 1878. He marrred Ingeborg Johnson, a native of Norway in 1870. They are the parents of three children, two of whom are still living. Dr. C. B. Marshall was bom in Westchester county. New York, in 1838. Moved with the family to Chemung county, when five years of age, thence six years to Tompkins county. Here he remained five years, then came west, tarrying one year in Illinois, thence to Hastings, Minne- sota. His education was obtained at the State Medical University at Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 1866, he settled at Osceola Mills, and since resided here, practicing his profession, March 9th, 1866, he married Miss Addie Brigham. George Davis McDill, of Osceola Mills, was' born in Wayne, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, July 28th, 1838. Received an academic educa- tion; is by profession a lawyer. Came to Wis- consin in 1841 and settled at Beloit, removing later to Vernon county, and to Polk county in 1872. He has been district attorney of Polk county for two terms, beginning January 1st, 1874; was chairman of the county board for five consecutive years. Mr. McDill enlisted in the spring of 1861 in Company I, Sixth Volunteer In- fantry, and served therein till March 24th, 1864, when he was promoted to the position of captain of Company K, of the Thirty-seventh regiment; was discharged on account of wounds, November 3d, 1864. Participated in the battles of Gaines- ville, Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, ChancellorsviUe, Gettysburgh and the siege of Petersburgh. He was elected to the assembly of 1881, receiving 2,848 votes, against 1,551 votes for Charles B. Marshall. Charles E. Mears, one of the early settlers of the St. Croix valley. He is the. eldest son of Daniel and Emeline Mears, and was born in East Boston, Massachusetts, January 9th, 1844. His mother died when he was only six years of age, and until 1857 he made his home with his grand- parents. When thirteen years old he came to Osceola MiUs, which place has since been his home. His educational advantages were wholly confined to the district schools; further than this, he is self-educated. After coming to this state he engaged in rafting on the St. Croix and Mis- 288 EISTORY OF POLK COUNTY. sissipi; also, as clerk on a steamboat. In 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Second Kegiment, Wisconsin Cavalry, as corporal. He served one year, when, on account of sickness, was honor- ably discharged, having been promoted twice dur- ing the time. On recovering, he entered the printing oflace of the Polk County Press, at Os- ceola Mills, as "devil," and worked the first year for seventy-five dollars and board. At the age of twenty he engaged in the mercantile business at jSTew Eichmond, and the year following began teaching district school, in which vocation he continued at intervals for five ye^rs. In 1866, he became a half owner in the Dunn County News, at Menominee. In 1869, he was elected county superintendent of schools of Polk county, serving six years. He was town clerk of Osceola three years, and during his leisure studied law. He is at present editor and publisher of the Polk County Press, which he purchased in the spring of 1872. He has held the position of agent to protect the state lands in district No. 1 , for six years, and is stiU occupying that position. His marriage with Henrietta A. Brown, of Grinnell, Iowa, took place in 1879. Daniel Mears is a native of Lynn, Massachu- setts; born in 1819. He acquired a practical education at the district schools, and when thir- teen years old began clerking in a store at Essex, where he remained three years. In 1839, ac- cepted a position as clerk in a wholesale boit, shoe and leather store of J. Farbush and Com- pany, Boston, and was in their employ two and one-half years. He entered the employ of Dex- ter, Harrington and Company, dealers in leather and West India goods, as superintendent of the leather department. He came west and located at Stillwater in 1848, and soon after was given charge of the Willow Eiver mill at Hudson, Wisconsin. Entering the firm of Nelson, Carlton and Company as partner in 1853, he remained until they dissolved. Two years later he re- moved with his family to Osceola Mills, which has since been his home. After assisthig in rais- ing several companies for the service of the coun- try, he was elected second lieutenant of Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry, in the fall of 1861. In May of the following year he resigned, since which time he has been engaged in farming near Osceola Mills. In 1857, he was elected to the state senate, serving two years, and has held po- sitions of trust in both the counties of St. Croix and Polk. Mr. Mears has been twice married — first in 1843 to EmeUne E. Mendon, who died in 1848, leaving a son, Charles E. He was married in 1852 to Susan F. Thompson, and has one daughter, who is the wife of W. H. H. Wheeler, of Stillwater. Iver Michaelson, a native of Norway, was born 1845. Having acquired a knowledge of the tialor's trade, he started for America in 1866. He settled first in St. Croix county, Wisconsin, and subsequently at Black Brook, Polk county, where he followed the quiet life of agi-iculture, until elected register of deeds of that county in 1875 ; he served in that capaicity two years, then was elected county clerk, which office he still holds. In addition he has a complete set of ab- stracts of the county. His wife was Miss Chris- tina Olson, who died in 1873, leaving two child- ren. His present wife was Martha Olson, whom he married in 1875. Their two children have died. T. F. Monty was born in Lower Canada in 1847. When a lad of ten years he removed with parents to Kankakee county, Illinois. Here he was a farmer until 1862, when he enlisted in the government employ in the first division anny of the frontier and served two years. In 1866 came to Polk county, Wisconsin, and settled on a farm at Sterling, remaining until elected sheriff of the county in 1879. His marriage with Miss Ellen Eowe took place in 1866. They have four child- ren. M. M. Nason was born in Washington county, Maine, 1833. He learned the blacksmith's trade,at which he worked until leaving his home in 1855. Coming westward he settled in Minneapolis, Min- nesota, and the next year went to Taylor's Falls. In 1861 he came to Osceola Mills and opened a blacksmith shop, in which he still continues. He lias been a member of the town board two terms and is a public spirited and respected citizen. He married in 1870, Mrs. Achsah Kent. C. II. Oakey, a native of Madison, Wisconsin, was born June 13th, 1857. He attended the pub- lic schools of that city in early life, graduating from the high school in 1875. He afterward studied law with Judge Phillip L. Spooner of Madison, Wisconsin, and entered the law depart- BIOGBAP HICAL. 289 ment of the university in 1878, graduating . tlie succeeding year. During the spring of 1880 he began practicing law at Osceola Mills with J. Post. Mr. Oakey is unmarried. J. Post was born in Greene county, New York, in October, 1851. He accompanied his parents to Dane county, Wisconsin, near Madison, when three years of age. His early life was passed on a farm, and during the time attended district school. In 1868 he entered the State University at Madison, and graduated with the law class of 1879. During the spring of 1880, he began prac- ticing law in company with C. H. Oakey, at Osceola Mills. His marriage with Miss L. S. Clayton took place March 3d, 1880. Stephen Rowcliff is a native of Devonshire, England, and was born in 1828. In 1842 he went to the Island of Jersey, and was there appren ticed for a term of six years in the lath rending and carpenter's trade. He afterwards worked at his trade in London seven years, then came to America, landing at New Orleans. After spend ing some time in travel, he took [a steamer at St. Louis, for Osceola Mills. On arriving he began working in a saw-mill, where he continued three years; he was then deputy county treasurer and clerk of the board five years. In 1871 he built a store, and has since given his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1863 he was appointed deputy revenue collector of Polk and Burnett counties, which oflflce he held eight years; has also held the office of county commissioner and town clerk, and is now postmaster at Qsceola Mills, having received the appointment in 1873. Mr. EowclifE has been twice married. His first wife was Catharine Turner, who died in 1866, leaving six children. His present wife was Mrs. A. Davis, who has borne him one child. Dr. H. Kunge is a native of Schleiswig, Ger- many, and was horn AprU 12th, 1817. Here he remained until eight years of age, then moved to Eussia, making his home there ten years, attend- ing school. He then entered the Medical Uni- versity at Berlin, graduating after a six years' course. In 1846, removing to Copenhagen, he studied veterinary two years, then entered the army in the Schleiswig-Holstein war, in which he served three years. Returning to Russia, he practiced medicine at Moscow two years, and in 1863 came to America via. South America, locat- 19 ing at Monticello, Iowa.' In 1867, he came to Stillwater and began the practice of medicine, also in the drug business about eight years, then engpged in the same business at Minneapolis; re- turned to Stillwater, and in 1880, came to Osceola Mills, where he is now practicing medicine. Prank W. Smith is a native of New York, born in 1840. Here he learned the lath and plaster trade, and in 1856, came to Chicago, re- maining a short time; thence to St. Paul, and finally to St. Croix Falls. Here he engaged in lumbering and farming for fifteen years, since which time he been farming near Osceola Mills. He enlisted in Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry, under C. C. Washburn and served one year. In 1874, he married Miss A. E. Mitchell, who is a native of the North Star state. They are the parents of one daughter, Edna. Charles W. Staples was born at Bunker Hill, Illinois, October 8th, 1852. He came to Osceola Mills with his parents in 1855, and during early life acquired his education at the public schools, and when eighteen years of age began teaching. After having four years experience in that voca- tion, he kept books for Knapp, Stout and Com- pany, of Menomonee two years; then returned to his home, clerking for his father, and in the fall of 1880, purchased the store, and is at present en- gaged in the drug trade. His marriage with May Foster took place in 1878. C. H. Staples is a native of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, born 1824. Here he remained until twenty-four years of age, and was engaged dur- ing the latter years, in the manufactory of con- fectionery, then came to Bunker Hill, Illinois, and for seven years gave his time and attention to milling. In 1856, located at Osceola Mills, and the next year was elected to the office of clerk of the board of supervisors, which he held seven years, then opened a store, engaged in the merchandise trade seven years longer. From this time until 1880, he carried on a drug trade. His wife was Miss Hannah Garland, whom he mar- ried in 1850. They are the parents of six chil- dren, four of whom are livmg. George Wilson was born at Auburn, Susque- hanna county, Pennsylvania, 1836, where he re- mained until 1853, then engaged in farming two summers, teaching during the winters. Coming to Osceola Mills in 1857, he worked in the mUls, 290 HISTOBT OF POLK COUNTY. also taught school for some time. He has since made this his home, engaged in milling and hotel business, being now proprietor of the Wilson House. He married Emma E. riskinl859,-who has home him five children. TOWN OF OSCEOLA. Judge J. W. Hale, the subject of this sketch, was born in Plarmony, Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, March, 1802. His early life was spent on a farm. In 1822 he engaged in the lum- ber business on the Susquehanna river. In 1824 he became a pilot on the river in the lumbering trade until 1836, when he moved to Cattaraugus county, New York, still engaged as pilot on the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. In 1851 he, with his family, via the rivers, came to Wisconsin and located on section 26, in Osceola township. The judge was married in 1826 to Miss Nancy Mc- Keene from Orange county, New York. Seven children were the fruits of the union — John, Esther, Isaac, Melvina, Achsah E., Silas F., Keu- ben W. Mr. Hale was elected first county judge of Polk county, which office he held for eight years; also county superintendent of schools for two years. He was quite a sportsman in his younger days, and enjoyed the chase after deer. Many interesting incidents the judge relates of his adventures with the timber wolves that used to infest the country in those early days. During the past year the much-loved and faithful wife was taken by the hand of death, and the effects of the blow are much felt by the judge in his de- clining years. Isaac Hale was bom in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania. His youth was passed on a farm, attending school, and later in lumbering. In 1850 came to Minnesota with his parents and located on section 33, town of Osceola. En- gaged in lumbering and exploring pine lands until 1663, when he enlisted in Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry, as sergeant, and was detailed for scouting. In 1865, settled on his present farm of eighty acres on section 30. Married Miss A. E. Clarey, of Massachusetts, in 1851. Hans Johnson was born in Sweden in 1843. In his youth he was engaged on a farm with his parents, and with them came to the United States in 1857, and located at Taylor's Falls, where he remained one year, when he settled on his pres- ent farm. He has spent a large share of his win- ters and springs in lumbering. He was married in 1870 to Miss Anna W. Johnson. They have four children: George E., seven; Andrew D., six; Olof , four; and Edna May, two years. Mr. John- son has held the office of town supervisor for one year; school director fourteen years. He has a farm of two hundred acres well under cultiva- tion. Gustof Nelson was bom in the southern part of Sweden, in 1831. Came to America in 1853, and located in Polk county. Engaged in various kinds of work until 1855, when he settled on his present farm. Was married the same year, to Miss Caroline Carlson, who was bom in Sweden in 1838. Six children have been bom to them, Oscar F., Elmina, Matilda, Charles, Harry and Jennie. Mr. Nelson has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres well improved. Olof Olson, a native of Sweden, was bom in 1823. Was reared to manhood on a farm and in 1869 came to the United States and settled on the farm he now occupies. Was married in 1855 to Anna Loyd, of Sweden. They have five children, Olof, Jr., Peter, Jonas, Bertha and Louis. Mr. Olson has a fine farm of one hundred and two acres, located on sections twenty-five and thirty- six, town of Osceola. J. W. Peake was born in Schoharie county. New York; spent the early part of his life on a farm. At the age of twenty-one he came to La Salle county, Illinois, settled on a farm three miles from LaSalle and opened a hotel in connec- tion. He was married the same year to Miss Jane A. Franklin, from New York. Two chil- dren were born to them, but both died; his wife also died August 9th, 1849. He was again mar- ried April 4th, 1853, to Miss Mary A. Treadwell, from Pennsylvania. Two children were the fruits of this union, Emily, now Mrs. E. Mears, and Allen B. October, 1854, he came to Wiscon- sin and settled in Osceola, and on his present farm in the fall of 1856. July 15th, 1862, he enlisted in the Tenth Wisconsin Light Artillery, which had many severe engagements with the enemy. Mr. Peake has held a contract for the last three years for carrying the mail from Osce- ola to Clayton. He has also held the office of town supervisor for two years, and assessor two years. BIOGBAfRICAL. 291 B. F. Pitman was born in Maine, 1822. In the the early part of his life he engaged in lumbering until 1849, when he made a trip to California and remained until 1851, when he returned to Maine. In 1854 came to Wisconsin and located in St. Croix Falls; in 1856 he settled on his present farm. In the spring of 1858 he made an explor- ing trip to Dakota ; in 1859 to Colorado, where he remained until 1861 ; when he returned and en- gaged in lumbering for a portion of his time. He was married in 1855 to Miss Amanda Clark, from Vermont. They have had six children: Ella S., Mark, Ira, Grace, Maud and Blanche. He has a flue farm of 120 acres with good improvements. Nels O. Surrell, the son of Henry and Eena Surrell, was born in Sweden, and in youth was engaged on a farm, and at school improving every advantage offered him for an education, which were quite limited in those days. In 1868 he came with his parents to this county and settled on a farm near the vUlage of Osceola; they came to their own farm in 1872, which consists of 160 acres located in section eleven. He was married in 1878 to Miss Christina Nelson from Sweden. They have one child, Anna, born April 30th, 1879. Nels, with his father spent six winters in lumbering. W. H. Tilton was born in New York city, in 1822. Learned the shipwright's trade and fol- lowed it until 1853, when he moved to Carver county, Minnesota, and located on a farm. In 1869 he came to Polk county, Wisconsin, and has since resided here. Has assisted in constructing many of the boats built on the St. Croix. Mr. Tilton was first married in 1867, to Ellen Hillery ■ of New York. She diedat Taylor's Falls in 1868, leaving three children. In 1871 he married Mary Mitchell of Osceola, who has borne him two child- ren, George and Sarah. Mr. Tilton has held the office of chairman of the county board one year, town treasurer four years and school director six years. E. C. Treadwell was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, March 29th, 1832. His early life was spent on the farm. At the age of two years he lost his mother. In 1845 with a team he moved to Lee county, Illinois, still en- gaging in farming. In 1846 he continued his pilgrimage with a team to Wisconsin, and located at St. Croix Falls, and engaged in the lumbering business. In the summer of 1858 he became a pilot on the river, at which he engaged until 1863, when he enlisted in Company D, Second Wiscon- sin. Cavalry, which was connected with the west- ern division. He was wounded in a skirmish on the Yazoo river. He returned to Osceola in 1865. Was married in 1866 to Miss Esther Hale, daughter of Judge Hale. They have one son, Albert Fowler, bom December 25th, 1872. Mr. Treadwell was the first sheriff elected in the county, which office he held one term; was town assessor two years; school director two years. B. P. Treadwell was born in Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania, 1821; living with his parents mitil 1829, when he met with the loss of his mother, from which date he had to gain his living on a farm uiitil he arrived at an age to learn a trade, when he commenced the carpenters trade. In 1845 he moved to Lee county, Illinois. In 1879 he came to Wisconsin and located on his present farm. Mr. Treadwell was married in 1847 to Miss Lydia Hale from Pennsylvania. They have had two children: Spencer, born June 13th, 1857; William, born May 19th, 1861, He has one hundred and sixty acres of land located in section 25. R. A. TurnbuU was born in Henningford, Lower Canada, in 1833; he was engaged on a farm with his parents until May, 1855, when he came to the state of Wisconsin, and settled at St. Croix Falls, locating his present farm in 1856. In 1863 he enUsted in the Seventli Wisconsin regiment. Company F, which was connected with the army of the Potomac. He was married in 1854, to Miss Dorah Nappier, from Canada. The union has been blessed with nine children, seven living : Thomas, aged 25 ; James, 22 ; George, 18 ; Nellie, 13 ; Charles, 3 ; Minnie', 8 ; Jessie, 6. He has three hundred and sixty acres of land on which, in 1879, a fine specimen of copper was found by his son, weighing three and one-half pounds, with strong indications of its existence on six difEerent forties. In August, 1879, a company was organized for mining by parties from Milwaukee, and other points. Six different shafts were sunk, and good specimens found in each, which would yield a fair percen- tage of copper and silver. It is said the yield amounted to 25 per cent, of copper and silver, while some of the veins yielded as high as 37 per cent., which makes the land valuable for mining. 292 HISTORY OF POLK COUNTY. FAEM)]SrGTON. Dougald Kennedy was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, April 17th, 1828. At the age of seven- teen he engaged to the government, and was em- ployed in a furnishing store at its works on the Isle of Alderney, in the English channel, where he remained untilJuly, 1851, when he emigrated to the United States and located in Maine, work- ing on the Montreal and Portland railroad until the fall, when he made a trip to New York and remained for a short time, when he returned to Maine. In the spring of 1852 he engaged to Isaac Staples to work at bis mills on the Penob- scot river. The same year, he made a trip to New Brunswick and engaged at the same busi- ness. In 1854, he came to Stillwater, then to Marine, and engaged to the firm of Jvtdd, Walker and Greeley to get out logs on the Snake river. He was married in 1857, to MissEosaM. K. Enk, from Switzerland. The union was blessed with ten children, all living. Mr. Kennedy located on his present farm in 1874. He has always taken a lively interest in the welfare of his town, hav- ing held the oflSce of town clerk twelve years, as- sessor four years, and treasurer two years. Andre vsr Kent was born in Scotland in 1819. Emigrated with parents to New Brunswick the same year and there- remained until 1833, when they moved to Maine. He engaged in lumbering until 1850, then came to Wisconsin and settled at Osceola. In the spring of 1853, he went to California, returning in 1855, and settled on present farm the next year. Three years later, he made a trip to Pike's Peak and re- mained one year. He was married in 1836 to Eunice Dickerson, of Maine. She died in 1852, and he married Esther Hill, of Pennsylvania, in 1855. William, Robert and James are children by first wife, and Andrew, Eva, Irena, Frederick, Russell, Jessie, Marshall, Harry and Amy by sec- ond wife. Mr. Kent has held the offices of chair- man and member of board of supervisors, and was census enumerator in 1880. Cliapin Kimball was born in Springfield, Erie county, Pennsylvania, 1829. He remained with his parents on the farm and in school until 1852, when he came to Wisconsin. Settling in Osceola he engaged in the lumber business until 1859, When he made a trip to Pike's Peak and spent two years. He was first married in 1857 to Miss Mary Kent, from Maine, and by the union were blessed with five children, Charles H., born 1858; Jane, 1860, Edward A., 1862; Lotta A., 1864; Flor- ence, 1866. His wife died in 1868. He was again married in 1870 to Miss Jennett Thompson, from Wheeling, Virginia. Mr. K. was the second sheriff elected in the county; he has also held the office of town supervisor one year and treasurer one year. John Morrasey, the subject of this sketch, was boin in New Brunswick in 1826. Soon after he. with his parents, moved to Washington county, Maine, where they engaged in farming. In 1850 lie came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Farmington, working oh different farms in the town and at lumbering during each season until 1861, when he settled on his present faim. He was married in 1859 to Miss Lucy Ann Nelson, from Machias, Maine. They have six children, Euchy, born October 20th, 1860; Lulu, February 27th, 1862; Albert E., May 18th, 1864; Clara I., September 27th, 1866; Jay G., May 31st, 1870; Alma, February 11th, 1876. W. Ramsey, the subject of this sketch, was bom in Ireland in 1814. In 1823 he, with his parents, emigrated to this country. "\Vhile crossing the ocean the vessel was wrecked off Isle a,u Sable. This point being quite remote from the usual course of vessels, the prospect of escape was quite uncertain. The captain wdtli his crew rigged out an open boat and sent to Halifax, two hundred and fifty miles, for assistance. Two small fishing crafts were sent for their relief, after remaining on the island four weeks. Ar- riving at the province of Nova Scotia where he remained until 1834, when he removed to Wash- ington county, Maine, where they remained until 1849, when he made a trip to California. Re- turning in the summer of 1851 , he came the same year to ^Viscons^n and settled on his present farm. He was married in 1839 to Miss Sarah Ste\(>ns from Crawford, Maine. They have had ton children, of whom four are living: Rella H., now tlu^ wife of E. Mason, Clara J., Alice B. and Leslie J. Mr. Ramsey was chairman of the first board of supervisors of Polk county. He held the office of town treasurer three years, assessor one year, and on the school board since the or- ganization of the town. SAINT CBOIX FALLS. 293 D. E. Tewksbury, was born in Somerset county, Maine, in 1820, and with his parents removed to Washington county in 1832. He remained with them, laboring on the farm, until 1848, when he went to Aroostook county and engaged at lumber- ing and on a farm until 1860, when he removed to AViscon sin and located in the town of Farmington. He settled on his present farm the same year, em- ploying a portion of each year at lumbering. He was married in 1847 to Miss Charlotte A. Check- ham from Aroostook county, Maine. They have had eight children: George A., born July 29th, 1848; Alice M., born September 13th, 1860; Er- nest T., born July 12th, 1853; Winfield S., born December 31st, 1855; Clarence E., June 28th, 1869; Carmine P., August 6th, 1863; Bertha L., April 13th, 1869; Norman E., April 23d, 1870. Carmine P. died January 16th, 1881. Mr. Tewks- bury enlisted in Company P., Fourth "Wisconsin regiment, February, 1865, and was connected with the western division of the army. He holds the office of assessor of the town of Farmington at this time. A. Van HoUen was born in 1848; he with his parents emigrated to this country in 1856. They stopped at Dubuque for a short time; then to Stillwater, where he engaged in a saw-mill for three years. In 1860 he came to Wisconsin and ettled in Farmington township. He settled on his present farm in 1870. For the past five years he has been engaged in the sale of agricultural mplements at Osceola. He was married in 1870 to Miss Rosa Cremerfrom Germany. They have five children: Henry A.., Johnathan H., Emil A.i Kosa M., Emma A. Mr. Van Hollen has held the office of justice of the peace for four years; deputy sheriff for the past six months. Samuel Wall, a native of England, was born in Shropshire, in 1826. His father was a small farmer, and he remained at home until seventeen years of age, when he enlisted and served five years in the British army. First in Ireland, then to Gibralter, West Indies, and cruised on British man of war, during the Mexican war. He was discharged from the army in 1849 at St. Johns, New Brunswick, and went to Eastport, Maine ; thence to Bangor. After a stay of three months went to New York city, where he was robbed and put in jail. He then went to Poughkeepsie and worked the remainder of the season. Then shipped from New York to New Orleans, thence to St. Paul, where he arrived May 11th, 1850, on the steamboat "Martlia No. 2." Remained in St. Paul two years and while digging a well for law- yer Rice, was nearly killed, but recovered through the care and kindness of Mrs. Rice. In 1862, came to Stillwater and worked nearly two years as mason on the penitentiary. In 1853 came to the St. Croix lime kiln where he has since lived. He was married in 1847, and has ten children liv- ing, one having died. His lime-kiln has been in- spected by Robert Dale Owen, O. W. Wright state geologist, and other noted geologists, who state that the limestone here obtained is a pure carbonate of lime, free from magnesia, and if iron ore should be discovered above the falls of St. Croix, his material would be far more valua- ble for a flux than it would be burned into lime ST. CROIX FALLS. CHAPTER XLVII. SUEVEYBD AND PLATTED — ST. CKOIX MANX- FACTURIlSrG AND IMPROVEMENT COMPANY — LAND OFFICE — SETTLERS — BUSINESS CON- CERNS— BIOGRAPHIC Ai. St. Croix is the name of the village, and St. Croix Falls that of the post-office. The name is from the Indian word Kah-ba-kong. The viUage was laid out and platted by Maine T. W. Chand- ler, surveyor, July 31st, 1857, the site being the property of the St. Croix Manufacturing and Im- provement company, of which S. C. Edes was president; C. St. John Chubb, secretary; and lo- cated on lot 4, section 10, and lots 1, 2 and 3, in section 30, township 84, range 18. The village has a population of about 350; the township about 543. The first mill erected at St. Croix Falls was commenced in 1838 by the St. Louis Lumber Company and completed in 1810; size, 40x80, with four sash, one muley and a 294 HISIOBY OF POLK COUNTY. shingle and lath machine. Joseph Bowron had charge, as superintendent of the mill, for the company. In 1842, Mr. Hungerford became sole owner. In 1845, the property passed into the hands of James Perrington from the effects of the hard times, which had laid its ruthless hand on the young enterprise. In the meantime, Mr. Perrington found that on account of damages that had been made in property, he could not get it into running order without great expense. The bargahi was not completed. In 1846, Caleb Gushing made a visit to the falls, and being pleased with the looks of the country and the prospects, was induced to invest in a new lum- bering enterprise. A company was formed, known as the "Boston Lumber Company." With the new enterprise everything went smoothly until 1848, when the company met with the misfortune of losing their property by fire, which put an end to that enterprise. Mr. Per- rington, the same year, went to Willow Eiver and commenced the erection of a new saw-mill. August 1st, 1847, a land ofBce was established for a new district taken from the Mineral Point district, called the Chippewa land district. The new district embraced all of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. When Wisconsin became a state, that part of the district belonging to Wisconsin, was created into a new district, and the office located at Willow River; moved from there to Hudson, and, in 1859, again located at St. Croix Palls. Wm. S. Hungerford made the first entry of land at this point, August 17, 1838, of lot 4, sec- tion 19, and lots 1 and 2 section 30, township 34, range 18, present site of the village. Prom that date the property was continually in dispute. In- junctions were served first on one side and then by the other, and lawyers were made happy with fat fees. The matter was never wholly settled until after the death of both parties. In 1856, a partial compr9mise was effected by the formation of the organization known as the "St. Croix Man- ufacturing and Improvement Company, of which V. B. Scott, was elected president. C, St. John Chubb, S. C. Edes, John H. Nolton and Calib Cushing and others composed the company. They laid out the town or village anew, completed the Cushing house, erected a flouring mill and ware- house at the landing, with other valuable im- provements. Col. Bodflsh and Murphy were ap- pointed agents for the new company. The mill was run without any great improve- ments until 1862 or 1863, when W. H. C. Folsom leased the property for a term of years. After the season of 1864 he gave it up and D. P. Smith took charge, and he was the last to run it to any extent. Litigation was again commenced and continued until scarcely a vestige of the old com- panies' works are left. This last mill was not completed until 1859, and was located on the same site where Thompson's mills now stand, size 40x 50, three and a half stories with basement, with three i-un of stone. It was propelled by a thirty- six foot overshot wheel, the power secured from the numerous springs flowing from the adjacent hills. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1864. After the above company had served its day and generation , and matters had become very dormant, other parties from the east visiting the town thought they saw fortunes awaiting the grasp of some enterprising company. The result was the formation of a new company known as the Chi- sago Mining and Manufacturing Company, in 1865, with William E. Carrie for president and Eber P. Cushing, treasurer. At the present time John N. Cushing is president and L. B. Cushing, treasurer; J. S. Baker, resident agent. No pub- lic improvements were made by this company. They have succeeded in disposing of a portion of the propertv and are awaiting a boom that they may see the long wished-for bonanza. In 1869 a new company was organized by par- ties from Sweden with the high sounding title of the "Great European and American Land Com- pany," with Count Taub as manager; this com- pany was granted certain privileges on condition of effecting certain improvements. After one year's operations their funds ran out, and after contracting a large amount of debts and deceiv- ing many of their countrymen with fair promises, they found it convenient to absent themselves from the country, thus ending the enterprise. Many are the instances related by the early set- tlers of murders and other lawless deeds done by some of the whites and Indians in the days of In- dian trading posts, and the sale of liquors to the half civilized of both colors, one instance of which we will relate. A man by the name of Partridge opened an Indian trading post about three-fourths 8E1TLEB8 AT THE FALLS. 295 of a mile above the present site of St. Croix. Among other articles of merchandise, he kept a poor article of whisky, which was freely indulged in by the lumbermen and Indians. Being under no restraint from the ofiBcers of the law, they gave full rein to passion, which resulted in many crimes. The title of ''Quailtown" was given to this place. One day a quarrel arose between Pat. Kelley and Alfred Bomaine. Romaine challenged Kelley to fight a duel the next morn- ing. Kelley failed to make his appearance at the appointed time. Romaine went in search of his victim. He succeeded at last in finding him at the house of his washerwoman, and asked him if he was ready; to which Kelley replied, "Go away; I don't want to have anything to do with you." "You don't, hey?" with that Romaine drew his revolver and shot Kelley twice, then jumped upon him and with the butt of the weap- on he broke his skull. Kelley succeeded in get- ting one shot at his enemy, which struck him on the breast, not, however, inflicting a mortal wound. He was arrested, tried and sent to Prai- rie du Chien for imprisonment, that being the nearest point to a safe place of deposit for crimi- nals in those early days. At the end of about two years he succeeded in making his escape. BAELY SETTLERS. The first claim made at St. Croix Palls was by Franklin Steele in 1837, he proceeding at once to the erection of shanties for the men that had ac- companied him to engage in the lumbering busi- ness. The St. Croix Lumber Company had been organized, and steps were soon taken toward erecting a mill. We also find among the early settlers the names of W. S. Hungerford, Joshua L. Taylor, W. P. Colby, John Weymouth, 8r., Wm. J. Vincent, N. C. D. Taylor, W. H. C. Pol- som, William R. Marshal, Joseph Marshal, An- son Northrup, John Mower, Elam Greeley, Calvin A. Tuttle and others. The first white woman to visit this, then wild and romantic region was Mrs. David Hone, of Marine, now of Hastings. She taking charge of the culinary department of the company. The next was Mrs. Edward Worth and Mrs. Anson Northrup. The first birth of a white child at the falls was that of Charles H., son of Mr. and Mrs. Anson Northrup, September 25th, 1841. The next was a son of Mr. and Mrs. John Mower, born in the winter of 1844. The first death of a white person at the falls was that of Mr. Ryan, who had been engaged in logging, up the Wood river some distance above falls; coming down the St. Croix rivet in the spring of 1840, with a raft of logs which he had accumulated, by some un- accountable accident, he was drowned. The first white person to take upon himself the marriage vow at St. Croix Palls, was Lewis Barlow, in 1842. Rev. Mr. Boutwell was the offi- ciating clergyman. The first religious exercises held at the Palls, was by Captain William Holcombe in 1839; some- times writing his sermons, but usually reading them from a book of sermons. Not having a church building, the services were held in differ- ent points among the settlers. Mr. Holcomb not being a regularly ordained preacher only held the services at the request of the people. Rev. Jacob Polstrom, as early as 1843, held services at this point. The first school was taught by Mrs. Taintor in 1848. The settlers were few and consequently there were few scholars. Eight or ten comprised the number. The school was supported by pri- vate subscription. The first school district was organized in 1853 with Miss Harriet Stevens, now wife of L. K. Stannard, as teacher; the school was held in the old land ofiice building. The next school was taught by Miss Newell. The present school building was erected in 1861-2. an addition was added for a primary school in 1878. The present school officers are, William M. Blanding, clerk; James Thompson, treasurer; J. S. Baker, director. The first to dispense powders and pills to the settlers at this point was one Dr. Hill, connected with the St. Croix Lumber Conjpany. He hav- ing, though not being a regular physician, the best knowledge of medicine, was called upon to prescribe 'for the ailments of the settlers. Dr. Phil. Aldrich made visits to the Falls twice each month, carrying the mails, and at such times, if called, he attended the sick. Dr. DeWitt was the first resident physician, who came in 1846. Dr. Otis Hoyt, now of Hudson, came to the Palls in the fall of 1849, and remained for a short time. When he returned to Hudson. In 1853 Dr. L, B, Smith came to the Palls and spent the 296 HISTORY OF POLK GOV NT Y. winter, when he went across the river to Taylor's Falls and spent some time, leaving St. Croix Falls without a physician until 1878, when Mrs. Dr. Mary Sevenson established herself at the Falls. She was followed by Dr. E. Y. Arnold, in February, 1880. Frank W. Searles came in July of the same year. The first attorney at law that settled at this point was Guerdon Smith, in 1853. He re- mained but one year, when he removed to Taylor's Falls. Several others came and went at different times, the date of which does not ap- pear. In May, 1880, W. B. Ladd came, and under the firm name of C. H. and W. B. Ladd is still located at the Falls. The first mail route was established, and Dr. Phil. Aldrich received the contract for can-ying the mail from Point Douglas to St. Croix Falls, in 1840, which trip was made twice each month. He was succeeded by Edward Worth, who had the proceeds of the office for his pay. He held the route until 1848. Mr. Worth had a little more style than the doctor in that he had a pony. The first appointment as post-master was re- ceived by Harvey Wilson in 1845; he acting as clerk of the lumbering company. On account of the litigations carried on by the different branches of the lumber company, the office was often changed and new appointments made. The present post-master is James Thompson, who received his appointment February, 1880. The taverns or stopping places in those early days were mere boarding places kept by the com- pany. A private boarding house was opened by Adam Lightner in 1848, which he run but a short time on account of an accident which occurred to his family. A man engaged in collecting herbs for an herb doctor was stopping at the house, and had gathered quite a quantity, and among them had some wild parsnip which the children of the family got hold of and ate, from the effects of which they died. The shock was so great to the poor wife and mother that she could not be in- duced to remain longer in the town ; thus putting an end to the enterprise. The first regular hotel was erected by the Boston Lumber Company in 1846, and known as the "Cushing house." It was not however completed until 1856, when the organization of the St. Croix Manufacturing and Improvement Company was affected ; it was then remodeled and handsomely furnished, and first opened and kept by Major Bodfish. Many pleas- ant parties were had in the old house when the "boys" with the "fair ones" of those days would trip the light f ant&,stic toe to the " wee-sma' hours." Those happy days of "yore" they cannot forget, even with the increased cares of advancing years. The house was kept by different parties until the spring of 1880, when it was destroyed by fire while being run by Fred. Summerfield. The St. Croix house was erected by C. C. Fisk in 1857, as a dwelling, 28x32 feet, three stories high. In 1870 he made an addition of a wing 22x40 feet, two stories, and opened a hotel. In 1880 he ^dded another wing 20x40 feet, one story ; giving the house twenty-one chambers, one dining and two sitting rooms, two parlors, with office and sample rooms, and kitchen ; also a fine bam connected. Among the first to establish trade at this point was M. M. Samuels, who located a trading post at this point and did a brisk trade for a time, keeping his place weU stocked with such goods as the settlers most needed. He was the first to in- troduce whiskey at this point ; after that time his stock in trade would dwindle down to almost nothing except the "rot gut," which caused great trouble. The first tegular store opened was by Hungerford, Livingston and Company, in a log cabin. The next was by Dexter and Harrington, in August, 1849, with Daniel Mears as agent. He continuing until 1851, when W. S. Hungerford opened a stock of goods in the same store and continued in trade until 1854, when Sumner I. Smith opened. He was succeeded by Smith and Damon, who operated during the years 1856 and '57. In the fall of 1857, Gaylord and Hungerford opened up a trade and remamed mitil the fall of 1860, when they sold to P. B. Lacy who continued until 1875,when he transferred his interest to John V. Johnson, who continued in trade until 1880, and sold to Stephanson and Lucas, the present proprietors, who carry a stock of general mer- chandise. In 1865 Christie and Thompson opened a general store in the village, the partnership con- tinuing six months, when James Thompson pur- chased Christies' interest and carried it on until the fall of 1866, when T. H. Thompson pur- chased an interest, which partnership continued until the fall of 1871, when the entii-e interest was MA NVFACTUBING. 297 purchased by James Thompson. The same year Mr. T. II. Thompson established himself in trade in his present location. In 1879, in connection with his prosperous trade, he erected an elevator at the steamboat landing, with a capacity of 5000 bushels. In 1876 Skifflngton Burns erected a store 24x36 feet, two stories high, to which he added a ware-house 14x36 feet, and established himself in trade the same year. Mr. Burns being an old pioneer in these parts is familiar with the wants of the people and keeps a general line. The drug business is represented by A. C. Ar- veson who commenced in May, 1880, also by W. E. Doxtader, who bought out E. M. Tillotson in the drug and patent business in October last. The furniture and picture frame trade by E. J. Olsen, who opened his ware-rooms in May, 1880. The manufacturing interests of St. Croix Falls is represented in the branch of milling by Ole Linroot, who erected the Linroot mill in 1875, 24x36 feet, three-stories with additions built in 1877-8, with a sixteen inch Leffel wheel and a forty foot head, with two run of stone. In 1877, Mr. James Thompson erected a three-story flour mill, 40x50 feet in size, containing three run of stone, power thirty foot head with an American turbine wheel, on the site of the old St. Croix Manufacturing and Improvement Com- panies' mill. Lewis Barlow erected a shingle mill in a very early day and run it in conjunc- tion with the mill company, but becoming dis- gusted with the working of the company, he re- moved his machinery and went to another point down the river and operated until the spring of 1844, when he returned to the falls and run his machine for James Perrington until 1850, when he sold it to Edward Worth, who moved itto Bal- sam Lake. The manufacturing of wagons and plows in connection with general blacksmithing is well represented by John and Andrew Corner, who in 1876, purchased Ole Linroots' blacksmithing busi- ness, who was the first blacksmith that located at the falls. The year following they erected a new shop 40x50 feet, together with sheds and storage- rooms for materials. Last year the product of the business was thirty-five wagons, seventy-five plows, ten harrows, six buggies, three spring wagons, fifteen bob-sled and cutters, besides repairs. H. Christopherson is engaged in gen- eral blacksmithing. In 1872, John Elmquist built a carpenter shop on River street, to which he has since introduced water-power, and added machinery for the manufacturing of sash, doors,- blinds and cabinet-ware, together with planing, scroll sawing, matching and wood-turning. In 1879, John Weinhardt was admitted as partner, since which time many improvements have been made to the machinery, and other facilities for increasing the manufacturing of the different ar- ticles. The manufacturing of harness and sad- dlery is carried on by Melvin Johnson, who in February, 1880, purchased the harness shop of Wm. Summerfleld. C. I. Peterson was one of the early settlers of the town, and is engaged in tan- ning and shoe-making, also John Olsen, who, since April, 1880, has endeavored to give good satisfaction to all this customers. Mr. C. Kirsch located at St. Croix Falls in the spring of 1880, and commenced the erection of the building which he now occupies as a store and residence, putting in his stock, which con- sisted of toys and confectionery; also, a line of ready-made clothing, and opened for trade about the midde of May that year. The livery, sale and boarding stables of St. Croix Falls are kept by the Harvey Brothers. In February last, S. C. and J. "W". Harvey lost their stables by fire. They at once erected their present stable, 36x60 feet, with accommodations for thirty horses. George G. Harvey has a fine stable, 34x60 feet, with accommodations for twenty-five horses. J. H. Stratton supplies the Falls with meat. He opened his present meat market in the spring of 1880. During the past year he bought and sold over $4,000 worth of cattle. George P. Anderson, proprietor of the stock yards, commenced the business of purchasing cattle the 15th of last September, since which time he has paid out to the farmers of the county over $8,000. An amusing incident, which the early settlers relate, of a novel marriage ceremony that was performed between the two points, St. Croix and Taylor's Falls. A man working at WiUow River had persuaded a young lady then working at Dr. Hoyt's, at the Falls, "that it was not good for man to be alone." They wished Jerry Ross, then justice at Taylor's Falls, to perform the cere- 298 EISTOBY OF POLK COUNTY. mony. They did not wish to go over the river; and he could not act in Wisconsin, as it was out of his jurisdiction it having but a short time be- fore become a state, but, by the principles of concurrent jurisdiction, he could marry them on the line. They were consequently swung out into the center of the river on a raft and the ceremony performed. BIOGRAPHICAL. Colonel J. S. Baker is a native of Genesee county, New York, born in 1838. At the age of fifteen he entered Oberlin college, Ohio, remain- ing three years, teaching four months of the year. About the year 1857 he removed to St. Croix county and taught school, afterwards attending the State University at Madison. In 1861 he en- tered the secret service for two years; then raised a regiment in the city of Washington in connec- tion with Gen. L. C. Baker of the detective de- partment. He commanded that regiment until it was mustered out in the fall of 1865. Locating at Lansing, Michigan, after the close of the war, he took charge of the state reform school two years; then removed to St. Croix Falls in 1875. He was local agent of the Chisago Mining and Manufacturing Company's business; was also agent of the property of Gen. Gushing, and of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's land interests in this state. His marriage with Alice Potter of Lan- sing, Michigan, occurred in 1869. Six sons have been bom to them, all of whom are living. C. J. Bradley, a native of Illinois, was born at Kaskaskia, March 17th, 1825. He remained in his native place until twenty years of age, then went to the lead mines of Wisconsin. After en- gaging in mining for three years, he left for Os- ceola, where he arrived in August, 1848. He resided in Osceola until three years ago, when he removed to a farm three miles east of the Falls of St. Croix, and is now engaged in the pursuit of farming. Mr. Bradley, in the spring of 1865, employed a steamboat to test the practicability of running logs to market by steamboat. Find- it could be done, he built the "Minnie Will" the following winter for the purpose. She was the first boat built for the purpose of towing logs. Mr. Bradley was married at Osceola in the spring of 1866. He has four children living. D. A. Caneday is a native of Vermont, bom in June, 1830. He entered the printing office of S. S. Eastman at Springfield, Massachusetts, at the early age of fourteen years. He remained a few years then engaged with a wholesale jeweler. In 1849 he found his way to New York and again en- gaged in printing,receiving good wages, but oppor- tunities to spend were ever before him. One day when down by the wharf he saw tickets sold for Troy for fifteen cents, and with only twenty-five cents in his pocket he purchased a ticket and started, and worked his way on the canal boats to Buffalo. He came to Taylor's Falls, Minneso- ta, in 1853, and engaged in lumbering. In 1862 purchased the "Taylor's Falls Reporter," changed its name to "Monitor" and edited it nearly two years. He enlisted in his country's service in 1863 and was promoted to the rank of orderly ser- geant. Returning to civil life he opened a pro- vision and feed store at Taylor's Falls and two years after improved a farm in Wisconsin, on which he remained until 1872, then began sur- veying and locating pine lands. At present he is agent of the Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Com- pany, and editor of the "Dalles of the St. Croix." He married in 1865, Miss S. M. Humphrey. Ve- lina, Gerner, and Victor are their children. J. B. Churchill was born in Clinton county. New York, in 1820. He learned the trade of nailer, in which, milling included, he engaged until 1854. He then came to St. Croix Falls and began lumbering, which he followed untU he em- barked in the ginseng trade. Enlisting in Com- pany K, Fourth Wisconsia Cavalry, in March, 1865, he served until honorably discharged in No- vember of same year. He returned to St. Croix Falls, where he has since resided, and has held the office of sheriff of Polk county U\o years. In 1841, he married Eliza Turnbull, who has borne him ten children, six of whom are now living. John Comer is a native of Sweden, born in 1847. He learned the blacksmith's trade in -his native country, serving an apprenticeship of six years. In 1868, he came to America. Tarrying only a brief time m Michigan, he proceeded to St. Croix Falls, where he worked at his trade until 1874. At that time he and his brother, Andrew, embarked in the wagon and blacksmith business. Andrew Comer, a resident of St. Croix Falls, is a native of Sweden, where he was born in 1855. He came to America in 1873, having ac- BIOGRAPHICAL. 299 quired a knowledge of blacksmithing and wagon- making in his native country. He and his brother John went into that business at St. Croix Falls in 1874. His marriage with Miss Lena Berg took place in November, 1880. Samuel Emery was born at Limerick, Maine, in 1812. When a lad of seven years, he removed with his parents to Conway, New Hampshire, and was here engaged in farming and railroading until moving to Canada, where he was employed in raUroad building. In 1856, he became a resident of St. Croix Falls, and occupied the position of overseer of the St. tJroix Manufacturing and Mining Company about two years, and has since been a farmer. He enlisted in 1862, in the Tenth Wisconsin Light Artillery, and served until hon- orably discharged on account of disability in 1865, then returned to his home in St. Croix Falls. He married Rosanna Hurd in 1837, and is the parent of eight children. C. C. Fisk was bom in Levant, Maine, October 6th, 1826. His early life was passed on a farm; he was then taught penmanship and received a diploma from his professor, Payson Dunton. In 1854, he became a resident of St. Croix Falls, and gave his attention to lumbering several years. He held the oflSce of sherifE of Polk county four years, and in 1865, opened the St. Croix hotel, and has since had it in charge. He was married in 1858 to Cordelia Emery. Their children are eight in number. W. B. Ladd was born at Hume, Allegany county. New York, December 12th, 1857. His early educational advantages were confined to the common schools. In 1871,he came to Menomonee, Wisconsin, making it his home until July, 1879, during the time having studied law in the law department of the State University at Madison. In July, 1879, he removed to St. Vincent, Minnesota, where he practiced law and was elected probate judge of Kittson county, also court commissioner. He resigned in January, 1880, and in April, be- gan the practice of law at St. Croix Falls. Joel F. Nason is a native of Washington county, Maine, bom in 1827. His early educa- tional advantages were somewhat limited, but in after years he attended the academy at Monson, Maine, then engaged as teacher until coming west in 1850. He located at St. Croix Falls, and two years later engaged in lumbering and farm- ing, in which he continued until 1864. He then served seven years as county clerk, and since that time has been receiver of the land office at this place. His wife was Miss Bethiah Hans- combe, who has borne him seven children. Dr. Frank W. Searles was bom in Will county, Illinois, March 14th, 1852. He attended school at Englewood two years, and also at the univer- sity at Champaign, then took a three years course at the Chicago Medical College, graduating in 1877. He began his practice at Osceola Mills, and in July, 1880, located at St. Croix Falls, where he still resides. He was married in 1878 to Etta Morse, of Will county, Illinois. James Thompson was born near Montreal, Lower Canada, November 11th, 1840. He came to St. Croix Falls in 1860, and worked as a lum- berman six years, then located at that city in the mercantile trade. In 1877 he started his flouring mill where he is still doing business. He mar- ried Mary A. Gray, in 1871, who has borne him one child. Thomas H. Thompson was born near Montreal, Lower Canada, November 11th, 1833. He en- gaged in farming in his native land until 1856, when in July of that year, he came to St. Croix Falls, where he gave his attention chiefly to lum- bering about ten years. In 1866 he embarked in the merchandise trade, since which time he has continued. He married in 1861, Miss Eliza Clendenning, who has borne him four children. William J. Vincent is a native of Portland, Maine, born June 10th, 1830. At the age of fifteen he went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, remain- ing a short time; thence to Galena, Illinois, where he engaged as clerk. In 1846 he enlisted in the regular army. Company H, Mounted Rifles, in the war with Mexico, and served about two years. During the fall of 1848, he came to Still- water, Minnesota, thence to St. Croix Falls, and has since made this place his home. He enlisted in Company F, First Wisconsin Volunteer In- fantry, as first lieutenant, in 1861, and served as such until he resigned in 1862. Mr. Vincent has held the office of chairman of county com- missioners eleven years, county clerk seven years and represented the north-western district of Wisconsin, in the legislature of 1879. He was married in 1855 to Myra A. Worth. Nine child- ren have been born, five of whom are living. 300 HISTORY OF OHISAGO COUNTY. CHISAGO COUNTY. CHAPTEK XLVIII. ORGANIZATION FIRST CLAIMS ORIGIN OF NAME — FIRST COURT AND GRAND JURY — LO- CATION AND REMOVAL OF COUNTY SEAT- CENTRE CITY. The first move toward the organization of Chi- sago county was the granting by the county com- missioners of St. Croix, at a meeting m Stillwater on the 15th of December, 1848, of a petition to establish an election precinct "to be called the Falls of St. Croix precinct, bounded on the east, by the St. Croix river; on the north, by the Sun- rise river; on the west, by range line between 21 and 22, and on the south by township line be- tween 33 and 34. William Colby, W. Holmes and Nathan Taylor are appointed judges of elec- tion, to be held at William Colby's." By this piece of primitive legislation may be seen how little the "fathers" of Chisago county at that time knew of the geography of the county, when we consider that it is a fact that the Sunrise river, which was adopted as the northern bound- ary of the precinct, is parallel to, and about twelve miles east of the "range line" dividing ranges 21 and 22. The first claims made in what is now Chisago county were located in 1846, by Thomas F. Mor- ton, on what is now known as Morton's place, near Taylor's Falls. Near him, the same year, Benjamin F. Otis erected the house in which William Colby has since lived, having purchased it of Mr. Otis in 1847. During this year, Mr. Colby raised the first corn cultivated by a white man, within the limits of the county. Jerry Ross and Thornton Bishop were the next to settle, the latter locating and improving a farm, at the head of the rapids, within six miles of Taylor's Falls. The great inconvenience of attending to county business at Stillwater, early compelled the citizens to take steps towards establishing Chisago county. There were no wagon roads, and by the river no means of transportation bntby rudely constructed rafts, bateaux, or birch bark canoes. Steps were immediately taken, a petition to the legislature was drafted, an energetic canvass was made, names of citizens secured, and the application presented by Ilonorables D. B. Loomis, member of the council, and J. G. Ludden, of the house. A bill was framed, passed by both houses, and approved in February, 1851. The county thus created is about eighteen miles wide and thirty long, containing an area of about five hundred and forty square miles. The bill passed with but one dissenting voice, that of a member from Washington county. Ansel Smith and W. H. C. Folsom collected from the Indians, their names of various rivers and lakes within the county. After some deliberation the name Chisago was adopted as the title of the county and the lake. This title is compounded from the Indian words chi and sago deviating somewhat from the appe- lation used by the Indians to designate the lake, which they called "Ke-chi-sago, Sa-ga-a-gau," designating large, fair or lovely. The first elec- tion of county officers was held at the Chisago house, October 14th, 1851. Twenty-three votes were cast, and on the 5th day of January, 1852, the first board of county commissioners was or- ganized at the Chisago house, kept by Samuel Thomson. At this meeting the members present were N. C. D. Taylor, Thomas F. Morton and S. Thomson. Mr. Thomson was chosen chairman, the other county officers qualified, and Chisago took its place among the counties of the new northwest. On the 5tli day of April, 1852, at a regular meeting of the county board,- the first petit and grand jurors were drawn. Among the first to sustain a county government were Wil- liam Colby, Stillman Sevey, N. C. D. Taylor, William Holmes, John H. Reid, B. S. Hall, John Dobney, W. H. C. Folsom, George Merrill, Ward FIBST COURT AND JURY. 301 W. Folsom, E. P. Greenleaf , T. F. Morton, F. W. Lamars, L. P. Day, II. N. Setzer, N. H. Hickson, J. 8. Van Rennsellaer, J. A. Blackbiirn, J. A. Ilarkins, and John S. Campbell, who constituted the first grand jury. The first general term of the district court of Chisago county, in the lirst judicial district of Minnesota, convened at the house of Samuel Thomson at Taylor's Falls, on the 7th day of June, 1852, Hon. Jerome Fuller presiding and A. Smith clerk. The roll of the grand jury named above was called and W. E. Bush, E. R. St. Clair, C. P. Fox, W. E. Doe, and M. M. Marshall were summoned and added; W. H. C. Folsom was fore- man. M. E. Ames, was by the court, appointed prosecuting attorney. Upon examination in open court, L. K. Stannard was admitted to practice in all the courts of the territory "until the next session of the United States district court of said territory." Indictments were preferred by the grand jury against H. Schultz, A. R. Hawkins, and a man named Forsyth. Forsyth was tried at this term, his being the first criminal trial in the district court for this county. The June term, 1853, was held at the house of Richard Arnold, Judge William Welch presiding, !N". C. D. Taylor, acted as clerk, and J. L. Taylor was foreman of the grand jury. At this term the grand jury preferred an Indictment against an ofiBcer of the United States army, which met with considerable disapproval by the court and members of the bar. It was never prosecuted. The origin of this affair is given by Mr. Neill, in his "History of Minnesota," as fol- lows: "On the 9th of April, 1853, a party of Ojibways killed a Dakota at the village of Shakopee. A war party from Kaposia then proceeded up the valley of the St. Croix and killed an Ojibway. On the morning of the 27th, a party of Ojibway warriors, naked, decked, and fiercely gesticulat- ing, might be seen in the busiest street of the capital, St. Paul, in search of their enemies. Just at that time a small party of women and one man, who had lost a leg in the battle of Still- water, arrived in a canoe from Kaposia, at the Jackson street landing. Perceiving the Ojibways, they retreated to the building, now known as the 'Pioneer office,' and the Ojibways discharging a volley through the windows, wounded a Dakota woman, who soon died. For a short time the in- fant capital presented a sight similar to that wit- nessed in ancient days in Hadley and Deerfleld, the then frontier towns of Massachusetts. Mes- sengers were dispatched to Fort Snelling for the dragoons and a party of the citizens mounted on horseback, and were quickly in pursuit of those who with so much boldness, had sought the streets of St. Paul as a place to avenge their wrongs. The dragoons soon followed with the Indian guides, scenting the track of the Ojibways like bloodhounds. The next day they discovered the transgressors near the falls of the St. Croix. The Ojibways manifesting what was supposed to be an insolent spirit, the order was given by the lieutenant in command to fire, and he whose scalp was afterwards daguerrotyped in Graham's Maga- zine, wallowed in gore." This action of the officer was severely criti- cized by the citizens of this vicinity, who in their unprotected situation, for a time greatly feared that the Ojibway Indians would avenge the death of then- brother by a descent upon the settlements. This sentiment,coupled with a feeling that the kill- ing of the Indian was an act of gross injustice, and a direct violation of the guarantee of protection, by the government to the Indians, led some of the prominent citizens of the county to take steps, re- sulting in the indictment of the heutenant in com- mand, as we have already stated. A hunting party of about two hundred Sioux were returning the same day from Apple river. On arriving at the village, they learned of the kilhng of the Ojibway, and giving the war whoop, bounding over the rocks and hills, soon finding the body of the Ojibwa, gave vent to their ex- ultations, after their barbarous customs. Mang- ling the body and cutting off the feet, they hung them upon a tree. After a time, tiring of the amusement, they left, leaving many knives stick- ing into the body. The little band of hunted Ojibways, during this time were concealed among the trap rocks near by, after their enemies left, emerged from their liiding places and buried the mutilated body, preserving the knives, hoping to use them for a similar purpose, on the bodies of some of their hated foes. The third legislative assembly of Minnesota passed a law, the provisions of which were similar to those of the famous "Maine liquor law." The 302 HISTOBY OF CHISAGO COUNTY. adoption of this act was to be submitted to a popular vote on the first Monday in April, 1852, and if adopted to become operative after the 1st of May following. In Chisago county, where at this time not a drinking saloon existed, the ques- tion was thoroughly discussed, and the act rati- fied by a vote of thirteen in favor with three votes opposing it. The law was working well and was respected, when, much to the regret of many, one of the judges of the district court de- cided that it was unconstitutional. While this law was in force, a lot of whiskey, lying at the landing at Taylor's Falls was turned out and allowed to soak into the ground. Sev- eral lots were brought to this town by steamers, but in order to avoid the law were taken by bat- teaux to the other side of the river. In 1851, Axel Delhiam, Andrew Swanson, Peter Anderson and Peter Linberg raised the first wheat and rye cultivated in Chisago county. In the same year Mr. Linberg raised flax and manufactured it into thread, several pounds of which he sold at Taylor's Palls. This was prob- ably the first linen thread made in Minnesota. It was during the year 1851 that the now pros- perous Swedish settlement at Chisago Lake was started. Erie Norburg, of Bishop Hills, Illinois, was the first at the lake; J. S. Van Rennsellaer was the second. The latter, in his log cabin home, with its well-stocked Ubrary, lived several years on an island in the lake. The first church organized in Chisago county was the Swedish EvangeUcal, near Chisago Lake, in 1854. The first pastor. Rev. P. A. Cederstrom, was installed in 1855. While in his charge this society erected the first church edifice in the county. When Chisago county was organized, it em- braced within its hmits, until 1856, all that tract now included in the counties of Chisago, Pine, Buchanan and portions of Kanabec and Carlton. Pine county was set apart by act of the legisla- ture, passed March, 1856. However, it was still attached to Chisago for judicial purposes. Buchanan county was separated by an act of the legislature May 2d, 1857, but it was never organ- ized. Carlton was established by the same legis- lature. Kanabec was set off and organized, but for judicial purposes remained attached to Chi- sago a number of years. The organic act establishing the county con- tains the following clause: "The seat of justice of Chisago county shall be at such point in said county as the first board of county commissioners elected in said county at their first regular meet- ing, shall designate." This clause was inserted at the request of the petitioners, to avoid the ex- pense of a special election. In accordance with this law, the commissioners, at a regular meeting held at Taylor's Palls, in the office of jST. C. D. Taylor, April 5th, 1852, at which were present Commissioners J. P. Morton, N. C. D. Taylor and Samuel Thomson, located the county seat at Tay- lor's Palls. Here it remained until 1865, when it was removed to Chisago City. Again, in 1875, after the agitation incident to the history of all new counties, it was removed to Centre City, the voice of the people declaring that to be the more convenient situation. The first winter the officers were compelled to find quarters in the store of Andrew P. Swanson. Steps were taken, and by the fall of 1876, the new court-house was completed and occupied. It is a two-story frame building, 55x65 feet, with a four-foot projection in front, and one of 7x33 feet in the rear, to which is annexed the vault, the in- side measurement of which is 6-8x7-8 feet. The first county officials were P. W. Abbott, register of Deeds; J. H. Pulton, sheriff; W. H. C. Polsom, treasurer; W. Colby, coroner; A. Smith, judge of probate; J. Dobney, surveyor; H. P. Day, assessor; J. P. Morton, N. C. D. Taylor and S. Thomson, commissioners; W. E. Bush, Walter Carrier and W. Holmes, road supervisors. The officers in 1881 were: J. P. Nord, auditor; Andrew Wallmai-k, register of deeds; Oscar Koos, treasurer; Robert Currie, clerk of court; P. H. Stalberg, sheriff; N. M. Humphrey, judge of probate; E. C. Ingalls, coroner; Daniel Mc- Cormick, surveyor. When the subject of organization was first considered, many who were opposed to the pro- j ect, predicted that its existence would be short, and that it would soon be absorbed by Washing- ton county. As an illustration of the fallibility of such misgivings, we find that the total valua- tion of real and personal property of Chisago county in 1852, was $46,872.00; in 1850, only eight years later, $599,314; in 1870, $1,016,777; in GENTBE CITY. 303 1880, $1,823,123. The present population is about 9.000. We are indebted to the researches and writings of W. H. 0. Folsom, for many of the facts in the early history of Chisago county. Mr. Folsom has taken great care in the collection of data and contemplates publishing a full and complete his- tory of the county, and by his long residence here and his familiarty with the events in its history, is well qualified to perform the task. CENTRE CITY. The site of this pleasant village, the county seat of Chisago county, was entered by Andrew F. Swanson, about the year of 1855. Being con- vinced that the high, well drained peninsula, ex- tending a considerable distance into the lake, was the proper place for a town. He secured the ser- vices of Alexander Cairns, who, in May, 1857, surveyed and platted into village lots, a portion of lot 5, on section 27, township 34, range 19. From this point a fine view may be had of the lake, though by the irregular shores and the multiplicity of islets, this is entailed to but a part of the fine sheet of water. This irregularity rather heightens, than derogates from the attrac- tiveness of Chisago lake. Beginning at the north on section 115, township 34, range 20, the lake extends southward, separating into two branches or arms. The eastern, on which is situated Cen- tre City, occupying portions of sections 27 and 34, in township 34, and sections 2, 3, 11 and 12, in township 33; the other arm extending south- west into townships 34 and 33. On the western arm is situated Chisago City, one of the first settled points in the county. The waters of the lake are pure and sparkling, the shores sandy, the banks high and well cov- ered with vegetation. Fish are abundant, and many tourists are attracted by the more than or- dinary facilities for field sports, to spend their summer vacations in this vicinity. The larger portion of the population of Centre City is composed of Swedes, many of whom came at an early day, and by enterprise, perseverance and frugality, have acquired comfortable homes and good farms. While thus engaged, however, they have not neglected the churches. The Swedish Methodist Episcopal church was organized and an edifice 24x36 feet, builtin 1859. At first there were but six members, the present number is thirty-six. Their first pastor was Bev. C. F. Lindquist, and the present Eev. B. Borge- son. This is the only church in the village but just beyond the village limits are two. The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church which we have already mentioned as being the first organized in the county added, in 1868, to the original structure, which was 32x48, thirty- two feet. As it is not now large enough to ac- commodate the congregation, they will build a larger one soon. They have a fine pipe organ, which cost $1,500, and a bell. The Church of Mission Friends was organized in the summer of 1880, and an edifice 24x36 feet, completed the following fall. The Centre City school is district number thir- teen, which was organized in 1853, and the build- ing, the first in the village, erected in 1854,. In 1867 a new frame house was built, about forty rods from the old one, which was converted into a store. The first teacher was E. Wilcox. For several years the only accommodations for ti'avelerswasthe house of Andrew Swanson, built of logs, in 1857. It was run as a public house until 1876. The size is 24x30 feet and two stories high. In 1876 the Lake Side house was erected by J. A. Hollberg. It is 24x40 feet, two stories high, and contains an office, parlor and six chambers, dining room, kitchen and closets. Attached to the house is a stable with room for fourteen horses. The Centre City hotel was built in the fall of 1877, byA. F. Swanson, who soon afterwards sold it. It is two stories high, 24x48 feet, and con- tains ten chambers, besides parlor, offices, etc. The kitchen is in a wing 18x24 feet. In connec- tion with the house is a good stable, and for the use of pleasure seekers, row and sail boats. The steam_ saw-mill now owned by J. A. Holl- berg, was built by the Shogren Brothers in 1864. In 1872 it passed into the hands of Torinus, Sta- ples and Company, of Stillwater, and in the fall was purchased by Mr. Hollberg, who has since conducted it. The mill is three stories high, and originally contained two run of stone, a "muley" saw, planing machine, two turning lathes and a shape machine. The buhrs after one year were sold and removed. At the end of four years the 304 HISTORY OF CHISAOO COUNTY. Shogren Brothers replaced the "muley" by a ro- tary saw; the capacity of the mill is about 10,000 feet per day. When Mr. Ilollberg purchased it, he added, and has since run, a feed mill. The timber used was hard wood. In 1856, A. M. Eldund opened a small store in a little log house on the site where Swanson's fctjre now stands. He sold to A. N. Hohn, in January, 1857, who run it two years and then closed. From 1869 to 1867, there was no store in the village, though goods could be had from S. S- Hamilton and Mr. Hohn, who sold on commission at their homes outside the village, some of the ne- cessities. In 1867, Samuel Winship opened in the old log school-house, which had been used since 1854. In 1870, Winship sold it to J. E. Peter- son and J. J. Swanson; Swanson soon withdrew. In 1873, the firm of Peterson and HoUberg erected a neat two story building, and put in a general stock. In 1869, Mr. HoUberg withdrew, and Pe- terson now does business alone. The second store was built by P. P. Swanson, but laid idle until used by the county in the win- ter of 1875-6. In November, 1876, Charles Mohj put in a stock of tinware, and in 1878, Mr. Swan- son opened a general stock of merchandise, and did business until the fall of 1880, when P. J. Johnson succeeded him, continuing to the present time. In addition to these two general stores, Charles Mohl conducts a hardware shop in a building completed by him in 1877, and Miss Stella Sevey, in 1880, opened a stock of millinery in the old hotel. Chisago county is one of the oldest settled counties in the state of Minnesota, and among its residents may be found some of her representa- tive men. The progress in population, though not so rapid as in some of the counties more favored as to the quality of the soil and adapta- tion to agricultural pursuits, has still been of a steady, solid growth, comprising a class of thrifty, industrious people, principally foreigners, who have come to remain and have made their pres- ence known by substantial improvements and a determination to win for themselves, homes out of the wilderness. The increase in the wealth of the county marks a degree of prosperity seldom seen in a country so new and it bids fair to com- pete with some of the more favored counties. TAYLOR'S FALLS. CHAPTER XLIX. SETTLEMENT BY BAKER AND TAYLOR — FIRST DEED RECORDED IN ST. CROIX VALLEY — IN- CORPOBATION OF VILLAGE — BRIDGE AND DAM COMPANIES HOTELS — BIOGBAHICAL — VILLAGE OF FRANCONIA. In the year 1838, soon after the news of the ratification of the treaty with the Indians was received, old Jesse Taylor came up from Port Snelling, by direction of B. P. Baker, to what is now Taylor's Palls, and finding a Prenchman occupying the land near the falls, dispossessed him and located, making out a claim. Three separate companies about this time began operar tions in the valley, viz.: the Marine Company, mentioned elsewhere as manufacturing the first lumber; the St. Croix Company, the next in order; and the Baker's Palls Company, as the one lo- cating at what is now Taylor's Palls, was then known. This also gave the name Baker's PaUs to the place, by which it continued to be known for many years. The name Taylor's Palls was first, used in any oflScial document April 7th, 1851, in nanling the county school board. The company, consisting of Baker and Jesse Taylor, proceeded to erect a mill, build a dam, black- smith shop and make other improvements, in 1839. The mill was fitted with the common flut- ter-wheel and two sash-saws, $10,000 or 115,000 being spent in the enterprise. Before the mill was completed, the death of Mr. Baker occurred at St. Louis in 1840, and caused a complete stay of operations, for Mr. Baker's capital was wholly depended upon in the work. The mill never started, and from the date of Mr. Baker's death nothing was done, tlie entire enterprise being allowed to die. The property was subsequently transferred by Jesse Taylor to J. L. Taylor, now a resident at Taylor's Palls, in whose hands that portion of the property which still survives continues. The TAYLOB'S FALLS. 306 deed of transfer bears date Stillwater, November 7th, 1846, and is as follows: "Know all men by these presents, that I, Jesse Taylor, of the county of St. Croix and territory of Wisconsin, have this day sold and conveyed unto J. L. Taylor, of the aforesaid county and territory, all my right, title and interest in a pre-emption claim situated on the west side of Baker's Palls, so called, on the river of St. Croix, being about one mile south of the Falls of St. Crorx on said river. "And I do hereby covenant and convey unto the said Taylor, his heirs and assigns forever, all my right and interest in said claim for and in consideration of the sum of two hundred dollars (|200), the receipt of which I hereby acknowl- edge, together with all appurtenances thereunto belonging. In witness wheteof I herewith set my hand and seal. Signed, Jesse Taylor. Wit- ness, Joseph W. Turber. Kecorded at the oflBce of the register of deeds at Stillwater, St. Croix county, Wisconsin territory, November 7th, 1846. W. 11. C. Folsom, deputy register of deeds." This deed is the first recorded for the valley of St. Croix. Thus transferred, this claim con- tinued until the government survey and land entries for this region, when the pre-emption was made by Joshua and N. C. D. Taylor jointly in 1849. The town site of Taylor's Falls was surveyed , in April, 1851, by Theodore M. Parker, recorded November 24th, of the same year, in the county of Washington. Additions were subsequently surveyed, the first, July 12th, 1854, by O. A. Clark, recorded in the county of Chisago. The town of Taylor's Falls as first formed was reduced in extent by the formation of the town of Shafer. The oldest evidences of settlement exist in ruins, found as such when the first settlement of which any present knowledge remains, at what is now called Milltown, a little hamlet near Tay- lor's Palls. Here is seen the ruins of an old chimney, and other traces of very ancient occu- pation, what are conjectured to have belonged to a trading post, perhaps as ancient as that at LaPointe, on Lake Superior. The first resident of the town in modern days was Benjamin P. Otis, who located here in 1846, and built the house subsequently occupied by William Colby. During the same year J. Eoss 20 built a house, and located on what is known as the Morton place. In 1849 Lewis Barlow built a house near the falls, and during the same year W. E. Bush, and Jacob Mackey also built resi- dences. William P., son of William Colby, was the first white child bom at Taylor's Falls. In 1850, W. H. C. Folsom became a resident, and in February, 1851, Samuel Thomson ar- rived. For a long time the old log house built during the operations of Mr. Baker was the only house at Taylors Falls. Here Mr. Jesse Taylor lived, selling off item by item the moveable portions of the works. The mill was finally sold, and re- moved to Osceola, and the shops burned. A few timbers seen at low water, still remain to mark the location. In 1850, the first frame building erected for a store and dwelling, vvas built by W. H. C. Folsom. This afterwards became a printing office. In 1851, Ansell Smith and Samuel Thomson built l^the Chisago house, which was rebxiilt in 1876, and is now known as the Dalles house, under the management of H. Netterfield. This is kept as a first-class house. In 1852 were built the house of Patrick Fox, and the Cascade house by Eichard Arnold. In 1863 George Folsom built a house, after- wards sold to S. J. Smith; Taylor and Pox buUt their store-house; Dr. L. B. Smith built an office and dwelling combined; Mr. Munch built a house; the first school-house and other buildings were erected during this year. The house and office of Dr. Smith, built during this year, was the scene of a peculiar excitement in later years, when occupied by one Bush. There were two sisters, CerUle and Mahala Thomas, one of whom was married to Bush; the other, Mahala, in the natural course of events, was wooed, won and married by one James Paine, without the knowledge of the self-ap- pointed guardians, her sister and brother-in-law. As soon as they ascertained the fact, they enticed the girl to their house, and locked her up with the determination to send her away and annul the marriage. A band of indignant citizens gathered to the aid of Paine, for the rescue of the girl and delivering her to her rightful husband. Assault- 306 HISTOBT OF CHISAGO COUNTY. ing the house, thej' broke down the door, utterly- regardless of a pistol discharged within by the Bush family. As the door went down, under the pressure of the heavy plank and force from without. Bush was caught under it, as though it were a deadfall, gun in hand. James Smith wrested the gun from his grasp, and at- tempting to break it by striking it on the rock, the gun was discharged, the charge passing under his arm and grazing his side. No serious damage was done, however, and James Paine obtained his wife. The village of Taylor's Falls was incorporated and the first meeting of the cofincil held January 3d, 1859. The first officers were Patrick Fox, president; W. H. C. Folsom, Levi B. Folsom and E. D. Whiting, trustees; H. H. Newberg, recorder. The Chisago mills were built by L. Kingman and company, in 1856, on block number 123, and were equipped with two rotary saws and a lath machine. In 1858 W. H. C. Folsom bought the concern, and in 1865 raised it four feet, replaced the old foundations and sills with new, and put in a double rotary saw. In 1875 Andrew Holt- man bought the property, run it a few years, and then, in the night time, to avoid paying taxes, re- moved all the machinery except the boilers Since, the concern has been allowed to go to decay] Clark Brothers' steam mill was built by James H., Rufus W., and Charles F. Clark, in 1868 This mill, 35x60 feet, two stories, contained a ro- tary saw, besides a shingle machine and stave mill, manufacturing staves being the larger part of the firm's business. The brothers run the es- tablishment until 1880, when the firm was dis- solved by the death of Bufus W. The carding mill of Isaac Van Vleck, was orig- inally built for a feed mill by H. F. and L. P. Day, of Franconia, N. C. D. Taylor and W. H. C- Folsom. It contained one run of stone, which was driven by a twenty- four foot overshot wheel. After running two years, Taylor and Folsom be- came sole owners, and in 1867, tliey sold to Eras- tus Good and John C. Carlson, who converted it into a carding mill, capable of carding 15,000 pounds of wool during the summer. In tlie spring of 1875, the present proprietor boiiglit it, and in 1880, put in a new twenty-four foot over- shot wheel. Si. Croix Bridge Company received theii- char- ter in April, 1854. The incorporators were W. H. C. Folsom, Patrick Fox, J. L. Taylor, W. S. Hungerford, W. Kent, N. McCarthy, John Dob- ney, William Colby, Orange Walker, F. W. Lam- mers and N. C. D. Taylor. The bridge was built under the supervision of W. S. Sewall, of St. Paul, in the winter of 1856, and is about 150 feet in length; it was rebuilt in the winter of 1870-71. It is a wooden arched bridge. The present offi- cers are E. D. Whiting, president ; W. Connor, secretary and treasurer ; L. K. Stannard, Orange Walker, J. L. Taylor and Cyrus Bradley, direc- tors. St. Croix Dam Company was chartered by the legislature of Wisconsin, and organized in 1869, as the Nimokogan and Totogatic Dam Company. In 1870, the name was changed to that by which it is now known, and a new charter granted, al- lowing it to enlarge the number of dams from two to nine. This number has again been in- creased to sixteen, twelve of which have been built. The object is to facilitate log driving, for which twelve men, one at each dam, are em- ployed. The rates charged from the most distant dam is forty cents per thousand feet. The com- pany passes through its dams from forty to sixty million feet annually, and greatly facilitates driv- ing operations. The charter members of the company were A. M. Chase, J. F. Nason, Wil- liam Kent, H. D. Barron, and A. B. Dresser. The present officers are J. F. Nason, president; A. M. Chase, secretary and treasurer; J. F. Na- son, L. E. Torinus and William Kent, directors. The Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company was organized December 15th, 1874, with the fol- lowing officers : W. II. C. Folsom, president ; George W. Seymour, secretary ; Levi W. Folsom, treasurer; D. A. Caneday, mining agent. The company sunk a shaft of 130 feet; but ceased op- erations for the lack of means although the indi- cations are good. The company still exists with the same offlceis excepting the treasurer, that po- sition being now filled by Casper Ilauser. The City brewery, Joseph Shuttmueller proprie- tor, was built in 1856 by Joseph and F. S. Shutt- mueller. Originally 20x30 feet, but in 1860, it was enlarged to its present size 20x60 feet, two stories and basement. It uses one thousand bushels of barley per annum, employing the labor of two men. STOBUS AND HOTELS. 307 The first store opened in Taylor's Falls was in 1848, by Samuel Mears, agent of Dexter, Har- rington and Company. It was closed in 1851. The second byW. H.C. Folsom,who retired in 1873. The third by N. C. D. Taylor and Patrick Fox, in 1 852, and closed in 1857. The business houses now are represented by the general stores of El- lison and Stannard, opened in 1872; William Connor, who opened in 1870; C. S. and W.W. Con- nor, general merchandise and furniture ; and C. E. Peaslee. C. J. Anderson and Austin Blair, shoe shops ; Mrs. William Peaslee, Mrs. A. Stew- art, Mrs. A. Tibbets and Miss A. Payne, mil- linery; James Payne, Theodore Burth, Gontram and Kumale, Charles Peterson, M. Schon, and -Otto Argell, saloons; John D. Ward and J. H. Wilson, livery; E. Blanding, H. Murdock, George W. Seymour and S. M. D. Hollberg, drugs; Thos. Kistner and Alfred Hollberg, jewelers; E. Badger and Son, barbers ; Ambrose Seavey, William Sum- mers, G. Millander and George Christopherson, blacksmiths ; L. Lagerwall, tannery; W. L. Weir, harness ; S. C. Sargent, photographer ; J. J. Fol- som, confectionery; E. O. Ballard, feed; Frank Eddy and G. Lindberg, hardware; J. W. MuUin, B. Hasli and Andrew Olson, meat markets ; A. J. Murdock and O. Hallberg, physicians; J. Eliott, veterinary surgeon ; L. W. Folsom, collector ; F. B. Dorothy, D. M. Woodbury and H. N. Setzer, attorneys. The Dalles house was built in the fall of 1851, by Ansel Smith and Samuel Thomson. Thom- son became sole owner the next year and in the fall of 1852 he sold to Benjamin S. Wall. Since that year the house has been owned as follows: W. W. Folsom and J. F. Fuller, in 1853 ; W. W. Folsom, from '54 to '56 ; W. J. Webb, from '56 '62 ; S. Trussell the next three years ; then fol- lowed Webb, E. C. Winslow, Charles Leonard, William Gilmore, Joseph Cornelison, who gave it the name now bears, and M. J. Webb. In 1876 Dr. E. D. Whiting forclosed a mortgage upon the property, and made some needed improve- ments, and leased it to the present proprietor. The house has twenty chambers, sample room, ofiice, parlor, dinning room, kitchen and store rooms. The Falls hotel was opened July 1st, 1880, by Henry Kattenberg. The building was formerly used by G. S. andW. W.Connor, and is now owned by Oscar Eoos. It is two-stories high, has ten chambers, bar and office, dining-room, two sit- ting-rooms and kitchen. The Union House was built in 1852, by W. H. C. Folsom for A. A. York. In 1866, A. N. Holm bought it, and the next year doubled its size, and again in 1875, made another addition, enlarging it to the present size. The house contains twelve chambers, parlor, office, dining-room and kitchen. The Taylor's Falls post-office was established in 1851, and N. C. D. Taylor, appointed postmaster. Being absent most of the time, Mr. Taylor ap- pointed W. H. C. Folsom, deputy. Mr. Folsom beginning business the next sping, took the office to his store. Porter E. Walker next took charge and conducted it until 1856, when Edward P. Wyman, a clerk for W. H. C. Folsom was ap- pointed in his place. From '58 to '61, George W. Seymour held the office; from '61 to '68, Oscar Roos. N. M. Humphreys' was appointed in 1868. The next three years, the office was in the build- ing now occupied by Dr. Murdock. In 1871, he buUt an office 1 6x24 feet, in which it has since remained. The amount of business transacted in 1880, was 140,216.01. The Taylors Falls Reporter was started in 1860, by F. H. Pratt; it was a seven column, four pagesheet, printed entirely at home. S. S. Fifield, now state senator from Ashland, Wisconsin, and E. H. Folsom were taken into the office to learn printing. In 1862, the paper was sold to D. A. Caneday, who changed the name to St. Croix Monitor. In 1863, E. 11. Folsom pm-chased the paper and changed the name to the Reporter. His brother Charles W. becoming his partner; E. H. was then fifteen years of age and Charles W., but seventeen. They ran the enterprise until 1869, when E. H. retired. Charles conducted it until his death in 1872. E. H. then run it until 1873, then sold to P. B. Walker and H. E. Bar- low, wlio enlarged it to nine columns and changed the name to the Journal. In 1876, J. H. McCourt purchased, reduced it to seven columns, and in 1877 sold to E. H. Folsom, who has since con- ducted it. CHURCHES. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Taylor's Falls was organized March 27th, 1859, Rev. Silas Bolles acting as leader. Under the leadership of A. A. York, the membership was thirty-five. 308 HISTOBY OF OHISAGO COUNTY. Their first pastor was Kev. William McKinley. The church, 40x60 feet, was dedicated in Janu- ary, 1860. The first trustees were W. H. C. Fol- som, Erastus Guard, W.F. Colhy, G. B. Lee and A. A. York. The present are W. H. C. Polsom, W. F. Colby, R. C. Gray, Isaac Van Vleck and Peter Abear. The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized April 22d, 1860, with twelve members. The same year they built a church 26x36 feet, to which, in 1880, they added sixteen feet. The membership at present is one hundred and twen- ty-five, with Rev. M. Spangberg as pastor. The first pastor was Rev. C. A. H'edengren, and the first trustees: Andrew Anderson, Daniel Nelson and C. M. Carlson. First Presbyterian Church of Taylor's Falls organized April 1st, 1866, with nine members. The first pastor was Rev. J. Q. Hall, who re- mained until April, 1871. Then came Rev. J. A. McGowan, who, at the end of two years, was succeeded by Rev. J. E. Miller. At the expira- tion of Mr. Miller's term, the pulpit was vacant for three years. The present pastor, Rev. Joseph Lanman, late of Boston, took charge in the spring of 1880. SOCIETIES. Zion Lodge, No. 55, A. F. and A. M., organized under dispensation March 3d, 1866 , and held its first meeting under charter December 15th. The first officers were: H. N. Setzer, N. N. Humphrey, L. W. Folsom, S. Humphrey, E. Shogren, J. T. Cas- tellow, L. S. Shogren, G. W. Shogren. The pres- ent officers are: J. H. McCourt, W. M.; A. J. Murdock, S. W.; M. H. Arnold, J. W.; G. W. Seymour, T.; P. B. Dorothy, S.; W. S. Deden, S. D.; W. L. Weir, J. D.; Richard F. Combs, tyler. Meetings are held the second and fourth Wednes- days of each month. Taylor's Falls Lodge, No. 7, N. W. B. A., was organized November 24th, 1879. The officers are: I. Van Vleck, president; J. Payne, vice-president; C. Ilauser, recording and financial secretary; A. J. Murdock, treasurer; E. Leske, W. Connor, L. F. Lagerwall, trustees. The Taylor's Falls Library Association was organized November 8th, 1871, with the follow- ing ofiicers: Dr. E. D. Whiting, president, and Rev. J. A. McGowan, secretary. There are about sixty members at present. The library consists of one thousand and seventy-one vol- umes, besides about three hundred volumes of unbound matter, is in L. W. Polsom's office. The present officers are: A. J. Murdock, president; D. M. Woodbury, secretary, and J. J. Folsom, librarian. SCHOOLS. The first school-house in the village was built in 1852-3, by private subscription and taxation. The first teacher in this building was Miss Harriet Stevenson, now Mrs. L. K. Stannard. In 1866 the village purchased Chisago seminary for a public school, and in 1870 erected another build- ing in the northern part of town. By act of the legislature, Taylor's Falls was organized into an independent district March 3d, 1871. The first meeting under the new regime was held -April 3d, 1871, and the following board elected: L. W. Folsom, president; J. A. Falrbaim, sec- retary ; Andrew Clendening, treasurer ; Casper Hauser, L. K. Stannard and J. B. Griswold. The board at present is composed of L. K. Stan- nard, president ; L. F. BuUard, secretary ; A. J. Murdock, treasurer; E. H. Folsom, G. S. Con- nor and Joseph Shuttmueller. Chisago Seminary. A charter was granted by the legislature of 1857, providing for the location of a seminary at Taylors Falls, where the higher branches of education might be taught. It was built by W. H. C. Folsom and conducted rather as a public than private enterprise, and for that purpose he secured the chai-ter. The building was erected in 1857, and was 28x40 feet, two stories high. In 1858 the institution was opened with a roU of sixty students, A. A. York princi- pal, and Mrs. York, assistant. In 1859, Mrs. Gustavus Munch was secured to teach modem languages. The school had an average attend- ance of from sixty to eighty scholars, until the breaking out of the war, took away most of the young men, together with Professor York, who enlisted in 1861. The seminary dragged out a a precarious life until 1864 when its existence ceased. The United States land office, more fully de- scribed elsewhere in this history, was located at Taylor's Falls, October 1st, 1861, under the ad- ministration of G. N. Stickney. Succeeding Mr. Stickney, the appointments of registers have been as follows: December 25th, 1864. Charles B. BIOQBAPHIGAL. 309 Whitney; September 1st, 1866, "William Connor; May 19th, 1871, April 23d, 1873, and April 21st, 1877. John P. Owens. Since its location in this village the receivers have been L.JK. Stannard, Oscar Eoos and George B. Folsom. In closing this sketch of Taylor's Falls, a few anecdotes illustrating the humors of the early settlers may not be amiss. The manager of the St. Croix Falls Lumber Company had ordered the captain of a newly-arrived vessel not to let any of the men employed by the company have any whisky. Anson Northrup, Patrick Fox, N. C. D. Taylor and other employes determined not to be "bluffed" in that way. In the night the boys put a rope across the river below the boat, placed an enormous rock, with a pry under it, on the bluff directly over the boat, then said to the captain, "Whisky, or down comes this rock on your vessel." That officer produced the desired liquid. In passing the jug to his neighbor. Fox stood at the head and said, "Here is whisky, Joe," and ever since has been known as "Whisky Joe." Captain Jones, now living at Wolf creek, twelve miles from Taylor's Falls, had received a com- mission as justice of the peace. Not having cash to pay for it, he traded his commission for a jug ■of whisky. Harrison Schultz, a young man of good family, married a squaw, who, becoming jealous, at- tempted to kill him. In self-defense he took her life. The Indians determined to avenge her death, and one day a brave stepped up to him and asked, "Are you brave?" Schultz invited him into a saloon, arranged a duel and killed his opponent. His friends realizing that this act only placed his life in greater jeopardy, urged him to leave and furnished him with money to do so. After going as far as La Crosse, he changed his mind and came back. While cutting timber with a friend, Schultz was killed by a young Indian who was concealed in a tree-top near-by. BIOGRAPHICAL. A. M. Chase was born in Washington county, Maine, April 7th, 1813. On attaming majority, embarked in the lumbermg trade, which he fol- lowed four years, then learned mill-wrighting. In 1848, he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, and the next year, in company with P. Morrin, built a boat which ran from St. Anthony to Sauk Rapids. During the fall of that year, he went to St. Louis, and here met with reverses, remained only a year, then came to Taylor's Falls. Spend- ing the first year at Balsam Lake, he erected a mill, and in 1852, began lumbering, carrying it on quite extensively for six years, and two years later, again engaged in that business for six years longer. Since about 1866, he has engaged in en- tering pine lands, building dams, etc., being a member and manager of the St. Croix Dam Com- pany. W. F. Colby is a native of Lincoln, Maine, born June 12th, 1818. Remaining in his native place until 1840, he engaged chiefly in lumbering, then went to New Orleans. After remaining there one year, went to Galena lead mines. Dur- ing the tipring of 1844, he came to St. Croix Falls, and two years later removed to Taylor's Falls, since which time he has given his attention to his lumbering interests, except the time spent in the war. Enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota, serving until honorably discharged at Fort Snell- ing in 1865. In 1849, he married Selina De Atley. They are the parents of seven children living. William Comer is a native of Cheshire, Eng- land, born in 1812. He served an apprenticeship of seven years in the grocery trade, then went to Liverpool, engaging in the grocery trade seven- teen years, and in 1846, went to St. Louis, Mis- souri, remaining six years as clerk in a dry-goods house. In 1854, he came to Taylor's Falls; held the office of county treasurer from 1860 to .1868 inclusive, also that of register of land office three years, and for the past six years has been town treasurer of Taylor's Falls, having, during the time been engaged in trade at this place. His marriage with Elizabeth Davis, occurred in 1838. They have had ten children, three ofVhom are now living. Ed. H. Folsom is a native of Massachusetts, born, 1847. In 1856 he came to Taylor's Falls with his parents, where he attended the Chisago Seminary until 1860, then entered the "Reporter" office as apprentice. Being quite expert at the business, he was enabled to purchase the press in 1863, and soon after associated his brother with him. They published the paper until 1869, when he retu-ed, taking a homestead ; but in 1872 was obliged to return to the' publishing of the paper. 310 HISTOBT OF CHISAGO COUNTY. on account of the death of his brother. The next year he sold the paper and served as clerk and secretary in several capacities in connection with the senate. In 1875 he edited the "Lumberman" at Stillwater, which was a success as a paper but not financially. In 1877 he returned to Taylor's Falls, again purchasing the paper of which he is at present editor. His wife was SuSan Way, whom he married in 1868. Carrie, Charles W., Katie M., and Ed. S. are their children. Levi W. Folsom was bom at Tam worth, Ne\* Hampshire, 1822. He attended the common schools until fourteen years of age, then began working for himself, using his earnings to pre- pare for college ; attended the seminary at North Bridgeton, Maine, and at Gilmanton, New Hamp- shire, preparing for Dartmouth College. Circum- stances called him to Pennsylvania, before the completion of his studies, where he taught in the high school at Pine Grove. At Gettysburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1848 he entered the junior class at college, graduating in September of the same year. Finishing the study of law in his native state, he was t'hen admitted to the bar in 1860. He located permanently at Taylor's Falls in 1 854, and for ten years practiced his profession and has since been a dealer in real estate. In 1875, Mr. Folsom was appointed president of the Taylor's Falls and Lake Superior Eailroad Company, oc- cupying the position until 1879, since having been vice-president and director ; also treasurer of the Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company, since 1874. His wife was Miss Abbie W. Shaw, mar- ried in 1858. Five children have been born to them, foxir now living. W. H. C. Folsom was born at St. Johns, New Brunswick, in 1817. Removing to Skowhegan, Maine, with his parents, when one year of age; he made it his home until reaching the age of nine- teen. He then started west, and after a tedious journey, arrived at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, remaining until 1845. Three years later he lo- cated at St. Croix Falls, and in 1850 at Taylor's Falls, which has since been his place of residence. Embarking in the mercantile trade, at his com- ing, he continued until 1874, and since then has been in the real estate business. He was a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention, also held the office of state senator five terms; was county treasurer of Chisago county and first sher- iff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin. He married Miss Mary Jane Wyman, in 1841 , who has borne him two sons, Wyman X. and Frank W. Erastus Guard, deceased, was born in Susque- hanna county, Pennsylvania, January 1st, 1825, where he remained until his marriage, May 22d, 1850, with Susan E. Fuller, who was born in the same county. In 1857 they came to Taylor's Falls, where he worked at the carpenter's trade until enlisting in Company C, Seventh Minnesota, in 1862, seiTing until honorably discharged on account of disability early in 1865, having received a severe wound by a shot through the hand. He then returned to his home and began teaching school, and afterward built the carding-mill, which he ran for some time, then established the furniture trade. He departed this world April 10th, 1878. His widow and two children remain, Edward D. and Nellie L. Dr. Oscar Hallbergwas bom in Sweden, 1850, where he received his collegiate and medical edu- cation, graduating from the Lund Medical Col- lege in 1872. Three years later he came to Amer- ica, and in 1880, located at Taylor's FaUs, having been in Marine, Washington county, one year, also at Burlington, Iowa, where he Jiad practiced medicine. He married, in 1878, Anna S. WaUin, who has borne him one child, Reuben A. Caspar Hauser is a native of Switzerland, born 1834. Coming to America in 1856, he first located at Chicago, and from there to St. Louis, remain- ing until 1857, then came to Stillwater, Minne- sota. During that winter he purchased a claim at Rush City and began the improvement of it, but engaged in a brewery at Stillwater. In 1861 he disposed of his entire interest and removed to Taylor's Falls, which place has since been his home. His marriage with Miss Anna Krum took place in 1858. They have four children living. A. N. Holm was born in Sweden, in 1828. He came to America in 1854, and settled at Taylor's Falls, remaining untU 1857, then removed to Centre City, engaging in general merchandis- ing; was appointed first postmaster of that place. He returned to Taylor's Falls in 1865, and has since resided here. Enlisted in Company D, Third Minnesota, in 1 86 1 , as private, and was after- wards promoted to sergeant, serving three years and four months. In 1851 he married Christine Hauspeck. BIOGBAPHIOAL. 311 Judge N. M. Humphrey was born at Goshen, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1809. Remain- ing in the home of his childhood until 1833, he then removed to Hudson, Ohio, and practiced law until 1841, reipoving thence to Richfield, re- maining about six years. His next place of residence was Akron, where he held the office of probate judge six years, and was a member of the Ohio legislature during 1852-3. Soon after, he came to Taylor's Falls, and has since made this his home, and was elected probate judge of Chisago county, in 1875 ; appointed postmaster in 1868, still occupies these ofiices. Mr. Humph- rey has been twice married; to his present wife, who was Elizabeth C. Young, in 1 861. He is the parent of two children by first wife. Thomas Lacy is a native of Kennebec county, Maine, born in 1824, and remained at his native place untU 1853, receiving in the meantime a practical education, also learned the marble cut- ting trade, serving an apprenticeship of three years. He followed this trade some time, and in 1854 located at Taylor's Falls. In 1858-9 he served as register of deeds of Chisago county i and two years later embarked in the merchan- dise and lumber trade, continuing ten years, then- disposed of his interests, since giving his attention to agriculture. Mr. Lacy has been twice married; his first wife dying in 1853, leav- ing two children, and his second in 1878. L. F. Lagerwall, a native of Sweden, was born 1830. Having learned the tanner's trade in his native country, he came to America in 1867, and proceeded to St. Paul, Minnesota, remaining one and one-half years, working in a tannery; thence to St. Francis, engaged in the same business one and one-half years. In 1870, he located at Tay- lor's Falls and started a tannery, since making it his home. Mr. Lagerwall and UUerica Swanson were united in marriage in 1854, and have four living children. Dr. A. J. Murdock was born in Oswego county, New York, 1847. When two years old, he moved with his parents to Rensselaer Falls, St. Lawrence county, and after receiving a common school ed- ucation, entered the Gouvernor Wesleyan Semi- nary afterward beginning the study of medicine in the State University of Michigan; graduated from the college of physicians and surgeons of New York in 1870. Since this time he has prac- ticed medicine at Taylor's Falls. His wife was Sarah R. Puffer, to whom he was mamed in 1872. They have had two children, both living. PI. Netterfleld was bom at Wayne, Ohio, 1836, where he remained until eighteen years of age, from there, going to Port Washington, Wiscon- sin. After visiting different places in Iowa, Illi- nois and Missouri, he enlisted in 1861 , in the Ninth Missouri Lyons Guards, an independent company and served three months, then was em- ployed in the secret service four years, being honorably discharged at Mobile, Alabama, in 1865. Soon after, he came to Hudson, Wisconsin, remaining there and in the vicinity until 1873, thence to Osceola Mills, and two years later be- came a resident of Taylor's Falls, having since run the Dalles House. His wife was Sarah Al- their; their marriage taking place in 1863. They have four children living. James Payne, a native of England, was born 1831. Coming to America in 1842, he first made his home at Rockford, Illinois, about four years, then went to Carroll county, remaining until his location at Taylor's Falls, in 1849. He married Caroline M. Thomas, who died in 1854, leaving one child. His second wife was Hanora Ring, whom he married in 1856. They have had nine children, all living. Eli C. Revnolds was born in Clark county, Ohio, 1835, where he remained until nineteen years of age. In 1855 he located at Taylor's Falls after one year's stay in Carroll county, In- diana. Enlisting in Company C, Seventh Min- nesota in 1862, he served until honorably dis- charged at Fort SneUing in 1865. Returning to Taylor's Falls he has made it his home. Mr. Reynolds' marriage with Phoebe J. Roach took place in 1853, They are the parents of nine children living. George W. Seymour was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in 1828, where he acquired an academic education at the Hartford Uni- versity. When sixteen years of age, he entered a store and remained until coming west in 1857, arriving at Taylor's Falls in the spring of that year. Started a land and conveyancing ofllce, re- maining three years; held the office of post- master three years under President Buchanan, also that of secretary and director of the Tay- lor's Falls Copper Mining Company in 1874, and 312 HISTORY OF CHISAGO COUNTY. director of the Taylor's Falls and Lake Superior Railroad Company in 1875. He started a drug store in 1859, closing out in 1862, and re-opened in 1871 under the firm name of G. W. Seymour and Company. Joseph Shuttmueller is a native of Baden, Germany, born March 30th, 1828, and came to America in 1851. He spent some time in Penn- sylvania, Indiana, Ohio and Illinois, and arrived at Taylor's Falls in 1855. In company with his brother, built the brewery at this place, of which he succeeded to the entire control in 1868. He has held the oflflce of justice of the peace three years. In 1864, he married Ter*sa Ayt who has borne him six children, all living. Rev. M. Spangberg was born in Sweden, De- cember 25th, 1841, and came to America at the age of twenty-four. He began his studies for the ministry near Carver, Minnesota at the St. Ans- gars Academy, remaining three years; then en- tered the Augustana College and Seminary and graduated from the theological department in 1875. His first charge was . at Hook's Point, Iowa, and three years later he assumed charge of the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church at Taylor's Falls where he still resides. In 1875 he married Anna Laksell who has borne him two children. Levi E. Stewart was born at Skowhegan, Maine, 1830, and there remained until attaining his ma- jority, then came west to Illinois. Here he made his home until his location at Taylor's Falls in 1853, and has been chiefly engaged in lum- bering since. In 1864 he married Augusta McFadden. No children. Fred Tang, Sr., a native of Prussia, was bom in 1819. Coming to America in 1840, he first lo- cated in Seneca county, Ohio, and remained five years, then became a resident of Taylor's Falls, working at his trade, house carpentering, untU 1870. For the past ten years he has been a mem- ber of the town council. Mr. Tang and Johan- nah Wyndeck were married in 1837 and are the parents of three living children. Joshua L. Taylor was bom atSanbornton, New Hampshire, 1816. At the age of twenty he re- moved to Alton, Illinois, thence in 1840 to St. Croix Falls, and engaged in lumbering. After Wisconsin was made a state and Minnesota a ter- ritory in 1849, he was appointed United States marshal, for the district of Minnesota, but de- clined the appointment. He went to California in 1849 and retumed three years later to Taylor's Falls ; was appointed warden of the state prison of Minnesota by Gov. Marshall, in 1868, serving until the expiration of the term, then retumed to Taylor's Falls and with his brother was instru- mental in the laying out of the town. Since his return from California he has been a real estate dealer. N. C. D. Taylor, was bom near Concord, "New Hampshire, 1810, remaining until attaining his majority. In 1832 he removed to Alton, Il- linois, where he made his home two years, in the mercantile trade with E. R. Wells, thence to Ga- lena, spending three years in mining. Coming to St. Croix Falls in 1846 he embarked in the lum- ber trade, soon after removed to Taylor's Falls and entered into partnership with Patrick Fox in the mercantile and lumber business, retaining his interest fill the great financial down-faU in 1857. Mr. Taylor has twice represented his dis- trict in the legislature, also held the ofiice of county treasurer eight years, having been elected in 1868. He still lives in single blessedness. I. Van Vleck is a native of Madison county. New York, born 1848. Enlisting in Company B, Sixteenth Regulars, in 1864, he served until his honorable discharge was received in 1865. Two years after, he went to Afton, Washington coun- ty, Minnesota, making that place his home until he became a resident of Taylor's Falls, in 1874 ; the following year he purchased the carding mill at this place, and has since resided here. His marriage with Mrs. Luella Folsom took place in 1874 ; they have one chUd. J. D. Ward was bom in Penobscot county, Maine, 1831. He lived at his childhood home un- til 1856, then came west to Taylor's Falls, and has since made this place his home. His occu- pation was chiefly that of lumbering, untU 1872, since which time he has been the proprietor of a livery stable. Dr. E. D. Whiting was born in Oneida county. New York, 1811. When three years of age he re- moved with his parents to New Hartford, Con- necticut, here attending the Harrington Acade- my, afterward attending Dr. Cooley's private school at Granville, Massachusetts, then to the Westfleld Academy. After studying medicine FEANCONIA. 313 with Dr. O. K. Hawley, he attended his first course of lectures at ^'airfield, New York, gradu- ating from the Ohio Medical College, at Cincin- nati, in 1834. He then began his practice as a physician at Wayne, Ohio, thence to Rockford, Illinois, wtere he remained until coming to Tay- lor's Falls in 1855. Dr. Whiting represented this district in the legislature during 1862-3. He has been twice married and is now a widower. FKAKCONIA. This village is situated on the right bank of the St. Croix river, about two and one-half miles be- low Taylor's Falls. The town was platted by Ansel Smith and the plat recorded in February, 1858. The name Franconia, in memory of Smith's daughter, Francis, a popular young lady who had died a short time before, was suggested by Mrs. William Kent. Mr. Smith came here in the spring of 1852, and began clearing off the timber, proparatory to starting a garden. For a short time he was assisted by L. K. Stannard, who was looking over the country preparatory to locating. Smith continued gardening until 1856, mean- while living in a sixteen foot square frame shanty. In 1856 he added a "lean to" 16x26 feet, and put in a large stock of goods, but did not replenish, and in 1858, sold what remained to William Peaslee. The house was afterwards removed, and the river which was then ten rods distant, has washed away the bank to the cellar. Mr. Smith remained, engaging in other pursuits until 1869, when he was appointed receiver of the United States land office at Duluth. In 1852 Henry and Leonard Day took claims adjoining Smith's, and did some clearing, but mainly occupying themselves making plugs to be used in making jafts of logs. From this indus- try Franconia acquired the nickname of "plug town." In 1855 they completed a house and moved into it. Leonard soon after married. Henry lived with him until the beginning of the war, when he enlisted. At the close of the war Henry married and settled in the village. The property of the brothers was not divided until the death of Leonard in 1.874. MAKUFACTOBIES. A company composed of Ansel Smith, James H., Bufus W. and Charles F. Clarke, was formed and, in 1856, buUt a saw-mUl on the site of the present mill. This was two stories high, 24x60 feet, and contained one circular saw, operated by a forty horse-power engine. In 1864 the com- pany added a stave mill, when the partners got into a dispute, and the property being offered for sale, was purchased by the Clarke Brothers, who tore down the building and removed the machin- ery to Taylor's Falls. The Franconia saw-mill, owned by -Joseph GroU and Company, was built in 1870 by Edward E. AVhite and A. J. Hammond. It was 24x60 feet, one story high, furnished with one circular saw operated by a twenty horse-power portable en- gine. The first few years the mill was not a suc- cess, and passed through a number of hands. In 1876, A. M. and L. E. Chase, of Osceola, and Jo- seph Groll, of Lakeland, purchased mterests with the owners, the Louden Brothers, and after mak- ing additions and repairs, operated it under the firm name of Louden and Company. In Novem- ber, 1878, the Louden interest was sold to the other partners, and the firm has since been known as Joseph Groll and Company. The old wooden engine-room was discarded and a new stone one 32x32 feet erected, a fifty-five horse-power engine and more new machinery added. The mill now has a capacity of 30,000 feet of lumber per diem, and employs twelve men to operate. The Franconia flouring mills were buUt by Paul Munch in 1865, and began grinding the fol- lowing spring. The building is of stone, origi- nally, 34x44 feet, three-stories high, with a frame wheel-house 12x34 feet, inclosing a twenty-six foot over-shot wheel. The power is received from Lawrence creek. The establishment has two run of stone, one for flour and one for feed. The year after building, Mr. Munch added a two-story ware-house, 32x34 feet, and in .1878, another of one-story 22x24 feet. The capacity of the mill is about twenty barrels per day. In 1879, floods carried away the dam and caused much damage otherwise. From 1861 to 1865, White, Thornton and Irish during the winters engaged in steamboat building, The first one was the Jenny Thornton, then fol- lowed the Ben Campbell, Viola, Jenny Hayes, and the rebuilding of the G. B. Knapp. Besides the steamers, the firm also buUt a number of barges. The post-office of Franconia was establhised 314 HISTOBY OF CHISAGO COUNTY. in 1865, and the oflSce located on the farm of E. S. White, the first postmaster, about one mile from the village. In 1872, Jonas Limdall, a store- keeper in the village, was appointed. At the death of Lundall, C. Vitalis, who at present holds the office was appointed. The first store was, as we have said started by Ansel Smith, who sold in 1858, to Wm. Peaslee. Peaslee continued until 1868, when he went to Taylor's Falls. The third was opened by James Markley in 1867, and purchased the next spring by Jonas Lundall, who run it until his death in 1873, when he was succeeded by C. Vitalis, who removed the stock to Munch'* store in 1880. Then came Paul W. Munch* who operated for a few years and then closed out to O. E. Terry and Company, and in 1874, it was purchased by C. Vitalis. The hotel business is represented by Anton Drewke. The miscellaneous branches of trade are as follows: Swen Swanland,. wagon- maker; Samuel Anderson, cabinet-maker; Olof Iledehstrom, mill-wright; Peter Leveen, carpen- ter; Eric Ostrom and O.C. Swanland, blacksmiths. A school organization was effected in the spring of 1858, with the following officers: Henry E. Day, Luther WykofE, and Ansel Smith. The first teacher hired by them was Margeret Smith, now the wife of Henry F. Day. At first she taught ten scholars in the bar room of the hotel. A neat school house furnished with a bell was built in 1870. The present officers are Charles Vitalis, director; O. Hasselberg, clerk; Alvin Fullerton, treasurer. BIOGKAPHICAL. A. J. Anderson was born at Wexio, Sweden, May 9th, 1860. He attended the public schools in his native country, and when nine years of age, came to America with his mother to join his father who had preceded them. Coming via New York city, they reached Franconia in June 1859. Until 1873 he continued his education, then be- gan clerking for Charles Vitalis, and four years after was promoted to book-keeper, at which time he was also appointed assistant postmaster. Mr. Anderson is an energetic and prosperous business man. L. R. Clark was born in Erie county, New York, 1838. When eighteen years of age he came to Peoria, Illinois, and engaged in railroading several years, then returned to his home. In 1862 he came to Minnesota, locating in Minneap- olis, in the lath and shingle trade six years. Ee- movingto Lakeland, Washington county, he re- mained until he and his brother purchased the "Cascade" mill at Osceola mills, which they oper- ated until 1876, then came to Franconia where he has since given his attention to the lumbering trade. His wife was Miss P. A. lAndsey, whom he married in 1861. They have two children, both living. A. M. Clark was bom in Erie county, New York, May 25th, 1833. On attaining his major- ity, he embarked in the lumbering business, which he followed six years. Coming west to Minneap- olis, Minnesota, he remained until 1874, in the shingle trade, the last two years being of the firm of Mayo and Clark. He and his brother, L. B. Clark, then purchased the "Cascade" mill, at Os- ceola mills, and operated it some time, finally lo- cating at Franconia, where he has since been in the lumber trade. He has been twice married ; to his present wife in 1879, who was Miss Betty Willis. H. F. Day is a native of St Lawrence county, N. Y . , born in 1 825 . Eemaining at his childhood home until 1846, he then removed to southern Wiscon- sin, and three years later came to St. Croix Falls, being employed in the saw-miUs. After making a trip to the East, in 1852, he returned the next year locating at Franconia, and has since made this his home. In 1862, he enlisted in the Seventh Minnesota, Company C, and served until honor- ably discharged at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1865. His wife was Margaret Smith, whom he married in 1856, and she has borne him five children. Joseph GroU is a native of Bavaria, born in 1837. Coming to America in 1861, he located at Syracuse, New York, where he made his resi- dence three years; then removed to Eush lake, Minnesota. During his three years stay he gave his time to the peaceful pursuit of agricul- ture; removing thence to Lakeland, Washington county, he engaged in lumbering nearly seven years. In 1875 he became a resident of Fran- conia, where he has since engaged in lumbering. His marriage with Agnes Entner took place in 1867. Paul Munch, a native of Prussia, was born in 1834. Coming to America at the age of twenty, BIOGBAPHIGAL. 315 he settled at Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, and worked at his trade, that of carpentering, three years ; then removed to Bush Creek and made a claim. The next year he erected a saw mill at Chengwatona, in company with his brother, and in 1861 sold his interest and enlisted in the First Minnesota Battery, resigning after a service of one and one half years, and returning to his former home. In 1865 he located at Fran- eonia and built the first grist mill, and has since resided here. Mr. Munch has been twice mar- ried ; his present wife was Miss Caroline Entner, whom he married 1869. They are the parents of six children living. Henry Thome, a native of Prussia, was born in 1822 and came across the ocean to America in 1857. Locating at Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, he lived there eight years, working at the trade of stone mason. He then became a resident at Franconia and opened the first hotel at that place, of which he was the propietor until the spring of 1880. His marriage with Katrina Lange took place in 1847. They have one child, Frederick. Charles Vitalis, a resident of Franconia, is a native of Sweden, bom 1843. He came to Ameri- ca in 1868 and proceeded directly to this village and began clerking for P. Munch, wherp he con- tinued about fourteen months, then clerked for Jonas Lundall. At his employer's death, which occurred in 1873, he took charge of the business in his own name where he still continues. He married Miss Josephine Lundall in 1873, who has borne him two children. Mr. Vitalis is a pros- perous business man. H I S T O R Y OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTEK L. FORMATION OF NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY — ST. CKOIX COUNTY CREATED — FIRST PO- LITICAL MEETING LETTER FROM CATLIN PRESENTED TO CONVENTION— MINNESOTA TERRITORY — WASHINGTON COUNTY BOUND- ARIES—OFFICIAL ROSTER. Washington county has been subjected, to various changes in its boundaries and political re- lations since the region of country of which it forms a part, first came under the government of the United States. As now existing with its present boundaries, it dates back only to 1851 , when Washington county, as established after the formation of the territory of Minnesota, was re- duced to its present limits. Previously it formed a part of the extensive St. Croix county of Wis- consin, which continued its organization only a few months after the formation of the territory of Minnesota. Still earlier than this it formed part of Crawford county, territory of Michigan, which At that time the United States extended west- ward only to the Mississippi. The country be- yond to the Pacific ocean was an unknown, un- explored wild, claimed by the Spanish govern- ment. continued a short time until the organization of the territory of Wisconsin. This carries us back with a county organization to the year 1819. Now that the interest in pedigrees and ante- cedents is engrossing so much attention, it would be a gross omission to exclude the antecedents of our county. We beg pardon of our readers if in this genealogy we seem to go back too far for general interest, though we shall not be subject to extreme criticism for following the example of the famous "Knickerbocker History of New York." The North-western territory, as ceded to the United States by Virginia in 1784, comprised the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, Wisconsin and that portion of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi river. In 1803 the domain of the United States was extended westward to the Eocky mountains and the Northern Pacific ocean by the purchase of Louisiana territory from Spain and its annexa- tion to the United States. This territoi7 re- ceived the name of the "New North-west" in contradistinction from the old "North-western Territory." In 1800 congress deemed it advisable, because of its vast extent and the difficulty of executing the laws, to divide the North-western territory, and Ohio was created. Two years later Ohio was admitted into the union as a sovereign state. The" same congress extinguished the North-west terri- tory, and denominated all the remainder the In- dian territory. In 1805, Michigan territory was created. In 1809, the territory of Illinois was de- tached from the Indian territory, Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816, and Illinois in 1818. In 1805 the government purchased a tract of land for military purposes at the mouth of the St. Croix, and another at the mouth of the St. Peter's, now Minnesota, including the Palls of ' St. An- thony. By this grant the Sioux transferred to the United States nine miles square at the mouth of the St. Croix, which, however, was never occu- pied as a military post, and the extensive tract afterward well known as the Fort Snelling reser- vation. About this time, the long supposed insurmount- (316) OBGANIZATION. 317 able barrier, the rapids at Eock Island, were found to be navigable by steamboats. On the 2d of May, 1823. the Virginia, a steamer one hun- dred and eighteen feet in length and twenty-two in width, drawing six feet of water, left her moorings at the St. Louis levee, destined for Port St. Anthony, now Port Snelling. Soon after this advance into the Indian territory, measures were taken by the government to obtain a title from the Indians to the land east of the Mississippi. In 1819 Colonel Henry Leavenworth went to Prairie du Chien to organize Crawford county, which had been created by the territorial legisla- ture of Michigan, October 16th, 1818. Its bound- aries were as follows: "On the east by a line running north and south from the portage of the Pox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending to Lake Superior, thence westward to the Mississippi river." This indefinite boundary was supposed to include all the territory east of the Mississippi and north of the Wisconsin rivers within these prescribed limits. Prairie du Chien was chosen as the county seat. It is said that Col. Leavenworth found great diiH- eulty in securing a sufficient number of men to fill the county offices. Wilfred Owens was ap- pointed judge of probate; John S. Pinley, clerk of court ; and Thomas McNair, sheriff. Col. Leav- enworth having attended to the organization of Crawford county, at Prairie du Chien, proceeded up the Mississippi with his soldiers in keel boats to "St. Peters," nowMendota, where he spent the winter. They built log cabins plastering them with clay, and found them a comfortable protection from the cold winds of this latitude. The winter proved to be extremely severe, but the gar- rison remained cheerful in these rudely con- structed quarters, and the officers maintained pleasant, social intercourse. In 1836, the establishing of a separate and dis- tinct territory west of Lake Michigan, was the re- sult of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union as a state ; hence on the 20th of April, 1836, by an act of congress to take effect from and after the 3d of July following, the territory of Wisconsin came into existence with the follow- ing boundary lines: The territory contained all that is now embraced in the state of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a "part of the territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries, commencing at the northeast corner of the state of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green Bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Me- nomonee river; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the Lake of the Desert; thence to the middle of that lake; thence down the Mon- treal river to its mouth; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial Une of the United States last touches the lake north- west; thence on the north with the territorial line to the White Earth river; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last men- tioned stream to the northwest corner of the state of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the states of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michilimackinac left unorgan- ized. The territorial legislature of Wisconsin in ses- sion at Madison, passed an act January 9th, 1840, to take effect August of the same year, creating the county of St. Croix, with the following boun- dary line. Commencing at the mouth of the Porcu- pine river, on Lake Pepin; thence up said river to its first forks; thence on a direct line to the Meadow fork of Bed Cedar river; thence up said river to Long Lake; thence along the canoe route to Lac Courte Orielle; thence to the nearest point on the Montreal river; thence down said river to Lake Superior; thence north to the United States boundary line. The county seat was fixed by vote of the people at Brown's Ware- house; Hazen Mooers, Samuel Burkleo and Cal- vin A. Tuttle were elected conunissioners. St. Croix county was reduced in size in 1845, by set- ting ofE the county of La Pointe. After this the boundary of St. Croix was described as follows by a line; Commencing at the mouth of Porcu- pine river, passing up that river to its first forks; thence to Meadow fork of Eed Cedar river; thence up that river to Lac Com-te Orielle; thence to Yellow Lake; thence to the mouth of Muddy river; thence down the Mississippi to the place of 318 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. beginning, including an area of about 11,000 square miles, with a population of about 1,500, St. Croix Falls being the principal town. An enabling act was passed by congress in 1846, looking to the admssion of Wisconsin, as a state subject to certain conditions. After two eflorts on the part of its citizens to secure a constitution, one was ratified March 13th, 1848, and Wisconsin became a regularly organized state by act of con- gress, May 29th, following. Three years elapsed between the date when the territory of Minnesota was proposed in congress, and the passage of the act of organization. In the consideration of the bill in dbngress, a sur- prising degree of ignorance was manifested by some members. Hon. Joseph Root, of Ohio, made a vehement speech against the measure, denouncing as "Farcical and absurd the forma- tion of a temporary government in a hyperborean region, where agricultural pursuits were impracti- cable, and where no white-man would go except , to cut pine logs." This illustrates the vague notion entertained of the north-west, even among intelligent people. After Wisconsin became a state, with boimda- ries narrowed from those of the territory, a ques- tion arose as to the government of that portion of the territory not embraced within the new state boundaries, and the opinion prevailed among those best qualified to judge that the old territorial government survived in full force within such portion, although the opposite view was strongly maintained by others. The region in dispute ex- tended from the St. Croix to the Mississippi, em- bracing the present county of Washington. The agitation of this question led to prompt efforts to to gain recognition as a territory with a govern- ment and representation at Washington. The first public political meeting in what is now Minnesota, was held August 4th, 1848, to.consider and take action on this subject. At this meeting Jonathan E. McKusick presided, William Hol- combe acted as secretary, M. 8. Wilkinson, Dr. Christopher Carli, David Lambert, Jacob Fisher and others were present. This meeting accomplished but Uttle, except to issue a call for a general convention to take steps to secure an early territorial organization, to as- semble on the 26th of the month, at the same place. The second convention convened at the court house in the town of Stillwater, in the county of St. Croix, and territory of Wisconsin, on the 26th day of August, 1848, in accordance with a call duly made. M. S. Wilkinson of Stillwater, was chosen president, David S. Lambert of St. Paul, secretary. Joseph R. Brown offered the follow- ing resolution: "Resolved, That a committee of five be ap- pointed to select a president, two vice-presidents, and two secretaries, as the permanent officers of this convention." The ofiBcers were as follows: Samuel Burkleo, president ; Robert Kennedy, Joshua L. Taylor, vice-presidents; William Holcombe and David Lambert, secretaries. The following resolution was offered and adopted: "Resolved, That a committee of seven members be appointed to draft a memorial to congress, for the early organization of the territory of Minne- sota, and to report such further proceedings as they may think proper for the action of this con- vention." The commmittee consisted of Joseph R. Brown, Calvin Leach, II. H. Sibley, S. Nelson, M. S. Wil- kinson, Henry Jackson and H. L. Moss. A letter from Hon. John Catlin, who had been secretary of the territory of Wisconsin, was read, as follows: Madison, August 22, 1848.— Hon. Wm. Holcombe, dear sir:— I take the liberty to write you briefly for the purpose of ascertaining what the citizens of the present territory of Wis- consin, desire in relation to the organization of a territorial government. Congress adjourned on the 14th inst., without taking any steps to organize the territory of Minnesota or of amending the act of 1836, organizing Wisconsin, so that the present govenment could be successfully continued. It is my opinion that if your people were to elect a delegate to congress this fall, he would be allowed to take his seat in December, and then a govern- ment might be fully organized ; and unles a dele- gate is elected and sent on, I do not believe a government will be organized for several years. You are aware of the diflBculty which has pre- vented the organization of Oregon for two years past ; and the same difficulty wiU prevent the or- ganization of Minnesota. If Mr. Tweedy were to resign, (and he would if requested,) I do not see TERRITOBY OBGANIZBB. 319 anything to prevent my issuing a proclamation for an election to fill the vacancy, as the act- ing governor; but I should not like to do so unless the people would act under it and hold the election. If a delegate was elected by color of law, congress would never inquire into the legali- ty of the election. It is the opinion of almost all this way that the government of the territory of Wisconsin still continues, although it is nearly inoperative for want of a court and legislature. "I write in haste, and have not time to state further the reasons which lead me to the con- clusion that the territorial government is still in being; but you can confer with Mr. Bowron, who, I believe, is in possession of the views and opin- ions entertained here on this subject. I shallbe pleased to hear from you at your earliest con- venience. Yours very respectfully, "John- Catlin." Numerous resolutions were offered and adopted touching the various acts of the past and the claims of the territory to he organized. The chief act was to address a memorial to the senate and house of representatives in con- gress assembled, and also to His Excellency, the president of the United States, respectfully re- questing that he will invite the attention of that honorable body, in his annual message, to action in the premises. The memorials, preambles and resolutions were severally read and unanimously adopted. The convention then proceeded to elect a dele- ,gate to represent the interests of the territory at the next congress. Hon. Henry H. Sibley was unanimously elected by the convention. These resolutions were offered and adopted: "Resolved, That the president of this conven- tion be required to issue a certificate to H. H. Sibley, signed by himself, the vice-presidents and secretaries, certifying that he is a duly elected delegate under resolution and action of this con- vention. "■Resolved, That our delegate be requested to cause the orthography of Minnesota (when the organization of the territory shall be eSected) to be according to that used in this resolution. "Resolved, That the secretaries prepare copies of the memorials to the president of the United States and to congress, adopted by this conven- tion, with the signatures of the members at- tached thereto, and furnish the same to II. H. Sibley, our delegate, before his departure for Washington." The memorials were signed by all the delegates to the convention, amounting to sixty-one signa- tures. Hon. John H. Tweedy resigned his office of delegate to congress on September 18th, 1848. Hon. John Catlin, claiming to be acting governor of Wisconsin territory, issued a proclmation dated at Stillwater, October 9th, 1848, having made Stillwater a temporary residence, ordering a special election at that place to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. John H. Tweedy. The election was held on the 30th day of October, when Hon. Henry H. Sibley was elected a delegate for the remaining portion of Wisconsin territory. Mr. Sibley proceeded to Washington, accompanied by Henry M. Bice and other gentlemen who used all their energies to secure the organization of a new territory. On the 3d of March, 1849, a bill was passed organizing the territory of Minnesota, with boundary on the west extended to the Missouri ■and White Earth rivers. On the 19th of March, 1849, President Taylor appointed the following named persons judges of the supreme court for this new territory: Aaron Goodrich, of Tennessee, chief justice; David Cooper, of Pennsylvania, and Bradley B. Meeker, of Kentucky, associate justices. On the 27th of May, 1849, Governor Alexander Kamsey landed at St. Paul, and on the 1st day of June proclaimed the organization of the territory, recognized its officers and required obedience to its laws. The territory was divided into three judicial districts. The county of St. Croix con- stituted the first district, with the seat of justice at Stillwater. In pursuance of a requirement in the organic act, the sheriff of St. Croix was ordered to take a census of all the inhabitants of the county. The result shows Stillwater to have had at that time 455 male and 154 female inhabitants; total, 609. Chief Justice Goodrich, in accordance with the governor's proclamation, held the first term of court, beginning on the 13th of August, 1849, at Stillwater, Judge Cooper, by courtesy, sitting on the bench. This was the first court held in the territory, after the organization, called a territo- 320 HJSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. rial court. It remained in session six days. Sixty cases were on the docket. The clerk of the dis- trict court was Harvey Wilson; S. M. Mitchell, was United States attorney; II. L. Moss, district attorney; and John Morgan, sheriff. On July 7th, 1849, Governor Ramsey, by proc- lamation, fixed the following council districts for the territory, which had not yet been divided into counties: First, the St. Croix precinct, of St. Croix county, and the settlements on the west bank of the Mississippi, south of the Crow village, to the Iowa line. Second, the Stillwater precinct of the county of St. Croix. Third, the St. Paul precinct, except Little Canada settlement. Fourth, Marine Mills, Falls of St. Croix, Rush Lake, Rice River and Snake River precincts of St. Croix county, and La Pointe county. Fifth, the Falls of St. Anthony precinct and the Little Canada settlement. Sixth, the Sauk Rapids and Crow Wing precincts of St. Croix county, and all settlements west of the Mississippi and north of the Osakis river, and a line thence west to the British line. Seventh, the country and settle- ments west of the Mississippi not included in dis- tricts number one and six. The election of the 1st of August, 1849, passed off with little excitement. Hon. H. H. Sibley was elected delegate to congress; James S. Nor- ris, Samuel Burkleo, William H. Forbes, James McBoal, David B. Loomis, Captain John Rol- lins, David Olmsted, president, William Sturgis and Martin McLeod, councilmen; Joseph W. Furber, speaker, James Wells, M. S. Wilkinson, Sylvanus Trask, Mahlon Black, Benjamin W. Brunson, Henry Jackson, John J. Dewey, Par- sons K. Johnson, Henry F. Setzer, William R. Marshall, WilUam Dugas, Jerremiah Russell, Al- lan Morrison, Lorenzo A. Babcock, Thomas A. Holmes, Alexis Bailey and Gideon H. Pond, members of the house. The first territorial legislature assembled on the 3d of September, 1849, with James Norris, of Cottage Grove, for the first district, and Samuel Burkleo, of Stillwater, for the second district, councilmen; Joseph W. Furber, of Cottage Grove, and James Wells for the first district; M. S. Wil- kinson, Sylvanus Trask and Mahlon Black, of Stillwater, for the second district, representatives. One of the first acts of this legislature was to create a number of new counties, and among them the county of Washington with Stillwater as its county seat. The same legislature made Washington county the second judicial district, and the first term of district court in this new district was held in the town of Stillwater the same fall; Judge David Cooper, presiding; Henry 8. Tilden, deputy United States marshal; Henry L. Moss, United States district attorney; Jesse Taylor, sheriff; Harvey Wilson, clerk. A young man known as Isaiah McMillan was tried under charge of murder, found guilty, and sentenced to one year's imprisonment at Fort SneUing. The census of Washington county was taken that fall showing the following results: Males, 821; females, 291; total, 1,112; of this number, males, 455; females, 154;. total, 609, were resid- ing in the town of Stillwater; and hence we have the small number of males, 366; females, 137; to- tal, 503; showing the population outside of Still- water, in the county. The original boundaries of the county were as follows: Beginning at a point on the Mississippi river where the town- ship line between towns 27 and 28 north, range 22, west of the fourth principal meridian Inter- sects said river; thence east on said line to its in- tersection with the range line between ranges 21 and 22, west of the fourth principal meridian; thence due north on said line to its intersection with the third correction line; thence due west on said correction line to the intersection of the range line between ranges 21 and 22, west of the fourth principal meridian; ihence due north on said range line to its intersection with the north ^ boundary line of town 36 north; thence due north to its intersection with the southern boundary line of Itasca county; thence in a southeasterly direction along said county line to its intersection with the eastern boundary line of the territory of Minnesota; thence down said boundary line to the Mississsppi river, and thence up that river to the place of beginning. By reference to the map, it will be seen that the place of beginning on the Mississippi, was two miles further south than the present boundary, also that the north boundary extended north, including most of Chisago and IMne, and a portion of Carlton counties. In 1861, the boundary lines were changed by the legislature to their present location, taking from Ramsey county about one thousand seven hundred acres of land in the extreme south-west BOUNDARIES— FRIGHTENED LUMBERMEN. 321 corner of the county, now included in Newport township. The county of Washington is boijnded as fol- lows: Beginning in the middle of the main chan- nel of the Mississippi river, on a line between sections 23 and 26, of town 28 north, in range 22 west; thence east on said section line, to the line between ranges 21 and 22; thence north on said range Kne, to the line between townships 32 and 33; thence east on said township line, to the center of the main channel of the St. Croix river; thence down the middle of said channel and St. Croix lake to the Mississippi river; thence up the middle of said Mississippi river to the place of beginning. In thus traversing the changes in boundaries and government of the region of which Washing- ton county forms an important part, many minutise of interest have been omitted. Review- ing these we insert some matters worthy of a place here, beginning with the treaties, and fol- lowing with political roster. The visit of Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike, to the Upper Mississippi in 1805-6, resulted in the government gaining from Dakota bands the first tract of land ceded by any Indian tribe within the present state of Minnesota. Lieuten- ant Pike, under the direction of President Jeffer- son, arrested hostile movements between the Dakota and Chippewa tribes, tore down the British flag, and elicited the respect and admira- tion of many Indians, who had been iniluenced by the British. In 1825, and again in 1830, treaties of pacification were made by the com- missioners of the United States, with the north- western tribes at Praire du Chien. The year of 1837, forms a new era in the history of Minnesota. Prom this date settlers were assured of protec- tion and began to make permanent improvements. In the same year, July 29th, 1837, Governor Dodge, of Wisconsin, concluded a treaty at St. Peters, now Mendota, with the Chippewas, which opened to the enterprise of the white-man, the pine forests of the St. Croix and its tributaries. The same year a deputation of Dakotas pro- ceeded to Washington, and in the month of Sep- tember, concluded a treaty by which they ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, including all of Washington county, as it now exists, to the United States. 21 In anticipation of the ratification of the treaty with the Ojibwas, a party of lumberman opened a camp at the mouth of Snake river and began cutting logs. The Indians considered their rights invaded by this premature possession on the part of the whites, and having further cause of griev- ance on account of the non-fulfillment of the terms of the previous treaty, payment not being made as stipulated, caused them great annoyance. They answered the demands of the Ojibwas for compensation as best they could, averting the violence threatened, for a time by contributions from their store. When such pacification would no longer avail and active hostilities were begun, the lumbermen took to their canoe with their stuft and fled down the St. Croix, pursued by the Indians on the bank, who supposed the party must land above the falls and fall into their hands, stuff and all. To their surprise, however, they saw their anticipated captives hold on their way and float over the falls. The boat was lost and some of their effects, but the men all reached the shore in safety. A short distance below the falls, they were met by a steamboat, the first that ever ascended the St. Croix, bringing the welcome news of the ratification of the treaty. The lum- bermen returned and took legal possession of their logs. The second treaty of that same year was con- cluded at Washington, D. C, with the Dakotas, September 29th, 1837. By the terms of this treaty, all their lands lying east of the Mississippi river, including the islands in the river, were ceded to the United States. The ratification of these treaties was a very important event m the history of Minnesota, sounding the key-note for permanent settlements. From this time earnest men began to seek the flattering advantages of so promising a state. For some years, the county was represented in the territorial legislature of Wisconsin by the fol- lowing named gentlemen: In 1836, convened at Belmont, Iowa county, October 25th; in council, no representation; in representative hall, James II. Lockwood and James P. Dallam; in 1837-8, convened at Burlington, Des Moines county, No- vember 6th; in council, no representation; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Jean Brunet; in special session of 1888; in council, no representa- tion; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Jean Brunet; 322 EI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in 1838, convened at Madison, November 26th; in council, George Wilson; in house, Alexander McGregor; in 1839, beginning January 21st; in council, George Wilson; in house, Alexander Mc- Gregor and Ira B. Brunson; in 1839, beginning December 2d; in council, Joseph Brisbois; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Alexander McGregor; in 1840, beginning August 3d; in council, Charles J. Learned; in house, Ira B. Brunson and Alex- ander McGregor; in 1840, beginning December 7th; In council, Charles J. Learned; in house, Alfred Brunson and Joseph R, Brown; in 1841, beginning December 6th; in council, Charles J. Learned; in house, Joseph E. Brown and Alfred Brunson; in 1842, beginning December 5th; in council, Theopolis La Chappelle; in house, John H. Manahan; in 1843, beginning December 4th; in council, Theopolis La Chappelle; in house, John H. Manahan; in 184d, beginning January 6th; in council, Wiram Knowlton; in house, James Fisher; in 1846, beginning January 5th; in council, Wiram Knowlton; in house, James Fisher; id 1847, beginning January 4th; in coun- cil, Benjamin F. Manahan; in house, Joseph W. Furber; in 1847, October 18th; in council, Benja- min F. Manahan; in house, Henry Jackson; in 1848, beginning February 7th; in council, Benja- min F. Manahan; ru house, Henry Jackson. County officers beginning in St. Croix county in 1840, under the Wisconsin territorial legisla- tion, and continuing through the consecutive years up to 1880. The records being imperfect, and for some portion of the time lost, this roster must of necessity be wanting In some parts. The first election was held September 28th. 1840. Joseph R. Brown, clerk of the board of county commissioners, register of deeds and treasurer; Phineas Lawrence, collector; James S. Norris, coroner; Philander Prescott, road supervisor; John Bush, Orange Walker and Joseph W. Furber, assessors ; Joseph B. Brown, Hazen Mooers and Samuel Burkleo, county com- missioners. 1 841 . Joseph R. Brown, clerk of board, register of deeds and treasurer; John Bush, constable ; Phineas Lawrence, Jr., collector; Joshua L. Tay- lor, James R. Clewet and James S. Norris, road supervisors ; Joseph W. Furber, John Bush and Samuel F. Brown, assessors ; Hazen Mooers, Samuel Burkleo, and J. R. Brown, county com- missioners. 1842. Joseph R. Brown, clerk of board, and register of deeds; D. Hopkins, treasurer; John Bush, constable; Samuel F. Brown, collector; Joseph Haskell, surveyor; David Hone, coroner; T. F. Randolph and N. H. Crosby, road super- visors; S. F. Brown, W. B. Brown and T. S. Davis, assessors ; Philander Prescott, Joseph Haskell and Philip Aldrich, county commis- sioners. 1843. William Holcombe, clerk of board, and, register of deeds; James S. Norris, treasurer; constables were elected, one for each precinct; Philip Aldrich, collector; Christopher Carli, sur- veyor; Elijah A. Bissell, coroner; James S. Davis, and Henry Jackson, road supervisors; David Hone, Elijah A. Bissell, N. H. Crosby and John E. Mower, assessors; Philip Aldrich, James W. Furber and William R. Brown, comity commis- sioners. 1844. William Holcombe, clerk of the board, and register of deeds; James S. Norris, treasurer; James S. Davis, constable; Philip Aldrich, col- lector; David Hone and Elijah A. Bissel, assess- ors; Joseph W. Furber, chairman William R. Brown and Philip Aldrich, comity commis- sioners. 1845. The records for this year are not to be found, hence no list of officers can be produced. 1846. William Holcombe, clerk of board and register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer; James Fisher, sheriff; David Hone, collector; Joseph W. Furber, surveyor; Robert Kenedy, coroner; Benjamin F. Otis, David Hone and Wm- H. Nobles, assessors; Orange Walker, Socrates Nelson and H. E. White, county commissioners. 1847. William E. Watson, clerk of board and register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer; John Morgan, sherifE; David Hone, collector; Harvey Wilson, surveyor; Philip Aldrich, coro- ner; James Hale, fence viewer; William O. Ma- honey, Anson Northrup and William B. Dibble, road supervisors; Socrates Nelson, Harman Cran- dall and J. R. Irvin, county commissioners. At a special meeting of the board of commis- sioners the office of prosecuting attorney was created, and Mortimer S, Wilkinson was elected to the office. 1848. No records to be found at Stillwater. OFFICIAL BOSTEE. ass Officers of Washington county, territory of Minnesota, for 1849: John S. Proctor, clerk and register of deeds; Socrates Nelson, treasurer; Jesse Taylor, sheriff; Hai-vey Wilson, surveyor, clerk of district court and judge of probate; William Willim, coroner; Mortimer S. Wilkinson, prose- cuting attorney; William H. Johnson, Mahlon Black and Benjamin P. Otis, road supervisors; Asa Parker, Calvin Leach and Harvey D. White, assessors; John McKusick, Hiram Berkey, and Joseph Haskell, county commissioners. 1850. John S. Proctor, clerk and register of deeds; Augustus S. Parker, treasurer; Jesse Tay- lor, sheriff; Harvey Wilson, surveyor, clerk of district court and judge of probate; William Willim, coroixer; John Truax, Mathew Taisey and Asa S. Parker, road supervisors; James Moorl, John Atkinson and Mahlon Black, assessors; Jo- seph W. Furber, John McKusick and Hiram Berkey, county commissioners. 1851. John S. Proctor, county clerk and reg- ister of deeds; John Morgan, treasurer; William C. Penney, sheriff; Aquilla D. Greeley, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; Jonathan E. McKusick, Judge of probate; Theodore Par- ker, prosecuting attorney; Harley Curtis, coroner; Horace K. McKinstry, M. Welshous and James S. Davis, road supervisors; John E. Mower, Jo- seph W. Purber, county commissioners. 1852. John S. Proctor, clerk and register of deeds; William Willim, treasurer; William C. Penney, sheriff; Aquilla D. Greeley, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court and judge of probate; Theodore Parker, prosecuting at- torney; Harley Curtis, coroner; James Jackson, road supervisor; Henry A. Jackson, Jacob Mosher and Harvey Walker, assessors; Socrates Nelson, James S. Norris and John E. Mower^ county commissioners. 1853. . Harley Curtis, clerk, register of deeds and coroner; William WUlim, treasurer; Asa B. Green, sheriff; Mahlon Black, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court and judge of pro- bate; Gold P. Curtis, prosecuting attorney; Ben- jamin P. Otis, Samuel Middleton and George Eenn, road supervisors; A. D. Greeley, W. D. Johnson and Jacob Mosher, assessors; James Shearer, county commissioner. 1854. Harley Curtis, clerk, register of deeds and coroner; W. H. Mower, treasurer; Asa B. Green, sheriff; Mahlon Black, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; William Lowell, B. P. Otis and Samuel Middleton road super- visors; Mahlon Black, James B. Green and William H. Johnson, assessors; John E. Mower, county commissioner. 1855. John J. Robertson, clerk and register ; Mahlon Black, treasurer ; W. J. Johnson, sheriff ; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; Gold P. Curtis, judge of probate : J. A. Van Vorhes, prosecuting attorney; Harley Curtis, coroner; W. H. Johnson, M. Y. Jackson, J. C. Mason, asses- sors ; Socrates Nelson, John E. Mower, county commissioners. J856. John J. Eobertson, clerk and register of deeds; H. Kattenburg, treasurer; W. J. John- son, sheriff ; Mahlon Black, surveyor ; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; A. B. Green, judge of probate ; J. A. Van Vorhes, prosecuting at- torney; Harley Curtis, coroner ; J. S. Davis, P. C. and Joseph Tyler, supervisors ; M. Y. Jack- son, M. Leavitt and J. J. Eobertson, assessors ; Francis Oldham, Socrates Nelson, and John E. Mower, county commissioners. The files of the Gazette, from -which these records are taken, contain no report for 1857 and that for 1858 is quite incomplete. 1858. Hollis E. Murdock, judge of probate ; Jacob Marty and D. T. Watson, road supervisors; Wilham Allibone, M. Y. Jackson, and P. E. Walker, assessors ; Louis Hospes and Francis Oldham, county commissioners. From this date officers act under sta' e au- thority. 1859. Eudolph Lehmicke, auditor; P. A. Has- kell, treasurer; Thomas J. Ycrks, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attorney; M. T. Tliomas, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of dis- trict court; Hollis P. Murdock, judge of probate; William Cove, coroner; J. W. Furber, M. Y. Jackson, Asa S. Parker, Louis Hospes and John McKusick, county commissioners. 1860. Eudolph Lehmicke, auditor; F. A. Has- kell, treasurer; G. M. Stickney, sheriff ; Thomas J. Yorks, register of deeds ; L. E. Cornman, at- torney; Mahlon Black, surveyor ; Harvy Wilson, clerk of the district court ; Hollis E. Murdock, judge of probate ; W. H. Burt, court commis- sioner; Edward Fields, coroner; Orange Walker, 324 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. H. A. Jackman, Jolin McKusick M. Y. Jackson and J. M. Purber, county commissioners. 1861. Rudolpli Lehmicke, auditor; A. H. Lull, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; Thiomas J. Yorks, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attorney; A. Van Vorties, surveyor; Harvey Wil- son, clerk of district court ; H. R. Murdock, judge of probate; Robert Watson, court commissioner ; Edward Field, coroner; Orange Walker, D. W. Armstrong, Robert Watson, John II. Mitchell and Henry X. Jackman, county commissioners. 1862. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor ; A. C. Lull, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; Thomas J. Yorks, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil- son, clerk of district court; Hollis R. Murdock, judge of probate; Robert Watson, court commis- sioner; R. R. Henry, coroner; Orange Walker, Henry A. Jackman, D. W. Armstrong, Joseph Haskell and J. H. Mitchell, county commis- sioners. 1863. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; A. C. Lull, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff ; J. H. Sawyer, register of deeds ; L. R. Cornman, county attor- ney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court com- missioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district, court; H. R. Murdock, judge of probate; P. E. Walker, coroner; Orange Walker, H. A. Jackman, Joseph Schupp, L. A. Hunton and Joseph Haskell, coun- ty commissioners. 1864. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; A. C. Lull, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; J. H. Sawyer, register of deeds; L. R. Cornman, county attor- ney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court com- missioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; P. E. Walker, coroner; Beckman Winart, Wil- liam Willim, Arthur Stephens, H. A. Jackman and Orange Walker, county commissioners. 1865. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Eol- som, treasurer; G. M. Seymour, sheriff; J. 11. Sawyer, register of deeds; J. N. Castle, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor and court commissioner; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; H. R. Murdock, judge of probate; Ariel Eldridge, coroner; Orange Walker, Arthur Ste- phens, Beckman Winart, II. A. Jackman, Wil- liam Willim, county commissioners. 1866. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol- som, treasurer; G. M. Seymour, sheriff; M. Y. Jackson, register of deeds; J. N. Castle, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil- son, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner; Ariel Eldridge, coroner; Orange Walker, Arthur Stephens, Beckman Winart, William Willim and John Parker, county commissioners. 1867. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol- som, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; M. Y.Jack- son, register of deeds; William M. McClure, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts; judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner; Patrick Keefe, coroner; William Willm, Orange Walker, Ambrose Secrest, George Woodward and E. A. Rutherford, county com- missioners; James Df McComb, surveyor general of logs and lumber. 1868. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol- som, treasurer; George Davis, sheriff; M. Y. Jackson, register of deeds; William McClure, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Har- vey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commis- sioner; Patrick Keefe, coroner; William WiUim, Ambrose Secrest, E. A. Rutherford, George Woodward and Asa S. Parker, county commis- sioners; June 1st, 1869, Elias McKean, commis- sioner, vice Rutherford resigned; September 4th, John Anderson, vice McKean decUned. 1869. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol- som, treasurer; Joseph R. Carli, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Isaac Van Vleck, coun- ty attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner; Harlow Mclntire, coroner; William McKusick, George Woodward, Asa S. Parker, Stephen L. Cowen, Isaac L. Carpenter, county commission- ers; James D. McComb, surveyor general of logs and lumber. 1870. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; E. A. Fol- som, treasurer; Joseph R. Carli, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Isaac Van Vleck, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro- bate; L. R. Cornman, court commissioner; Rob- ert Langley, coroner; William McKusick, James S. Norris, James Middleton, Stephen Cowen and Asa S. Parker, county commissioners. 1871. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron OFFICIAL BOSTEB. 325 Shepard, treasurer; J. R. Carli, sheriff, A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attorney; A. Van Vorhes, surveyor; Harvey Wil- son, clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro- bate; L. E. Comman, court commissioner; Rob- ert Langley, coroner; William McKusick, Jesse H. Soule, Stephen L. Co wen, James Middleton and J. 8. Norris, county commissioners; February 29th, 1872, Isaac Van Vleck, appointed coroner; Ivory E. McKxisick, surveyor general of logs and lumber of the 1st lumber district of Minnesota. 1872. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron Shep- ard, treasurer; J. R. Carli, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor ney; A. Van Voorhes, surveyor: Harvey Wilson, clerk of court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L. R. Comman, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes, coroner; J. H. Soule, James Middleton, J. S. Norris, Henry Westing and S. L. Cowen, county commissioners. May 27th, 1873, Dr. J. C. Rhodes, commissioner, vice Henry Westing resigned. 1873. Rudolph Lehmicke, auditor; Myron Shep- ard, treasurer, J. A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Percy B. Smith, county attorney; Alexander Oldham, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; L. R. Comman, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes, coroner; Jesse H. Soule, S. L. Cowen, J. C. Rhodes, James Middleton and F. S. Meilicke, county commissioners. 1874. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard, treasurer; Harvey Wilson, clerk of court; J. A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds;. Percy B. Smith, county attorney; Alexander Old- ham, surveyor; E. G. Butts, judge of probate; A. H. Comfort, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes, coroner; S. L. Cowen, James Middleton, F. S. Meilicke, J. C. Rhodes and J. H. Soule, county commissioners. 1875. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard, treasurer; John A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor- ney; James Stewart, surveyor; Harvey Wilson, clerk of district court; E. G. Butts, judge of pro- bate; Charles E. Norgord, court commissioner; J. C. Rhodes, coroner; J. H. Soule, F. S. Meilicke, James Middleton, Samuel Mathews and David Cover, county commissioners; January 4th, 1876, L. A. Huntoon, commissioner, vice James Mid- dleton; Z. W. Chase, surveyor-general of logs and lumber. 1876. George Davis, auditor; Myron Shepard, treasurer; John A. Johnson, sheriff; A. M. Dodd, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attorney; James Stewart, surveyor; J. J. Shotwell, clerk of court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of probate; Charles E. Norgord, court commissioner; W. II. Pratt, coroner;David Cover, Samuel Mathews, J. H. Soule, Andrew Peterson, F. S. Meilicke, county commissioners. 1877. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas- urer; J. A, Johnson, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke, register of deeds; L. E. Thompson, county at- torney; James Stewart, surveyor; C. A. Bennett, clerk of the court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of probate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A. D. Roe, superintendent of public schools; W. H. Pratt, coroner; David Cover, Samuel Math- ews, F. S. Meilicke, Hugh Campbell and Andrew Peterson, county commissioners. 1878. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas- urer; J. A. Johnson, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke, register of deeds; L. E. Thompson, county at- torney; James Stewart, surveyor; C. A. Bennett, clerk of court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of pro- bate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A. D. Roe, superintendent of public schools; W. H. Pratt, coroner; David Cover, Samuel Mathews, Hugh Campbell, F. 8. Meilicke, Patrick Day, county commissioners. 1879. George Davis, auditor; A. K. Doe, treas- urer; C. P. Holcombe, sheriff; W. R. Lehmicke, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attor- ney; C. A. Bennett, clerk of district court; Ru- dolph Lehmicke, judge of probate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A. D. Roe, superin- tendent of schools; W. H. Pratt, coroner; Daniel Cover, Hugh Campbell, Samuel Mathews, C. A. Parker, Frederick Dornfleld, county commission- ers; Z. W. Chase, surveyor general of logs and lumber, first district. 1880. James G. Foley, auditor ; A. K. Doe, treasurer; C. P. Holcombe, sheriff; W. R. Lehm- icke, register of deeds; Fayette Marsh, county attorney; C. A. Bennett, clerk of the district court; Rudolph Lehmicke, judge of probate; Thomas Leckey, court commissioner; A. K. Dos, superintendent of schools; W. H. Pratt, coronsr; Hugh Campbell, Samuel Matthews, E. A. Fol- 326 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. som, Frederick Domfield, James Shearer, county commissioners-, Z. W. Chase, surveyor general of logs and lumber. CHAPTER LI. ELECTION PRECINCTS FIRST COURT LAND SALE ROADS DIVISION INTO TOWNS BUILDING OF COURT . HOUSE' EARLY INCI- DENTS — SCHOOLS — MISSIONS. In a''cordanee with the act creating St. Croix county in 1840, an election was held. At the first meeting of the board, October 5th, 1840, Joseph R. Brown was chosen clerk. Among the many acts of the board, was the granting of $30 each to Joseph R. Brown and William Dibble, for carrying the election returns to Prairie du Chien. They also deeded to Joseph R. Brown the tract of land described in his claim, in con- sideration of $800 paid into the county treasury; and also purchased from Mr. Brown one-half acre, for a site for county buildings, to be selected by the county commissioners in the central part of the town, when it shall have been laid out. The board also made a contract with Joseph R. Brown, to provide the necessary buildings for a court house, jail and county offices. The board also granted a license to Philander Prescottto establish a ferry across the St. Croix river, at or near its mouth. The ferry was established, and led to the beginning of the present town of Pres- cott, Wisconsin. Mr. Prescott was the first assessor of St. Croix county, but resigned before the expiration of his term. The county commissioners of St. Croix, located the following election precincts, July 5th, 1841, and appointed proper judges of election: No. 1, on Grey Cloud Island, at the house of Ilazen Mooers; Joseph Haskell and David Hone, judges. No. 2, at the mouth of St. Croix river, at the house of Philander Prescott; Oscar Bur- ress and Mr. Brush, judges. No. 3, at Marine Mills, at the house of Samuel Burkleo; Asa Par- ker and T. Harrington, judges. No. 4, at the Falls of St. Croix, at the house of Joshua L. Tay- lor; W. Furber and Jesse Taylor, judges. No. 5, at Pokeguma Lake, at the house of Jeremiah Russell; E. Myers and M. Ely, judges. The county was divided into the following as- sessor's districts: First district, south of a line running from the lower part of Rush river, to the mouth of the Kinnickinnic, on St. Croix lake; thence on a direct line to the mouth of Pine river on Rum river; thence due west to the western line of the county. Second district, north of the above line, and south of a line drawn from the head of Rush river, to the mouth of Apple river; thence due north to the county line. The third district comprised all of the county north of the above described line. The Wisconsin legislature passed an act, Janu- ary, 1846, making Stillwater and St. Paul election precincts; and also designated Stillwater as the county seat of St. Croix county, which continued till the establishing of Washington county by the first Minnesota territorial legislature in 1849. In 1846, the election precincts were: St. Croix Falls, Marine Mills, Stillwater, St. Paul and Lake. In 1848, the election precincts were: St. Croix Falls, Marine Mills, Stillwater, Snake River, Rush Lake, Rice River, St. Paul, and St. Anthony. During this year the assessor's districts were changed, and thus described: First district in- cluded all of the county lying south of the town- ship line between townships twenty-eight and twenty-nine. The second district included all north of the above line, and south of the correc- tion line between townships thirty and thirty-one. The third district included all the county north of the above named correction line. These as- sessors districts were also constituted road dis- tricts in the spring of 1850. FIRST COURT. The first term of district court, in the county of St. Croix, was held at Stillwater, in June, 1847, Judge Charles Dunn presiding; Joseph R. Brown, clerk; Franklin Dunn, William Brace and Wiram Knowlton, attorneys. This court is said to have been held in the upper story of John McKusick's store, on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. A Chippewa Indian by name, Notinorodin, (the wind,) was tried for the murder of Jack Drake. Drake kept SALES OF LAND. 327 a trading post and sold liquor to the Indians which, on this occasion led to an altercation and the shooting of Mr. Drake. After hearing the evidence, finding that the Indian had been pro- voked, the judge concluded it was expedient to acquij him. At a meeting held this fall for representative of the district composed of Crawford, St. Croix, Chippewa and La Pointe counties to the legisla- ture of Wisconsin, Henry Jackson was chosen. During these passing years, improvements had been made, as the number of inhabitants were con- stantly on the increase. Wisconsin was admitted as a state with St. Croix Lake and river as its west- ern boundary, leaving the territory west of that river without a government. Prior to this date, St. Croix county had been attached to Crawford county for judicial purposes, but during this year was detached and constituted the first district, with Stillwater as the county seat. In August, 1849, the first term of court in the judicial district was held by Aaron Goodrich, of the United States court. Harvey Wilson, of Stillwater, was appointed clerk of the court. Parallel with some of the latter events, the government surveys of land in the St. Croix Val- ley, and in the vicinity of St. Paul and St. An- thony had been prosecuted, and on the 14th of August, 1848, the first sale of land in the valley was made in the land office at St. Croix Falls, by virtue of a proclamation of President Polk. At this sale, twenty-seven whole and fractional townships or 436,737 acres were offered for sale, part of which was in Wisconsin; only 3,326 acres were sold, at $1.25 per acre. A gentleman present on that memorable occa- sion, gives the following account. "The land office for the Chippewa land district was opene.d by General Samuel Leech, receiver, and Colonel C. S. Whitney, register at the Palls of St. Croix, early in August, 1847. The first sale in the dis- trict commenced on, or about the 15th of August, 1848, and continued for two weeks. At this sale the first lands were sold, that are now comprised within the present limits of Minnesota, including the town sites of Stillwater, St. Paul and St. Anthony. At this period, there were few set- tlers within what is now the state of Minnesota, and they were principally located within and around the above named places. For the better accommodation of the people, the convenience for travel and entertainment being very poor, those having charge of the land office gave timely notice of the exact day upon which certain town- ships, would be offered for sale; so that at no time were there more than forty or fifty persons pres- ent. No speculators were in attendance at this sale, which accounts for the fact that but one case of opposition in bidding occured during the whole sale, and that took place between two set- tlers, who resided somewhere in the neighborhood of what now is Cottage Grove, in Washington county. It seems that after having secured their respective claims, they could not agree upon which should have a certain eighty acre tract of timber land lying adjacent to each. The success- ful bidder paid about ten cents above the min- nimum price per acre." Hon. Henry H. Sibley gives the following note: "At the land sales of the Falls of the St. Croix, in 1848, when the site of the present city of St. Paul and the tracts adjacent thereto on the east side of the Mississippi were exposed to public sale, I was selected by the actual settlers to bid off portions of the land for them, and when the hour for business had arrived, my seat was in- variably surrounded by a number of men with huge bludgeons. What was meant by the pro- ceeding, I could of course only surmise, but I would not have envied the fate of the individual who would have ventured to bid against me." The removal of the land office to Stillwater, from the Falls of St. Croix, was effected after much delay and difficulty, as a remonstrance had been made by the members of the Wisconsin legisla- ture. The people held a meeting and authorized one of their number to write to Senator Isaac P. Walker, to use his influence against its removal from the state. The difficulty was surmounted by establishing an additional land district in Wis- consin, at Willow River; hence on the 1st of July, 1849, the land office was removed to Still- water, with A. Van Vorhes, register. It was subsequently removed to Cambridge, thence to Sunrise and then to Taylor's Falls, where it re- mains, with Colonel Owens as receiver. About this time, through the influence of Hon. H. H. Sibley, a mail was granted to the people of the county and valley, by the kindness of the post- master general. 328 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. For some years the only roads were those af- forded by nature; but as men began to look out from a few saw-mill centers and pine forests, lying above on the head waters of the St. Croix river, to the hidden wealth of the soil, and began to cultivate the prairies and find use for the tim- ber sections, roads were demanded and finally constructed. The road from Stillwater to St. Paul doubtless was established by the people from these places-passing back and forth, on as direct a route as possible, till in time it became an es- tablished road recognized by state authority. This road changed from time to time, taking a course both feasible and advantageous to the traveler. It appears that John Morgan built a house, known as the half-way house on this road, in the fall of 1849, showing that it was a traveled road before the building of any authorized roads on record. The following was taken from the book of re- cords found in the auditor's office, and is inserted as found: "J. W. Turber was appointed by the commis- sioners. June 7th, 1841, as commissioner to lay out and establish a territorial road from Marine Mills to Gray Cloud Island." "We have no evidence that this road was estab- lished. The earliest record we have of any regu- larly authorized public highway was by authority of the first territorial legislature of Minnesota. During the first session a number of territorial roads were directed to be constructed, the chief one crossing Washington county. By act of the legislature B. W. Brunson, Al- bert Harris and Mahlon Black were appointed to meet on the 31st of October, 1849, and lay out a road, from Stillwater in a westerly direction to White Bear lake ; thence to some point at or near the mouth of Rum river. This was the first road authorized by the legislature, and doubtless the first laid out in the territory according to law. By an act of the second legislature, John Morgan, C. 8. Dorr and Joseph W. Marshall, were ap- pointed to meet February 3d, 1851, and lay out a road from the village of St. Anthony Falls by the nearest and most feasible route by John Mor- gan's tavern, on the road leading from Stillwater to St. Paul, to the lower ferry on the west side of Lake St. Croix, opposite the village of Willow Eiver, Wisconsin. By authority of the legislature, Joshua L. Tay- lor, John Rollins, James Meredith, Charles R. Conway and Joseph L. Benne were appointed to meet March the 1st, 1853, and lay out a road from St. Anthony Falls, by way of Chisago lake, to Taylor's Falls. By special act of March 5th, 1853, Messrs. Charles R. Conway, John A. Ford and William Altenburgh were made commission- ers to alter or change a road running from Point Douglas to St. Paul, to a more practicable route than the one then traveled. By special act of the sixth territorial legis- latiure, Mahlon Black, Isaac Staples and James H. Spencer were appointed commisioners to meet in March, 1856, and lay out a road from Stillwater, by way of Comfort's settlement, to a point on Snake river. DIVISION INTO TOWNS. A board of commissioners was appointed by the governor to divide the county into townships, by which the following towns were organized during the month of May, 1858. This date is taken from the book of record of county supervisors, but re- ferring to the history of the townships it appears that a large portion of them were organized Octo- ber 20th, 1858. The names of these townships at the first division were: Vasa, Marine, Stillwater, Greenfield, Baytown, Lakeland, Oakdale, Afton, Red Rock, Delhi, Cottage Grove and Newport. So far as it seemed practicable, the commissioners retained the old historic names. In the original dividing of the county into townships, it appears that township 32, ranges 19, 20 and 21, was known as Vasa; this was changed by an act of the board of county commissioners to Otis, June 7th, 1859, and by an act of the same board the year following, attached to Marine. At the annual meeting of the board of county commissioners held September 4th, 1870, the town of Oneka was was created, comprising congressional township 37, range 21. By an act of the same board, Marcli nth, 1874, in compliance with a petition from the citizens of congressional township 32, range 21, asking to be set off from Marine, a new town was formed called Forest Lake. The following subscription was taken for the purposeof erecting a court house: We,theimder- signed, agree to pay the amount set opposite our several names, to be invested in a court house COUBT HOUSE BUILT. 329 and jail in tbe town of Stillwater, to be built in accordance with a plan submitted by Jacob Fish- er, provided the county of St. Croix will pay the balance of the cost of said building after deduct- ing $1 ,200, which amount we propose to raise by the subscription, and pay to the holder of this paper as may be required for the purpose of the building. "Stillwater, December 18th, 1847. JohnMcKu- sick, 1400; Jacob Fisher, $50; Churchill and Nelson, $200; M. Holcombe, $50; John H. Brews- ter, $50; John Morgan, $20; William Cove, $25; A. Hanes, $25; Jesse Taylor, $25; William Wil- lim, $25; Christopher Carli, $25; Anson North- rup, $100; Nelson and McCarty, $15; M. S. Wil- kinson, $15." The first deed of which we have any record in the county, was given by John McKusick to the village of Stillwater, bearing date December 20th, 1847, by which he deeds to the town a lot for the purpose of a court house and jail. The commissioners convened at the above date, received the deed of Mr. McKusick, located a site for a court house and jail, and let the contract for the erection of a specified building to Jacob Fish- er. This action of the commissioners created some feeling on the part of the people during the winter and early spring. In the spring of 1848, Mr. Fisher began work on the court house ac- cording to the contract made in December previ- ous. After the work had been prosecuted for a short time, the people presented a petition signed by 289 persons, praying the commissioners to set aside the contract of building a court house and jail, until the boundary lines of the territory of Minnesota shall be established, or till the people call up the question, which they will do, as soon as it seems to be feasible. The debate that fol- lowed the presentation of this petition, was ani- mating and exciting; citizens, not members of the board, participating in the discussion. The en- tire session, extending far into the night, was oc- cupied in the debate. At the hour of 10 o'clock, Socrates Nelson, one of the commissioners, with- drew from the contest, but another member of the board, we are not informed which of the two remaining commissioners was so tenacious, con- tinued the contest for two hours, when this reso- lution prevailed: "Resolved, That the progress of building the court house and jail, under contract to Jacob Fisher, be suspended until July next, and a notice served on Jacob Fisher to this effect." It seems that the work was suspended for a time, and then pushed forward to a certain stage of completion; and on the 1st of August, 1849, was accepted in an unfinished condition by the board of commissioners of St. Croix county, but Mr. Fisher did not receive compensation for said building until the first meeting of the board of commissioners of Washington county, as the following preamble and resolution clearly show: "Whereas; The county of St. Croix on the 1st day of August, 1849, did receive from Jacob Fisher the uncompleted building of the court house in Stillwater, and whereas, the erection of said building was authorized by the commission- ers of the county of St. Croix, as per contract on file, and whereas, the said building has cost, and is estimated to be worth the sum of $2,366.66, and, therefore, showing a balance due to Jacob Fisher, on the aforesaid, from the 1st day of Aug- ust, of $116.66, it is hereby resolved, by the board of county commissioners of the county of Wash- ington, that orders on the treasury of Washing- ton county be issued, in said Jacob Fisher's fa- vor for the amount of the above sum, $116.66, to be paid out of the St. Croix county funds, in full payment of building at the time of its reception." This building, located on the corner of Chest- nut and Fourth streets, quaint in its form of structure, having four cells in the basement, one general and two small rooms on the first and only floor, serving for court room, jury box, etc., was finally finished. This was the first court house in the territory, and was the house honored with the first court held after declaration of the terri- torial organization by Governor Ramsey. Judge Goodrich presided at this term of court, second Monday of August, 1849. Early incidents. The first county election held in this country, embracing several counties, was for the organization of St. Croix county, August 3d, 1840. The first meeting of county commis- sioners was October 5th, 1840, at which time the board examined and approved the bond of Joseph R. Brown as treasurer of the county, when Mr. Brown was "sworn to the faithful discharge of the duties of his office, and the support of the 330 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. constitution of the United States." At this same meeting, the board fixed "the price of license for selling liquor to be drank in or out of the house, shall be twenty dollars per annum for those who seU in quantities not less than one quart; and the license of taverns is fixed at five dollars per annum." The same board granted license to Philander Prescott to establish and keep a ferry across the St. Croix river, at or near its confluence with the Mississippi river, leading to Point Douglas. Commissioners' estimate of expenses, made July 4th, 1842: "For viewing and surveying road, $31; payment of county officers and expenses of county, $186; contingent expenses, flOO; school-house at Dakota, |65; re- demption of county orders for 1841 , $100; total expenses, $482." "The treasurer of Wisconsin territory was notified that the property assessed in the county amounted to $68,648.75, on which a tax of five and one-half mills on the dollar has been ordered, amounting to $350.07, from which deduct for collectors' fees five per cent., leaving $332.56; from which there will be due the terri- tory for the ensuing year the sum of $16.62J, leaving for county purposes the sum of $316. 93J. Signed by Joseph R. Brown, clerk; Hazen Mooers [seal], and Samuel Burkleo [seal], county com- missioners." "November 6th, 1843, William Holcombe granted license to Rev. W. S. Boutwell, of Pokeguma, to solemnize marriage." We find on record of same date, the following certificate of marriage from W. T. Boutwell, "uniting in holy wedlock John Kinney and Sally Piajig, in con- formity to the law of the land." The following is copied from the records: "Certificate of mar- riage from Rev. J. S. Hurlburt, and license to marry W. B. Dibble and Eliza McCauslin, re- ceived and on file in this office, January 1st, 1844." The next marriage recorded was that of Benja- min F. Otis and Anna Little Wolf, by Rev. W. T. Boutwell, January 6th, 1844. The following is an abstract of the votes polled in the county of St. Croix on the 6th of April, 1847, for ratifica- tion or rejection of the constitution adopted at the convention held at Madison in the fall of 1846, for the formation of a state government; also for or against equal suffrage of colored per- sons: For the constitution, 65 votes; against the constitution, 612 votes; for equal suffrage of colored persons, 1 vote; against, 126. Another note of interest, dated July 5th, 1847: "Joseph R. Brown, clerk of the district court of the United States, presented a petition for a desk for the use of his office; petition was granted, providing the same sliall not exceed $10 in value." "A road from Stillwater to Marine viewed by J. B. Corey and Cornelius Lyman, and accepted by the coun- ty commissioners October 4th, 1847." "An elec- tion was held March 13th, 1848, for the ratifica- tion or rejection of the constitution adopted by the late territorial convention, for the anticipa- tion of a state government of Wisconsin. Votes cast in favor of ratification, 17; rejection, 269." The first deed made and recorded after the land sale in 1848, in the town of Stillwater, is dated September 5th, 1848, by which John McKusick conveys and transfers a certain lot therein de- scribed, to Andrew Randall, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This is the first deed recorded after the United States survey was made, which was completed for this and several adjacent counties, December 25th, 1847. SCHOOLS. Schools connected with mission stations in- tended for Indians and half-breed children were the first, and, for a long time, the only schools in the county; often attended also by the child- ren of the first settlers. These schools were the vanguard of the educational movement for the north-west, and the "open sesame" to the en- lightenment that followed. These efforts were followed as soon as settlement began, by local schools, supported by the new settlers, who blazed roads with their axes, and promptly built school- houses as they advanced. Mission schools for Washington county grew out of those established at Kaposia, Dakota county; one, in 1837, by Rev. David King, which continued but a short time, and tlie boarding school of Aqios Jones, in lb39, at the same place. The mission school at lied Rock, under the su- pervision of tlie Methodist mission, was opened about 1840, and continued to 1849. Miss J. S. Williamson taught a Dakota and English school at Kaposia during 1846-7. The attendance at these scliools was small, varying from five to twenty-five. The attainment made by the pupils was as varied as the attendance. Some never learned to read, while others made good progress. SCHOOLS AND MISSIONS. 331 Some of the latter number were sent to graded schools and became rivals of the whites. A. daughter of an unassuming gentleman of in- tegrity, and a settler of Minnesota as early as 1819, is here cited as a case in point. He had married a Dakota wife, wholly ignorant of English, who was the mother of the young girl referred to. In consequence of her receptive, mind and diligence in study, the daughter was sent at a proper age to a boarding school of some celebrity, where she completed the prescribed course, and returning to her home on the banks of the Mississippi, became the wife of an intelli- gent settler. This union has Ijeen blessed and the bride, now a mother, is training up her little ones in the fear of God, preparing them to be- come useful and industrious citizens. Though much of the labor of missionaries in the northwest came to naught, because of the lack of appreciation and receptivity on the part of the savages, we cannot doubt that enduring results, worthy of the cost, grew out of these simple mis- sionary schools. In the summer of 1849, Miss Judd, now the wife of A. Eldridge of the city of Stillwater, began a school in the village of Stillwater ; soon after this in the summer of 1848, Miss Hosford, now the wife of H. L. Moss of St. Paul, taught a select school in Stillwater. J. B. Craig opened a school at Point Douglas early in January, 1850, and had about thirty scholars. By referring to the town histories it will be seen that the organization of district schools began in 1850, and continued to increase from year to year, as the influx of popu- lation demanded, till every town was permanent- ly organized. Some of the first districts com- prised a whole township, and were in time divided into two districts, and then subdivided, and so on till we come to the present efficient school system. In 1873 there were fifty-four school districts, fifty-seven teachers. Since that date the number of district schools has not materially increased, and yet the school system is rapidly attaining a state of perfectness. Most of the original and unsightly log cabins and rudely constructed buildings have been sup- planted by neat and well furnished school-rooms, combining beauty, comfort and an attraction for the expanding mind, showing that the " Fathers do know how to give good gifts to their children." The interest taken in schools in the county has proved to be one deep and noble purpose. The small beginning of 1846, one teacher and nine pupils, compared with the report of 1880, shows the growth of thirty-four years; a condition of school interests and privileges no one can have imagined possible in so short a period; number of organized school districts, sixty; number of pupils in the county, 3,509; 1,100 in the city of Stillwa- ter, leaving 2,409 in the county outside of the city of Stillwater; the average wages paid to male teachers $48 per month; to females $42 per month. Value of school property in county $144,700. MISSIONS. Parallel with the development of the north- west, the cause of Christianity was both intro- duced and advanced by earnest men, who love to do good among the destitute. The first effort to establish Christianity in this county was probably made by the Roman Catholic church, and al- though names and dates cannot be given with great accuracy, yet it is a well known fact that almost the entire trade with the Indians for more fifty years was in the hands of French voyageurs. It may be doubted by some, and yet circumstan- tial evidence goes to establish the fact beyond a doubt, that Dr. Williamson began missionary movements at Kaposia sometime during the summer of 1836. The Methodist Episcopal church established a mission at that place in 1837, and sent Rev. Alfred Branson to take charge of the work. Rev. Brunson found a congenial compan- ion and helping hand in the person of Rev. David King, who was engaged in a mission school among the Indians at this same place. After years of labor and toil in the face of almost in- surmountable difficulties, this mission was aban- doned in 1842. The name of this mission was changed to Red Rock. In many places the name Red Rock is used, and stands for the old Kapo- sia mission. The first missionary sent to this country to preach the gospel to white settlers only, was Rev. Mr. Hurlburt of the Methodist Episcopal church. He came in the fall of 1844 and left in 1845. In 1846 Rev. J. W. Putnam, of the same church, was appointed to the St. Croix mission, which in- cluded all the settlements on the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers above Poiut Douglas. After 332 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. continuing two years, he was succeeded in 1848 by Rev. Benjamin Close. In 1849 Rev. James Harrington was stationed at Stillwater, but died in August, 1860, when Rev. L. Nobles took charge. Rev. Nobles had been stationed at Point Douglas, and was succeeded in that field by Rev. J. W. Dow. In the autumn of 1846 the Presbyterian mission work amongthe Chippewa nation became more interesting. About this time Little Crow made application to Dr. Williamson, to come and live at his village of Kaposia, a few miles below St. Paul. Rev. Williamson, M. D., accepted the kind invitation, and soon moved to Kaposia. In the spring of 1847, the missionary force was in- creased by the addition of Revs. Gideon H. Pond and Robert Hopkins. These two missionaries could speak the Dakota language, and under- stood the peculiar customs of the Indians. Rev. G. H. Pond had spsnt, prior to this, thirteen years among the Indians in this territory. In the summer of 1848 the strength of this mission was again increased by the addition of Rev. Joshua Potter, who was transferred from the Choctaw mission. In their account of this work we find a sentiment of this character : '•Although strong in laborers, and occupying so many stations, the progress was slow and the opposition great; the gospel does not seem to take root here as it did at Lac-ctui-Parle. The Dakotas desired to have a missionary reside at their village, because it brought them temporal advantages in various ways, but they sought not as yet the higher blessings which the gospel is designed to bring." These missionary move- ments led to an early move to establish churches in Washington county. Rev. W. T. Boutwell came into the country, under the direction of the Home Missionary society, in 1846, preaching at Stillwater, Marine, Cottage Grove and other points. By ordinary movement, in 1850, Rev. Mr. Whitney was sent to Stillwater. Rev. E. A. Greenleaf was appointed missionary at Still- water by the Protestant Episcopal church in April, 1846. Bishop Kemper stated that in June, 1848, that the Rev. Greenleaf was the only resi- dent minister of their denomination in the county at that date. He had built a house for his family, which also served as a school-room and as a place of worship. In the spring of 1847, he reported that he had preached at the Falls of St. Croix, Cottage Grove, Prairie Farm and Still- water. The destruction of his house by a tornado, almost as soon as it had been finished, so dis- couraged him that he left the place in the fall of 1848. The associate missionary for Minnesota Episco- pals, came to St. Paul, June, 1850. Washington county was a part of the field they controlled. This mission was composed of Revs, James L. Breck, John A. Merrick and Timothy Wilcoxson. They visited Stillwater, in July, 1850, walking from St. Paul. On the fourth of July two of them returned to St. Paul on foot; on the seventh of the same month Breck and Merrick oflBciated in Stillwater in the morning, and in Hudson, Wisconsin, in the afternoon of the same day; and on the 21st of July they held a service at Point Douglas, at the house of an old settler by the name of Jesse Jackson. After this date services were held occasionally at Stillwater, Point Douglas, Cottage Grove, Afton and Areola Mills. St. Paul's parish, of Point Douglas, was organized on Easter Monday, March 24th, 1856. In the year 1863, a parish was set off from St. Paul and Point Douglas, called St. Mary's, of Basswood Grove ; services were held regularly until July, 1868, when a church' was built. The corner stone was laid by Bishop Whipple in June, 1864; but it was not completed and consecrated until the date given above. The church at Point Douglas was begun in 1867, and is still unfinished though comfortable for a house of worship. In February, 1849, Rev. Mr. Brown was appointed by the American Baptist Home Mission society, as missionary, and stationed at Stillwater; he was succeeded by Rev. Mr. Webber, who came to Stillwater in the summer of 1850. The church has failed to establish a permanent organization in Stillwater. An effort is making at this date, (April, 1881), to effect an organization. In the early summer of 1860, hostilities were renewed between the Dakotas and Chippewas. A famous war prophet at Red Wing, dreamed that he ought to collect together a war party. No sooner did he proclaim his convictions, than a number of his tribe expressed their willingness to join his cruel expedition. A small party from Kaposia joined the band, under the leadership of a despicable Indian, who had served a term in COUNTY FAIRS. 333 the guard house at Fort Snelling, the year previ- ous, for scalping his wife. After preparing according to the Indian cus- tom, this band passed up the valley of the St. Croix. They were on the watch to discover any line that might lead them to their desired object. A few miles above Stillwater, the band discovered the marks of a keg and foot-prints on the snow. This led them to conclude that a couple of Chip- pewas had been to some trading place, secured some whiskey, and were returning to their camp. They followed the trail to Apple river, some twenty miles above Stillwater, when they found a small band of Chippewas, all quartered in one lodge. Waiting till the break of day, Wednesday, April 2d, the Sioux made a sudden attack upon their unsuspecting victims, stupefied by their night debauch. The camp numbered fifteen and all were killed and scalped, except a lad of about fifteen years of age, who was made a cap- tive. After mutilating the bodies according to their custom, they started for Stillwater, which place they reached on Thursday. This hand was composed of some sixty warriors. They danced the scalp dance in front of the Minnesota house, around the captive boy, making him beat the drum, in the excitement striking him in the face with the yet scarcely cold scalps of his relatives. A gentleman who witnessed the scene says it was terrible to look upon. The dancers stretched the scalps over hoops made from thin sticks, use- ing them as banners while they danced, thus man- ifesting the cruelty of their nature. An observer remarked, no man of huraane feeling could look upon the scene without the conviction of an en- tire want of compassion on the part of the In- dians. Some of the older citizens of Stillwater, doubtless, will remember this, and almost wish they could blot it from memory, yet it must be told as one of the outbursts of an uncultured and savage life. After the savage orgies ended the captive boy was ca ried away to Kaposia and adopted by the chief of the band. Measures were, however, promptly taken by Governor Ramsey for his re- lease. Soon after, a conference was held at the Governor's mansion and the boy delivered up. On being conducted to the kitchen, where food was offered him by a son of the governor, since deceased, he manifested much alarm and wept bitterly, more frightened amid the kind whites than when a captive at Kaposia. He was re- turned in safety to his tribe. The Washington County Agricultural society was organized at Cottage Grove in the winter of 1870 and '71, and incorporated the same year. The first election resulted in the choice of W. Furber, president ; J. S. Norris, vice-president ; T. Elwell, secretary; and James Middleton, treas- urer. Suitable grounds were secured and fitted up, with fence, buildings, sheds, etc. The society held its first fair in the fall d'f 1871, with good re- sults, enabling the association to pay all expenses of fitting up the grounds, and leaving a surplus in the hands of the treasurer. Some years prior to this move an effort was made by Isaac Staples and several other gentlemen, to organize a society of similar character, and make Stillwater the place of its annual meeting, but for want of in- terest on the part of the people of Stillwater, it never came to maturity, and must be registered a failure. These same gentlemen took an interest in this organization at Cottage Grove, and at the next annual meeting, the delegates from Still- water being in the majority, moved that the next fair be held there. After some discus- sion this motion prevailed; the city of Still- water offering the society abonus to hold the next fair in or near their place. The grounds were prepared and appropriate buildings erected on Webster field near the race track. The fair that fall, 1873, proved a success. In the spring of 1873, the driving park associa- tion was organized and secured suitable gounds. An offer was then made by them to the agricul- tural society that the two associations unite in fitting up grounds for joint accommodation. The offer was accepted and the grounds furnished with improvements accordingly, the agricultural society furnishing lumber and the driving park association providing labor. The grounds are known as the Webster grounds and are furnished with all necessary appliances. The terms of agreement gave the driving park association control of the race course with the proceeds of sales of seats in the ampitheatre, and a portion of the entrance fees. The next fair in the fall of 1874, proved a financial success, enabling the treasurer to meet 334 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. all expenses, and leaving a surplus in the treas- ury. In the spring of 1875, there was some dis- agreement between the two associations in regard to the amount charged by the driving park asso- ciation. After some discussion between these bodies, the driving park association decided that they could not rent their grounds to any other association, on account of rules laid down by the National Driving Park Association, by -which this association was governed. This led to a di- vision of interests, and the agricultural associa- tion began to look for a new and convenient lo- cation where they could erect suitable buildings for the next fair. The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls Railway Company made the asso- ciation an offer of the free use of grounds, lo- cated between their tracks and the north end of Lake Elmo, with free transportation of all mate- rial for fitting up the grounds. This proposition was accepted, and the grounds properly fitted up during the summer at great expense, with race course, halls, etc. Some attractive features were added that. same fall, as rowing on the lake, ball and rifle clubs; these, with convenient access to' the new location, conibined to make the fair in the fall of 1875, a grand success, in attendance and display; but the expense of fitting up a race- course, erecting an entirely new set of buildings, fence, and all that pertains to a complete fair ground, was so large, that after deducting the receipts from the outlay, there still remained an indebtedness of 51,400 against the society. This did not discourage the managers, for they looked forward to the next annual fair with fond expec- tation of canceling the indebtness. But these hopes, like the summer rose nipped in early au- tumn, were doomed to sudden destruction. In the month of June, 1877, a cyclone visited this part of the country, destroying the buildings, sheds and fences. It is said the large hall was picked by the current of air, carried up about one hun- dred feet, turned over, and then dashed to the ground with great violence, a perfect wreck. The hotel belonging to tlie railroad company was thrown over and nearly destroyed. The depot building was taken up, twisted in pieces, and scattered for some distance in the path of the cyclone. It is said that portions of the din- ing hall were never found, while pieces were picked up several miles from the fair-ground. So complete was the destruction that the society could realize but |80 for what remained of a once well-furnished fair-ground. Immediately after this mishap the officers of the society effected a union with the driving park association, which during the year had changed officers. The fair was held for the two following years under this arrangement; but from unforeseen causes, proved unsuccessful, when the enterprise was abandoned. The following officers assumed the debt, paying the amount of $200 each: William Fowler, J. H. Grain, E. M. Cox, Newton McKu- sick, J. W. Wheeler, George Kern, James Mid- dleton and W. H. Getchell. The next year no fair was held in the county, and now, in the early part of 1881, an effort is making to reorganize the defunct society. COUNTY POOR FARM. The county poor-house is located on a farm of 207 acres, about five miles north of the city of Stillwater. It is in township 30, range 20, sections 5 and 6; eighty-seven acres being in section 5, and one hundred and twenty acres in section 6. It was purchased by the county, through Harvey Wilson, the clerk of the county court.' Here the poor share the bounty, a benefi- cent hand is pleased to bestow upon the county. The county has erected a comfortable two-story frame building, affording all the necessary com- forts for those who are in any way constrained to make this their home. It has two barns fur- nishing ample convenience for stock and grain. The stump-tail currency. During a few years before Minnesota became a state, the financial condition of the country was anything but pro- pitious. The terrible financial commotion of these years had prostrated all business, destroyed the real value of property, and undermined confi- dence in men and business pursuits, so that the am- bition which had overcome the obstacles of a new country, was well-nigh crushed. The years slowly passed, leaving sad recollections of early hopes in many a once happy home. The harvest of 1858 was good for this county, and yet a large amount or bread-stuff was imported. The year following this depression must, of necessity, be more op- pressive. A sad state of things followed. Many were not able to pay taxes, to say nothing of con- tracted debts and any desire to secure more com- BAILROADS. 335 modious and convenient homes. The price of labor had so depreciated, that when one had been fortunate enough to obtain employment, the com- pensation was not sufficient to secure the necessi- ties for an ordinary family. To still further increase the suffering, already great, the scrip of the county and of the state was at a discount; while that of other states, especially of Illinois and Wisconsin , was almost worthless. Discounts of forty and fifty per cent, were common on all except banks secured by state laws. During 1859 the financial condition of the county grew worse. The circulating medium of the county and state was almost unknown. Many could not avoid failure, even with a farm almost free from incumbrance, or engaged in business in the best possible form. Property had depreci- ated at least one-half, business pursuits so thwarted, that any article of merchandise must be disposed of at great sacrifice. This dark cloud began to break in 1860, by the introduction of a solar influence, affording a bounteous har- vest; but for want of a circulating medium, the heavy lines of gloom still lingered over the coun- ty. Some one has aptly said, "The severest blow the North-west has felt came through the agency of the Illinois and Wisconsin stump-tail currency. For three years it has been our circulating me- dium, driving out almost all other currency. The result is, that nearly all the money in the Northwest is of this character, and not one note out of every hundred is worth a continental. Something must be done soon, and that some- thing will be the refusal of all Illinois and Wis- consin currency. Our granaries are filled with produce, and that produce will soon be demanded in the eastern markets. If all our dealers would combine and refuse to sell our grain except for coin or eastern currency, gold would soon take the place of the miserable stuff with which the country is now flooded." This shows the true condition of the country at this peculiar crisis. In the city of Stillwater, prompt action was taken to free the people from the dilemma, by re- fusing to accept the trash in circulation for money, and substituting something of a home character to take its place. The city authorities and school board combined, and issued school bonds, calling for five and ten dollars each, to the amount of several thousand dollars; these bonds circulated for some time in place of bank bills, and served a good purpose. For a, time these bonds were the only citculating medium in the county, continuing up to the time that greenbacks were issued by the United States. This marks one of the darkest periods- in this county, in financial movements. Many of the good people of to-day can call to mind scenes of suffering, far in excess of any picture portrayed in these pages. RAILEOADS. The county is traversed by four railroad lines, which give it direct communication with the out- side world and transport its productions and im- portations. The era of railroad enterprise began in 1855, by the agitation of a project to construct a road to be called the St. Croix and Lake Su- perior railroad. This enterprise was never car- ried out; the survey of a route ending its exist- ence. The method in early days was to obtain a land grant from the state and then secure sub- scriptions from the population along the proposed route. This plan placed the inhabitants of a x;ounty under obligations to the corporation, which largely counteracted the benefits growing out of the construction of a road. The Lake Superior and Mississippi Eailroad Company obtained a grant of 1,202,712 acres. Charter was granted May, 1857,' to this company, the line to run from St. Paul to Duluth. Work on the original route was commenced in 1864, and the line was opened for traffic, August, 1870. Total cost of the road, 17,700,000. In 1877, it passed into the control of the St. Paul and Du. luth Eailroad Company, who now operate it. The Stillwater and St. Paul railroad, incorpo- rated July 24th, 1867, secured a land grant of 63,858 acres. This hne nms from Stillwater to White Bear, where it joins the Lake Superior and Mississippi railroad. It was opened for traffic in May, 1871. The St. Paul and Duluth Railroad Company was organized in June, 1877, and assumed con- trol of the Lake Superior and Mississippi rail- road, which it had acquired by purchase through the United States circuit court the preceding month. The line connects Stillwater and. White Bear, and runs north through the towns of Oneka and Forest Lake. The Eiver Division of the Chicago, Millwaukee 336 BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and St. Paul railway passes through the towns of Newport, Cottage Grove and Denmark. The line from St. Paul to Hastings was built in 1869, by the Chicago and St. Paul Eailway Company, under charter granted to the Minnesota and Pa- ciiic Eailroad Company in 1857. The present man- agement obtained control of the line in 1872. The bridge across the Mississippi at Hastings was con- structed in 1878, and was the first iron railway bridge in the state. In respect of cost and work- manship, it ranked with the important structures of the North-west. The total length of the river bridge is 706 feet, and consists of an iron draw span 300 feet long, two fixed spans each of 150 feet in length, and a combination span on the north shore 106 feet in length. The cost of the struc- ture was 1200,000. The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Palls railroad received from the state of Minnesota 44,246 acres of land, the proceeds of the sale of which was to be applied to the construction of the above named road. The company was organ- ized under the general laws of the state, and in- corporated September 23rd, 1869. The route of the road defined in the articles of incorporation is between St. Paul and Taylor's Falls by way of Stillwater, passing through or near Marine, with a branch road to Hudson, Wisconsin. Length of main line from St. Paul to Stillwater is seven- teen and fifty-four-hundredths miles. Hudson branch line from Stillwater Junction to Lake St. Croix three and one-fourth miles. South Still- water branch line from Stillwater to South Stillwater, three miles. The first train by this line reached Stillwater from St. Paul, February 9th, 1872. The capital stock, one million dol- lars, may be increased at pleasure. The number of shares of capital stock is ten thousand, of one hundred dollars each, limit of indebtedness, one million five hundred thousand dollars. Total tonnage of this road for the year ending June 30th, 1879, was 32,123 tons. Gross earnings for freight, $38,089.31; passengers, 129,021.78; express, $1,- 012.74; rents, $42,727.56; total, $110,851.39. The tonnage of the Stillwater branch of the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, 59,400 tons. Gross earnings for 1880, was, freight, $26,742.98; passengers, $21,086.96; total, $47,829.94. During the winter of 1880 and 1881, the road passed under the con- trol of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Eailway Company. STATISTICS. Washington county need not be ashamed of her record, whatever may be said of the finan- cial condition of things in 1860. A radical change has taken place, as we learn from the following figures, showing the amount of real and personal property returned by the assessors of the various townships for 1880, giving the value of the lead- ing items. In the township of Afton, there was returned $58,151 of personal property, including 262 horses and 517 cattle; in Baytown, $21,970 of personal property, including 115 horses and 323 cattle; Cottage Grove, $69,850 personal property, includ- ing 337 horses and 626 cattle; Denmark, $42,071 of personal property, including 287 horses and 560 cattle; Grant, $17,502 of personal property, in- cluding 116 horses and 274 cattle; Lakeland, $41,- 409 of personal property, including 171 horses and 415 cattle; Marine, $74,337 of personal prop- erty, including 200 hundred horses and 900 cat- tle; Newport, $21,245 of personal property, in- cluding 74 horses and 230 cattle; Oakdale, $34,- 714 of personal property, including 176 horses and 465 cattle; Oneka, $12,445 of personal prop- erty, including 42 horses and 160 cattle; Stillwa- ter, $32,270 of personal property; including 128 horses and 216 cattle; Woodbury, $49,992 of per- sonal property, including 291 horses and 632 cat- tle; Stillwater, (city) $519,149 of personal prop- erty, including 311 horses and 199 cattle; total value of horses in the county at $69.84 per head, $175,083; cattle at $15.60 per head, $84,539; total valuation of Stillwater, personal, $519,149, of the county outside of Stillwater, $479,891; total, 999,- 040;total amount of personal property exempt from taxation, $144,528, leaving $851,572 of taxable property; and real estate, $2,236,296 in the county, ij 3,087,808. From an estimate made in February, 1876, the following figures are obtained, showing the amount of church property in the county. Baptist, $2,925; Catholic, $62,000; Congregational, $8,- 425; Episcopal, $2,500; Lutheran, $19,150; Meth- odist, $2,000; Presbyterian, $8,500; Universalist, $5,750; total, $111,125. STATISTICS. 337 The following figures were gathered by George B. Wright, real estate dealer of Minneapolis. "Nothing in romance equals the marvels of facts. Notice the wonderful growth in twenty- ty-flve years of the wheat crop in Minnesota." "The report shows the number of farms under cultivation, and the number of bushels produced: In 1850, 157 farms producing 1,400 bushels; in 1860,18,081 farms, producing 2,186,373 bushels ; in 1870, 46,256 farms, producing 17,680,467 bush- els; in 1875, 60,000 farms, producing 31,475,000 bushels. From the report of state commissioner of statistics, for the year 1875, we learn there is an unoccupied wheat area sufficient for 100,000 to 150,000 new wheat farms of an average size, yet remaining to be opened and improved in the state. It is not an ill-founded supposition to say the day is not far distant when every available acre of till- able land in the state will be cultivated. When this shall have been accomplished, there will be produced 100,000,000 bushels per annum, suffi- cient to furnish bread for the world. Such a wheat crop would load one continuous train of cars 1,900 mUes in length. If it were possible the locomotive would have passed New York and Boston and reached a point four hundred miles beyond, before the last car would have left the Minneapolis depot." But startling figures do not obtain alone in farmers and bushels of wheat, nor yet in dollars, in Minnesota, but also in the number of its citi- zens. The population of the state for 1850, was 6,077 ; for 1860, 172,023 ; for 1865, 250,099 ; for 1870, 430,706 ; and for 1880,780,082. For Wash- ington county the population in 1850 was 1,056; for 1860, 6,123: for 1865, 6,780; for 1870, 11,809; for 1875, 9,994; and for 1880, 19,553. The number of Indians in 1860: Lower Sioux. 2,700; Upper Sioux ,4 ,500, Chippewas 7,000; Winnebagoes, 2,800; total number, 17,000. Total population in 1860: Whites, 172,023; Indians, 17,000; total, 189,023. Since the census of 1860, in consequence of the disorderly character of the Sioux they have been wholly removed from the state. The massacre of 1862 ended their career in Minnesota. Washington county is situated on the eastern border of the state, forming a part of the St. Croix valley. It is about thirty-eight miles long, with an average breadth of about eleven miles, con- 22 taining an area of 418 square miles, or 267,520 acres. The southern portion of the county is a rich rolling prairie. It is justly described as having a diversified surface; the central por- tion abounds in small prairies, and oak open- ings; and the northern portion becomes brok- en, and some parts intercepted by deep ra- vines covered with forests. All kinds of timber known along the Mississippi is found here, except beach and sycamore. In an earlier day the In- dians utilized the maple in the production of sugar, while the cottonwood and butternut were con- verted into canoes for their comfort and conven- ience. In modern times the great pineries of the St. Croix Valley, produce the chief branch of trade, and form an important source of wealth for the state. For a full description of the lum- ber industry, see chapter on the St. Croix Valley. The climate of this country has elicited enco- niums from its frequent visitors, although errone- ous impressions have prevailed at a distance in consequence of the low range of temperature dur- ing the winter. The summer days correspond to those of Philadelphia, while the evenings are cool and refreshing. Sweltering nights from which the sleeper awakes exhausted, rather than re- freshed, are unknown. In winter the climate is not subject to sudden and marked changes, and hence winter is no more trying to the constitution than the summer. The quantity of snow that falls from year to year varies much; cloudy days are few; and the night skies are studded with a glittering array of stars; the air is dry and bracing; so that from early morn to late evening, the weak and indisposed often find the healing balm needed to restore them to the desired state of vigor and health. During the coldest weather, the air is remark- ably quiet; and hence the temperature is much more tolerable, and even pleasant, than could be supposed by those who live in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast, or on the level prairies of Illinois, subject to the miasmatic influences of so rich and cereal a district. These statements por- tray the candid conclusion of a majority of the people, and hence do not admit of the slightest doubt, though they may differ radically from the preconceived opinions of many who may talk learnedly of climatology. Minnesota, as a state, stands in the dawning 338 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. day of a propitious future. Tlie unfoldings of a few years predicate her future greatness. Her present status, though great, is but the incipient condition of what doubtless will be a glorious future. She has no classic grounds, no fields of Marathon, and no Valley of Idumea within her borders; nothing pre-historic, save those things to which the red man pointed as the "Golgo- tha" of his fathers. Here, on these shores for many years the smoke of the Indian's wigwam gracefully curled upward amid nature's forest trees. On the banks of these beautiful lakes of limpid water, bordered with heavy bodies of timber and vast woodlands, which have been for centuries. "Alike their birth and burial place. Their cradle and their grave;" we see manufficturing interests of all- kinds, and active, growing towns, educational centers, with numerous subordinate branches, so that the chil- dren of rich and poor may enjoy advantages of education; numerous elegant church edifices with spires glittering in the beams of the morning sun. And now, standing in the aurora, forecasting a brilliant future, we are content with our progress, and, if we have no triumphal arch to which we can point with ancestral pride, no golden medals to recall self-sacrificing heroes and gallant patriots, yet we have much of interest to those who come after us. In the future of Minnesota, doubtless this county will not prove unworthy of the time- honored name it bears, as the previous record shows her to have been worthy of it in the past. CHAPTEE LII. WAR RECORD OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. The date of the organization of the First Regi- ment of Volunteers of Minnesota, April, 1801, will indicate the enthusiasm of the state in re- sponding to the call of the country for defenders. April 12th had heard the first gun at Fort Sum- ter; April 13th had witnessed the surrender of the fort; April 14th, Abraham Lincoln had issued his famous proclamation calling for 75,000 three months men, more than enough, we all felt sure, to wipe out every vestige of rebellion. Minnesota, one of the youngest daughters in the family of states, comes to the front in April, and organizes her first regiment. Indeed, this regiment did not furnish places enough for men, wishing to enlist as privates, to show their patri- otism. The country was electrified by seeing this regiment of stalwart men, moving to the front in June, coming from a state of which many citi- zens had not even heard, whose record was yet to be made. This young state was not only quick to respond to the demand for men , under the en- thusiasm that pervaded the country during the earlier stages of the war, but she held out to the last with her quota, through all the dark days that followed. When it was ascertained that 75,000 men would not accomplish it, successive calls were made — for 300,000, 300,000 500,000, etc., until, at last, a grand total of nearly 3,500,000 had been furnished to do what it was anticipated a handful of men could accomplish in a few weeks. Minnesota followed up these successive de- mands, until the very Indians thought her terri- tory was nearly depleted of fighting men, and assailed her unprotected settlers. War was thus brought to her own doors, in forms more dreadful than at Antietam or Gettysburg. The records will show how well the state behaved under the fiery ordeal of war. It belongs to us only to transcribe to these pages the roll of honor of the county, hoping to assist in immortalizing the names of the patriotic and brave defenders of our flag. Here they are, rank and file. Honor them all. ABBREVIATIONS. Adjt Adjutant Art Artillery Bat Battle or Battalion Col Colonel Capt Captain Corp Corporal com commissioned Comsy Commisary Cav Cavalry captd captured destd deserted disabl disability FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY. 339 dis '. discharged inft infantry M. V. I Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Lieut Lieutenant Maj '. Major mus musician pro . •. promoted regt regiment re-en re-enlisted res resigned sergt sergeant trans transferred vet veteran V. K. C . ; Veteran Keserve Corps wd wounded FIRST KBGIMBNT INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Colonel W. A. Gor- man. Field and Staff Officers— Geo. N. Morgan, Col- onel, com. Sept. 26, 1862, pro. from Co. E, res. May 5, 1863; JohnN. Chase, Adjutant, com. Oct. 22, 1861, pro. Capt. Co. H, Sept. 26, 1862, dis. with Eegt. May 4; 1864. Charles "W. Le Boutillier, Asst. Surgeon, com. April 29, 1861, trans, to Minnesota Skeleton Eegt. Rev. Edward D. Neill, Chaplain, com. April 29, 1861, res. July 13, 1862. John W. Pride, Sergt. Major, com. March 5, 1864, pro. from Co. E. dis. with regt. May 4, 1864. Company B, First Infantry, was raised in "Washington county by Captain C. A. Bromley, and under the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 volunteers for three months' service, were mus- tered in April 29th, 1861, at Port Snelling. The war department refusing to receive them for three months, it become necessary to re-enlist for three years; the company consisted of upwards of one hundred men. They were first ordered to Port Ridgely, to relieve the regulars stationed at that point, and remained there till June, when they returned to Port Snelling on the steamer Northern Belle, exciting universal admiration for their soldierly appearance. Uniting with their regiment at the fort, they left for Washington, June 22d; arriving at the latter place, they re- mained a few days, then went on to Alexandria. Participated in the battle of Bull Run, which took place July 21st, at which they received their baptism of fire, losing several killed and wounded; they soon after returned to Washington. In August, 1861, were ordered to Edwards' Perry, on the upper Potomac, where they re- mained till the following March. They then took part in the "Winchester expedition, under General Banks,but when within sightof "Winchester,turned and marched back to Alexandria. In April, 1862, was ordered to the Peninsula, and camped at Yorktown, where they remained until its evacu- ation by the rebels. May 7th, 1862, then went up York river and took part in the battle of "West Point; thence across the country to Chickahom- ing river, where the noted "Sumner's Grapevine Bridge" was built, chiefly by this company; it proved afterward the salvation of Keyes' corps, at the battle of Seven Pines, May 30th. June 1, took part in the battle of Pair Oaks, and after the battles of Gaine's Mill and Meehan- icsville, fell back and took part in the battles of Peach Orchard and Savage Station, on June 29th. Then crossed White Oak swamp and took part in the battles of Glendale and Nelson's Parm, on June 30th, thenje to Malvern Hill, and July 1st, engaged in that flght. The regiment was then or- dered to Harrison's Landing, where they were allowed a month of comparative quiet, but in August they were again on the march to Chain Bridge, where they remained one day, thence by a forced march for the second battle of Bull Run. Arriving at Centerville, they remained over night, and the next morning moved out on a re connoisance, thence back to Centreville and from there to Patrfax Court House. Here they were ordered to retreat towards Washington, and occupied the unenviable posi- tion of rear guard on the Vienna road during the retreat. Arriving in Washington, they laid in Tannerly Town a few days, when they were or- dered to Frederick City, and thence across the country, and took part in the battle of South Mountain; thence on to Antietam, and were en- gaged in the battle at that place, September 17th, in which the company suffered quite severely. Laid on the field of battle several days after the fight; then moved down to Harper's Ferry where they laid in camp a few weeks. The next move was up the London valley, and encamped at Fal- 340 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. mouth till December 13th, when they were en- gaged in the first battle of Fredericksburg, where they were under artillery fire all day. After the battle they returned to their old quarters at Fal- mouth where they remained all winter. In May, 1863, they crossed the river, and under General Sedgwick assisted in the capture of Fredericks^ burg. May 3d, and held it till Hooker's defeat, when they were compelled to abandon the con- quest and recross the river, encamping directly opposite Fredericksburg. There they remained till June, when they took up the line of march through Virginia, via Stafford Court House, Opequan creek and CentreviUe, crossing the river at Edward's Ferry to Frederick City, thence by a forced march of thirty-flve miles to Union Town and from there to Gettysburg, where on the even- ing of July 2d they were engaged in the battle. Of the one hundred strong and stout-hearted sons of Washington county who bade farewell to home and friends at the head of Lake St. Croix on that April morning over two years be- fore, by reason of sickness, shot and shell only thirty-flve answered to the roll-call on the eve of that battle, and of these, twenty-two of the bravest were laid low during the first fifteen minutes. On the next day the little remnant of this com- pany was engaged in the famous charge of ■ Pickett, of Longstreet's corps, and at the close of the fight but one sergeant, twd corporals and three privates were fit for duty. But those slightly wounded fell in with their comrades in pursuit of the retreating Lee. They were then ordered to New York city to assist in quelling the draft riots, and afterwards took part in Gen. Meade's "Mine River Campaign," and from thence to Washington, and on the way were en- gaged ni the battle of Bristow Station. Re- mained in Washington till February, 1864, when the surviving few, on account of patriotism and courage, were given a banquet and reception and sent to Fort Snelling to be mustered out, which was done May 6th, 1864. Queers— Carlisle A. Bromley, Capt., en. April 29, '61, res. July 15, '61. Mark W. Downie, 1st Lieut, en. April 29, pro. Capt. July 16, '61, Maj. May 6, '63, dis. with regt. May 5, 64. Miner T. Thomas, 2d Lieut, en. April 29, pro. 1st Lieut. Col. of 4th M. I. Oct. 18, '64, and afterward Col. of the 8th. Louis MuUer, 1st sergt. en. April 29, pro. 2d and 1st Lieut. Capt. of Company E.; killed July 2, '63 at Gettysburg. Thomas Sin- clair, sergt. en. May 18, pro. 2d and 1st Lieut., Capt.; dis. >ith regt. May 5, '64. Willliam M. May, sergt. en. April 29, pro. 1st sergt., 2d and 1st Lieut, and dis. with regt. Alonzo A. Capron sergt. en. April 29, absent, sick on dis. of regt. Zebula A. Binns, en. April 29,dis. for disab. Chas. M. Lockwood, Corp., en. April 29,pro. sergt.; dis. for pro. Aug. 28, '62. William 8. Pierson, Corp., en. April 29, died of wounds received at first bat- tle of Bull Run while a prisoner at Richmond. Adolph L. Richard, Corp. en. April 29, dis. for pro. Aug. 21, '61. David Lord, Corp. en. April 29, pro. sergt. and 1st sergt. dis. with regt. Geo. A. Oliver, en. April 26, pro. sergt. and 1st sergt., dis. with regt. Ralph W. Smith. Corp. en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Aug. 14, '62. Henry C. Van Vorhes, Corp. en April 29, dis. for disabl. Aug. 14, '62. Samuel Bloomer, Corp., en. April 29, pro. Color-Sergt. and took the colors at Savage Station, lost a leg at Antietam, dis. for disabl. Dec. 6, '62. Frederick Stimeman, mus., en. April 29; no record. Andrew Connolly, mus., en. May 17, '61 , dis. with regt. Lorenzo D. Allen, wagon- er, of Taylor's Falls, en. May 20; no record. Privates— John Anderson, en. AprU 29, dis. with regt. George Arnold, en. AprU 29, dis. with regt. Frederick Beruds, en. April 29, dis. with regt. R. G. Blanchard, en. AprU 29, pro. Corp.. dis. with regt. Daniel G. Boswell, en. AprU 29, dis, for promotion August 31, 1862. Thomas Brown, en. April 29, dis. for disab. August 4, 1862. Albert Caplazi, en. April 29, dis. with regt. James Cleary, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Oscar L. Cornman, en. April 29, pro. Corp., killed September 17, 1862, at the battle of Antie- tam. Louis Cothoman, en. May 20, absent, sick, on dis. of regt. Frederick Crowe, en. May 20, pro. Corp. sergt., dis. with company. John M. Darms, en. April 29, dis. for disab. February 8, 1863. William Durich, en. April 29, dis. per order October 13, 1861. August Dittmer, en. April 29, dis. per order August 9, 1861. Charles I. Dotts, en. April 29, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John N. Darms, en. April 29, dis. with regt. John D. Densmore," en. May 22, pro. corp. and sergt., carried colors at Gettysburg, and received seven wounds; dis. with regt. Moritz Erhard, en. April 29, wd. at Gettysburg; absent, sick, on FIBST BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 341 dis. of company. Adam Eppenberger, en. April 29, dis. for disab. August, 1862. Peter Everson, en. May 20, wd., absent on dis. of company. Henry C. Frencli, en. April 29, dis. for disab. No- vember 19, 1861. Noah Foreman, en. April 29, dis. for disab. January 8, 1862. Patrick Fallahee, en. April 29, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. John E. Goundry, en. April 29, killed September 17, 1862, at battle of Antietam. John E. Goff, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Gustave A. Granstrand, en. April 29, dis. for disab. Charles H. Gove. en. April 29, died July 30, 1863, of wounds received at Gettysburg. Emil Graff, en. April 29, absent sick on dis. of regt. Henry Goodman, en. May 20, dis. with regt. Jacob Gruseman, en. May 20, dis. for disab. February 9, 1863. Mar- tin J. Henry, en. April 29, dis. with regt. May 5, 1864. Peter Hall, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Edwin E. Herrin, en. April 29. dis. for disabl. Jan. 29, 1863. George Hooker, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Nicholas Hebenstreit. en. April 29, trans, to invalid corps Nov. 18, 1863. Charles Hammond, en. April 29, dis. with regt. James Harvey, en. April 29, dis. for dis- abl. July, 1862. Adolphus C. Hospes, en. May 20, pro. Corp., taken prisoner at Antietam. dis. with regt. Swen Johnson, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. December 14, 1862. David Johnson, en. April 29, «dis. for disabl. Sep- tember 27, 1863. Samuel Johnson, en. April 29, dis for disabl. Nov. 17, 1861. Henry W. Krone, en. April 29, dis. William Kelley, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Thomas Klazi, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Sept. 26, 1862. John Kunzel- man, en. May 20, dis. for disabl. Aug., 1862. Augustus Koenig, en. May 20, killed July 2, 1863, in- the battle of Gettysburg. Jacob Marty, Jr., en. April 29, pro. comsy. sergt., trans, to non. com. staff Aug. 5, 1861. John S. May, en. April 20, dis. in Aug., 1864. George C. McNeil, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. April 30, 1863. Adam Marty, en. April 29, wd. at -Gettysburg, dis. with regt. William A. Morgan, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Freeman L. McKusick, en. May 26, dis. with regt. William J. Myers, en. April 29, trans, to signal corps. Fredolin Marty, en. May 20, absent sick on dis. of regt. Almond C. Mc- Laughlin, en. May 23, dis. for disabl. Fieb. 16, 1863. Harlow Mclntyre, en. May 23, dis. for disabl. Jan. 7, 1863. Samuel B. Nickerson, en. April 29, pro. sergt., killed July 2, 1863, at Gettys- burg. Erie Nystedt, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Charles L. Nelson, en. May 20, dis per order Aug. 2, 1861. Hocken Olson, en. April 29, dis. fordis- abl. Nov. 8, 1861. Joseph Older, en. April 29, died of disease April 23, 1862. Andrew Peter- son, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Nov. 24, 1861. Andrew P. Quist, en. April 29, dis. with regt. Ebenezer B. Eobinson, en. April 29, trans, to in- valid corps for wounds received at Fredericks- burg, Dec. 13, 1862. Charles F. Ricketts, en. May 20, dis. for disabl. Aug. 14, 1862. Charles F. Rowley, en. May 20, died Dec. 8, 1862, at Wash- ington, D. C. John B. Stevens, en. April 29, pro. Corp., dis. in 1864. John P. Schoenbeck, en. April 29, wd. at Gettysburg, absent on dis. of regt. William F. Schroeder, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. January 7, 1863. Henry C. Seaman, en. April 29, deserted 1862. Lafayette W. Snow, en. April 29, r.e-en.; trans, to First Minn. Bat. Frederick Steinacker, en. April 29, dis. per order Jan. 14, 1863. Edward A. Stevens, en. April 29, dis. per order Jan. 3, 1863. John M. Sawtell, en. May 23, trans, to U. S. Light Ar- tillery, July 16, 1862. Charles A. Staples, en. May 23, deserted Dec. 10, 1861, from Camp Stone, Maryland. Ole Thompson, en. April 29, died Aug. 14, 1863, of wounds received at Gettysburg. Charles G. Tanner, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Sept. 26, 1862. Joseph A. Tanner, en. May 23, absent sick on dis. of regt. Oscar Von Kuster, en. April 29, dis. for disabl. Dec. 19, 1861. Charles Valentine, en. May 23, dis. Sept. 8, by wound. Joseph Walsh, en. April 29, re-en.; trans, to First Bat. Edwin Wells, en. April 29, hospital. Provi- dence, Rhode Island. i?ecrm"fs— William F. Bates, killed, July 2, '63, at Gettysburg. Bartholomew Carigel, trans, from Company I. Albert S. Davis, trans, to Non. Com. Staff, October 7, '63. Andrew Johnson, dis. for disabl. April 30, '63. Frank J. Mead, dis. for disabl., December, '62. Albert Pooler, en. Feb- ruary 21, '62, dis. for disabl., February 25, '63. Myron Shepard, en. July 11, '61, pro. Sergt., dis. for pro. COMPANY C, of the First Minn. Vol. Inf. was mustered into the U. S. service ^pril 29, '61; the names of the members of this company from Washington coun- ty appear in the following list. 342 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Privates— Michael Bleaser, en. May 23, '61,dis. for disabl., October 6, '62. Benjamin F. Finical, en. May 22, '61, dis. with regt. Daniel M. Rob- ertson, en. May 22, '61. wd. and left on the field at Bull Eun. Isaac Staats, en. May 22, '61, de- serted while absent sick. RETURN RECEPTION. On the return of Company B, April 25th, 1864, a committee of ladies was appointed to make ar- rangements for a fitting reception. ' It was a cold day, but a large number of citizens responded to the call. The company was met at the city limits by the mayor and common council, and a large concourse of citizens. Upon arrival at the Myrtle street church the company was hailed by three times three by the crowd, composed of al- most every inhabitant of Stillwater and adjacent country. Applause greeted them at almost every step. A triumphal arch was erected across Main street at the foot of Chestnut, and beautifully decorated with flags and evergreens, and bearing the names of twenty-one hard fought battles in which these brave men had won glory for them- selves and the state of their adoption. As the veterans passed through the arch, the shout of the assembled people swelled to its ut- most volume, bearing accents of true loyalty; but the most hearty welcome, that which best com- pensated for the hardships and privations of a soldier's life, was witnessed at the St. Croix house, where the ladies of the city had prepared a sumptuous repast. All arms being disposed of and breaking ranks, the soldiers mingled with their relatives and more immediate acquaintances. The dining room of the hotel was nicely deco- rated with wreaths of evergreen and with the names of battles in which the First and Second regiments had participated. Thirteen girls, taste- fully adorned with stripes and stars, and repre- senting the thirteen original states, acted as waiters. The tables were decorated with two magnificent pyramids prepared by Mrs. Governor Holcombe and Mrs. Captain A. J. Van Vorhes, bearing the mottoes: "The Minnesota First, the Bravest of the Brave." "Welcome Home." "In Memory of the Honored Dead of Company B." SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY, originally commanded by Col. Horatio P. Van Cleve, was organized July, 1861. Ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, in October of the same year, and assigned to the army of the Ohio. They engaged in the following marches, battles, skir- mishes and sieges: Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862; siege of Corinth, April, 1862, after which they were transferred to the army of the Tennessee ; they then engaged in Bragg's raid, Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862 ; skirmishes of the Tullahoma cam- paign, Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863, Mis- sion Eidge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized in Janu- ary, 1864, and were afterwards engaged in the following battles and skirmishes of the Atlanta campaign: Eesaca, June 14, 15 and 16,1864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864 ; Jonesboro ; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Caro- linas ; Bentonville, March 19, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, July 11, 1865. We give below a record of the soldiers from Washington county, who followed the fortunes of this regiment. COMPANY A. Privates — Henry B. Bush, en. March 21, '65 as a substitute for William Chalmers, dis. with regt. John G. Ward, en, March 9, '65, dis. with regt. Noble E. Wilson, en. March 22, '65, dis. with regt. COIJPANY C. Privates — Marquis L. Bickford,en. April 3, '65, dis. with regt. July 11, '65. David Champeaux, en. March 9, '65, dis. with regt. Michael Eagan, en.' April 10, '65, dis. with regt. Edwin E. Her- ring, en. April 3, '65, dis. from hospital July 27, 1865. COMPANY D. Privates — Nels Hockerson, en. March 25, '65, dis. with regt. John N. Johnson, en. March 17, '65, dis. with regt. Videll Matson, en. March 17, '6o, dis. with regt. COMPANY F. Enrolled and mustered in July 8, 1861 . Officers — D. B. Loomis, 1st Lieut., pro. Capt.,res. November 4, '64. George W. Wallace, Sergt., wounded at Chickamauga, prisoner nine months, dis. in June, '64. Paul Caroeizel, Sergt., died of wounds at Chattanooga, October 22, '63. John N. Anderson, Corp., dest. from Louisville, Sep- tember 28, '62. Michael B. Madden, Corp. died THIBD BEGIMENT INFANTRY. 343 at Nashville, April 3, '62. Spencer E. Levicount, Corp., re-en. December 29, '63, pro. 2d and 1st Lieut., dis. with regt. Prwaies— Andrew J. Burk, destd. July 11, '61. Michael Dalton, re-en. December, 23, '63, dis. ■with regt. Stephen Hatter, re.en. December 23, '63, dis. with regt. Teter Johnson, destd. Octo- ber 14, '62. Edward Keefe, dis. for disabl. Janu- ary 22, '63. John W. Parker, re-en. December 23, '63, pro. Sergt. and Corp.; dis. with regt. Henry Walton, destd. from Louisville, in '62. Lawrence Ward, dis. July 7, '64. Recruits — Spaulding Whitmore, en. February 24, '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY G. Private — Frederick Lamb, en. April 3, 1865, dis. with regt. THIRD MINNESOTA INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Col. Henry C. Lester, ■was organized in October, '61. Ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, in March, '62. Captured and paroled at Murfreesboro, July, '62. Ordered to St. Louis, Missouri; thence to Minnesota where they were engaged in the Indian expedition of '62. Participated in the battle of Wood Lake in September, '62. Ordered to Little Rock, Arkan- sas, in November, '63. Veteranized in January, '64. Engaged in the battle of Fitzhugh's Woods on March 30th, '64. Ordered to Pine BlufE, Arkansas, in April, '64; thence to Duvall's Bluff in October, '64, -where they were mustered out September 2d, '65. Returned to Fort Snell- ing and discharged. Here follows a list of the soldiers from Wash- ington county who engaged in the various cam- paigns with this regiment. COMPANY A. Originally commanded by Captain William W. Webster, and mustered in October 28, '61. Private — John C. May, en. June 25, '64; dis. from hospital in '65. COMPANY B. Originally commanded by Chauncey W. Griggs and mustered in for three years' service, Novem- ber 7, '61. Officers — James B. Hoit, 1st Lieut., en. Septem- ber 26, '61. Pro. Capt., Maj. and Lieut. Col.; dis. with regt. Jonathan Churchill, 1st Sergt. en. September 26, '61. Pro. 2d and 1st Lieut.; res. December 81, '64. John Moulton, Sergt., en, September 26, '61; dis. for disab. February 28, '62. Henry A. Durand, Sergt., en. September 26, '61, re-en. February 2, '64, pro. 2d Lieut, and res. December 20, '64. Walter Oliver, Corp., en. Sep- tember 26, '61, dis. November 15, '64. Joseph C. Brown, Corp., en. September 26, '61, dis. with regt. Ross Link, Corp., en. September 26, '61, re-en. in February, '64, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. William Welch, Corp., en. September 26, '61, died at Cottage Grove, Minn., August 18, '63. An- drew Peterson, Corp., en. September 26, '61, pro. Sergt., dis. September 25, '64. Joseph Eigle, Corp., en. September 26. '61, wd. in the bat. of Wood Lake, dis. for disab. March 18, '63. George N. Godfrey, mus., en. September 26, '61, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. i'rwates— Charles A. Boyden, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, pro. corp., dis. with regt. Peter Brunell, en. September 26, re en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. Frank BruneU, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, died at Prairie du Chien, Wis., December 16, '64. Lars E. Brougen, en. September 26, dis. November 15, '64. Lewis Colson, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Colson, en. October 10, re-en. February 2, '64, dis, with regt. Linda Cubberson, en. October 14, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. Milo Church, en. October 11, dis. November 15, '64. Rufus J. Clement, en. September 25, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. Ludwig Else, en. October 12, re-en. Feb- ruary 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Ehrenberg, en. September 26, dis. November 15, '64. Giles A. Fowler, en. September 26, pro. corp., dis. for disab. March 13, '62. Peter Glass, en. October 12, re-en. February 2, '64, transfd. to V. R. C. January 15, '65. Ole Hansen, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, killed at the bat. of Fitz- hugh's Woods, April 1, '64. Anton Imholt, en. September 26, deserted January 10, '63. Nathan Ingham, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. September 2, '65. John Johnson, en. Sep- tember 26, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. September 2, '65. Thomas Leith, en. September 26, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. James Latta, en. September 26, pro. corp., died at Little Rock, Ark., January 6, '64. Fred S. Meilicke, en. Sep- tember 26, pro. Corp., dis. November 18, '64. 344 BISIOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Simon Mayer, en. October 22, re-en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. John Ogwc, en. Septem- ber 26, re-en. February 2, '64, wounded- at Wood Lake, dis. with regt. James Peter- son, en. September 26, dis. November 15, '64. Andrew Patten, en. September 30, deserted March 22, '63. S. D. Reynolds, en. September 26, dis. November 15, '64. Nicholas Remus, en. Septem- ber 26, dis. November 15, '64. A. Z. Scofield, en. September 26, dis. for disab. July 10, '64. J. W. Scofleld, en. September 26, dis. for disab. July 14, '62. William "Shearer, en. September 26, killed at the bat. of Fitzhugh Woods April 1, '64. Franklin Tibbits, en. September 26, dis. Novem- ber 15, '64. J. D. Welch, en. September 26, re- en. February 2, '64, dis. with regt. James K. Ward, en. September 26,je-en. February 2, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with regt. Becruits— John W. Bixwell, en. October 11, '61, trans, from Company G, dis. for disabl. May 9, '63. Francis Clegg, en. January 15, '63, died October 4, '64. Elisha G. Partridge, en. December 28, '63, dis. for disabl. May 10, '65. Palmer Sumner, eu. January 4, '64, dis. for dis- abl. May 22, '65. COMPANY D, originally commanded by Capt. Hans Mattson, and mustered in for three years, November 4, 1861. Oncers— Olof Leliegrew,;'^Sergt.' en. October 17, '61, pro. 2nd Lieut., died at Pine Bluff, Ark. September 25, '64. Prfcafes— Charles Hassler, en. October 17, '61, pro. Corpl. died at Fort Snelling, September 9, '62. Charles L. Peterson, en. October 17, '61, re-en. January 1 , '64, dis with regt. COMPANY E, originally commanded by Capt. Clinton Gurnee, and mustered in for three years, November 7, 1861. Officers — Myron Putnam, musician, en. October 21, '61, dis. for disabl. July 9, 63. Pritiates— Simeon Putnam, en. October 21, '61, dis. for disabl. in September, '62. COMPANY F, originally commanded by Capt. John B. Pres- ton, and mustered in for three years, on Novem- ber 8, '61. Officers — Daniel S. Esterbrooks, Corpl. en. Oc- tober 16, '61, pro. Sergt. re.en. December 30, '63, dis. by order June 27, '65. Prirotes— George Barnum. en. October 16, '61, re-en. December 30, '63, dis. with regt. Peter Booren, en. October 16, '61, re-en. December 20, '63, pro. Corpl. dis. with regt. Henry M. Curtis, en. September 27, '61, dis. for disabl. in July '62, re-en. September 30, '62, dis. September 2, '65. Hans Everson, en. September 27. '61, deserted November 8, '61. Andrew Erickson, en. October 16, 61, re-en. December 20, '63, dis. with regt. John Johnson, en. October 16, '61, dis. for disabl. May 9, '63. Philip Miller en. October 16, '61, dis. November 14, '64. FOURTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Col. John B. San- bom, was organized Dec. 28, '61. Ordered to Benton barracks, Missouri, April 19, '62, and as- signed to the army of the Mississippi, May 4, '62. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April '62; luka, Sept. 19, '62; Corinth, Oct. 3 and 4, '62; siege of Vicksburg, Forty Hills, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, assault of Vicksburg, capture of Vicksburg, July 4, '63. Transferred from 17th to 15th Corps. Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. Veteranized in Jan., '64. Altoona, July, '64; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolihas, Bentonsville, March 20, '65. Mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 19, , '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, Miimesota. COMPANY c. Originally commanded by Capt. Robert S. Don- aldson, and mustered in for three years service, Oct. 7, '61. Private — John Davis, en. Oct. 5, 1861, dis. Oct. 11, '64. COMPANY E. Originally commanded by Capt. Ebenezer Le Gro, and mustered in for three years, Nov. 27, '61. Prii)a(p— Emil A. Berger, en. Oct. 16, '61, dis. Jan. 1, '62, to accept commission of 1st Lieut, in 2d Company Sharpshooters. COMPANY G. Prwaite— George K. Campbell, en. Nov. 20, '61, pro. Corp.; died Sept. 20, '62, of wounds received at luka, Mississippi. FIFTH BEOIMENT INFANTBY. 345 FIFTH EEGIMEKT, INFANTEY. Originally commanded by Col. Eudolph Bor- gesrode. This regiment was organized in May, '62. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing, May 9 , '62. Detachment of three companies remained in Minnesota garrisoning frontier posts. Partici- pated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April and May, '62. Detachment in Minnesota engaged with In- dians at Eedwood, Minnesota, August 18, '62. Siege of Port Ridgely, August 20, 21 and 22, '62, and Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August '62. Regi- ment assigned to 16th Army Corps. Battle of luka, September 18, '62; Corinth, October 3 and 4, '62; Jackson, May 14, '63; siege of Vicksburg; assault of Vicksburg, May 22, '63; Mechanics- burg, June 3, '63; Richmond, June 15, '63; Port DeRussey, La., March 14, '64. Red river expe- dition, March, April and May, '64; Lake Chicot, June 6, '64; Tupelo, June, '64; veteranized in July, '64; Abbeyville, August 23, '64; marched in September, '64, from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo., thence by boat to Jefferson City, thence to Kansas line, thence to St. Louis, Mo.; ordered to Nashville, November, '64. Battles of Nashville, December 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely in April, '65; mustered out at Demopolis, Ala., September 6, '65; discharged at Port Snelling, Minnesota. Be- low will be found the record of the soldiers from Washington county that formed a part of this regiment. COMPAN^Y D. Originally commanded by Capt. John Vander Horck, and mustered in for three years service, March 15, '62. Privates — Nicholas Augelsberg, en. December 26, '61, killed in battle at Nashville, December 16, '64. Gideon C. Guernsey, en. December 16, '61, deserted December 26, '61, at Port Snelling. COMPAKY K, originally commanded by Gold T. Curtis. Officers — Prom Washington county, mustered in for three years, April 30, 1862. Gold T. Cur- tis, Capt,, en. January 7, '62, died July 24, '62. John P. Houston, 1st Lieut., en. January 30, '62, pro. Capt., Maj. and Col., dis. with regt. Wil- liam Organ, 2d Lieut., en. January 30, res. July 15, '63, died the same day. Thomas Morgan, Sergt,, en. January 7, '62, pro, 1st Lieut. March 31, '65. James Mahoney, Sergt., en. February 24, '62, dis. for disabl. March 4, '63. Richard R. Mahoney, Sergt., en. February 19, '62, re-en. Feb- ruary 28, '64, dis. with regt. Louis La Rue, Corp., en. January 24, '62, died September 15, '62, at Corinth, Miss. Henry Base, Corp.. en. January 41, '62, pro. pergt., died December 20, of wounds at Nashville. Thomas Heffermann, Corp.,en. January 24, '62, dis for disabl. November 28, "12. Roger Fenton, Corp., en. February 7, '62, dis. on exp. of term. Henry A. Jones, Corp., en. March 12, '62, pro. Sergt., dis. at exp. of term. William G. Heustis, Corp., en. April 7, '62, dis. on exp. of term. William Matthews, mus., en. January 20, '62, retained in Minnesota by civil authorities May 13, '62; did not again join the company. Robert Getchell, wagoner, en. February 26, '62, taken prisoner at luka. Miss., January 15, '63; dis. per order. Privates — James Black, Sen., en. January 24, '62, destd. May 12, '62, at Port Snelling. James Black, Jr., en. January 17, '62, retained by civil authorities in Minnesota, May 13, '62, never heard from since. William Blackburn, en. January 30, killed May 12, '62, at the battle of Corinth. Al- fred H. Bell, en. March 5, '62, trans, to Company P. March 31, '64. William Carrey, en. January 27, '62, destd. from Port Snelling, May 10, '62. Joseph Cota, en. February 26, '62, dis. for disabl. July July 21, '62. Thomas Clark, en. March 21, '62, deserted from Fort Snelling prior to April 30, '62; supposed to be dead. John B. Denneby, en. January 17, killed May 22, '63, at the battle of Vicksburg. Peter Desputo, en. February 12, '62, died April 18, '63, at Ducksport, La. James Du- ron, en. February 12, '62, pro. Corpl.; dis. on exp. of term. James Durose, en. March 7, '62, no record. James G. Foley, en. January 24, '62, dis. for disabl., date unknown. Adam Fausnaught, en. February 26, '62, died July 27, '63, at Black river bridge. Miss. John Glenn, en. January 17, '62, dis. for disabl. January 14, '63. John Geary, en. January 31, '62, destd. at St. Paul, August 6, '64, returned to company February 2, '65; dis. with regt. Jacob Greader, en. January 31, sent to hospital at Cincinnati, July 29, '62, not heard from. Daniel Harken, en. January 20, '62, pro. Corpl.; re-en. February 29, '64, dis. with regt. 346 HISTOBY OF WASHIJ>/GTON COUNTY. John Keefe, en. January 20, '62, dis. on expira- tion of term. Alexander Kennedy, en. January 24, '62, deserted March 24, at Fort Snelling. Conrad Kinick, enlisted Febuary 7, '62, dis. for disabl. September 4, '63. Jefferson Kinne, en. February 11, '62, re-en. February 29, '64, dis. with regt. Jacob Leatherman, en. January 31, '62, dis. for disabl. February 16, '63. Eustace Le Garde, en. March 14, '62, died, August 3, '63, at Camp Sherman, Mississippi. John Leary, en. March 14, '62, des. May 18, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. Charles Lied'er, en. April 23, '62, dis. for disabl. March 16, '63. John McMahon, en. January 13, '62 di«. fordlsabl. March 4, '63. Perry McLaugh- lin, en. January 17, '62, dis. for disabl. Novem- ber 6, '62, caused by gunshot wound. Dennis Moriarty, en. January 17, '62, drowned in Miss, r. at Memphis, March 13, '63. Jacob Marty, en. January 31, '62, dis. for disabl. December 6, '62. Owen O'Neal, en. January 13, '62, dis. for disabl. October 24, '62. Patrick O'Grady, en. January 17, '62; pro. corpl. dis with regt. Cor- nelius O'Grady, en. January 20, '62, destd. May 18, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. Patrick- O'Leary, en. February 26, '62, desfd. May 18, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. John Otto, en. February 26, 62, re-en. Feb- ruary 29, '64; pro. corpl., dis with regt. Peter Eattelsberger, en. February 5, '62, dis. for disabl. August 7,' '62. Theodore B. Eock, en. April 7, '62, destd. to rebels at Germantown, Tenn., March 9, '63. John Sligher, en, February 5, died July 30, '63, at Camp Sherman, Miss. Michael Sulli- van, en. February 12, '62, dis. for disabl. July 1, '63. John Tobin, en. January 7, '62, dropped from the rolls as a deserter, August, 1862. John Whitmore, en. January 31, '62, dis. on ex. of term, January 31st, '65. Alvin Webster, en. March 5, '62, dis. for disabl. August 1, '62. SIXTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Col. William Crooks; was organized in August, '62. Ordered upon Indian expedition of '62. Detachment of 200 engaged in battle at Birch Coolie, September 2, '62. Regiment participated in the battle of Wood lake, September 22, '62, and was then en- gaged in garrisoning frontier posts from Novem- ber, '62, until May, '63, when they were again ordered upon an Indian expedition. Were en- gaged with the Indians, July 24, 26 and 28, '63. Stationed at frontier posts from September 18, '63, to June 5, '64, when they were ordered to Helena, Ark. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., No- vember, '64; then to New Orleans in January, '65. Assigned to sixteenth army corps. Partic- ipated in the engagements of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely in April, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 19, '65. Following is the record of the soldiers of Washington county who took part in the cam- paigns of this regiment. Richard B. Bull, chaplain, en. October 16, '62, res. in '64. COMPANY A, originally commanded by Capt. Hiram P. Grant, and mustered in for three years service, October 1, '62. Privates— Louis Brunell, en. July 25, '62, died July 24, '64, at White River, Ark. Paul Brunell, en. July 21, '62, dis. with regt. James S. Leyde, en. July 24, '62, dis. with regt. COMPANY c, originally commanded by Capt. Hiram S. Baily, and mustered in for three years service, October, 3, '62. Private — Erwin J. Fish, en. June 13, '62, trans, to Third Minn. Battery June 15, '63. COMPANY G, originally commanded by Capt. Daniel H. Valen- tine, and mustered in for three years service, October 1, '62. Private— Giif&n P. Reynolds, en. August 14, '62, pro. Corpl. and Sergt.; dis. with regt. Recruits — William Buck, en. January 4, '64, dis. for disabl., June 12, '65. Orville Buck, en. December 28, '63, pro. Corpl. dis. with regt. An- drew P. Carlson, en. June 4, '64, dis. with regt. COMPANY' I, originally commanded by Capt. C. A. Bromley, and mustered in for three years service, Octo- ber 4th, '62. Officers— C. A. Bromley, Capt. en. August 20, '62, resigned Feb. 10, '63. Thos. S. Slaughter, 1st Lieut, en. August 20, pro. Capt. February 10, '63, dis. with regt. Robert Hasty, 2nd Lieut, en. August 20, pro. 1st Lieut. February 10, '63, resigned January 15, '65. Edward O'Brien, 1st Sergt. en. August 5, '62, pro. 2nd Lieut. Febru. SEVENTH BEGIMENT INFANTBY. 347 ary 10, '63, 1st Lieut. February 11, '65, dis. for pro. June 12, '65. Theodore E. Parker, Sergt. en. July 18, '62, dis. for disabl. March 31, '63. Samuel O'Brien, Sergt. en. June 16, dis. on ex- of term June 15, '65. Peter A. Lungren, Corpl. en. June 14, dis. per order, May 18, '65. Melvin H. Bromley, Corpl. en. August 18, trans, to Third Minnesota Battery, May 1 , '63. W. Van Val- kenburg, Corpl. en. August 18, trans, to Third Minnesota Battery, May 1, 63. James Y. Avery, Corpl. en. August, 18, pro. Sergt. dis. with regt. Francis E. Daggett, Corpl, en. July 18, pro.' 2nd Lieut, in the Seventy-second United States Col'd. Inf. July 7, '64. Gilman R. McKusick, Corpl. en. August 11, dis. per order, June 26, '65. Privates — Peter H. Anderson, en. June 14, dis. on writ of habeas corpus, March 30, '63, consent of parents forged. John Bennett, en. July 2, dis. for disabl. October 7, '64. Oliver F. Beal, en. August 1, dis. with regt. Frank Benjamin, en. August 10, dis. with regt. Samuel Bennett, en. August 10, died October 11, '64, at Jefferson Barracks. Michael Casey, en. August 15, trans, to Third Minnesota Battery, May 1, '63. Geo. R. Crippen, en. August 16, dis. with regt. John Carlson, en, June 14, died September 3, '64, at Memphis, Tennessee. William Clark, en. Au- gust 15, absent sick on dis. of regt. Stephen F. Douglas, en. August 15, dis. for disabl. April 22, '63. Charles Ferris, en August 14, dis. with regt. Louis January, en. July 2, dis. July 1, '65. Nelson Johnson, en. August 6, dis. for disabl. March 24, '63. . William H. Lord, en. August 11, deserted August 18, '64, at Fort Snelling. An- drew Lawsen, en. August 15, deserted June 3, '63, at Fort Snelling. Thomas McDermott, en. August 15,deserted March 15, '63, at Fort Snell- ing. George A. McDonald, en. June 25, trans, to Inv. corps October 1, '63. Andrew Monson, en. July 30, dis. with regt. Thomas Marshall, en. July 17, dis. for disabl. March 2, '64. William H. Oliver, en. August 1, trans, to Inv. corps, November 20, '63. Wesley Shellenburger, en. August 16, dis. with regt. August 19, '65. Asa Scott, en. August 6, dis. with regt. Martin B. Smith, en. June 14, dis. for disabl. March 31, '63. David O. Thing, en. June 30, pro. Corpl. dis. June 29, '65. Douglas Whitney, en. August 6, died June 19, '65, at Memphis, Tennessee. JJecrwiis— Alfred Parsons, en. March 14, 1864, dis. with regt. SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY, originally commanded by Col. Stephen A. Mil- ler, was organized in August, '62, and ordered upon the Indian expedition of that year. Was engaged in the battle of Wood Lake, Minn., Sep- tember 22, '62; stationed at frontier posts until May, '63, when they were again ordered upon an Indian expedition; engaged with the Indians July 24, 26 and 28, '63; ordered to St. Louis, Mo., Oc- tober 7, '63; thence to Paducah, Ky., in April, '64; thence to Memphis, Tenn., and assigned to Sixteenth army corps, June, '64; participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skir- mishes: Tupelo, July, '64; Tallahatchie, August 7 and 8, '64; march in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo., thence by boat to Jefferson City, thence to Kan- sas line, thence to St. Louis, Mo.; battle of Nash- ville, December 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '65. Dis. at Fort Snelling, August 16, '65. COMPANY C, originally commanded by Capt. William H. Burt; mustered in November 24, '62. Officers from Washington County — Ephraim H. Pray, Sergt., en. August 10, dis. with regt. How- ard F. Oliver, Sergt., trans, to V. R. C. March 26, '65. Peter Anderson, Corp., en. August 15, wd. in bat. of Tupelo; died October 8, '64, at St. Louis. William Carnithan, Corp., en. August 10, pro. Sergt., dis. with regt. Al. Sherquist, Corp., en. August 10, died June 29, '64, at Pa- ducah, Ky. Charles Fay, wagoner, en. August 14, trans, to Third Minn. Bat. May 1, '63. Privates — Swen Anderson, en. August 15, died November 5, '64, at Memphis. Carl Anderson, en. August 10, died July 27, '64, at Memphis^ John Bloom, en. August 15, dis. with regt. John C. Carlson, en. August 22, dis. with regt. N. M. Chase, en. August 10, pro. Corp., dis. May 12, '64, for commission in 68th U. S. Col'd. Inft. John Carlson, en. August 13, dis. with regt. James M. Getchell, en. August 14, dis. per order. Al- exander Givens, en. August 14, dis. with regt. John R. Goff, en. August 17, dis. for disab. March 31, '65. Dennis Huntley, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Gilbert Hayford, en. August 14, 348 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. trans, to V. R. C. April 1, '65. Edward Herrick, en. August 14, died September 16, '63, at Fort Snelling. Ole H. Halmber, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Carl Johnson, en. August 10, dis. with regt. Consider King, en. August 10, dis. for disab. March 25, '63. Iliram Lawton, en. August 15, died October 20, '64, at Marine, Minn. Peter Lanners, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Enos Munger, en. August 14, dis. for commission as Chap, in 62d TJ. S. Col'd Inft. March 13, '64. Nils Nilson, en. August 15, died July 13, '65, at Selma, Ala. Peter Nostrom, en. August 15, dis. with regt. "Wm. H. Forway, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Henrick Ostrand, en. August 15, died October 16, '64, at Memphis. Henry F. Otis, en. August 15, wd. at Tupelo, dis, per order June 6, '64. Simon E. Persons, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Gust. Peterson, en. August 15, dis. for disab. October 28, '64. John Palm, en. August 15, died October 21, '64, at Little Rock, Ark. James C. Rhodes, en. August 11, pro. Asst. Surg, of 1st Minn. Mounted Rangers November 22, '62. Kels Rosengren, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Herbert H. Stone, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Praheis Thomas, en. August 14, dis. with' regt. Stephen E. Tallman, en. August 18, dis. per order May 22, '65. Becruits — Peter Brandt, en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Charles C. Cushing, en. February 26, '64, dis. per order, June 16, 1865. Joseph Dennelly, en. February 15, '64, dis. with regt. John E. Nostrom, en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Nels Rosengren, Jr., en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Nels Robom, en. February 26, '64, dis. for disabl. November 4, '64. John H. St. John, en. February 26, '64, dis. with regt. Asa Tracy, en. February 26, dis. with regt. COMPANY F. Originally commanded by Capt. John Kenedy and mustered in for three years service October 3, '62. Private— II. O. Van Inwagen, en. August 13, '62, dis. with regt. EIGHTH MINNESOTA, INFANTE Y. Originally commanded by Col. Miner T. Thomas, was organized August 1, '62. They were immediately ordered to Fort Ridgely to as- sist in quieting the rebellious Sioux, where they remained till November, when they returned to Fort Snelling in charge of a large number of Sioux captives; were then ordered to Fort Ripley, where they remained all winter and the following spring, '63, returned to Fort Snelling. Ordered to Fort Albercrombie, D. T., where they remained till the following spring, '64, when they were ordered to Fort Ridgely and joined the expedition under Gen. Sully, which went to the Yellowstone and back during the summer of '64; during this ex- pedition were engaged in a number of skirmishes and battles with the Indians, among others, Tah- cha-o-ku-tu, July 28, '64, also Cedars and Over- all's Creek. After their return they were ordered to Clifton, Tenn., where they were attached to Gen. Scofield's 23d Army Corps, and proceeded to Cincinnati, Ohio; Washington, D. C; Wilming- ton and Newbern, N. C. Were engaged in the battles of Kingston, March 8, 9 and 10, '65. Mustered out at Charlotte, N. C, July 11, '65. Then returned to Fort Snelling and were dis- charged. We give the roster of the soldiers of Washing- ton county, who participated in this regiment. COMPANY C, MUSTERED IN OCTOBER 12, 1862, originally commanded by Capt. Edward A. Folsom. Officers — Edwin A. Folsom, Capt. enrolled, Aug. 19, '62, pro. Maj., May 13, '65. Wm. McKusick, 1st Lieut., en. August 19, pro. Capt., May 28, '65, dis. with regt. John G. Cover, 2nd Lieut., en. August 19, pro. 1st Lieut., May 28, "65, dis. with regt. John T. Robertson, 1st Sergt. en. August 13, dis. for pro. January 13, '65. Samuel Win- ship, Sergt,. en. August 13, dis. for disabl., No- vember 1, '64. Charles O. Farrer, Sergt. en. Au- gust 13, dis. with regt. Franklin T. Rice, en. Sergt. August 13, dis. per order May 10, "65. Joseph A. Mitchell, Sergt., en. August 13, dis. with regt. John S. Nay, Corpl, en. August 14, pro.' Sergt. November 1, '64, dis. in hospital May 30, '65. James Mulvey, Corpl., en. August 13, pro. Sergt. March 1, '65, dis. with regt. Foster C. Cutler, Corpl., en. August 14, pro. Quar. M. Sergt. November 1, '64, trans, to Non. Com. Staff. Melvin A. Clay, Corpl., en. August 13, pro. Sergt. May 10, '65, dis, with regt. Charles E. Estabrook, Corpl., en. August 14, dis. by order, June 5, '65. Frank T. Johnson, Corpl., en. Au- gust 14, dis. with regt. Elisha Brown, Corpl. en. August 15, dis. with regt. Oscar von Kuster EIGHTH BEGIMENT INFANTBT. 349 Corpl. en. August 15, dis. withregt. PletcherB. Rowell, musician, en. August 15, pro. princpl. musician, December 1, '63; trans, to Non. Com. Staff. James N. Herald, wagoner, eh. August 15, dis. with regt. Privates — Morris Ahart, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Orange L. Barber, en. August 14, trans, to 3rd Minn. Battery Ayril 16, '63. John Blake, en. August 13, dis. with regt. John Booren, en. August 13, dis. withregt. Joseph A. Boyden, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Benja. min Brown, en. August 20, dis. for disabl, March 9, '63. Charles C. Cavender, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Joseph Caplazi, en. Aug. 16, dis. with regt. David Cormickel, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Henry W. Crosby, en. August 14, dis. per order, May 10, '65. Timothy L. Cates, en. Au- gust 14, dis. per order, May, 10, '65. Benjamin Cayon, en. August 14, dis. with regt. John Christian, en. August 13, dis. with regt, Vincent Cover, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Isaac L. Carpenter, en. August 20, pro. Corpl. May 1, '65, with regt. Hiram W. Dockendorf, en. August 17, dis. with regt. George W. Elliott, en. Au- gust 14, dis. with regt. Francis W. Fiske, en. August 15, dis. with regt. John Fromant, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Azon Forbes, en. Au. gust 13, pro. Corpl. dis. withregt. Amos Forbes, en. August 13, dis. in hospital in '65. Charles Gray, en. August 16, dis. for dis. June 28, '64. Benjamin Gagnon, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Daniel W. Guptill, en. August 14; dis. with regt. Joseph Giossi, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Wjlham Giossi, en, August 15, dis. with regt. John Goodrich, Jr., en. August 15, dis with regt. Joseph Garaud, en. August 16, dis. with regt. "William Gallagher, en. August 18, dis. with regt. Wm. Henry Graj^, en. August 20, dis. with regt. Hfirmon Glade, en, August 22, dis. with regt. George, P. Hinds, en. August 13, dis. with regt. John A. Harris, en. August 17, died January 31, '65, at Columbus, Ohio. John Herring, en. August 13, dis. with regt. "VVm. Hamilton, en. August 14, died of wounds received at Murfreesboro, December 7, '64. Wm. W. Hall, en. August 14, pro. Corp.; dis. with regt. Augustus F. Haus- r.er, en. August 15, dis. for disabl. July 17, '63. Hermon Heiforth, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Peter Johnson, en. August 13, dis, with regt. r atrick Keefe, en. August 14, dis. per order. May 26, '65. Sebastian Kamerer, en. August 13, died May 15, '64, at Abercrombie, D. T. Elam Long, en. August 16, dis. with regt. Matthew Lein, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Samuel Leighton, en. August 14, dis. for disabl. March 19, '63. Daniel Lufkin, en. August 13, dis. in hospital June 30, '65. Peter Lereaux, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Chas. E. Morgan, en. August 13, dis. with regt. John H. Morgan, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Judson W. McKusick, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Peter «Moody, en. August 14, dis. with regt. Charles Mitchell, en. August 14, dis. with regt. John B. Oliver, en. August 13, dis. for disabl. June 15, '65. John J. Porter, en. August 15, dis. for disabl. January 14, '65. John Peterson, en. August 13, dis. with regt. Martin Palli, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Henry Paulson, en. August 16, dis. with regt. Peter Plummer, en. August 16, dis. per order June 5, '65. Andrew J. Russell, en. August 16, dis, with regt. Joseph H. Eamsdell, en. August 17, dis. for. disabl. June 11, '65. E. Monroe Secrest, en. August 13, dis. with regt. George Snell, en. August IS, dis. per order, June 2, '65. Winslow Staples, en. August 20, dis. with regt. John Tate. en. August 22, died February 8, '65, at Washington, D. C. Jacob Tuor, en. August 13, dis. with regt. PhiUp Tromley, en. August 15, trans, to 3d Minn. Bat., AprU 16, '63. Albert H. Thiele, en. August 15, dis. with regt. Isaac Van Vleck, en. August 16, dis. in hospital June 13, '85. Horace Voligny, en. August 15, pro. Corp., dis with regt. George W. West, en. August 13, dis. with regt. William Wilson, en. August 13, died from wounds re- ceived at Murfreesboro, December, '64. James E. Ward, en. August 16, dis. with regt. John D. Ward, en. August 20, dis. with regt. John Zinn, en. August 15, trans, to 3d Minn. Bat., May 1, '63. Isadore Jordan, en. August 14, died May 23, '65, at Greensboro, N. C. Eecruits— John F. Greeley, en. March 26, '64, mustered in March 29, '64, dis. with regt. Wm. H.' Morgan, en. February 18, '64, mustfered in February 19, '64, died May 15, '64. at Fort Abercrombie, D. T. Augustus Parrish, en. March 24, '64, mustered in April 1, dis. withregt. niihTH regiment infantry. Originally commanded by Col. Alexander Wil- kin; was organized August, '62. Stationed at 350 inSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. frontier posts until September, '63, when ordered to St. Louis, Mo. Ordered to Jefferson City, Mo., and distributed among several posts in the inte- rior of the state; ordered to St. Louis, May, '64. Engaged in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes; Guntown expedition, June, '64; assigned to Sixteenth Army corps, June, '64; marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo.; thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kan- sas state line; thence to St. Louis. Battles: ZSTashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, '64; Span- ish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '65. Dis- charged August 24th, '65, atFoit Snelling, Min- nesota. TENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Col. James H. Baker; was organized in August, '62. Stationed at frontier posts until June, '63, when ordered up- on Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, '63. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October, '63; thence to Columbus, Ky., April, '64, and assigned to Sixteenth Army corps. Participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes: battle of Tupelo, July 13, '65; Oxford expedition, August, '64. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo.; thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas state line; thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., De- cember 15 and 16, '64; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, '65. Discharged August 19, '65, at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. EJ.EVBNTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. Originally commanded by Col. James B. Gil- fillan, was organized August, '64, ordered to Nashville, Tenn., and engaged in guarding rail- road between Nashville and Louisville until mus- ter out of regt. June, '65. FIRST BATTALION, INFANTRY. Commanded by Col. Mark W. Downie, origi- nally consisted of two companies, organized from the re-en. vet., stay-over men and recruits, of the 1st Eegt. M. V.I. Ordered to Wasliington, D. C, in May, '64, and joined the army of the Poto- mac, June 10, '64. Participated in the following engagements: Petersburg, Va., June 18, '64; Jerusalem Plank Koads, Va., June 22 and 23, '64; Deep Bottom, Va., July 27, '64; Deep Bottom, Va., August 14, '64; Beams Station, Va., August 26, '64; Hatcher's Eun, Va., October 27, '64 and February 5, '65. Company C joined the Bat. March 27, '65. Took active part in campaign commencing March 28, '65, and resulting in the capture of Petersburg, Va., April 2, '65, and the surrender of Lee's army, April 9, '65. Four new companies joined at Berksville, Va., April '65. Marched from Berksville, Va., to Washington D. C, in May, '65. Two new companies joined at Washington. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., June, '65. Mustered out at Jeffersonville, Ind., July 14, '65. Discharged at Fort Snelling, July 25, '65. The following are the names of the members of this Bat. from Washington county: This Bat. was originally commanded by Mark W. Downie, of Stillwater, in the capacity of Lieut. Col., he was dis. with Bat., July 14, '65. John S. Nay, Corp. en. March 24, '64, Pro. Sergt., dis. with Bat. COMPANY A. PrwaJes— Jacob Fisher, en. January, 4, '64, trans, from Co. A., 1st U. S. Sharpshooters, Jan- uary 30, '65, dis. per order June 26, '65, vet. COMPANY B. Privates— John Swanson, en. March 24, '64, dis. '65, absent sick. Albert Sebus, en. March 4, '62, wounded at Gettysburg, dis. '65. Joseph Walsh, en. March 24, '64, Vet. Vol., dis. with Company. FIRST REGIMENT HEAVY ARTILLERY. Originally commanded by Col. William Colville; organized April, '65, ordered to Chattanooga, Tenn., and stationed at that post until muster out of regt. September, '65. COMPANY B, originally commanded by Capt. William M. Leyde. Privates — Joseph Bonin, en. September 14, '64, pro. Corp., dis. with comp. Alexander Glenn, en. September 17, '64, dis. with comp. WiUiamLink, en. September 19, '64, dis with comp. John Lee- son, en. September 20, '64, dis. in hospital May 29, '65. Donovan McMillan, en. September 7, '64, pro. sergt, dis. with comp. COMPANY c. Henry H. Rose, en. September 10, '64, dis. with comp. SHABP SHOOTEES—GAVALBT. 351 FIRST COMPASTY SHARP SHOOTERS, enrolled March, '62, and originally commanded by Capt. Francis Peteler. SECOND COMPANY SHARP SHOOTERS, enrolled March, '62; originally commanded by Capt. William F. Eussell. This company left St. Paul April 21, '62, reported by order of Maj. Gen. McClellan to the First Regt. U. S. S. S. at Yorkto-wn, Va., May 6, '62. May 22, '62, by special order No. 153, issued by Maj. Gen. Mc-- Cleilan, the comp. was assigned for duty with the First Minn. Vols., and were on duty with that regt. from June 1, '62, and participating in all the engagements and battles of said regt. until its muster out from the U. S. service. All the en. men of the comp., whose terms of service had not then expired, were trans, to Companies A and B of the First Minn. Regt. Inft., in pursu- ance of special order ISo. 102, headquarters Army of the Potomac, dated April 22, '65. Officers — William F. Russell, Capt. resigned February, 20, '63. Emil A. Berger, Capt. re- signed November 23, '63, after being pro. from 1st Lieutenant. John A. W. Jones, 1st Lieut, resigned May 26, '63. Mahlon Black, 1st Sergt. pro. 2nd Lieut, February 20, '63, then 1st Lieut, and Capt. the same year. Louis Fitzsimmons, 1st Lieut., no record. Samuel H. Priest, 2nd Lieut., no record. Privates — John Beecroft, no record. Daniel B. Borden, dis. for disabl. January 12, '63. Oscar F. Cleney, no record. Alfred Dennison, dis. for disabl. December 15, '62. William Fisher, vet- eran, killed in action, '64. Charles E. Hatheway, dis. by general order, October 22, '62. FIRST REGIMENT MOUNTED RANGERS. organized March, 1863, and originally commanded by Col. Samuel McPhaill, stationed at frontier posts until May, '63, when ordered upon Indian expedition; engaged with Indians July 24, 26, and 28, '63. On return of expedition, stationed at frontier posts until mustered out. Mustered out by companies between October 1 and Decem- ber 30, '63. BRACKBTT'S BATTALION CAVALRY. originally commanded by Maj. A. B. Brackett. Original 1st, 2d, and 3d companies of this cavalry organized October and November 1861. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo. December, '61; assigned to a regt. called Curtis' Horse. Ordered to Fort Henry, Tennessee, February '62. Name of regt. changed to Fifth Iowa Cavalry, April, '62, as Companies G, D, and K. Was engaged in the siege of Corinth, April, '62. Ordered to Fort Heiman, Tennessee, August, '62. Veteran- ized February, '64. Ordered to Department of North-west '64. Ordered upon Indian expedition, engaged with Indians July 28, and August, '64. Mustered out by companies May and June, '66. COMPANY c, originally commanded by Capt. A, B.. Brackett, and mustered in for three years, December 20, '61. Officers — Robert W. Peckham, 1st Sergt., en. November 1, '61, pro. 2nd and 1st Lieut, died November 29, '65. Daniel McKean, Corpl., en. November 1, '61, dis. June 21, '62, at Fort Hei- man, Ky. Privates — Robert C. Calvin, en. November 8, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, pro. Sergt., dis. with company. Ivory P. Hatch, en. November 24, '61, dis. December, 19 '64. John R. Hutchinson, en. November 12, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, dis- with company. Samuel T. Maines, en. Novem- ber 4, '61, dis. for disabl. in March, '64. Charles R. Oliver, en. November 1, '61, dis. for disabl. July 1, '63. Julien Senecal, en. Novembr 24, '61, dis. for disabl. April 30, '63. WiUiam M. Wood- ruflf, en. November 20, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, pro. Corpl., dis. with company. Frank J. Woodruff, en. November 20, '61, re-en. December 31, '63, pro. Corpl., dis. with company. Edward Clary, en. March 31, '61, dis. with company. SECOND MINNESOTA CAVALRTT, originally commanded by Col. R. N. McLaren, was organized in December, '53, and January, '64. Ordered upon Indian expedition in May, '64. Was engaged with the Indians July, '64, and also in August following. Stationed at frontier posts until muster out of regiment by companies be- tween November '65 and June, '66. COMPANY A, originally commanded by Capt. John R. Jones, and mustered in for three years, December 5, '63. Beer uits— John H. Akers, en. February 18, '64, dis. February 13, '65. Wm. H. Mattison. en. February 14, '64, dis. February 13, '65. Alexan- 352 HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. der Oldham, en. February 14, '64, dis. February 13, '65. COMPANY D. Originally commanded by Capt. James M- Payne and mustered in for three years December 30, '63. Privates— John Fitzgerald, en. December 28, '63 , dis.with regt. COMPANY F. Originally commanded by Capt. Thomas M. Smith and mustered in for three years December 31, '63. Privates — Antoine Brunell, en. December 16, '63, dis. with Co. Thomas Connolly, en. Decem- ber 15, '63, dis. with Co. John McDonald, en, November 14, '63, dis. for disab. December 26, "64. COMPANY K. Originally commanded by Capt. Henry S. Howe, and mustered in for three years service, January 4, '64. Officers — James H. Russell, Sergt. en. December 14, '63, died January 24, '65. Clark T. Green, Corp. en. December 16, '63, dis. for disab. October 13, '64. Privates — Jonas Albert, en. December 15, '63, dis with Co. Alex BruneU, en. December 26, '63, dis. for disab. June 16, '65. Elias C. Benham, en. December 30, '63, dis. with Co. James C. Clark, en. December 10, '63, dis. with Co. George I. Davis, en. December 29, '63, dis. with Co. Jona- than Huntley, en. Dec. 30, '63, dis. with Co. Ed- ward Hayford, en. December 14, '63, dis. with Co. Henry Hickman, en. December 15, '63, dis. with Co. James T. McLeod, en. December 26. '63, dis. with Co. Edward Rives, en. December 30, '63, dis. per order May 24, '65. John Swen- son, en. December 31, '63, dis. with Co. James H. Stone, en. October 27, '63, dis. with Co. Swen Swenson, en. November 28, '63, dis. with Co. Joseph S. Willis, en. Nov. 3, '63, dis. with Co. COMPANY M. Originally commanded by Capt. John C. Han- ley, and mustered in for three years, January 5, '64. Officers — Ira Hakes, Sergt., en. December 7, '63, dis. with Co. Privates— Estash Belcore, en. December 24, '63, dis. with Co. Emmet M. Hone, en. Decem- ber 28, '63, dis. with Co. Becruits—,lohn H. Hone, en. February 13, '65, dis. with Co. INDEPENDENT BATTALION, CAVALRY, originally commanded by Major, E. A. C. Hatch, was organized July 20. '63. Ordered to Pembina, D. T., in October, '63, thence to Fort Abercrom- bie in May, '64. Stationed at the latter place till mustered out by by companies in April, May iind June, '66. COMPANY A, originally commanded by Capt. A. T. ChambUn, and mustered in for three years, July 25, '63. Privates— KeniY T. Davis, en. July 2, '63, dis. with company. Hugo Tacke, en. July 11, '63, dis. per order, March 29, '66. Christian Wanner, en. June 28, '63, dis. with company. Eecruits — Marcel Gagnon, en. July 22, '63; pro. corpl.; dis. with company. Henry Walton, en. August 5, '63, destd. September 27, '63. Luke Burns, en. August 5, '63, dis. with company. Samuel Leyde, en. September 16, '63; pro. corpl. and sergt., dis. with company. Emanuel Van Kuster, en. August 1, '63; pro. corpl. and sergt., dis. with company. COMPANY c, originally commanded by Capt. Abel Grovenor, and mustered in for three years, September 1 1 , '63. Private — Wm. A. J. Brake, en. September 3, '63, dis. with company. COMPANY D, originally commanded by Capt. Hugh S. Donald- son, and mustered in for three years, November 19, '63. Private — John Henry, en. September 12, '63, dis. with company. COMPANY F, originally commanded by Capt. Edward Oakford, and mustered in for three years, September 1, '64. P ihaU-s-Sohn Connolly, en. July 22, '64, dis. with company. John Smith, en. August 17, '64, dis. with company. Eecruits — Alexander H. Cook, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. Rudolph Cook, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. Gorham F. Davis, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, TOWN OF DENMARK. 353 66. Michael Donahue, en. February 14, '65, dis. February 13, '66. Henry Gallinger, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. Fred W. Getchell, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. James E. Leonard, en. February 13, '65, dis. February 12, '66. FIKST BATTERY, LIGHT AETILEEY, originally commanded by Capt. Emil Munch, was organized in October, '61 ; ordered to St. Louis December 1, '61, thence to Pittsburg Landing in February, '62. Engaged in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Shiloh, April 5 and 6, '62; siege of Corinth, April, '62; Corinth, October 3 and 4, '62; marched from Cor- inth to Oxford, Miss., thence to Memphis, Tenn. Assigned to 17th army corps Npvember, '62. Veteranized in January, '64; ordered to Cairo, 111., thence to Huntsville, Ala., thence to Altoo- na, Ga., thence to Ackworth, Ga.; battle of Ken- esaw Mountain; Atlanta, July 22 and 28; Sher- man's campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas. Dis. at Fort Snelling, June 30, '65. Officers— lioxiis Schiel, Corp., en. October 31, '61, dis. for disab. August 6, '62. Privates — Harvey C. Shepard, en. October 14, '61, dis. for disab. March 23, '63. Albert Scherer, en. Kovember 15, '61, re-en. December 1, '63, dis. with battery. Edward Walker, en. October 16, '61, dis. for disab. November 12, '63. Edward Welch, en. October 16, '61, re-en. December 1, '63, dis. with battery. Wm. P. Woodcock, en. October 16, '61, died January 25, '62, at St. Louis, Mo. SECOND BATTBEY LIGHT AETILEEY, organized December '61, and commanded by Capt. William Hotchkiss, reported at St. Louis, Mo., Apr., '62, for equipment. Battery veteranized March, '64, and discharged September, '65, at Fort Snelling. THIRD BATTERY LIGHT ARTILERY, originally commanded by Capt. John Jones, was organized in February, '63. Ordered upon Indian expedition of '63; participated in engage- ments with the Indians, July 24, 26, and 28, '63; stationed at frontier posts until May, '64, when they were again ordered upon an Indian expedi- tion and took part in an engagement July 28, '64, and also in August. Upon return of expedition 23 was stationed at frontier posts until muster out of battery, February 27, '66. Privates — Erasmus Easton, en. April 20, '63, pro. Serg-t.; dis. with Battery. Samuel B. Elder, en. February 15, '65, dis. per order April 28, '65. Henry E. Monroe, en. March 31, '64, pro. Corpl.; dis. with Battery. DENMARK. CHAPTEE LIII. DESCRIPTIVE — EARLY SETTLEMENT — ORGANI- ZATION AND LIST OF OFFICERS— POINT DOUG- LAS AND ITS BUSINESS — SCHOOLS, CHURCHES —BIOGRAPHICAL. The town of Denmark is located in the extreme southeastern part of the county, its eastern and southern boundaries being formed by the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. To the north is the town of Afton, and on the west, Cottage Grove. The surface is somewhat diversified ; along the rivers rolling, and in the interior more level, with fine prairies. The soil is a sandy loam, well adapted to the production of grain of all kinds. From Point Douglas extending up the river, there is a belt of timber, mainly burr oak, which maintains a width of eighty rods for three or four miles, than gradually widens to more than a mile. There are no lakes of any size in the town. The area of Denmark is over 18,000 acres, the greater part of which is utilized for farming purposes. EARLY SETTLEMENT. Prominent among those who first settled in what is now Denmark, were Oscar Burris and Levi Hurtsill, young men of energy. They lo- cated as early as 1840, on section 9, township 26, range 20, and began making improvements. In May, 1843, David Hone, one of the thirteen men who composed the Marine Mill Company, located a claim on sections four and nine, in the southern 354 HI8T0ET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. part of the town. These three men, subse- quently founded and laid out the village of Point Douglas. The survey was made by Harvey Wil- son, of Stillwater, August 18th, 1849; an addition was made in 1857. The village is situated on the point formed by the junction of the St. Croix with the Mississippi, the principal portion of it lying along the bank of the latter stream. Wil- liam B. Dibble, also of Marine, came in 1845, to Point Douglas, built a house and made other improvements on sections five and eight. This property is now owned and occupied by James Shearer, who came in 1849. At the time he arrived, he located a claim wliich he occupied until 1864, then exchanged farms with Mr. Dib- ble. Simon Shingledecker came in 1847, and still resides in the house he built soon after his arrival. Martin Leavitt landed at Point Douglas the same year, opened a boarding house, and also located a claim. The following year Ephriam H. Whitaker made a claim and entered into partnership with Leavitt. He still resides on a part of the original claim, and has a large family, reared in the home of his adoption. Caleb Truax came in 1849, and made a claim on section eight, the land now owned by John Cohoes. The same year came G. W. Campbell and lived in the house owned by Dibble, who in that year made a trip to California. On his return in 1852, Campbell built the house in which he still resides. He also made a claim, but subsequently transferred it to W. B. Dibble, and has since been engaged in lumbering. Thomas Hetherington arrived in 1849, and made a claim on section 22 where he resided until a few years since, when he went to Dakota and there died. In the fall of the same year, Thomas, son of Mark Wright, who came to this region as early as 1832, arrived and made his claim on section 20, the property now owned by John O'Brien. Mark Wright made his home on section 22, on land purchased from Caleb Truax, Jr. H. A. Carter was among those who came in 1849; after a few years he left for Cali- fornia. John Allibone came to Point Douglas in 1851, and settled on section 15. He died some years since; his widow still occupies the homestead, on which is a small lake known as Allibone's lake. From 1850, settlers came in rapidly and Denmark was soon well populated. ORGANIZATION. The first election of ofiflcers for the town of Denmark, took place October 20th, 1858, which resulted in the election of Jas. Shearejr, chairman: Thomas Wright and David Hone, supervisors; G. W. Campbell, town clerk. Officers for the in- tervening years. 1869 — George W. Campbell, Caleb Truax, Sr. and Mark Wright, Sr., supervi- sors; Frank Keep, clerk. 1860— Caleb Truax, Sr., Thomas Hetherington and Alexander H. Cook, supervisors; John Hone, clerk. 1861 — James Shearer, Mark Wright, Sr., and O. F. Davis, su- pervisors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1862 — David Downing, Charles E. Leonard and Caleb Truax, Sr., supervisors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1863 — Alexander Oldham, Mark Wright and Caleb Truax Sr., supervisors; R. R. Henry, clerk. 1864— Charles E. Leonard, Martin Leavitt and Alexander Cook, supervisors; Wm. Scofleld. clerk. At a special meeting held February 11th, 1864, it was voted to pay a bounty of one hundred and fifty dollars to each soldier credited to the town of Denmark. 1866— Charles E. Leonard, Martin Leavitt and F. W. Trager, supervisors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1866— James Shearer, Martin Leavitt, Alexander Cook, supervisors; G. W. Campbell, clerk. 1867— Charles J. Aldridge, James M. Taylor and David Downing, supervi- sors; George W. Campbell, clerk. 1868 — John M. Van Derveer, William Keen and Alexander H. Cook, supervisors; John Burton, clerk. 1869 — D. B. Gallinger, Thomas Hetherington and Al- exander Cook, supervisors. 1870 — Henry Gal- linger, A. n. Cook and David Hone, supervisors. 1871— D. B. Gallinger; David Downing and David Hone, supervisors. 1872— D. B. Gallinger, Wil- liam Atwater and Phillip Hummell, supervisors. 1873— D. B. Gallinger, Phillip Hummell, John H. Hone, supervisors. 1874— John H. Hone, Phillip Hummell and Peter Swanson. 1875— William Allibone, John Bahe and A. M. Shearer. 1876 — Thomas P. James, Mark Wright and William Hageman. 1877— Thomas James, William Hage- man and Thomas Wright. 1878— Thomas James, William Hageman and William Keen. 1879— Same re-elected. 1880— Henry Gallinger, Wil- liam Hageman and George Vanalstine. George Burton has held the office of clerk since his election in 1868. BUNMABK— POINT DOUGLAS. 355 BUSINESS OF POINT DOUGLASS. Hurtsill and Burris began business in a part- nership arrangement in 1840 ; after continuing for nine years, when the gold fever of 1849 prevailed, Mr. Burris was led to withdraw, and wend his way to the gold regions of California. Hurtsill continued the business alone until the spring of 1856. These men conducted the largest merchan- dise business in the county of Washington for several years, for Point Douglas was at that time and for a number of years the depot where all supplies were purchased for the interior. Paribault and other points received their sup- plies from this place ; and hence many thought the greatness and importance of the place was a positive fixture, and in a few years it would be denominated the place of the Northwest. In the summer of 1856, an incident occurred in the his- tory of Levi Hurtsill; he, in keeping with his usual custom, started east for goods. Before leav- ing home he gave his wife some money and his watch and chain, as a keep-sake. She asked him if he was not coming back. He gave an evasive answer, saying that on his last trip he was very sick at St. Louis; and then the boat might blow up, or something of the kind might happen, etc. Mr. G. W. Campbell accompanied him to Galena. It is thought Mr. Hurtsill had some twenty thous- and dollars, or perhaps three times that amount of money with him. He was in the habit of se- curing all heavy goods at Galena and shipping them without delay. Time passed and no goods came, and no letters were received from the miss- ing man, although a number had been written to him. After some time had passed the family and people became anxious about him, fearing some mishap had befallen him ; and thinking an in- vestigation of the case ought to be made, com- missioned W. B. Dibble to go and seek him. Mr. Dibble had no trouble in tracking him from Gale- na to New York, where he had gotten his checks cashed. Here Mr. Dibble learned that Hurtsill remarked at the time of getting his checks turned into money, that he was going to Boston, but no farther traces could be found of him, and Mr. Dibble was compelled to return and report in an unsatisfactory way. Many conjectures have been offered, by friends and foes, but as he was conducting a large and prosperous business at the time, and was a suecesssul business man, all re- mains in the dark. He had established a whole- sale house a few years prior to this date, at Hud- son. The large stock of goods was sold or rather given away. Mr. L. Lyford, of Prescott, was intrusted with the entire stock. Mr. Lyford and a Mr. Beardsley bought the major part of the stock, and in the fall opened a store in Prescott for themselves. Charles E. Leonard and William Ames began business in the Hurtsill store-room in the spring of 1857, and continued the partnership for two years, when Ames withdrew, and Leonard con- tinued one year alone; then Lyford and Beards- ley assumed the control, and conducted the busi- ness for four years. In 1864 George Dill took possession and guided this hne of trade for three years, after which the business receded into the quiet shade of rest, tUl in 1871 Ira Van Duzee opened a general merchandise store. But alas! misfortune came in the flames and reduced all to ashes in the summer of 1873; but Van Duzee re- built the same season, and continued the business until his death in September, 1879, when Mr. Atwater purchased the store and continued in the business until the present time. The build- is 40x20 feet, and one and one-half stories high. There are four ware-houses in the place. The lower one was built by Levi Hurtsill in 1850. It has a capacity of 25,000 bushels. Samuel Prick assumed control of this iuterest, in 1857. Mr. Dill purchased the building in 1874, and has con- trolled it since that period. The upper ware- house was built by George Dill in 1868. It has a capacity of 30,000 bushels, After managing the business for three years, he sold out to Mr. Dill, who is the present proprietor. -The middle ware-house was built by Lyford and Beardsley, in 1865. The fourth ware-house was built by A. B. More, on section 23, in 1874. Soon after he sold it to Miller and Dill, who are the present proprietors. The buildmg has a capacity of 15,000 bushels. In 1851, a Mr. Woodruff built a mill at Point Douglas. The people of the village gave Mr. Woodruff, as a bonus, forty-nine lots and a strip of land lying along the St. Croix river, which was deeded to him as soon as the mill was finished 356 EISTOIiY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and running. The mill contained a circular saw and a feed mill. After a few months Woodruff sold the mill to parties in Prescott, who moved it away. This led to a law-suit, to determine who were the lawful owners of the lots, and land given by the people in prospect of having a mill in the place. The court gave the title to Woodrulf . The saw-mill at Point Douglas, was built by John Short, in the summer of 1867; and he sold it to Stephen Gardner in 1871; who sold it a very few days after, to John Dudley, of Minneapolis, who is its present proprietor. The building is 120x60 feet. It contains a twenty-seven saw gang, a double circular saw, a four-saw gang- edger, two trimmers, and a slab saw. Its capac- ity is 75,000 feet of lumber, 20,000 shingles, and 14,000 lath per day. The power is obtained by a 120 horse-power "jSTorth Star engine." There are four boilers used in generating the steam. When in full operation, it gives constant employment to fifty men, and affords the central point of much of the business of Point Douglas. Establishing a post-office. It became evident that a post-office was a necessity for the success of the business interests of the village. The proper petition being forwarded to the depart- ment at Washington, and favorably considered, the office was established on the 18th day of July, 1840, this being the oldest post-office in the state outside of the military, domain at Fort Snelling. Levi Hurtsill was appointed first postmaster, and held the office till his mysterious departure in 1856. He was succeeded by Eobert E. Henry, who served until 1857, when James Shearer re- ceived his appointment, and served until 1860; then Charles E. Leonard served for three years, when Robert R. Henry was re-appointed, and continued in office until 1866; when Mrs. Emily Gillis, daughter of David Hone, received her ap- pointment, and held the office one year. It tlien passed into the hands of Charles E. Leonard, who served till 1871, when Ira Van Duzee was appointed, who served a short time, and was siic- seeded by Charles Johnson; but Mr. Van Duzee was re-appointed and served until his deatli in 1879. William Atwater was appointed and is still the postmaster of Point Douglas. The first blacksmith shop was opened by W. McAboy, in 1851; he was succeeded by John Pinney, in 1853, and he by a Mr. Hood, in 1855, and he by John White, in 1857, and he by John Thrall, in 1864. John White returned in 1866, and remained for three years, when Ferdinand Stiffin took possession of the shop and continued for five years; was followed by John Nain- stedt, who remained until 1875. From that date the village was without a blacksmith until the fall of 1879, when William Lange opened a shop at this point. He has a shop 20x16 feet, and a wagon shop 24x18 feet, and is filling an important place in the business transactions of Point Doug- las. Robert Cook built a shop on the north-east cor- ner of section seventeen, and is meeting the de- mands of the farmers in that neighborhood. Dr. Geo. Taylor came from Princeton, Illinois, in the spring of 1862 ; he remained but one year, then returned to his former home in Princeton. The first frame building at Point Douglas, and one of the first in the St. Croix valley, was the Union house, built by David Hone in 1844. It is 40x20 feet, and two stories high, with a wing 20x24, and one story high. Mr. Hone sent to St. Louis for William Willim to do the plastering. This house contains an office, two parlors, a din- ing room, a kitchen and five chambers. Mr. Hone sold this house to David Barker in 1850 ; and Barker sold it to Twitch in 1852; and he to Henry D. White in 1855 ; White sold it to Robert R. Henry, who kept it as a hotel until 1866, after which it ceased to be occupied as a public house. It is now owned by David Down- ing, and is unoccupied on account of age. The Northwestern house. Mr. David Hone built a building 24x30 feet, and one and one-half stories high, and occupied it as store from lf-52 to 1855. After some changes and the lapse of a few more years, Charles E. Leonard bought this building, built an addition 30x40, two stories high and a basement. In this structure, affording an office and bar, two parlors, a dining room, and nine chambers, Mr. Leonard entertaimd all the weary and hungry that chanced to enter his open door. In 1865 Leonard Aldrich purchased the house and kept it as a hotel for two years, and then sold it to Charles Hopkins, who kept it as a boarding house for three years. It has since been converted into a tenement, and is now the prop- erty of Benjamin Campbell of Galena, Illinois. BEN MA BK— SCHOOLS. 357 This building afforded a dancing hall, where the gay, and pleasure seekers were wont to spend the long winter evenings of many passing years. As the business interests of the country in- creased, new additions were being added' to our number, new demands were presented to meet the increasing population seeking homes and em- ployment in our township. In 1855, a charter was granted to W. B. Dibble, to run a ferry from Prescott to Hastings. Mr. Dibble managed this business for seventeen years to the satisfaction of the people, and then sold "his interest to Caleb Truax, Jr., who after controlling it for one year, sold it to William Atwater, who still owns it and holds the management of the ferry. Point Douglas ferry was established in 1852. Leander Felt conducted this ferry for about four years before a charter was obtained. In 1856, a charter was granted to Felt and Tickner to run a ferry from Point Douglas to Prescott, which he controled for nine years, and then sold it to Whit- comb and Atwater; they run it four years when the charter expired. Then a dispute arose be- tween the firm of Whitcomb and Atwater, and W. B. Dibble; the former having a charter from Wisconsin and the latter from Minnesota. Two ferry boats were built, but in a short time Mr. Dibble bought out Whitcomb and Atwater, and thus put an end to the strife, and conducted the business alone. In 1874, he obtained a new char- ter, and is now the sole proprietor. The Hastings ferry runs directly from Hastings across the St. Croix river to section 7, in town 26, range 20. It was inaugurated by a Mr. Fulton, who sold it to W. J. Leduc, who controlled it till 1871, since which time the city of Hastings has managed it in the interests of her own people. SCHOOLS. The first school of this township was known as the "Valley school," and was organized in 1850. A log school-house was built the same year, and John H. Craig was the pioneer teacher. This log house was removed in 1852, the present com- modious frame house taking its place. The rec- ords were lost, but by traditional authority, we are warranted to make this statement of first oflBcers. Trustees— S. Hurtsill, Wm. Campbell and D. White. The present teacher is Miss Mary J. Leonard; present officers are, Wm. Atwater, director; J. H. Hone, treasurer and John M. McGill, clerk. Present number of pupils is twenty. School district No. 35 was organized by the commissioners in February, 1854. In March fol- lowing, at the house of Mark Wright the first officers were elected: Wm. Allibone, clerk; trus- tees, Thomas Hetherington, Mark Wright and Samuel Shingledecker. By a vote of the house- holders of the district in 1856, the school-house was located on the southwest quarter of section fifteen. James Clark was the first teacher, at four dollars per week. A neat and p,mple house was built on the site of the old one in 1876, at a cost of $1,000. Present number of pupils is fifty-one. School district No. 45 was organized Septem- ber, 1867. Lyrnan Shingledecker gave the dis- trict one acre of land for a site on south-east corner of section five, township twenty-seven, range twenty. First officers were: H. Gallinger, clerk; A. H. Cook, director; and E. Klinkerfuse, treasurer. Louisa Cady was the first teacher, receiving twenty dollars per month. The school- house was built in 1868; and the district enrolls twenty-eight pupils. Present officers are: Henry Gallinger, treasurer; John Bahe, clerk, and Frank Brendenmuhl, director. Teacher, J. A. Thomp- son, receiving thirty-eight dollars per month. This district enrolls fifty-eight pupils. School district No. 49, time of organization could not be obtained. The school-house was built in 1869, on a lot located on the south-east quarter of section twenty-eight. The first officers were: Thomas Fisher, director; Alexander Ni- coll, clerk; W- B. Dibble, treasurer. The first teacher was D. B. Gallinger. This house was de- stroyed by the storm of June 14th, 1877; another was erected the same fall. The present officers are: Michael Sorg, director; William A. Page, clerk; and John Henry, treasurer. School district No. 58, was organized in 1873. Its first officers were, Wm. Hageman, treasurer ; S. W. Dalrymple, clerk; and John CofEman, di- rector. This house was built in 1874, on a lot in se'ction six. The first school was taught in the fall of 1877 by Mary G. Hurly. She had thirty pupils. The present officers are, Wm. Hageman, treasurer; John Cohoes, clerk; and John Conley, 358 HISTOHY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. director ; the present teacher is J. P. John- son, receiving $40.00 per month. School district No. 59, was regularly organized May 13th, 1874. Its first officers were, Thomas "Wright, director; Adam Olson, clerk, and Philip Hummell, treasurer. The house was built on a lot in the northeast corner of section nineteen, in 1874, and school began the same fall, taught by Emma L. McHattie ; she received $37.00 per month and had nineteen pupils that term. Pres- ent oflScers are, Peter Swanson, director; William Clark, clerk, and Philip Hummell, treasurer. The present teacher is Mary J. Daulton. CHURCHES. Rev. W.T. Boutwell preached first in this neigh- borhood in 1844, and occasionally afterwards for some years. Rev. Chauncy Hobart dispensed the gospel for a period of years about 1849. The first preaching looking to the organization of a church was by Revs. J. L. Breck, J. A, Merrick and T. Wilcoxson, members of the asso- ciate mission. A church called St. Paul's Parish, was organized at Point Douglas, by Rev. T. Wilcoxson, March 24th, 1856, with the following members: T. Wilcoxson, G. W. Campbell, Caleb Truax, Sr., Mark Wright, Sr., John H. Craig, Thomas Wright, Thomas Hetherington, Mark Wright, Jr., and James Shearer. The officers were: wardens, George W. Campbell and Caleb Truax, Sr.; vestrymen, Thomas Hetherington, Thomas Wright, James Shearer, Mark Wright, Sr., and John H. Craig; Thomas Hetherington, treasurer, and John H. Craig, clerk. The church was built in 1868, but left in an unfinished state, and remains in that condition. It has been oc- cupied, affording regular services for the peo- ple. Its present officers are as follows: war- dens, John O. Henry and James Shearer; vestry- men, Thomas Pisher, Sr., John 11. Hone, Charles Henry, Alexander Nicoll, Thomas D. Fisher and Albert Page. The rector is Timothy Wilcoxson. St. Mary's Episcopal church was organized April 30th, 1863 by Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson, with the following oflicers: wardens— Mark Wright, Sr.,and William Stotesbury, Jr.; vestry- men— Wm. AUibone, Thomas Wright, Thomas Paley, Alexander H. Cook and Ambrose Stotes- bury. The church secured a lot of two and one- half acres, in the south-west quarter of section fifteen, and began building in May, 1864. The corner-stone was laid by Bishop Whipple, and the church was finished in April, 1878. This church is 36x24, with a chancel 16x12, affording a comfortable and convenient place for its parish- ioners to worship God according to their own in- clination. The present officers are as follows: wardens— Henry Gallinger and Wm. Stotesbury, Jr.; vestrymen— John Burton, Mark Wright, Ambrose Stotesbury and John Wright. Mark Wright, treasurer, and John Burton, clerk. Point Douglas Grange, No. 490. This grange was organized March 16th, 1874, with twenty- eight charter members. Nearly all the principal citizens of the neighborhood gave their influence to this new enterprise. The first officers were: James Shearer, master; J. H. Hone, overseer; T. P. James, lecturer; Wm. Page, steward; John Burton, assistant steward; O. F. Davis, chap- lain; E. H. Whitaker, treasurer; J. R. Bell, sec- retary; Mrs. James Shearer, Ceres; Mrs. Mark Wright, Pomona; Mrs. O. F. Davis, Flora; Mrs. T. Wright, L. A. S. It enrolls twenty-five mem- bers at present, and holds three regular meetings a month at Whi taker's Hall. Officers elected January 1st, 1881, were as follows: James Shearer, master; J. H. Hone, overseer; T. P. James, lecturer; John Burton, steward; John Wright, assistant steward; Mrs. P. James, chap- lain; E. H. Whitaker, treasurer; Mrs. James Shearer, secretary; Mark Wright, G. R.; Mrs. William Page, Ceres; Mrs. J. H. Hone, Pomona; Mrs. John Wright, Flora; Mrs. E. H. Whitaker, stewardess. The first road was laid out by the government in 1848, and is known as the Point Douglas and Superior City road. The next was laid out 1849 to St. Paul, and known as the Point Douglas and St. Paul road. Emmet M. Hone, son of David and Mary G. Hone, was born November 30th, 1845, in the Union House, Point Douglas. It is generally agreed, that this was the first white child born in this township. Carver Dibble was born at Point Douglas, August 20th, 1846; a son of Wm. B. and Eliza J. Dibble. Carver Dibble died January 25th, 1847; Mrs. Eliza J. Dibble died November 25th, 1847. Levi Hurtsill and Rhoda Pond were married at Stillwater, in 1845. Oscar Burris and Almira M. DENMARK BIOGRAPHICAL. 359 Henry were married November 14th, 1847, in the village of Point Douglas. From this modest beginning, the queenly power of matrimony has constantly increased its domain. State officers furnished by the township of Denmark. Denmark has done her part in furn- ishing the administration of justice in the state. G. W. Campbell, Caleb Truax, Sr., Martin Leavitt and Charles E. Leonard were representatives at different session of the state legislature. Denmark Silver Cornet band, was organized July 10th, 1874. It's members were, John Bur- ton, John Allibone, William Hetherington, Chas. Henry, Robert Wright, Wm. J. Wright, William risher, Charles Page, George Holt, Elias Heth- erington, and George Wright. These gentlemen honored the people for many years with cheer- ing and inspiring musical treats. Lime kiln. Wm. Bush legan to burn lime about 1856, after a number of years Henry Stotes- bury took his place, and continued to bum lime for a number of years, when the property passed into the possession of Simon Fetterley. It is not now continued as a business, although limestone seems to exist in abundance in that locality. John Olsen Built a store on the north-west quarter of south-west quarter of section 15. It was 24x16, and one and one-half stories high. In 1871 he sold out to Thomas Paley, who re- modeled the building, and made a dwelling house out of it. Samuel Dangerfleld, in 1874, bought a small house on the same tract of land, some distance south of where Mr. Olsen's store stood, built an addition and opened a general merchan- dise store; after doing a good business for two years was burned out. Misfortune comes to men, but ere the voice of complaint has been calmed, another steps into the foreground and lifts aloft the fallen banner. Scarcely had the curling smoke ceased to rise from the ruins of the last store building, before Asa Clothier built another. 16x12, and one story high. Soon after he added an addition 34x18, for a hall. This served the two-fold purpose of furnishing a hall for public entertainments, and a place for the meetings of the I. O. G. T. This last organization dissolved in February, 1881. Leavitt's feed mill was built in the fall of 1879. It was 22x16, built in a substantial manner. It is furnished with a patent feed mill, and obtains its power from an eight horse-power engine. In the fall of 1880, an addition, 40x22, was added, as an engine house and store room. This mill has a capacity of twenty bushels per hour; and is located on section 6, township 24, range 20. BIOGBAPHICAL. William Atwater was born in New York in 1816. He remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age, during which time he learned carpentering. He continued in the busi- ness six years, then bought five-hundred acres of land and opened a farm, on which he remained nearly fourteen years. He then engaged in the mercantile business six years when he sold, and removed to Prescott, Wisconsin. In 1864 he and his brother-in-law purchased a ferry which tbey run between Prescott and Point Doug- las five years. He sold his interest to his brother-in-law, then bought the ferry which is plying, at the present time, between Point Doug- las and Hastings. He is the present postmaster at Point Douglas. He was married, in 1842, to Anna E. Fowler, who died in 1858, leaving two children. Mr. Atwater was remarried to Sarah P. Clark. Henry Behrens, a native of Germany, was bom in 1855. He came to America, with his parents, in 1867, and after a few months stay in New York, they proceeded to St. Paul, Minnesota. Locating on a farm, four miles from St. Paul, they re- mained there three years, then removed to Wood- bury, where they still live. Mr. Behrens at twenty-one years of age, rented a farm in Den- mark, Minnesota, where he stiU remains. He was married in 1878 to Miss Mary Baths, who has borne him one child, Elizabeth - George J. Bush was bom in upper Canada in 1839. At tlie age of fourteen he removed with his parents to Illinois, where they resided a short time, thence to Point Douglas, Minnesota. George remained at home until 1863, when he purchased a home. He resided a few years in Waseca county, and finally located at Denmark. His wife was Ann Hetherington, whom he married in 1863. They have had four children: Linden G., Alvey, Cora and William E. J. D. Bennett was born in Pennsylvania in 1844. At eight years of age he accompanied his parents to Indiana. Three years later he ^^■ iit to 360 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Prescott, Wisconsin, then to Baytown, Washing- ton county, Minnesota; he remained in that lo- cality about nine years, then removed, to Den- mark, where he still lives on his farm. He mar- ried in 1880, Elizabeth Oldham. Malcom Black, a native of Scotland, was born in 1832. His parents died when he was quite young, leaving him alone. In 1849, he went to Glasgow, where he remained until coming to America in 1853. He lived in Livingston county. New York, three years, then came to Washing- ton county Minnesota. He engaged in lumbering and farming several years, and in 1865, bought a farm near Denmark, on which he has resided since 1871. He was married in 1867 to Miss Lydia Eastwood. Their children are, Jessie S., Mary E., Katherine and Elsie. Frank Brendemuhl, a native of Germany, was born in 1839. His family came to America in 1841. In the spring of that year they located on a farm near Watertown, Wisconsin. The father died in 1854, soon after which Frank went to Kansas, thence to Princeton, Minnesota, where he made a claim. In 1882 he enlisted in Com- pany I, Sixth Regiment Minnesota Volunteers; after serving three years he was discharged at Fort Snelling. He returned and purchased a farm on which he still lives. He holds the oflBce of school director of district number forty-five. His family consists of wife and six children: William, Henry, Fred, Louis, Ida and Melinda. Albert Brendemuhl was born at Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1846. At thirteen years of age he went to Kansas, thence to Princeton, Minnesota, remaining nearly six years. He sold the property he had accumulated there and came to Denmark, Washington county, where he still resides on a farm. His marriage with Louise Marshall took place in 1868. Their children are: Anna, Ed- ward, Emma, Amelia and William. John Coffman, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in Chester county in 1825. His father's death occurred when he was only six months old, and he was taken by his grandfather, with whom he lived until seventeen years of age. He en- gaged in farming for others ten years, then .came to Point Douglas, Minnesota, and in 1854 entered two hundred acres of land, on the St. Croix river, near Denmark. In 1860 he ob- tained property, by trading his farm, in Prescott, Wisconsin; soon after he returned to Denmark, where he now lives. He married Ellen Clark, who died in 1863, leaving six children. He re- married to Miss Mary Johnson, who has borne him five children, four of whom are living. William J. Cohoes was born near Rutland, Vermont, December 25th, 1838. When about ten years of age, his father died, and in consequence, William was obliged to begin the battle of life in early years. In 1852, his mother granted him the remaining time until he should reach his ma- jority. He worked on the Champlain and Erie canals and the Hudson river on a freight boat. Coming west to Fulton, Iowa, in 1857, he tarried a brief time, thence to Point Douglas, and the following year went to Missouri, entering there • the employ of the United States and American Express Company. After continuing in the em- ploy of the government some time, he crossed the plains to the gold fields, but in 1860, re-entered the employ of the express company, and the next year returned to Point Douglas, Minnesota. Here he engaged in agriculture until enlisting in the First Minnesota Regiment in 1865, was with General Grant until the surrender of General Lee. Returning to civil life and his home, he has since resumed his agricultural pursuits. Miss Chris- tiana Truax became his wife in 1863, and has borne him eight children. John Conley was born at Fort Snelling, Min- nesota, in 1845. At nineteen years of age he en- listed in Company F, Minnesota Independent Bat- talion; he served until 1866, when he received his discharge. In 1868, he purchased eighty acres in Denmark, Minnesota, where he still lives. He was married in 1868 to Mary McDermott: Alice, Theresa, William, Mamie, Josie, Thomas and Anna are their children. Johanna Connelley, a native of Ireland, was born in 1817. She came to America in 1851, and made Monroe, Orange county, New York, her home. She removed to Point Douglas, Minne- sota, the next year. She and Martin Connelly were united in marriage in 1853. He was a widower and was the parent of three children: William, John and Thomas. He owned a farm at Denmark, on which they lived, and since his death, which happened in September, 1880, his widow has passed her time there. Her children DENMARK— BIOGRAPHICAL. 361 are: Dennis, who is a cripple; Mary, Martin and Michael. Allen Cook was born in Canada West, in 1828. He went to St. Lawrence county, New York, where he lived seven years, then went to Hudson, Wisconsin. Soon after, he became a resident of Denmark. His mother lives with him, his father having died in 1854. Mr. Cook was mar- ried in 1864 to Margaret McChesney. They have five children living: Amelia, Sarah, William H., John A. and Josiah. Edward Delamore was born in Ireland in 1812. He came to Canada in 1832, thence to Albany, New York, where he remained only a short time. He then made his home in Ulster county. New York, until 1847, when he went to Vermont and bought a farm. Here he lived ten years, then made Hastings, Minnesota, his home seven years. His present place of residence is Point Douglas, locating there in 1864. He was married in 1837. His family consists of his wife and seven children. William B. Dibble was born in New York in 1815. He went to Pennsylvania in 1832, and after remaining nearly two years went to Georgia and Alabama, engaged in the stage business. He bought a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Illinois, on which he remained some time. After traveling through different states a number of years he started for the California mines in 1849. He engaged in mining two years, then returned and located at Point Douglas, remaining eleven years, when he bought his present farm. Married in 1844 to Eliza McCauslin. His second wife was Mary Wright. Nine children have been born to them. David Downing was born in Washington coun- ty, Maryland, in 1819. His parents moved to Pennsylvania in 1827, and the next year he was sent out to earn his living. He learned the dis- tillery business at sixteen years of age and con- tinued in it four years as a laborer, then bought one-half interest. In 1849, his partner disap- peared very suddenly, taking their funds with him. He then removed to Point Douglas, Min- nesota, and engaged in farming three years, after which he made a contract to furnish wood for that place. He then bought the farm where he now lives. He married Mary Henry in 1856. Joseph Dugan was, born in 1846, in Pennsyl- vania, and moved to Ohio when very young. His mother died when he was seven years of age, which event compelled him to reside with an uncle in Wisconsin. He enlisted in 1864, in Company A, Third Kegiment Wisconsin Volun- teers, and received his discharge at Louisville, Kentucky, in 1865. He became a resident of Point Douglas, in 1880. His marriage to Julia Coffman occurred in 1870. They have had three children: Ida B., John W. and Frank E. Timothy Enright was born in New York in 1844. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in Com- pany "C," Fourteenth Regiment, New York Vol- unteers, in which he served two years, when he was discharged. He returned home and remained until 1865, then removed to Point Douglas, Min- nesota. He engaged as laborer until 1875, when he purchased village property and there located. He now holds the position of justice of the peace. In 1870, he married Margaret Delamore, who has borne him five children. Simon Fetterley was born in Canada iu 1825. He engaged in farming in his native place until 1855, then came to Point Douglas and was en- gaged in farming for other parties nearly five years. He purchased a farm from Mr. Dibble, which he sold a short time after and bought again of Mr. Bushy. He purchased another farm soon after, on which he now lives. He was mar- ried to Caroline Bushy in 1847. Their children are Electa A., William S., Charles S., Melissa J., James N., Susan and Whitney. Thomas Fisher, Sr., is a native of Yorkshire, England, born in 1819. He lived with his parents until the age of twenty-two. He engaged in farm- ing two years, and was then in the grocery busi- ness four years. He came to America in 1859, locating at Point Douglas, Minnesota. He has since then been a farmer, and since 1867, lived on his own farm. His wife was Miss Sarah E. Wright, whom he married in 1845. They have four children living. Henry Gallinger is a native of Canada, born in 1832. He learned the trade of carpenter in his native place then came to point Douglas, Minne- sota, in 1858. He engaged in farming and lum- bering some time, then bought a farm in Den- mark, where he now lives. He enUsted in Com- pany F, Hatches' Battalion, in 1865, and received his discharge in 1866. He married Miss E. Per- 362 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COXINTY. kins in 1864, who has borne him three children: Alice, Henrietta and Adelaide. W. &. Hageman, a native of Germany, was born in 1833. He engaged in farming in his native country until 1854, when he came to America. He worked over two • years in a nursery, and in the spring of 1857 located in St. Paul, Minnesota, where he was employed in a saw-mill four years. In 1864 he purchased eighty acres of land in Denmark, and for eight successive years purchased the same amomit. He raised fourteen thousand bushels of small grain three years in succession. His family con- sists of his wife and seven children. Their names are: Louis H., William P., Lena, Emma, George, John and Albert. George Harris was bom in Pennsylvania, in 1824. He moved with his parents to Illinois, when three years of age. His father was killed in the Black Hawk war, while there. At the age of eight, George began working on a farm, in which he continued nine years, then went to Missouri, where he remained until 184-5. He then made Point Douglas, Minnesota, his home, eight years. After spending a number of years in various pursuits, in various places, he located at Denmark, on a farm. His family consists of his wife, who was Miss Alice White, and seven children. Jane Hetherington, widow of Thomas Hether- ington, was born in Scotland, in 1820. She ac- companied her parents to Canada when three years old, where she remained until her marriage in 1847. In 1850 they removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota and soon after located on a farm three miles away, where she still remains. She is the parent of eight children: Mary, John E., Wil- liam P., A. B. Jane, George R., Thomas M., and ElyB. John H. Hone was born in Springfield, Illinois, in 1839. His parents moved to Marine, Minne- sota, when he was quite young, his father being one of the Marine Lumber company. In 1860 he embarked for himself and bought a farm, which he owned eight years then sold and bought 127 acres, where he lives. He is now treasurer of school district number thirty- four. His marriage with Mehitable Ledgard occurred in 1861. They have two children, Cornelia and AUeta. William Keene is a native of Maine, born in 1829. In 1851 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to St. Anthony, where he resided two years. He bought eighty acres in Denmark, in 1863, which he increased to 640 in sixteen years. For five years past his farm has yielded 8,000 bushels of wheat and oats each year. He was married in 1853. Their children are John F., Alvina G., Francis B., Sarah L., William O., Charles O., Harvey E., and Sarah A. John P. Krueger is a native of Germany, bom in 1846. He came to America In 1861, locating in Dodge county, Wisconsin. He commenced farming in that county and in 1869 rented a farm on which he remained three years. He then went to Horicon in a flour, and feed store, engaging in that business two and one-half years. Soon after, he located at Hastings, and for a time was em- ployed by Mr. Libby as lumberman. He has now control of Mr. Nash's farm, on which he lives. He was married in 1868, to Minnie Lemann. Their children are William, Lena and Fred. Robert Jackson was born in Cheshire, England, 1819, where he lived until coming to America in 1840. He located in Iowa,where he remained nearly three years. He then came to Washington coim- ty, Minnesota, being attracted thither by the re- ports of its healthfulness. He first located in Denmark township, afterward taking a claim, be- fore the government survey. Mr. Jackson has been twice married. Edward Laforce was born in France in 1817. He came to America with his parents, and lo- cated at Quebec, Canada. In 1845 he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, and was employed by Mr. Lawrence, in the lumbering business, six years; he then went to Cottage Grove, Minnesota, re- maining ten years. While there he bought one hundred and sixty acres, and after living on it four years traded for one himdred and twenty acres in Denmark, where he still lives. His wife was Margaret Hutchings, whom he married in 1860. They are the parents of five children. Williams. Louden is a native of Indiana, born in Clark county in 1843. He moved to Point Douglas, Minnesota, in 1866; thence to Cottage (irove. He remained there a few months; then returned to Point Douglas. After visiting his native state he located on a farm at Cottage Grove, where he remained two years. He then purchased eighty acres at Denmark, where he n ENMABK—BIOGBArBICAL. 363 has since lived. He married Miss Fannie Kelly in 1865, who has borne him four children: Mary F., William A., Vernie and Arthur. Archibald McCallum was bom in Scotland in 1833. He came to America in 1851 with his parents, locating first at Albany, then at Cale- donia, Livingston county. New York. He re- mained there until 1863, when he came to Hast- ings; the next year he bought eighty acres in Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, on which he now lives. He was married in 1871 to Mary Taggart who has borne him two children. John O'Brien is a native of Ireland, born in 1849. He came to America in 1855 and remained in Baltimore one year. He then came to Hast- ings, Minnesota, where he worked in the foun- dry and machine shops two years; then in the saw-mills in that vicinity where he still continues. He owns two hundred and forty acres in Den- mark. Samuel Orr, was born in New Brunswick, 1815. His mother died when he was four years old. At the age of twenty-three, he went to St. Stevens, where he was employed in the ship-yards twenty- one years. He then embarked in the brig "Caro- line," bound for Cuba, which was wrecked on her homeward passage about two hundred miles south of Cape Hatteras. In October, 1862, he ar- rived at New York city. He came to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1865, thence to Stillwater, at which place he was employed by Mr. Staples. He then located on a farm, where he still remains. He has been twice married, and is the parent of seven children. WilUam A. Page was born in Denmark, Min- nesota, 1856. He removed to Point Douglas with his parents when quite young. After becoming of age, he worked one year for his father, then purchased a farm of his father, where he still lives. He now holds the position of clerk in school district 49, Denmark. Mr. Page was mar- ried in 1876 to Lottie Weaver, who has borne him two children, Albert S. and Charles E. Charles R. Page was born at Point Douglas, Minnesota, in 1858. His parents were of English birth. They came to America in 1848, and made Philadelphia their home three years, during which time his father worked at carpentermg. In 1851, they came to Point Douglas, Minnesota, where his father died in 1880. Mr. Page still lives with his mother at that place. Oscar Perry was born in Pennsylvania, in 1843. He located in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1861, and soon after enlisted in Company "L," Second Min- nesota Sharpshooters. He was discharged after having served three years. He returned home and engaged in the oil business until 1875; then spent a few years m traveling, finally locating at Denmark, where he has since resided. Thomas Screeton is a native of England, born in 1821. He served an apprenticeship of seven years as carpenter at Manchester. He then worked sixteen years at pattern-making. In 1858, he came to America, making St. Paul, Min- nesota, his home a few years. He enlisted in the United States Engineer Corps, in which he served six months. He purchased his present farm in Denmark, in 1844. Austin M. Shearer was born in Canada, in 1843, where he lived until the spring of 1864. He then went to Green Bay, Michigan, and after a short stay removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota, and purchased a farm about three miles from there. He still lives there. His marriage with Miss Ellen Page took place in 1870. They have two children: Minnie and Wilham. James Shearer, born in 1815, is a native of Massachusetts. After completing his education, he was employed as clerk in a store nearly five years. For a number of years after, he was en- gaged in the mercantile business, then passed a number of years in traveling. He located at Point Douglas, on a farm, which he bought in 1849. He is now town treasurer and county commissioner. His marriage with Miss M. J. Hardy, occured in 1866. They have three chil- dren: Marcus A., Martha V. and Irving F. Simon Shingledecker was born in Germany, in 1815. He came to America in 1831. He lo- cated in Ohio, and worked nine years as a farmer, then went to Illinois, thence to St. Louis. He was employed three years on a boat, which ran from St. Louis to New Orleans. In 1845, he re- moved to Hudson, Wisconsin, engaging in lum- bering three years; he then bought a farm in Den- mark, Muinesota, where he still lives. He mar- ried in 1850, Margaret Truax, who has borne eight children: Caleb J., Abraham R., Agnes 364 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. E., George S., Gersham, Harriet M., Emma I. and Lizzie A. A. Stevens was born in Canada, in 1806. At the age of sixteen, he learned the trade of wheel- wriglit. He conthiued in that business until 1832, when he was married and moved on his wife's farm, where they lived until 1850. They then sold and bought eighty acres at Cottage Grove, Minnesotii. In 1877, his wife died and he sold his property. Since living with his daughter at Denmark. Mortimer M. Swingler is a native of Indiana, born in 1841. He came to Hennepin county, Minnesota, in 1857. He enlisted In Company A' Ninth Begiment Minnesota Volunteers; after serving three years he received his discharge at Fort Snelling. Soon after, he went to Stevens coimty and gave his attention to farming until 1870. He visited different places and pursued different lines of business until 1880, then located at Point Douglas. He bought the ferry and the land adjoining in Denmark, and holds the char- ter for a term of five years. He married in 1867, Fannie M. Taylor. They have five children living. Abraham Truax was born at Brockville, Can- ada West, 1824. His father was a sailor, and in consequence the family was forced to often change location. They moved to St. Lawrence county. New York, where they remained about thirteen years. In 1848 they came to Minnesota, 1 ocating at Point Douglas. When Hastings first started, Mr. Truax removed there and helped in building the old "Buckbom," a log structure. He returned to Washington county in 1859, where he has since resided. He held the office of sheriff: of Dakota county at an early date. He was mar- ried in 1859 to Mary Lahey, who has borne him five children. His wife died in 1867. ■Mark Wright was born in England, 1830. He came to America with his parents in 1841, locat- ing at Quebec, then to Upper Canada, where his father was employed by the government eight years. In 1852 his father bought one hundred and sixty acres in Denmark, Minnesota, on which he lived until the time of his death. In 1864, after his father's death, Mr. Wright purchased one hun- dred and sixty acres, where he still lives. His family consists of wife, who was Margaret Ste- vens, and four children. . Mary Wright was born in 1800, in England. She lived with her parents until twenty-five years of age. In 1826 she married Mark Wright. They moved to Canada in 1842, living in different parts of the province until 1852, when they removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota. They bought one hundred and sixty acres in Denmark, the May following. Her husband died in 1873. She still lives on the farm with her son George who owns one-half. He was married in 1874 to Adelaine Wright. Robert Wright was born in Canada, 1848. He moved with his parents to Point Douglas. Four years later, his father purchased a farm in Den- mark, and moved there. Mr. Wright remained with his parents until twenty-one, when his father gave him eighty acres of land on which he moved and still resides. He was married in 1872 to Miss Electa Fetterley, who has borne him one child. COITAGE GROVE. CHAPTER LIV. BAKLY SETTLEES ORGANIZATION— LIST OF SUPEEVISOES— TOPOGRAPHY ROADS VIL- LAGES—SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES CYCLONE — WAR RECORD — BIOGRAPHICAL. Cottage Grove, mcluding all of township 27, range 21, and a small portion of township 26, range 21. The meandering of the Mississippi causes the south side to assume an irregular shape, and adds two small portions of town- ship 26, range 21, to the town of Cottage Grove. This town, like all others, has had an ante- history, liefore Cottage Grove was known as a township, or before force of law or organiza- tion, other than that of the stronger claiming priority of right to possess hunting privileges, was known, we find white men had set foot on these beautiful prairies. COTTAGE OROVE—EABLY SETTLES S. 365 EARLY SETTLERS. Among the first prominent settlers of this township we find the names of James S. Norris and Joseph Hasliell. These men were the first settlers in this town and among the first in the St. Croix Valley. They made claims in what is now the town of Afton in the fall of 1839. The following spring they made improve- ments on their claims, such as are common in a new country. Mr. Norris remained with Mr. Haskell until the spring of 1842, when he went to Gray Cloud Island and worked for Messrs. Moore and Robin- son, at the Indian trading post, for one year. Then in the spring of 1843 he removed to the point where Cottage Grove village now stands. Then this village did not wear the face of beauty and activity it presents now. He made a claim on sections 1 and 12, on which he built a log cabin, and immediately commenced making im- provements ; he broke forty acres of prairie and sowed it to wheat. This is said to be the first wheat of any quantity sowed north of Prairie du Chien. He had a goodly yield of wheat, but as there were no mills in the country to convert wheat intOj flour, this rich bounty of golden grain could not ■ render that comfort it would under present circumstance's. This year he broke fifty acres more and sowed ninety acres to wheat. The following season he enjoyed a bountiful har- vest, but often men are disappointed when they seem to be grasping an ideal fortune, so in this case; but small quantities could be disposed of at all, and hence a large portion of this bounteous harvest was lost. In those days shipping down the river was attended with many disadvantages. This unfortunate condition of things slowly wasted away. River advantages increased year by year, and in the spring of 1856 Mr. Bolles com- pleted his mill and began to manufacture a kind of flour, having some antique cast. It would be somewhat repulsive to our delicate tastes, to be compelled to feast on bread made from such coarse flour, while it might remove many of the causes producing dyspepsia and that class of diseases. Mr. Haskell had a quantity of this wheat ground, but as there was no bolting-cloth in the mill the flour proved to be quite coarse. In order to make the bread look white the baker was in the habit of sifting the flour, by means of a frame covered over the bottom with black crape. In the days of pioneer life this disadvantage did not seem to be the mountain it would be if we were called to en- dure the trials now. Mr. Haskell remained on the portion of his claim in section twelve until the spring of 1846, which he had sold to J. W. Pur- ber in the fall of 1845, and then moved to his present location on section one. The next settler in the township was Jacob Marsh, who made his home on section twenty- three in 1844. William Ferguson settled on section 26, the same year. Jonathan Brown made a claim on section 1 1 . Lewis Hill took possession of sections 3 and 4. James S. Davis settled on section 14. John Atkinson made his claim on section 1. These all joined the pioneer band in 1844, '45 and '46. Thomas and J. W. Furber came in 1846. From this date there was a constant coming of new settlers, till all vacant lands were occupied, and yet they come, old citizens moving farther west and some retiring from the active duties of agriculture. The people of Cottage Grove are Americans in the strictest sense of the term. Most of the pio- neer fathers were from Maine, and they have in- troduced many of the habits and customs so com- mon in that state. TOWN ORGANIZATION. A meeting of the legal voters of Cottage Grove was called to convene at Lyceum Hall, in the village of Cottage Grove, October 20th, 1858, for the purpose, as had been publicly announced, to form a township by the election of a board of offi- cers. The meeting was called to order by J. S. Norris, who was chosen moderator, and William Watson, clerk. John Atkinson, Jacob Mosher and Joel Mun- ger were appointed judges of the election. Joel' Munger was elected overseer of the public high- way of the western part of the town, and John H. Swetland, overseer of the eastern part of the town. The following gentlemen. Wm. Watson, chairman; John Atkinson and B. Winant, were elected as board of supervisors; John Rhodes, clerk; Joel Munger and John H. Braekens, justice of peace; J. B. Benson and R. Rhodes, consta- bles; Jacob Mosher, collector; Thomas Furber, assessor; and James S. . Davig, overseer of the 366 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. poor. It was determined to hold the next annu?il meeting at the precinct house. This closed the work of organization and the election of first offi- cers for the township of Cottage Grove. The annual town meeting of Cottage Grove for 1859, was called at the Lyceum hall, April 5tli, 18.i9. Theodore Purber, was moderator. A tax of $100 was levied for town purposes, to be dis- bursed as follows: To town clerk, $10, for plats and maps; for assessor, $20; for surveying $50; and for contingent expenses, |20. The fol- lowing board of supervisors were elected: J. S. Norris chairman of board; John H. Bracken and Henry Hone supervisors; John- Rhodes, clerk. It was determined to hold the next annual meet- ing at the Waterville school-house district, num- ber one. The next annual meeting was called April 3d, 1860, and by a vote of the people adjourned at once to Lyceum hall. The following board of su- pervisors was chosen: A. L. Holman, chairman, John J. Connelly and !N. H. Van Slyke. At a meeting of the board of supervisors held April 23d, 1860, a two days' poll tax was levied on all voters between the ages of twenty-one and fifty years of age, and fifty cents on each hundred dollars valuation of real estate. The fourth annual meeting was called at Ly- ceum hall, April 2d, 1861 . A tax of $200 was levied for current expenses, and twenty-five cents on each hundred dollars worth of real estate for road purposes. Supervisors elected: J. S. Korris, chairman of board, John Bassett and Henry Hone. The fifth annual town meeting was called at Waterville school-house, April 1st, 1862. By vote levied a tax of twenty-five cents on each one hun- dred dollars wortl^ of real estate, and two days' poll tax. The board of supervisors were Eobert Watson, chairman, B. Winantand Wm. Murphy; J. S. Norris, clerk. The sixth annual town meeting was called at the house of L. Nessell, April 7th, 1853. A tax of !? 150 was levied for current expenses, and of $178 for road purposes. Supervisors elected: Theodore Furber, chairman of board, Joel Hun- ger and B. Winant; J. S. Norris, clerk. The seventh annual town meeting was called at the liouse of A. Nessell, April 5th, 1864. Su- pervisors: J. W. Furber, chairman of board. Robert "Wilkins and M. S. Sprout; J. S. Norris, clerk. The eighth annual meeting was called at the school-house near Atkinson's corners, April 4th, 1865. Supervisors were: A. L. Holman, chair- man, Eobert McChesney and Joel M. Munger; J. S. Norris, clerk. The ninth annu:il meeting was held at the Ly- ceum hall, April 3d, 1866. The following officers were elected: supervisors — A. L. Holman, Robert McChesney and Joel M. Munger; J. S. Norris, clerk. The tenth annual meeting was held at a school- house near Vessel's, April 2d, 1867. Super- visors elected were A. L. Holman, D. A. Kemp and Lewis Bailey; J. S. Norris. clerk. The eleventh annual town meeting was called at Nessel's school-house, April 7th, 1868. Super- visors were: H. A. Gould, H. A. Durant and John J. Connelley; J. S. Norris, clerk. The twelfth annual town meeting was held at the Lyceum hall, April 6th, 1869. Elected H. A. Durant, R. Wilkins and S. M. Bailey, supervisors; J. S. Norris, clerk. The thirteenth annual town meeting was called at Lyceum hall, April 6th, 1870. Supervisors elected: S. M. Bailey, J. A. Churchill and Rob- ert Wilkins; J. S. Norris, clerk. The fourteenth annual meeting was called at the school-house near Atkinson's corner, March 14th, 1871. Robert Watson, John J. Connelley and F. Meilicke, supervisors; J. S. Norris, clerk. The fifteenth annual town meeting was called at Lyceum hall, March 12th, 1872. Supervisors, Robert Watson, John Connelley and F. S. Meil- icke; J. S. Norris, clerk. The sixteenth annual town meeting was called at Lyceum hall, March 11th. 1873. Supervisors, F. S. Meilicke, W. R. Munger and D. A. Kemp; J. S. Norris, clerk. Seventeenth meeting was called at precinct house, March 10th, 1874. Supervisors, J. J. Con- nelley, E. Clark and Ross W. Link; A. G. Gillett, clerk. The eighteenth annual town meeting was held at Langdon hall, March 9th, 1876. Supervisors, William Fowler, Eobert Wilkinson and Wallace Kelsey; A. G. Gillett, clerk. The nineteenth annual town meeting was called at Langdon hall, March 14th, 1876. Wm. Fow- COTTAGE GBOVE—TOPOGBAPHY. 367 ler, Wallace Kelsey and Ethan Viall, supervisors; A. G. Gillett, clerk. The twentieth annual town meeting was held at Langdon hall, March 13th, 1877. Supervisors, Wm. Fowler, Ethan Viall and Uriah Ladd, Jr.; T. F. Miller, clerk. The twenty-first annual town meeting was called at Langdon hall, March 12th, 1878. Su- pervisors, William Fowler, Ethan Viall and G. R. Crippen; A. G. Gillett, clerk. The twenty-second annual town meeting was called at Langdon hall, March 11th, 1879. Su- pervisors, W. Fowler, Ethan Viall and W. Kel- sey; A. G. Gilbert, clerk. The twenty-third annual town meeting was called at Langdon hall, March 9th, 1880. The following officers were elected: Edward Clark, George Fisk and George R. Crippen, board of supervisors; A. G. Gillett, clerk. TOPOGRAPHY. The township is bounded on the north by Woodbury, east by Denmark, south by Missis- sippi river, and west by Newport. The surface of the town is generally rolling, and the soil fer- tile, adapted to agricultural pursuits. The sur- face of the south part, extending out from the river for two miles, is a level prairie; then there is a range of hills and bluffs. Some portions of this part of the town are quite broken, with deep ravines, adding to its beauty, if not to its fertility. Then back towards the north portion of the town, are the table lands, two hundred feet above the level of the river, undulating, partly a prairie, and partially decorated with a second growth of oak. The soil of the low lands is of a sandy na- ture, with a small quantity of loam intermingled. The tables are loamy, with a clay sub-soil. The low lands are well adapted to stock raising, hav- ing many water advantages. The table lands are more especially adapted to the raising grain of all kinds, and fruits. The drainage of this town is ample, affording every advantage necessary for the convenience of husbandry. The Mississippi river skirts the southern boundry. A large slough leaves the Mississippi about the center of section 33, bearing north for some dis- tance into section 34, then inclining south through section 35 into section 36, and then abruptly turning north, enters the Mississippi, forming what is knowin as Kemp's Island. Another slough leaving the Mississippi in the eastern part of Newport town, enters the north-east comer of section 30, running a south-westerly course, diag- onally through sections 30, 31 and 32, and re-en- tering the. Mississippi river in section 33, forming Gray Cloud Island. A few small lakes grace the surface of this town. From a small lake in section 23, taking a zigzag course through sec- tions 26, 27 and 34, and enters the Mississippi in section 35. • The first road built in the town was the old Military road, called the Point Douglas and St. Paul road, surveyed by Captain Stimpson for the government in 1849. The Gray Cloud, Cottage Grove and Stillwater road was built by the county in the year 1851. The Red Rock and Afton road was opened in 1852. The first road laid out by the town board was in August, 1859, commencing at the quarter section post between sections 4 and 5, running due west to the town line. The second one commenced at the south- west corner of section 11, running east on the south line to a point on Furber Lake, then south- east to county road. VILLAGES. The township has two regularly platted villages. The village of Cottage Grove was located in sec- tion 12, in 1871, by J. P. Furber; J. W. Furber was surveyor. It is four miles from a sta- tion of the same name on the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul railway, and is fourteen miles from St. Paul. The original plat contained forty acres of land. The village has gradually grown from a small beginning to a flourshing in- land town. It contains one store, dry-goods and groceries, George W. Furber, proprietor; one drug store, kept by Dr. A. H. Steen; two physi- cians, Wm. Furber and A. H. Steen; three churches. Congregational, Methodist and German Lutherans; one hotel, the Cottage Grove house, W. H. Glenna, proprietor; a fine school-house in the centre of the town, ample for the place, sur- rounded by a natural grove, made more dense by the addition of a good number of shade trees and some fine ever-greens, affording shade during the summer, and forming a wind-break during the winter season; one black-smith and wagon-shop, 368 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Louis Putfes, proprietor, and one black-smith shop, August Aborth, proprietor. Cottage Grove is one of the oldest settled towns in the county. The Arcadia Lodge of Masons is located in the village, and was organized in 1864; the charter was granted in 1865.' The first board of officers: O. G. Leonard, M. W.; J. S. Norris, 8. W.; Thomas Fiirber, J. W.; A. L. Ilolman, secretary; and E. Ayers, treasurer. They held their first meetings in rooms, properly furnished over John P. Fur- ber's store. Like all other bodies, changes form an important feature of their history; "'so this so- ciety was left adrift, but soon found rooms over John P. Purber's ware-house, where the society holds its regular meetings. The membership at date of organization was eight. At this writing they have forty active members. Present officers: Dr. A. H. Steen, W. M.; Robert Wilkins, S. W.; VV. Kelsey, J. W.; Peter Thompson, secretary, and James Middleton, treasurer. LANGDOlSr. The village was laid out and platted by J. T. Dodge, from Hastings, chief engineer of the Chicago, Milwaukee and 8t. Paul railroad in the spring of 1871, located in section 21. The town was called Langdon after Hon. R. B. Lang- don, of Minneapolis. The trade of the village is controlled by these firms: Woodward and Son, general stock of dry- goods, groceries and hardware; Messrs. Barrett and Co., general stock of goods; Messrs. Dill and Miller, elevator and feed-mill; Zadoc Johnson, proprietor of hotel; and P. K. Barril, a black- smith. The Langdon elevator was built in [Septembsr 1874, by A. V. Brown, of St. Paul, and sold the same fall to James McClusky, and soon after rented to Messrs. Dill and Miller, and finally in the summer of 1878, purchased by this latter firm. In 1879, a feed-mill and engine-house was added, making it a profitable property, and sup- plying a long felt want in town and community. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office established in the town was located at the house of J. W.Furber, in the spring of 1850. This was one of the first offices established in the county. J. W. Furber received the first ap- pointment as postmaster. The conditions, on which the request of the people in reference to establishing a post-office was granted, was that the mail should be carried from Point Douglas, once a week free from expense to the government, D. Hone of Point Douglas, entered into a con- tract to fulfill the requirement of the government, receiving for his pay the proceeds of the route. Mr. Furber kindly gave his commission to the carrier. This arrangement met the expectation of the people and rendered general satisfaction. The office has been removed from time to time, from place to place in the village, and a corres- ponding number of citizens have held the position of postmaster, during these successive changes. John P. Furber has been postmaster a number of years, and George M. Furber has served as depu- ty postmaster, and held the office in his store since 1866. This office has been supplied with a daily mail by stage from Stillwater to Langdon for the last four years. The Langdon post-office was established No- vember, 1871. A. G. Gillett received his com- mission as postmaster November 27th, 1871, from Postmaster General Creswell. The office was kept in the station house until December, 1879, when Mr. Gillett resigned his position as agent for the railroad company. Since that time Mr. Gillett has kept the office in his residence near the depot. The office is furnished with a daily mail each way, on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, and by stage from Stillwater. SCHOOLS. Prior to any organization of schools under ter- ritorial law, Fountain Spring school, a private school, was organized by John Atkinson, and was taught by a Miss Johnson. After the organization, the whole town was di- vided into two districts. District number one oc- cupied the western portion of town, and number two the eastern portion. This arrangement pre- vailed until the final dividing of the town into school districts, which is given as accurately as the information obtained will justify. School district number fifty-three, formerly known as number one, was organized November, 1853. The first schools were held in private houses until 1856, when a school house was built near what is known as Atkinson's corners. This house was 40x24 feet, and cost about $300. The first teacher under this arrangement was Miss SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. 3(59 Anna Bray ton. Tirst board of officers was: Wil- liam Buck, W. Powler, J. Atkinson, and W. R. Hunger. In 1872 the district was divided, a por- tion stricken off to the Langdon district; they took the number of thirty. At that time the county commissioners changed the number of the original district from number one to number fifty- three. This district has since then received some additional territory from number thirty-one, New- port town. Cottage Grove school district, No. 31, was or- ganized as No. 2, in 1851. The first school was held in the old log cabin built by J. S. Norris in 1843. Miss Martha Newell, from Lakeland, taught the first school. The first board of officers elected was: J. S. Norris, A. L. Holman, John Heath; and J. W. Furber, clerk. The first school-house was 22x16 feet, built in 1852, at an expense of f250. The next school-house, 57x28 feet, with a wing 20x10 feet, was built in 1868, at an expense of $3,600. They have two depart- ments. The school is doing a good work for the town, under the management of David L. Smith, principal, and Miss Geneva Weatherspoon, as- sistant. School district. No. 32, was organized as No. 3, in 1857. The first school was kept in a house leased from Dr. Mann. The first board of officers elected was: Jacob Mosher, John Sweatland, John Moray and John Rhodes, trustees. The first school-house was built on section twenty-six, in 1859, at a cost of about $200. First teacher was Miss Kate Califf. The second school-house was built on the same site, in 1868', at a cost of $600. First teacher in new school-house was Bartina Boceman. Langdon school district. No. 30, was set off from what was known as the Waterville district, No. 1, or what is now No. 53. It was organized in 1872. The following board of officers was elected: Lewis Austin, director; and T. F. De Arton, clerk. The first schools were kept in private dwelling houses, and in the section house at the depot. In 1878 the board of officers levied a tax and issued bonds to the amount of $800 to build the house, which is now serving for school purposes. It is 40x32 feet, located on lot four, block thirty, Langdon. 24 CHURCHES. The Catholic Church of Langdon was built in 1873. This edifice was 50x30 feet, substantially built. This society was organised under the ministrations of Rev. Father Harley. The pres- ent strength of the church is twenty-five families. They have services regularly once a month. Cottage Grove Congregational Church. Rev. B. Hall, engaged in the work of organizing churches under the auspices of the board of home missions, found at Cottage Grove a number of families willing to go into a churcli organization. After consulting with the people, due notice being given, a meeting was called at the house of Theodore Furber, November 26th, 1858, to take introductory steps to organize a congre- gational church. Rev. Mr. Hall was chosen moderator of the meeting; S. W. Furber, E. B. Strong, J. Green, and H. M. Sleeper, were ap- pointed a committee to prepare articles of faith and covenant. The next meeting was called at Lyceum hall, on the 5th day of December, 1858. The committee having performed the labor assigned to them, reported. It was considered, and a call for another meeting to be held on De- cember 21st, 1868, at Lyceum hall, to which the churches from Minneapolis, St. Paul, Stillwater, Hudson, Prescott and St. Anthony were invited, at which time and place the Congregational church of Cottage Grove was permanently or- ganized. Eev. Bordett Hall preached the ser- mon, and thirteen were received as members ef the church at the time. The services were held in Lyceum hall, and Rev. B. Hall, from Point Douglas preached for them until 1861. Rev. G. S. Biscoe, from Grafton, Massachusetts, was called to the church and installed as pastor. May 24th, 1864. The history of this church, like many others, has had its sunshine and shade, but shade could not hinder its steady growth. In 1868, the church built an appropriate house of worship at a cost of $4,070. Its present membership is sixty, and at this date is without a pastor. The St. Matthew's Evangelical Church, of Cot- tage Grove was organized August 31st, 1874, in the town of Denmark.' The church building was erected on a tract of land presented to the church for that purpose, by Mr. Franklin Bren- denmuhl. In 1877, the church was removed to , Cottage Grove, where it now occupies a pleasant 370 HISTOET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and more central location for the congregation The number of members at organization was twelve, while the present number is twenty-five families. The* church has invested in building about $700. The church is in a prosperous con- dition, and adds to the general interest of the village of Cottage Grove. The Cottage Grove and Newport Universalist Church was organized at the Atkinson school- house, January, 1867. Rev. R. J. Marvin of St. Paul officiated at its organization. The follow- ing became members at date of organization: John Atkinson, Ruel Parker, E. Ayers, D. II. Kemp, W. R. Munger, Lucy P. Ayers, Roxa T. Belden, Emily Parker, Anna Atkinson, Miss H. C. Monroe, Emma Gaye, J. M. Munger, J. W. Purber, Estella Purber, Aurelia Purber, A. L. Stevens, P. P. Gray, J. S. Norris, Lizzie Gray, Samuel Van Alstine, J. J. Connelley, Lucretia Connelley and Lewis HilL Services were held at the Atkinson school-house, the church after its erection. The organization still exists, but no regular 'services are held at the present writing. LYCEUM HALL. This association was organized about 1852. The object of the association was for social and literary advantages. The stock of the com- pany was sold and funds raised to build and furnish a hall. A commodious hall, 36x24 feet, was built in 1855, at a cost of about $600, located in section 11. The hall was fur- nished with a suitable library, such as the in- terests of the community seemed to demand, and designed to lead the general mind to con- template better things in literary pursuits. A newspaper was published by the members of the society, and a debating society was formed in connection with the association. The thinking portion of the community for some miles around, old, middle-aged and youth, without any lines of division to hinder a free participation, engaged in these discussions, embracing most of the prac- tical subjects of the day. This proved to be a worthy center of attraction for a number of years, for the people of that neighborhood. But every star shines for a term of years, and then retires into the unknown. So this society began to wane, and many lost their interest in it, at- tracted by other and possibly better interests. until the golden day had passed away, and the hall was given to other purposes. The Congre- gational church held their services in it for a number of years. The annual town meetings for some years were held in this hall. Then for some years it was known as the "Precinct House," while the voting was, done by precincts. This society has wasted away, till in another spirit of being, it sold the building to the highest bidder. Not every acorn that falls into the ground, and grows for a term of years with flattering pros- pects, attains to the stature of a stately oak, bat- tling with herculean strength the storms of passing ages. CEMETERIES. The Cottage Grove Cemetery Association was organized April 5th, 1856. The members were: J. W. Purber, Robert A. Watson, J. P. Purber, W. Watson, A. L. Hohnan, J. S. Norris, Thomas Purber, E. M. McCarty, J. S. Davis, A. Stevens, P. Leych, N. H. Van Slyke and E. Ayers. The first ofiicers: J. W. Purber, president; J. S. Norris, secretary; J. S. Davis, treasurer; Robert Watson, E. Ayers, J. S. Norris, J. W. Purber and J. S. Davis, trustees. The cemetery grounds contain four acres, laid out with lots and blocks, streets and alleys, lucely shaded with native oaks, interspersed with beau- tiful evergreens. Some elegant and costly mon- uments have been placed in this lot to mark the resting place of loved ones. In short, this ceme- tery shows the taste and affection of an intelli- gent people. The present officers are: J. P. Pur- ber president; J. W. Purber, treasurer and secretary; A. L. Holman, actuary. The entire cost of grounds, fitting, laying out, etc., was $550. The Atkinson Cemetery Association was in- corporated May 12th, 187-1, with the following board of managers: W. R. Munger, Levi Bailey, Lewis Hill, J. 11. Stacy, Henry Belden, J. H. Crandall, J. II. Churchill, J. B. Benson, J. M. Munger, and Lewis Austin. This cemetery is lo- cated on the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 17. W. R. Munger, J. H. Churchill and James H. Crandall, trustees. CYCLONE. The town of Cottage Grove was visited by a terrible cyclone June 15th, 1877. Between eight COTTAGE GROYE— CYCLONE. 371 and nine o'clock p. m., there arose in the south- west a dark and heavy cloud, attended with loud thunder, vivid lightning and a strong wind. The cloud moved forward rapidly; soon the rain be- gan to fall in torrents, when suddenly the wind came dashing with great violence, sweeping everything before it. There seemed to be two currents of wind; one coming from the west, and the other from the south-west. These two cur- rennts came together in section 22. The stronger current being from the south-west, the storm took a north-western direction, and did some damage in section 27, taking away a portion of the roof of Ethan Viall's house; taking a trunk out of the chamber, and no trace of it could be found. A corn cultivator was taken up, some portions were never found, and other parts were found two miles from the place of its taking. In section 22, when the currents met, the destruction of prop- erty beggars description. The timber in its track was prostated; fences torn up and scattered in every direction; E. Welch's house coming in the line of desolation; Mr. and Mrs. Welch had stepped out to look after some chickens, in which Mrs. Welch was specially interested, and startled by the roar of the wind, were in the act of re- turning to the house, and near the door, the wind took up the house, bearing it away, and a stick of timber struck both Mr. and Mrs. Welch, knocking them down. When Mr. Welch recov- ered, he had hold of his wife, but she was dead. The stick of timber struck her on the head and caused her instant death. The next object in the path of destruction was C. D. Tuttle's two-story dwelling, located in the north-west corner of sec- tion 26. The main part of the house was torn to pieces and scattered in every direction; while the wing was left unmoved. The family con- sisting of six persons fled to the cellar, and were miraculously preserved. The large barn a few rods further on was completely destroyed. Next in its course was Mr. J. C. Tucker's barn, the roof of which suddenly passed along on the breeze. At this point the storm turned, taking a north- easterly direction, and struck the house of Robert Williams, damaging the house, and destroying his barn entirely. A horse tied to a girder in the barn was found sixty feet outside of the limits of the building, with the girder lying across him, the strap still tied to the girder, the horse being un- injured. Next in line was a small lake ia the south-west corner of section 23. It was almost robbed of its treasure. The water and mud was carried a long distance up the bluffs, fifty feet above the level of the lake. Next came the fine house of John Morey, giving a portion of its roof to the excited wind; then passed into the town of Denmark, continuing its destructive com-se, kill- ing a horse near the town line for W. G. Wagner. A man known as Michael Schull, a farm hand was taken up by the wind and dashed against a pile of wood, injuring his brain, causing him to become dangerous. lie is now at St. Peter in the insane asylum. The destruction of property was great. No accurate account of the amount of damage done has been complied. Mr. Tuttle living in section 26 suffered the most. He esti- mated his loss at $7,000. His house was situated in a valley, surrounded by oak trees, and we would suppose was protected by the bulwarks of strong nature, and yet here, house, barn, farming utensils and machinery were scattered over the country. The next morning sheets of tin two feet square found in Mr. Tuttle's yard, were sup- posed to have come from a church in Dakota county. Portions of Mr. Tuttle's house were found miles away. The Langdon butter and cheese factory, located on section 17, was built in the spring of 1876, with the follo-^dng officers: W. Powler, C. A. Pqj:- ker, E. B. Scofield, George Woodward and ,7. H. Crandall. The building is 70x32 feet, two stories high, with a wing 33x32 feet. During the first year, the factory was supplied with mUk from three hundred cows. During the summer of 1880 the factory received milk from eight hundred cows; and from one hundred and seventy-five cows at this writing, January, 1881. In the sum- mer of 1880 this factory produced 30,000 pounds of butter and 41,000 pounds of cheese. The pres- ent officers are: W. Fowler, president; T. S. Nash, secretary; George Woodward, treasurer and salesman. Dairying forms one of the many important in- terests of the town. Many fine herds of cows are found on the large farms in the town. The pro- duct of butter and cheese is the largest of any in the county, as the statistics will show. It is esti- mated thg-t eight hundred cows are kept as milch cows in the town; and that 75,000 pounds of but- 372 HISIORY OF WASHIJSGTON COUNTY. ter and 50,000 pounds of cheese were produced in 1880. The products for 1880 are as fol- lows: wheat sown was 6,865 acres, producing 74,665 bushels; oats sown was 1,257 acres, pro- ducing 43,721 bushels; corn planted was 1,376 acres, producing 40,145 bushels; barley sown was 201 acres, producing 5,946 bushels; Eye sown was 29 acres, producing 458 bushels; potatoes planted was 49 acres, producing 6,085 bushels; tame hay cut, 1,986 acres, producing 2,111 tons. The first marriage in the town of Cottage Grove was Mr. Henry Crosby to Miss Hannah Water- mann, in the summer of 1854. Nathan Atkinson, son of John' and Hannah Atkinson, born in 1846, is said to be the first white child bom in the township. Mrs. Mehitable Furber, wife of P. P. Purber, died September 12th, 1851. The next death was William H., son of J. W. Furber, who died Sep- tember 18th, 1854. WAR BECOKD OF COTTAGE GEOVE TOWNSHIP. The war record of Washington county begins with the opening of the rebellion of 1861. In this war, Cottage Grove township responded to the full extent of her duty. No part of this his- toid will be of more interest to the coming gene- rations than the noble deeds of our fathers, in this struggle for self-preservation. This town stands in the front rank in doing honor for our county and state. When treason had raised its arm to destroy the Union, and the call was made for men and means to suppress the rebellion, no township was more prompt to respond to the call than Cottage Grove. In accordance with a call issued January 14th, 1864, a meeting of the legal voters of the town- ship was called at the house of-Lawrence Nessell February 2d, 1864. In keeping with the general feeling of the people, the following resolutions were enthusiastically adopted: "Resolved, That the town of Cottage Grove pay the sum of one hundred dollars, to each volunteer that has enlisted or may enlist in the service of the United States; and have been or may be accredited to this township as volun- teers. "Eesolved, That the town cause to be raised and paid as bounty, the sum of f 100 to eaph of the following named volunteers: William Buck, Sumner Palmer, E.G.Partridge, and Orville Buck, and that the town supervisors draw on the town treasurer to the amount of $400, in favor of said persons; and that the supervisors be authorized to obtain a sufficient number of voluijteers to fill the quota of this town, imder the present call, and draw orders on the town treasurer in favor of such volunteers, to an amount not to exceed $100 each." At a regular town meeting held April 5th, 1864, a tax of $900 was levied to pay orders on town treasury, drawn by the supervis- ors for the payment of bounties to volunteers, in accordance with a resolution adopted at a special town meeting held February 2d, 1864. A special meeting was called at the school- house, near Atkinson's Corners, August 11th, 1864, the following resolution was unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That the board of supervisors be, and are hereby authorized to issue bonds on the town in such form and such amounts, as may be thought most available, bearing interest at the rate of 10 per cent., and payable on the 1st day of May, 1866. The principal of said bonds to be ap- propriated to pay bounties to volunteers to fill the quota of the town, under the recent call made by the president of the United States for troops. The whole amount of said bonds not to exceed $15,000, and not to be sold at less than par. At the same meeting the following resolution was passed: "Resolved, ThatS. W. Furber be, and is hereby authorized to act as agent for the town, and to negotiate the bonds, this day authorized by vote to be issued, and to procure volunteei-s to fill the quota of the town on the best terms possible; and he is authorized to notify the board of supervisors, as to the sum required in each bond, and to de- mand and receive 'the same from said board, and sell them, and apply the proceeds thereof accord- ing to the terms of the foregoing resolution. He is also authorized to act as agent for the town to procure exemption of enrolled men from the draft, and in all other matters connected with filling the quota of the town under the present call of the president for 500,000 men." At the annual meeting held April 4th, 1865, the following resolution was adopted: "Whereas, George Hutchinson, B. R. Rose, W. Nicholson, William Welch, Nathan C. Ingham, COTTAGE GBOVE—BIOOBAFHIGAL. 373 Samuel Bennett, James Nichols, Gordon Allen, D. Mclntire, J. A. ChurcMU, L. S. Bringer, Wil- liam F.Ingham, RossW.Link, Frederick Meilicke, George N. Godfrey, John Hutchinson, William Poplan, Geo. R. Crippen, James S. Leyde, Samuel Bennet, Charles Ferris, Wesley Shellenburger, Franklin Benjamin, Charles Fay, Frederick Ham- mond, D. A. Percy, Ludwig Blozing, Louis Brun- nel, Paul Brunnell, Antoine Brunnell, Francis McCoy, G. Wisgatt, T. B. Galusha, John Kelly, Frank Tibbets, Andrew Arnold, James Nichols, Gordon Allen, Alvey McKee, Dugald Mclntire, Ezra B. Strong, John McCallum, C. Henning, Reuben Freeman, E. G. Patridge, Sumner Palmer, Orville Buck, William Buck, Frederick Cook, Newton Troitchel, Hanson Evison, George H. Altenburg, Alexander Glenn, W. Link, Rufus Mars, Louis Ready, Clark Shellenburger, Daniel Dibble, Robert Bailey, Henry H. Rose, Alfred C. Parsons, John Stiffes, Shelton Wright, James Ford, John M. Grapes, Henry A. Durand, and Richard Brier, citizens of this town did volun- tarily enlist in the army of the United States, in response to such calls, and did honorably to them- selves, and in a manner which flatters our pride, and challenges the admiration of the world, dis- charge all the duties of patriotic soldiers, there- fore, " Resolved, That to such of these brave men, having survived the perils of war; we do tender them our sincere and heartfelt thanks, and wel- come them home with an earnest assurance of our deep interest in all that pertains to their welfare and prosperity. " Resolved, That these preambles and resolu- -tionsbe entered upon the records of the town." BIOGRAPHICAL. Oliver Ames was born in Orange county. New York, September 24th, 1850, and is the scion of an illustrious family. At two years of age he moved with his parents to St. Paul, Minn-esota. He first attended school in the old stone building on the river bank, taught by Rev. E. D. Neill. After taking an academical course, he finished his education at the St. Paul Business College in 1866. The same year he was employed as book- keeper for the old Home Insurance Company, of that city, and afterward engaged in the same ca- pacity for the firm of Noyes, Peet and Company, also Dispatch Printing Company, and at Duluth for the Duluth Minnesotian. Returning to St. Paul he passed one winter there, then moved to his present farm, where he has since resided. He has lately completed a beautiful home on the spot where Major J. R. Brown established a trading post in 1838. He was united in marriage in 1874, to Miss Emma Benson. Their children are Oliver H., Reginald H. and Amelia. Ferdinand Amy, a native of Germany, was born at Baden, October, 1843. He received his education in his native place and at the age of twenty emigrated to the United States, landing at the port of New Orleans. He came nortliward to Minnesota, and located in Cottage Grove town- ship, where he now owns a desirable farm of 120 acres. In April, 1871, he marrried Miss Carrie Anderson. Frank W., George, Anna H., Albert and Sarah, are their children. Two children died in infancy. John Arny, born January 7th, 1829, is a native of Baden, Germany. He received an edu- cation in his native home, and there remained until he reached manhood's estate; then came to America. He went directly to St. Louis, where he spent four years in the employ of the- banker, Louis Benoist. In April, 1865, he came to Min- nesota, locating on a farm of one hundred and fifty acres at Cottage Grove, where he has since lived, an honored and respected citizen. His family consists of his wife and three children, Edward, Anna and Minnie. Frank X. Barril was born at Detroit, Michigan, in 1859. While he was yet an infant his parents moved to Montreal, Canada, but returned to Detroit, when he was eleven years of age. There Mr. Barril remained until 1875, then turned west- ward. He made his home in Little Falls, Mor- rison county, Minnesota, two years, working at the blacksmith's trade. He completed his knowl- edge of the trade in St. Paul. In 1880 he located at Langdon, where he is doing a good business of general blacksmithing, including wagon- making, repairing, etc. Heniy Belden was bom in Benson, Rutland county, Vermont, in 1811, of the old New Eng- land stock. Here he was educated, and lived until 1844, when he removed to Wisconsin, and purchased a farm in Rock county. During the spring of 1856, he removed from Wisconsin to 374 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the territory of Minnesota, settling at Cottage Grove, on his present fine estate. His farm con- sists of two hundred and sixty-six acres, -which is finely improved and adorned by a very handsome residence. Mr. Belden has been twice married; first, to Miss Elinira Benson, who died in Wis- consin. In 1852 he married his present wife, who was Rhoda Crum. They have three children. August F. Berth is a native of Prussia, born in 1848. When a child of seven years his parents crossed the ocean, and located at Henderson, Sib- ley coimty, Minnesota, where his father still re- mains and pursues his avocation. of contractor and carpenter. Mr. Borth passed his youth at Henderson, and received a practical education and learned the trade of blacksmith and wagon- maker. September, 1876, he became a resident of the village of Cottage Grove, where he still resides, having an extensive custom. He mar- ried in 1876, Miss Hattie Palmer, who has borne him two children, Frank L. and George. John Colwell is a native of Ireland, from where his parents emigrated to Canada, when he was a child. In 1865 he removed to Minnesota, locating at Cottage Grove, where he resides on a well-improved farm of two hundred and ninety acres, adjoining the village of Langdon. In To- ronto, Canada, 1845, he was married to Miss Mary Glenn, who died many years after, leaving seven children, John J., Mary, Joseph, Bobert, Eliza- beth A., Matilda and George. Mr. Colwell re- married in 1871, to Mrs. Maria Stotesbury. They have three children, George B., Edwin and Albert O. Mrs. Colwell has two children by her first husband. George B. Crippen was born in Saratoga coun- ty, New York, 1838. He removed to Wisconsin with his parents, where he remained until the age of sixteen. He then removed to Cottage Grove, where he has, the greater portion of his time, re- sided, engaged in agricultural pursuits. He en- listed in August, 1862, in Company I, Sixth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served though the Indian campaign under General Sib- ley. In 1864 his command went to the front; he participated in many prominent engagements, and was mustered out of service at Fort Snelling, August, 1865. He married Miss Sophia Ludloff, of Prescott, Wisconsin, in 1861. They have eight children living. Jeremiah Daly, is a native of Ireland, born in 1829, where he received his education. In 1850, he crossed the ocean to the United States, and at once started for the far west. Many inconveni- ences were met with in crossing the continent at that early date, he having expended all but two dollars and twenty-five cents when he reached St. Paul, Minnesota. He remained only two days, paying one dollar per day for board. He then shouldered his baggage and walked until he found work, which happened to be as a farm- hand. He changed about from place to place en- gaging in different pursuits. After several ex- periences in lumbering, he finally settled at Cot- tage Grove, where he now resides, owning a beautiful farm of five hundred and twenty acres. He is an honored and respected citizen, and has done much in forwarding the local interests. Mr. Daly has been twice married. His present wife was Miss Mary Mortimer, whom he married in 1876. They have three children, Elizabeth, Thomas M. and William. Edward Doyle, is a native of the "Emerald Isle," born in 1829.. He came to America in 1852, and settled in Massachusetts, where he worked at various trades and at farming. He came west in 1867, locating in Washington county, Minnesota; he now owns a nice farm of one hundred and sixty acres, in Cottage Grove. His marriage to Miss Mary Leary, a native of Ireland, took place 1866. They have eight children. William Fowler, whose name is familiar among the agricultural classes of Minnesota, was born in Hampden county, of the old "Bay State," Sep- tember 8th, 1826. At the age of nine, he moved with his parents to Geauga county, Ohio, where he passed his youth and received his education, completing his studies by a course in the fine urts and sciences at Twinsburg Academy. When twenty-two years of age he emigrated to Illinois, and in 1852, came to Minnesota, locating in New- port township; he engaged in agricultural pur- suits. In 1862, he enlisted in Company "F," Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. His com- mand first served under Gen Sibley in the Indian campaign, then were ordered to front. Mr. Fowler was severely wounded at the battle of "The Ce- dars," on account Of which he received a pension. In 1862 he was commissioned second lieutenant, which position he held until mustered out of ser- COTTAGE GEOm— BIOGRAPHICAL. 376 vice at Tort Snelling, July, 1865. In 187D he purchased a farm in Cottage Grove, where he now lives, and is the owner of 544 acres. Mr. Fowler was president Of the State Agricultural society in 1873-74; was for seven years president of the Washington County Agricultural Association, also of the State Dairymen's Association, and the State Wool Growers' Association. He represented his district in the legislature in 1877. He has held other high and responsible positions, in which he has given satisfaction. In 1857 his marriage to Miss Caroline Lane occurred. Frank L., Mary, Nellie, Eugene and Willie, are their children. George M. Furber is a native of Cottage Grove) bom November 17th, 1855. He attended the public school in boyhood and completed his edu- cation at Carlton College, Northfleld, where he ook a classical course. On returning home he was clerk in his father's store three years, and in January, 1880, he purchased it. He is now doing a good mercantile business. In 1877, he married Miss Annie B. Hiad, of St. Paul. They have wo children: Jennie F. and Angier G. Gen. Joseph W. Furber is a native of New Hampshire, born at Farmington, Strafford county. He is of very old, prominent stock, dating as far back as the locating of the New England colonies in 1640. His father. Major Pierce P. Furber, was an officer in the war of 1812. Gen. Furber re- ceived his education at the public school, except one year at Foxcraf t Academy, Penobscot county, Maine. His early manhood was passed in the pursuit of lumber surveying. In 1838, he started for the then remote Mississippi valley; on ar- riving at Alton, Illinois, he made that his home until 1840, when he went to St. Croix Falls, Wis- consin, and engaged in business until 1846. He then came to Washington county, Minnesota, and located at his present, beautiful home at Cottage Grove; there he stiU remains an honored citizen. In 1846, he was elected to represent the counties of Crawford and St. Croix, which then included the whole north-west in the territorial legislature of Wisconsia. In order to reach the capitol at Madison, he started Christmas and walked the whole distance to Prairie du Chien, that being the only mode of travel at that early date. In 1857, he was chosen speaker of the first Minne- sota legislature. ,In 1851, he was appointed and commissioned major-general of militia of Min- nesota territory. The same year he was appointed by President Fillmore and confirmed by the senate as United States marshal of Minnesota, which he held until his resignation in June, 1853. He has also been honored by the local offices among which are justice of the peace, notary public, postmaster, etc. His marriage with Miss Sarah Minkler occurred in 1843. They have three children: Estella M., Arvilla and William W. Samuel W. Furber, like his brother. Gen. J. W. Furber, has played a promiaent part in the history of St. Croix Valley and the state of Minnesota. He was born in Farmiagton, Straf- ford county. New Hampshire, in 1819. In 1833 lie moved with his parents to Milo, Maine, where he obtained an education which he completed at Foxcraft Academy. In 1846 be went to Bangor, engaging in lumbering, until the spring of 1857, when he came west. He located at Cottage Grove in 1860 where he has since lived. Mr. Furber represented Washington county in the state legislature in 1862, and as chairman of the committee on public lands, he was the most prominent in the framing of the public school land-laws of Minnesota. At the organization of the iaternal revenue service in 1862, he was appointed assistant assessor of the fifth district, embracing the counties of Washington, Chisago, Carlton, Kanabec and Lake. In this capacity he served until 1870, when the districts were con- solidated by an act of congress. At the organi- zation of the Farmers' Board of Trade, in 1879, he was chosen president by the board of directors and filled the office until expiration of term. Mr. Furber took the United States census of 1880, in Cottage Grove, Denmark and Newport townships. He has also held local offices, such as justice of the peace, notary public, etc. His family con- sists of wife and three children. Theodore Furber was born at Farmington, Strafford county. New Hampshire, in 1817. When ten years of age, his parents removed to Dover, and four years subsequently to Maine. At this place and at Dover he received a common school and academic education. He left Milo in 1845,with his young wife, for the St. Croix Valley, arriving at St. Croix Falls after a journey of seven weeks. The following spriag he located on un- surveyed lands, which after the survey was made, he purchased, it being in Cottage Grove town- 376 mSTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ship. In 1871 Mr. Furber and wife spent the winter in California, then returned, remaining two years. They then passed a few years in Colorado and Ohio, finally returning to Cottage Grove, where they have since lived. He was commissioned by Governor Dodge of Wiscon- sin territory as colonel of militia; he was also justice of the peace in early days. He was ap- pointed comissioner in company with Bronson of St. Paul, by the legislature to survey and locate the first territorial road from Point Douglas to St. Paul, which commission he fulfilled. He -wedded Miss Sarah J. Hale in 184?. Aaron G. Gillett is a native of Connecticut, born in New London county, 1817. Here he was educated and lived until 1837. He then went to Steuben county. New York, and engaged in mer- cantile business until 1855, a portion of the time being devoted to traveling. The same year he removed to Belle Plaine, Scott county, where he tarried until 1862. After engaging in hotel-keep- ing at Bloomington about three years, he located at St. Paul, thence to Belle Plaine, and in 1870 became a resident pf Langdon. He was in the employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company as station agent nine years. He is now occupying the positions of postmaster and town clerk; has also held the ofHce of justice of the peace eight years. His wife was Miss Hannah Baldwin, whom he married in 1840. They have two children, Martha and Mary, also one adopted son, Charles E. Henry Gilmore was born in Washington coun- ty. New York, October 1st, 1824, and is of Scotch descent. His ancestors were the original settlers of that section at a very early date. He received his education at his native place, completing it by a course at Cambridge College. At the age of twenty one he came west, locating on a farm in Iowa. After remaining two years, he removed to Galena, Illinois, and gave his attention to boot and shoe trade many years. About twenty-three years ago became to Minnesota, spending a num- ber of years in Richfield, Minneapolis and Minne- tonka in various pursuits. He finally purchased his present extensive estate of six hundred and fifty-eight acres, at Cottage Grove, to which he moved, and where he now lives with his family. His marriage occurred at Galena, Illinois, in 1855. His wife was Sarah A. Mathews, who has borne him nine children. William Glenn was born in Canada "West, 1830. Here he was educated and learned a trade. He came to Minnesota in 1866, and after tarrying a short time in St. Paul, he pur- chased and opened a farm in Cottage Grove town- ship. He is now owner and proprietor of the hotel of that village; is also town official and dealer in stock. He was married in 1852, to Miss Mary Campbell, who died in 1863, leaving two children. He re-married in 1868 to Miss A. J. Everts. Emma and Frank are their children, and Mary an adopted daughter. Arthur B. Harris was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1856, where he passed his childhood days. His father entered the service of his country at the beginning of the civil war, and fell mortally wounded, at one of the battles of the Potomac; his mother died the next year. Thus early in life he was left an orphan, and in 1868 he came west with his grand-father, Mr. C. D. Strong, senior partner of the well-known firm of Strong, Hackett and Company, of St. Paul. In 1878 Mr. Harris purchased a farm of four hundred acres, in Todd county, Minnesota. He has spent some time in Red River valley, near Fargo, but makes his home at Cottage Grove. John L. Heselton was born in Canada, near St. Lawrence river, in 1837. He came to St. Paul in 1860, making it his home four years, then located at Cottage Grove, where he has since lived, a prominent farmer, owning a farm of two hundred and thirty-six acres. He married in 1861, Miss Anna Fitzgerald. They have seven children: George A., Martha A., John H., Mary I., Luella, Nora M., and Harvey. George Heselton, father of J. L. Heselton, late of Cottage Grove, and a prominent citizen, was born in England, and emigrated to Canada, thence to Minnesota in 1868. He died September 13th, 1878. Lewis Hill is one of the early pioneers of Washington county. He was born at Hollis, York county, Maine, 1822. When he attained his majority he started for the Falls of St. Croix. During the tedious journey he was laid low with fever and ague. He found many kind and gener- ous friends who cared for him and assisted him COTTAGE OEOVE—BIOGBAFHICAL. 377 in procuring work after recovering. In 1844 he went to Cottage Grove, and engaged in farming some years, then sold and removed to Dakota county, in 1855. A few years later he returned to Cottage Grove, and located at his present resi- dence at the Comers. He married Miss Abbie Welch in 1854. Emma C. Jessie L., and Fred- erick E. G., are their living children. John R. Hutchinson was born at sea, under the American flag, October 18th, 1822. His father was an oflBcer in the merchant marine service of the United States. Mr. Hutchinson lived principally in the state of New York until the age of twenty-three, when he located at Cal- umet, Wisconsin. He came to Minnesota in 1857, living in Hastings and Newport a number of years. At Fort Snelling, in 1861, he enlisted in Company "K," Fifth Eegiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry, and after serving two years re-enlisted. He served in two Indian campaigns under Gen. Sibley, and May 14th, 1865, was discharged. The same year he located on a farm in Cottage Grove township, where he has since made his home. Mrs. Charlotte C. Hutchinson, nee Ladd. of Vermont, is his devoted wife. They were married March 20th, 1844, and are the parents of seven children. Wallace Kelsey was born in Jefferson county. New York, July 22d, 1836. At the age of nine- teen he emigrated westward, reaching Cottage Grove, Christmas day, 1855. This he made his home until 1861, when he enlisted at Prescott, Wisconsin, in Company "A," Twelfth Wiscon- sin Volunteer Infantry. He served faithfully in many noted conflicts; was commissioned first lieutenant in 1864. In 1866 he located on his present farm at Cottage Grove, where he now resides. His wife was Miss E. Crippen, whom he married in 1861. Ada A., Mabel and^ Wallace E. are their children. Joseph Le Borius was born at Hesse-Darm- stadt, in 1848. His parents died during his in- fancy, and when a child of four years his grand- parents came to America, bringing him with them, and located at St. Paul, Minnesota. He first located at Cottage Grove in 1871, and at the village school completed his education. He is chiefly engaged in gardening with much success. Although a mere boy his patriotism impelled him to enUst, which he did in Company "B," Fourth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. He was mus- tered out at Fort Snelling, July 1865. He wedded Miss Nellie Stevens, in 1873; she was one of the first white children born at Cottage Grove. They have two children, John J. and Margaret. Uriah Ladd was born in New London county, Connecticut, 1819. His father, Uriah Ladd, Sr., was captain in the war of 1812, and had reached the age of eighty-nine when he died. Mr. Ladd lived at the place of his birth until fifteen years old, then removed to Windham county. He com- pleted his education at the Suffolk Literary In- stitute, and at the age of eighteen began teach- ing. He served as clerk of a bank at Windham, Connecticut, and was there at the time of the historic robbery of the "Bull Frog Bank." He settled in 1872 at Cottage Grove, and has since lived there; he is now town assessor. His wife was Miss Mary Burdick, whom he married in 1848. Theyhave five children living: J.Howard, George, Mary, Uriah and Catherine. John H. Laramy, a native of the "North Star State," was bom at St. Paul, June 7th, 1858, where passed his early boyhood. In 1868 he went with his parents to Cottage Grove where he at- tended the public schools -and then entered the State University and took a scientific and classi- cal course, completing it with the class of 1875- '76. After spending a few months at Beloit, Wisconsin, he returned to Cottage Grove and took charge of the mercantile house of Wood- ward and Son. at Langdon, where he still remains with success. Hartley Mars was born in Mercer county, Pennsylvania, May 29th, 1829. He received his education and learned the trade of tanner in his native place. At the age of twenty-four he emi- grated to Crawford county, Wisconsin, where he followed his trade and farming. He enlisted in Company "C," Twentieth Wisconsin volunteer infantry. He experienced a severe illness which confined him to the hospital six months. On his convalescence he re-enlisted in Company "D," Mississippi Marine Brigade, and served along the waters of that stream.* In 1863 he was com- pelled to retire from military service on account of failing health. Purchasing a farm at Cottage Grove, he located on it with his family in the fall of 1865. His marriage with Elizabeth Myers took place in 1850. Margaret L., Ehzabeth P., 378 HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Jolin H. and Henrietta are the living children, two having died. John G. McChesney is a native of Ireland, born in 1836. He is of Scotch lineage, and was reared and educated in the country of his nativity. In 1857 he crossed the Atlantic, and proceeded directly westward, reaching St. Paul, Minnesota, the same year. After being a resident of that city three years he removed to Cottage Grove. He began farming in Denmark township in 1862, but purchased his present farm at Cottage Grove, and located in 1866. His farm is a most desirable one, being highly improved and embracing two hundred and forty acres. Mr. McChesney was married in 1862 to Miss Harriet Wallace, who is also a native of Ireland, and of Scotch ancestry. They are the parents of four children: Herbert W., John W., Thomas R. and Herman F., one of whom, Thomas, died February 13th, 1878. Theodore F. Miller was born at the village of Cross Elver, Westchester county, New York, 1847. His parents removed to Prescott, Wiscon- sin, where they still reside. At Prescott, he grew to manhood and received a liberal educa- tion. After having farmed near Prescott five years, he removed to Point Douglas, Minnesota in 1872, and began the grain trade. In 1876, he and his partner, Mr. Dill purchased the elevator at Langdon. The firm of Dill and Miller, own and operate four elevators. Mr. Miller wp,s mar- ried in 1868 to Miss Annie Teare, who has borne him three children: Carrie, Maud and Patsey. Jocob Mosher, one of the oldest settlers in Washington county, and one of the first in Cot. tage Grove, is a native of Nova SooEia, born 1820_ He came with his parents to Canada West when nine years old, his father being a mill-wright, he learned that, and the carpenter's trade. In 1839, he visited IlUnois and remained 1843, when he went to St. Croix Falls. Here he remained at work two years, and took a claim in what is now Cottage Grove. He has been promi- nent in his trade, and has built many residences and school-houses in that county. He sold his farm years ago, preparin^to follow his profession, and now has a fine residence and grounds. He was married in 1854 to Mrs. Maria Shatto. Anna F., Mahala, WiUiam, Addie, Grant, Laura and George, are their childien. Joel M. Munger, the elder of the two Munger brothers at Cottage Grove, was bom at Orwell, Rutland county, Vermont, March 3d, 1818. Strangely enough, he and his brother were born the same day and month of the year, were mar- ried the same day and month of the year, at the same place, and to sisters. Mr. Munger lived at the place of his birth nearly forty years. In 1857, he came westward and located at the Cor- ners, in Cottage Grove township, where he has since lived and prospered. He has been extensively engaged in sheep raising, having kept a large flock of Spanish Merinos for a number of years. Owing to the large number of wolves which came to that vicinity in later years, he was compelled to dispose of his valuable stock and give his attention to the improvement of his very desirable farm of one hundred and sixty-five acres. In Johnstown, Wisconsin, December 31st, 1843, he married Miss Lucinda Belden: Antoinette A., Julia A., Orlow B., Noble L., Roxsa, Walter A. and Ned W. are their children. William R. Munger was born at the old family homestead, at Orwell, Rutland county, Vermont, March 3d, 1822, exactly five years later than the birth of his brother Joel M. He was reared and educated by his parents, and when he attained his majority, he emigrated toJohnstwon, Wiscon- sin. He remained nine years, and while there, built a large hotel which was afterward bought by the county and converted into a county poor house, and is still used as such. In 1852, he ar- rived at the Corners, where he purchased a farm and located, having since then lived there. He has at all times been a prominent member of the community having often held town offices. He was married at Johnstown, Wisconsin, December 31st, 1843 to Miss Julia Belden: Elbridge G., Myrtle, Ahyatt S. and Carlton W. are their children. Elbridge G. Munger, eldest son of W. R. Mun- ger, was born at Johnstown, Wisconsin, Decem- ber 30, 1851. He was brought to Minnesota by his parents, the next year. He has a good edu- cation, having graduated from the St. Paul Busi- ness College and school of telegraphy. He lo- cated a claim in Murray county in 1877, which he sold two years later. Mr. Munger now gives his attention to raising and training fine horses, some of which are probably the finest in the state. James S. Norris, deceased, was born in Kenne- COTTAGE GBOVE—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 379 bee county, Maine, 1810. He emigrated to the west in 1839, and first located in whatis now Afton township. In 1842 he opened a farm on what is at present section four. Cottage Grove. Here he lived until his death, which occurred March 5th, 1874. During his life he held various public of- fices, and was justice of the peace in Wisconsin territory ; was a member of the first territorial legislature of Minnesota, and was re-elected to the legislature in 1855, '56 and '70; was town clerk twelve years. He died, respected and re- gretted by all. Sophia Jane Norris, widow of the late James S. Norris, bom in Somerset county, Maine, 1815. She came to "Washington county, Minnesota, in 1845, to live with her brother Joseph Haskell. The same year she and Mr. James Norris were married. They had no children of their own but have an adopted son, George H., who lives with his foster-mother. Louis T. Poitras was bom in Montreal, 1846, and was reared and educated in the Canadian metropolis. When seventeen years old he came to the states, settling at Muskegon, Michigan, and worked at his trade, that of blacksmithing. On account of ill health he returned in 1871, to Cana- da, and remained until 1879, when he came to Stillwater, Minnesota. Here he worked until June, 1880, then went to Cottage Grove and opened a shop, where he now carries on a general blacksmithing business, in connection with wagon making and repairing. In 1867 he was married to Lisa Bassett, who died in 1871, leaving one child. His second wife was Mrs. Mary Bichard, of Canada. Kosina, Lisa, Sarah and Lida are their children. David L. Smith, A. B. and M. B., was bom March 30th, 1851, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here he was raised by his parents and received the ground work of his educatioii. Kemoving to Toronto, Canada, he pursued his studies at the University of Toronto, from which he gradua;ted with the degi-ee of A. B., in the class of 1873-4. He then took a course at the Trinity Medical School, receiving M. B. with the class of 1875-6. Early in the spring of the next year, he came westward to Duluth, Minnesota; thence to Fargo, Dakota territory, and on to Manitoba, and en- gaged during the summer and fall on the survey of the proposed line of Canadian Pacific railroad. as far west as the Wood mountains. In 1878 he returned, going to Stillwater, where he was a teacher in the public school until 1880; he then took charge of the Cottage Grove school, having about eighty scholars, and one assistant. Thomas Spoor is a native of the Empire state, bom in Delaware county, 1825. He remained at his childhood home until 1855, then taking the advice Horace Greeley has given, turned his face westward. He tarried a brief time at Belle Plaine, Minnesota, then returned and located at his present home. Cottage Grove, where he is an industrious and respected citizen. His wife was Miss Theresa Brock, of Delaware county, New York; they were married in 1845. They have two children. Arthur H. Steen, M. D., is the son of Arthur H. Steen, Sr., a prominent farmer of Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, where he was born June 16th, 1850. After receiving a public school education he began reading medicine, in 1868, at Oakfleld, Wisconsin, and pursued his studies under Drs. William Moore and J. W. Burns. In September, 1872, he entered Rush Medical College, from which he graduated with high honors two years later. The same year he located at Cottage Grove, in the practice of his profession, where he still remains, a very popular and highly esteemed pliysieian. Dr. Steen has a large and well selected medical library, and is still much devoted to his studies. Peter Thompson is a native of- Denmark, born in 1849. Here he passed his boyhood days and received a liberal education. At the age of twenty he sailed to the new world, and landed at the port of Quebec, Canada. He proceeded di- rectly to the city of Burlington, Iowa, and was engaged in business there until 1870, when he removed northward, locating at Cottage Grove. Mr. Thompson is an industrious citizen, and has possessed himself of a fine farm of one hundred and twenty acres. He was married in 1878 to Miss Gertrude Wilkins, of Washington county. One child, Anna A., has been born to them. Joel B. Thompson was born at Woodstock, Vermont, March 29, 1822, where he was reared and educated. When about sixteen years of age he went to Boston, Massachusetts, and made it his home nearly eight years. In 1855 he emi- grated to Minnesota, and purchased a farm in 380 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Woodbury township, Washington county. There he lived until 1880, when he bought and moved to his present farm at Cottage Grove. He mar- ried in 1844, Miss Mary Symons. Their chil- dren are: Foster P., Edward E., Ida G., Ella F., Charles W. and Horace S. ChaunceyD. Tuttle was born in Vermont, 1816. When a child of eight years, his parents moved to Franklin county. New York, and ten years later, he accompanied them to Monroe county. He received a common school and academic edu- cation, and in 1856 came to Minnesota, locating at Hastings, where he was a prominent merchant many years. In 1876 he moved to his farm in Cottage Grove township. His wife, Matilda Tut- tle, is a native of Monroe county. New York, where she was married in 1837. Their children are: George, who is a hardware dealer at Hast- ings; Chauncey N., who has a dry goods house at Hastings; Elizabeth Bumside, widow, who lives at Hastings. Mr. Tuttle and family were suffer- ers from the terrible tornado which swept through th township in 1877, their house being totally destroyed. John Watson was bom in Dundee, Scotland, May 8, 1837. When a child of one year his parents emigrated to the United States and set- tled near Cleveland, Ohio. When he reached the age of twelve years, his parents removed to Min- nesota, locating at Cottage Grove, where he has been reared and where he still lives. He has a large farm, well improved, with handsome build- ings. In 1868 he married Miss Isabell Munn, of Delaware county, New York. Mary J., Edith E., Maurice and Grace, are their children. Edward Welch was born in county Waterford, South Ireland, 1830. He passed his early days in his native country, and when seventeen years old he sailed for the United States, arriving the same year. He lived in Onondaga county. New York, six years; then came westward to Cottage Grove, Minnesota. He has been a resident of this village the greater part of the time since. He married, in 1863, Miss Catharine Gordon who re- mained his beloved wife until 1877, when she met a terrible death, being a victim of the tornado which occurred that year. His present wife was Ellen Welch of Shakopee. They have one child, an infant. Kobert Wilkins, one of the early pioneers of Cottage Grove, was born August 31st, 1829, in Sussex county. New Jersey. When a child of five years his parents removed to Steuben county, New York, and four years later to Bradford county, Pennsylvania, locating finally in Wal- worth county, Wisconsin. Here Mr. Wilkins grew to manhood and completed his education. In 1852 he came to Minnesota and settled at Cottage Grove, where he has since lived, with the exception of two years spent at Castle Rock. When he first settled, there was but one house between him and Point Douglas. Frequently he has occupied public offices, such as town assessor, supervisor, school trustee, etc. In 1855 he married Miss Margaret Van Slyke, daughter of N. H. Van Slyke, a prominent resident of Hastings. Mr. and Mrs. Willdns have four child- ren: Gertrude, Adelbert, Lydia and Geneva. The cyclone which swept through Cottage Grove in 1877, struck their house with disastrous results. NEWPORT. CHAPTER LV. GRAY CLOUD ISLAKD— EARLY EXPLORERS — THE FIRST SETTLERS— TOWN ORGANIZATION — OFFICERS — SCHOOLS — FLOURING MILL — VILLAGE OF NEWPORT— BIOaRAPHtCAL. .Newport township is a narrow strip bordering on the Mississippi. It is in the southwestern corner of the county. In the southern end of the town is the famous Gray Cloud island, the early history of which is somewhat misty. A few facts, however, are gleaned from the accounts left by early explorers and the recollections of old set- tlers. Le Sueur, on his first exploring expedition towards the source of the Mississippi and its northern tributaries, first reached the Mississippi at this point, having made an overland trip across Wisconsin. In 1695, he caused to be erected a fort on an island, three hundred leagues above JNEWPOBT—OBGANIZATION. 381 the moutli of the Illinois. This was probably Gray Cloud island. Charlevoix, who was at New Orleans at 1721, said: "Above the lake is met Isle Pelee, so named because of a very beautiful prairie, destitute of trees. The French of Canada made this a center of commerce for their western posts, and sought to spend their winters here be- cause it was a good country for hunting." This post was built to aid in establishing friendly relations between the Sioux and Chip- pewa Indians, the latter living on the shores of a "lake', five hundred leagues in circumference, and one hundred leagues eastof the Mississippi." The former dwelt on the upper Mississippi. This post was probably built many years before an European vessel ascended the river as far north. For sev- eral years no further items concerning the island were made, and the next notice it received was by Col. Leavenworth's expedition up the Missis- sippi to establish a military post. The memoran- da bearing the date August 20th, 1819, say: "We set out this morning in a calm. About 1:20 o'clock, the wind blew up fair, but light, yet the air was much refreshed. We encamped this even- ing at Medicine Wood, a distance of twenty-four miles." Of Medicine Wood, we find two different ac- counts; one says : " Medicine Wood takes its name from a large beech tree, which kind of wood the Sioux are not acquainted with, and supposing the great spirit had placed it there as a good genius to protect or punish them according to their merits or demerits." Another: " The is- land was named in 1819, after the daughter of the old Indian chief of the Sioux tribe. Gray Cloud." The daughter subsequently became the wife of Hazen Mooers. In 1819, there were living on the island about one hundred lodges of Indians, who had fields under cultivation, planted with corn and potatoes. An old Frenchman named Joseph Bouchea, now living on a portion of this island, then in the em- ploy of the American Fur Company, was sent here in 1819 to purchase corn and potatoes to supply a station further north. The father of William Smith, who lives on section 25, was also about that time in the employ of the company and came to the place, and in 1841, settled per- manently. Joseph B. Brown came here with the troops sent to build the fort, and in 1838, settled on sec- tion 31, Cottage Grove township, where he opened a trading post. The same year Messrs. Mooers and Robinson started a trading post on section 23, on the island. Mr. Bobinson married a daughter of Mr. Mooers' wife by a former husband. About this time, J. R. Brown, Truman M. Smith and C. B. Gallagher surveyed and platted a piece of land on the island, in section 31, of Cottage Grove, and 36, of Newport. This plat was subsequently abandoned. The first settler in the northern portion of Newport, or as it was then known as Kaposia, and afterwards as Bed Bock, addition to Wood- bury, was the Bev. Alfred Bronson, in 1837. He was sent by the Pittsburgh conference to estab- lish a mission among the Sioux Indians. John Holton came with him to engage in the same work. Buildings were erected and Bronson car- ried on his missionary work two years. Holton was appointed Indian farmer, his commission, bearing date September 29th, 1837, was signed by Major Taliaferro, of Fort Snelling. The logs with which the mission house was built, were cut at the corner of Seventh and Jackson streets, in St. Paul. In 1841, John A. Ford built a store on section 26, on land owned by Charles Caviller, who con- ducted a shop, making saddles for Indians. In 1847, William Johnson took a claim where the village of Newport now stands, and two years later, E. B. Scofield settled on section 13. ORGANIZATION. Notices for a meeting of the legal voters of the township, to be held in the post-oifice of Newport, were issued from Stillwater, October 7th, 1858, and were signed by Thomas J. York, register of deeds. Pursuant to this call, the citizens held a meeting October 20th, at the place designated, and David Shellenberger, J. H. Hugunin and F. S. Odell, were chosen judges of election. There were eighteen voters present, and the following officers were elected: William Fowler, chairman of the board of supervisors ; E. B. Scofield and John Willoughby, supervisors; G. H. Fowler, clerk ; J. H. Hugunin, assessor ; F. S. Odell, col- lector ; D. S. Shellenberger and C. M. Shelton, justices of the peace ; J. R. Hutchinson and L. C. Everett, constables ; D. Scofield, overseer of 382 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the poor. At the first regular meeting of the newly elected board it was voted to lay out a cer- tain new road from the south-east corner of sec- tion one, to intersect the Gray Cloud Island road, and to separate Newport into two road districts, the division line running east and west through section twelve. At the date of organization Newport consisted of that portion of congressional township number 27, ranges 21 and 22 west, lying between the west line of Cottage Grove township and the Mississip- pi river. It consists of six whole and six frac- tional sections. In 1861 the county commissioners added the Eed Eock fraction of Woodbury to Newport. This fraction consists of two whole and two fractional sections. The township is eight miles long and one and one-quarter miles wide. The name Newport was given to it by Mrs. J. H. Hugunin. With the exception of a small portion in the northeastern part of the township the sur- face is quite level. Along the river is to be found a belt of quite heavy timber. The soil is general- ly a sandy loam, and is well adapted to small grains and grazing. The township officers elected at subsequent meetings were as follows: Clerks, 1859 to 1861, in- clusive, G. H. Fowler: 1862, W. W. ) ixby; 1863, G. H. Fowler; 1864, W. W. Bixby; 1865 and 1866, G. H. Fowler; 1867 to 1878, inclusive, A. J. Sco- field; 1879 and 1880, E. M. Shelton. Supervisors, 1859, William Fowler, John Willoughby, J. H. Hugunin; 1860, William Fowler, E. B. Scofleld, John Willoughby; 1861, J. H. Hugunin, John Willoughby, A. Durant; 1862, J, H. Hugunin, John Willoughby, Joseph Irish; 1863, G. H. Fow- ler, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1864, G. H. Fowler, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1865, J. A Ford, E. B. Scofleld, Joseph Irish; 1866, W. Fow- ler, E. B. Scofleld, J. Irish; 1867, B. Parker, J. Irish, E. B. Scofleld; 1868, W. B. Brown, J. Irish, W. Fowler; 1869, W. Fowler, J. Irish, J. W. Bill; 1870, W. Fowler, J. Irish, C. Wood- ward; 1871, W. Fowler, J. Irish, H. C. Monroe; 1872, W. Fowler. L. B. Maxon, H. C. Monroe; 1873, H. C. Monroe, L. B. Maxon, C. A. Fowler; 1874, II. C. Monroe, C. A. Parker, H. A. Durand; 1875, C. A. Parker, E. M. Shelton, F. C. Ford; 1876, 1877 and 1878, C. A. Parker, E. M, Shelton, L. C. Everett; 1879, C. A. Parker, W. Silvis, L. C. Everett; 1880, C. A. Parker, H. A. Durand, H. C. Monroe. SCHOOLS. School district, number 1, was organized June 6th, 1860. The first board of trustees was com- posed of John Willoughby, A. Durand and C. N. Shelton. A school-house costing $500 was built, and two years later the number of the district was changed to 36, and a new school-house cost- ing $1,260 was built. District number 33 was organized as number 4, January 10th, 1855. David Wentworth, Samuel FuUerton and L. C. Everett were elected first trustees. A site for the school-house was do- nated by Jeremiah Lamb, in the north-west quar- ter of section thirty. The house, costing $500, 24x26 feet, was built, and Martha J. FuUerton, sister of Captain FuUerton, was the first teacher. District number 48, on Gray Cloud Island, was organized in the spring of 1868. The first ofiicers were: John Turpin, director; Anthony Fritz, treasurer; William J. Miller, clerk. In 1870 a tax was voted and a school-house 18x24 feet, cost- ing $300 was built. The first teacher was Miss Susan Kanady. CHURCH. The First Baptist Church of Newport was or- ganized January 18th, 1859, with Bev, A. S. Lyon as pastor and G. H. Fowler as clerk. • The first board of trustees were elected February 23d, 1867, as foUows: W. Fowler, O. V. CoweU, S. FuUerton, L. Bailey, George Woodward, J. H. Hugunin and E. M. Shelton. They at once com- menced the erection of their present commodious house of worship, which was dedicated March 17th, 1878. The Eed Eock Camp-meeting Association was organized in 1869. Eev. C. G. Bowditch, since deceased, assisted by Eev. John Quigley, was the founder of the enterprise. Mr. Bowditch was at the time pastor of the Newport Methodist Epis- copal church. The grounds, consisting of ten acres of beautifully shaded land, were donated bv John Hplton. The association has erected suitable buildings on the plat, which is in section twenty-six, near the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad. The first marriage in Newport township was that of John A. Ford to Miss Mary, daughter of John Holton of Fort SnelUng. This took place NEWPOBT—BIOGSAPHIGAL. 383 at the fort in 1844. Their son, Franklin C, bom September 23d, 1844, was the first white child bom in the town. The first death was the child of Eev. Benjamin Cavanaugh. The population in 1875 was 259; in 1880, 342. In 1880 the assessed valuation of real and per- sonal property was $8 6 ,6 1 8 . The amount of small gram raised, 11,374 bushels; corn, 10,595; hay, 294 tons; number of milch cows, 166. NEWPORT FLOUEING-MII/L. In 1857 E. M. Shelton and brothers came to Newport and built a steam saw-mill near the site of the present mill. Its capacity was 10,000 feet of lumber per day. One of the brothers died in 1859, and another sold his interest to J. J. Scofield, and the firm name was. changed to E. M. Shelton and Company. In 1871 they took down the old mill and rebuilt on the present site a saw and flour-mill combined, run by the same power. In 1874 the concern was destroyed by fire. The site was sold to Joseph Irish who con- veyed it to Davis and Densmore, who the same year built a two-run flour-mill. This firm was unable to pay for it, and sold it to Joseph Irish. The concern is nowrun by Durand, Stofleld and Company who have leased it since 1877. FIEST POST-OFFICE. The first post-ofllce was estabhshed in 1841 at Kaposia mission. Benjamin Cavanaugh was ap- pointed post- master the same year. The office was afterward transferred to the store of John A. Ford who was made deputy in 1844, and at the same time the name of the ofiBce was changed to Red Rock. The next officer was W. H. Johnson, appointed in 1854. Johnson removed it to New- port and held the appointment until 1858, when he was suceeded by James H. Hugunin, who has since held it. VILLAGE OF NEWPORT. The original plat of Newport was made by James Hugunin, E. C. Knox and Wilham and G. H. Fowler in 1857, and is in sections 1, 2, 35 and 36. In 1872 W. K. Brown's addition to Newport was made, in the south-west quarter of section thirty-six. When the village was located the prospects of a good-sized town were fair. However, the near and better-favored location of St. Paul drew most cf the immigration, and the growth of the place has not equalled the hopes and anticipations of the founders. Its mercantile houses are confined to one dry-goods store and gi'ocery, and the pro- prietor, James H. Hugunin, being post-master, the office is in the same building. C. Schabacker, blacksmith; Joseph Irish, flour and feed mill; and the Diamond Joe Line's elevator. BIOGRAPHICAL. John A. Ford wag born near Utica, New York, in 1811. At the age of ten years he moved with his parents to Chautauqua county. He served his apprenticeship at the trade of edge tool and rifle making in Westfield, New York. He and his father made claims, in 1834, where Chicago is now, but afterwards lost them through the intrigue of others. They engaged in lumber- ing in northern Indiana two years. Mr. Ford then went to Illinois, and worked at his trade until 1841. During August of that year he came to Eed Eock, bringing lumber with him for a store, which he built in company with Mr. Daniel Hopkins who came there at that time, from Prairie du Chien. They, having the means, filled their store with a fine assortment of goods, which brought to them trade froih many miles around. Soon after St. Paul began growing, and Mr. Hopkins, after remaining three years, went there and opened a store. Mr. Ford carried on his enterprise until 1852, when the establishing of tiade at St. Paul and other points made it necessary for him to close his business in that line. He held the office of chairman of the board of town supervisors one year in Woodbury, before the fraction was set off to Newport, also at Newport one year. He was also elected to the second territorial legislature of Minnesota. His marriage with Miss Mary Holton occurred in 1843. Franklin and Willis are their children. Franklin C. Ford, son of the early pioneer, and the first permanent white settler of Wash- ington county, was born at Eed Eock, Septem- ber 27th, 1844. Although reared at the picket line of civilization, he received a thorough educa- tion. Attended the district school of his native place, and subsequently passed two years at the Minnesota Central University, located at Has- ings, finally graduating from the St. Paul Busi- ness College,' in 1865. After completing his ed- 384 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ucation he engaged iii teaching school, and insur- ance at Newport three years, and then settled at his present home in Red Rock. He has been a member of the township board, and clerk of school district number 43 for ten years, and is now justice the peace. In 1870 he married Miss Addie Witherspoon who has borne him one child, Frank H. Giles H. Fowler, a native of Massachusetts, was born in 1832, and while quite young his parents moved to Geauga county, Ohio. Here he received his education, completing his course of study at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, of Hiram Ohio. In 1852, he came to Minnesota, and after passmg one year at St. Paul, located at Newport, where he has since resided, engaged in railroading and farming. He has represented the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, at Newport, since its construction, in 1869, having been appointed station agent at that time. Mr. Fowler has served as chairman of town supervis. ors, town clerk, assessor, etc., and has always been a leading citizen. In company with Capt. Hoyt, he organized a militia company, prior to the commencement of hostilities between the north and south, and was afterward assigned to Company B, Third Minnesota Volunteer In- fantry, at Fort Snelling. Mr. Fowler experienced a severe illness while at Nashville, Tennessee, and after being confined to the hospital eight weeks, was discharged for disability. He mar- ried in 1856, Miss Mary Shellenberger, of Ohio. They have five children, Ada R., Melville W., who is night train dispatcher of the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul railroad, at Minneapolis, Judson J., George and Elmer. Capt. Samuel FuUerton, was bom midway be- tween Kennebec and Sheepscot rivers, in the do- main of Massachusetts, now Lincoln county, Maine, August 12th, 1814. He had a natural love for the sea, and as early as 1828, he began coasting, soon becoming an expert pilot, and by 1836, had advanced to the position of captain of a sailing vessel. For eighteen years afterward, he was continuously on the sea, in command of either steam or sailing vessels, having made twenty-six voyages to Cuba, besides visiting all the islands of the "West India group." About 1852, he made the quickest voyage and return Sver made between the United States and Med- iterranean Sea. Shipping anchor at the mouth of the Kennebec, he stood out to sea with his staunch bark "William," and in twenty-four days by the log, furled his sails at the port of Messina, Sicily. Shipping his cargo, he set sail for Boston, and in just twenty-four days entered the port of that city. For this feat, the owner of the cargo presented him with a prize of $100. In 1854, he sold his vessel at Fall River, Massachusetts, and retired from sailor life. Proceeding west- ward he reached Minnesota that fall, selecting and locating on his present fine estate at New- port. Here he has since resided, except two years at St. Paul, spent in giving his children educa- tional advantages. He married Miss Kate Mc- Clintock, of Maine, in 1840. They have three children, William C, who is a prominent attor- ney at Central City, Colorado; Kate, who is the wife of Charles E. Davis, of Minneapolis; and Mary E., a young lady of much refinement, who remains with her parents. David P. Hess is a native of Wentworth coun- ty, Canada west, born September 19th, 1838. When a child he moved with his parents to Cale- donia, and at the age of sixteen settled in Erie county. New York. In 1866 he removed to Min- nesota and made his home at Newport, where he still resides. He is an industrious and respected citizen and has served as justice of the peace and has held other town offices of trust. His marriage with Miss Mary W. Straghn, a native of Scotland, took place February 25th, 1866, in Erie county, New York. They have three children living, Har- vey C, Charles R. and Stella W. Joseph Irish, the largest land owner in Newport township, and one of the earliest settlers, was born in Rutland county, Vermont, 1811. Here he was educated and lived until reaching the age of twenty-seven, when he came to Ohio and set- tled in the "Western Reserve." He followed the peaceful pursuits of agriculture till the spring of 1851, when he made his way to Minnesota and located at Red Rock, coming at the same time as did the commissioners to make a treaty with the Indians for the relinquishment of the greater part of the lands now embraced by Minnesota. Mr. Irish first occupied one of the houses built by the Cavanaugh mission at Red Rock. The old house is still standing as a relic. To the "gude housewife" of Mr. Irish belongs the credit of NEWPORT— BIOGBAPHICAL. 385 making tho first clieese ever made in the state, ■whicli was in 1852. Tlie year previous lie had shipped from Galena, Illinois, twenty-seven cows, and with Mrs. Irish's assistance, they opened an extensive dairy, the cheese heing marketed most- ly at St. Paul. His wife was Miss Lizzie W. Keeney, whom he married in 1839. They have reared two adopted children, Jennie and Samuel. Daniel Kennedy was born in Portland, Maine, November 7th, 1861. When a lad of six years he moved westward with his parents and settled at Pine Bend, Dakota county, Minnesota, where his father bought a farm. In 1871 he went to Still- water and entered the employ of Isaac Staples, in the pineries in winter, on the river in spring, and in the mills during summer. He remained six years, then returned to his father's home, where he lived till his death in 1878. After a short stay in Stevens county, he located in New- port township and has given his attention to farm- ing. In 1879 he married Miss Bridget Miller, who has borne him one child, Margaret C. Lucuis B. Maxon was bom in Oneida county. New York, September 11th, 1828. Here he was reared and received his education. His father died when he was only ten years of age. He came to Wisconsin about twenty-thiee years ago, and for nineteen years past, he has been a resi- dent of Washington county. He settled first at Cottage Grove, and afterward made his home in the village of Newport. During the fall of 1874, he moved to his present fine estate of two hun- dred and seventy-three acres. Mr. Maxon has been town treasurer for eight years past, has also been one of the board of supervisors, and is now school treasurer of district number 33. He was married in 1872 at Winona, Minnesota to Miss Maggie HefEer, now of that city. Charles A. Parker, a native of Vermont, was born in Rutland county, in 1845. At the age of sixteen, he enlisted in Company B, Seventh Ver- mont Volunteer Infantry. While under General Butler, in front of Vicksburg, he was disabled in the right arm, and in the fall of 1862, was dis- charged on account of disability. Keturning to Vermont, he passed the winter, and the spring following, came to Minnesota, locating at New- port. Here he has since resided, and has been chairman of the board of supervisors since the age of twenty-one, and a member of the board of 25 county commissioners as well as occupying other officers of trust and honor. He now owns and operates a fine large farm, and is extensively en- gaged in raising blooded stock, horses, cattle and hogs; also a stockholder in the Langdon butter and cheese factory. Mr. Parker was married to Miss Sarah E. Perkins in 1868, who has borne him two children: Jackson V. and Frankie P. His aged mother, who. was born in 1802, is living with him and is still very active, both mentally and physi- cally. Christopher J. Schabacker is a native of Prus- sia, born December 13th, 1833. Here he remained until the age of seventeen, when he started for America, and landed at the port of New Orleans. Coming up the river route by way of St. Louis, he proceeded to Galena, Illinois, where he settled and made his home there six years. He lived in Grant county, Wisconsin three years, and in 1860, removed to St. Paul, working at his trade, that of blacksmith, ten years. He then located at the village of Newport, and since residing there, has been the proprietor of the only blacksmith shop in the township. He has been twice married, his present wife being Mary Bailey, to whom he was married in 1857. Their children are: Charles, Louisa, Henry, Mary, Albert and Willie. John Willoughby was born in Rutland county, Vermont, in 1819. He passed his youth and re- ceived his education in his native county, and at the age of twenty-flve years went to Massachu- setts and followed the mechanic's profession nine years. In 1854, he came westward to Minnesota, finally making his home at Red Bock, where he purchased a large tract of land. The next year, he brought his family to their new home. He has been a very successful farmer, having taken much pains in improvements; also has a fine stock of horses, cattle and swine. His residence is commodious and possesses a large and well-se- lected library. Mr. Willougby was married in 1850, in Vermont, to Miss Sarah Parker, who has borne him five children: Mary, Julia, Emma, Ruth and Frank. Of these, Mary is the wife of David Hanna, of Lakeland; Julia is the wife of Charles E. Wilson, of St. Paul; Emma and Ruth remain on the homestead with their parents, and Frank, the only son, is attending school at home. Mr. Willoughby has studiously avoided politics, refusing all oflBces. 386 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. WOODBURY. CHAPTER LVI. DESCRIPTIVE EAELT SETTI^ERS ORGANIZA- TION TO'n^N RECORDS WAR RECORD CHURCHES SCHOOLS INITIAL EVENTS PRODUCTS— BIOGRAPHICAL. • The township of Woodbury is located in the south-western part of Washington county, and contains thirty-six sections. It is bounded on the north by Oakdale, on the east by Afton, on the south by Cottage Grove, and on the west by Newport and Ramsey county. Excepting the south-eastern portion of the town, the surface is quite rolling; the south-western portion is some- what broken, and in places quite bluffy. In the south-eastern portion, lays what is known as rolling prairie. In its wild state a large portion of the town was covered with timber of a light growth, known as "oak openings." The town contains a central valley, extending from north to south with parallel ranges of hills. At the head of this beautiful valley is Paytons lake, lo" cated on section two. It is about three quarters of a mile long and fifty rods wide. It takes its name from an old settler who came there in an early day. To the east, lies Brookman's lake, ex_ tending from the south half of section three, to the center of section ten. It takes its name from parties owning the land around it. A little to the south-east, lies Eish lake, located on section eleven, a deep lake containing a good supply of fish, from which it takes its name. To the south- west, in section fifteen. Grass lake appears, ex- tending south into section twenty-two, and is about one mile in length. In sections twenty- Seven and twenty-eight is located Peter's lake. Numerous small lakes and ponds are scattered through the length of the valley. From them heads a creek that empties into the Mississippi river north of Hastings. On section six is located Mud lake, some portions of it quite deep; a creek flows out of it and runs south-west and enters the Mississippi river in Ramsey county. The soil of Woodbury is variable. In the eastern part the soil of the prairie is of a loamy nature, while in the western part, extending among the hills and valleys, there exists a clayey sub-soil, some por- tions of which are a little inclined to be sandy,, though but a small part. The whole town is well adapted to wheat raising; in what was the tim- bered parts of the town, the yield is large and of the finest quality, though not quite so large a yield as on the prairie. Its agricultural interests are large and varied, and in this respect, Wood- bury is second to no other town m the county. On account of the roughness of the land in the western part of the town, and the amount of land held by speculators, it was thought by the early settlers that it would be many years before the land would aU be improved. In this they were disappointed. Its rich and well watered lands attracted the intelligent eye of the practiced and skillful farmer, and settlers came and filled the town in a comparatively short sime. EARLY SETTLERS. Among the early settlers who first came to this town, were Alexander and John McHattie, two brothers, who came in the fall of 1844, and staked out claims on sections 23, 26 and 27. In the spring of 1845, they returned and settled on them, having sold the claim which they had purchased, where Afton now stands. At the time they made their own claims, they also staked out a claim for William Middleton. The brothers built a house on that portion where John now Uves, and lived together for some time. In the spring of 1845, Mr. James Middleton, Sr., the father of William Middleton, settled on the claim of his son. He having a large and industrious family, improve- ments of a substantial nature began to make their appearance. Mr. Middleton also made for him- self a claim of the land on which his son, James Middleton now lives. Mr. James Middleton is a representative man to an eminent degree. In early life he was deprived of the advantages of an education, but combining in his early strug- gles, the agricultural with the educational, he succeeded to a large extent in conquering both, as his well wrought fann will testify. In the higherwork of an education, which is both practi- cal and elevating, he has been quite as successful, turning it not only to good account for himself, WOODBVBY—OBGANIZATION. 387 but for the town in which he lives; the county and the state all having honored him. The town with its highest office, and the county bestowing upon him an equal honor, which was shared by that portion of the state which sent him as its repre- sentative twice to the state capitol at St. Paul. Such men ensure the success of every enterprise they embark in. In 1846 Robert Cummings and his brother Linn, settled on section 26. They remained but a few years then disposed of their land and moved to Minneapolis. In 1849, came Judge David Cooper, and made a claim on section 25 ; his brother, Joseph Cooper, settled on it the following year. John Tanner settled on section 6 about the year 1850. After 1850 the settlers came slow and continued so until 1864, when there came a change, the prospects of the town brightened, and the settlers came in rapidly. Among the number of those that might be called early settlers is Mr. Abenezer Ayers, who settled on section 33. Mr. Ayers connection with all the material interests of the town of his adoption, has been such as to entitle him to something more than a passing notice. Coming here at an early day, with the intention of making it his home, and readily see- ing the wants of a young town, he prepared him- self to meet them. His wisdom has been fully appreciated by the people of the thriving town of Woodbury, who have showed their confidence in his justice and integrity, by repeatedly calling on him to fill its most responsible and important offices. The rep- resentative district in which he lives, has also ap- preciated his ability by twice electing him to the legislature, where he had an opportunity to show his legal attainments, displaying a knowledge of parliamentary rules and a wariness in getting through the bill which he had carefully prepared, that would do credit to the trained veteran in the halls of legislation. Mr. Ayers takes an active interest in the educational and agricultural de- velopment of the town. At a later date came J. H. Cram, whose intelligence and energy has contributed largely to the growth and pros- perity of the town. With Mr. Cram came many others who might be mentioned as having con- tributed largely to the improvement and wealth of the town. ORGANIZATION. The town was organized under the nameof Eed Rock, taking its name from a painted rock, lo- cated on the east bank of the Mississippi river, in the fractional part of the town which was added to Woodbury at the time of its organization. Said fraction lay west of sections 29 and 30, containing a little more than two sections. The painted rock from which it takes its name, was painted by the notorious Little Crow, whose band was lo- cated on the west side of the river. His trail ran from this point across the township to Afton. The town held the name of Red Rock until May, 1859, when the legislature notified them that they would have to make a change, as there was another town in the state bearing the same name. The board changed it to Woodbury, after the Hon. Judge Woodbury of New Hampshire, he being a particular friend of Mr. Colby, who at that time was chairman of the board. Tlie frac- tion was set off from this town and added to Newport, by order of the board of county com- missioners, at a meeting held at Stillwater, March 6th, 1861, which act was brought about by S. Powers, chairman of the board for 1860, also com- missioner at the same time. Said act was against the knowledge and wishes of a majority of the legal voters of the town. TOWNSHIP RECOHDS. Twenty-eight electors of the town of Red Rock met at the house of Henry M. Lawson, October 20th, 1858, to organize the government of said tswn, by the election of officers. David Little was called to the chair, and called the meeting to order, when John Colby was chosen moderator; David Little and Christian Schmeiding, judges of election; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk. The meeting then proceeded to the election of the following officers: John Colby, chairman of board of su- pervisors; John A. Ford and J. J. Miller, super- visors; Ebenezer Ayers, clerk; David Little, as- sessor; JST. Gilbert and David Holton, justices of the peace; James Middleton, collector; Alexan- der McHattie, overseer of the poor; John Ander- son and Joseph Lawson, constables. The annual meeting was called at the house of Henry M. Lawson, April 5th, 1859. David Little moder- ated the meeting, and John Colby, Newington Gilbert and John Farmer were elected supervis- 388 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ors; E. Ayers, clerk. A special meeting was called at the clerk's office, April 30th, 1859. The board voted a tax of one hundred dollars for cur- rent expenses of the town. Also at a meeting of the board held May 7th, 1859, a tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars was voted for road purposes. At a meeting of the board held at the clerk's office May 28th, 1859, the clerk reported an official notice, that the name of! the township must be changed, as there was another township in the state having the same name; the first named town had the precedence. The board voted to call it Minnesota, but rescinded the vote, and Mr. Colby, the chairman, was permitted to name it after his friend Judge Woodbury, of New Hamp- shire. The next annual meeting was called at the house of Henry M. Lawson, April 18th, 1860. A tax of f 125 was voted for town purposes, and the following officers elected: Simon Powers, Hemry Kernkamp and John A. Pord, supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. At a meeting of the board held April 18th, 1860, a tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate was voted for road purposes. Annual town meeting held at the house of Henry M. Lawson, April 2d, 1861: A tax of $150 was voted for current expenses of the town for the year, and elected Henry Kernkamp, John Mitchell and J. M. Nippoldt, supervisors. The clerk presented the following notice: that the county commissioners, at a meeting held at Stillwater, March 6th, 1861, had set ofE to the town of Newport, the fractional part Included in township 28, range 22. On motion, the meeting appointed N. Gilbert, James Middleton and Wil- liam Bhine a committee to investigate the tran- saction and report to the meeting. They having accomplished the business assigned them, made the following report: "Whereas, We have just been notified that the county hoard of commissioners of the county of Washington, at a special meeting lield March 6th, 1861, did dismember our town of Woodbury, by setting off the Bed Rock fraction, without the knowledge of but few of the voters of the town, or by the knowledge or consent of the voters af- fected thereby; and "Whereas, We have heard that the chairman of the board of supervisors of our town, did, without the advice or consent of a majority, or even a respectable minority of our voters, ad- vocate and acquiesce in such dismemberment, against the wishes of all parts of our town; there- fore be it "Resolved, By the legal voters of the town of Woodbury in town meeting assembled, that the dismemberment of our town was without our knowledge or consent. "Resolved, That the chairman of the board of supervisors, by giving his consent to the nefarious tjansaction acted in bad faith toward his constit- uents. "Resolved, That the voters of the town, by pub- lic resolutions and also by petition, request the rescinding of the order of the county board. "Resolved, That the clerk be requested to trans- mit the proceedings of this meeting to the board of county commissioners.'' This meeting appointed E. Ayers superintend- ent of public schools. Annual town meeting held at the house of Mrs. H. M. Lawson, April 1st, 1862, a tax was voted of $100 for current expenses. Elected John Mitchell, Henry Kernkamp and James Middleton supervisors. At a meeting of the board held April 19th, 1862, a two days poll tax and fifty cents on every $100 of real estate was voted. The annual town meeting was held at the house of H. M. Lawson, April 1863. A tax of $140 was voted for current expenses, also a tax of $160 for roads and bridges. Elected John An- derson, John M. Nippoldt and John Sloan, super- visors. Annual town meeting was called at the house of Earnest Wandry, April 5th, 1865. A tax of $150 was voted for current expenses and $100 for roads. The following officers were elected: John Sloan, John M. Nippoldt and James Middleton, supervisors. A special tax was voted of two days poll tax and twenty-five cents on each $100 of real estate. The annual town meeting was called at the hovise of Jacob Marshall, April 4th, 1865. A tax of $100 was voted for current expenses. Special tax of one- sixteenth of one per cent, per $100 was voted, and the following officers were elected: E. A. Ruther- ford, Benjamin Munson, and John M. Nippoldt, supervisors. The annual town meeting was held at the house of Earnest Wandry, April 3d, 1866, a tax of $100 was voted for current expenses, and WOODBUBT—WAB BECOBD. 389 twenty-five cents on every $100 valuation for roads. The following board was elected: E. A. Eutherford, Benjamin Munson, J.M. Nippoldt, supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 2d, 1867, a tax of one hundred dollars was voted to pay Jacob Horresberger a bounty for being a soldier; also twenty-flve cents on each one hundred dollars valuation of real estate for roads. The follow- ing officers were elected; J. B. Thompson, Mar- tin Brookman and J . C. Dickhudt, supervisors. The annual town meeeing was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 7th, 1868; a tax of $150 was voted for town expenses. The following board was elected; James Middleton, Eichard Combs and John Ortman, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 6th, 1869; a tax of two hundred dol- lars was voted for town purposes; James Middle- ton, August Heidle and John Eisch were elected supervisors; E. Ayers, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of C. W. Pierce, April 5th, 1870, a tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses; also twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars valuation of real estate. The following board were elected; J. H. Cram, August Heidel and J. W. Eisch, super- visors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of Moses Cross, March 14th, 1871, a tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses, and twenty-flve cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate for road purposes. The following officers were elected; J. H. Cram, P. Dornfield and Charles Metzger, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The town meeting was held at the house of Moses Cross, March 12th, 1872. A tax of fifty cents on each one hundred dollars valuation was voted. The following officers were elected; John H.Kern- kamp, Charles Metzger and Thomas McNaughton, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the house of Moses Cross, March 11th, 1873. A tax of two hundred dollars was voted for current expenses. The fol- lowing officers were elected; Henry Kernkamp, M. S. Classen and Christian Mahle, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the house of Moses Cross, March 10th, 1874. A tax of two days poll and one hundred dollars for road purposes was voted, and the fol- lowing officers elected; J. Middleton J. C. Mahle and M. S. Classen, supervisors. The annual town meeting was held at the house of M. Cross, May 9th, 1875. On motion it was voted to build a town house not to cost over six himdred doUars, and a tax was voted for that purpose. The fol- lowing officers were elected; James Middleton, J. C. Mahle, Michael S. Classen, supervisors; A. Pe- terson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the new town hall, located on the north- east corner of section 21, March 14th, 1876. A tax of one and one-half mills was voted for roads, and the following' officers were elected; John S. Wei- ser, John W. Eisch, M. S. Classen, supervisors ; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town hall, March 13th, 1877. A tax of three-quarters of a miU was voted for current expenses, and two and one-half mills for roads. The following officers were elected: Joel S. Weiser. E. A. Eutherford and M- S. Classen, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town hall March 32th 1878. A tax of twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars of real estate was voted for roads, and the following officers elected: W. J. Bachmann, J. C. Mahle and J. H. Cram, supervisors; A. Peterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town house March 11th, 1879. A tax of one hundred and fifty dol- lars was voted for current expenses, and two hun- dred and eighty dollars for roads and bridges. The following officers were elected: Jacob Stutz- mann, John Sloan and E. Ayers, supervisors; W. J. Bachmann, clerk. The annual town meeting was held at the town house March 9th, 1880. A tax of one hundred and fiftj dollars was voted for current expenses and one hundred and fifty dol- lars for roads and bridges. The following offi- cers were elected, Jacob H. Cram, Jacob Stutz- mann and John Sloan, supervisors; W. J. Bach- mann, clerk. John Sloan, resigned, and Fredolin Marty was appointed in his place. WAE RECOBD. The town of "Woodbury was among the first to step forward and make up its quota. No draft was allowed. But promptly to the call of its country the town issued a call for a meeting of the patriotic citizens of the town to be held at 390 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the school-house, near the German Methodist church, January 2d, 1864, for the purpose of de- vising ways and means to raise the quota due from their town under all calls to date. Tlie fol- lowing resolutions were passed: Resolved, That a committee of three be ap- pointed to examine into and report to the provost marshal at St. Paul, all cases of improper or fraudulent exemptions of persons in the town of Woodbury. Eesolved, That there be offered to volunteers from "Woodbury, one hundred dollars bounty, who will enlist before the next draft. Resolved", That the supervisors be authorized to issue bonds to the amount sufficient to pay all volunteers from the town. A tax of seven hun- dred dollars was voted to be levied on the taxable property of the town, to be used in the purchase of volunteers, also ordered town bonds of five dollars to the amount of seven hundred dollars be issued at the rate of eight per cent, interest, pay- able March 1st, 1865. A special meeting was called at the clerk's office February 18th, 1864. The supervisors were ordered to issue bonds of the town sufficient to pay volunteers necessary to fill the quota of the town for all calls to date, said bounty to be one hundred dollars. Total amount of said bonds not to exceed twenty-three hundred dollars, in addition to the seven hundred issued January 7th, 1864. At a meeting of the board of supervisors held at the office of the town clerk, April 23d, 1864, an order was issued instructing the county auditor to place on the tax list the amount of three thousand dollars to be levied on said town in the tax of 1865, to redeem the town bonds of January 7th, 1864, and February 1st, 1864. A special meeting of the town was called August 27th, 1864, and the following res- olution was passed. To vote a tax of twelve hundred dollars on the taxable property of the town of Woodbury to pay bounties to volunteers to fill the quota due from the town on the call made by the president for 500,000 men. The meeting also voted to issue bonds to the amount of twelve hundred dollars, payable April 1st, 1866. A special meeting was called Jamiary 25th, 1865, to determine the best means of rais- ing the funds to purchase volunteers to fill the quota due from this town under the call for 300,000 men. A tax to the amount of thirteen hundred and forty-iive dollars was voted. A special meeting was called for March 28th, 1865, and a tax of six thousand one hundred dollars was voted to pay principal and interest for all bonds issued up to date. The total amount of money appropriated by the township to purchase volunteers and pay interest on bonds, was six thousand four hundred and sixty-eight dollars. CHURCHES. The German Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1853, with a membership of about thirty. The first church was built in 1855 and lecated on section seventeen. Eev. Jacob Young was the first pastor, and Eev. John Plank the first presiding elder. The increase of the society and the small size of the old church made it necessary that more commodious quarters should be pro- vided. The work of building a new church was commenced in 1867, and completed the following year, and dedicated December 18th. Eev. John Horst was pastor at that time. The new house is located on a beautiful ground, and is 36x60 built of stone. A large share of the work was done by the members of the society. The cost of the new edifice, aside from the work of the members, was eight thousand three hundred dollars. A parsonage buUt at the back of the church cost six hundred dollars. The present pastor is the Eev. Christian Nachtrieb; the pres- ent membership is one hundred and seventy-six. Evangelical Lutheran Salem Congregation of Woodbury, was incorporated in 1865, with a mem- bership of forty families, Eev. F. W. Huffman pastor. In 1869, Eev. A. Kuhn became their pastor. Under the ministrations of the Eev. Theodore Nordeck, the new cliurch was built, and dedicated, September 3d , 1876. In October of the same year, the present pastor, Eev. M. II. Quecl, came to the charge. He has, in connection with his other labors, established a parochial school. The new church was built at an expense of twenty-five hundred dollars. Adjoining the church the society has a beautiful cemetery, also a parsonage. SCHOOLS. School district number twenty-five was the first district formed in the town and was organ- WOOBBUBT— SCHOOLS— POST-OFFICES. 391 ized in 1855. The boundaries of the district were the east half of Woodbury township, and one tier of sections on the west side of Af ton. The first school was held in a small house owned by William Middleton, and was taught by Miss A. P. Colby. She received twelve dollars per month and boarded herself. The records were destroyed and the dates cannot be given. On account of some trouble, the district was divided for a few years. In 1860 the two districts were united. On March 10th, 1860, the voters of the two dis- tricts met at the house of James Middleton. N. Gilbert was called to the chair, with J. Mid- dleton, clerk. The following oflScers were elected: W. H. Guernsey, A. McHattie, and George Clymer, trustees ; James Middleton, clerk. A tax of five hundred dollars was voted to build a new house, together with the proceeds derived from the sale of an old house, enabled them to build one of the finest houses In the county. It was completed and a school held in it in the winter of 1860. John Watson was the first teacher. Many changes have been made in the boundaries, and the large size of the school required a larger house, which was made by adding to the old one, and making repairs to the amount of three hundred dollars. James Middleton has held the otfice of clerk since its organization. School district number 29, was organized May 26th, 1855, by the voters of the district, who met at the house of F. Leyde, and organized by the election of E. Walton, F. Leyde, and W. Buck, trustees; E. Ayers, clerk. The district was known as the Union district, but was soon changed to number 5. The first school was held in an old house on Mr. Ayers land for two terms, then in an old house of Mr. Marr's for one year. The district is now changed to number 29. A tax was voted, and a new school house built in 1860, at a cost of two hundred and fifty dollars, and located on section 33. The present officers are John J. Connally, director; A. Nattimier treasurer, E. Ayers, clerk. School district number 28, was organized in 1860, and the first house built the same year, at an expense of three hundred dollars ; size 18x24. Ko record being kept, the first board cannot be given. The new house was built in 1867, size 22x36, at an expense of eight hundred dollars; it was located on section 29. The present board of officers are Valentine Eemenschneider, di- rector; C. Bielenberg, treasurer; John A. Ort- man, clerk. School district number 27, house located on sec- tion 8, was organized in 1860. The school was held in private houses until 1862,when a new house was built at a cost of three hundred dollars. The first teacher was Alexander Oldham. The first board of officers were: J. H. Kernkamp, director; F. Walterstrop, treasurer; J. M. Nip- poldt, clerk. A tax of six hundred dollars was voted to build a new house in 1872, and three hundred dollars additional in 1873. School district number 41, located on section 4, was organized in 1864, with John Bershan, di- rector; Henry Besti, treasurer; John Sloan, clerk. The first school house was an old one purchased in Lakeland and moved to section 32, in Oakdale. In 1870 the old house was moved to its present site in Woodbury, and repaired. The district comprises sections 4, 5, and 6, in Woodbury, and sections 31, 32, and 33 in Oakdale; present num- ber of scholars, forty-five. School district, number .47, was organized August 6th, 1867. The legal voters of the dis- trict met at the house of Jacob Kumly, and or- ganized the district by the election of the follow- ing officers: James Clark, director; Henry Marty, treasurer; John Anderson, clerk. The first school was taught in the house of Jacob Kumly, by Miss A. S. Davis. In 1868, a tax of $500 was voted to build a house, which was located on the north- east corner of section thirty-four. The expense of building the house was $550. The present board are: John Bahl, director; F. Neimann, treasurer; Henry Marty, clerk. POST-OFFICES. The first post-office was established in Wood- bury at the house of Gottfried Hartoung, on section twenty-seven, in 1870, and removed to the house of Alexander McHattie, on the same sec- tion, in 1874. It was discontinued for awhile, and then re-established at the blacksmith shop of Henry Schultz, corner of section twenty-three. May 4th, 1876. This office receives its mail by a daily stage running from Afton to Langdon. There is also a post-office located on section three called Oakdale, which has mails once a week. 392 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. INITIAL EVENTS. The first road laid in the town was the old mil- itary road running from the south-east corner of the town, on the line between Wooubury and Cottage Grove, to the east line of section thirty- three, thence north-west through sections thirty- three, thirty-two, twenty-nine and thirty to St. Paul, known as the St. Paul and Point Douglas road, and surveyed by Captain Stimson in 1849. Ptrst road laid by the town was surveyed in 1852, running from the east line, between sections twenty-four and twenty-flve, on same line to the west line of the town. The next road was run from the south-east corner of section twenty-two, diagonally across the town to the north-west corner of section six, known as the Afton and St. Paul road. A road on the north line of the town known as the St. Paul and Hud- son road, was a territorial road. The first white child born in Woodbury, was Sarah Middleton, daughter of John and Jane Middleton, afterwards the wife of Anthony Pritz, of Newport. The first death, was Miss Sarah Middleton, who died May 24th, 1849. The first marriage celebrated in the town of Woodbury, was that of John McHattie and Miss Jane Middleton, Jan- uary 15th, 1856. A pleasing incident occurred in connection with this ceremony. The bride's father being a member of the Scotch Presbyterian church was strongly opposed to having the nup- tials solemnized by a common justice of the peace , and urged them to defer the matter until some missionary should come that way. But as there was none within a hundred miles, the matter could not be deferred. The father was at last persuaded to give his consent, and a justice from Cottage Grove was called to the paternal home to perform the ceremony. The justice in the excitement, this being the first marriage ceremony that he had performed, made a slight mistake by using the bridesmaid's name instead of the bride's. The father seeing the mistake rushed in, peremp- torily stopped the ceremony, and the justice commenced again. POPULATION AND PRODUCTS. The political proclivities of Woodbury lean to- wards the democracy in town, county and state elections, but in the choice of president it has given the republican candidate a small majority. The township is largely composed of Germans and Swedes, with some Americans, Irish and Scotch. The numeration for 1875 was 1,153, and for 1880, 1,134. Wheat, 8,300 acres, 112,233 bushels; oats, 1,850 acres, 38,807 bushels; corn, 995 acres, 57,613 bush- els; barley, 1,144 acres, 16,001 bushels; potatoes, 129 acres, 15,035 bushels; tame hay, 1,033 acres, 1,161 tons; cows, 475, butter, 30,083 pounds; cheese, 2,000 pounds. Valuation of real estate, 1381,445, of personal property, $82,879. In passing through the town of Woodbury, many fine improvements present themselves to view. Among the model farms are those of Hon. James Middleton, Hon. Ebenezer Ayers, A. and J. Horresberger, J. H. Cram and others that might be mentioned in this enterprising town. BIOGKAEHICAL. William L. Avery, born in Waterville. Maine, in 1836, where he remained until 1857, when he moved to Hastings, Minnesota, and resided there for about two years, working part of the time log- ging on Knife river. Moved from Hastings to Cottage Grove, and entered the employ of J. W. Purber for four years, buying eighty acres of land from him in 1861, which he held for one year, and sold it, then renting a farm for two years. In 1867 purchased forty acres in Woodbury and is now living on it. Married July 3d, 1867, to Miss Anna McHattie. They have two children. Ebenezer Ayers was born in Herkimer county, jSTew York, August 20th, 1817. In early life he evinced a great desire for knowledge, improving every opportunity to acquire sufficient education to teach school. In 1836 his parents moved to Port Wayne, Indiana, then eighteen miles to the nearest post-office. He commenced teaching school soon after and continued until 1840, when he returned to the academy at Aurora, Erie coun- ty. New York, to perfect his education. In 1844 moved to Shelby county, Kentucky, and taught school six years. Married in 1846 to Miss Lucy Connelly from the same county. Moved to Buffa- lo, New York, in 1850, and engaged in mercantile business until the spring of 1854, when he emi- grated to Minnesota and located on his present farm. Mr. Ayers has always taken an active and leading part in the affairs of his county and town. WOOBBUBY—BIOGBAPHICAL. 393 He has held many important positions. Elected to the legislature in 1867 and again in 1872. In the session of 1872 he prepared and procured the passage of the bill for the sale of the internal im- provement lands. Elected to the oflace of town clerk for eleven years, and justice of the peace in 1860 and held the office since. Also the super- intendent of schools for "Woodbury, and in 1873 nominated for lieutenant governor on the anti- monopoly ticket. Mr. Ayers has one of the finest farms in the county. Martin Bach was born in Germany in 1816, lived with his parents until twenty- three years of age. Came to America in 1839, landing in New Or- leans, where he stayed about two years, and then moved to St. Louis, Missouri; bought property and lived there fourteen years. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1856, stayed there a short time and moved to Woodbury, buying 160 acres on section seven. Lived there about twelve years, sold out, and bought 240 acres on section six. Married twice; first marriage to Maggie Henning, who died; second marriage to Anna Henning. Have had by the two marriages sixteen children, thirteen now living. William J. Bachman, was born in Michigan in 1849, lived with his parents until eighteen years of age, when he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota; in 1875 bought 160 acres and settled on it. Mr. Bachman has held a number of town offices, con- stable, chairman of the town board, assessor for five years and town clerk. Married in 1873 to Amelia Strate. John Bahls was born in Germany in 1832. Moved to America and settled in St. Paul, Min- nesota, in 1857, where he remained one year) when he moved to Isanti county. Made a claim and lived on it five years. Sold out, and moved to Woodbury, and is now living on section thirty- five. Married in 1858 to Christina Eoths. They have eight children: Charles, Lena, Mary, Anna, Henry, John, Louise and Christina. Mrs. Bahls' parents live with her. Her father, Charles Eoths, was born in 1801. Her mother was born in 1812. They were married in 1827. Peter Bef ort was born in Germany in 1846; lived with his parents until nineteen years of age, when he went to Belgium as a book-keeper for three years; then returned home, where he re- mained about six months before starting for America. On landing in New York city, he started for St. Paul, Minnesota, where he re- mained about eight years, following various oc- cupations, when he came to Woodbury, making his home with Mathew Krentey. Henry Beste was born in Germany in 1821. Came to America, landing in Philadelphia, in 1847; remained there a short time and moved to Detroit, Michigan, and purchased five acres about two miles from the city, where he lived about seven years. Sold out and moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and from there to Woodbury, and purchased eighty acres of land on section five, where he now lives. Married in 1848 to Jose- phine Dunnebeck. They have eleven children: Frank, John, Conrad, Elizabeth, Barbara, Mary, Henry, Nicholas, Anthony, William and Joseph. A. J. Borene was born in Sweden, in 1831. Came to Quebec, Canada, in 1857. The same year, he moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, work- ing a few months on Mr. Gilbert's farm, thence to the employ of Mr. James Middleton, where he remained for a little longer time; in 1859, moved to his present residence. Married, April 12th, 1859, to Miss Isabel Middleton. They have six children living. Nicholas Brockman, born in Germany, in 1824. Came to America in 1850, landing in New York city, and immediately started for St. Paul, Min- nesota, thence to Woodbury and rented a farm for three years. In 1850, he bought the place where he now lives and moved on it in 1853. Married in Germany in 1849, to Miss Mary Brock- man. They have four children living: Theresa, Ernest; Peter and Mary. John Classen was born in Germany in 1828. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Emigrated to America in 1850, going di- rectly to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he remained about two months, then went to Woodbury, working on different farms for three years, when he bought eighty acres where he now lives. Mar- ried in 1861 to Susan Lunnars. They have ten children: Mary, Catherine, Michael, Helen, Nich- olas, John, Susan, Arma, Henry and Bernard. J. H. Cram was born in Brooks, Waldo county, Maine, January 12th, 1823. He was engaged on a farm during his early life. In 1844, engaged in the lumbering business at Bangor until 1855, then located in Grant county, Minnesota. He 394 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, in the spring of 1866, and located on his present farm. Mr. Cram enjoys the confidence of his townsmen, having held the office of town supervisor for three years, school treasurer eleven years, on the board of of- ficers of the agricultural society of Washington county since its organization. Has a fine farm with all the modern improvements around him, and one of the best farms in the^town. Mar- ried in 1859 to Miss Sarah M. Wing, of Maine. They have five children living: William E„ Frede- rick W., Henry J., Charles and Ida E. Lyman E. Crossman was born in China, Maine, in 1838, remaining with his parents until twenty- one years of age, when he shipped in the brig Alston, bound for the West India islands. Re- turning after a seven months, trip, he engaged in the lumber business until 1861, when he enlisted in Company I, Sixth Maine Infantry, served three years, and was discharged at Washington, D. C, m 1864; then returned home and engaged in the picture business for one year, moved to Chicago, lUinois, in 1865; remained there about five years, moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1871, and in 1875, removed to St. Paul and worked in the Harvester works five years. Then rented a farm in Woodbury, where he now lives. Married, in 1864, Mary E. Mitchell. They have three chil- dren, William H., Charles E. and Bertha A. William Donaghue, born in New York, 1830; remained at home until 1853, when he went to Connecticut and Chicago, stopping a few months in both places; then returned home, staying there a year; thence to New Orleans for a few months, when he moved to St. Paul, Minnnsota, working on the river a short time; worked a rented farm in Ramsey county three years, then went to Afton and bought forty acres; sold it, and bought three hundred and fifty acres in McLeod county, and lived on it five years; sold that and bought eighty acres in Woodbury, Washington county, where he now lives. Married, in 1853, Mary Padden. They have had six children. Michael F. Egan was born in Lowell, Massa- chusetts. When one year of age, his parents sold out and moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, where they stayed two years; moved to Woodbury, pur- chased forty acres on section sixteen, where they remained about ten years, then bought eighty acres more on the same section, built a new house, when the subject of this sketch took charge of the farm, his father retiring to St. Paul, Janu- ary 1st, 1880. M. F. Egan was married, in 1880, to Miss Cora E. Clark. Ellen Finnin was born in Ireland, 1824. Lived with her parents until twenty-four years of age. Her parents both died in 1848, when she emi- grated to Canada, and remained in Quebec one year; then moved to Vermont and married Wil- liam Finnin, in 1849. In 1866 came to Ramsey county, Minnesota, where they remained two years, and then moved to Woodbury and bought forty acres of land. William Finnin died in 1876. They have'seven children living, John, William, Michael, Thomas, James, George and Edward. Francis A. Foley, was born in Ireland, in 1836, emigrated to America in 1848. Landed in New York and lived in the state four years; enUsted in the army and went to Texas; discharged in 1856, at Fort Mcintosh; returned to New York and remained until 1857. Moved to Woodbury, Wash- ington county, Minnesota, in 1859, bought forty acres, sold it, and bought the 160 he now lives on. Has been constable for twenty years. Married in 1857 to Catherine Phelps. They have seven chil- dren living. August Frieboldt was born in St. Paul, Minne- sota, in 1853. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age, when his father gave him a deed of one hundred and twenty acres of land in the town of Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, where he now lives. Married in 1874, to Miss Mary Stutzman. Tliey have two chil- dren. Charles A. Fritze was born in Detroit, Michi- gan, 1853. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1859, where he remained one year, then moved to Woodbury and bought land and lived on it with his parents until 1878, then rented a farm, on which he now lives. Married in 1878, to Miss Amelia Ileidel, by whom he had two children. John George, a native of Germany, was born in 1825. Lived there until he was twenty-five years old, learned the blacksmiths trade with his father; came to America in 1851, landing in Bal- timore, where he remained two years, then came to Rarnsey county, where he lived for seven years. Moved to Woodbury and bought one hundred and twenty acres, where he now lives. Married in WOODBTJEY—BIOGBAPHICAL. 395 1858, to Elizabeth Either. They have ten chil- dren living. James Healey, bom in Ireland, in 1816, lived with his parents for twenty-four years. Emi- grated, to Canada, and remained in Quebec a short time, and went to Springfield, Massachusetts, and remained a number of years, engaged in railroadiQg. Moved to Wisconsin and remained about ten years, when he moved to "Woodbury, Minnesota, in 1867, and settled on his present farm. Married in 1846 to Helen Lynch. They have three children living. Charles Hellert was bom in Germany in 1829. Immigrated to America in 1846. Landed in New York, and worked at the tailoring business for about five years. In 1851 moved to Afton, Min- nesota, where he remained four years, then to Woodbury, and purchased the farm on which he now lives. Married in 1855 to Margaret Taylor. They have four children living. Louis Hoffman was born in Gernlany, in 1836. Immigrated to America in 1859, and located in Chicago, Illinois, where he remained for a few months, then moved to Isanti county, remaining there a short time when he moved to Woodbury, and rented a farm for six years, and then moved to Denmark and purchased a farm on which he lived for two years ; returned to Woodbury and purchased his present farm. Married in 1866 to Miss Mary Baha, who died leaving five children. He married again in 1878 to Miss Mary Ilatzfelt, by whom he has two children. John, William, Theodore, Albert, Henry, by his first wife, and Otto and Charles, by second. Andrew Horresberger was born in Switzerland in 1838. Remained there until 1854, when he started for America, landing, in Nesv York, and going to Philadelphia, where he remained one year, thence to St. Louis for one year, and then to St. Paul, Minnesota, and worked several years on a farm in Eamsey county. Went to the Yel- low Medicine and remained two years. In 1862, went to Port Eidgely and drilled a while. Went home on a furlough; heard the Indians had com- menced hostilities, returned to the fort, and went with a party to the Little Cottonwood to bring away a family of seven hiding there in the woods. Went home in 1864, and the same year went to Woodbury, worked a year, and bought a farm on section 14, where he now lives. Married in 1865, to Christina Pagel. They have four childi-en living. Jacob Horresberger was born in Switzerland in 1836. Came to America in 1855; landed in New York, and went to Philadelphia; thence to St. Louis, where he remained one year. In the spring of 1857 went to St. Paul, Minnesota, stay- ing there a short time, then removing to Wood- bury, where he remained until 1862, when he en- listed in Company H, Seventh Minnesota Vol- unteers. Discharged in 1865 in St. Paul, and returned to Woodbury, and is now living on his farm in section twenty-three. Married in 1867 to Miss Pauline Schultz. Mons Johnson was born in Sweden in 1827; lived there until 1854, when he emigrated to Quebec, Canada. Moved to Detroit, Michigan, thence to Oakland county, and worked on a farm for two years; then moved to Woodbury, Wash- ington county, Minnesota, bought a farm, and settled on it in 1860. Enlisted in 1864 in Com- pany C, Seventh Minnesota. . Discharged in St. Paul, May 10th, 1865. 'Married in 1853 to Han- nah Anderson, by whom he has five children living. Herman Kernkamp was born in Missouri in 1851, where he remained three years; then moved with his parents to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and lived with them until 1875, when he bought the farm he now lives on. Married in 1875 to Christina Eode. They have one child. Ernst Koenig was born in Germany, in 1842. His parents died while he was young, and he went into the German army, and served eight years. Emigrated to America, landing in New York, and proceeded at once to Illinois, where he re- mained two years. Moved to St. Paul, Minneso- ta, m 1872, thence to Afton and taught school three years, worked on a farm one year. Moved to Woodbury, in 1876, and has been teaching ever since. Married in 1874, to Miss Minnie Siehl. They have three children, Bruno, Emeline and Merta. Matt. Leithauser, was bom in Germany, in 1857. Emigrated to America in 1865, and located in New Jersey, where he remained eighteen months. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and learned the mason's trade. In 1875, moved to Woodbury, and rented a farm, and is now follow- 3 96 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON' COUNTY. ing his trade as a mason and working his farm. Married in 1880, to Miss Mary Neubauer, from Germany. William Lindemann was born in Germany, in 1850; came with his parents to America, in 1855, remaining in New York state about twelve years. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1867, and to "Woodbury, and in 1873, bought the farm where he now lives. Married in 1876, to Henrietta Goers. They have two children, Gertrude and Luella. Stephen Maisch was born in Germany, in 1821; came to America in 1848; landed in New York, and started at once for Michigan, where he re- mained until 1857, when he moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852, to Miss Henrietta Bunker. They have six children living. Fredolin Marty was born in Switzerland in 1831. Came to America in 1850, landing in New York, and proceeded to Stillwater, Washington county, Minnesota, whei'e he remained for about fourteen years, then went to Woodbury and bought the farm on which he now lives. Mar- ried, in 1857, Sophia Tussy. They have nine children. Archibald McCallum was born in Scotland, in 1833. He came to America, in 1851, with his parents, locating first at Albany, then at Cale- donia, Livingston county, New York. He re- mained there until 1863, when he came to Hast- ings. The next year he bought eighty acres in Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, on which he now lives. He was married in 1871, to Mary Taggart, who has borne him two children. Alexander McHattie was born in Scotland and remained with his parents until sixteen years of age, when he worked as teamster two years and farmed three years. In 1833 came to America and lived in Vermont two years, thence to Her- kimer county. New York, for a short time; also in Ohio a short time, and Indiana on the Wabash and Erie canal, then to La Porte on the railroad for a short time, thence to Galena and engaged in mining. Left Galena in the fall of 1839, and went to St. Croix Palls and remained a few months lumbering, went to Prescott to hold a claim and remained there until the fall of 1840. In 1841, purchased a claim of the land where the village of Af ton now stands. Went from there to Gray Cloud Island in the employ of Mooers and Eobinson's trading post, where he remained rmtil the spring of 1841 , when he returned to his claim, which he sold in 1844, and moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, and lived with his brother until 1848, when he married Miss Margaret Middleton. They have eight children living: Jane, James A., John A., Ellen, Annie, Matilda, George L. and Marga- ret E. John McHattie, bom in Scotland in 1809. Moved to Canada in 1833, where he remained a short time, and then went to Vermont, remaining there a few months when he moved to Herkimer county. New York. Thence to Ohio for two years, and Indiana one year; Illinois two years, and to Gray Cloud Island in the full of 1840. In the spring of 1841, took a claim at Afton and lived on it three years. Moved to Woodbury in 1844 and located, where he now lives. Married in 1846 to Jane Middleton. They have seven children living. James McMahon, bom in Ireland in 1822. Lived there fifteen years, when he went to Scot- land and remained five years; returned to his na- tive land and stopped a short time, and in 1844, came to America, landed in New York, went to Boston, Massachusetts, returned to New York state and lived in Orange county six years, from there to Pennsylvania for four years. Thence to St. Paul, Minnesota, for two years, and to Afton about twelve years, when he sold out and moved to his present farm in Woodbury. Married in 1854 to Catherine Devery. They have six chil- dren living. Thomas McNaughton was born in Scotland in 1825. Moved with his parents to Canada in 1831, and lived with them until twenty-two years of age, going to Ottawa in 1847, and worked at lum- bering. In the spring of 1848 went to Quebec, engaged three years lumbering and surveying, then to Vermont for a short time. Moved back to Canada, and in 1856 moved to St. Paul, Min- nesota, and to Woodbury, working there and in Oakdale a number of years, and settled on his present farm in 1863. Married in 1867 to Laura J. Lawson. They have three children. James Middleton, Jr., born in Ireland in 1833. Immigrated with his parents to America in 1845 and settled on a claim made by his brother, in WOODBURY— BIOOBAPHIGAL. 397 section 26, in Woodbury, "Washington, county, Minnesota, in 1844. Being employed on a farm his advantges for an education were quite limited. His perseverence in obtaining all that circum- stances would permit is deserving of commenda- tion. Mr. Middleton is, in an eminent degree, a self-made man, has filled many positions of trust in connection with the town, county and state. In 1860 was elected clerk of Ms school dis- trict and has held it since; served as chairman of the board of supervisors for several years; county commissioner for five years. In 1854 he received the appointment of sergeant-at-arms in the legis- lature. Elected in 1876 to represent his district in the legislature. Has been one of the ofiicers of the academical board of Af ton Academy since its organization, also an officer in the county ag- cultural society since it was founded. His father, James Middleton, made a claim of the land on which he now lives, in 1845, and which fell to him in the division of the property. In 1853 his parents came to live with him. His father died in 1854 and his mother followed him in 1866. Mr. Middleton is a model farmer, has his farm under a fine state of cultivation, with good improvements; is now paying considerable attention to sheep raising, having a choice flock of southdowns, which are his pride. Married in 1866 to Miss Eldra Masterman. They have four children liv- ing: Carrie E., Georgia E., James E. and Mar- garet J. Benjamin Munson was born in Sweden, 1826. Emigrated to America, landing in New York; and from there to Illinois, where he remained for two years. Moved to Stillwater, Washington county, Minnesota, in 1853, and to Woodbury the same year, and purchased the farm he now lives on. Was elected supervisor in 1855. Married, in 1860, Miss Helen Anderson, by whom he has six children living. August Neubauer was born in Germany in 1854. Emigrated to America in 1856; landed in New York and moved to Illinois, where he re- mained one year, then went to St. Paul, Minne- sota, and remained twelve years, and from there to Woodbury and settled on the land he now occupies. Married, in 1880, to Miss Matilda Ehion. Erederick N.ejian was born in Germany in 1838. Emigrated to America in 1^56; landed in New York, and went to Illinois, where he re- mained for seven years, thence to Woodbury, Washington coxmty, Minnesota. Rented a farm for four years, and bought it in 1867, and now lives on it. Married, in 1859, Miss Julia Polil. They have eight children living, Mary S., John E., Mellosiena J., Henry A., Albert J., Josephine E., Anna A. and Louisa. John A. Ortman was born in Germany in 1824. Emigrated to Quebec, Canada, in 1847, moved from there to Detroit, Michigan, where he re- mained about five years; thence to St. Paul, in 1854; remained a few months, and moved to Woodbury, and settled on a farm of eighty acres, lived on it five years, sold it and bought one hun- dred and sixty acres, where he now lives. Mar- ried, in 1854, to Antonie Brahmer. They have six children living, John, Edward G., Emma L., Anna E., K. Benj. and Katherine E. Andrew Peterson was bom in Sweden in 1837. Emigrated to Denmark in 1853; lived there and in the northern part of Germany for five years. Came to America in 1858, and went to Minnesota, settling in Afton. Enlisted in 1861 in Company B, Third Regiment Minnesota Volunteers. Dis- charged in St. Paul, September 28th, 1864, and returned to his farm. Moved to Woodbury in 1867. Elected town clerk for nine years, and justice of the peace for six years. In 1878 elected member of the state legislature, and re-elected in 1880. Married November 13th, 1862, to Miss Mary C. Eherenbery. They have seven children living. Charles W. Pierce was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick, in 1830. He went to New York city in 1846 and enlisted in Company D, First Dra- goons, and went to Mexico. Served five years, and was discharged at Port Snelling in 1851, and went to Woodbury, bought one hundred and sixty acres, worked it several years, sold, and bought forty acres where he now lives. Married in 1868 to Mary A. Cafflray, by whom he has seven child- ren. Charles Porth was bom in Germany in 1830. Emigrated to America in 1846 and went to Wheatfleld, Niagara county. New York, where he remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Bought land in the same town and lived on it for fourteen years, when he sold and moved to Woodbury, Minnesota, and bought 398 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the farm he now lives on. Married in 1852 to Frederica Werth who died July 29th, 1878. He has eleven children living: Cora, August, Minna, Augusta, Matilda, Anna, William, Lena, Charles, Mary and Ida. Charles Reichow was born in Germany in 1833. Lived with his parents for twenty-eight years, when he came to America, landing in New York in 1861. Moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, the same year, and lived there until 1869, when he came to* Woodbury and settled on section four, where he now lives. Married in 1869 to Miss Hulda.Vaber. They have four chjjdren: Albert, Otto, Rudolph and Edwald. J. R. Reynolds was born in Westchester, New York, in 1837. Lived with his parents until 1851, when he went to Illinois and remained five years. Moved to St. Paul in 1857, went to Power's lake in Woodbury, rented a farm, and engaged in the sugar trade for seven years. To Redwood Falls in 1876; went to Afton in 1878, and in 1879 to Dakota; took a claim in Valley City, and returned to Woodbury in 1881. John P. Rhein, was bom in Germany, in 1832. Emigrated to America, m 1848, and went to Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, and back to Detroit, Michi- gan, where he remained about ten years. Moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, worked a farm for two years, and rented a farm four years; went to St. Paul and sold milk nine years, returned to Woodbury in 1875, and bought the farm where he now lives, and holds the office of constable and road master. Married in 1864, to Doratha Metzger. They have eleven children living. Anton Rode, was bom in Germany, in 1823. Emigrated to America, in 1840, and went to In- diana; 1841, went to Port Wayne, engaging on the canal, worked there three years and then went to Illinois, and remained there for three years; returned to Indiana, in 1848, and lived there un- til 1867, engaged in the railroad business. Sold out and went to St. Paul, Minnesota. Stopped there a short time, and then moved to Woodbury and purchased the farm he now lives on. Mar- ried in 1852, to Christina Niermann. They have nine children living. Christian P. Schakel was bom in Germany, in 1826. Lived with his parents until 1844, when he moved to America, landing in Baltimore, thence to Indiana, where he remained untU 1865, when he moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm he now lives on. Married in 1847, to Louisa Kocha, who died in 1863, by whom he had eight children. Married again in 1864, to Caroline Newbours, who bore him ten children. Louisa Schilling was bom in Germany, in 1821. Emigrated to America in 1843, landed in New Orleans, where she remained eight months, went to St. Louis, Missouri, and remained there until 1855, when she moved to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, and purchased the farm she now lives on. Married in 1848, to Henry Schil- ling. She has five children living. Henry Sehultz,born in Denmark in 1849,leam- ed the blacksmith trade in the old country, and emigrated to America in 1869, stopping in New York about two months, when he went west, stopping a short time in Michigan, Chicago, and working at his trade one year inTopeka, Kansas; thence to Washington county, Minnesota, and bought the farm he now lives on; has been i)ost- master since 1875. Married in 1874 to Mary Bertelson. They have two children living: Liz- zie A. and Annie. Joseph Streifl was born in Switzerland in 1825. Came to America in 1861, remained in New York city about a year, went to St. Paul, Min- nesota, in 1853, thence to Lake Superior, opened a hotel and conducted it until 1866, when he moved to Minneapolis, and the same year to Woodbury, opening a store, hotel, and keeping the post-offlce, which he contimied to keep until 1874, when he went to farming, stiU retaining the post-office. Married in 1862, and now has four children: Anna, Lizzie, Paulina and Joseph. Herman Thees was born in Germany in 1834. Emigrated to America in 1859, landed in New York, and went to Indiana; bought ten acres and lived on it six years; from there to Rainsey coimty , Minnesota, and remained three years, from there to Woodbury and located where he now lives. Married in 1868 to Christina Danar. They have six children. R. B; VoUmer was born in Germany in 1818. Emigrated to America in 1851, went to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Lakeland, where he lived twenty-three years, and then to Woodbury and settled where he now lives. Married in 1840 to WOODBUBT—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 399 Catherine Shafer. They have six children living. B. r. Wells was bom on Long Island, New York, in 1866. Lived with his parents twenty years and learned the wagon making business. Went to Minnesota in 1878, and stopped at New- port, thence to Cottage Grove and worked at his trade eight months, thence to Afton, working on a farm nine months, then to Woodbury postoffice and started a wagon shop, where he is now pros- ecuting his business. Frank Zurn was born in Wisconsin in 1858. Lived with his parents until twenty-one years of age. Came to Woodbury, Washington county, Minnesota, in 1878, and worked on farms arid dif- ferent places for a few years, when he bought one on section 4, where he now lives. Was married in 1881 to Miss Mary Egan. William Zurn, born in New York in 1862. Went with his parents to Washington county, Wisconsin, and remained with them until 1874, when he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Woodbury and worked for the farmers about three years, and in 1877, rented the farm where he now lives. Married in 1877 to Elizabeth Brock- man. They have two children: Rosa and Theresa. AFTON. CHAPTEE LVII. DESCBIPTIOK — EARLY SETTLEMENT — TOWN OB- GANIZATION — WAE RECORD — VILLAGES — SCHOOLS — ST. CROIX ACADEMY — CHURCHES POST - OFFICES — MILLS — STATISTICS — BIO- GRAPHICAL. The township of Afton is composed of twenty- four whole and five fractional sections. It is bounded on the north by Lakeland, on the east by Lake St. Croix, south by Denmark and west by Woodbury. A portion of the congressional township extends on the east side of the St. Croix river. In the spring of 1858, when the commissioners were appointed for the organizing and naming of the towns, were adjusting the boundaries, the township of Lakeland insisted on having Bolle's creek for the southern botmdary of their town. To this proposition, Afton ob- jected; but at last a compromise was effected and the difficulty adjusted by setting off to Lakeland, section two and the north half of the north half of section eleven. The surface of Afton is very broken and uneven. Prom the lake westward it becomes bluffy, with deep ravines extending back through the hills for two miles. To the west and south extends a beautiful rolling prairie, which is relieved by an occasional range of hills. There is considerable timber of a small growth, with here and there a venerable tree which has escaped the fires, and the pioneer's axe. The soil is of a sandy loam with a clay subsoil, excepting small localities, which are quite sandy; the eastern part is admirably adapted to gardening purposes being rich and productive. The town is well adapted to wheat growing and equals the neighboring towns, both in quality and quantity. Bissell's mounds, on section eight, are three singular mounds of different sizes, occupying from one-half to one-quarter of an acre, situated on high ridges. They rise abruptly to a height of from forty to fifty feet. In these mounds are found quarries of stratified magnesian limestone, which makes fine building stone. Elijah Bissell made a claim near these mounds in 1842, and from him the name is taken. The town is watered on the east by Lake St. Croix, which bounds it from north to south, a beautiful sheet of water varying from half a mile to a mile in width, forming a curve at a point just east of the village of Afton, and Bolles' creek, with its two branches. The north branch enters Afton in section five, passes through sec- tions four, nine, ten and fifteen, and empties into the lake in the south-east of the south-west of sec- tion 14. The south branch has its source in the south-west of the south-east of section seventeen, and passes through to section sixteen, and enters the north branch on section fifteen. Both branches are fed by springs. The north branch is supposed to be an outlet to Lake Elmo, which. is situated in Oakdale township, passing under the ground for some distance, coming to the sur- 400 HISTOET OF WASHINGTON GOUNTT. face in the south-west part of Lakeland. Being fed by springs, the creeljs are always open. The coldest weather fails to congeal their rippling waters. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The first settlers in Afton were French fami- lies from the Eed River of the North, who set- tled at the mouth of Bolles' creek some time in 1837. Joseph Haskell and J. S. Norris made a claim on section 21 in the fall of 1839, and settled on it in the spring of 1840. They made improve- ments, and broke the first land for farming pur- poses in the town. In 1841, came Alexander McHattie, and made a claim of the land where the village of Afton stands. In 1855 he sold a portion of his claim to the association that laid out and platted the village of Afton. Andrew Mackey made a claim on the same section, about the same time. Lemuel Bolles made a claim on section 15, in 1842, and built his mill in the spring of 1843. Baptiste Turnier made a claim on sec- tion 5, in 1841. In the summer of 1843, came Jacob Fisher, and buUt a house for Paul J. Carli, near Afton. In 1841 Taylor F. Randolph rented a piece of land of Mr. McHattie, and built a cabin. He afterwards made a claim further west in the town. In 1845 W. H. Johnson made a claim on section 21. In 1847 came James M. Getchell. Francis Oldham came in 1850, and W. H. Guern- sey in 1851. E. M. Cox made a claim in 1851, and settled on it in 1852. From 1845 to 1850, few settlers came to Afton. The roughness of the land and attractions in other directions, per- haps deterred many from settling here. After 1850 there seemed to be a great change, and the town began to be rapidly developed. Improve- ments were made in every part of the township. Large numbers of the settlers were from the east- em states, men of brains, energy and pluck, Maine being well represented. The improvements were rapid and substantial; among them was the erection of a saw-mill at the village of Afton, by the Lowery Brothers, in 1854, who put in their machinery and cut about one hundred thousand feet of lumber, when for an unexplained reason they closed their mill, sold the machinery, and the enterprise was gone. In the spring of 1855, Thomas and Sons, from Indiana, erected a mill in the village, operated it three seasons, then sold the machinery to the government, and it was taken to the Winnebago reservation. Thus, another enterprise was delayed, but not stopped. In the spring of 1857, Tilton and Newman erected a saw-mill, and operated it three years; adjoining this last mill, in the same year, C. S. and J. N. Getchell, built a steam planing and shingle mill. In 1861, they sold their engine to parties that used it for power to run a threshing machine, the first steam power used for that purpose in the state. The same year the Getchells erected a saw, plan- ing and shingle mill, a Uttle south of the village. In 1863, J. N. Getchell sold this interest to W. 8. Getchell, the firm being C. S. Getchell and Com- pany. In September, 1876, this mill was de- stroyed by fire. TOWN ORGANIZATION. A meeting of the legal voters of the town of Afton was called at Paterson's hotel, in the vil- age of Afton, October 20th, 1868, W, H. Getchell was chosen chairman, Joseph Haskell elected moderator, and Richard Buswell clerk. On mo- tion, the meeting was adjourned to the school- house, and elected Joseph Haskell, G. W. Cutler and H. L. Thomas, supervisors; M. H. Thomas, clerk; J. J. Rice, assessor; S. P. De Puy, collec- tor; Enos Gray, overseer of the poor; S. P. De Puy and G. W. Bolles, constables; R. BusweU, and J. J. Rice, justices. The annual meeting was called to order at the school-house in Afton village. April 5th, 1859. Voted a tax of $150 for current expenses, thirty cents on every hundred dollars of taxable property for roads, and two days poll tax. Elected Joseph Haskell, H. L. Thomas and G. W. Getch- ell, supervisors; M. H. Thomas, clerk. Annual meeting was called at the school-house, April 3d, 1860, and elected H. L. Thomas, Thomas Per- sons and P. F. Gage, supervisors; M. H. Thomas, clerk. Voted a tax of one mill per dollar for current expenses, and twenty-five cents per hun- dred dollars for roads. Annual town meeting was called at the same place, April 2d, 1861, and voted a tax of two and one-half mills for school purposes, one mill for town and two and one-half mills for roads. Elected H. L. Thomas, G. W. Cutler and J.. A. Gray, supervisors; M. H. Thomas, clerk; Simon Putnam, superintendent of schools. Annual meeting at the school-house, April 1st, 1862. Voted a tax of two and one-half AFTON—WAR RECORD. 401 mills for current expenses, and two mills for roads. Elected Joseph Haskell, H. L. Thomas and J. A. Gray, supervisors; 8. H. Paterson, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house, April 7th, 1863. Voted a tax of one and one-fourth mills for current expenses, one-fourth mill for military expenses, one and one-half mills for roads, and elected C. S. Getch- ell, E. M. Cox and 8. Rosenquist, supervisors; 8. H. Paterson, clerk. Annual town meeting was called at the school-house, April 5th, 1864. A tax of one and one-half mills was voted for roads, C. 8. Getchell, E. M. Cox and 8. Rosenquist were elected supervisors, and W. H. Getchell, clerk. Annual meeting of the town was called at the school-house in Afton, April 4th, 1865. A tax of one and one-half mills was voted for roads, and the old board of officers re-elected. At the annual town meeting called at the school house, April 3d, 1866, a tax of two mills was voted for roads and bridges, and C. 8. Getchell, E. M. Cox, P. T. Paterson, elected supervisors; "W. H. Getchell, clerk. Annual meeting, April 5th, 1877, at the BoUes school house, a tax of two mills was voted for roads, and a special tax of f 150 was voted for the same purpose. Elected Joseph Haskell, A. Stege- mann, "W. H. Guernsey, supervisors. The annual town meeting at the BoUes school-house, April 7th, 1868, a tax of one mill voted for roads, and one mill for town purposes; E. M. Cox, W. H. Guernsey, A. Stegemann, supervisors. The an- nual town meeting at the BoUes school-house, April 7th, 1869, a tax of one mill was voted for roads, and one mill for current expenses; elected E. M. Cox, C. Heuer, 8. E. Persons, supervisors. Annual town meeting at Bolles school-house, April 5th, 1870, a tax of four mills was voted for roads and the old board elected. Aimual. meeting at the Bolles school-house, March 14th, 1871, a tax of one mill was voted for current expenses and four mills for roads; elected C. Heuer, 8. E. Persons, Peter Landes, supervisors. Annual town meeting at Bolles school-house, March 12th, 1 872, a tax of three mills voted for current expenses, and four mills for road expenses; elected the old board. Annual town meeting was held at the Bolles school-house, March 11th, 1873, a tax of four mills for roads; and two mills for current expenses was voted; elected P. T. Paterson, 8. E. Persons, M. 26 Bahnemann, supervisors. A special town meet- ing was called November 9th, 1873, to discuss the question of license. On motion a vote was taken; one hundred and thirty-one votes were cast, with seventy-nine against and fifty-one for license. An- nual town meeting held at the Bolles school-house March 10th, 1874, a tax of three mills was voted for roads, and two mills for current expenses; elected E. M. Cox, P. F. Gray, P. Landes, super- visors. The annual town meeting was held at the Bolles school-house, March 9th, 1875; a tax of two mills was voted for roads. Elected E. M. Cox, P. F. Gage, F. Stegemann, supervisors. Annual town meeting was held in the Bolles' school-house March 14th, 1876. A tax of two mills was voted for current expenses, and three mills for roads. . Elected C. Heuer, F. Dick, F. Stegemann, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was held at C. Riedel's store, March 13th, 1877. A tax of two hundred dollars for roads and bridges was voted, and one-half mUl for current expenses. Elected C. Heuer, F. Dick, A. Stegemann, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at C. Riedel's store, March 12th, 1878. A tax was voted of one mill for cur- rent expenses, and two and one-half mUls for roads. Elected E. M. Cox, John Murphy, F. Fredericks, supervisors. The annual town meeting' was called at the store of C. Riedel, March 11th, 1879. Voted a tax of one mill for current ex- penses, one mill for roads, and a special tax of two and one-half mills for roads. Elected E. M. Cox, John Murphy, F. Fredericks, supervisors. Annual town meeting at the store of C. Riedel, March 9th, 1880. Voted a tax of one mill for cuiTcnt expenses, and two and one-half mills for roads. Elected Thomas Eastwood, M. F. Bach- mann, T. F. Jackson, supervisors. W. H. Getchell was first elected town clerk April 5th, 1864, and has held the office ever since. WAK RECORD. The patriotism of the citizens of Afton town- ship was manifest in the fact, that, when the call was made for ihen to assist in putting down the rebellion, volunteers rushed to the front leaving their shops, their ploughs, and their mills, to rescue the imperiled union. A home relief so- siety was at once formed with W. H. Getchell 402 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTOJSr COUNTY. for its secretary, to look after and provide for the wives and children belonging to the families of those who nobiy risked their lives in the defence of their country. No draft was allowed. No tax was needed to purchase volunteers; there was, however, a tax of eight hundred dollars voted February 23d, 1864, for the purpose of retaining the names of eight volunteers to the credit of the town, and at the close of the war, there was many years of service credited to the town in advance of its quota. As it was impossible to obtain a complete list of Afton's soldiers, the names of those learned is given. Capt. W. Thomas, N. M. Chase, J. M. Getchell, Asa Tracy, G.IIayford,r. Hayford, James Coop, James Newman, Joseph Mertz, Joseph Dernley, W. Carnithan, Colonel Miner Thomas, C. C. Cushing, Consider King, Daniel Buswell, E. Pray, Simon Persons, Simon Putnam, Myron Putnam, L. Culbertson, J. Har- risburger, Wm. Middleton, Victor Peterson, John Peterson, J. Harvey. This is a partial list of the volunteers. They enlisted and served in several different regiments. VILLAGES. The village of Afton is located on section 22, on the right bank of Lake St. Croix. It was laid out and platted by R. Haskell, Joseph Has- kell, H. L. Thomas and C. S. Getchell, in May. 1855. It has a main street passing from north to south, with short streets extending up the sides of the bluffs. At the head of Main street stands the St. Croix Valley Academy, while in the cen- ter of the village is a beautiful park covered with a thick growth of native oaks. In the cen- ter an auditorium has been erected, where meet- ings are held in the pleasant weather of summer. Mrs. C. S. Getchell has the honor of naming this beautiful village, Afton. The name was taken from Bums' poem "Afton Water," which gives a fine description of the "neighboring hills, and the clear winding rills." A beautiful incident is connected with this village. In the summer of 1856, the Hutchinson family were passing up the lake, on the steamer U.S. Allen, to fill an appoint- ment at Stillwater. The steamer stopping at the wharf to discharge freight, one of the troupe asked the captain the name of the place. When informed, they stepped out, and in their own inimitable way, sang " Sweet Afton." South Afton, located one mile south of the vil- lage of Afton, is A small burg, which contains one store of general merchandise kept by B.P. Squires, a warehouse and elevator owned by J. P. Purber, 30x60 feet, capacity ninety thousand bushels, built in 1869, and operated by steam; leased by Dill and Miller January 12th, 1881. There is a ferry across the river, owned by Mr. Furber, built in September, 1879, and operated with a rope. St. Mary's. In 1857 Messrs Cathcart, Marshall, and others laid out and platted a town site on section 14, and named it St. Mary's. Several lots were sold and houses built. In the fall of the same year, parties from Norristown, Penn- sylvania, erected a saw-miU on the point, op- erated it one year, and failed. What then bid fair to be a village of some size, has vanished in smoke, leaving only a few blackened ruins to mark the spot. Valley Creek, a small hamlet located two miles northwest of Afton, on sections 9 and 10. In the spring of 1857, Erastus Bolles came to this wUd spot on the line of the Stillwater and Point Doug- las road, which passes through the vaUey, built a house and opened a blacksmith shop, which he carried on for two years, when he purchased a small water- power, on what is known as BoUes creek, bringing the water through a race to his shop, to which he added a trip-hammer and other machinery. He then engaged in the manufactur- ing of agricultural tools, until the spring of 1875, when he turned the shop over to his son, C. E. Bolles, who bought additional power, moved the shop further down the stream, and added corn and feed grinding. The mill is called Valley Creek mill. The North Star flour mill is located in this village or hamlet, on the north branch of Bolles creek. It was built in 1860, by Buswell and Gil- bert; size, 24x32, witli three ran of stone; power, thirty-two foot overshot wheel; capacity, 700 bar- rels per month, with custom and merchant work; they grind about two hundred bushels per day. In 1861, Mr. Buswell enlisted in the army, leav- ing his intere&t to O. A. Pray; at the end of a year, D. C. Buswell purchased Mr. Pray's lease. Mr. Gilbert sold his interest to P. P. Persons, from Afton. In 1878, Mr. Persons sold to J, Home. The firm is now Buswell and Home. AFTCN— SCHOOLS AND CHUBCHES. 403 SCHOOLS. District No. 23, was organized April 14th, 1865, at the house of Joseph Haskell, under the name of the Haskell district, and the following officers elected. Thomas Persons, H. F. Dayton and J Haskell, trustees; C. C. Gushing, clerk. A tax of $400 was voted to build the house on land do- nated by Jesse Jackson. It is located in a beau- tiful grove, on section 21, on the line of the Af- ton and Cottage Grove road. First school was held three months commencing July 12th, 1856. Mr. Oldham has been clerk for twenty-two years. The name was changed to its present No. 23, in 1862. School district No. 24, located in Afton village, was organized in 1856. The first board of trustees were C. S. Getchell, S. H. Paterson, and Eev. S. Putnam; M.H. Thomas, clerk. The orig- inal number was three; the first house built in 1856; the first school was taught by Rev. Simon Putnam, in the kitchen of his house; the new house was built in 1876, of brick, 26x48. The records have been mislaid, and we cannot give a full account. School district, number 39, was organized April 7th, 1863, at the house of Erastus BoUes. O. A. Pray was called to the chair, and G. W. BoUes, clerk. Erastus Bolles, director. Voted a tax of $400 to build a school-house, 24x40 feet. Eirst teacher, Miss C. L. Rice. School district, number 46, located on section seven, was organized May 7th, 1868. Eirst board elected: Peter Landes, director; Benjamin Mun- son, treasurer; E. A. Rutherford, clerk. The first school-house was built at an expense of $1,001. The site was donated by Mr. Eisher and Peter Landes. Size of the building, 24x32 feet. The first teacher was Sophia Tyler. ST. CKOIX ACADEMY. The importance of securing better advantages for the education of the youth of the St. Croix Valley, had often been agitated in the minds of the older settlers of Afton and vicinity. A meet- ing was called December 6th, 1867, at the village of Afton, of all who were interested in the educa- tion of the youth from different parts of the county, to consider the propriety of building an academy. After due consideration it was decided to appoint a committee to solicit funds to start the enterprise, consisting of Rev. A. D. Roe and C. S. Getchell. The canvass was prosecuted with vigor for the next sixty days. Success crowned their labor, having secured pledges to the amount of ten thousand dollars. A meeting was called for February 25th, 1868, and the following board of trustees elected: Rev. Alva D. Roe, president; Richard Buswell, vice- president; W. W. Getchell, secretary; L. T. Olds, Hon. J. Warren Eurber, P. E. Walker, J. B. Thompson. Hon. A. Huntoon, N. M. Chase, David Cove, E. M. Cox, James Middleton, R. Lehmicke, C. S. Getchell. Executive committee: R. Buswell, A. D. Roe, E. M. Cox, N. M. Chase, C. S. Getchell. The academy was erected during the spring and summer of 1868; the corner stone of the building was laid June 18th, 1868, by the Free Masons. The building was pushed forward to completion in the same spirit with which the enterprise was begun. It was dedicated in the fall of 1868. During the winter a set of philo- sophical apparatus was added, and in the fall of 1871 a library was presented to the school by the village of Afton. The building is a handsome three-story brick edifice, surmounted with tower and bell. It is finished in black walnut and oak, and is furnished with neat and convenient single desks. The music room is furnished with pianos and organs. The faculty, at the opening of the institution, were: W. Gorrie, principal, and in- structor in classics and higher English; Miss Flora A. Hammond, teacher in vocal and instru- mental music; Miss Jennie Gorrie, assistant in English branches; Miss Anna V. Wandry, assist- ant teacher in German. CHTJECHES. The Congregational church of Afton was or- ganized June 24th, 1858, with a membership of thirteen. The first pastor was Rev. Simon Put- man. The organization of the society was ef- fected March 30th, 1860. For some time they held meetings in the school-house. In the spring of 1867, the society commenced raising funds for the erection of a house of worship, and succeeded in securing $1,800, which, with $500 received from the church erection fund, they were enabled to erect their present beautiful edifice. It was ded- icated in September, 1868, free of incumbrance. The Rev. George Hood is the present pastor. Scandinavian Methodist Episcopal church was 404 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. organized in April, 18.59, first pastor, Rev. C. F. Fosburg. Tlie church located on section 18, was built in 1854 and '55, through the exertion of their presiding elder, Eev. A. Shogran. Size of house 24x36 feet. There is a fine cemetery connected with the church. St. Peter's German Lutheran church, located in the south-east corner of section 6. The so- ciety was organized in the spring of 1863, and the church built in the fall of the same year. The first pastor was Rev. John Carven. The next pastor Eev. O. Cloeter, who came in 1868. In connection with the church is a paaochial school, supported by the congregation, which was or- ganized the same time as the church. CEMETEEIES. At the time of the platting of the village of Af- ton, the proprietors set apart and donated to the village twenty acres in section twenty-two, for a cemetery. It was dedicated in 1855. Evergreen cemetery is owned by the Evergreen Cemetery Association. The land was' deeded to the association May 28th, 1873. It is located on the north-west quarter of section twenty-two. POST-OFFICES. The first post-oflSce in the town was opened at Mr. L. BoUes' mill, on section fifteen. He re- ceived his appointment in 1852 and transfeiTed it to M. H. Thomas, who moved it to Afton village. He was succeeded by R. Buswell, who returned it to H. Thomas. He was followed by S. Barton, who transferred it to Paterson in 1867. Valley Creek post-office. In 1874 Mr. E. BoUes opened a general stock of merchandise at Valley Creek, and was appointed postmaster the same year, holding the office until 1880, when his store was burned and the office transferred to B. Bus- well, in the North Star mill. MILLS. Afton Flour Mill. Lemuel Bolles made a claim on section fifteen, in the summer of 1842, and commenced building his mill in the spring of 1843. To do this he picked up slabs on the lake shore, carrying them a mile and a half on his back to the point where his mill was located, on the creek named after him. Not having nails to con- struct his building with, he used wooden pins. In the building thus constructed he placed a small run of stone, which he purchased of John McKusick of Stillwater. His dam,when construct- ed, gave him a fall of but nine feet. This primi- tive mill was the first flour mill, excepting the old government mill at St. Anthony, north of Prairie du Chien. He operated it some time then trans- ferred it to Christopher Carli, and he to Andrew Mackey, who made some improvements and run it one year, when he transferred it to F. Robecke in 1872, who rebuilt the mill on the old site, put- ting in one run, and a feed mill, with a wooden turbine wheel, under a nine foot head. In 1875, Emil Munch purchased it and put in three run of stone, one set of rollers and a feed mill, driven by a twenty-inch LefEel wheel, under a thirty-five foot head. Capacity of mill, fifty barrels per day besides his custom work, size of mill 34x40 feet. The name of the mill has since been changed to "Reliance Mill." Saw-mill. Messrs. Olds and Lord's steam saw- mill, located at Glenmont on the east side of the lake opposite Afton, was buUt by L. I. Olds in 1857. Size 44x80, with boiler house 30x50. Ca- pacity, sixty thousand feet in twenty-four hours. The mill was run by Mr. Olds until 1872, when he sold a half interest to J. H. Lord. They make dimension-sawing a specialty. This miU, though not located in Afton, on account of the difficulty in obtaining title to lands at that time, is still an Afton enterprise. "GERMAN farmers' MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY OF afton" was organized under the statutes, March 17th, 1879. They had a fund of $1,714.50 under a mutual organization which had existed for twelve years, but not under a legal form until 1879. Under the present organization the following officers were elected: C. Heuer, president; F. Fredericks, secretary; P. Dornfleld, treasurer. Amount of business December 4th, 1880, $116,- 230. INITIAL EVENTS. The first white child bom in Afton was Helen M. Haskell, daughter of Joseph and Olive K. Haskell. The first death was that of Paul J. Carli who was drowned in St. Croix lake in 1845. A man named Merty Moore was also drowned the same year. Mrs. Tyler Randolph died in 1846. The AFTON— BIOGRAPHICAL. 405 first road built in Afton township was the old military road, known as the Point Douglas and Fond du Lac road, surveyed and opened in 1845 by General Thorn. The next was the Stillwater and Point Douglas road in 1847. The first hotel built in the village of Afton was by S. H. Pat- erson in 1856, who run it for three years, when it was destroyed by fire. The second hotel was opened by Charles C. Gushing in 1867, who died in 1876. His wife still keeps the house open and in good style. During the summer months the house is crowded with pleasure-seekers. Mr. S. II. Paterson opened his first store in the village of Afton in 1867, and is now carrying a fine stock of general merchandise. POPrLATION, VALtTATION AKD PRODUCTS. The population of Afton township, number- ing nine hundred and twenty-five, is composed of about one-half American, the other half Ger- man and Swede. Politically the republicans have the majority, though not so large as to pre^ vent the contest from being close and sharp. The valuation for 1880 was: real estate, $248,- 555 ; personal property, $71,848 ; wheat, acres, 4,752, bushels, 62,956; oats, 782 acres, 31,252 bushels; corn, 510 acres, 19,102 bushels;, barley, 320 acres, 8,017 bushels; rye, one acre, 15 bushels; potatoes, acres, 50, bushels, 6,915 ; tame hay, acres, 855, tons of hay, 963; cows, 229, pounds of butter, 14,034; cheese, 100 pounds. BIOGRAPHICAL. B. r. Babcock, deceased, was born in Oneida county. New York, March 26th, 1836. His early life was spent there and in Rome, New York. Received his collegiate education in Connecticut. In the fall of 1858, went to Lake Superior, remained one year, and in the fall of 1857 came to Stillwater. Was married May 9th, 1859, to Amelia C. Van Vleck, daughter of Judge Isaac and Cornelia Curtis Van Vleek, and came imme- diately to Afton, "Washington county, Minnesota, where he practiced medicine until his death, Sep- tember 9th, 1870. Pour children were born to them; two are now living. M. F. Bahnemann was born in Niagara county. New York, in 1845. When twenty years of age, he moved with his parents to Afton, "Washing- ton county, Minnesota, his father buying a farm of two hundred and eight acres. Married in October, 1868, to Miss Caroline Bruner. They have five children, all living. David Berry was born in Manchester, England, October 29th, 1814. Came to America with his mother, when young, remaining but a short time, and returned to his native country. Returned to this country in 1837. Served for a time in the Florida war, and in 1842 returned to England, and was married in 1 844 to Miss Elizabeth Holt, and in 1854 came back to America and settled at Afton, where he has since resided. His wife died in Afton May 28th, 1880. He has four child- ren now living. Erastus BoUes was bom in Madison county, New York, March 9th, 1821. Moved with his parents to Oxford and learned the trade of black- smithing and tool-making with his father. At twenty-one, went to New Boston, Connecticut, working at his trade two years; thence to South- bridge, Massachusetts, and engaged in the jew- elry business nine years, and two years making hoesin Millbury, Massachusetts. In 1856, came to Afton and built the first house, which is still a part of his present residence in Valley Creek. Soon after, started a blacksmith shop, and two years later added a water-power, and began the manufacture of farming tools. In 1873, gave up Ms business and started a store at Valley Creek, which burned in March, 1880. "Was the first postmaster at Valley Creek. Married in 1847, Miss Sophrona Hayward, of Oxford, New York. They have three children living. G. "W. BoUes was born in Chenango county. New York, in 1836, where he learned the blaekr smith's trade, and remained until 1856, excepting two years in Massachusetts. In 1856, came to Afton, and one year later, started a blacksmith shop at Valley Creek, and remained one year, then farmed until 1867, when he again started a shop at Valley Creek, and remained there until he came to Afton in 1875. He has been married three times, the last time in 1879, to Mary M. Mclntire. J. "W. Boxell, born in Muskingum, Ohio, Feb- ruary 6th, 1824. Received his education at the common schools, which was supplemented by a term at Mclntire Academy. He remained at his native place thirty years, teaching part of the time. In 1854. came to Afton and bought a farm where he lived untU the breaking out of the 406 HISTORY OF WASEmQTON COUNTY. war, when he enlisted in Company B, Third Min- nesota Volunteers, and served until honorably discharged in 1863, and returned to his home. During the winter of 1859-'60, he founded what has since beeij known as the Boxell school, which enjoyed a wide and favorable reputation. Mr. Boxell has always kept pace with the times, never losing sight of the fact that " man is never too old to learn." He has devoted much attention latterly to fruit culture, which he thoroughly un- derstands. Married in 1848 to Mary Shaw. They have had eleven children, nine now living. Richard Buswell was born in Grafton county, New Hampshire, in 1829. Spent his early life on a farm. Came to Afton in 1856, and worked at carpentering four years, then took an interest in the North Star flouring mills at Valley Creek. Married in 1852 to Miss Ellen M. Thompson. One son, F. W. has been born to them, who is now in business with his father. John G. Carlson was born in Sweden, February 21st, 1834. Came to America in 1858, and set- tled in Stillwater and worked at his trade as stone mason ten years, then moved to Afton and bought eighty acres; has now three hundred and sixty acres in his farm. Married, in 1869, Miss NeUie Nelson, born in Sweden, June 10th, 1848. They have five children. WUliam Carnithan was born at "Washington, New York, November 10th, 1834, where he re- mained until 1867. He learned the carpenter's trade, came to Afton in 1857, and has since re. sided here. Enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota, and served until honorably discharged at Port Snelling in 1865. Married Miss Emily Gushing. They have three children living. Samuel D. Clymer was born at Logansport, Indiana, in 1844, where lie remained until the spring of 1858, when he moved to Afton. In 1865, began life for himself on the farm his parents first settled upon. Married, in 1875, Mary Ingalls. They have one child living. James Cooney was born in Ireland, in 1815. Spent his life in England until fourteen years of age, when he went to sea and followed it fourteen years; went on two whaling voyages In the Arctic ocean, twice doubling the cape. After leaving the sea, worked for awhile in the lead mines at Chester, England, then came to New York city, where he worked three years; thence to Taylor's Falls, Minnesota, working a few months, and finally to Afton, and in 1864 enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota; afterwards transferred to the veteran reserve corps, and served until the close of the war. He returned to Afton, where he has since lived. Married, in 1845, at Chester, England, to Mary Dunn. They have three chil- dren now living. E. M. Cox was bom in Orange county, New York, December 11th, 1822. Moved to the terri- tory of Michigan in 1832, and settled at Pontiac. Farmed there until 1851, when he started for Washington county, Minnesota, by rail to Elgin, Illinois, to Galena by Frink and Walker's stage, thence to St. Paul by steamer "Dr. Franklin No. 2." Worked on Judge Cooper's farm inOakfield, now Woodbury, for three months; during that time, made a claim in Afton, which he now owns. In the fall of 1851 returned to Michigan and made some collections, and to Illinois and purchased an outfit of an ox team and wagon, drove to Ga- lena and shipped to Stillwater on steamer "Me- nomin&e," arrived at his claim in the spring of 1852, and built a log cabin. Has made this his home ever since. Mr. Cox has held the oflSce of chairman of the town board several times and has taken a lively interest in the affairs of the town. Married October, 1855, to Eliza A. Brimhall of Worcester county, Massachusetts. They have six children living. Francis Dick was born in Scotland in 1833. Came to America in 1855, and engaged at clerk- ing in a dry-goods store in Boston two years. In 1857, came to Minnesota and stopped in St. Paul a short time; thence to Cambridge, Isanti county, and took a claim which he abandoned in 1859. Following lumbering until 1867, when he bought a farm in Afton, where he has since resided. Married in 1871 to Miss Lydia Cummings. They have three children, all living. Baptiste Fournier was born in Canada East, March 15th, 1814, where he remained until twenty- three years of age, then went to work for the American Fur Company, and went to Lake Su- perior, where he remained for some time. Spent one year at St. Croix Falls, and in 1841, came to Afton and made a claim of one hundred and twenty acres where he has since resided. Mar- ried in 1841 to Sarah Folstrom. They have one child: Margaret, bom in 1842. AFTON—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 407 Jacob Folstrom deceased, was born at Stock- holm, Sweden, June 25th, 1793. Came to Ame- rica when fourteen years of age, went to Canada, and very soon acquired a knowledge of both the French and Iriquois languages while in Canada, was engaged as a fur trader, and later employed as head trader for the American Fur Company, in their employ seven years, as traveling buyer. He was at the mouth of the St. Peter river, ten years before Fort Snelling was built After the building of the fort, he was employed there two years by the government. Went to Prai- rie du Chien and spent one year, returned to Fort Snelling and remained two years in the quarter- masters department. "Was sent to Galena and remained one year, and again returned to Fort SneUing. Soon after, settled in Lakeland in 1840, then engaged in missionary work in which he remained until his death. While at Lake- land, he was employed to carry the mail from Prairie du Chien to St. Croix Falls, and during that time met with many hair-breadth escapes from the hostile tribe of Indians. Moved to Afton and settled at Valley Creek in 1850. Mar- ried in 1823 to Margaret Bungo, a Chippewa, who was born at Fond du Lac, Superior, in 1797. The eldest son, John was born at Leech Lake and married Margaret Kevi, who died March 28th, 1865. Nancy was born at Sandy Lake and is still living. Sarah, bom at Gull Lake, now the wife of B. Fournier. Jane, wife of J. Mc- Knight, died February 22d, 1861; James and George died when small. George, the second is now living and married to Miss Catherine H. Simondet. James second, now living. Cecilia, the wife of Chas. Villendrer. Magaloire Fortin was bom in Canada East in 1827. He remained there till twenty-one years old, then moved to Watertown, New York, and remained eleven years. In 1856, came to St. Paul and stayed one winter. In the spring of 1857, moved to Rutherford settlement, where he remained until he settled on his farm in Afton, which has been his home ever since, excepting five years spent in Wright county. Married, in 1858, Ellen Hayes, who died in 1872. Married his second wife, Adelaide Boyer, in 1 874. He has one son now living, John A. Putnam F. Gage was born at Bedford, Hills- borough county, New Hampshire, Jan. 26fch, 1821 , Went to Boston, Massachusetts, and engaged in the grocery and grain trade until 1844. Went to St. Louis, Missouri, and opened a restaurant, which he continued until 1850. Went to Hudson) Wisconsin, for about two years, then to Lakeland and opened a blacksmith shop, and continued it four years; then moved to Afton and bought a farm; thence to Woodbury, engaging in farming and blacksmithing. January, 1863, went to Fort Abercrombie as post blacksmith in the quarter- master's department; removed to Fort Snelling, where he remained in the same capacity during the war. After the war, moved to the village of Afton, remained two years, then bought a farm near the south line of the town, and opened a blacksmith shop. In 1870, became almost blind ror five years; finally entirely recovered througb the skill of Dr. Hagan, of St. Paul. Mr. Gage has held most of the town offices; was elected first sheriff of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, but refused to serve. Married, October 2d, 1849, Miss Esther E. Griffiths. They have five chil- dren living. John T. George was born in Adams county, Pennsylvania, October 24th, 1832. Moved to Mif- lin county and remained six years, then to Cass county, Indiana, where his mother died in August and father in September, 1867. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. Mr. George moved to Afton in 1863 and followed lumbering until 1870, when he settled where he has since resided. Henry Gerke, a native of Prussia, was born January 20th, 1828. Came to America in 1843 and settled in Buffalo, New York, remained one year thence went to Chicago and worked at the wheel- Wright business six years. Came to Minne- sota and remained a short time, and moved to Osceola Mills, Wisconsin, and worked as a mill- wright four years, thence to Lakeland and car- ried on a wagon shop four years. Then to Still- water and worked at his trade five years, when he bought a farm of two hundred acres in Afton and now lives on it. Married in 1861 to Mary Rengen. They have two children living. James M. Getchell was born in Somerset coun- ty, Maine, May 18th, 1819, where he remained until twenty-five years of age. Then moved to Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and engaged in lum- bering six years, and three years in Detroit, Michigan, when he came to Afton and engaged 408 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in lumbering until 1862; then enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minhesota Volunteers. "While at Eastport, Mississippi, received internal injuries from which he never entirely recovered. Honor- ably discharged at Vicksburg at the close of the war, returned to Af ton and bought a farm, and in 1874 bought his present farm. Married in 1858 to Mary Brimhall, who bore him two children and died in 1871. MaiTied again in 1872, to Eliza Newman. William H. Guernsey was born in Saratoga county, New York, April 8th, 1823. Moved with his parents to Rochester, where his father died, his mother still lives at that place. In 1832, went with an uncle to Niles, Michigan; remained until 1842; was in Chicago a short time, thence to Eock river, making Dixon and Sterling his home until 1847. Then engaged with a lumber- ing company and came north in their employ, spending the winter of 1847-8 in the pineries of Minnesota. Returned to Rock river, in June, 1848, and stayed one year, when he returned to Stillwater and remained one summer, returned to Illinois and brought his family to Washington county, and located on Judge Cooper's farm, which adjoins his present location in Afton. Made his claim in 1851, of one hundred and sixty acres, and has since added eighty acres more. Mar- ried in 1845, to Miss Virginia Sampson, who was born at Doxbury, Massachusetts, July, 1827. They have three children living. Newington Gilbert was born in Onondaga county. New York, February 17th, 1815. Re- mained at home untU 1851, when he removed to Washington county, and settled in Woodbury, buying a farm of Ex-Governor Ramsey; while here, in company with D. C. Buswell, he built the North Star mill, at Valley Creek, in 1860, holding his interest in it for eleven years, when he sold it to Mr. Persons. In 1864, came to Valley Creek to live; he was a member of the state constitu- tional convention, but since that time has taken no active part in politics, his business engrossing his entire attention. Married in 1850, to Celestia Bangs. They have two children living. Joseph Haskell, son of Joseph and Mary Has- kell, was born in Kennebec county, Maine, Jan- uary 9th, 1805. Worked on his father's farm un- til 1827, when he went to Hingham, Massachusetts, and farmed four years. In 1831 he purchased an interest in a stage route from Hingham to Bos- ton. Held it four years; sold it, and returned to Somerset county, Maine, and commenced on a new farm he had bought. Was engaged in plowing one morning, when his plow fell to pieces. He decided at once to dispose of the whole thing and "Go west, young man." He started for Indiana in October, 1837, stopping in Orleans county. New York, and remaining during the winter. In the spring he resumed his journey by steamer up the Maumee river to Maumee City. From there he paddled his way in a boat to Port Defiance; went on foot across the country to Fort Wayne, where he took pass- age on a canal- boat to Logansport; thence to Terre Haute. Here he found a friend, and they both worked on the canal. They both had the chills and fever, which lasted until March, 1839, when they determined to find a different climate and walked to La Fayette, where they bought a canoe and paddled their way three hundred miles down the Wabash river to its mouth, landing at Shawneetown, and there took a steamer for St. Louis. Here his friend was taken sick again. He worked in a saw-mill until July 7th, when they took the steamer "Ariel" for Fort SneUing, arriving there July 24th, 1839, where he engaged to a company that was building a saw-mill at St. Croix Falls. He helped row a boat of supplies from Fort Snelling to the falls; then worked on the mUl and dam untU the company failed. Wishing to hear from home, he and his friend bought a canoe and went down the river to Cal^ fish bar, opposite the present village of Afton. Here they left the boat, and started on foot across the country, following the Indian trail. When they reached the prairie at the head of the ravine the land he now owns attracted his attention. They went to Red Rock; thence to Fort Snelling, the post-office for the North-west. Returning to Red Rock they again struck the traU, and came to the point, which had before attracted their attention, made a claim, and returned to St. Croix Falls and spent the winter in getting out logs for the St. Louis market. In the spring found all they had made was their board and a few old tools. March 1st, 1840, they returned to their claim, stopping on their way at Marine mills to buy 1 ,000 feet of lumber, for which Mr. Haskell gave his note for twenty dollars, and as a compliment to AFTON—BIOGBAPHICAL. 409 him, they gave him slabs enough to cover their shanty, made a raft of it and floated it down the river. They left Marine after dinner on Monday, and that was the last they had to eat until Wednesday night. They then hired an old half- breed woman, with one ox and a cart to haul their lumber to the foot of the ravine running from Bolles creek to his present farm. They then stuck up a few boards for shelter until they could get their lumber to their land and build their cabin, which was completed May 1st, 1840. June 8th, 1840, began improvements and broke the first land that was occupied as a farm north of Prairie du Chien, with four yoke of oxen and a cast-iron plow, and at the end of six days they had broken three acres, at a cost of fifteen dollars per acre! They planted it with corn and potatoes. Their claim was the only settlement above the mouth of the St. Croix to Stillwater, for two years. In the spring of 1841, his partner left him. He worked on alone, making improvements until September, 1844, when he made atrip to Maine, and returned in June, 1845. From these beginnings have sprung one of the finest farms in the St. Croix valley. Mr. Haskell has held many prominent positions in the state, county and town. Was county commissioner at the time this county was under the Wisconsin territorial legislation. Also commissioner under the Minnesota territorial leg- islature; was a member of the legislature in 1869 and 1871; held a position on the board of the Normal schools of the state two years; chairman of the first board of supervisors of Afton, held the position three times. Married in 1849, to Miss Olive K. Furber, of Maine. They have four children living, Helen M., Mary E., Henri Pitt and Hiram A. Charles F. Holmstrom was born in Sweden, May 18th, 1826. Came to America in 1852, and settled in Austin, Texas, where he remained until 1867, when he moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and remained nine years, then bought a farm of one hundred and fifty acres in Afton, where he has since resided. Married, at Austin, Texas, Sarah L. Peterson, who was born in Sweden in 1822, and came to Austin, Texas, in 1854. One son, Charles Victor, has been born to them. James Jackson was born in England in 1826, came to America in May, 1848, and settled in Denmark, where he remained one year; moved to Afton and took a claim of one hundred and sixty acres, and still lives on it. Mr. Jackson is un- married. Preston T. Jackson, son of M. Y. and Martha Jackson, was born at Wabash, Indiana, in 1850; came with his parents to Washington county in 1854, and settled in Lakeland, where he remained until 1871. Then was engaged in the govern- ment survey in the Red Eiver valley until 1874 . Since that time has lived in Afton. Married, in 1874, Ali-ce Gilbert. They have three children. Michael Mackey was bom in Ireland in 1824, came to America when a child with his parents, and settled in New Brunswick; lived there twen- ty-four years, engaged in logging and farming. Went to Aroostook county, Maine, and followed lumbering until 1852, then came to Washington county and worked at lumbering, until he and his brother moved to Afton and bought two hun- dred and forty acres of land. Married, in 1857, Ellen Sparrow. They have eleven children, all living. Andrew Mackey is a native of Ireland, born about 1800. He is one of the oldest settlers in the St. Croix Valley, having arrived in June, 1838. He came to America at the age of twenty years, and began as laborer on railroads in different states, finally arriving at Galena, Illinois, where he engaged with a lumbering company for the Chippewa river, but they came to St. Croix in- stead. They landed at Prescott, June 19th, 1838, and from there came up to the Falls of St. Croix in a mackinaw boat, their three yoke of oxen be- ing driven by land. The Galena company was, Mr. Mackey claims, the first to commence opera- tions in lumbering in this region. They engaged at the mouth of the Snake river, where they found rich forests of pine. They were often interrupted by hostile Indians, who considered them invaders on their domain, as the treaty ceding these lands, had not been ratified. The Indians collected in numbers and frightened the lumbermen, who fled precipitately down the river. They did not stop to make the portage, but shot both the falls, pre- ferring death by water, rather than at the hands of the savages. The St. Croix Lumber Company had in the meantime taken possession of the Big Falls and the head-long haste of the pursued was checked when they discovered that there were other whites in the wilderness. The Indians 410 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. were soon brought to terms by evidence that the treaty had been ratified, and did not afterwards molest the lumbermen. Mr. Mackey and his company returned to Snake river during the winter of 1838-'9, but soon went to Kettle river. In the fall of 1840, Mr. Mackey was employed by one Tuttle, to hold a claim near Prescott, for which service he received one barrel of beef, one barrel of flour and two barrels of whisky. March 4th, 1841, he moved to the claim he had previ- ously made in Afton. It embraced the present site of the village. He was married in 1845 to Miss Hamilton, who was then living with Dr. Car 11. In 1855, he sold his farm to the founders of the village of Afton. His wife died in 1873, since which time he has lived alone. William Meyer was born in Niagara county. New York, March 15th, 1850, remained there fifteen years, then moved with parents to Wash- ington county, and settled in Afton. Married in 1877 to Miss Carrie Frederich, a native of New York, and settled where they now live. They have one son, Henry, born May 4th, 1880. Samuel Middleton, deceased, was born Iq Ire- land in 1820. Came to America in 1845, and shortly after made a claim in Afton and Wood- bury where he lived until he enlisted in Company E, Tenth Minnesota, in 1864. Was taken sick, and died in the hospital at Memphis, Tennessee, February 24th, 1865. Married in 1852 to Mary Colter, who was born in Ireland, January 22d, 1830, and came to America with her mother in 1849, and settled in new Brunswick, where they remained one year, then in Chicago two years, thence to St. Paul, where her mother died in 1870. Mrs. Middleton has three children living. Emil Munch, the subject^ of this sketch, was born in Prussia, in 1831. Came to America in 1849, and in 1852 settled in Taylor's Falls. Here he followed the carpenter's trade until 1857, then went to Chengwatona and engaged in the lum- ber trade, and while there held the office of register of deeds of Pine county. In 1860-1 represented that district in the house. In the spring of 1861, enlisted in the First Minnesota Battery, and was elected its captain. Wounded at the battle of Shiloh, in the right thigh in 1862. After his recovery returned to his command, and was honorably discharged at Camp Douglas in 1865, and returned to St. Paul, and was appointed deputy state treasurer which ofllce he held until elected to the state treasurership in 1868. Held the office until 1872. During this time he built a saw-mill at Lakeland, which he ran until 1874, then went to Franconia for a short time, and in 1875 settled at Afton, and since that time has owned the flouring mill at Afton. Married in 1865 to Bertha Seeger. They have four children living. Francis Oldham, born in England, in 1826. In 1 849 came to America and settled in St. Paul for a short time. Went to Fort Gaines, now Fort Kipley, and in 1850 came to Afton and took a claim of 160 acres; soon bought forty more. He has held the office of county commissioner and many of the town offices, and for twenty-three years clerk of school district. No. 23. Married in St. Paul to Miss Betty Jackson. They have four cliildren living. John Oldham, deceased, was born in Cheshire, England, January 23d, 1801. Here he was en- gaged in working in a cotton mill most of the time until he moved to America. Married in March, 1825, to Miss Ann Mosely, who was born in Tideswell, Derbyshire, England, May 14th, 1803. They started for America in January, 1854, and landed in Washington county in April, in the same year and settled in Afton, taking a claim of 120 acres. Mrs. Oldham died July 8th, 1869, and was followed by her husband September 2d, 1877, leaving Francis, Nancy and Alexander, who are still living. L. I. Olds was born in Windham county, Ver- mont, July 15th, 1825. When fourteen years old moved with his parents to Rock county, Wiscon- sin. In 1849 engaged in the sash, door and blind business at Beloit until 1857, then moved to Glen- mont, Wisconsin, opposite Afton. Here he has been engaged in the saw mill and lumbering busi- ness ever since, living in Afton. Married in 1849 to Ehoda A. Randall, of Lewiston, New York. They have two children living. August Olson, born in Guttenburg, Sweden November 10th, 1827, where he remained until 1853, when he came to America and stayed in New York city two years. Returned to his na- tive country for a few months, returned to New York and remained until 1857, when he again visited his old home for two years, and again came to New York city, and soon after engage I AFION—BIOOEAPEICAL. 411 as sailor on the vessel Gahoba, which was used as a transport vessel by the United States govern- ment. When the war broke out he was employed on a supply schooner, which was captured by the rebels, but was afterward released. During the war went to Sweden again for a short time. On returning he was engaged as a helper to the preacher on the ship "John Wesley," which was a battle ship and used as a house of worship. In In 1864 left the ship and returned for the fourth time to his native country as a missionary of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1866 came to St. Paul in charge of the Swedish Methodist Episco- pal church; thence to Chisago Lake for one year; to Afton four years; Vasa, Goodhue county, two years, Kandiyohi county one year; then returned to his home near Afton. Mairried twice, the last time to Albertina Johnson, by whom he has fiye children, and three by his first wife. Charles Pennington was bom in Aroostook county, Maine, in 1842, remained there till the family moved to Stillwater. After a short time they moved to Kanabec county, Minnesota, where they remained till they moved to Washington county, and followed farming and lumbering un- til 1868, when he bought a farm of eighty acres m Afton, where he now lives, and has added eighty acres. Married, November 20th, 1870, to Vesta Morton. They have three children. George H. Pennington was born in Aroostook county, Maine, in 1844, remained there eleven years, then moved to Stillwater and remained a short time, then to Kanabec county, Minnesota, where he lived five years, returning to Washing- ton county in 1875, and settled in Afton. Mar- ried, in 1877, Miss Panny Van Slyke. They have two children living. William Pennington was bom in New Bruns- wick, January 4th, 1836. Moved to Holton, Aroostook county, Maine, remained there till he moved to Stillwater in 1854. Moved to Kanabec county, Minnesota, on Snake river, and engaged in lumbering five years. Then he moved to Afton. and bought a farm of two hundred acres which is now his home. Simon E. Persons was born in Waterford, Ver- mont, November 19th, 1833. Came to Wisconsin when twelve years old, and removed to Washing- ton county, and made Afton his home until he enlisted in Company C, Seventh Minnesota, in 1862. While in the quartermaster's department at Memphis, Tennessee, was thrown from a mule and broke his left arm, which kept him in the hos- pital three months. Was honorably discharged in August 1865, and returned to Afton. In 1867, bought his present farm. Married May 27th, 1868, to Miss Annie Cooney. They have five children, Sarah, Marion, May, William and Ralph. Thomas Persons was born at Littleton, New Hampshire, June 16th, 1814. Moved to Water- ford, Vermont, and remained until twenty-one years old, then to the northern part of the state for eight years, and Middlesex for three years, and soon after to Dunkirk, Dane county, Wiscon- sin, living there three years. Returned to his native state and spent three years. Again to Dane county, Wisconsin, for one season, thence to Red Cloud, Indiana, for one year, and from there to Afton and bought a farm of 120 acres, and has since added eighty acres more, and made it his home. Mr. Persons has held the of- fice of town treasurer of Afton thirteen years. Married in Waterford, Vermont, in 1834, to Miss Maria Huntley. They have four children living. Two of their sons served in the army during the late war. Samuel H. Paterson was born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1826. Spent his early life in St. Joseph county. In 1856, came to Afton and buUt a hotel, which was burned in 1861. Was then en- gaged in the quartermaster's office at Port Ripley, and on the plains twenty-eight months. Returned to Afton in 1866, and engaged in merchandise, following the business since. Married in 1852, to Miss Francis Brown. They have one son now living. James B. now in business with his father. William Forth was born in Wheatfield, New York, in 1845, where he learned blacksmith- ing, and remained till he enlisted in Company F, Eighth New York Volunteers, in 1862. SeiTed till honorably discharged in 1865, then came to St. Paul, and worked six years at his trade, then bought land, where he now lives, and in the spring of 1879, started a blacksmith shop on sec- tion 8. Married in 1871, to Elizabeth Fahnstel. They have two children. Charles Riedel was born in Prussia in 1827. Served in the war of 1848 in his native country. 412 HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Came to America in 1854 and settled at Frank- fort, Kentucky, for a stort time. Lived one year in St. Louis; then came to Stillwater, and followed gardening four miles out for ten years. Then bought a fancy store In the city, which he conducted till 1873, when he came to Valley Creek and started his nursery. Married in Prussia in 1853 to Caroline Burchardt. They have six children living. B. r. Stanley was born in Cazenovia, New York, June 20th, 1842. Attended the seminary at that place, now known as the New York Cen- tral Seminary. Graduated in 1862, and taught in his native town until 1868; then came to Chi- cago and engaged in the real estate business four years. Engaged in teaching in different places in Illinois until 1879, when he took charge of the St. Croix Valley Academy. Married in 1865 to Miss Callsta A. Stanley. They have one child, Guy K., born in 1868. August Stegemann was born in Prussia in 1840. Came to America with his parents when six years old. Settled in Niagara county, New Y'ork, and engaged in farming till 1861, when he moved to Afton. In 1862, bought forty acres in section eight; sold it in 1864 and settled where he now lives on section six. Has held the office of super- visor a number of times, and the past three years assessor. Married in 1862 to Caroline Pagel. They have six children living. Adam W. Willock was born in Montgomery county, New York, May 31st, 1834, where he remained until seventeen years of age. Then moved to Hampton, Oneida county, and re- mained four years. Came to St. Paul in 1853, and worked a short time in the "Merchants" hotel; thence to Washington county, and in 1862 bought a farm of forty acres. Now owns two hundred and forty acres, with one hundred and twenty under cultivation. J. S. Hartman, a native of New York city was born June 14th, 1826. Having learned the car- penters trade, in the spring of 1856, he came to Chicago, Illinois, resided there for five years, then removed to Des Plaines, where he farmed one year. In 1861, he came to St. Paul, and in May to Lakeland. In 18Q.3 he sold his farm and removed to his present location on section 30. Married in 1859, at Des Plaines, to Harriet N. Jefferson. They have three children living. LAKELAND. CHAPTER LVIII. FORMATION OF THE TOWN SETTLEMENT — EABLY EVENTS— SCHOOLS— CHUKCH ORGAN- IZATIONS — OFFICERS AND PROCEEDINGS VILLAGE or LAKELAND — BIOGRAPHICAL. In the division of the original fractional town- ship in 1858, of which the towns of Lakelandand Baytown are composed, it was found that there were already collected two small villages on the lake shore, within the township. A large share of the population was gathered at, or near these points, either of which objected to go to the other to vote, or do their town business. A com- promise was effected through their representative, Socrates Nelson, who was on the committee for the division of towns, by a division of the ter- ritory on a section line east and west through the center of the township, which gave to Lakeland twelve full and three fractional sections. Subse- quent to this division, the people of this town endeavored to have the southern boundary line of their town changed, to have Bolles Creek as the line between Lakeland and the town of Afton. To this encroachment, the people of Afton were strongly opposed. After several hard contests over the matter, a compromise was effected by giving to Lakeland all of fractional section two and eighty rods off from the north part of sec- tion eleven. The surface of Lakeland is some- what broken. From the lake extending back toward the west for the first few miles in places, it is quite bluffy, then it becomes more level; in the south and east there are some small strips of prairie. The soil is of a loamy nature, and in places has a clay subsoil, while others are sandy. The principal drainage of the town is from the Lake St. Croix, which extends on the east line from north to south. On the line between this town and Oakdale there is a small lake called Horse Shoe lake, with a small stream passing from it through the south-west corner of the town. LAKELAND— SETTLEMENT— SCHOOLS. 413 SETTLEMENT. As early as 1840, a small settlement of half- breeds had gathered at the point where the site of the village of Lakeland is located. Kev. Mr. Randolph, from Maine, came to this place and labored with this people, but died soon after. In 1842 a young man, George Clark, located at this point and made a claim of the land where the ferry now lands, but was drowned. William Leith with his family located at this point about a year later, but subsequently removed to Gray Clond Island, where he now lives. Edwin Worth, from St. Croix Falls, came the following year, but remained only for a short time, when they re- turned. In 1844, Elias McKean came to the town and made a claim on section twenty-two, and broke thirty acres; he being engaged in lum- bering, made the claim for the purpose of having pasture for his cattle, the claim being duly en- tered in 1848, when the land came into market. Jacob Fisher came to the town about this time, and aside from the cabins of the half-breeds, built the first frame house built in the town, which was 18x20, and is now a portion of the house owned by Charles Schultz. Very few white settlers came to the town until 1848, when the arrivals became more frequent. George W. Leach and family took a claim of the land where Sarah E-. Staples now lives. Other parties came soon after. Captain John Oliver with his family of sons, William, Edwin and John, cametheyear following. James and A. B. Green came soon after, also Jonas Newell and A. D. Kingsley. Thus the settlement of the town began to in- crease quite rapidly. In 1849 there were no buildings on what is now the site of the village, the half-breeds having removed to different parts of the country. Soon after this, Moses Ferin came to this point, and securing the land where the village now stands, laid out the town plat. John Molton, Benj. Bonsell, Futnam F. Gage, Ilubbell Robinson, James Green and Sheldon Gray located at this point about that time. Mr. Perin, being the leading spirit in this enterprise, exerted his utmost in trying to buUd the town at this point, he himself erecting several buildings both for business and resident purposes. The first proclamation of the gospel to the white set- tlers at this point was by Rev. Charles Thayer, about 1855, he being settled at Hudson, came across the river and preached occasionally; also the Rev. Mr. Marshall and Rev. Gibson visit- ing them from time to time. Henry W., son of Edwin and Mary C. Worth, was the first white child born at this point, November, 1844. The next was Henry P., son of A. B. Green, born July 11th, 1852. The first death was George Clark, already spoken of as being drowned in 1842. The next was Rebecca F. Bonsell, Sep- tember 6th, 1854. The same year, September 12th, Mary EUza, a daughter of A. B. Green. The first marriage was that of William Oliver to Mary Davis in 1848. Next A. B. Green to Miss EUza M. Oliver, October 1st, 1861. SCHOOLS. With the advance of civilization came the de- sire to provide the means for the education of the youth of the then promising township. The first application for the fordaation of a school district was made by Hiram W. Greeley to the board of commissioners of Washington county, which was granted December 18th, 1851; said district to be composed of township 29, range 20. A meeting for the election of ofiicers was called at the house of George W. Leach, December 31st, 1851, and district number 1 was organized by the election of the following officers: George W. Leach, Hi- ram W. Greeley and D. H. Fisk, trustees; and A. B. Green, clerk. The first school was held in the house of Elias McKean, and taught by Har- riet A. Newell. In 1855 a tax was voted of $300 to build a school-house in the village. The num- ber of the district was changed in 1862 from 1 to 21. The present school building was erected in 1869, jjn the old school site. The subject of forming an independent school district had been discussed for some time; to bring the matter be- fore the people for their decision, a meeting was called December 13th, 1867. The whole number of voters present was twenty; the vote being cast it was found that a majority of four- teen votes had been cast in favor of the new district. A meeting for the election of oflScers was called December 27th, 1877, with the follow- ing result: for one year, J. 'R. Dickinson and Joseph Shaw; for two years, J. C. Higgins and Mrs. B. K. Watson; for three years, R. H. San- derson and F. C. Tyler, were elected trustees. This board met January 7th, 1878, and organized 414 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. by the choice of E. H. Sanderson, president; J. C. Higgins clerk, and J. E. Dickinson treasurer. The hoard of officers are the same at this time as those elected in 1878. The school is in charge of J. W. iSTesbit, and Miss Lucy A. Hunger, and the enrollment numbers ninety scholars. The following is a specimen of a notice for a school meeting dated August, 1853: "Neighbors I If there is an atom of soul in your worldly frames, if humanity has not taken her fair image from your poor hearts, do attend a special school meet- ing to be held" etc. School district number 20, was organized May 9th 1859, at the home of Daniel VoUmer, by the election of the following oflSeers: William Be- bernger, Fred Eentz, and Christian Schrande trustees; and William Leith clerk. They erected a school-house the same season, locating the same on the south-west quarter of section 32, but it was removed in 1869 to the north-east quarter of section 31; it was refitted in 1877. The first teacher was W. W. Morgan. The present oflScers are, E. Lewerer, clerk; Nicholas Eeimus, director; and Trad Kappler, treasurer. The past term was taught by Mattie A. Elliott, number of scholars fifty. School district number 19 was organized June 22nd, .1861, by a meeting called at the house of Elias McKean for the election of the necessary officers, the result of the election being as follows: John Oliver, Jr., A. Andrew and Elias McKean, trustees, and H. W. Greeley, clerk. At a meet- ing held July, 1862, it was voted to purchase a lot 50x100 feet from Elias McKean, as a site for a new school house, which they erected in the summer of 1863. The first school was taught by Joseph Shaw. The present officers are, John Oliver, director; Elias McKean, treasurer; and Newton McKusick, clerk. CHUECHBS. The First Baptist church was organized in 1868. Rev. Enos Munger was chosen pastor and re- mained as such until 1862, when he enlisted as a soldier. Eeturning in 1865 with poor health he resigned his pastoral care, but returning in 1868 he preached for them until 1872. The church was organized with ten members. Their house of worship was built in 1868, completed and dedi- cated in the spring of 1869. The house was built in octagon shape, with a radius of nineteen feet, fronted with a vestibule and steeple sixty-four feet high, with a fine bell of 225 pounds weight. The last pastor was Eev. E. Cooley; he left in the spring of 1876. The First Congregational church of Lakeland, was organized May 6th, 1858, with about sixteen members, under the ministration of Eev. Mr. Marshall, then of Hudson, Wisconsin. The first pastor installed was Eev. Mr. Putnam. Their church edifice was erected in the spring of 1867 and dedicated in August of the same year, size 26x42 feet. Eev. Geo. Hood is their present pas- tor. The German Evangelical Lutherean Trinity church was organized January 1st, 1857, under the care of Eev. F. W. Wier. The original mem- bership was six. Prior to theTorganization of the society, services were held in the house of George Vollmer. Their church was dedicated October 25th, 1857. In 1877 there was a division in the church in relation to points of doctrine, one branch going to the church one mile south, which belonged to the Missouri synod. The other branch to the church located in the town of Oakdale, a branch of the Buffalo synod. There is a ceme- tery connected with the first church. The first death was Catherine, wife of Daniel VoUmer, July 20th, 1856; the first baptism was Catherine, daugh- ter of George YoUmer, March 30th, 1856; first marriage, Anton Schneider to Elizabeth Schmidt, April 28d, 1857. The Zion Methodist Episcopal church "was or- ganized under the ministration of Eev. Jacob Young of Stillwater. They have a small house of worship located on section 32. Their present membership is twenty- five. Their present pastor is Eev. C. Nachtrieb. Some fine improvements were made to the church in 1877. The Evangelical, St. Lucas church was organ- ized about the spring of 1863; their house of wor- ship was dedicated May, 1865. Prior to this they held services in the house of S. Marty. Their original membership was nine. First pastor, Eev. W. Hoffman. Their present pastor, the Eev. H. Blankenhahn, with a membership of about forty families. The society has a chuich 20x30, with cemetery attached and a comfortable parsonage. ^ f The Lakeland cemetery was donated to the vil- llage by Moses Perin, in 1854, as a public burial LAKELAND— OBOANIZATION. 415 ground. Ida, the daughter of Joseph and Mar- tha Tyler, was the first person buried in it. ORGANIZATION. The town of Lakeland was organized October 20th, 1858. The election of officers for the gov- ernment of the same, was held at the school-house, in the village of Lakeland, on the same date, with the following result: E. H. Sanderson was chosen chairman of the meeting; Daniel T. Watson, moderator; A. L. Ballard, clerk. The judges of election were D. T. Watson and A. L. Ballard. The total number of votes cast, 144; the result of the canvass was, Charles A. Oliver, Elias Mc- Kean and A. D. Kingsley, supervisors; George W. Leach, assessor; Preeman C. Tyler, collector; S. S. Young, clerk; L. A. Huntoon and A. L. Ballard, justices of peace; I. L. Watson and A. A. Vye, constables; William H. Oliver, overseer of poor; D. A. Butler, road-master; A. E. Jackson, pound-master. The second annual town meeting was called at the school-house April 5th, 1859, and the following oflScers were elected, viz: Moses Perin, tJeorge W. Leach and W. Bebemeyer, su- pervisors; Carlos Clement, clerk. The next an- nual meeting was held April 3d, 1860, at the school-house, and the following officers elected: Charles A. OUver, Jacob Lowell and W. Bebe- meyer, supervisors; W. W. Morgan, clerk. The next annual town meeting was called at the school-house, April 2d, 1861, and the results of the election were as follows: Charles A. Oliver, Preeman C. Tyler and W. Leith, Supervisors; W. W. Morgan, clerk. A tax was voted of |160 for current expenses, and $400 for school purposes. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house April 1st, 1862. A tax of |200 was voted for current expenses, and the following was the result of the election: E. H. Sanderson, Am- mah Andrews and D. Yollmer, supervisors; Sam- uel C. Molton, clerk. The annual town meeting was called April 7th, 1863. A tax of two mills for roads and bridges, and one-half mill for cur- rent expenses. The following was the result of the ^election: E. H. Sanderson, W. M. Leach and Daniel Vollmer, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At a special meeting of the town, called August 9th, 1864, a tax of f 1,000 was voted on the taxable property of the town- for the payment of bounties to volunteers, necessary to fill the quota of the town under call made in July. A special meeting was called January 10th, 1865. It was voted to raise the sum of $2,000 on the taxable property of the town, for the purpose of paying bounties to volunteers to fill the quota of the town underthe callof December 9th,1864. The annual town meetingwas called April 4th, 1865, a tax of one mill was voted for road purposes, and the following was the result of the election: E. H. San- derson,John Burch and D.Vollmer,supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual town meeting held April 3d, 1866, the following was the result of the election: John Burch, Fred. Kappler and W. M. Leach, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk; at the same meeting a tax of two mills was voted for road purposes, and one miU for current ex;- penses. The annual town meeting called at the school-house April 2d, 1867. A tax was voted of three miUs for road purposes, and the follow- ing was the result of the election: E. H. Sander- son, Thos. Hanna and Antoine Schneider, super- visors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual towii meeting held April 7th, 1868, a tax of two mills was voted for road purposes, and the follow- ing was the result of the election: E. H. Sander- son, B. K. Watson and C. Schranda, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. The annual town meeting called at the school- house, April 6th, 1869. A tax of three mUlswas voted for road purposes, and one mill for current expenses. The following was the result of the election: E. H. Sanderson, A. E. Jackson and C. Shranda, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual town meeting held April 5th, 1870. A tax of two mills was voted for road purposes, and the following was the result of the election: E. H. Sanderson, E. C. Tyler and Heiu:y Brunner, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. At the annual town meeting held March 14th, 1871, in Sander's haU, a tax of one mill was voted for town purposes and two mills for road purpose, and the following was the result of the election: F. C. Tyler, Henry Brunner and J. E. Dickenson, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at Sander's hall March 12th, 1872. A tax of three mills was voted for road purposes,and one mill for town pur- poses. The following was the result of the elec- tion: Chas. A. Oliver, Henry Brunner and Oli- ver Bailey, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. IJH HIS'IOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. The annual town meeting was called at San- der's hall, March 11th, 1873, and a tax of two mills was voted for road purposes, and one mill for town purposes. The following was the result of the election: Charles A. Oliver, James K. Dick- enson and Christian Kappler, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. The annual town meeting was called at San- der's hall, March 10th, 1874. A tax of one mill was voted for road and bridges, and one mill for town purposes. The following was the result of the election: Charles A. Oliver, M. B. Stanchfleld and r. Dornfeldt, supervisors. .It was voted at the same meeting to purchase the Scott building for town purposes, if the sum did not to exceed one thousand dollars. The annual town meeting was called March 9th, 1875, at Scott's hall. A tax was voted of two mills for roads and bridges. The following was the results of the election: Charles A. OUver, A. E. Jackson and Ferdinand Dornfeldt, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at Scott's hall, March 14th, 1876, and a tax of two mills was voted for roads and bridges; one mill for town purposes. The following was the results of the election: Daniel McKean, George A. OUver and F. Dornfeldt, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at Morgan's hall, March 13th, 1877. A tax of one mill was voted for town purposes and two mills for roads and bridges. The following was the result of the election: Daniel McKean, George A. Oliver and F. Dornfeldt, supervisors. L. A. Huntoon, clerk. The annual town meeting was called March 12th, 1878, at Morgan hall, and a tax of one mill was voted for town purposes and three mills for roads and bridges. The following was the result of the election: John Burcb, Chris. Kappler and W. Mimch, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at Morgan's hall March, 11th, 1879. A tax of one mill was voted for town expenses and four mills for roads and bridges, and the following was the result of the election: John Burch, B. K. Watson and Fred. ■ Kentz, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called March 9th, 1880, at Morgan's hall, a tax of two mills was voted for town expenses and one mill for roads and bridges; and the following was the result of the election: John Burch, Daniel McKean and B. K. Watson, supervisors; L. A. Huntoon, clerk. A special meeting of the voters of the town of Lakeland was called August 31st, 1880, and the following resolution was adopted: "Eesolved, That, whereas the Stillwater and Hastings Railroad Company has complied with the requirements of the law in regard to their petition for the construction of said railroad; that the chairman of the board, and the town clerk, be, and are, hereby instructed to sign, and deliver to Walter Mann, bonds of the town to the amount of Qve thousand dollars, in exchange for the stock of said railroad company. Signed by John Burch as chairman, Daniel McKean and B. K. Watson, supervisors." At a meeting of the supervisors held October 1st, 1880, it was voted to raise a tax of two mills to pay the interest on the bonds issued by the town to the Stillwater and Hastings Railroad Company. It was also voted that John C. Hig- gins be appointed to take charge of the stock issued by the company to the town of Lakeland. VILLAGE. Whatwas known as "Shanghai Cooley," a small ravine of about forty rods in length, situated in the northern part of the village plat, taking its name from some large fowls brought there by F. C. Tyler. This point as early as 1857, was the center of the business portion of the then embryo village of Lakeland, having at that time fourteen stores, shops, and dwellings. The first mercan- tile venture at this point was made by A. D. Kingsley and Joseph Wilson, in 1855. The same fall Kingsley purchased Wilson's urterest and continued the business until 1858, when he took as partner Elias Daggett, and they closed up the business the following year. October 5th, 1857, Carlos Clement and L. A. Huntoon established business in a store located on the site where the "Mill store" now stands; they continued for two years when they removed to store which stood just north of the Baptist church. In 1865 Mr. Clement sold his interest to Mr. Huntoon, who soon after took in as partner K. A. Huntoon, which partnership continued until 1868, when L. A. Huntoon purchased the entire interest and soon after erected his present store, 20x72 feet. He has in connection the post-olBce. In 1858 Daniel C. Bunker, Jr., began business in a store LAKELAND— SAW MILLS. il7 located in Shanghai Cooley, which he carried on until the spring of 1861 when he sold out to Cle- ment and Huntoon. In the spring of 1868 W. W. Morgan embarked In business but soon suc- cumbed to the hard times. The following year Keynolds and Ballard opened a large stock of goods in what was known as the "Ary store." They, like "Jonas' gourd" flourished for a time, but at the end of two years the hot sun of the hard times caused a wilt. Several other mercan- tile ventures were made in those early days but were soon only known as things of the past. The drug business was instituted by W. K. W. Ary, in 1858, which he continued for one year, when he yielded to the blasts of the hard times that hart so far proved so disastrous to many others at that time. The milling interests of Lakeland were first commenced by Mf^eaJPeyjin. in 1852, by the par- tial erection of what was known as the Shanghai mill, but for some reason the work was at a stand- still for some time. When Freeman C. Tyler visited this portion of the St. Croix Yalley in search of business, he was induced to talte an in- terest in the enterprise, which was soon completed. The mill, when completed, was 60x80, two stories, and propelled by a sixty horse-power engine, which drove two sash saws, one rotary, and a shingle and lath machine. The first year they were enabled to turn out twenty thousand per day. The mill was run by the proprietors for a few seasons, when they leased it, then sold it; but in both cases it came back to the original owners, who, in 186Qj^sold the machinery to parties from Hastings, and the frame to .Messrs. Clement and Huntoon. In 1857, Ballard and Reynolds built a steam saw-mill on a site in Ballard and Reynolds' addition to Lakeland, 50x 70, two stories, with one circular saw, a lath ma- chine, one trimmer and edger, and side saws, propelled by a large engine with two boilers. They operated it for some two years when they closed it up and it lay idle for three or four years, when it was sold to difEerent parties and distributed to different parts of the country. in 1857 what is known as the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Company's mill" was erected by the firm of Stearns, Watson and Company at an ex- pense of $46,000. The machinery was shipped from Bangor, Maine. This company operated it 27 for a short time, when feeling the effects of the tidal wave of those hard times, they were obliged to close the mill. The property passed through the hands of several parties, when in 1879 it became the property of C. IST. Nelson and Company, then the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Company," who rebuilt the mill the same winter to the size of 90x98 feet, adding new machinery, which consisted of a twenty-seven saw gang, and one double rotary, with a capacity of one hundred thousand feet per day; two shingle machines with a capacity of fifty thousand per day. The engine and boiler room is of brick and iron, 50 x60 feet. The mill is propelled by a De Pew- Corliss engine, twenty-four inch ■ cylinder with thirty inch stroke, run with six boilers twenty feet long and forty-four inch shell. There is also an auxiliary engine with pump and boiler con- nected; also a first-class machine shop, with the machinery necessary for making all repairs. They have a planing-mill connected with the yard. The entire works give employment to seventy-five men. The annual capacity is six- teen million feet of lumber, fifteen million shingles and eight million lath. Hale, Fay and Company built a steam mill in 1857, at the foot of Shanghai Cooley, 30x60 feet, it was propelled by an engine of forty horse- power. The enterprise was operated about two years, when it stood idle for some time, after which it was leased to different parties. In 1868, Kippen Brothers purchased the property and re- fitting it ran it until 1874, when it was closed again and the machinery sold to other parties. The old frame still stands. The Osgood mill was built in 1857, by Messrs. Osgood and Company on section 23, near the point where the railroad crosses the river; size 40x60 feet, driven by a forty horse-power engine, and stocked with a double rotary and a shingle and lath machine. The mill was operated by the company until 1860, when it was closed for some time. About 1865, it was sold to D. A. Baldwin, of Hudson, Wisconsin. In 1866, he removed the entire miU to Hudson, where it was fitted up and run for several years, but was finally destroyed by fire. In 1859, Messrs. Ballard and Reynolds erected a grist-mill 30x40 feet, three-stories with two run of stone, using the same power used in running their saw-mill. In June, 1862, Mr. Ballard died, and the enter- 418 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. prise tecoming involved in debt, passed into the hands of Alfred. Goss, of Hudson, Wisconsin. About 1863, the machinery was removed to New Eichmond, Wisconsin. The first ware-house for the handling of wheat was erected in 1861 by the firm of Clement and Huntoon, using the timbers from the Shanghai mill in its construction. Said building was burned in 1866. Soon after this building was distroyed, Moses Feri n remodeled his store, which was a large building 40x80 feet, three stories, with a basement, and used the first story for a storage room for grain, the secoHd for oflSees, and the third for a public hall. In 1869 while run in the interests of John Robinson, of Winona, the whole was destroyed by fire, which was thought to be the work of an incendiary. The present ware-house of which J. C. Higgins is proprietor, was built by Messrs. Kelley and Company, of Milwaukee, in 1869, with W. S. Evans, of Hud- son, Wisconsin, as manager. It was purchased by J. C. Higgins in 1874, and is now operated by him. The building is 36x48, three stories, with a capacity of 25,000 bushels. The first hotel built at Lakelan'd was by James Pritchard in 1857, 30x40, two stories in highfo with a wing 16x20. The property has changed hands several times since. In 1866 it was rented by S. H. Bush, who run it until 1876, when it was used as a dwelling by S. T, Merritt. The next hotel was .built by J. B. Dickinson in 1858, who run it until 1866, when it ,was transferred to Day and Hanson, who changed it into a boarding house. It afterwards passed into the hands of the Nelson Lumber Company. In 1858, Eobert Flett began the erection of a large hotel, in Stearns and Watson's addition. It was completed in 1859, and carried on as a hotel for about two years, when it become the property of Steams, Watson and Company, and abandoned as a hotel, and sold to other parties. Other hotels have been started, but have not met with success sufficient to warrant their continuation for any great length of time. As early as 1850, Hubbel Eobinson opened a shop for the making and re- pairing of wagons. In 1853, James Green opened a shop in the "Cooley," for the same purpose. In 1857, Henry Jerkey erected a wagon shop, which he operated until 1857, when it was remodeled into a hotel by S. H. Bush. A blacksmith shop was first erected by P. F. Gage, about 1852, which was transferred to Adam Vye, in 1855. Other parties have started shops at different dates with more or less success. The first attorney at law was Augustus Ballard, who flung his shingle to the breeze in 1857; he died in 1862, since which time the law has not had a representative in Lakeland. In 1855, Doctor Edward W. Johnson located in Lakeland and ministered to the wants of the people in his Une until 1864, when he changed his field of operation to Owatonna. Dr. BoUes now holds the fort with success in the lar bors of his profession. Freeman C. Tyler re- ceived the first appointment as postmaster for Lakeland, in 1854. He transferred it to A. D. Kingsley, in 1855, who held it until 1858, when W. E. W. Ary received the appointment, which he held for one year, when it was transferred to Augustus Ballard. He held it until his death January, 1862, when W. W. Morgan was ap- pointed and served until 1876, when it was trans- ferred to L. A. Huntoon, who is the present in- cumbent. Before the establishment of this office the settlers were obliged to send or go to Still- water, then to Hudson. They now have a daily mail. The first saloon opened in Lakeland, was by a man by the name of Gray, in 1856. He sold without license, but seeing the sheriff in town one day, and supposing he was after him, he con- cluded it was safer to make himself absent, which he did and has not been seen since. The next was opened by S. D. Prentice, but closed in 1858, since which time they have not had one. The "Golden Eule" Lodge, No. 65, A. F. and A. M., began under dispensation in the spring of 1867; charter granted October 23d, 1867, and the society regularly organized the 19th of November following. The officers under the dispensation were: K. A. Huntoon, master; J. W. Boxell, S. W.; E. N. Pray, J. W.; and H. W. Getchell, sec- retary; with twenty-three charter members. Their present membership is about twenty. Their meetings are held every second and fourth Tues- day in each month. The first man initiated in- to this order was W. A. Morgan, March 5th, 1867. The Temple of Honor was organized December 21st, 1877, by Grand Deputy Barney, with twelve charter members. The first officers were: J. R. Dickinson, W. C. T.; Joseph Shaw, W. V. T.; John W. Tyler, P. W. C. T.; H. F. Green, W LAKHLAND— BIOGRAPHICAL. 419 B.; Charles Dickson, W. T. The lodge is flour- ishing, with a membership of twenty. Meetings are held every Friday evening. The I. O. G. T. Lodge, No. 200, was organized December 13th, 1876, with over fifty charter members. Their first ofiftcers were: J. K. Dick- inson, W. Q. T.; Lucy A. Munger, W. V. T.; Henry F. Green, W. Chap.; John S. Molton, sec- retary; Alice S. Bailey, assistant secretary; Delia M. Green, treasurer; Kich. H. Pearl, W. M.; S. G. Pearl, D. M. March 16th, 1879, there was granted to this lodge a charter to conduct a Juve- nile Templars society, which is doing a good work among the younger class. Their present member- ship is forty. The enterprise of boat-building was com- menced by Munch Brothers and Company, in 1871. The steamboat "Osceola" was built by them that year, also two or three barges, which was the end of the enterprise at this point. The livery business was established by F. C. Tyler at Lakeland in 1854. He erected a stable that year, 30x40, with an outfit of six horses. He carried on the business until 1856, when he sold out to Jones and Company, of Hudson. BIOGRAPHICAL. Mrs. W. B. Bailey was bom at Brockport, Mon- roe county. New York, 1839. She remained un- der the parental guidance until fourteen years of age, then came to Lakeland, accompanied by her brother, Capt. F. C. Tyler and others. During her seventeenth year the was married to Oliver Bailey, with whom she lived at this place until his death, which occurred November 25th, 1872, leaving his widow and two daughters, Alice S. and Josie. Mr. Bailey's life was a success, a re- spected and prosperous citizen, and his death mourned by all who knew him. His widow still resides at the old homestead in the village of Lakeland. Eev. Henry Blankenhahn was bom in the pro- vince of Westphalia, Germany, November 25th, 1850. His father, Gottleib Blankenhahn, being a school master in that country, Henry was reared and educated, and when a young man studied . theology at the college at Barmen, Ehineland. In 1869 he came to America, proceeding to Mil- waukee, where his father had located previously. He finished his studies at the Evangelical College at Marthasville, Missouri, was ordained to the ministry in 1875, at Portage, Wisconsin, and ac- cepted a call as pastor from the churches of Lake- land and Cottage Grove, the church at Cottage Grove being organized under his pastoral care. Married in 1871 to Augusta Schabedissen, a native of Germany. Willie, Ella and Charles are their children. Charles being adopted. J. E. Dickinson was born in Deleware county, New York, 1826. At the age of eleven years he accompanied his parents to Bradford county, Pennsylvannia, remaining with them till nearly twenty-one, then paying his father ninety dollars for the nine months yet due him he began work for himself in an axe factory. Two years later he be- gan attending the Canton Academy of Bradford county. Spending some time in Tioga county, in the milling business, he afterward embarked iii the mercantile trade, in which he continued until coming west in 1855. He pre-empted 160 acres in Star Prairie, Wisconsin, and later worked in the Shanghai mill at Lakeland and the next spring moved to his land on Star Prairie. Some time later he disposed of his property and located in Lakeland township in 1857. He engaged in lumbering, mining and milling at different times until 1878, locating at that time on his present farm, having 315 acres. His wife was Alice L. Smith. They have eight sons, Fred, Charles, Grant, Clinton, Daniel, Albert, Eaymond and Bum. J'erdinand Domfeld, a native of Prussia, was born July 1st, 1833. He came America in 1843, accompanied by his parents, arriving at New York after a voyage of fifty days. Proceeding to Ni- agara county, New York, he attended a German school, and when sixteen, began his experience on the Erie canal. In 1862, a partnership with his brothers was formed, the firm known as Dom- feld Brothers; they carrying on a saw-mill, store, boat building establishment, etc. Eemaining in the firm two years, he afterward purchased eighty acres in Lakeland township, and in 1871, erected his present residence; having added to his farm, he now has one hundred and sixty acres of fine, land. He has held several ofiices of trust in con- nection with the fown and county. His wife was Henriette Wilke, married in 1860. Their chil- dren are: Henry, Carl, August, Emil, Ferdinand, Eudolph, Emily, Paul, Henriette and John. 420 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. David Hanna is a native of New Brunswick, born in 1846. He first came to Lakeland in 1861 , his father, Thomas Hanna having preceded him in 1856, and worked his father's farm. Finally learned his trade of cariienter under E. Sanderson, becoming indentified as one of the firm of Sanderson and Hanna in 1872. This firm is well-known, having erected many of the finest buildings throughout the whole county. Mr. Hanna was married in 1877 to Miss Mary Willoughby. Christian Kappler, a native of Germany, was born in 1833. After attending school accordingto the custom of that country, from the age of six to fourteen; he was apprenticed as a butcher, serv- ing, however, only nine months of his time. In 1848, he came to America, accompanied by his mother, his father having preceded them. Mr. Kappler located on a farm in New Jersey, where he remained until 1858, except one year passed in Philadelphia. During that year, he came west and purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Anoka county, which he sold soon after, and in 1868, came to Lakeland, locating on his present farm, to which he has added, having now two hundred acres. His wife was Miss Anna Vollmer, married May 1st, 1865: Henry, George Louisa,, Frank and Clara, are their children. Frederick Kappler was born in 1829, and is a native of Germany, where he was reared by his parents, and attended school, as was customary in those days, until the age of fourteen. After serving an apprenticeship of four years as a blacksmith, he came to America, and followed his trade in Philadelphia until coming west in 1860. He located in Lakeland on a farm of forty acres, which he sold in 1867 and purchased one hundred and twenty acres in the adjoining sec- tion, on which he has since lived, being very comfortably situated. In 1853 he married Miss Katrina Hemtier. Their children living are Emily, Jacob, Bertha, Caroline, Gottleib and Benjamin. Martin Lally was born at West Oxford, Berk- shire county, Massachusetts, in 1841, Here he was reared by his parents, and received his early education, and at the age of eighteen came west to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, engaging in the Steam Variety Iron Works. He was assistant foreman until the company reorganized under the firm name of Green, Merritt and Company, and formed an expedition to Pike's Peak, for the pur- pose of putting in a quartz mill. Conveying their machinery, etc., overland by team, they located on Left Hand creek, at the foot of Gold Hill, in Boulder District, and here Mr. Lally acted as foreman and engineer. The company finally sold the mill-site to Holt and HoUy of that place, and the mills to Nye and Bradley of New York Gulch; then their foreman erected a miU at Leavenworth Gulch, and after getting it in readiness for operation, he returned to Cedar Rapids, resuming his labors in the Variety Works. In 1862 he enlisted in Company I, Twentieth Iowa Volunteers, but was discharged the next year on account of disability, and re- turned to his former position. In 1865 he entered the service of Pond and McVicker, lumbermen, at Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he remained two years, when the firm sold to Messrs. Wilson and Foster, in whose service he continued five years. He gave his attention chiefly to his lum- bering interests until 1879, then came to Still- water, and after being in the employ of C. N. Nelson Lumber Co.'s mills at that place and at Lakeland, he was finally given the superintend- ency, which position he stUl occupies. His mar- riage with Miss Margaret Mahony, occurred in 1864. J. M., George M., and Johanna M., are their children. James Martin was born in the city of Exeter, England, 1830. At thirteen years of age he came to Quebec, with his parents, residing there about four years, afterward going to New Brunswick. His time was given chiefly to lumbering on the Penobscot and Merrimac, until 1853, then came to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Stillwater. Soon after, he started for the pineries, and for twenty - five years served as cook every season. In 1862, he purcliased his present farm and residence in Lakeland, owned formerly by Dr. Edward John- son. Mr. Martin still remains a bachelor. W. II. Markle, was born at Blooming Grove, Wisconsin, 1853, and when quite small, moved with his parents to Watertown, and attended school until fifteen years of age, then accom- panied his parents to Menominee and commenced work in the saw-mills. He has given special at- tention to sawing and filing, in which he has suc- cessfully won a first-class reputation. March 4th , LAKSLAND-BIOQBAPHICA L. 421 1880, lie removed to Lakeland, and has since been engaged in the saw- mills of C. N. "NTelson Lumber Company, as head sawyer. His wife was Miss Susie Wilson, married October 14th, 1880. Daniel McKean was born in Bradford county, Pennsylvania; here he received his early educa- tion and grew to manhood. When twenty-seven years of age, he came west to Minnesota and set- tled in Lakeland, residing with his brother Elias, until the call from his country was heard. En- listing in 1861, in Company K, Brackett's Batal- lion, he served until the fall of 1862, when he was discharged on accoimt of disability. In 1871, he moved to his present farm, one hundred and sixty acres, and four years later, built his present resi- dence. His brother and sister are living with him. Elias McKean was born in Bradford county, Pennsylvania, June 30th, 1817. He received a practical education; his father was one of the as- sociate judges of Bradford county , for twenty-eight years. In 1841 he leftthe home of his parents and entered the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany. In company with Capt. Daniel M. Erazer and four others, he went to St. Louis, waiting in that city about three weeks for a boat specially cliartered by the company for the shipping of pro- visions, etc. They started up the Mississippi, in- tending to make St. Croix Ealls, but the boat was stranded near Stillwater, and the whole party, numbering one hundred and fifty, were obliged to walk to Marine. Mr. McKean procured a small skiff and paddled his "own canoe" the remaining distance to St. Croix Falls. Nothing to make one comfortable was to be found, not enough blankets to protect them and no shelter for some time. After working for this company over a year, he came to Marine, making a contract with the Ma- rine Lumber Company; serving his stated time he took sawed lumber for his pay and rafted it to St. Louis, in company with Calvin Leach. After disposing of their lumber they purchased supplies for a mill at Stillwater, which they erected and had in completion in the spring of 1844. He con- tinued in lumbering until 1851 and was in part- nership with Calvin Leach until his death in 1849. Mr. McKean purchased land in Lakeland in 1848, and located there three years after, there being but one settler in the township, Mr. Northrup. His wife was the widow of Calvin Leach, whom he married in 1851. Tliey have six sons: Frank, Grow, Grant H., John, Samuel and Ben Scott. Newton McKusick, son of John McKusick, is a native of Stillwater, Minnesota, born 1850. His early education was received at home, finishing his studies at the University at Minneapolis. He was afterward employed in the United States and American Express office in St. Paul; as this busi- ness was detrimental to his health, he removed to Lakeland and settled on a farm, which his father had purchased for $10,000, consisting of 215 acres and residence. Mr. McKusick has since expended nearly as much more money and time in improv- ing and beautifying the property and surround- ings, having added a large green-house and now has a fine variety of choice plants, etc., which re- quire much time and attention. His taste is ex- cellent and his home, farm, mill and other build- ings are examples of neatness and thrift. June 6th, 1872, he married Miss Jennie L. Green, a native of Alabama. Mary, Elva, Jennie and Ruth are their children. Mrs. L. A. Munger nee Miss Lucy TefEt, was born in Exeter, Ehode Island, 1831, and was reared under the protection of her parents, her father having been a Bhode Island farmer. When eighteen years of age, she went to West Newton, Massachusetts, to attend the normal school, from which she graduated about three and one-half years later, after which she taught school at Farmington and Salem. November 25th, 1856, she was united in marriage with Eev. Enos Mun- ger; the next year they came west to Red Wing, Minnesota, thence to Lakeland. Since the death of her beloved husband, which occurred October 4th, 1873, she has been employed in teaching, school, having taught at Lakeland for six years past. She has three children. Rev. Enos Munger, was the son of Rev. Dexter Munger. Was born in Munson, Massuehusetts, in the year 1825. He was converted when about sixteen years of age, and became a Christian. After reaching his twenty-first year, while em- ployed in a mechanical trade, his mind was strongly exercised upon the duty of preaching. Following this conviction, he left his business and commenced a preparatory course of study. He entered Brown University in 1849, and gradu- ated in 1854, having spent the third year in teach- ing in Middleboro' Academy. Three years later 422 HI8T0BY OF WASHINOTON COUNTY. he graduated from Newton Theological Seminary; and soon after thus completing his course of study in these institutions, he was ordained in Provi- dence, Ehode Island, and then left his native New England for a life in the "Far West." In the spring of 1858 he became pastor of the newly- organized Baptist church, in Lakeland, Minne- sota, where he assiduously labored until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted, as a private, in the Seventh Minnesota Regiment. A year and a half later he received an appointment as chaplain of the Sixty-second U. S. Colored In- fantry, which position he held nine months, when hemorrhage of the lungs and general prostration compelled him to resign and return north. After a rest of two years he had so far recovered as to be able to resume preaching; when he became pastor of the church in Belle Plaine, Minnesota, preaching also at Jordan and Lexington. Having served in this field of labor one year and a half, he received an urgent invitation to return to his old field in Lakeland. Accepting this invitation he preached here four years, when he again re- signed, hoping, after a short rest, to resume pas- toral labor elsew'here. But in this liope he was disappointed. He had labored hard, mentally and physically, both to lift the little church above its embarrassments, to build for them a neat house of worship unencumbered with debt (which he also accomplished, much with his own hands and means), and to provide what the church lacked in ability to furnish for his own family. Disease, contracted in the army, had gained upon a pros- trated and broken constitution; and this present autumn he has been laid away, a noble sacrifice to an unabated desire to serve his Lord and Master, and his fellow-men for His sake. He was spared a lingering sickness, from which he instinctively shrank. For though reduced in strength and condition, he was allowed to keep about, and busy himself in preparations to leave his wife and children comfortable, until Saturday October 4th, when, without any known cause, profuse bleeding took place; and in a few mo- ments he had passed away, without being able to communicate a sentence to the dear ones who were obliged in silence, to witness the scene. But his sudden departure leaves no one in doubt as to his happy entrance into the rest of saints. His life was a preparation for his reward. Earnest and devoted as a Christian; laborious and con- sistent as a minister; discriminating and plain as a preacher; discreet and kind as a counsellor; de- voted and trustworthy as a friend; he has left a noble monument behind, and, doubtless is enjoy- ing that blessed condition for which he so earn- estly sought to prepare others; he "rests from his labors, and his works do follow him." John Oliver was born at Dorchester, Massachu- setts, 1823. On attaining his majority, he was employed in the Boston harbor, and later was made pilot, in which capacity he continued until coming to Lakeland in 1848, accompanied by his brother Edwin, for the purpose of selecting lands for himself and his father. Captain John Oliver. He pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres, made arrangements for the erection of a house, and re- turned to his native place, leaving his brother in charge. The next year his father and family came west to take possession of their new home, and after one more visit to Boston, Mr. Oliver also settled on a portion of the land, and has since made it his home. In December, 1853, he mar- ried Miss Mary Newell, who has borne him four children, Clara A., EUen M., Emma M. and Gracia A. C. H. Pratt was born in Ontario county. New York, 1834. He remained under the home pro- tection until a young man, then began working in the saw-mills in Lycoming county, Pennsylva- nia, subsequently becoming head-savsryer. In 1857 he came westward to Minnesota; in Lake- land he had charge of Reynolds and Ballard's saw-mill until their failure, after which he was head-sawyer in the "old Osgood" mill. Remov- ing to Hudson, Wisconsin, in 1861, he embarked in the grocery and provision trade, then made a visit to Pennsylvania, and returned in 1863. He was head sawyer in Day, Hanson and Company's saw-mills at Lakeland, also in the Getchell mill at Af ton. Finally in 1870, he purchased a farm in Lakeland, which he tilled, but resided in the village, until 1878. then sold and secured his pres- ent place from A- E. Jackson. Mr. Pratt was married in 1 856 to Maria Callahan. Julia and Jennie are their only children. Clarence W. Rogers, manager and accountant of the Lakeland branch of C. N. Nelson Lumber Company, was born at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 1856. He grew to manhood under the careful training LAKELAND— BIOGBAPHICAL. 423 of his parents, and graduated from the Eipon College, also from Daggett's Business College, of Oshkosh, after which he read law two years. In 1877 he came to Stillwater, Minnesota, and en- gaged with the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company, and has since been in their employ. During the summer of 1880, he was placed in charge of their extensive interests at Lakeland, where he now resides. His marriage with Miss Emma Fritzen, took place January 2, 1879. Keuben H. Sanderson, of the firm of Sander- son and Hanna, carpenters and builders, was born in. Genessee county, New York, in 1831. After acquiring a common school education, he attended the Collegiate Seminary at Brockport, and subsequently learned the carpenter's trade, making it is business thus far through life. In 1852, he removed to Brockport and formed a partnership with F. H. Lisk; three years later, he sold to his partner and came to Minnesota, lo- cating immediately at Lakeland. Begining at once in the pursuit of his trade, he soon estab- lished a reputation as a workman, and has since been a respected and industrious citizen. He was the first justice of the peace in the precinct; was elected delegate to the convention of 1857, and was chosen as chairman of the board of su- pervisors a number of years in succession. His wife was Martha E. Tyler, married in 1854. Henry Schaar, a native of Germany, was bom May 15th, 1847. He came to America in 1867 with his mother, his father having died some time previously. They proceeded westward to Minnesota, and fOr some time Mr. Schaar was employed by Christian Schrade, also the Wolf brewery and the pineries. In 1875, he purchased a farm in Lakeland township, which he sold and bought his present farm. His marriage with Henrietta Hatte took place at the residence of Mr. Schrade in 1875. Henry, Rudolph, Herman and Willhelm, twins, are their children. Christian Schrade, a native of Germany, was born in 1824. He attended school until fourteen years of age, then apprenticed for a term of three years as a carpenter; after serving his time, he continued two years longer in the employ of the same firm. To avoid being drafted into the army, he visited Switzerland, and after a brief period returned to his native country only to flee again for the same purpose. In 1847, he left Switzer- land for America, landing at New Orleans, and came up the river as far as Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1848. While here, he built the first ware- house, which, it appears, was a very small affair. On concluding to try farming, he purchased two hundred and eighty acres in Lakeland township, having since added three hundred and twenty acres, and settled in that township in 1856. Mr. Schrade has been thrice married; his present wife was Mrs. Juliana Willomine, married in 1876. She had two daughters: Emma and Au- gusta; John, Christian, Wilham, Phillip and Frede- rick, are his children by his first and second wives. John is a farmer in Lakeland. Joseph Shaw is a native of Broome county. New York, where he received his education and grew to manhood estate. In 1857, acting under the advice Horace Greeley has given, he came west and visited Lakeland, where he located with his family ia 1859, and has resided at his present place since 1873. He married Miss Jane Ann Mitchell, in 1847. Their children are Jennie L., who is Mrs. Wm. Lovatt, of Lakeland, John and Bessie A. John Streif was born in Canton Glarus, Swit- zerland, 1840. When five years old he came with his parents to America, and located at Galena, Illinois, making his home at that place until 1868, then commenced running with the steamers on the Mississippi and tributaries, some of which were the Wisconsin, Ohio, Arkansas, Red river of the south, and others; was also connected with the boats Milwaukee, Dubuque, David Pike, Alex. Mitchell, War Eagle, Granite Star, also the Diamond Joe five seasons. In 1876, he went to the Red River of the North and engaged with the Red River Transfer Company, running on their boats on Red River, also on the Assiniboiae between Winnipeg and Fort ElUs. Being well acquainted with the river channels it renders him very prominent as a steamboat employe. At Ga- lena, in 1863, he married Miss Edith B. White, who has borne him three sons and one daughter, Charles H., Frederick, John E. and Jessie B. His family resides at Lakeland. F. C. Tyler is a native of St. Lawrence county. New York, born in 1821. Wbgn a lad of twelve years, he moved with his parents to Rochester, Monroe county, making it his home about four years, removing thence to Brockport, where he 424 mSTOBT OF WASHINOTON COUNTY. was in the canal-boat packet service eighteen years. During the latter part of the time on the canal he was captain of the "Eed Bird" and the "Jenny Lind," owning a one-half interest in both. Coming to Minnesota in 1858, he located at Lakeland and invested in the Shanghai Mill. Disposmg of his interests, he purchased a farm and erected a house, having since been a tiller of the soil. His marriage with Miss Maria Higgins took place in 1846. She after a number of years of suffering departed this life in 1880, leaving six children to mourn their loss: Charles T., Henry C, Annie M., Stillman A., Lillian A. and Martha J. Burnham K. Watson was born' in Somerset county, Maine, in 1837; moved to New Hamp- shire with his parents when four years old; in 1856 he came to Minnesota, and the next spring located at Lakeland. His father, in company with others, at once opened a saw-mill, the firm being Stearns, Watson and Company, and here he was in employ until 1861; then went to St. Paul and for about three years was proprietor of the Iforth-western steam bakery. After making a visit to the oil regions of Pennsylvania he be- came a member of the firm of T. B. Tenney and Company, merchant tailors in St. Paul. In 1865 he purchased a farm in Lakeland, and since 1874 has resided on it and given his attention to agri- culture. Mr. Watson has been twice married; to his present wife, who was Annette Martin, in 1865. One daughter, Mary C, has been born to them. BAYTOWN. CHAPTER LIX. DESCEIPTION— FIRST SETTLEMENT ^^ORGANI- ZATION — WAR RECGRD—SCnOOLS—cnURCHES — VILLAGE OF SOUTH STILLWATER— MILLS- POST OFFICE— RAILROADS— BIOGRAPHICAL. The township of Baytown is located near the center of the tier of towns bordering on Lake St. Croix, in Washington county. It is a frac- tional township containing twelve full and three fractional sections of land. It is bounded on the north by Stillwater, on the east by Lake St. Croix, south by Lakeland, and west by Oakdale. The division of the congressional township was made anterior to the admission of the state in 1858. The villages of South Stillwater and Lakeland were already established, and to accom- modate both sections and place the voting pre- cincts within easy access, the division was made. Socrates Nelson has the honor of naming Bay- town. The surface of the town is quite broken; from the lake west for eighty rods is a level plain, and from this point extending an equal distance still further west, it is rolling. Then comes a high ridge extending through from north to south. In the south-west lies a fine level country, also in the south-east are located some fine level farms. In its wild state it would be called oak openings. What timber still remains is a thick under-growth of oak. The soil is well adapted to the raising of wheat, the yield being equal to that of any part of the state. The soil varies somewhat, from Ught sandy to a heavy clay and loam, which, with proper tillage, yields a good return for the labor of the husbandman. It is drained by Lake St. Croix, which washes its entire eastern shore from north to south; its average width is about three-quarters of a mile, with a curve in it opposite South Stillwater. Prom this curve extends a bay into the land, run- ning north-westerly about half a mile. The narrow neck or point of land extending between the bay and main lake, is known as Kittson's Point. It is covered with a thin growth of oak. On section three are some fine springs, from which flows a small creek, which, extending in a south-eastern direction, and called Perro creek, enters the lake on section 11. The water of this creek is conducted through a race for some distance, supplying the power which runs the Baytown flour-mill. In the western part of the town, located on sections 7 and 8 is a fine lake, covering about fifty acres, called McDonald's lake, in honor of R. McDonald, one of the oldest settlers in that part of town. FIRST SETTLEMENT. The first settlement in this town was made by one Francis Bruce, who built a block house on BAYTO WN—OEQANIZATION. 42 5 the present site of the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany's office, in 1842. The same year Norman Kittson, in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany, built a cabin on the point opposite the ground now occupied by the Stillwater Dock Company. Mr. Brace's house was occupied by different parties engaged in lumbering on the river. In 1852, the same house was occupied by Mr. Ambrose Secrest, who with his wife and six children, his father and mother, and three brothers, came up the river on the Steamer Me- nominee on their way from Indiana, and located at this point. They were attacked with cholera, and his mother, two brothers, wife and one child, died within three days, and the father died soon after. In 1847, came John Short and made a claim on section three, built a house and made some improvements. The same year Albert Har- ris made a claim on section fifteen. In 1847 Joseph Perro, who had served as pilot on the river for twenty-six years, came to the town and made his home a portion of the time with John Short, he purchased Mr. Short's claim in 1848; now lives on the same farm, having made some fine im- provements. In the spring of 1848 Mr. A. B. . risk made a claim and settled on section ten. In 1850 Mr. John Marty made a claim and settled on section five, where he now lives, and has made many improvements. F. Marty settled on the same section the same year. From this time on, the settlers began to flock in, making claims and settling in all parts of the town. OLDEST IlirHABITA]SrT. Adam Marty is the oldest person living in the town. He was born in Switzerland, November 22d, 1786. Occupation, farming among the mountains of his native home, until duty called him to the defence of his native country, when quite young, to assist in driving back the invading French army. During that time he was taken sick and sent to the hospital, where he was par- tially restored, but never fully recovered from the effect of the malady. He emigrated to this country in 1846, and settled in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1850 settled in Baytown, "Washington county, where he now lives. Mr. Marty is ninety-five years old. He is great-grandfather to sixteen children and grandfather to seven. His oldest son is seventy-one years old. TOWN ORGANIZATION. A meeting of the electors of Baytown was called at Secrest and Perro's store, located in what is known as South Stillwater, October 20th, 1858, to consider the subject of town organiza- tion. On motion H. W. Crosby was called to the chair, and James H.- Crofut, clerk. On motion it was voted to adjourn to the school-house, for more room, in district No. 3, and Ambrose Se- crest and John J. Hale elected judges of election. On motion voted to make the compensation of the town clerk, assessor, overseer of poor, and supervisors to be elected, -12.00 per day when attending to business out of town, $1 .50 when attending to business within the town. It was then voted that, in accordance with power granted by section two of article eleven of the township organization act passed in the winter of 1857-8, they proceed to organize the town of Baytown by the election- of the following officers: Ambrose Secrest, John Parker, W. H. Crosby, supervisors; John J. Hale, clerk; Henry B. Beach, collector; David B. Loomis, assessor; Joseph Perro, over- seer of poor; Henry B. Beach, A. Flynn, con- stables; William Gowen and Richard McDonald, road overseers; W. H. Crosby, pound-master; James H. Crofut and George Kern, justices. Annual town meeting was called to order at school-house No. 3, April 3d, 1859. John Parker in the chair. Elected Ambrose Secrest, John Parker and W. H. Crosby, supervisors. Annual town meeting at the house of Secrest and Perro, April 3d, 1860, James H. Crofut in the chair. Voted a poll tax of two days' work, and a tax of f 150 for roads and bridges, and two mills for town purposes. Elected Andrew Secrest, John Parker, W. H. Crosby, supervisors; James II. Crofut, superintendent of schools. Annual town meeting at school-house number three, April 2d, 1861, J. B. H. Mitchell in the chair. On motion, a tax of $500 for school pur- poses was voted, and one mill on a dollar for cur- rent expenses. Elected John Parker, J. B. H. Mitchell, A. J. McClelland, supervisors; A. Gar- rison, clerk. Annual meeting called at school-house number three, April 1st, 1862. A tax of two mills voted for current expenses. Elected A. Secrest, N. A. Williams, Theodore Leonard, supervisors; J. H. Crofut, clerk. 426 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Annual meeting at school-house number fifteen, AprU 5th, 1863, A. J. McClelland in the chair. Voted two mills tax for current expenses, and two mills for road purposes. Elected John Par- ker, A. Secrest, N. A. Williams, supervisors. Annual meeting called to order at school-house number fifteen, April 5th, 1864. Voted a tax of five mills for current expenses. Elected John Parker, A. Secrest, N. A. Williams, supervisors. Annual meeting at Oak Park, April 4th, 1865, A. Secrest in the chair; voted a tax of four mills for current expenses; voted $2,700 on the taxable property of the town for paying bounties to vol- unteers; Elected A. Secrest, J. 'Whalen, N. A. Williams, supervisors. Annual meeting at school-house number 14, April 3d, 1866, B. Baker in the chair; voted a tax of three mills for current expenses, also a tax of $300 to pay interest on bonds issued April 4th, 1866; elected John Parker, Samuel Burkleo, A. Forbes, supervisors. Ammal meeting called at school-house number 14, April 2d, 1867, Hector Anderson in the chair; voted a tax of two mills for current expenses; elected A. Forbes, Joel M. Darling, S. Burkleo; supervisors. Annual town meeting held at school-house number 14, April 7th; 1868, S. L. Secrest in the chair; a tax of three mills was voted for current expenses; elected A. Secrest, S. Burkleo, Edward Mackey, supervisors. Annual meeting held at school-house number 14, April 6th, 1869, S. L. Secrest in the chair; voted a tax of four mills for current expenses; also tax of $400 to redeem county bonds of Sep- tember 5th, 1864; elected Ambrose Secrest, Sam- uel Burkleo, E. Mackey, supervisors. Annual meeting was called at school-house number 14, April 5th, 1870, J. Whalen in the chair; voted a tax of three mills for current ex- penses; elected A. Forbes, S. L. Cowen, John R. GofE, supervisors. Annual town meeting at school-house number 14, April 6th, 1871, David Cover in the chair; .voted a tax of three mUls for current expenses; elected S. L. Cowen, A. Forbes, John R. GofC, supervisors. Annual meeting called at school-house number 14, March 12, 1872, D. A. Clark in the chair. The followiag resolution was passed by the meeting: " Resolved, that the town of Baytown will not allow the sale of spirituous or fermented liquors in said town during the year 1872;" voted a tax of three mills for current expenses; elected A. Secrest, Edward Mackey and J. Whalen, super- visors. Annual town meeting called at school-house No. 14, Marchllth, 1873, Charles B. Fisk, in the chair. Voted a tax of three mills for current ex- penses; elected A. Secrest, J. Whalen and E. Mackey, supervisors; David Cover, clerk. The question of license was again voted on, with one for and twenty-seven against. Annual town meeting called at the school-house in South Still- water, March 9th, 1875. Voted to authorize the treasurer to transfer the bounty money in hand, to the road fund; voted a tax of one mill for cur- rent expenses; voted two mills for road purposes; elected J. Whalen, A. Secrest and Joseph Perro, supervisors; David Cover, clerk. Annual town meeting was called at the school-house, in South Stillwater, March 14th, 1876, O. R. Buckman in the chair. Voted a tax of one mill for current expenses, and one and a quarter mills for road purposes; elected J. Whalen, A. Forbes and Joseph Perro, supervisors. Aimual town meet- ing was called at the old school-house, in South Stillwater, March 13th, 1877, A. W. Smith in the chair. Voted a tax of one and a half mills for current expenses, and two mills for roads; elected J. Whalen, Frederick Albrecht and William Pea- body, supervisors. Annual town meeting was called at the old school-house, in South Still- water, March 12th, 1878, A. Secrest in the chair. . Voted a tax of two mills for roads and one and a half for current expenses; elected A. Secrest, J. Whalen and F. Albrecht, supervisors; 104 votes against license and forty-two for it. Annual town meeting was called at the oldj^school-house, in South Stillwater, MaiX'h 11th, 1879, Edward Mackey in the chair. A'oted a tax of two mills for roads and one and a half for current expenses; elected A. Secrest, F. Albrecht and J. Whalen. supervisors. A vote of sixty-six against license and thirty-two for it. Annual town meeting was called at the old school-house, in South Still- watei:, March 9th, 1880, T. B. Hopkins in the chair. Voted a tax of two and a quarter miUs for roads and one and a quarter for current ex- penses; sixty-four votes against license and thirty - BAYTOWN—WAB BEC0BD—8CH00L8. 427 nine for it; elected A. Secrest, J. Whalen and E. Flynn, supervisors; David Cover, clerk. WAR RECORD. A spirit of patriotism vyas manifested by the people of Baytown during the great struggle to suppress the rebellion and hold the union of states intact. At the call for men and means, they re- sponded, with alacrity. The first call was promptly met. At the second call, a draft was permitted, and the following names were drafted: Ambrose Secrest, David Cover, J. B. H. Mitchell, Nicholas Snell, Luther Cobb, Aaron Garrison, Alexander Underwood. All were men of years, and, with a single exception, having families de- pendent upon them, and yielding to the dictates of a noble consanguinity, they all furnished sub- stitutes. At the next call the town made ample provision, by calling a special meeting of the voters of the town at the Oak Park school-house, Au'gust 11th, 1864, to take steps to raise all the funds necessary to pay bounties to men to fill the quota; they promptly voted to raise $3,000 for that purpose. It was also voted to circulate a paper for subscriptions to said fund, and that the monies be paid into the hands of David Cover, town treasurer. Also at the annual town meeting held at South Stillwater August 4th, 1865, a tax of $2,700 was voted to be levied upon the taxable property of the town, for 1865, to apply on town bonds and the money to be used to pay volunteers. A special meeting was called at the school-house in Oak Park, June 24th, 1865, and the following resolution was passed : "Resolved, That the meeting proceed to vote on the question of issuing bonds for the payment of the money advanced to fiU the quota of the town under the call of the president for 300,000 men." Not only were all demands met at the call, but in addition, we find the following names on the roll of honor, those who were ready to give their lives to save the imperiled union: Vincent Cover, David Carmichael, John Blake, P. W. Piske, Hugh Gillen, Robert Kerr, George McNelley, Joseph Bonner, Charles Gray, Benjamin Gaynor, Charles Estabrook, John G. Cover, Thomas Mc- Dermott, Daniel Estabrook, W. Stout, Jacob Se- crest, Monroe Secrest, H. W. Crosby, Azom Forbes, S. B. Mckerson, T. B. Leonard, John Densmore, Amos Porbes. These enlisted during the early part of the war; most of them in the Eighth Minnesota Regiment at Port Snelling, and were anxiously waiting to march to the seat of war, but the Indian outbreak came and they were sent to suppress that. When it was over, they were sent south, performing every duty as- signed them, until the surrender of Lee, which they witnessed. SCHOOLS. The first school district organized in Baytown was number three. The organization was affected in 1854 by the election of Joseph Miner, director; Joseph Bonin, treasurer; Ambrose Secrest, clerk. The first school house was built by subscription, and located on the flat in the north part of what was then Baytown village. In 1860 the house was moved further north and located near the cen- ter between the village of Oak Park and Baytown where the old house now stands. In 1862 the legislature changed the numbering of the school districts in the county, and this was made four- teen. In 1875 a division was made, and the legal voters of Oak Park and Elfelts addition to Still- water, met at the shop of A. Forbes, July 5th, 1875, and organized a new district by electing the following officers: Joseph Perro, director; Wil- liam Nissinger, treasurer; David Cover, clerk. On motion the meeting voted the issuing of bonds to the amount of 53,000, to purchase a site and build a house, they still retaining the old number fourteen house. The new one is 24x40 feet, two stories high, and was completed November 1st, the same year. First school was taught by Frank Berry and his sister Nellie Berry. School district number sixteen, originally called number two, was organized October 20th, 1855, at the house of William Gowan, on section 15, Baytown, with J. B. H. Mitchell in the chair, and H. W. Greeley, clerk. The following officers were elected: John Gowan, Sr., Hiram W. Greeley and John Watson, trustees ; .J. B. H. Mitchell, clerk. First teacher Charles L. Nelson. First school held at the house of Samuel Burkleo. First school-house built was in 1870. The dis- trict as first organized took in a part of Lakeland. The district was divided July 2d, 1859, renum- bered by act^of legislature in 1862. Bonds issued to the amount of 1800 and a new house built in 1879. 428 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. School district number fifteen, was organized December, 1875, by the election of the following officers: L. B. Castle, director; Frederick Mer- cer, treasurer ; O. R. Buckman, clerk. On mo- tion the meeting voted the issuing of bonds to the amount of $3,000, with interest at ten per cent, payable in ten years, to build a school-house; the site for the same was donated by the St. Croix Railway and Improvement Company, and located near the center of South Stillwater. New house is 36x50 feet, two stories, CHURCHES. The St. John's German Lutheran church is lo- cated on section 6, Bay town. Was organized under the ministry of Rev. F. W. Wier, August, 1855, with a membership of nineteen. They held their first services at the house of A. Boese, in Oakdale. In 1856, the money was raised by subscription to build a church. George Kern, Sr. , donated the site. In 1862, there was a dvisionin the church caused by a clause in the creed of the old established church, requiring private confes- sions. Rev. Wier with a portion of the members withdrew and formed another church in Oakdale. Rev. W. Hoffman then took the charge of the present church, and also of the parochial school, remaining seven years, followed by Rev. J. Se- crest for three years. It is now in charge of the Rev. Seifert, who has had its care for the past eight years. It now has a membership of forty families. A Union church was erected in South SitUwa- ter in the summer of 1880, to be used for union services. The site donated by the St. Croix Rail- way and Improvement Company, and the means to complete the building were donated by the peo- ple of all denominations. A union Sunday-school is held every Sunday, and religious services from time to time. CEMETERIES. In 1858, Messrs. Secrest and Perro laid out and platted a piece of land adjoining the village of Baytown, now South Stillwater, calling it Secrest and Perro's addition to Baytown. Block five of this addition was laid out as a cemetery, and named Hazelwood cemetery. In 1873, they sold half of the block to the city authorities of Still- water, for a Potter's field. The same year they sold one block and a half to the north of Hazel- wood, to Bishop Grace for a cemetery, to which was removed the bodies of the Catholic dead from the old burying ground in Stillwater, also from other parts of the county. It is called the St. Michaels cemetery, and is under the super- vision of Rev. Father Murphy, of Stillwater. SOUTH STILLWATER. As before mentioned, the first settlers of Bay- town located in what is now South Stillwater. But very little improvements were made until 1852, when Socrates jS'elson, D. B. Loomis, and others, under the firm name of Nelson, Loomis and Company, surveyed and platted a town at this point, which was called Baytown. In the following year they built a saw-mill, which they operated till 1858, when the company dissolved, and Baytown with all the improve- ments became the property of Socrates Nelson, who operated the mill but a portion of one or two seasons for the next ten years. In 1854, Secrest and Booth erected a grist-mill on the small stream, which is supposed by some, to be the outlet of Lily lake. This stream comes suddenly out of the ground one and a half miles from the margin of the lake. The mill is still in operation, but has changed owners so often that the enterprise has not been very successful. In 1858, Secrest and Perro laid out an addition to Baytown, which was called Secrest and Perro's Addition. In this addition is now located the cemeteries of South Stillwater. During the railroad excitement of 1856, Ex- Lieutenant Governor Holcombe laid out another addition called Middletown, which was annexed to Baytown, and about the same time still an- other was laid out by Isaac Staples and others, which adjoined Baytown on the south and was called Bangor, for the great lumbering town of that- name in the Pine-Tree State. For the next ten years very few changes, and not many improvements were made; but in 1868 Torinus, Staples & Co. purchased the origi- nal village of Baytown and all its appurtenances, with the intention of rebuilding the old ''Nelson mill," and manufacturing lumber to supply a lumber yard, which they intended to establish at St. Louis, Missouri. This plan, however, was never carried out, and in 1872 the whole property was sold to the "St. Croix Railway and Improve BAYTOWN— SOUTH STILLWATEB. 429 ment Company," which consisted of the follow- ing named gentlemen: Gen. Samuel F. Hersey, Isaac Staples and L. E. Torinus, Stillwater, and Horace Thompson, E. P. Drake, A. H. Wilder, G. L. Merriam, I'eter Berkey, A. B. Stickney, and E. Blakeley, St. Paul. This company then bought the additions known as Bangor, Middle- town, and Secrest and Perro's, resurveyed and platted the whole purchase, and called the new town South Stillwater. They also built a spur railroad track from Stillwater to the town, a dis- tance of three miles. During this year, and soon after the above transaction, the "St. Croix Lumber Company" was organized, consisting of L. E. Torinus, Wil- liam Chalmers and William Graves. They at once purchased from the St. Croix Railway and Improvement Company thirty acres of land with 2,000 feet lake front, including the old "Nelson Mill" site. After consummating this bargain they proceeded without delay to rebuild the old Nelson mill, at a cost of 530,000, operating it till the winter of 1875-76, when it was again remod- eled and reconstructed at an additional cost of $35,000. Failure seemed to be stamped on the enterprise, for when this splendid new mill was opened in the spring, it was found the mill- wright had failed in his calculations, and the hum of success was not in the machinery. But "luckily for the company," as one of the firm afterwards remarked, it was consumed by Are, having run but forty-four days. There was not a dollar of insurance upon the structure, and the $65,000 invested in rebuilding, remodeling and reconstructing, passed away in smoke and ashes. But the destruction of this industry did not wipe out the St. Croix Lumber Company. They immediately leased from the St. Croix Rail- way and Improvement Company a mill adjoining their old site on the south. This originally was the property of Gaslin and Castle, who in the year 1874, purchased two mill lots and moved their mill machinery from St. Petersburg, Wisconsin, opposite Stillwater, to their lots. They, however, ran the mill but a short time, failing at the end of two years. The property then passed into the hands of lessors, who gave a lease for two years to the St. Croix Lumber Company. At the end of this period, 1878, it was purchased by Durant, Wheeler and Co., Smith, Ellison and David Tozer, and has since been known as Ellison and Company's mill. South Stillwater has always been looked upon as a most favorable location for manufacturing, yet it has not always been fraught with success. We have to record several cases of this kind. In 1873 Messrs. Keller and Krueger bought from the St. Croix Railway and Improvement Com- pany four mill lots adjoining the St. Croix Lum- ber Company on the north. Thereon they erected a saw-mill which they operated three seasons and failed. The mill and machinery have since gone to ruin. Again in 1874, Messrs. Spencer Broth- ers and Bergeron bought two mill lots north of Kellerjand Krueger's property. They constructed and operated for three years a shingle mill at the end of which time they failed. The machinery was afterward moved to Wisconsin and is now in active service. In 1877 an organization was formed called the "South Stillwater Agricultural Works" for the purpose- of building threshing-machines. The works covered the greater portion of two blocks, and consisted of a wood-working shop, a mar chine shop, a foundry, and an engine house and boiler room. They did business a part of two seasons when the company failed and the whole property fell into the hands of the St. Croix Lum- ber Company, who have utilized the buildings in the following manner: the wood-shop is used as a door, sash and blind factory, and the other buildings for the purposes originally intended, as machine and blacksmith shop and foundry, in the latter of which is manufactured the well- known "Crystallized iron plow." At the expiration of the "St. Croix Lumber Company's" lease of the mill of the St. Croix Railway and Improvement Company in 1878, they at once commenced the erection of their present mill. The St. Croix Lumber Company's miU is erected on the old "Nelson" mill site, as was the one previously referred to, which was de- stroyed by fire. It is a double rotary mill, with a gang, edger and all the necessary trimmers, etc., two shingle machines, one gang batten bolter, and lath machine. It has an annual capacity of fifteen million feet of lumber, ten miUions of shin- gles and four millions of lath. The cost of the mill was $30,000. 430 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Intimately connected with this is the St. Croix Lumber Company's planmg mill. This was built in 1874, at a cost of $15,000. The building is 46 x80 feet, two stories high, and contains one sur- facing machine, two tongue and grooving ma- chines, two re-saws and one siding saw. The propelling power of the saw-mill machinery is a five-boiler engine, with a twenty-inch cylinder and thirty-inch stroke. The breeching conveys the smoke to a circular brick stack one hujidred and twenty-flve feet in height. The engine room of the planing mill adjoins the same, and is 40x40 feet. The smoke stack is eighty feet high, and is built of stone and brick. Boarding house. In the spring of 1880 the old "Nelson" boarding house, which was the property of the St. Croix Lumber Company, was destroyed by fire, and immediately a new one was erected. It is 40x100 feet, and two stories; it has two wings 32x60 feet, and is capable of accommodat- ing one hundred guests. Ellison and Company's saw mill. Durant, Wheeler and Company, Smith, Ellison and David Tozer, proprietors. This mill is located at South Stillwater; it came into possession of its present owners in 1878, who refitted, enlarged and added a large amount of new machinery of the most ap- proved pattern. It produces amiually twelve million feet of long lumber, and three million each of shingles and lath. It is 40x150 feet, and contains one double and one single rotary saw, one gang edger and two trimmers, with a capacity of seventy-five thousand per day. The engine room is built of stone, 38x42 feet, eighteen feet high, and joins the mill. The engine is a power- ful one, having four boilers twenty-four feet long and forty-two inches in diameter, with two twelve inch flues in each. Stillwater Dock Company, was organized Octo- ber, 1877, with a capital stock of |10,000, with the following partners: Durant, Wheeler and Company, St. Croix Lumber Company and Jo- siali Batchelder; with E. G. Wheeler, presi- dent; L. E. Torinus, secretary and treasurer; Josiah Batchelder, general manager. The busi- ness of this company is large and extensive. Its model steamers are fine specimens of ar- chitectural skill. New work and repairs keep a large force of men employed. Last season the company built three new steamers: The Pauline, K. G. Wheeler and Kit Carson, which are the pride of the St. Croix waters, and have three more new ones to build the coming season. Baytown Flour mill was erected in 1853, by 8e- crest and Booth. The first mill was 30x32 feet, and run by an overshot water-wheel of twenty- four feet diameter. They continued business un- til 1856, when J. Perro purchased Mr. Booth's in- terest. The firm was then known as Secrest and Perro, in a short time Mr. Perro sold to S. L. Se- crest. The firm of Secrest and Brother ran the mill till 1868, when S. L. Secrest sold to Butler and Dodd, the firm run the mill for two years, when Dodd sold to Butler. The business increas- ing, the mill was enlarged by the addition of twenty feet. The firm of Butler and Secrest operated it until the fall of 1879, when A. Secrest bought Butler's interest. It then stood still till August, 1880, when it was rented to Mr. Buch- walter. South StiUwater soap and rendering factory was established in the spring of 1868, and located on Eairy creek, by Moore and McKenzie. In 1880, Moore's interest was purchased by McKen- zie and brother, the capital increased to $3,000, and the works moved to South Stillwater, and new machinery for rendering, added. The com- pany now have an office in Stillwater. POST OFFICE. The first post-office in Baytown was established at the office of the St. Croix lumber Company, in 1872, William Graves appointed post-master the same year. In 1876 the office was moved to the store of the same company. Mr. Graves resigned, and Mr. A. Deragisch was appointed. The mail is received daily by a stage running from Cottage Grove to StiUwater and return. The village of Oak Park is located on section three. The village plat was laid out and platted by John Parker in 1857. Is a fine location for residents. Many elegant private residences have been erected, and more, on a larger scale, con- templated. In the north-east of section 4, another village was laid out and platted by F. O. J. Smith, in 1856, called an addition to Stillwater which is waiting for occupants. ROADS. The first road laid out in Baytown was the BAYTO WN—BIOOBAPHIGAL. 431 territorial road Icnown as the Stillwater, Point Douglas, and St. Louis river road. It enters the town on section three on the north, and runs south, leaving the town from section 15; also the terri- torial road called the St. Paul and Stillwater, passes through the north-west corner of the town. The first road laid out by the town was in 1861, the McDonald and Stillwater road, running from the corner of section 17, due north and south. The next was the Baytown and Stillwater road, known as the town line road, laid out and surveyed in 1862 by A. Van Vorhes, county sur- veyor. EAILKOADS. The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Tails railroad now operated by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Kailroad Company, en- ters the town in the north-west quarter of section 18, miming to the centre of section 9, where they have a junction. One branch running to Still- water, and the main line south-east to Hudson, with another branch from near the bridge, run- ning up the river to Stillwater. POPULATION. The population of Baytown is largely German and Irish. Some Swedes and Norwegians and a few Americans. The census of 1875, showed 952 inhabitants; in 1880, the.e were 1,254. The valuation of real estate in 1880, was $125-, 595, of personal property, f 73,297. The products for 1879 were; wheat, 2,203 acres; bushels, 29,- 760; oats, 435 acres; bushels, 16,370; corn, 294 acres; bushels, 12,225; barley, 64 acres; bushels,' 1,364; potatoes, 51 acres; bushels 6,175; hay, 514 acres; tons of hay, 489. BIOGRAPHICAL. Frederick Albrecht, is a native of Prussia, where he was born, December 31st, 1842. Here he passed his boyhood days and settled in Ni- agara county. New York. There he grew to manhood, attended public school, and completed his education at the Union Academy, at Lock- port, New York. August 26th, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Pifty-flrst New York Volunteer Infantry; served in many important conflicts, he was mustered out of ser- vice June 26th, 1865. After the close of his military service, Mr. Albrecht returned to the home of his parents in New York. He engaged as hotel clerk for three years, then in custom house at the suspension bridge three years longer. In 1871, he came to Minnesota, and one year later purchased his present farm in Baytown. His marriage with Miss Caroline Zobel took place in 1871. They have four children: William, Mary Sarah and Arthur. Martin T. Allen was born in the town of Nor- wich, Canada, July 24th, 1839. He lived with his parents until the age of twenty, then came to the states through which he has since extensively traveled. He learned the trade of sawyer in Michigan and Minnesota, and in 1871, came to Stillwater, being employed by Hersey, Bean and Brown, and is still the leading circular sawyer of that firm. He married in 18S4 to Miss Mary Pake, of Lexington, Michigan. The are the parents of three children: Charles B., Lyman B. and Frank E. James Arthur, a native of Nova Scotia; and of Scotch descent, was bom in July, 1830. Remain- ing under the parental roof until the age of twenty; he then went to Wisconsin, where he commenced learning the trade of mill-wright, which he com- pleted in California, having gone to that state in in 1865. He remained in that state until 1871, then came to Minnesota and has since resided in the valley of the St. Croix and vicinity. He made South Stillwater his home, and has since resided there in the employ of the "St. Croix Lumber Company." In 1872 he married Miss Jane Mc- Beth, of Anoka, a lady of Scotch parentage, who was reared in Canada. John Atkinson, one of the earliest pioneers of what is now Washington county, was born at Lewiston, Maine, April 4th, 1805. He received a practical education in his native town, where he remained until 1833, when he removed to Pitts- field, Somerset county. Here he stayed twelve years, and .in 1844 started for the west. The same year he crossed the St. Croix and "stuck his stakes," in what is now Cottage Grove, at that time a wilderness. Here he pre-empted eighty acres of land, and buying more, opened and im- proved a most desiiable estate, on which he re- mained more than thirty years, an honored and respected citizen. At Lewiston, Maine, Mr. At- kinson was married to Miss Hannah Moore; she accompanied him to the western wilds and re- mained his beloved companion until death claimed 432 HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. her in 1874. She bore her husband seven chil- dren, six of whom still live; Warren, Charles H., Nathan W., John A. N., Cynthia A. and Sarah E., all of whom have been reared in this county. Mr. Atkinson was married to Mrs. A. B. Fiske, of Baytown. They still live happily, af the old Fiske homestead at Baytown. Mrs. Almira Atkinson was the daughter of Captain and Mrs. Robert Bragdon, and was born in the city of Portland, Maine, March 2d, 1808, and has now passed her allotted time, three score and ten. Her father was a seaman, and like many other sailors, his grave was in the watery deep. On returning from a voyage to foreign ports, the vessel he commanded and all on board were lost in the equinoctial storm of 1815. His wife survived him only one year. Thus at the early age of seven years, the subject of this sketch was left an orphan. She grew to maturity at Boston, in her uncle's family, and while quite young was united in wedlock with David H. Fiske, a merchant of that city. They continued in that city until 1837, when they came west to the Mississippi valley, and located at Galena, Illi- nois. In 1848, they came northward and the same year settled oh what is now known as the "old Fiske homestead," in Baytown. Here Mr. Piske died in 1856, leaving his widow with seven small children. She remained on the farm and reared her children to maturity. In 1875, she was married to her present husband, Mr. John Atkinson, living most happily on the old home- stead. Though aged in years, they are youthful in feeling, he being still able to read and write without the aid of glasses. Bennett Barker, one of the prominent men in the St. Croix Valley, was born in Prussia, July 4th, 1831. He was left an orphan at the early age of six years. When a lad of seventeen he sailed for America, and landed in New York', he pro- ceeded direct to Galena, Illinois, where he spent six years in the lead mines, During the spring of 1856, he came to Washington county, locating at Baytown, where he now has a large landed estate. In 1869 Mr. Barker, in company with Governor Holcombe and others, laid out "Pair- view," the new city cemetery of Stillwater; also in 1870, the St. Michael's cemetery, the Catholic burial place of Washington county. The next year he removed from their various resting places about three thousand bodies to the new grave- yard. He also laid out the new county and city cemetery for the burial of the poor and unknown, and is now superintendent of all these. His marriage with Miss Teresa Laeting took place at Kenosha, Wisconsin, in 1855. Joseph B., Mary, Eliza, Henry, David and Anna are their children living. Josiah Batchelder is a native of Wellington, Maine, born May 30th, 1833. When a child his parents removed to Bangor, thence to Exeter, where he grew to manhood, receiving in the mean- time his education, and a knowledge of the trade of ship-building. Wlien a young man of twenty-two he came to the great North-west, the same year locating at Stillwater. He remained one year, being busily employed in building flat-boats and skMs. He then removed to Maiden Rock, Wis- consin. Among other crafts constructed by him while there was the "Lottie Lyon," the first local packet that navigated Lake Pepin. In 1866 he crossed Lake Pepin to Prontenac, and during his four years' sojourn built many beautiful yachts, sail and row-boats. Mr. Batchelder, in 1877, finally located in South Stillwater, and began the construction of the ways and docks for the •'Stillwater Dock Company," of which he is manager and part owner. He was married at Red Wing, Minnesota, in 1859, to Miss Elizabeth Bowers who has borne him four children: Jessie, Edwin J., Harry L. and Maud. Hiram P. Benner, a native of Maine, was bom at Dennysville, in 1829. He attended the pub- lic schools in his native place, and in 1849 re- moved to Hancock county, making it his home for the next twenty years, being engaged in lum- bering and mill-wrighting. He then came west- ward and remained at Somerset, Wisconsin, un- til the autumn of 1873, when he moved to South Stillwater, and has been in the employ of the "St. Croix Lumber Company" chiefly since. His wife was Miss Jennie Boynton, a lady of English ancestry, to whom he was married in 1849. They have eight children: Hiram A., Mary, Hartley B., Herbert P., Nellie, Georgia, Bertha B. and Herman. Joseph Bonin, whose name is a familiar one all along the St. Croix river, and whose history includes in it the history of the St. Croix Valley, was born in a little Prench settlement near Mon- BA YTO WN~BIOGBAPHICAL. 433 treal, Canada, August 26th, 1820. Here he re- ceived a common school education in the French language. In 1839 he contracted to enter the service of the American Fur Company, and started on his long journey to the wilds of the North-west. With a number of venturesome companions, he embarked in a birch canoe, trav- elling across the country by both land a'lid vs^ater, enduring many hardships and privations: He accumulated large stores of furs vidth which he returned to the company. In 1842, as his time of service had expired, he declined to renew his contract. He immediately started with some companions for civilization, and after a long, perilous journey, during which were many acci- dents and rough experiences, they reached St. Croix Palls where they saw the first signs of the white man. After continuing as far as St. Peter, Mr. Bonin returned, remaining three years at the falls, then came to Stillwater, and was in the em- ploy of J. McKusick four years, in the old mill. He made a brief visit to his childhood home, re- turning to South Stillwater, where twenty-seven years ago he purchased and improved a residence site, and has since made it his home. During several winters he carried on a traflSc with the Indians and was acquainted with Little Crow, and Hole-in-the-Day ; he cotild also speak the Indian dialect fluently. Enlisting in the late war in Company B, First Minnesota Heavy Ar- tilery, he served until expiration of term of ser- vice. In 1851 he married Miss Margaret Bruce. They have five children: George E., Leon, David, Mary M., and Ellen. George Brassar is a native of the Province of Quebec and is of French ancestry, born in 1833. Since a mere boy he has beeja on the water, his first experience being in sailing schooners on the St. Lawrence; he afterwards rafted between Que- bec and Montreal. Twenty-five years ago Mr. Brassar wended his way to the waters of the Mis- sissippi, and landed at Stillwater in 1855. Since then he has piloted and rafted between Stillwater and St. Louis. His first trip on a raft was made under Joseph Perro, who was familiarly known as "Big Joe." He has been engaged during late years in piloting the tow boats of the Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, between Still- water and St. Louis. In 1860 his marriage with Miss Clotilda Chardin was celebrated at the Catho- 28 lie church, of Stillwater. Emma, George, Louis, Amelia, Adolphus,Bosa, Cora and Walter are their children. Thomas Burns, son of Patrick and Ellen Burns, is a native of the "North Star" state, born at Still- water, March 11th, 1862. When a child his par- ents removed to Baytown, where he has since lived. His mother is a widow and one of the es- teemed residents of Baytown. Mr. Burns is still attending school, wisely determining to begin the battle of life with a good education. He has served three years in the shingle mill of the St. Croix Lumber Company, and understands his trade, being fitted to make his way up among men when he reaches maturity. Paul Caplazi is a native of Switzerland, born March 3d, 1828, where he was reared by his pa- rents, was educated and learned the carpenter's trade". In 1854 he immigrated to America, mak- Toledo, Ohio, his home two years, then came to Stillwater, remaining twelve years, where he worked at his trade, assisting in building many of the prominent edifices of the city. He located on a farm at Baytown, where he still lives. For the past ten years he has been in the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Company and is one of the most skilled workmen in the factory. His mar- rige with Miss Catherine Tour took place in 1861. They have had thirteen children of whom eight are living: Antoine, Ludwick, Lena, Eosa, Jose- phine, Kate, Agnes and Bertha. Mrs. Ellen Carlton nee Perro, widow of Peter Carlton, was born at the ancient French city of Kaskaskia, Illinois, where she was reared by her parents. In 1848, she came to Minnesota with her brother, Joseph Perro, with whom she lived until her marriage with Mr. Carlton in 1851. He was an esteemed pioneer of St. Croix Valley, and died in 1866, at the family residence in Baytown. Mrs. Carlton has four children liviag: George P., Matilda, Louisa and Rosa. George P. Carlton, is a native of Washington county, bom at Baytown, February 5th, 1853. He is the son of Peter and EUen Carlton, and was reared in this town. He received a good educa- tion, and has always pursued the quiet calling of farming, now having a desirable place of one hundred and sixty acres in Baytown township. Mrs. Rosalie Chardin, nee Perro, widow of Louis Chardin, was born at Kaskaskia, Illinois, 434 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. February 15th, 1821 . Here she grew to maturity and received her education at the Convent of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was at that time, located at Kaskaskia, now at St. Louis, Missouri. At the age of twenty-three she was mamed to Louis Chardin, and 1857, she was left a widow, and the year following, came to Minnesota, and has since made her home at her present residence at Baytown. She has three children, the eldest is the wife of George Bras- sar: Michael and Mary L. J. G. Clymer was born at Mount Pleasant, Henry county, Iowa, March 28th, 1850. At the age of nine years, he removed with his parents to Burlington, where he attended the graded schools till 1866, when he removed to Des Moines. He remained there one and one-half years, then re- turned to Burlmgton. In 1870, he came to Min- nesota and engaged in railroading until he met with the loss of his right arm in 1874. He was employed as clerk in the oflBce of the St. Croix Lumber Company in 1879, where he still remains. He was married at Stillwater in 1872, to Miss E. E. Poss. They axe the parents of four children: Everett, Blanche, Maud and Josephine. David Cover was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, May 22d, 1826. He remained there with his parents until 1844, when he removed with them to St. Louis, Missouri. Here he engaged in the lumbering business six years, then started up the river by boat to Stillwater, reaching there after a tedious journey of one month. He gave his attention largely to logging between Still- water and St. Louis until 1868, since which time he has been employed in the more retired occupa- tion of farmmg, also as an agent for Are insur- ance, representing a number of leading compan- ies and doing a good business. Mr. Cover has been county commissioner Ave years, town treas- urer nine years, and school officer eighteen years. He has been a leading citizen, and has a Ane resi- dence at Oak Park. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Herrell, whom he married in 1860. Their chil- dren are John W. who is engaged in mining in Colorado, and two younger sons who are still with their parents. John G. Cover, a iiative of Pennsylvania, was born January 2d, 1887. He accompanied his par- ents to St. Louis, in 1844, and after a residence of about five years, removed to Rock Island county, Illinois. In 1854, he came to Stillwater, in company with his parents, where he remained under their guidance until he enlisted in 1862, in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer In- fantry. He served in the army of the Cumber- land, and participated in the battle of Stone Eiver and other engagements. He was honorably dis- charged with his regiment in July, 1865, with the . rank of first lieutenant. Returning home he soon ■proceeded to Hasting, and engaged in lumbering two years, then returned to Stillwater, and has since been in the logging business. He married in 1862, Catherine C. Long. They have seven children living, all girls. Joel M. Darling, one of the pioneers of the St. Croix Valley, and prominent in forwarding the interests of Stillwater and vicinity, was born in Madison county. New York. When but a child he came with his parents to Galena, Illinois; after making a home in that place several years, they removed to Wisconsin. In May, 1848, Mr. Dar- ling came to Stillwater, his present home. For some time he was in the employ of Socrates Nel- son, and was with him and others when they sur- veyed and laid out the village of Baytown, in 1852. Three years later, he opened a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Dakota county, re- maining on it until 1862, when he enlisted in Company F, Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infan- try. He engaged in the campaign against the Indians under General H. H. Sibley, afterwards continuing to serve until the close of the war. Soon after returning, he located at South Still- water, where he has since given his attention to agriculture. Mr. Darling is a bachelor and makes his home with Antoine La Point. Justus A. Depew was born October 10th, 1847, at Pomeroy, Ohio. Learned the trade of machin- ist in Cincinnati, where he resided imtil 1865, then removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota. He followed his trade in the employ of Dean and Ilardenbergh; thence to St. Paul, in the St. Paul iron works three years. In 1871 he came to Still- water as a journeyman at his trade, in a branch shop for the same company; soon, however, he engaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company, and still remains. At St. Paul, April 12th, 1870, he married Miss Annie Dwyre, who has borne him five children, three sons and two daughters. L. A. Deragisch is a native of Switzerland, born BA Y TO WN—BIOGEAPHICAL. 435 in 1852. He immigrated to America with his parents, at the age of eight years, locating at Stillwater in 1861. He entered the store of L. E. Torinus as salesman in 1869, and remaiaed until the organization of the St. Croix Lumber Company, of whose store he has had the manage- ment since. He was married to Miss Jennie Se- crest in 1874. Their children are, Edward, Charles and Clara. Residence at South Still-, water. John Ehrig is a German by birth, born in 1845. He crossed over to America in 1866, locating in New York city, where he was in the grocery business until 1878. Then came to Stillwater and has since been in the employ of the "St. Croix Lumber Company." In New York city, 1872, he married Miss Mary Keller. Four chil- dren have been bom to them, two sons and two daughters. James Elliott was born on the "Emerald Isle," March 19th, 1823. At the age of nine years, he crossed the Atlantic to St. Johns, New Bruns- wick, with his parents. He remained in that city until the age of twenty-seven, then emi- grated to Nova Scotia and engaged in lumbering. In 1852 he came west to Minnesota and located at Stillwater in August of that year. He has re- mained thereabouts and in the pineries since, and is now living on his farm in Baytown. In 1878 he opened a farm of a half section in Swift county, Minnesota, to which he contemplates removing. He has been twice married; his first wife was Bridget McBride who died in 1856. His present wife, Sara A. Hogan, he married in 1857. They have six children, two sons and four daughters. Daniel S. Estabrooks was born in Maine, Sep- tember 12th, 1836. Here he grew to manhood, and received a good practical education. One year before reaching his majority, he turned westward to Oshkosh, and the year following re- moved to Horicon, Wisconsin, where he acted as town marshal one year. In 1858 he came to Stillwater and engaged in business until the first call for volunteers in 1861, when he enlisted in Company F, Third Minnesota Volunteer In- fantry. Four long and weary years of danger and hardship he dedicated to the Union. He was mustered out at the close of the war with the rank of sergeant of ambulance corps. In Sep- tember, 1865, he located in Baytown, and after being engaged in farming in Wisconsin a number of years, he again located permanently on his farm at Oak Park. In September, 1865, he married Mrs. Mary. E. Nickerson, widow of S. B. Nickerson, who was killed at the battle of Gettysburg. Mr. and Mrs. Estabrooks have four children. Jacob Fisher, the first man to make a claim in Stillwater proper, was born near Hamilton, Can- ada, November 30th, 1813. His father was ame- clianic, and from him Jacob learned the trade of mill-wright and carpenter. In 1835, he left home and came to Chicago, where he remained a short time and built a small wooden house for a citizen. He then came to Galena, Illinois, where he re mained till the fall of 1836, working at his trade. Then went down the river, stopping at Fulton, St. Louis, Vicksburg, New Orleans, Natchez and other points in the south, where he remained three years, returning to St. Louis in May, 1839. There he remained till the spring of 1842, when the spirit of adventure again siezed him, and he came up the river to St. Croix Falls and was en- gaged during that summer as mill-wright in Hungerford and Livingston's mill of that place. When winter came, he had no more to do at the falls, so journeyed along down the river till he came to the Tamarack house at Dakota,now Still- water. There he remained all winter, using J. R. Brown's court house for a capenter's shop, when he chose to work there. In the summer of 1848, he built a house at St. Mary's for Paul CarU, who had made a claim there, and that fall began the first saw-mill ever built at Stillwater. Mr. Fisher was the pioneer mill-wright of Washington county, having built or helped to build nearly all the mills prior to 1855, and many later, and also built many private- residencesand other buildings. In 1861, enlisted and served three and one- half years; he was with the army of the Po- tomac in all its campaigns and actively engaged in nearly every battle. He was wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, and after the battle sent to the hospital at Fort Snelling, where he received his discharge. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Reams station in August, 1864, but discharged at Wilmington, after being six months a captive. Mr. Fisher returned to Still- water, and is now a resident of Baytown. 436 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Charles E. Estabrooks was bom at Holton, Maine, January 15th, 1828. At the age of one year he accompanied his parents to Milltown, where he grew to manhood and attended the pub- lic schools. When eighteen years of age he ap- prenticed as a millwright, serving two years. Soon after attaining his majority he moved to Pennsylvania, taking charge of the timber land for his brother for one year. In 1855 he started for Minnnesota, locating at Stillwater the eame year. He met and engaged with Isaac Staples, in whose employ he has since been, with the ex- ception of three years in the army. He enlisted in 1862 in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer In- fantry, company C, which was first in the fight against the Indians then to Murfreesboro, where the command spent the winter. Like many others he contracted a severe cold, resulting in a severe sicknesss; he and forty-nine others were taken to Lincoln barracks, twenty-three of whom died in five days. He remained at the hospital eleven weeks and was then ordered to Fort Snell- ing, where he was honorably discharged. On re- turning to his home and family, his health soon returned and he resumed his former position, having charge of the mill-wright department. At the age of twenty-one he married Elizabeth Sim- mons. Their children are now grown and mar- ried: Mrs. Annie E. Danforth, Mrs. Mary E. Warren, and Wilmar, who lives with his parents. Francis W. Eiske, eldest son of David H., and Almira Eiske, was bom at Boston, Massachu- setts, March 1st, 1827. He came west with his parents, and while living at Galena, Illinois, made several excursions up the Mississippi, visit- ing Eort Snelling, the trading hamlet of Mendota, and visited Stillwater as early as 1844. He sub- sequently spent a few years in lead mining in Wisconsin, and returning to Minnesota, settled permanently at Baytown, in 1848, where he now Uves on his farm. In 1862 he enlisted in Com- pany C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and took part in the Indian campaign, under General Sibley, at the close of which the com- mand was ordered south, and joined the army of the Tennessee. He served until the close of tlic^ war, and was in many important engagementh. His wife was Mrs. Ellen Jarvis, to whom he was married in 1867. Mrs. Eiske has one daughter, Ida, by her first marriage. Michael Fortin was born April 12th, 1836, at Ottawa, Canada. At an early age he left the parental roof, and began learning engineering on the lakes, and continued in it three years. He then stopped at Detroit two years, and while there, dredged the foot of Woodward avenue, using the first steam dredge operated in that city. In 1853, he came to Stillwater, and has sirice made his home on his farm in Baytown. As an inventor he has taken out letters patent on a steam road wagon and traction engine combined, issued April, 1878. It is a most ingenious affair, and can readily be transferred to runners and used in snow. Mr. Fortin attended the first ter- ritorial fair, held at Fort Snelling, and has attended every state fair since. He acted as scout at the time of the Indian scare, taking an active part. In 1879, he married Miss Mary Al- verson of Baytown. Edward C. Gamm was born in Germany, Au- gust 24th, 1844. He learned a trade in the city of Hamburg. He came to the United States in 1865, living five years in the city of New York, in the piano trade. He then located on Long Island, and entered a factory, working at scroll sawing and turning, until ill health compelled him to seek the more salubrious climate of Min- nesota. Becoming a ret-ident of Stillwater ui 1875, he engaged with Seymour, Sabih and Com- pany, for one year, then entered the service of the St. Croix Lumber Company, and since May, 1878, has assumed control of their factory, as foreman. Mr. Gamm is expert in his trade, and energetic in the performance of his duties. He was mar- ried in New York city, in 1869, to iSliss Emily Huhnke. Charles, Emma, and Edward are their children. Lemuel C. Garrison was bom in New Jersey, March 27th, 1839. He remained with his parents until the age of sixteen, and received a practical school education. At that age he started for the great west alone, and "paddled his canoe" as far as the Wisconsin river. Here he at once boarded a steamboat, and began to learn piloting. At the end of four years he made a visit to the old home of his parents, then came directly to Stillwater, reaching here in 1860. Since then he has navi- gated the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, both piloting and commanding. He is also a practica artisan, having passed three years in machine BA YTO WN—BIOGBAPSICAL. 437 shops at St. Louis, and often looks after all the details of the engine-room himself. He married, in 1872, Miss Mary E. Hiles, of Louisiana. They have one child, Julius T. Alexander C. Goltz is a native of Eussia, born August 3d, 1861. He came to the United States with his cousin, in 1875. He has since made Stillwater his home, except a brief stay at Yank- ton, Dakota territory. He was in the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Company three years, and is now a stud-ent of the Afton academy, from which he proposes to graduate. Mr. Goltz is a nephew of L. E. Torinus, and is a young man of intelligence and good promise. William E. Gove was born at Ripton, Addison county, Vermont, October 18th, 1841. Here he passed his youth, being chiefly engaged in farm- ing. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G, Four- teenth Vermont Volunteer Infantry, and served in the army of the Potomac, until expiration of term of service, when he was honorably disr charged. Returning home he engaged in lum- bering, which has been his business since. He removed to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, in 1867, where he resided until coming to Stillwater in 1878, at which time he accepted the position of foreman of sash, door and blind factory of the St. Croix Lumber Company. He married at Fond du Lac, December 17th, 1873, Miss Ada Beer. Their children are, Charles W., Carrie W. and Georgia. John Gowan is a native of New Brunswick, bom November 3d, 1830. At the age of twenty he crossed over to the states, coming direct to Minnesota, and reached Stillwater in 1850. Six years later he purchased and settled on his pres- ent farm in Baytown. From 1850 to 1865 he was engaged in logging on the St. Croix and tribu- taries. During this time he cut and floated many millions feet of logs down the St. Croix. Mr. Gowan was married to Miss Hannah Curtis. They have twelve children. The eldest, Marga- ret A., is wife of Eugene O'Neil. Frederick Gramenz was born in Prussia, Oc- tober 2d, 1838. Here he was reared by his par- ents and received his education. Crossing to America in 1868, he stopped one year in Milwau- kee, thence to Stillwater. After spending one season on the river he engaged with Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, two years, after which he located at his present home in South Stillwater. He at once entered the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Company, with which corpora- tion he has since remained a trusted and valued employe. His marriage with Miss Augusta Beutsche, of Stillwater, a native of Prussia, oc- curred April 22d, 1878. They have one child, Clara. Charles Gray was born in Franklin county, New York, April 2d, 1817, at a place originally known as "French Mills," which after the war of 1812, was changed to Fort Collington, in honor of Gen. Collington, who was killed in an engagement at that point, with the British forces. When six- teen years of age Mr. Gray moved with his par- ents to St. Lawrence county, where he remained until twenty years old. In 1836, he came to Michi- gan, and after remaining two years returned to his parents' home. In 1846, he again came westi and settled at Diamond Lake, Illinois, and in 1855, came to Minnesota, locating at Stillwater the same fall. Passing the winter in the pineries, the next spring he went to Baytown and worked for Socrates Nelson, in the first mill con- structed at that place. August 13th, 1862, he en- listed in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry, and served through the Indian campaign under General Sibley. On account of a serious disease of the eyes and temporary blind- ness, he was honorably discharged in 1864. He is now in charge of the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany's stables, having the entire confidence of his employers. Mr. Gray has been tvnce married. His first wife, Mary M. Soper, died in 1848; his present wife was Miss Mary Gilder, whom he married in 1853. They have five sons and four daughters. Michael Huhnke was born in Germany, De- cember 25th, 1838. He learned the trade of car- penter, in the land of his nativity, and came to America in 1865, locating at Jersey City, New Jer- sey, remaining five years. He came to Stillwater in 1871, and followed his trade until he engaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company, in their sash, door and blind factory. In 1869, he married Miss Augusta Guse. Six children have been born to them, all of whom are living. E. C. Iverson was bom at Calmar, Iowa, April, 1856. He attended the graded schools of Winona, Minnesota, completing his course at La 438 HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Crosse Business College. After finishing his studies, he was book-keeper in the bank of Lan- esboro, afterward cashier until 1877. He then opened the bank of Caledonia for Sprague and Easton, and continued there until he made a tour through the west, visiting Yankton, Dakota ter- ritory, and other points. In 1879, he came to Stillwater and accepted the position of book- keeper for the St. Croix Lumber Company at South Stillwater. Nels Jantzen is a native of one of the islands of Denmark, born July 30th, 1842. When a child of two years, he removed to the mainland with his parents, where he was reared to manhood by them, in the rtteantime receiving a good school and musical education. In 1870, he came across the Atlantic and proceeded directly to Minnesota. With the exception of one year spent in traveling through Arkansas, Tennessee. Mississippi and other states, this state has since been his home. He has worked at the carpenter's trade. In 1873, he married Miss Christiana Olson, of Lansing, Iowa, who has borne him three children. Leonard Kemp was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, August 9th, 1854. When an infant, he was brought to America by -his parents, who settled in Indiana. Here he was reared to the age o'f four- teen, and in 1868, came to Hudson, Wisconsin. After a stay of two years, he came to Grant township and lived with his parents, who had re- moved to that locality. In 1875, he came to Bay- town, and has since been engaged with his father- in-law, John Marty in farming. He was married to Miss Anna M. Marty in 1875. They are the parents of three children: Vernie, Christiana and Anna. George Kockis a native of the city of Germany, bom Jan. 8th, 1837. He passed his youth with his parents, receiving a good education. He learned a trade in Germany, and came to America in April, 1867. He made his home first at Ilobo- ken. New Jersey, working at carpentering eight years, then removed to Stillwater. He was in the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company until 1878, at which time he entered the service of tlie St. Croix Lumber Company, and is still engaged in their extensive factory. Mr. Kock was mar- ried in 1867 to Miss Margaret Wick, by whom he has six children: George, Eddie, Charles, Lena, Anna and Emma. John C. Lewis was bom in Rock Island county, Illinois, 1848. He was taken by his parents when an infant to what is now La Crosse county, Wisconsin. Here he remained until fifteen years of age, when he removed with his parents to the village of Elver Falls, at which place he has made his home a greater part of the time since. He came to South StUlwater first to take charge of the public schools, and is now the principal. In 1875 he married Miss Jennie Austin, who has borne him one child, Charles. Lawrence Maddock, deceased, one of the old settlers of Baytown, was a native of New Bruns- wick, bom in 1827. After reaching manhood he followed lumbering in the province until 1856, when he came to the states and located at Bay- town, engaged also in lumbering until hLs death, which occurred December, 1880. He was a man of good character, loved and mourned by aU who knew him. His widow, Mary Maddock nee Kain, was also bom in New Bnmsvsdck, and married to him in 1855. She lived with him the remainder of his life and still resides at the old homestead in Baytown. She has eight children, five sons and three daughters. Mary, the eldest, is the wife of John McGowan, of Stillwater. John Marty is a native of Switzerland, bom 1823. He received a fair education, and Uved with his parents until eighteen years of age. He then went to France and learned the art of man- ufacturing straw goods; he spent several years in Paris, Marseilles and other cities, working at hat making, etc. In 1846 he took passage for Amer- ica, landing at the port of New Orleans. Shortly after, he proceeded up the Mississippi, and after visiting cities on the way, reached Stillwater in 1848. Two years later he entered a claim, his present farm, in Baytown, where he has since lived. At St. Paul, 1856, he married Anna M. Henry. They have only one child living, Anna M., wife of Leonard Kemp, of Baytown. J. P. Mclntyre was born at St. Albans, Ver- mont, in 1836. He learned the trade of moulder with the St. Albans Foundry Company, and con- tinued in their employ twenty-three years. In 1873 he took charge of the Jackson machine works, Jackson, Michigan, where he remained until beginning business for himself at Athens. Here he perfected the process of making crystal- ized iron, known as Mclntyre's crystalized iron. BA YTO WN—B TOQBAPHIGAL. 439 used in plows and all implements requiring a hard finish; he also invented the center draft plow. In 1861 he enlisted in the Pirst Vermont Infantry ; re-enlisted in Seventh Vermont In- fantry for three years, then re-enUsted as a vete- ran for three years, and was honorably dis- charged March 6th, 1865. He came to Stillwater in 1879, and has since had the management of the St^ Croix Lumber Company's iron works, where he is at present located. Mr. Mclntyre has been twice married; his first wife, Miss E. J. Forest died at Champlain, New York; he married Miss Louise Stannard in 1870. He has a family of seven children. Hugh McKenzie, proprietor of the South Still- water steam rendering and soap factory, is a na- tive of Upper Canada. In 1845 his parents removed to Maine with him, and afterward to Pennsylvania. He received an academic and business education, and is a graduate of the Pittsburgh business college. He learned the manufacture of potash and soap with the Penn- sylvania Soda and Salt Manufacturing Company. Enlisted April 21st, 186i, in Company E, Tenth Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He served in the army of the Potomac, from the beginning to the close of the war; he was discharged with the rank of orderly sergeant. He came to Stillwater in 1875, where he still resides. He married Miss Hose White in 1878, who has borne him one son. Brunson E. Meigs, is a native of Canada East, born March 9th, 1836. He removed with his parents to Arena, Iowa county, Wisconsin; here and at Stevens Point, Pine river and other places along the Wisconsin river, he was engaged until 1857, in the meantime learning the trade of saw- yer. He first came to Minneapolis, Minnesota, remaining two years, thence to Idaho City, where he passed two years in mining. After making an extensive tour through Washington, Oregon and California, he returned to his former home ia 1865. He engaged in milUng in that section until 1870. Six years later he located at South Stillwater, and entered the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Company, as head sawyer. He has since been in the employ of that corporation. Married Miss Minnie Meffert in 1872. WiUiam C, Plorilla E., Minnie and Estella, are their children. Frederick Mercier, deceased, was bom in Can- ada, 1834. He came to Wisconsin twenty-five years ago, and in 1876, located at South Still- water, where he remained until his death in 1879. His widow, Mrs. Mary Mercier, is a native of Ire- land, but came to Canada in infancy, with her parents. She is now proprietress of a boarding- house in South Stillwater. She has seven children. Hugh O'Neal was born in St. Lawrence comity New York, December 14th, 1844. On reaching his majority, he came westward, and after passing one summer in Illinois, came to Stillwater in 1865. He made this city his home until 1877, when he purchased his present home in South Stillwater. Has been continuously on the waters of the St. Croix and Mississippi, in the capacity of either en- gineer or pilot. At one time he owned a one- third interest in the steamer "Minnie Will," but the boat was wrecked on the rocks off New Bos- ton, Ilhnois. The loss, which was total, was a severe financial reverse; he has since been running the tug-boats for the St. Croix Lumber Company. He was married, 1875, to Mrs. Anna A. Spencer, who has borne him one son. Mrs. Susan Parker, nee Cover was born in West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, and came west to St. Louis with the family. In 1848, she was married to John Parker, deceased, and removed to this state with her husband. After a residence of two years at St. Croix Falls, they located at her present home in Baytown, where she has since resided. Mrs. Parker has had three children: Edwin E., the eldest was kUled by the explosion of the steamer Penn Wright, near Winona, at the age of twenty-four. EUa is the wife of Henry Perry, of Stillwater; John C. is unmarried and lives with his mother. Sylvester Perro is a native of the North Star state, born at Baytown in 1852, and was the first white child born in that town. His childhood was passed at his native home, and when fifteen years of age, w^ent with his father, who was a pilot on river-rafts to learn what he could of river navigation. After accompanying his father four or five years, he boarded the Lady Pike to ac- quire a knowledge of steamboat piloting. Work- ing two seasons on the steamers, he then went to the Bed Elver of the N orth as a pilot and passed each season there, until 1880, and the winters at home. 440 HlSTOIiY OF WASHIJ^GTON COUNTY. Asa E. Peterson was born at Eoyalton, New Brunswick, March 6th, 1856. He remamed with his parents till the age of nineteen. His educa- tion was acquired at home and at Frederickton, completing his course at the Frederickton mili- tary academy, from which he holds a commission with the rank of lieutenant. He emigrated to Whitefield, New Hampshire, at the age of nine- teen, where he engaged as shipping clerk for the Brown Lumber Company. Returning home in 1878 he remained one year, then came to Still- water and entered the service of Hersey, Bean and Brown for a brief period, then with the St. Croix Lumber Company as assistant book-keeper where he still remains. Edward S. Pitman was born at Penobscot, Maine, in 1835. He remained with his parents until the age of twenty, receiving in the mean- tine his education at the public schools. He visited Stillwater in 1855, in company with Josiah Batohelder, but proceeded to St. Croix Falls, where he engaged in lumbering two years. In 1864 he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Minne- sota Volunteer Infantry, and served until honor- ably discharged in June, 1865. Returning, he made his home at Marine, Washington county, until 1877, then removed to South Stillwater, where he assumed the management of the St. Croix Lumber Company's hotel and has since re- mained in that capacity. Married Miss Christine Johnson in 1862, who has borne him four child- ren. The living are Lizzie and A. L. J. S. Potter was born at Shaftsbury, 'Vermont. His father conceived the idea of planting a col- ony in Texas, and accordingly gathered a com- pany about him and started on his journey, taking his family with him. At this time his son, J. S., was a lad of twelve years. At Natchi- toches, Louisiana, he prepared his outfit and started for his looked-for land. To the dismay of the colonists, Mr. Potter, their leader, died on the way. In less than two years, J. S. Pot- ter started on his return trip to his former home, at Granville, New York, with his invalid mother, arriving after a long and wearisome journey. In 1858, he came west, making his home in St. Paul for ten years, then went to Redwood Falls. He engaged in farming in that township four years, then returned to St. Paul. The year following he located at South Stillwater, where he has since been in the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany. His wife was Miss Emeline Brown, whom he married in 1848. They have four sons and one daughter. Frederick Schaser, is a native of Switzerland, born in 1825. Here he received his education and remained until the age of twenty-three. He then sailed for America, and landed at New Or- leans. Soon after he came to Stillwater, and at this place made his home the next six years, en- gaged in the pineries and in the mills. In 1855, he purchased and settled on his present farm in Baytown. In 1854, he was married at Stillwater, to Miss Barbara Marty. Their children are Fred- erick and Barbara. Ambrose Secrest was born at Salem, Indiana, 1821. He removed with his parents, near Indian- apolis at the age of ten years. He gave his at- tention to farming and coopering till 1852, when they removed to Stillwater. Immediately follow- ing his arrival, that dreaded plague, cholera, visited his household, and his wife, mother, two brothers, sister, daughter and father, were taken from him by death. Mr. Secrest, being among the early settlers, secured a home with pleasant sur- roundings at an early day. His pursuits are chiefly milling and farming. His present wife was Mrs. M. O. Griffith, of Stillwater, to whom he was married in 1867. They have reared a large family of children, only one of whom resides at the old homestead. Robert Slaughter was born at Cornwall, Can- ada, September, 1839. Here he learned the trade of miller, and in 1864 removed to Peshtigo, Wis- consin. Here he resided until after the fire of 1871, at which time he met with considei-able loss. Removing to Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, he engaged in car-building, and railroad construc- tion, until the spring of 1877, since which time he has followed millwrighting, etc. He became a resident of Stillwater the next year and assumed the management of the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany works at South Stillwater, where he still re- sides. His marriage with Miss A. A. Whitney, of Fond du Lac, took place 1873. . Mrs. Margaret Smith, widow of the late Wm. Smith, is a native of the province of New Bruns- wick, born in 1819. When a child her parents removed to Calais, Maine. Here she grew to maturity, and was married, and in 1856 came to BAYTO WN-— BIOGRAPHICAL. 441 Stillwater with her husband. Making her home in this city until 1867, she purchased and removed to her present country seat at Baytown. Her late husband, William Smith, died at Stillwater in 1857. Her children are Alfred W., Frank, James and Eva. Miss Eva Smith was born at Calais, Maine, and came to Stillwater in childhood with her parents, Margaret and William Smith. She received a common school education, and at an early age obtained a certificate to teach in the Stillwater public schools, where she has been employed as a teacher continuously since. She now has charge of the "Schulenburg school." Her life has been a busy one, and she has in the meantime ob- tained quite a fortune. Jefferson L. Smith was born at Kingsbury, Maine, 1 838. He followed lumbering a few years, and in 1861 enlisted in Company D, Tenth Maine Infantry. He received a severe wound in the hip at the battle of Antietam; was also twice wounded at the battle of Fisher's Hill. He was honorably discharged in 1865. The same year he came to Minneapolis, as assistant engineer in the improvement of the Falls of St. Anthony for three years; after which he was a lumberman until engaging with the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany at the time of their organization at Still- water. He married Miss Mary Kannar in 1868. They have three sons and three daughters. John B. Starkweather was born in Wayne county, Pennsylvania, May 3d, 1838. He was left an orphan at the age of eleven years. Hav- ing attended the public schools in his native place, he completed his educational course at the Wayne County University. After learning the trade of machinist he came to Winona, Minne- sota, in 1857. He pursued his trade there until 1878; when he came to Stillwater and engaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company two years. Since that time he has been engaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company. In 1856 he married Miss Mary E. Hedley, who has borne him three children, Fred L., Harry and Minnie. John H. Underwood was born in New Bruns- wick in 1832, of Scotch arid English ancestry. Here he grew to manhood, and in early life en- gaged in lumbering pursuits. In 1856 he came to Stillwater, and shortly afterward settled in South Stillwater where he has since resided, having been on his present home site for the past eight- een years. His wife, Grace Underwood nee Clyde, was also born in New Brunswick. She remained with her parents until her marriage with Mr. Underwood in 1854. She had in the meantime received a liberal education and the best of home training. Nine children have been born to them, Alexander, John, Henry, Albert, Allen, Frank, Maggie, Isabella and Grace. Mr. and Mrs. Underwood are among the early settlers of Baytown. George Wilcox is a native of Buffalo, New York, born February 22d, 1862. He came to St. Paul with his parents at the age of seven years, where he attended the graded schools. He com- menced his trade as engineer at Chaska, Minne- sota, with his father, and has had considerable experience in stationary and marine engineering. He is at present in the employ of the St. Croix Lumber Company. Henry W. Wissinger, son of the early pioneers, William and Margaret Wissinger, is a native of the "North Star" state, born at Stillwater, in 1858. He attended the public schools of Still- water and Baytown, and has received a good edu- cation. He chose the trade of machinist, begin- ning with the St. Croix Lumber Company in 1874, with which he has since remained, and is now well advanced in his trade. William Wissinger is a native of Baden, Ger- many, born in 1814. He came to America in 1851, and proceeded direct to Stillwater, where he remained nearly one year, then purchased and improved his present homestead at Oak Park. His occupation is that of a stone mason, having assisted in the construction of some of the prin- cipal buildings of Stillwater. His wife, Mar- garet, was also born at Baden, Germany, in 1820. At the age of twenty, she married Mr. Wissinger and came with him to America. They have three children, William, Jacob and Henry W. John Whalen was born in Queens county, Ire- land, 1817. When eight years old his parents crossed the ocean, settling in the province of New Brunswick. Here he grew to manhood and fol- lowed the calling of lumberman until 1852, when he came to Minnesota and located at his present home in Baytown. He has since been in the oc- cupations of logging and farming. His wife was Miss Mary Gowan, whom he married in 1844, and 442 HISTOMY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. who has borne him eight children: Margaret, Francis B., Annie, Katie M., William, John F., Mary J. and Libbie E. Alonzo C. Wakefield was born in Newport, New Hampshire, August 8th, 1840. At the age of seven he accompanied his parents to Illinois, where he remained for six years and attended school. Then removed to Minnesota and at- tended the Ilamline University at Red Wing. Enlisted in Company F, Sixth Infantry, and served in the Indian campaign; then through the south. Came to Stillwater in 1873 and has since worked la lumber mills. Marcied in 1876, wife died in 1878. Jeremiah Whelan is a native of Ireland, born March 31st, 1822. At the age of eighteen he crossed the Atlantic and settled in the province of New Brunswick, where he engaged in his call- ing as a lumberman. In 1849 he removed to the states and came to Stillwater, at that time only a lumbering hamlet. For the succeeding fifteen years he was a prominent lumberman on the St. Croix river and tributaries. He purchased his present valuable farm in Bay town in 1859, and located on it ten years later. Mr. Whelan was married in 1864 to Miss Annie Whalen. They are the parents of one son and six daughters. WUUs U. Wright was born at Painesville, Ohio, 1852. When a child of two years he came with his parents to Linden, Wisconsin, where he passed his childhood days and received his educa- tion. At the age of fifteen he went to Black Biver Falls and entered the service of the West Wisconsin Railroad and began the study of tele- graphy. After a few years he was placed in charge of Hersey Station, and after serving two years was assigned the important station of Still- water Junction, having served in that capacity seven years. He was married in 1874 to Miss Libbie Curtis. They are the parents of three children, Eugene, Elva and Maud. Godfrey Zacher was born in Prussia, Novem- ber 8th, 1829. When a boy of ten he crossed the sea and became a resident of Buffalo, New York, where he lived thirty years. He then came west and located on his present farm in Baytown. His trade is that of carpenter and builder. At Buf- falo, New York, in 1853 he was married to Augus- ta Hoffmeister, who has borne him six children, five of whom are living. OAKDALE. CHAPTER LX. DESCRIPTION — FIRST SETTLEMENT — TOWN OR- GANIZED- WAR RECORD— CHURCHES— SCHOOLS — POST-OFFICE— VILLAGES-ROADS— PRODUCTS — BIOGRAPHICAL. The township of Oakdale is located near the cen- ter of the western tier of towns in Washington county, and contains thirty-six sections. It is bounded on the north by the town of Grant, south by Woodbury, east by Baytown and Lake- land, and west by New Canada, Ramsey county. In its unimproved state would be called a tim- bered town with a fair growth of white, black, burr oak, or what might be called oak openings, among which may be found some elm and bass- wood; practically it is well stocked with wood. The soil varies somewhat from a Ught sandy to a heavy ■ clay. Some portions of the town are quite level, but a larger part is broken and hilly. About two-thirds of the township is under cul- tivation; there are many excellent farms with fine improvements. Showing what the industry and enterprise of man can do, when properly directed towards reducing the wilderness to a state of cultivation. The drainage of the town is excel- lent; within its boundaries are some fine lakes in such close proximity, that they might be called a chain of lakes, extending from the north-west to the south-east corners of the town. On the north is Long Lake, located in section 5, and extending into Grant town; it is about a mile in length, with high banks and deep beds of lime rock, is fed from a beautiful spring of clear water that issues from its rocky banks. A short distance to the south-oast appears Lake De Monteville, occupy- ing about two-thirds of a section. It is irregular in shape, with fine banks covered with a light growth of timber. This lake is well stocked with fish, and received its name from the first settler in that locality. Dr. C. De Monteville, who opened a farm on its eastern shore in 1863. Still further on in a south-easterly OAKDALE— ORGANIZATION. 443 direction we find Lake Jane, a beautiful and almost round sheet of water, with rather low beaches, except on the south, which has a fine shaded shore and a beautiful grove used as picnic grounds. It also has a good supply of fish, and is mucli resorted to. A little distance further on to the south-east comes Sun-fish lake, which occupies about one-quarter of a section, and a few rods to the south lays Lake Elmo —a beauti- ful lake, one and a half miles in length, with high shores. Its former name was Bass lake, but after the completion of the railroad, the company through their agent, A. B. Stickney, began to make improvements on the north shore, fitting it up for a summer resort and changing the name to Lake Elmo, in honor of Mr. Stickney's wife. Now with its large and roomy hotel, its beautiful surroundings, its fine bath-houses, and its sail- boats, it makes a splendid resort for the excur- sionist. A mile west of Elmo is located Eagle Point lake, in sections twenty-two and twenty- seven, taking its name from its peculiar shape. Other lakes of smaller size are located in differ, ent parts of the town; all combine to furnish a supply of water and drainage not equalled by any other town in the county. FIRST SETTLEMENT. _ The first settlement made in the town was by John Morgan in December 1849. He made a claim of one hundred and sixty acres on section 20, and built his house on the St. Paul and Still- water road. The house has since been known as the half-way house, which was opened to ac- commodate the travel by stages between St. Paul and Stillwater. Mr. Morgan was one of those active and energetic men who stamp with their intelligence, everything around them. Com- ing into the wilderness as the first sheriff of Washington county, under the then territorial law, his professional duties called hiin from the home of his adoption, often keeping him away for days at a time. Still he found time to make improvements in his new home, which were the •first made in the town. But such men have a magnetism about them which attracts others. And in 18o0 came Maurice Malone, and located a land warrant on sections 13 and 24. The same fall his brother, Cornelius Malone, purchased fifty acres of him, and they together began to make improvements. In 1851, came Gr. H. Loh- mann and his brother John, and settled on section 12. They opened the way for a large settle- ment of Lohmanns who settled in the north-east- ern part of the town. In the same year came Patrick Day and settled on section 12. In 1854 came Arthur Stephen, and the following year, W. P. Gray. Prom that time on the settlements were rapid, and new farms were opened up very fast. The echo of the pioneers axe was heard throughout the town, and the march of civiliza- tion began to leave its foot-prints in every quar- ter of the township. TOWN OEQANIZATION. The town organization was effected Novem- ber 1st, 1858, at an adjourned meeting of the voters held at the house of B. B. Cyphers, known as the Lake house. The meeting was called to order and E. G. Gray chosen chairman, and Wil- liam Armstrong, clerk. The following officers were elected: E. G. Gray, John Bershen, E. L. Morse, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; Bobert Aldrich, assessor and coUecter; Arthur Stephen and C. Manny, justices; Robert Gray and Robert Stephens, constables. On motion the next an- nual meeting was to be held at the house of E. G. Gray. The second annual meeting was caUed to order at the house of E. G. Gray, April 6th, 1859, Robert Aldrich in the chair. On motion, A. Stephen was appointed clerk pro tern. On counting the votes it was found that the follow- ing officers were elected: Arthur Stephen, John Bershen and Maurice Malone, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; E. G. Gray, assessor; Robert Aldrich, treasurer; P. Day and C. Manny, jus- tices. On motion it was voted to hold the annual meeting at the Lake house. Eirst meeting of town supervisors was held at the clerk's office, A. Stephen, in the chair. On motion it was voted to divide the town into two road districts, dis- trict number one to comprise the two south tiers of sections, number two, the balance of the town. The adjourned meeting was called to order at the clerk's ofiice April 21st, 1859. On motion a two days' poll tax was assessed, to be performed in said town during the ensuing year, also a land road tax of one-quarter of one per cent, on the real estate of the town. Special meeting, July 5th, 1859. On motion 444 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. it was voted to call a special meeting of the voters of the town to be held at the office of B. B. Cyphers, to vote a tax for the purpose of de- fraying the expenses of the current year. The first tax raised was $150. Annual town meeting for the election of officers was held at the Lake house, April 3d, 1860. The following officers were elected: Isaac L. Carpenter, Peter Heniker and Michael Classon, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; E. G. Gray, assessor and treasurer; Louis Fisher, justice; H. Frank, road overseer of district number one; Louis Fisher, road over- seer of district number two. June 26th, 1860. The board met and appointed E. G. Gray first superintendent of schools for Oakdale. July 10th, 1860. A special town meeting to vote a tax of $175 for the current ex- penses of the year. March 26th, 1861. At a special meeting of the board it was voted to divide the town into four school districts with nine sec- tions in each district. The annual meeting was called to order at the Lake house, April 2d, 1861. Arthur Stephen in the chair. E. G. Gray, clerk pro (em. A resolu- tion was passed in favor of voting a tax of |180 for the support of public schools; at the same meeting a tax of $150 was voted for current ex- penses. Elected E. G. Gray, Michael Classon and Maurice Malone, supervisors; I. L. Car- penter, assessor and treasurer; W. Armstrong, clerk; C. Manny, justice. Annual town meeting was called to order at the Lake house, April 1st, 1862. I. L. Carpen- ter in the chair. After the annual report the fol- lowing officers were elected: E. G. Gray, W. C. Hempstead and A. Stephen, supervisors; W. Arm- strong, clerk; I. L. Carpenter, assessor and treasurer. The annual town meeting was called at the Lake house, April 7th, 1863, J. P. Boyd in the chair. Elected, E. G. Gray, John Glady, James P. Boyd, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; Pat- rick Day, assessor; W. C. Hempstead, treasurer. The annual town meeting was called at the Lake house, April 5th, 1864, and elected J. P. Boyd, Maurice Malone, J. C. Smith, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk. The annual town meeting was caUed to order at the Lake house, April 4th, 1865, A. Stephen in the chair. Elected, E. G. Gray, Maurice Malone, J. C. Smith, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk. A tax of $150 was voted for current expenses. The annual was called to order at the Lake house, A. Stephens in the chair. Elected, E. G. Gray, Maurice Malone, John Bershen, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk. A tax of $200 was voted for current expenses. The annual meeting met at the Lake house, April 2d, 1867, and elected E. G. Gray, Maurice Malone, John Bershen, supervisors; W. Arm- strong, clerk. A tax of one-half of one per cent, was voted for roads. Annual meeting was called at the Lake house, April 11th, 1868, and elected E. G. Gray, M. Ma- lone, John D. Glady, supervisors. A tax of $200 was voted for current expenses. The annual meeting was called at the Lake house April 6th, 1869, C. H. Mix in the chair. Elected M. Malone, P. Day, Jacob Marty, super- visors; W. Armstrong, clerk. Voted a tax of 1200 for current expenses. At a meeting of the board of supervisors held at the clerk's office April 7th, 1869, to consider a bill presented by J. N. Castle, lawyer, for $130, for services rendered the town as defendant in case of Henry Besti, plaintiff, to recover damages by reason of opening a road through his land, said Besti enters action on ground that there was no road laid out there. The town defended the case before the district court at StiUwater, June 1869. A verdict rendered in favor of defendant. The board allowed a biU of $100, and voted an additional tax of $100 on expenses. The annual meeting was called at the Lake House, April 4th, 1870, and elected Maurice Ma- lone, Patrick Day and Henry Frank, supervisors; W. Armstrong, clerk; a road tax of one-half per cent, was voted. The meeting adjourned to meet March 14th, 1871, in accordance with an act of the legislature requiring the towns of the county to hold their annual elections on the sec- ond Tuesday in March. The annual election was held at the Lake House, March 14th, 1871, and elected Adolph Wier, John Dersh and C. Malone, supervisors; Isaac L. Carpenter, clerk. The annual meeting was called at the Lake House, March 12th, 1872, and elected Adolph Wier, C. Malone and W. Bershen, supervisors; Patrick Day, clerk; a tax of $200 was voted for current expenses. OAKDALE—WAB BECORD. 44-5 The annual meeting held at the Lake House, March nth, 1873, elected John Bershen, C. Ma- lone and Prank H. Folsom, supervisors; P. Day, clerk; voted a tax of five mills for current ex- penses. The annual meeting was held at the Lake House, March 16th, 1874, officers elected; W. Jennings, A. Wier and Andrew Holtzheimer, su- pervisors; voted a tax of five mills for cun-ent ex- penses. Annual meeting held at the Lake house, March 9th, 1875, ofiBcers elected; John Bershen, Maxwell P. Day and G. H. Lohmann, supervisors; Thomas Eamsden, clerk; a tax of two mills voted for expenses. At the annual meeting March 14th, 1876, the officers elected were John Bershen, M. P. Gray and G. H. Lohmann, supervisors; voted a tax of one-quarter of one per cent, for roads. 1877. Annual meeting held at the Lake House, the ofiBcers elected were, John Bershen, G. H. Lohmann and M. P^ Gray, supervisors; voted $500 •for the road districts. The annual meeting held at the Lake House, March 12th, 1878; elected, M. P. Gray, Peter Perrie and George Kern, supervisors; voted a tax of two mills for expenses. • Annual meeting at Lake house, March 11th, 1879, elected, M. P. Gray, George Kern and Peter Perrie; supervisors; P. Day, clerk; W.Armstrong, treasurer. Annual meeting held at Lake house, March 9th, 1880; officers elected, M. P. Gray, H. B. Volmer and George Kern, supervisors; P. Day, clerk; voted a tax of two mills for expenses. WAE EECOED. During the great war of the rebellion, the citi- zens of Oakdale township were not behind in their patriotism, but came forward with men and money, as the action of the town board in their subsequent meetings will show. -A special meet- ing of the board was called at the house of E. G. Gray, February 22d, 1864, to consider the means necessary to fill their quota. On motion it was voted to issue bonds of suflflcient amount, pay- able in one year, at eight per cent, interest, to be negotiated to the best advantage. At the same meeting the following order was made: "We do hereby order and levy a tax of $2,500, to be levied and collected on the taxable property of the town of Oakdale, for the purpose of paying bounties of volunteers and expenses of enlistment of same. The said tax so levied to be collected the current year, and the clerk is hereby ordered to notify the county auditor of the levying of the tax so that it may be extended on the tax roll of 1864. August 6th, 1864, a special meeting was called at the Lake house, to consider the propriety of bor- rowing money on the town bonds to fill the quota due from Oakdale under the call of the presi- dent for 500,000 men. Again, January 5th, 1865, another meeting was called at the Lake house to again fill their quota. A. Stephen in the chair, W. Armstrong, clerk. The following resolution was offered: "Whereas, A call having been made by the president for 300,000 more' men, and, "Whereas, Our quota under said call is pre- sumed to be five men. Resolved, That we are in favor of procuring said men by paying bounties to volunteers, and do hereby authorize the board of supervisors to carry the same into effect by appointing such per- son or persons as they may deem fit to do so, and we further place at their disposal the sums sub- scribed for that purpose." Whereupon the citizens present, stepped for- ward and subscribed sums in cash to the amount of $1 ,500, on the bonds. Meeting adjourned t« n;ieet Monday, January 9th, 1865. The adjourned meet- ing was called to order at the Lake house, J. P. Boyd in the chair. The various sums subscribed at the former meeting were paid in and bonds is- sued for the money, due in fifteen months from date. Other bonds were issued at the same meet- ing due in fifteen months, to take the place of bonds issued at the previous meetings, soon due. The board also authorized the county treasurer to receive the "One year Oakdale war bounty bonds," in payment of town taxes to the amount of fifty per cent, on principal of said bonds. The last chapter of the war record of Oakdale. At a meeting held at the clerk's oflBce, March 28th , 1865, the following order was issued: "The un- dersigned board of supervisors of Oakdale, in ac- cordance with a vote of the citizens of the town, taken on the 6th day of August, 1864, and on the 5th day of January, 1865, do hereby levy a tax of 14,000, the same to be charged to the taxable prop- '14fi HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. erty of the town of Oakdale, for the year 1865, for the purpose of paying the bonds issued by the town to pay bounties to volunteers. Signed, J. B. Boyd, chairman of board of supervisors; Maurice Malone, and Joseph C. Smith." CHURCHES. The St. John's German Lutheran Church was organized August, 1855, with a membership of nineteen, under the ministry of the Kev. P. W. Wier. They held their first meetings in the house of A. Boese, on section twelve, until 1856, when they built a new house of worship on the St. Paul and Stillwater road in the edge of Bay- town. In 1862, on account of a clause in the creed of the old established church requiring pri- vate confessions, to which the pastor and a por- tion of the church strongly adhered, while another portion dissented, caused a division of the church. The pastor and a small portion of his congrega- tion came into Oakdale and erected a small church in which they worshipped until 1874, when they built their present beautiful edifice, with a tower eighty-five feet high, containing a fine toned bell, whose Sabbath morning tones call into this sacred temple one hundred and thirty-nine communicants. It is a large and prosperous society. They also have in connec- tion a parochial school, which had been ui charge of the pastor, Eev. Mr. "Wier, until 1868, when they employed a German and English teacher; the school now has an attendance of seventy pupils. A fine cemetery lies adjacent to the church, in which rest the loved ones of the society gone before. Church of the Holy Angels. Under the minis- trations of Kev. Pather Piatt, of Stillwater, the society of the Holy Angels was organized in the winter of 1869, at the house of John Bershen, on section thirty-three, where the meetings were held until 1871, when a church was built. W. Armstrong, one of the active members of the so- ciety, did much to make it a success. In 1872, an excellent bell was added to the church, wliicli was dedicated by the Kev. Pather Sherrer. Tliey have a beautiful cemetery connected with the church. The many marble slabs erected here and there in its sacred inclosure indicate that many loved ones connected with the society, have found a resting place. The first person buried here was Adam Egan. The first person married in the church was Jacob Engelsburg. SCHOOLS. At a special meeting of the board of supervis- ors, held at the clerk's oflBce, June 26th, 1860, the subject of making provision for the education of the children of the town, was discussed, and on motion, E. G. Gray was appointed superintend- ent of schools. At a subsequent meeting held at the clerk's oflBce, March 26th, 1861, it was voted to sub-divide the town into four school districts of nine sections each. At the annual meeting held at the house of B. B. Cyphers, April 2d, 1861, a tax of 1180, was voted for schools. At a meet- ing of the legal voters of sub-district number three, held July 29th, 1861, with E. G. Gray in the chair, and Thomas Armstrong, clerk; elected John Bershen, William Evans and Henry Prank, trustees; W. Armstrong, clerk. At the same meeting a tax of three pei: cent, was voted, to build and locate a house on the north-west comer of section 29. Many alterations were made in_ the boundaries of the district. By an act of the legislature of 1862, the number was changed to thirteen. In 1872, the district lost their house by fire, and rebuilt it in the fall of the same year. Among the first school districts established in the town was number thirty-seven, located on section 35, and organized with a division of terri- tory made by the county commissioner under the territorial law of 1851. The minutes of the meet- ings during the first years of its organization were mislaid and cannot be referred to. The first clerk was Arthur Stephen. It is one of the oldest districts in the county, and includes a por- tion of Woodbury. District number sixty-two is located in the south-east corner of section 6, and was organized Pebruary 5tli, 1878, at the house of Frank T. Combs. First officers, M. Welter, di- rector; P. T. Combs, treasurer; E.F. Blase, clerk; A lax of nineteen mills was voted to build a house, which was completed December, 1879, at a cost of $236.78. The first school of three months was taught by Miss M. E. Condlin. School district number twelve was organized July 29th, 1861, at the house of John Morgan. The legal voters of sub- district number one, met to organize and elect officers for the new district, and elected C. Malone, J. H. Lohmann and Lewis 0AKDALE—P08T OFFICES— BOADS. 447 Fisher, directors. It was voted to hold a school for three months at the Lake house, and that Mr. Morgan give the use of the room free, and that he should have two dollars per week for board- ing the teacher. At a subsequent meeting it was voted to pay Mr. Morgan one dollar and fifty cents for boarding the teacher and fifty cents per week for use of room. The number- of this district was changed to number twelve by act of legislature in 1862. At a meeting of the board it was voted to change the place of holding the school to the house of H. D. Appmans, on sec- tion ten. The next change was made to the house of Jacob Sullwald. Steps were now taken to raise funds to build a school-house, and at a meeting it was voted to raise the funds by tax. The house was completed and ready January 1st, 1868. Patrick Day was hired at thirty dollars per month to teach a three months' school. The entire expense of building the house was 1349.90. It is located on the north-east corner of P. Hough's farm, on section eleven. School district number sixty-four was organ- ized in April, 1879, by a meeting of the voters in sections 22, 28, 26 and 27, which by a petition granted were set off from district number thirty- seven. The following officers were elected: John Rawleigh, director; M. Kennedy, treasurer; Corn- elius Malone, clerk. At the same meeting a tax of $275 was voted to build a school-house, which is located on Mr. Kennedy's farm. The first teacher was Mary Horriga. The present board is John Bawleigh, director; Leo. Leibish, treasurer; C. Malone, clerk. POST OFFICES. The first postofflce in the town of Oakdale was established at the house of Arthur Stephen, on section 35, in 1857. He was appointed post- master the same year, and held the position for ten years. The office was called Oakdale. It was subsequently moved to Woodbury, just across the Une, a short distance to the east. May 15th, 1867, an office was established at the Half- way house, and E. II. Gray appointed post-master. It was called Lohmanville post-office. In 1873, it was transferred to the house of Andrew Smith at the Oakdale station, on the railroad, and Mr. Smith appointed post-master, who held the office until 1876, when it was discontinued until May 18th, 1877. It was then re-established at Bass Lake Station, still retaining its former name, until June, 1879, when A. B. Stiekney, employed by the St. Paul and Taylor's Falls railroad, circu- lated a petition and had the name changed to Lake Elmo post office, christening the lake and station at the same time. John W. Lohmann was appointed post-master. May 18th, 1877. VILLAGE. The only village in the town is Lake Elmo. In 1874, a tract of one hundred acres was platted by the railroad company at the head of the lake, where the station and warehouse stands, and called Bass Lake, since changed to Lake Elmo. In 1877, the railroad company erected a large hotel on the shore of the lake, within a conven- ient distance of the passenger depot. The busi- ness portion of the village comprises one store of general merchandise, J. W. Lohmann proprietor. A depot for the sale of all kinds of farm ma- chinery, by J. W. Lohmann and Brothers, black- smith and general repair shop by John Bauer, restaurant and sample room by John McDermott. BOADS. The first roads built in the town of Oakdale were the old territorial roads, the St. Paul and Stillwater and the St. Paul and Hudson roads. The St. Paul and Stillwater enters the town from the east on section 12, and bearing south-west, leaves the town from section 30. Many changes have been made since it was first opened. The St. Paul and Hudson road now runs between the towns of Oakdale and Woodbury, formerly ran in a diagonal direction from the south-east to inter- sect the St. Paul and Stillwater road neai the Half-way House, then known as the Willow River road^ since changed to its present route. The first road laid out by the town board was the road known as the Lake house and blacksmith road. Many changes have siace been made in the route. The St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls railroad was built in 1870-1. It has three stations in the town; Lake Elmo, Oakdale and Midvale. In 1880, it was changed to the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railway. A line of stages was established shortly after the land of- fice was opened at Stillwater by Willoughby and Powers of St. Paul, running from St. Paul to 448 RISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Hudson. When first started the road from Hud- son, took a diagonal course across the country over the road called the Willow River road, mak- ing connections with the through stages at the Half-way house. The travel over these roads was immense; several stages daily each way were required to transport the passengers and luggage. THE HALF- AV AY HOUSE. During those early days was a busy place. It was built and operated by John Morgan until the fall of 1853, when he rented to Mr. Branch from St. Paul for one year, then to B. B. Cypher's for eighteen months. In May, 1B55, E. G. Gray from Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, purchased the property of Churchill and Nelson, who took pos- sesion in the fall of the same year, making many valuable improvements. He died in 1874. His sons now own the property. The products of this town in 1880, amounted to, wheat, 72,137 bushels; oats, 36,237 bushels; com, 26,240 bushels; barley, 13,281 bushels; pota- toes, 9,545 bushels; hay, 569 tons; butter, 17,310 pounds; number of acres under cultivation, 8,- 043. The population of Oakdale was in 1875, 679; in 1880, 845. The total assessed valuation of real estate m 1880, was $269,187; of personal property, 160,193. BIOGRAPHICAL. WUliam Boelter, a native of Prussia, was born 1858. He, with his parents, immigrated to this country in 1870, and located on a farm in Oak- dale township. Eemaining with his parents on the farm until 1878, he went to make a home for himself, and after working for different farmers, he purchased his present farm and settled on it the same year. July 18th, 1880, he married Miss Emma Taungploat, a native of Germany. Patrick Conlin, a native of Ireland, was born 1830. Immigrating to this country in 1864, he settled at Chicago, remaining three years, thence to Minnesota, locating at St. Paul. In 1860 he removed to the North Star seed farms, in llamsey county; was employed there until 1876, then set- tled on his present farm in Oakdale townsliip. Married, in 1854, to Miss Julia Galagher, of Ii-e- land. Mary, Kate, Thomas, Martin, Patricik, William and Charles are their children. Patrick Day was born in Limerick county, I re- land, 1822; came to America in 1847, and entered the Mexican service, but was retained at West Troy, New York, in the ordnance department, five years. In 1852 he located a claim in Oakdale township, then returned to New York, engaging in the mercantile trade until 1855, when he again came to Minnesota, and settled on his farm, since following the quiet occupation of farming. Mr. Day has held the office of town supervisor two years, town clerk ten years, assessor one year and county commissioner one year. His marriage with Miss Ellen Carroll took place 1866. James, John E. and Daniel are their children. Julius C. Gohlike, a native of Germany, was born December 8th, 1852. He came to America, with his parents, in 1870, and worked at his trade, that of carpentering, at St. Paul, four years, locating the following year on his farm in Oakdale township, there being one hundred and sixty acres, ninety-five of which are improved. His wife was Miss Minnie Boelter, who was born in Germany, and whom he married in 1876. Their children are Annie H. and Frederick A. M. P. Gray was born at Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania, 1843, and with his parents removed to Harrisburgh the same year. They engaged in dairying and farming until 1855, then came to Minnesota and for many years kept what was known as the "Half- Way" house between St. Paul and Stillwater. Mr. Gray was one of eight children, and after the death of his parents, which occurred in 1872-4. he was chosen admin- istrator, and settled the estate, he and his brother David carrying on the farm in company. He has held the office of township supervisor for five years, and has been chairman of the board two years. W. H. Gray was born at Pittsbm-gh, Pennsyl- vania, 1837, and a is brother of M. P. Gray. He settled in Oakdale township in 1855, and re- mained with his parents until 1867; then returned to Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania, and entered the em- ploy of tlie Pennsylvania Central railroad. In 186 1, he enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Regi- ment, and at expiration of term, re-enlisted in the Fifty-flfth Pennsylvania, but was soon taken sick, and in consequence was discharged. Re- turning to the healthful climate of Minnesota, he recovered and again re-enlisted, serving until the close of war. The farm on which he now lives, was presented to him by his father, on his return, OAKDALE—BIOGBAPHICAL. 449 as his portion of the estate. His marriage with Mrs. Annie Flood, of St. Paul took place in 1876. They have two children, David M. and Clifton G. Mrs. Gray's son Mathew, by her first hus- band, lives with them. William Jennings, a native of Yorkshire, Eng- land, was bom 1846. At the early age of nine years he went from hts boyhood home to earn his livelihood. Working on a farm four years, he entered as an apprentice to learn the training of horses for the chase in fox hunting. In 1868, he crossed to Canada, and there had charge of fine trotting and draught horses for different par- ties, also at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Illinois, and with Col. W. S. King, in the same business. He began tilling the soil in 1877, and finally located on a farm in Oakdale township. His family con- sists of his wife, who was Miss Elizabeth Spence, married in 1873, and three children, Florence A., Sarah A. and Edward S. J. W. Lohmann was bom in Germany, 1852. When five years old, he immigrated with his par- ents to America, and settled on a farm in Oak- dale township. Kemaining till 1869, then went to Buffalo, New York, to'study for the ministry; being unable to master the rudiments of music, which was required of him. he abandoned his studies after two and one-half years, and engaged in a wholesale trade at that city. He experienced an illness and returned to his home; on recover- ing, he removed to St. Paul and for a short time was dealing in dry-goods, then went to Milwaukee and learned cigar-making. From this time until 1877, he traveled about, engaging in different pur- suits, then returned to Oakdale and opened a general merchandise store. The next spring he was appointed post-master and express agent, at what is now Lake Elmo. In 1880, he formed a a partnership with his brother, J. H. Lohmann, in the sale of machinery and lumber and wheat speculation, the same year receiving the appoint- ment of agent of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneap- olis & Omaha railway. His wife was Miss Mary Schroeer, married in 1876. Two children were bom to them, Gregory C. J. and Alphonso P. II. C. D. Lucken was born 1843, in Germany. At fourteen years of age he began learning carpen- tering with his father, and five years later left the home of his childhood to perfect his trade. The death of his father occurred in 1866, and for two 29 years after he remained at home; married in 1868 to Miss Anna Sullwold and the next year they came to America. Locating at Stillwater, Min- nesota, he worked as a journeyman seven years, and in 1876 purchased his present farm, which is located on the shore of thfe beautiful "Jane lake." He possesses very fine picnic grounds, also, keeps a large supply of boats, fishing tackle, etc., for the use of pleasure seekers. Gesine M., Henry T., Charles J., John D., Frederick C. and Anna, are their children. Cornelius Malone, a native of Ireland, was bom 1828, and when reaching majority crossed the At- lantic, landing in America, May 24th, 1850. Dur- ing the fall of that year he came to the "North Star" state, settling on a farm in Oakdale town- ship, which he purchased from his brother Mor- ris. Purchasing his presentfarm in 1868, situated on the south shore of Lake Elmo, he tilled it in connection with the one previously purchased, until 1879, then sold and removed to his present fine location. In 1861 he was married to Miss Bridget Brody. Mary, Catherine, Cornelius, Bridget, Josephine and Margaret, are their living children. W. J. Masterman is a native of Minnesota, born in Grant township, 1861. Remaining with his parents until twenty one, he then engaged at the carpenter's trade, working in Stillwater and other towns. In the fall of 1874 he made a trip to Cali- fornia; not being favorably impressed, returned during the spring of 1875, and purchased a farm of one hundred and ten acres in Oakdale town- ship, where he now lives. Mr. Masterman mar- ried Miss Fidelia Masterman of Stillwater, who has borne him three children: Lillie, Edna and Clara. John It^cDermott, a native of Ireland, was born 1842. In company with his parents he came to America and settled in Illinois, in 1847, remain- ing until 1853. The next year they came to St. Paul, and the year following he started to earn his own livelihood, which was in the employ of others in different capacities until 1867. Open- ing sample rooms in that year, he continued on his own account, until his location on his farm at Lake Elmo in 1876, except two years in the hotel business. He married Miss M. Dewey in 1871, Mary, John, Catherine and Charles are their child- ren. 450 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. August Munkelwitz was born in Prussia, No- vember 19th, 1852, and with his parents immi- grated to this country in 1866, locating on a farm in Oakdale township. He engaged as lumberman for some time and in 1876 purchased his farm of one hundred and sixty acres, one hundred and twenty acres being at present under cultivation. The following year he married Miss Sopia Koepke, who has borne him two children, John T. C. and Matilda M. E. William Munltelwitz, a native of Germany, born 1851, and when a lad of fifteen years came to America with his parents, settling in Oakdale township. Remaining with his parents until 1874, he then purchased his present farm of one hundred and sixty acres; the same year being united in marriage with Miss Catherine Wink. They have three children, Lizzie, Winnie and Lydia. Mr. Munkelwitz is an honest, industrious farmer, having one hundred and twenty acres under improvement; has hield the oflBce of school clerk the past four years. Arthur Stephen was born in Scotland, in 1830, and came to America at the age of nine years, locating in Knox county, Illinois. In 1844 he began learning the trade of brick-layer and plasterer, and five years later settled at St. Paul, Minnesota; while there took the contract for plastering the Market Street M. E. church, which was the first brick structure in the state. In 1854 he moved with his family to his farm in Oakdale; his house being consumed by fire in 1868, they removed to Stillwater, returning in 1876, his son having carried on the farm since. Mr. Stephen has been county commissioner three years, chairman of town board one year, and post-master at Oakdale ten years. His mar- riage with Miss Maria Payden took place in 1852. Harriet S., Arthur Jr., Elizabeth, and Emma, are their children. Jacob SuUwold was born in 1833, and is a Ger- man by birth. He followed farming until 1859, then came to America, making Duluth, Minne- sota, his home for two years. In 1861 he went to Ohio, and enlisted in the Thirty-seventh Ohio Regiment, Company B. On account of sickness he was discharged in 1862, and during the spring of 1864 returned to Minnesota, purchased the farm on which he now lives, and has since made agriculture his chief pursuit. In 1866 he married Miss Amelia Silaf, a native of Prussia. Five children have been born to them: Henry and Hulda, twins, Emma, Mary and Anna. H. B. Volmer, a native of Switzerland, was born 1846. When a child of two years, his father, J. Bingeli, died at Paris. During early life he attended the public schools of his native country, and in 1853 was placed in a German school, remaining two years, then attended a French school two years. His mother, leaving him at school, immigrated to America in 1856, and lived for a short time in Lakeland, Minne- sota, where she met and married Daniel Volmer. Mr. Volmer immigrated to America in 1858, and settled on the farm with his parents, assuming his step-father's name. He married Miss Mary Friedrick, in 1871, and moved to his present farm four years later. Their children are, C. A., Julia, Susan A. T., E. E. Clara and Henry P. I. He was enumerator of census of 1880. Louis Volmer was born in Lakeland township, Washington county, Minnesota, April 10th, 1855. His early life was passed under the parental guidance. His marriage with Miss Augusta Friedrick took place in 1877. They purchased and moved to their present farm the same year. Louis W. D., and Henry C. J., are their child- ren. GBANT. CHAPTER LXI. ORGANIZED AS GREENFIELD — DESCRIPTIVE — FIRST SETTLERS— ORGANIZATION — SCHOOLS — SPIRITUALISTIC ASSOCIATION INCIDENTS • BIOGRAPHICAL. The town of Grant, prior to 1864, was known by the name of Greenfield, which name it re- ceived at the date of its organization in 1858, by Socrates Nelson, then one of the commissioners appointed by the state for the organization and GRANT—ORGANIZATION. 451 naming of the several towns of which the county was composed. The name of Greenfield was given in honor of the town which was his former home in Massachusetts. It was found at a sub- sequent date that another town in the state had received the same name, which was contrary to an act passed by the legislature. The other town having the precedence, this one was changed to Grant, in honor of General U. S. Grant. Mr. Jesse H. Soule has the honor of proposing the name. The town is a full congressional town- ship of thirty-six full sections, the surface of which is quite rolling, and a large portion is cov- ered with timber composed of burr and white oak, with here and there small growth of tama- rack. There are, however, many beautiful farms in all parts of the town which have been reclaimed f I'om the forests, and are now in a fine state of cultivation, with the best of improvements, which is especially the case with the eastern and southern portions of the town. The drainage of the town is good. On the east White Bear lake occupies portions of six sections, or about twelve hundred acres of surface, and is noted as a sum- mer resort. It is a large, beautiful sheet of water, shared about equally between Grant, and White Bear of Ramsey county. This beautiful lake is sought after by tourists and excursionists from all parts of the country. Many people from the sultry south make their homes during the summer months on the shores of this lake. Pine lake, to the north-east, is a small lake about a mile in length. Other lakes, such as Deep, Long, Ben's and Stone Quarry, together with Brown's creek in the north-east, furnish splendid drainage to the town. The water from the creek is utilized by having the course of the stream turned into McKusick's lake, from which the city of StUl water receives its supply of water. The soil of a large portion of the town is of a loamy nature with a clayey subsoil, while some portions are sandy. The first settlement in the town was made in 1849, by Albion Master- man and William Rutherford, who made their claims and settled on them about the same time. Next came James Rutherford the following year. Following these in 1852, came Thomas P. Ramsden, who erected a house and rented it to Mr. George Bennett, who is now living in the town of Marine. We have no record of other accessions until the fall of 1864, when Joseph Taylor and family settled in section 6. The fol- lowing spring Jesse H. Soule located on section 2. In 1855, their number was increased by Mr. John Shaughnessy and family, and R. Minouge in 1856. The first white child bom in the town was Castinia O. Rutherford, June 26th, 1860; the second was W. J. Masterman, February 28th, 1851; the first marriage was at the house of Al- bion Masterman, the happy couple was W. Mid- dleton and lady from Woodbury town; were mar- ried by Rev. W. T. Boutwell, September, 1850. The next was W. Price to F. Wamsley July, 1855. The first death was James M. Rutherford, son of James and Elizabeth, July 24th, 1861. The first public religious services held in the town was in the school-house in district number 10, (the date does not appear) by Rev. Mr. Hamlin, of the Free Will Baptist, persuasion. His labors met with some returns to the Master; he performed the first rite of baptism at Ben's Lake to Mrs. Mor- ris Masterman. The first house erected in the town was by Albion Masterman; the first white woman that came to reside in the town was Mrs. Albion Masterman. ORGANIZATION. The meeting for the organization of the town of Greenfield was called at the house of Thomas Ramsden, October 20th, 1858. Joseph Cram was chosen moderatar, and Jesse H. Soule, clerk pro tem. An organization of the new town was ef- fected by the election of the following officers, thirteen votes being cast, viz: Albion Masterman, chairman, James Rutherford and Joseph Cram, supervisors; Jesse H. Soule, clerk; R. S. Thornton, assessor; Daniel Getty, collector; O. L. Kingman , overseer of poor; Jacob H. Cram and S. R. Web- ster, constables; Albion Masterman and Jesse H. Soule, justices of the peace; overseer of roads, Thomas Ramsden, of number one; J. B. Taft, of number two, and S. R. Webster, of number three. The next annual election was held at the house of Reuben 8. Thornton, April 5th, 1859. on mo- tion, the town was reorganized into four road districts, with divisions of the town into four equal parts. Number one comprised the south- east, number two the south-west portion, num- ber three the north-eastern and number four the north-western portion. The following was the 452 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. result of the election: Albion Masterman, Chair- man of the board; W. Kutherford and W. W. Bradley, supervisors, The third annual town meeting was held at the house of Jesse H. Soule, April 13th, 1860. It was voted to raise one hundred dollars for town expenses. W. Rutherford was elected pound master, he giving his yard for pound that year. The following was the result of the election: Al- bion Masterman, chairman of the board; "W. Butherford and John B. Taft, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was called at the house of R. S. Thornton, April 2d, 1861. It was voted to raise one hundred'doUars for school purposes and fifty dollars for town purposes. The following was the result of the election: Albion Masterman, chairman of the board; Jacob H. Cram and W. Rutherford, supervisors. The next annual meeting was called at the school-house, in sub-district number one, April 1st, 1862. The followmg was the result of the election: George Walker, chairman of board; Al- bion Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was called at the house of James Rutherford, April 7th, 1863. A tax of $100 was voted for current expenses. The following was the result of the election: A. Masterman, chairman of board; W. Rutherford and Daniel Getty, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was called April 5th, 1864, at school-house number 10. The following resolu- tion was read and adopted. "Resolved that we assess a tax of $1,200 to pay bounties to volunteers or drafted men for this town, and that the supervisors be instructed to procure men enough to fill our quota, by pur- chase or otherwise, and return to the county the amount of tax necessary for such purpose. Not to exceed the above named sum." The following was the result of the election: Albion Masterman, chairman of board; B. J. Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at_ the house of William Rutherford, April 4th, 1865. On mo- tion it was voted tliat those in favor of issuing the bonds of the town, to those persons who ad- vanced money to clear the town of the draft un- der call of December 19th, 1864, be requested to deposit a ballot with the words "for bonds" writ- ten thereon; and those opposed to the issuing such bonds to deposit a ballot with the words "against bonds" written thereon." The results were eight for and five against. The amount of f 1,200 was voted for town expenses and bonds. Tlie following was the result of the election: Jacob H. Cram, chairman of board; John B. Taft and John Shaughnessy, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the school- house of district number eleven, April 3d, 1866. It was voted to raise $1,200 for current expenses and bonds. The following oflflcers were elected: James Rutherford, chairman of board; B. J. Masterman and Alexander Rutherford, super- visors. A special town meeting was called at school-house, number eleven, to consider the mat- ter of voting funds to pay soldier bounty bonds. After due consideration it was voted to raise $1,200 for said purpose. The annual town meet- ing was called at the house of James Rutherford, April 2d, 1867. It was voted to raise $1,000, or so much of it as shall be ordered by the super- visors to pay soldiers bounty bonds; officers elected were James Rutherford, chairman of boa?d; Alex. Rutherford and B. J. Masterman, supervisors. The annual town meeting of April 7th, 1868, was held in school-house district number ten, resulted in the election of James Rutherford, chairman; B. J. Masterman and W. Rutherford, supervise ors. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house district number ten, April 6th, 1S69. The results were as follows, viz: James Ruther- ford, chairman; Albion Masterman and W. Ruth- erford, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was called at the house of James Rutherford, April 5th, 1870, with the following results, viz: B. J. Masterman, chairman; James Rutherford and Fred Lohmann, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was called at school-house number eleven, March 14th, 1871. A tax of one hundred dollars was voted for cur- rent expenses. The results of the election were as follows: James Rutherford, chairman, Charles II. Taft and D. P. Kallahan, supervisors. At a meeting of the town board held at the clerk's office, March 18th, 1871, it was voted to divide the town into five road districts, with the following territory, viz: District number one, to embrace sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36; number two, sections 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 19, 20, 23, 24; GBANT— SCHOOLS. 453 number three, sections 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13 and 15; number four, sections 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 21 and 22; number five, sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 17 and 18. The annual town meeting washeldMarch 12th, 1872. at school-house number eleven. A tax of one hundred dollars was voted for current ex- penses. The result of the election was as fol- lows: James Kutherford, chairman; D. P. Kalla- han and Fred Lohmann, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number eleven, March 11th, 1873. It was voted to raise one hundred and fifty dollars for current expenses. The fol- lowing was the result of the election, viz: B. J. Masterman, chairman, 8. E. Webster and Frank PflfEer, supervisors. The next annual town meeting was call at the school-house in district number IJ, March 11th, 1874; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen- ses, with the following as the result of the elec- tion: A. Masterman, chairman; W. Rutherford and Roger Minogue, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number 11, March 9th, 1875; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen- ses. The following oflScefs were elected : Albion Masterman, chairman; Roger Minogue and W. Rutherford, supervisors. The annual town meeting was held in the scliool-house in district number 11, March 14th, 1876; a tax of $100 was voted for current expen- ses; the following was the result of the election: J. B. Taft, chairman; John M. Keene and Fred. Lohmann, supervsiors. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number 11, March 13th, 1877; the following was the result of the election: J. B. Taft, chairman; John M. Keene and Henry- Westing, supervisors. The annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number 11 , March 12th, 1878; a tax of $150 was voted for current ex- penses; the result of the election was: J. B. Taft, chairman; Henry Westing and Frank PfifEer, su- pervisors. The next annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number 11, March 11th, 1879; a tax of one mill on each dollar of taxable property for current expenses was voted; the result of the election: J. B. Taft, chairman; Fred. Walt and Wm. Elliott, supervisors. The annual town meeting of March 9th, 1880, was held in the school-house in district number 11; a tax of $200 was voted for current expenses; the result of the election was: Albion Masterman, chairman; W. S. Soule and Otto Steindorft, super- visors. At the date of the last meeting seven road dis- tricts bad been organized; at the organization of the town, Jesse H. Soule was elected town clerk, which he held until 1878, when J. M. Keene was elected, and has held it since. SCHOOLS. With the enterprising settlers of Grant town came the desire for knowledge, and with this de- sire means were taken to provide for the educa- tion of the children. The first school district or- ganization was efEected in 1855, which comprised the north half of the town, the then town of Greenfield and the south half of Oneka town. The first school-house built was in 1856, on section one. Prior to this in order to secure the apportionment of school money, a rude structure was erected, which was hardly a protection against rain or storm, and a school of about twenty schol- ars was collected under the tutorship of Joseph Cram. The following winter a comfortable build- ing was provided. In 1859 this house was de- stroyed by fire. An incident will show the enter- prise which characterized those early settlers. A neighbor came to Mr. J. H. Soule, the next even- ing, which was Friday, and says our school house is burned, but the windows, doors and books have been saved. With this material as a commence-* ment, and the knowledge of the fact that the dis- trict was already badly in debt, he soon formed a plan by which to secure at once a comfortable place in which to continue the school. Spending a portion of the night in forming his plans he was ready for action at an early hour the following morning. Going to his nearest neighbor he says, we must have a new building at once. But the neighbors saw a large mountain in the way of such an enterprise. After some explana- tion he got his promise to go at once to the swamp and cut and draw a load of tamarack logs, and so on to six or seven he extorted the same promise, so that before night they had on the ground suf- 154 mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. fieient timber to erect quite a building. Monday morning found thiem busy hewing and planing for the new house. The next Monday morning found the teacher with his pupils located in their pleasant new quarters. This building answered its purpose for six or seven years, when a new frame house was erected on a new site, on section two. In 1877, on account of the re-districting of the town, it was thought best to erect a new house on another site, which was accomplished the same year. The first officers of this district were: J. H. Soule, clerk; George Bennett, Garret Organ and Jacob Cram, trustees. School district number eleven was organized in the fall of 1859 by the election of the following officers: Daniel Getty, clerk; Eoger Minogue, di- rector, and John Shaughnessy treasurer. Their first school-house was erected in the summer of 1 860, on section fifteen. George Keller as teacher opened the school with eight pupils, but was suc- ceeded before the term was completed by Miss Lydia Lowell. This school-house has been used as the town hall for several years, and shows the effects of usage. By a full vote of the district it was de- cided to erect a new house this present summer, ready for the coming winter term. School district number flfty-four was organ- ized in October, 1872, by the election of the fol- lowing officers: John Smith, clerk; Fred Schlee, director; and Joseph Taylor, treasurer. The district for their first school-house purchased a building which had been used as a dwelling, and fitted it up for a school-house. Said house is lo- cated on section six. The school was opened with twenty scholars imder the care of Miss O'Mara as instructress. School district number sixty was organized in 1874 by the election of the following officers: Fred Lohmann, director; Herman Lohmann,treas- urer; and Charles Taf t, clerk. Their first school- house was erected on section thirty-five, and the first school, with an attendance of ten pupils, was taught by Theodore Wier. With pride may the people of Grant town refer to the position they took during those dark days of the rebellion. Many were found among them who would give their lives to the pro- tection of home and country, while those that remained at home rendered what assistance they could with means to assist in maintaining those who went to the front. Special meetings of the town were called, and large sums voted to pur- chase volunteers from time to time until the sum of 14,500 of town bonds was used to assist in the suppression of the rebellion. The last bond was redeemed in 1870. Though most of the bonds were held by her own citizens, still some found their way far from home, even to the state of Maine. One pleasant incident, spoken of by many of those who were among the volunteers that returned, was the pleasant party given by Mr. W. Eutherford and family to the returned volunteers. An association was formed in 1868, under the statutes of Minnesota, known as the "Spirit- ualistic Association," with the following officers: J. H. Soule, president; George Walker, secretary and treasurer; George Walker, William Soule and B. J. Masterman, trustees. Exercises were held every Sunday, which were well attended during the warm weather. The services of several emi- nent lecturers were secured, among whom was J. K. Bailey, J. L. Potter, Prof. E. G. Eccles, Dr. Stewart, Mrs. Swain and others. With the ap- proach of winter the interest declined and has never been renewed to any extent, though no formal disbandment has ever taken place, and it may still be said to exist. CHURCH. The German Protestant Lutheran church was organized May 13th, 1872, with the following officers : Christian Harbke, president ; William Heifort, secretary; W. Heifort, H. Godman and H. Madans, trustees. The society erected a house of worship the same year, 20x28 feet. Their first preacher was Eev. Siegrist, with seven members at organization which was increased to twenty. In connection they have a burial ground with here and there a marble slab indicating that some of their loved ones have passed on before. There is also located in section 2, what is known as the neighborhood burial ground. BO ADS. The first public highway that traversed the town of Grant, was the Eum river road, which enters the town on section 24 from the east, pass- ing almost directly west through section 17, when it turns north-west, keeping near ■ the shore of GRANT— EABLT INCIDENTS. 455 white Bear Lake, passes out from section 7. The first road laid out by township authority, was a road beginning on the line between James Butherford and Thomas Eamsden, going south passes out of the town in the south-east corner, and was declared a legal road March 21st, 1861, Jesse H. Soule, surveyor. The town is crossed by the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, entering from the east on section 24, it runs to section 20, when it leaves to the north-west passing around the north shore of White Bear lake. Said road was built in 1872. A tract of land was laid out and platted on section 20, known as Wilson, about the same date, but never had any improve- ments made or town built, only on paper. An incident in the history of the town in con- nection with its first surveys may be of interest. As early as 1854, Joseph Taylor, coming into the country to settle, brought with him a surveyor from St. Paul to locate his lines and corner posts, but by some error on the part of the surveyor the work was all wrong, as the sequel will show. In the course of time other parties in locating their lands took his lines and stakes as starting points, made their lines incorrect in proportion as his were wrong. The public highways were laid out on those lines, houses were built by new settlers on what they supposed to be their own land. But, as the lands were taken up to the east, it became apparent that there must be some great mistake. Jesse H. Soule was called upon to survey a forty acre lot on the town line for Charles Perry. They found an error of quite a large piece in favor of a certain forty. Mr. Frank Campbell seeing an opportunity to secure a fine piece of land, with seven or eight acres cleared, purchased the forty. Some dispute arose be- tween Campbell and his brother-in-law, John Smith, in regard to the correctness of the survey. Campbell said: "I have purchased the forty, and will have it surveyed," which he did, and proved true what he had said. Thus things continued until 1880, when by a correct survey it was found that to make the lines correct it would necessi- tate a removal of the lines three and three-tenths rods west, and fourteen rods south. By this cor- rection it was found that but two houses on the section were on their proper land. The town of Grant by the last census contained a population of 518. The financial condition of the town for the past fifteen years has been first- class. No order against the tovra has been pre- sented but what has been cashed at once. In the history of every town, county, or state, a chapter of romance or tragedy might be writ- ten. Such was the history of Grant in 1874. First on the list of tragic deaths was that of P. Eathlesberger, a German. He with his wife and John Widmer, a son-in-law, and wife, were living together, but not pleasantly, it would seem. Both men were what would be termed "hen-pecked," being often driven to desperation by the fault- finding of the "strong minded frau." He, Eath- lesberger, had often said he would hang himself. April 16th was a more than usual trying day to the simple-hearted old man. Being a carpenter by trade, he had been called upon to make a coffin. By mistake, he had cut one side too short, which angered the wife. She in return poured upon him the vials of her wrath to such an extent that he could endure it no longer; he left the house in his desperation, and proceeded to carry out his often talked of revenge, by hang- ing himself to a tree in th^ marsh, not far from the house. Several days elapsed before the body was found. When asked by the neighbors where he was, his wife would say he had gone out to hang himself, little thinking that such was the fact. The next case was that of a man by the name of Blair, once a prominent citizen of St. Paul, but by the use of strong drink had become so de- graded that life to him had become a curse. He was at this time engaged as hand on the raUroad track. While at work. May 25th, same year, he was sent back for something; on the way, he sat down on the track; an engine came suddenly around a curve; the engineer saw him, but too late to stop; he threw himself in front of the engine, and was crushed to death. The following winter, one James Taylor, in the employ of Mr. Schneider, of Ramsey county, was crossing the lake; when near the east side it was supposed he must have stepped into an air hole, and was drowned. In the early settlement of this town the heavy timber surrounding the lake and extending north- ward was infested with the timber wolf. The settlers often had narrow escapes from the hun- gry marauders. The old settlers to this day en- 456 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. joy relating their amusing incidents of when they or some neighbor was obliged to'^ seek refuge in some friendly tree just above the grasp of the hungty pack that were on his track. BIOGRAPHICAL. Carl Eggert, a native of Germany, was born July 3d, 1841. Here he was reared by his parents and attended the schnols until a lad of fourteen years. During the spring of 1872, he emigrated to America, landing at New York; then he pro- ceeded westward to Minnesota, and settled at Stillwater, working in the saw-mill for Schulen- berg and Boeckeler. In 1876, he purchased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Grant township, on which he has since resided, making many improvements. His wiffe was Miss Dora Reier, a native of Germany, married in 1868. They have three children living: Dora, Ida and Emma. William Elliott was born in Ireland in May, 1825, and lived at his birtb-place five years, then came with his parents to New Brunswick. On attaining his majority, he removed to Maine and gave his attention to lumbering until 1850, then came to St. Paul. Minnesota, and here also engaged in lumbering on the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers as pilot several years. In 1862, he purchased his present farm, and in 1876 left the river and removed to it, having since divided his attention between farming and lumbering. Mr. Elliott has been twice married;his present wife was Miss Mary Crawford, of Belfast, Ireland, mar- ried in 1855. They have eight children; Daniel D., James B., William J., Theo.^'H., Martha R., Mary E., Eliza V. and an adopted daughter, Mary A. Heary. Joseph N. Fairbanks was bom at Phillips, Eranklin county, Maine, in 1829. ^He engaged in tilling the soil until the spring of 1868, when he came to Minnesota and purchased the farm on which he now lives, and has since been a farmer. In 1862, he enlisted in Company D, Twenty-eighth Maine Infantry, and was dis- charged in 1863. He married Miss L. S. Dill, of Maine, in 1854; she has borne him three children; I. Herbert, O. Willis and O. Elbridge. Silas P. Holden is a native of Franklin county, Maine, born in 1831. At the age of twelve, he was thrown on his own resources, on account of the death of his father. His educational advan- tages were somewhat limited as he began working as soon as able. In 1865, he came westward to Minnesota and settled in Grant township, where about four years later he purchased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, and has since been able to add sixty acres more; has built a comfor- table home and made all the improvements since his purchase. He married in 1873, Miss Melvi- nia, daughter of J. Norris Masterman. They are the parents of four children; the living are: William A., Edmund and John Emmons. John M. Keene, is a. native of Maine, born No- vember 27th, 1840. During the late war, he en- listed in Company C, Sixteenth Maine, in 1862; at the battle of Gettysburg, he was taken prison- er and held one month, and was discharged in 1865; Returning to Maine, he devoted his time to agricultural pursuits, and in 1870, came to Minnesota, settling in Grant township. He now has an improved farm of one hundred and forty eight acres, vnth good buildings. His parents came west in 1879, and are living with him. His wife was Miss Lena A. Fairbanks, married 1871. Their only child is Edward O., Leslie E. died in 1872. John Kempf was born at Darmstadt, Germany, January 21st, 1816. He came to America in 1853, locating m Clinton county, Indiana, where he fol- lowed the milling business twelve years; thence to Hudson, Wisconsin, making it his home until the spring of 1876, then moved to his present farm,' and has since been engaged in agricultural pursuits, having eighty acres under cultivation. His marriage with Elizabeth Heartman took place June 8th, 1843. - They have had thirteen children, only six of whom are living; all are mar- ried except the youngest son, who still lives with his parents. Frederick Lamb, a native of Prussia, was bom 1825. Here he was reared under the parental guidance and received his education; at the age of sixteen he entered the Prussian army, serving three years, and later, traveled through Switzer- land, France, England and Italy, for Herr Von Weiss, who was a prominent manufacturer in Germany. During the war of 1848, Mr. Lamb came to America, coming to Menominee, Michi- gan, via Chicago. After a stay of about one year, he returned to Chicago, thence to Stillwater, GBANT-^BIOGBAPHICAL. 457 Minnesota, in 1849. Olianging about for some time after this, he finally located at Stillwater, in 1852, remaining until he purchased, a farm in Grant township, in 1866. His present farm of one hundred and thirty-one acres was purchased in 1876, where he has since lived. His wife was Miss Lena Laroche, married 1851. Frederick, their oldest son received fatal injuries while work- ing in the saw-mill of Isaac Staples, at Stillwater, from which he died the following day, Septem- ber 27th, 1872; William is married, and resides with his father; Lizzie, at the age of three years, was so severely burned, that death followed soon; Emma, Lizzie and Mary still remain. Henry Mardans,a native of Germany, was born 1833. He attended school until fourteen years of age, then worked for others until the age of twen- ty-four, then came to America, proceeding direct- ly to Toledo, Ohio, where he remained during the winter with his sisters. In 1858 he came to Still- water, Minnesota, and worked for Schulenberg and Boeckeler. His present farm in Grant town- ship, consists of two hundred and twenty acres, which he has purchased from time to time, locating on it first in 1862. lie and Miss Mary Logrien were married in 1862 and have four child- ren living: Emma, Joseph, Lizzie and Clara. Albion Masterman was born in Franklin coun- ty, Maine, 1823. After attaining his majority he came west via the lakes and Chicago to La Salle, thence to St. Louis; making only a brief stay he went to Quincy, and in 1845 became a resident of Stillwater, Minnesota, where he devoted his time to lumbering for three years. In 1850 he moved with his family to his farm, where he has since lived, having held the ofllce of county commis- sioner two years, chairman of town board ten years, and assessor five years. His wife was Miss EUza Middleton of Ireland, married in 1848. Their children are, Eliza A., William J., Eme- tine, Stillman and Albion D. Mrs. Masterman was the first white woman who came to this town, they being the first white settlers. Benjamin J. Masterman was born in Franklin county, Maine, 1824. He came to Washington county, Minnesota, in 1855, living with Mr. Al- bion Masterman four years, and worked at his trade, that of carpentering. He moved to his farm in 1859, and has since been engaged in agri- culture and in the pursuit of his trade. Married in 1844, his wife dying four years later, leaving one daughter, now the wife of James Middleton. His second wife was Abbie Marston, now de- ceased. In 1858 he remarried to Miss Catherine Middleton, a native of Ireland, who has borne him four children; the living are, Orion B., James and Jane. J. Norris Masterman was bom in Maine, 1821, where he grew to manhood's estate. His educa- tional advantages were somewhat Umited_ During his youth he made manifest a passion for hunting and sallied forth on many an expedition; among other game that fell to the crack of his trusty rifle was a monstrous bear, measuring six feet in length, and four and one-half feet in height; also some very large moose. In 1865 he came west and settled in Grant township, where he. has since resided. At the age of twenty-eight years he married Miss Louisa Thorn, who has borne him seven children, four of whom are married. Osborne Eussell was born at Hallowell, Maine, 1847, and lived at or near his birth-place until 1855, then moved with his parents to Carthage, Franklin county. In 1869 came to Minnesota, and lumbered on the upper Mississippi river, then purchased his present farm in Grant township, and has since lived here, giving his attention to the improvement of his farm. He married Miss Clara Webster, in 1875, and they have two chil- dren to gladden their home, Eva and Irving. James Eutherford was born in the parish of Elsdon, Northumberland county, England, 1812. When six years old, he accompanied his parents to America, arriving at the port of New York, coming thence via Quebec and the St. Lawrence river to Ogdensburg, New York. Eemaining with his parents until twenty years old, he then began working on a farm for ten dollars per month. In 1833, he was called upon to assume control of a deceased uncle's farm, where he re- mained until 1849. Coming to Minnesota at that time he purchased one hundred and seventy-five acres at his present location, then returned to. New York for his family, and the next spring settled at his country home. His marriage with Miss Elizabeth Smith occurred in 1836. Their living children are: D. Q., Ann E., Charles A. and Harriet N. William Eutherford was born at Bath, Steuben 458 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. county, New York, in 1823. At the early age of eleven years he began life's battle by working on a farm until reaching sixteen years old; then be- gan in the lumbering business for |13 per month, and continued six years. In 1845 he started west and walked along the shore of Lake Michi- igan from Michigan City to Chicago, a distance of sixty-five miles; thence to Galena and on up the Mississippi to Stillwater. Here he worked in the saw-mills about one year, and afterward speculated in the horse trade between Illinois and New York. Finally he purchased his present farm in 1848 and located thereon in 1849. In addition to this farm he has several others, making a total of seven hundred acres. At Jackson, Michigan, in 1849, he married Miss Christiana J. Holcomb. They have seven chil- dren, four sons and three daughters. Cassey O., the oldest daughter, was the first white chUdbom in Grant township. Jesse H. Soule was born at Avon, Franklin county, Maine, 1823. He came west in 1854, coming by boat from Galena, Illinois, to St. Paul, having a narrow escape. During the trip the boat was wrecked, and with difficulty reached an island where it sank almost immediately. All on board were obliged to remain on the island forty-eight hours, when they were rescued by a passing boat, the "War Eagle." In 1855, Mr. Soule pre-empted one hundred and fifty acres in Grant township, there being at that time only six famUies in the township. He built a shanty, using only eight dollars worth of lumber, and for one of the posts used a standing burr-oak tree. When he and his family took possession of their western home, they had only one month's supply of provisions and fifty-eight cents. Little by lit- tle he gained a foothold and by industry and econ- omy gradually became independent. In 1878, he presented the farm to his two sons, reserving seventeen acres for himself, on which he has erected good buildings, and where he intends making the home of his old age. He has been thrice married, his first wife living three and one- half years, leaving one daughter at her death. His second wife left two sons, twins, Osmer and Winfield. In 1871, he married Rachel Michener, who has borne him three children, Alice, Olive and Eeuel. At the organization of the town of Grant, in 1856, Mr. Soule was elected town clerk. and held the office twenty-two years; was mem- ber of the legislature in 1861; has also been county commissioner, superintendent of schools, assessor and justice of the peace, having held the last named since the organization of the town. Frederick W. Springborn was bom in the prov- ince of Brandenborg, Germany, 1822. He came to America in 1851, and located on a farm at Martinsville, New York, and in 1865, came to Minnesota, purchasing sixty acres in Grant township, where he has since resided. His wife was Wilhelmine L. C. WoLEE, married 1848. They are the parents of thirteen children, nine of whom are living. C. Frederick Springborn, son of Frederick W. Spiingborn, was born at Martinsville, New York, 1854. When a lad of eleven years, he came to Minnesota with his parents, and lived with them on the farm until purchasing his present home, to which he moved in 1878. April 4th, 1880, he married Miss Bertha Boelter of Oakdale. Otto Steindorf , a native of Germany, was bom May 1st, 1849. When three years, of age he ac- companied his mother and sister to America, his father having come one year previous. They lo- cated at a village near Buffalo, New York. In 1867 Mr. Steindorf migrated to Minnesota, where he has since engaged in tilling the soil, purchasing his farm in 1879 from H. C. Book. His marriage with Augusta Heuer of New York, occurred in 1871. Their children are, Otto H., Edward R. and Amanda. Almon Storer was born on July 4th, 1844, in Franklin county, Maine. Here he was reared by his parents and educated, and in the fall of 1868 came to Grant township. In 1871 he purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty acres, situated about four and one-half miles from Granite Falls, Minnesota, where he intends making his future home. During the spring of 1877 he settled on the McKusick farm of two hundred and twenty acres, where he has since remained, working by shares. He married Miss Ellen Middleton in 1875, who has borne him one son and one daugh- ter. Chares E. and Mary Belle. Charles H. Taft was born at Deering, Hills- borough county. New Hampshire, 1815. He ac- companied his parents to Franklin county, Maine, when eleven years old, remaining until reaching his majority, then went to Old Cambridge, Mas- ONEKA—BOUNDABIES. 459 sachusetts, and engaged in brick-making for six years. After a brief visit at Charleston, South Carolina, he returned and was married to Miss Sarah, daughter of Colonel Newman, 1840. Lo- cating on their farm in Franklin county, Maine, they remained thirteen years, then went to Cali- fornia and spent three and one-half years in brick-making. He returned to Maine and sold his old homestead, then came to visit Minnesota, purchasing, while here, his present farm. He lo- cated on his farm in 1877, and has one hundred andsixty acres under cultivation. His only son, Charles B., died in 1872. John B. Taft was born at Weld, Franklin county, Maine, 1825, and remained with his parents until reaching man's estate, then engaged in railroading, which he followed until 1857. Coming direct to Stillwater during the spring, he purchased eighty acres, and after living on it eight years sold to S. B. Webster. The next fall he purchased his present farm, which, in addition to other lands, makes a total of four hundred and twenty acres. In 1855 he married Miss Orpha Newman, of Maine. They have an adopted son and daughter, Alice and Franklin Newman, chil- dren of Mrs. Taft's brother. Samuel E. Webster was born at Weld, Frank- lin county, Maine, 1823. He lived at, or near his birth-place- until 1855, then came west to Min- nesota, being detained at Chicago by the heaviest snow storm ever known in that region, finally ar- riving at Stillwater. Soon after, he pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres, disposing of it, he purchased of J. B. Taft his present farm in Grant township during the spring of 1866. His winters are devoted chiefly to hunting, he having secured one hundred and thirty mink in one sea- son. Plis wife was Miss Hannah Masterman, married 1845. They have eight children living, and two others have passed away. William H. Wells was born at De Forest, Dane county, Wisconsin, 1862, where he lived until the age of twenty years, then acquired a knowl- edge of engineering. Was engineer in one of the Blue mills at Eau' Claire, Wisconsin, for Capt. Sherman one year and continued in the business until 1880. Previously he purchased one hun- dred and sixty acres of land from F. W. Loh- mann, and the same year, 1878, he married Miss Ida Lohmann. Fred. Wolf was bom July 25th, 1847, and is a native of Holstein, Germany. ' In company with his parents and one sister, he immigrated to Ame- rica, landing at the port of New York. They came farther westward, settled at StiUwater, Min- nesota for a short time, then moved to their home- stead in Grant township in 1866. Mr. Wolf pur- chased his father's farm in 1878, and has since lived here, his parents Uving with him. In 1871, he married Miss Sophia Dagon, a native of Ger- many: Christina, John, Emma, Anna and Mena, are their their children. ONEKA. CHAPTER LXII. BOUWDABIES— EARLY SBTTLEBS- -OBGANIZA- TlOSr TOWN OFFICERS SCHOOLS — BOADS — INITIAL EVENTS— BIOGBAPHICAL. The township of Oneka is located in the north- western part of Washington county. It is bounded on the north by Forest lake, on the east by Marine, on the south by Grant, and west by CentervUle, and embraces in its territory thirty-six sections. The surface is diversified. The eastern and south-eastern portions are quite rugged and uneven, giving it a rolling appear- ance. In the depressions, or valleys, are many fine lakelets, some of which are supplied from living springs; this section of the town is covered with a growth of small oak, excepting where it is cleared off for farniing purposes. The west- ern portion of the town is divided from the eastern by a tamarack swamp, and Rice creek, which takes its rise in a lake of the same name. This swamp forms a natural barrier or division between the eastern and western portions of the town. It is from one-fourth to one-half mile in width, and extends from Rice lake to Forest lake, in the town north, about ten miles. The west- ern portion is comparatively level; along the 460 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. borders of Eice creek, extending for some dis- tance westward, are fine hay meadows, while still further west of these bottoms, a larger growth of timber springs up. The eastern por- tion is especially adapted to the growth of wheat which is raised in large quantities, and of a very fine quality. The drainage of the town is fur- nished by a chain of lakes passing through the center from north to south, with one in the south- eastern part, on section 25, and a part of Bald Eagle lake in the extreme south-western part. The principal lake is Oneka, located on section 9, and 16 near the center of ,the town that takes its name from it. This is the finest and largest body of water in the chain. Skirted with high banks that support a fine growth of timber. Eice lake, located on the line of sections twenty- one and twenty-two, has long been the resort of a band of Indians from Mendota, who go to it every summer, bringing with them from eight to twelve lodges; they gather rice during the sum- mer, which they sell in St. Paul. The lake af- fords them excellent fishing-ground, containing more pickerel than any other lake in the town. It is fed by springs on the east and west sides in such a quantity as to furnish a steady flow of water into Eice creek, which rises from it and flows north to section thirty-four in Forest lake, thence in a south-westerly direction, and again entering Oneka in the north-west corner of sec- tion four and flowing through the north-western part of the town, finally emptying into the Miss- issippi at Fridley in Anoka county. To the south-east,on sections twenty-five and thirty-six, is located School Section lake, which furnishes good fishing. It was also the scene of a painful acci- dent which occurred about eight years ago_ Stephen Luts, in company with a young friend, was out one day enjoying the sport and pleasure which these lakes furnish— trolling, when mid- way in the lake the boat upset, precipitating both into the water. Young Luts became tangled in the line, and when taken out they found his hands completely bound up in its meshes. Eagle lake is located on section thirty-four in the south- ern part of the town, and Egg lake on section twenty near the St. Paul and Duluth railroad. Bald Eagle lake is located in the extreme south- western corner of the town, and on section four is Horse-shoe lake. EAKLY SETTLERS. The first white man who settled in the town of Oneka was Lewis Semper, who came in the fall of 1855 and located on laud he had entered some two years previous. He, in company with Joseph Freeman and family, one of whose daughters he had married, started out with strong arms to hew out for themselves, homes in the wilds of this new town. He, however, remained but one year, when he transferred his claim to Charles Morgan, of St. Paul, who rented it to Joseph Freeman, who remained on it till 1860, when it was sold to L. C. Dunn. The latter occupied it until the fall of 1866, when he transferred it to V. B. Barnum, who remained two years and sold to F. Young- bluth, who is now living on it, a prosperous farmer and respected citizen. Following close upon Lewis Semper, came two young men by the name of Austin and Tainter, who came for the purpose of baling hay that grew in abundance upon the rich bottom lands of Eice creek. They located a tract of land now occupied by David Hopkins, who is now one of the prominent farmers and land owners of the town, and doing a large dairy business, finding a ready sale for his choice butter, etc., in the Stillwater and St. Paul markets. Just how long Austin and Tainter re- mained we were unable to ascertain, though they were there some years, then settling in the west- ern part of the town. In the eastern part came John Beecrof t, and located near Horse-shoe lake in 1868. He was a butcher by trade and came for the purpose of Imnting and making a home for his family; he left in 1863, entering the army and is now in Chicago. WiUiam Hatch came in 1860 and built a shanty on section thirty-six. Tlie farm is now owned by B. F. Judkins. Joseph Lambert and father, who still reside in the town, came in 1861 and are now living on section thirty- six, in the south-east corner of the town. Oneka did not escape the mania which took possession of the people in 1856; a town site with the name of " Wasliington" was surveyed, and platted on Oneka lake, and filed with the register of deeds, but like many of the paper towns of those days, is as though it had never been. OEGANIZATION. The town of Oneka was organized by the coun- ty commissioners, and officers appointed Septem. ONEKA—TOWN BEC0BD8. 461 ber 9th, 1870. The first town meeting for the election of officers was held at the house of George Wallser, Septemher 27th, 1870. A. J. Soule moderated the meeting, with George "Walker, clerk. Two road districts were formed, designated as numbers one and two, representing the east and west divisions of the town. O. L. Kinyon was appointed overseer of district num- ber one, and V. B. Barnum for district number two. The ofiicers elected were George Walker, clerk and treasurer; George H. Kannady, asses- sor; V. B. Barnum and Prescott Newman, jus- tices; Francis Briggs and Joseph Lambert, con- stables. March 14th, 1871, annual town meeting was held at the house of George Walker. J. Crysler chosen moderator. Elected J. Crysler, O. L. Kinyon, B. P. Judkins, supervisors. Voted a tax of two hundred dollars for current expenses. May 2d, 1871, a meeting was held at the house of George Walker, to vote for arbitration on Minnesota state railroad bonds; O. L. Kinyon, moderator. The whole number of votes cast, nine, all in the affirmative. March 12th, 1872, annual town meeting was held at the school-house in district number fifty- one. The meeting was called to order by George Walker, and A. J. Soule chosen moderator. Elected O. L. Kinyon, B. E. Judkins, A. J. Soule, supervisors. March 11th, 1873, annual town meeting was held at the school-house in district number fifty- one, and called to order by George Walker; B. E. Judkins chosen moderator. Elected O. L. Kin- yon, Michael Houle, Joseph Luts, supervisors. Voted a tax of two hundred dollars for roads and one hundred dollars for town expenses. March 10th, 1874, annual meeting was held at the school-house in district number fifty-one. Called to order by George Walker, and Prescott Newman chosen moderator. Elected O. L. Kin- yon, Joseph Luts, Michael Houle, supervisors. Voted a tax of one hundred and fifty dollars for current expenses. 1875. Annual town meeting was called at the school-house in district number fifty-one, March 9th. Called to order by the town clerk, and A. J. Soule chosen moderator. Elected A. J. Soule, T. J. Withrow, Michael Houle, supervisors. Voted a tax of one hundred and fifty dollars for current expenses. 1876. Annual town meeting was held at the school-house in district number 51, and called to order by the town clerk, and A. J. Soule chosen moderator; elected A. J. Soule, T. J. Withrow and O. L. Kinyon, supervisors; voted a tax of $150 for current expenses. 1876. Annual town meeting was held at the school-house in district number 51, March 13th, called to order by the town clerk, and O. L Kinyon, chosen moderator; on motion of Thomas J. Withrow, the compensation of supervisors and town clerk was made one dollar per day; voted a tax of $150 for current expenses; elected Michael Houle, David Sawyer and E. Kunde, supervisors. 1878. Annual town meeting was held at the school-house in district number 51, called to order by P. Newman, and O. L. Kinyon, chosen mod- erator; moved to strike out the article in the war- rant to issue town bonds to raise money for town purposes, and voted a tax of |150 for current expenses; elected A. J. Soule, Michael Houle and E. Kunde, supervisors. 1879. Annual town meeting was held in the school-house in district number 51, on March 11th, and called to order by Prescott Newman, O. L. Kinyon, chosen moderator; voted a tax of $100 for current expenses; elected, A. J. Soule, Joseph Luts and E. Kunde, supervisors. 1880. Annual town meeting was held in the school-house in district number 63, March 9th, the meeting was called to order by George Walker and O. L. Kinyon, chosen moderator; voted a tax of 1100 for current expenses;^lected, A. J. Soule, E. C. Judkins and E. Kunde, supervisors. SCHOOLS. The first school was organized at the house of V. B. Barnum, February 17th, 1867, and the fol- lowing officers were elected: V. B. Barnum, di- rector; Mathew Tucker, clerk; Albert Pluitt, treasurer; Ruth Miller was the first teacher who opened her first school May 1st, 1868, receiving as compensation, thirty dollars per month for three months. The house has since been moved to Centerville station on section 20, for the greater convenience of the district. The next school organized was in 1871; the building was located on section 26, and the dis- 462 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. trict numbered fifty-one. The first ofiBcers were Joseph Luts, director; George Walkgr, clerk. The first teacher was Mary Withrow, who had an attendance of thirty-two scholars. This build- ing served the purpose of the residents of the eastern portion of the town until 1877, when a division was made and a new district organized, and numbered sixty-three. The old building was sold to Soule, Briggs and Newman, and the district immediately erected a new and neat build, ing on section fourteen. The new district erected a building about the same time, on section thirty-^ix. This is the largest and best school building in the town, and is said to be the most complete country school- house in the county. The first officers under the new organization were Joseph Luts, director; T. J. Withrow, treasurer, and O. L. Kinyon, clerk. Miss Lida Yorks taught the first school of thirty- six pupils. There are now in attendance fifty- six scholars, with Lizzie Withrow for teacher. BO ADS. The first road laid out after the organization of the town, began on section nineteen and ex- tended eastward imtil it intersected the Still- water road on section 26. It was surveyed by J. H. Soule, October 2d, and established October 25th, 1873. A new road district was formed April 5th, 1875, comprising sections 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 28 and 24, by the supervis- ors, who appointed George H. Kannady, over- seer, and called it road district number three. The St. Paul and Duluth railroad enters the north-west comer of the town, on the line of sec- tions 4 and 5, passing in a south-westerly direc- tion through it, and leaving it a little east of the center of section 31. This road has a station at Centerville, on section 20, where there is a hotel, store and sample-room, kept by Mrs. Kuchli. INITIAL EVENTS. The first birth in the town was Susie Semper, daughter of the first settler, April 10th, 1856. She was married June 26th, 1875, to W. H. Fish- leigh of Chicago. The next birth was Iloyt E. Kinyon, son of O. L. Kinyon, born December 27th, 1863. The first death was a son of O. L. Kinyon, Herbert, who died May 30th, 1869. The first marriage was Joseph Lambert to Miss Mary Courtoue, of Marine, November 13th, 1865. He brought his bride to his father's house, where they still reside. POPULATION AND VALTTATION. The population of Oneka in 1875 was two hun- dred and ten; in 1880 it was three hundred and seventy-nine. The valuation in 1880, of the real estate, was $114,501; of personal property, $11,830. BIOGRAPHICAL. P. V. Briggs was bom January 28th. 1848, in Kennebec county, Maine, and came west with his father, Calvin Briggs, when about eighteen years of age. He located, with his father, in Marine township, and finally moved to Oneka, in 1874. Here they tilled the farm previously purchased. In 1874 he married Castiua O. Rutherford, who has borne him three children: William E., Harry F. and Calvin V. Mr. Briggs has now a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, nicely improved. PieiTC Girard was bom at St. Rose, Canada, in 1814. Remaining at Montreal until the "pat- riotic upstir," he then sought refuge in the United States in 1839. Passing some time in traveling about, he visited Chicago, Buffalo, and other places, and engaged in different pursuits. At times he was compelled to go long distances on foot, experiencing many privations and diflS- culties. For some time he made his home at Prairie du Chien, and manufactured ginger beer, also engaged in farming near there for five years. In 1849 he came up the river to St. Paul, and was employed in rafting, and as a lumber- man cook, until the commencement of hostili- ties, when he enlisted in Company I, Second Minnesota Volunteers, serving until discharged for injuries received, in 1862. During the fall of the next year he removed to Stillwater, and in 1867 located on a farm in Oneka township, on the lake shore. Daniel Hopkins was born in 1820, and is a na- tive of New Hampshire. Learning the trade of tanner and currier in his native state, he worked as such a number of years; also engaged in lum- bering seven years. In 1850 he located at St. Paul, Minnesota, and carried on general merch- oni:k a—biogbaphical. 463 andising until failing health compelled him to abandon the business, which he did in 1853, pur- chasing a iine farm between St. Paul and St. Anthony, on which he lived seventeen years and dealt quite extensively in fancy horses. While on a hunting excursion, he crossed his present farm, and thought it so fine a locality that he sold his farm and purchased four hundred and forty acres, having since added two hundred acres more. The St. Paul and Duluth railroad crosses his estate, having a flag-station, commonly called Hopkins' station. Mr. Hopkins has been twice married; his present wife was Anatte Johnson, a native of Norway, whom he married in 1857. Edward, William M., Judson, Chester, Prank, Henrietta, Marty and . John are his chil- dren. Michel Houle, a native of Canada, was born in 1832. Remaining under the home guidance and protection until seventeen years of age, he then sought the copper mines near Georgian bay, working at mining a few months. After spend- ing one summer with an exploring party, he re- moved to Michigan peninsula and engaged in the mines about four years, going thence to Dululh, Minnesota, from which place he enlisted in 1864 in Company E, Independent Cavalry, receiving his discharge at Fort Snelling in April, 1866. He returned to Duluth, remaining until 1870; then located on his present farm in Oneka township, of one hundred and eighty acres. There is a spring of clear, pure water near by his house, having been made by his sinking a well forty feet deep, which soon filled to overflowing. Mr. Houle was married in 1869 to Mary Pleteir; their living children are Adella, Adeline, Frank, Eliza and Mary. E. C. Judkins was born at Phillips, Maine, in 1851. When six years old he removed with his parents to Stillwater, Minnesota, and six months later to Anoka, where they remained one and one- half years; then returned to Stillwater. Nearly two years later his father purchased eighty acres on Grant township, in which they lived some time, finally purchasing a farm of two hundred and twenty acres in Oneka township, which has since been their home. Mr. Judkins was married in October, 1880, to Carrie Prince of Stillwater. George H. Kannady is a native of Maine, born bom 1845. Here he made his home until July, 1862, when he enlisted in Company G, Seven- teenth Maine Volunteers, passed through twenty- one engagements, including Fredericksburg, Get- tysburg, second Bull Run and battle of Wilder- ness. During the last named siege he received a gun-shot through the knee, for which he has re- ceived a pension. In 1867 he came west to Still- water, Minnesota, and purchased a farm in Ma- rine township, on which he resided five years, then sold, and in 1875 purchased one hundred and twenty acres in Oneka township and has since re- sided there. His marriage with Laura E. Church occurred in 1867. Their children are, Charley E., Marshall E. and Eva M. B. R. Kellogg was bom at Worthington, Ohio and when three years of age went with his par- ents to Holmes county; at the age of fourteen he went to Wayne county, Iowa, remaining until he enlisted in Company I, Fourth Iowa Infantry, un- der Col. Dodge. He was discharged on account of disability, August 6th, 1863, and in June, 1864, re-enlisted for one hundred days. Having been dis- charged at expiration of term at Keokuk, Iowa, he engaged in the quiet pursuit of agriculture in Des Moines county, and -in 1878 located in Oneka township, having a fine farm and pleasant loca- tion; he is now one of the justices. He was mar- ried in 1865 to Miss Arma M. Carter, who has borne him five children, viz: Charles M., Rebecca, Luella, Fred L. and Florence. Mrs. Francoise Kuchli, was bom in France, province of Loraine, now Germany, in 1835. At the age of eighteen she, with her brothers Joseph and Jacob Klaen, sailed for America, landing at New York city after a voyage of thirty-three days. They proceeded directly to Cleveland, thence to Detroit, and on to St. Marys, here she married Mr. Kuchli, who had accompanied them from their native country. In 1854 they removed to Port Washington, Wisconsin, and after pur- chasing a farm located and remained two years, then to Superior City until 1875, then for three years carried on a store of general merchandise. They finally opened a store and hotel at Center- ville Station, on the St. Paul and Duluth railroad. Mr. Kuchli departed this life November 1, 1880, and his widow still superintends the business affairs; she speaks three languages, English, French and German, and has an estate of one hundred and thirty-three acres, adjoining her 46 1 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTS. place of business. Her children are Joseph L, who has a meat market at Minneapolis, Mary, Henry L., Francoise M. and Louis F. Joseph Lambert was born 1842 at Sorel, about forty-five miles north of Montreal, Canada. When a lad of fourteen, he came with his father to Stillwater and worked in different capacities until his final location in Oneka township on his farm. It consisted of eighty acres, all under cul- tivation, having on it a good residence and other buildings. He and Miss Mary Courtoue were united in marriage, November 13th. 1865. Their children are: Eugene and Agnes. Joseph Luts, a native of Canada, was bom in 1829, and when ten years old went to Clintonville New York, and apprenticed in the rolling mills at that place. . After learning the trade, he worked at it about ten years, then returned to Canada and and began farming. Visiting Minnesota in 1854, he again retured to his native country, and about ten years later again visited the North Star state. In 1866, he located on a farm in Oneka township where he has since resided with his family, hav- ing been supervisor of the township the entire time. He married Miss Elizabeth Papnow in 1848, who as borne him twelve children: Stephen, who met his death by drowning in the lake ad- joining the farm; Napoleon, Lizzie, Mary, John, Axmina, Jane, Emily, David, EUen, George and Louis. Prescott Newman, son of Col. E. Newman, was born at Weld, Franklin county, Maine in 1832. He came to Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1848, returning the year following, afterward going into business in that county. August 18th, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Seventeenth Maine, be- ing soon promoted to the rank of lieutenant, was discharged in 1863. Four years later, he returned to Minnesota and purchased a claim in Grant township; disposing of it, he purchased in Oneka township, where he has since resided, having a • farm of two hundred and forty acres. Mr. New- man has been twice married, to his present wife, who was Ellen M., daughter of Rev. J. S. Staplrs, of Maine, in June, 1863. Their children are: Gracia O., Prescott E., Charley T. and Harry C. David Sawyer was born in Lower Canada, 1815. Here he learned the trade of carpenter and joiner, serving five and one-half years as appren- tice, then followed his calling until 1872, when he came to St. Paul. During the spring of the next year he moved to Stillwater, remaining until moving to his farm in Oneka township, in 1874. His marriage with Miss Cynthia Rowe took place in 1834. She died at St. Paul, 1872, leaving four children; the living are P. Benjamin, D. Hubert and Alfred. A. J. Soule, a native of Maine, was born 1837. On reaching his majority he came to Minnesota, and in 1861 enlisted in Company K, Brackett's Battalion, serving until honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, May 24th, 1865. He then pur- chased a claim of eighty acres in Marine town- ship, and in 1867 purchased one hundred and sixty acres in Oneka township, and has since re- sided there. June 22d, 1865, he married Pru- dence A. Briggs; their children are, Oscar A„ Frank N. and Charles A. George Walker was bom in Canada, 1823, and when about three years of age, moved to New Hampshire, where fQf some time he was employed as book agent. In 1858 he went to Boston, Mas- sachusetts, and engaged quite extensively in the manufacture of blank books. Failing health compelled him to seek the salubrious climate of Minnesota, and in 1861 he purchased a farm in Grant township, on which he lived nearly a year, then removed to Stillwater. During the fall of 1864 he was appointed overseer of the Washing- ton county poor farm, in which capacity he re- mained three years, then purchased a home in Oneka township, where he has since resided. The first four town meetings were held at Mr. Walker's house, he having served as town clerk and justice of the peace ever since its organiza- tion, except two years. He married Miss L. Dill, in 1859; their children are, Ella, Franklin, Ar- thur, Winfleld and Willard. T. J. Withrow. a native of Nova Scotia, was born 1829. He remained in the land of his na- tivity until eleven years old, when at that early age he went to sea as cabin-boy on a coasting vessel, and followed the life of a sailor four years. Locating at Boston, he remained untU twenty- four years of age, then made his home at Still- water, Minnesota, in 1854. He purchased a farm in Marine township, on which he lived until 1874, then moved to Oneka township, where he has since resided. His wife was Miss Catherine Clary, a native of Prince Edward Island, whom F0BE8T LAKE -JEARLY SETTLERS. 465 he married in 1852. They are the parents of eight children living. Fred Youngbluth, a native of Prussia, was born in 1845. At the age of fourteen, he came to America with his parents, arriving at Baltimore after a voyage of eight weeks, proceeding directly to St. Paul, Minnesota. He then engaged with Dr. Post, of that city, as coachman, serving as such until enlisting in Company G, Second Min- nesota, in 1863; was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, 1865. Eeturning to St. Paul, and to his situation with Dr. Post, he remained some time, then engaged in teaming at St. Paul sev- eral years. In 1871, he settled in Oneka town- ship, now having a farm of two hundred and thirty- seven acres. His father and mother are making their home with him. His marriage with Susan Braitet, occurred in 1868. They have four chil- dren, Anne, George, Emma and Kate. FOREST LAKE. CHAPTEE LXIII. DESCRIPTIVE LAKES— SETTLERS ORGANIZA TION STATISTICAL MOtTND BUILDER'S RELICS— —VILLAGE — MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHICAL. The township designated by the government survey as township 32, range 21, was formerly attached to Marine. It is a full congressional township of thirty-six sections, organized into a distinct body for judicial purposes, in the spring of 1874, and took its name from the lake within its limits. At the date of organization the town- ship contained a population of only two hundred and thirty-three. The surface, less broken than that of Oneka, is rolling and covered with a vigorous growth of timber, consisting of white and black oak, birch and poplar, and about the lake, ash, elm, basswood and Cottonwood. A strip of land, extending 30 from the lake, south-east into Oneka, is some- what hilly and rugged. Immediately west of this ridge, a tamarack swamp commences, in Oneka, at Kice lake, and entering Forest lake by section thirty-four, extends in a north-easterly direction to the head of Forest lake. It is generally impassable, though the county built a road across the northern portion, by laying a cor- duroy about thirty rods in length. No large streams run through the town though it is well watered by the numerous lakes which dot its surface, The most worthy of mention being Forest and Clear lakes. Around the lakes and along the small streams are low lands form- ing rich hay meadows. Forest lake, which as we have stated gave its name to the township, derives its appellation from the heavy timber skirting the shores. This lake having more than twelve miles of coast, extends south-east from the northern portion of section four, into the south-eastern part of section thirteen, occupying portions of twelve sections. The water is deep, and the sandy nature of the shore affords many fine landings. The region affords many induce- ments to pleasure-seekers and sportsmen. Clear Lake, smaller and more regular than its neighbor, occupies portions of sections seventeen and eighteen. Like Forest, it is surrounded by timber, and a portion of the shore is sandy. At the west end of the lake is a large swamp thickly grown with wild rice, forming a breeding ground for wild ducks, which are numerous and offer strong inducements to the hunter. Many smaller lakes and ponds also afford abundant hunting and fishing. EARLY SETTLERS. Louis Schiel and family- were the first to settle within the limits of the town. His father was a piano-maker in Heilbrun, Germany, and Louis attended school in his native town until eighteen years of age, with the intention of preparing him- self to enter a government office. When the troubles of 1844 began, he identified himself with the revolutionists, and on that account was com- pelled to leave his country. Having selected a piece of land in section fifteen and the north half of the north-west quarter of section twenty-two, he erected his house in 1855. This he afterward converted into a barn and erected a new dwelling. The same year a man by the name of Wilson, 466 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. from St. Paul, began work on section ten, and in November brought his family to liveu)n it. Three years later, he returned to St. Paul with his fam- ily. Next came a Bostonian named Kice, who settled on section twenty-two, lived alone until fall, then brought his wife from Boston. In the spring of 1856 they left. Cyrus pray purchased the old Wilson place and lived on it until 1861, then went to White Bear Lake, but at the end of four years returned to Forest Lake. He lost his life in a hotel fire in Minneapolis, a few years later. The late Fred- erick Veith with his family settled on the old Wilson place in September, 1863. OFFICEES. A special meeting to elect oflScers and complete the township organization, was held April 23d, 1874, at the depot in Forest Lake. Two hundred dollars for town purposes was voted. M. Marsh was chosen moderator, and Louis Schiel, clerk. The ofiBcers elected were: H. D. Benedict . A. C. York, Gerorge Simmons, supervisors; Louis Schiel, clerk; Louis Schiel and S. P. Howell, jus- tices of the peace; 8. P. Howell, district number one, and Jonas Johnson, district number two, road overseers. At the succeeding annual meet- ings, the amounts voted for various purposes and the supervisors elected, were as follows: March 9th, 1875, two hundred dollars for cur- rent expenses; H. D. Benedict, A. C. York and James Johnson, supervisors; March 14th, 1876, three hundred dollars for town purposes; H. D. Benedict, J. Johnson and W. J. Simmons, super- visors; March 13th, 1877, three hundred dollars for expenses and one hundred for roads; A. C. York, S. P. Howell and George Simmons, super- visors; March 12th, 1878, two hundred and twenty-five dollars for expenses and forty for roads; A.C. York, S. P. Howell and George Hun- ter, supervisors; March 11th, 1879, one hundred and fifty dollars for expenses, twenty-five for roads; A. C. York, Ole Aim and W. J. Simmons, supervisors; March 9th, 1880, one hundred dollars for expenses and one hundred and fifty for roads; A. C. York, Ole Aim and Joseph Lunden, super- visors. The offices of town clerk and justice of the peace, have been held by Louis Schiel since the township was organized. The whole number of acres cultivated in the township in 1880, was 511, producing 3,646' bushels of wheat; 1,846 of oats; 2,390, of corn, 63, of rye; 2,475, of potatoes. The amount of hay cut was about 499 tons; the amount of live stock owned in the township is as follows: One hundred and two cows, thirty-three horses, forty- five sheep, twenty-nine hogs and ninety-four oxen. There are evidences in section 11 on a rise of ground overlooking the lake, that at one time it was used as a garden. Although covered by a heavy growth of timber, some of the trees being three feet in diameter, there are to be seen dis- tinct out-lines as of garden beds. An eminent officer of the ' United States army, who has paid considerable attention to the study of relics of the mound builders, was of the opinion that these marks were left by that pre-historic race. The territory between White Bear and Forest Lakes was hotly disputed between the Chippe- ways and Sioux. In 1856, the former built a a rude fort, about one hundred and fifty rods from the head of the outlet of Forest Lake, and prepared to withstand the attack of the Sioux. However they abandoned the fortification, which was constructed of wood cut by the squaws, and Michael Marsh alone reaped the benefits of their toil by securing a large amount of fuel. At another time two Chippeways were encamped in a wigwam, on the shores of the lake. One day while hunting, two Sioux stumbled upon this camp, and entering, waited for the absent Chippeways to return, intending to slay them. One of the latter on returning was killed, but the other becoming aware of the presence of his ene- mies, turned the tables and killed both the Sioux. This alarmed a party of Sioux warriors, who im- mediately started in pursuit. A white woman by the name of Stipe, who informed them of the di- rection the fugitive had taken, was rewarded by a fine saddle of venison. VILLAGE OF FOREST LAKE. This place was laid out by the railroad com- pany in 1868, the spring following the completion of the road. It is on the shore of the lake, on fractional south half of the south-east quarter of section five and fractional north-east quarter of section eight. Here the company have a depot, water tank and wood-yard. FOBEST LAKE— STOBE— SCHOOLS-SOCIETIES. 467 FIBST STORE. The first mercantile establishment in the town was opened by Michael Marsh, just in advance of the railroad. He furnished supplies to the few families then living here. First he opened at Clear Lake, in 1867, and a year later in the village. In June, 1868, the store and stock was burned, but Mr. Marsh imme- diately purchased a new stock, opened in his hotel just completed, and continued until 1873. The first store built in the village, was that of John Koller and company, erected by Ole and Gustavus Aim, who carried a small stock of gro- ceries until 1877, then sold to John Koller, who added a general stock of merchandise. In March 1878, Koller took W. H. Sanborn into partner, ship, and the latter being appointed post-master, removed the office from the depot to the store, the 1st of January. In the fall of 1880, C. V. Smith opened a general stock of merchandise, to this he proposes to add milling in the spring of 1881. Samuel Martin, the same fall, opened the only saloon in the village. W. E. Lindstrom op- erated a blacksmith shop in John KoUer's stable, but soon removed it to a shop 16x126 feet. North Shore house was the first public house opened in the village. It is a large frame build- ing erected by Michael Marsh, In the spring of 1868. Before building, the railroad company as- sured Mr. Marsh that the road would come just in front of the house, but when it was completed the track was laid quite a distance away. When first built contained six chambers, dining room, kitchen and sitting room. The year following, Mr. Marsh built a wing containing a bar and office, and five chambers. H. D. Gurney, in the spring of 1876 erected a summer hotel and four cottages on the west bank of the lake, where he cleared and fitted a commo- dious picnic ground, about sixty rods from the depot, just outside of the village limits. He keeps ten row and two sail boats for the use of • pleasure seekers. SCHOOLS. The township has but one school district, the house being located in the village. This is known as number fifty-six, and was organized Septem- ber 23d, 1873, with the following officers: Louis Schiel, director; S. B. Howell, clerk ; Cyrus Gray, treasurer. The house was not erected until the next year; the district officers were H. D. Ben- edict, A. C. York, S. B. Howell. SOCIETIES. Forest Lake Lodge No. 179, 1. O. G. T., was organized in June, 1879. They hold their meet- ings every two weeks in the school house. The charter members were A. C. York, Elizabeth Spickler, R. H. McGee, I. M. Banty, Estella Bush, A. W. Simmons, William Angevme, John Banty, M. A. York, Minnie York, S. B. Howell, Sarah Angevine, Mary Poston, David Banty, Eichard Poston, John Erickson. The Methodist Episcopal church was organized in February, 1876, by Kev. Adam Ringer, pastor. Meetings are held every alternate Sunday in the school-house. The following were the early members: A. C. York, Miriam York, W. A. York, Esther Veith, Virginia Veith, Frederick Veith, Rebecca Simmons, Rebecca A. Simmons, Jeremiah Poston, Mary Poston, Mary E. F. Pos- ton, John Banty, David Banty, Isaac M. Banty. The present pastor is Rev. George Read. Rebecca M. Simmons was the first white child born in the township, April 24th, 1864. Her parents are George and Rebecca Simmons. The next was Henry A. son of Louis and Mary Schiel, born September 2d, 1856. The first maixiage was that of Francis Cartwright, to Mary Long, of Taylor's Falls, in 1865. The next was that of Allen Greenwald to A. Regan, in the fall of 1871, followed by that of Richard W. Simmons and Josephine Marsh in June, 1872. The first death was that of Frederick Veith, senior, in 1867. The next January, J. P. Veith followed. BIOGEAPHICAL. Ole Aim, a native of Sweden, was born in 1850, and is the son of Andrew Aim, the first Swedish settler in Forest Lake. Coming to Ame- rica in 1869 with his sister, he proceeded directly to his parents, who had preceded him. In 1873, he located at Forest Lake with his father, and three years later, opened a store in company with his brother. They sold the following year and devoted their time and attention solely to farm- ing. Mr. Aim was married in 1876 to Gustina Erickson, a native of Sweden, who died in 1879, leaving two children. Robert Gronberger is a native of Kalmer, Swe- 468 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. den, bom in 1S40. He received his education in his native country, and finished his course at the gymnasium, afterward worl^ing as book-keeper. In 1869, he came to America, making his way directly to St. Croix Falls, "Wisconsin; thence to Taylor's Falls, Minnesota. After visiting St. Paul, he located on a farm in 1877, in Forest Lake township, situated on the banks of the lake. Some of his time was devoted to literary pursuits, having written a history of the early Swede settlers and pioneers of the north-west, which was published in the Staats Tidning of Minneapolis, also in the Skaffaren of St. Paul, and has since been issued in book-form. He is now contributor to these papers and to one Chi- cago newspaper. He has been assessor at Forest Lake for two years past. A. P. Halsey was born at Elizabeth, New Jersey, 1845, where he remained until twenty-two years of age. Wishing to see the west, he came to Davenport, Iowa, thence to Waterloo, which place he made his home for four years. In 1871, he went to Le Sueur, Minnesota, and carried on an extensive business in the mercantile line, hav- ing a large general stock. Finally disposing of his goods, he came to Minneapolis, and being at- tracted to Forest Lake, purchased fifty acres of land very pleasantly located on the shores of the lake. His residence commands a beautiful view of the waters and surrounding wood-lands. He was married January 2d, 1871. S. B. Howell was born in Suffolk county. Long Island, 1837, and on reaching maturity, embarked in business as a photographer, ilugust 22d, 1862, he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth New York Volunteers, Company II; was wounded in tie hand by a shell in an engage- ment at Bottom's Bridge, and was discharged March 8th, 1864, through sickness, from which he never fully recovered. He came with hiB family to Minnesota, and located at Forest Lake, where he has since resided on a farm pleasantly situated on the banks of the lake. His wife was Elizabeth Kent, married in 1859. They are the parents of seven children. John Koller, of the firm of Koller and Com- pany, is a native of Germany, born 1844. When a lad of seven years, he came with his parents to America, and for six years made his home at Eock Island, Illinois. In 1875 he removed to Chisago county, Minnesota, and two years later became a citizen of Forest Lake, purchasing the stock of general merchandise from Ole Aim, which he has increased to meet the wants of all his patrons. W. H. Sanborn is the junior part- ner, also post-master, the post-oflBce department being in connection with the store. W. E. Lindstrom is a native of Sweden, bom 1849. Here he received his early education, and learned the trade of blacksmith. In 1879 he im- migrated to America, landing in Boston, and proceeded westward to La Crosse, Wisconsin thence to North Branch, Chisago county, Minne- sota. Deciding to locate at Forest Lake, he pur- chased two lots in 1880 on which he built a dwelling and a blacksmith shop, which was the first shop of that kind in the place. Married, in 1873, to Matilda C. Geathburg, who was bom in Sweden in 1847. Michael Marsh, one of the oldest settlers of Forest Lake, was born in Germany, March 28th, 1828. Coming to America in 1850, he passed the first four years at Chicago and Aurora, Illinois. In 1855 he removed to Hastings, Dakota county, Minnesota, then a village of about two houses and four shanties, and here opened a store, also carried on a farm several miles away in Marshan township. Remaining at Hastings until 1866, then moving to St. Paul he established a grocery and provision trade, and the year following located a branch store at Forest Lake. Subsequently he purchased land and erected a hotel, and for sev- eral years carried on both store and post-oflSce. In 1880 Mr. Marsh moved to St. Paul, and is ex- tensively engaged in wood contracting at both places. He married Mary Gekli in 1853, who did at Hastings in 1865, leaving five children liv- ing: Josephine, Peter, John, Katrina and Eos- anna. Mary Poston is a native of Ohio, born in 1833; when a small child moved with her parents to Adams county, Illinois, near Quincy, remaining with her parents until her marriage with Jere- miah Poston, April 19th, 1849. Six years sub- se(iuently they removed to Minnesota, and lo- cated on their pleasant farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Wyoming township, removing later to their farm adjoining in Forest Lake. For the benefit of her husband's health and her children's education, they removed to Le Sueur FOREST LAKE— BIOGRAPHICAL. 469 in 1871, remaining four years; then returned to their former home. On the 2d of December, of the following year, Mr. Poston departed this life aged fifty-eight. His widow still resides on her farm, and is the parent of eleven children: Ash- ford C, Lurianda C, Silas M., Bell, J. Golden, Richard II., John K., Mary T. F., Wm. Grant, Emma C. and Irene. Louis Schiel was born in 1831, and is a native of Germany, where he received his early educa- tion, finishing his studies at the school of forestry for the purpose of preparing for duties in civil service. He landed at the port of New Orleans in 1850, coming up the river to southern Illinois, and in the summer of 1855 proceeded to St. Paul, Minnesota. He experienced at this time a severe illness; on recovering he joined a prospecting party, passing through White Bear, thence to Forest Lake, where he made a claim of one hun- dred and sixty acres and built a log-cabin. The same yeair his family came out from St. Paul, mak- ing since that time their home on the farm. In '61 he enlisted in the First Minnesota Battery, and was discharged in 1863 in consequence of inju- ries received. Mr. Schiel has been justice of the peace, town clerk and school director since the organization of the town. In 1851 he married Mary Freund, a native of Germany. Edward, Harry, Lizzette, Emma, Fannie, Albert and Edwin are their children. The latter is an adopted child. J. P. Simmons was born in Ohio, 1846, and when a small boy came with his parents to Illi- nois, locating near Quincy, and in 1855 came to St. Paul, Minnesota, finally locating on Forest Lake the next year. Here he lived with his par- ents until the age of twenty then accompanied a party to Vermillion gold mines, but soon returned. In 1873 he purchased a farm in Forest Lake township, on which he located in 1879, after hav- ing visited California and other states. His mar- riage with Miss Anna Peoples took place in 1879. R. W. Simmons is a native of Ohio, born 1850. When a mere child he moved with his paients to Illinois, thence to Minnesota, living at White Bear about two years, then located on a farm in Chisago county, later in Forest Lake. On attain- ing his majority he worked in St. Paul two years, then purchased land in Wyoming and Forest Lake townships, owning at present one hundred and fifty-seven acres. His wife was .losephine Marsh, married in 1872. Their children are, George M., Allen, John H., and Clarence. Wm. J. Simmons was born in Athens county, Ohio, 1851. At the age of three years- he came with his parents to Minnesota after a residence of some time near Quincy, Illinois. In 1856 he lo- cated on a farm in Wyoming township, subse- quently to Forest Lake, where he remained until reaching majority, then worked as a laborer two years in St. Paul. Returning to his home in 1877 he purchased his present homestead of one hund- red and sixty acres in Forest Lake township. Married in 1874 to Julia Rioux. Charley, Ella, and Jessie are their children. C. V. Smith was born in Sweden, 1842, and was there connected with the mercantile trade. Coming to America in 1869, he landed at Quebec, and proceeded to Chicago, Illinois, thence the next year to St. Paul, Minnesota. He was in the employ of several firms in that city until 1880, then purchased village lots at Forest Lake and im- mediately erected a new store and dwelling. He carries a complete general stock of groceries, dry- goods, boots and shoes, hardware, patent medi- cines, etc. A. L. Stromberg, is a native of Sweden, where he received a good education, then finished his studies at the college of Skara. In 1868, he came to America, making his way to St. Paul, Minne- sota; the first winter was devoted to the study of the English language, also the manners and cus- toms of the people. In 1869, he entered the em- ploy of Langdon and Co., railroad contractors, and occupied responsible positions for three years, then made a short visit to his native country. Returning to St. Paul, he assumed the position of manager of the Swedish newspaper three years. Subsequently he purchased land in Forest Lake township, and in 1877, located on it. He is still in the employment of Langdon and Co, which often calls him to St. Paul. In 1880, he made another trip to Sweden. Esther P. Veith, daughter of Parker West, was born in Ohio, 1828, and remained with her parents until her marriage with William Long, in 1844, who died four years later. She accompanied her brother to Illinois some time later, and while there married, in 1854, Mr. Fred Veith. They came to Minnesota with their family and settled 470. HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in Forest Lake township in 1864, purchasing the land on which formerly lived Mr. Wilson, the first settler of Forest Lake. Mr. Veith died July 31st, 1867, leaving his widow with five chil- dren, Franklin, Fred, Caroline V., William and Adella. MARINE. CHAPTER LXIV. VILLAGE OF MABINB — FIRST CLAIM — MARINE LTTMBER COMPANY — STORES — POST-OFFCES — TOWN RECORDS — VILLAGE CHARTER — ARCO- LA MILLS — V ASA— SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES- TOPOGRAPHY OF MARINE TOWNSHIP — BIO- GRAPHICAL. The village of Marine is located on high ground overlooking the St. Croix river, about twelve miles above Stillwater. It is particularly de- scribed as on sections six and seven, township thirty-one, range nineteen, and sections one and twelve, township thirty-one. range twenty. In addition to the St. Croix, which sweeps along forming its eastern limit, a brook which affords power to the mills, flows through and determined the location of the village. This brook takes its rise in, and is furnished with its crystal waters by large springs. Two smaller brooks, taking their rise in these springs, have their confluence within the limits of the village as now platted. The little brook is here stopped in its gambols and made to perform duty in turning the wheels of a flouring mill, and just below is caught again and conveyed to the saw-mill, whose wheels it also turns. Let us now look back a little more than forty years to the time when this little brook was al- lowed to run as it would, and see the condition of things at that time, following the changes up to the present. The St. Croix Lumber Company was formed in the winter of 1837, and the steamer Palmyra was chartered at St. Louis to take up men, sup- plies and mill machinery for the enterprise. This steamer, the first on the St. Croix river, landed at St. Croix, July 16th, 1838, and as it brought the pioneer party no improvements were visible at any point on the St. Croix; indeed the same could be said at that date from Prairie du Chien north. One of the party by the Palmyra, L. W. Stratton, took opportunity during the winter fol- lowing to make a claim for himself, and, accord- ingly, stuck the first stake at Marine, December 12th, 1838, which was the first claim. Stratton cleared a portion of his land and put up twenty- five cords of wood for the use of the steamboats, *he first work of the kind done, it is said, above Prairie du Chien. The history of Marine, however, begins with that of the Marine Lumber Company, now Walk- er, Judd and Veazie. In the fall of 1838, Lewis S. Judd and David Hone of Marine, Illinois, selected this place for their operations, and returning home by the same boat on which they came up, formed a company in their native town, consisting of Orange Walker, Hiram Berkey, A. C. S. Parker, Lewis Judd, George B. Judd, Albsrt Judd, Dr. Green, Lucius Green, William B. Dibble, David Hone, Joseph Cotrell, Samuel Burkleo and James M. Parker, for the purpose of lumbering. During the fol- lowing winter arrangements were perfected and the company set out in the early spring for the St. Croix. They reached Marine on the 13th of May, 1839, and simply providing a temporary shelter or shanty, began operations on the mill. They were provided with suplies for a year, and the machinery for a new mill, brought with them. Fall found them with the frame of the mill up, one muley saw and flutter wheel in position and some lumber was manufactured. By this means lumber manufacturing in the valley was begun; the fall of 1839 is the date of its beginning and Marine has the honor of inaugurating the busi- ness. The company were accompanied by McKnight, a competent mill-wright, and Joseph McElroy, blacksmith. During the winter following, '39- '40, two thousand logs or 800,000 feet were cut. Only four men were employed in the woods, all members of the company, Parker, Berkey, Dib- MABINE—EABLY EVENTS. 471 ble and Lucius Green. In the general manage- ment of the business, the work was thus divided; Parker superintended the logging,Berkey the mill, and Walker the store. It should be mentioned here that Marine led the van in St. Croix Valley not alone in the manufacture of lumber, but in trade, for, as above intimated, the company es- tablished a store immediately and sold the first goods, aside from the Indian traders, in the valley of the St. Croix. During the second season, an overshot wheel was put in, also an additional saw, making the capacity of the mill, 1,000,000 feet per annum. No permanent buildings were erected here until after the government survey in ]847-'48. The first frame building was built by the company on the point as a residence for Samuel Burkleo. This house remodeled to its present style, is owned and occupied by Hiram Berkey. After the building of this house, others soon followed. The first house, excluding the shanty built on the arrival of the company, was a log house, since demolished, built in the spring of 1840 for a boarding house for men employed by the company. This was 40x28 feet, and was located south of the presentjlocation of "Walker, Judd and Veazie's store. The first marriages were; William B. Dib- ble and Eliza McCauslin in the winter of 1842; in 1844, Samuel Burkleo and Susan McCauslin; in April, 1848, B. T. Otis and Mrs. Jane Ann Church. Bev. W. T. Boutwell officiated in aU of these occasions. The first birth at Marine, was that of a son. Orange to Samuel Burkleo, date not ascertained; the second, Henry to the same parents, February, 1847; the third, a child of Mr. Waterman, born May, 1847; the fourth, Flora Ann Otis, now Mrs. McDonald, of Marine township, a daughter of B. T. Otis by his first wife, a half-breed, born in the fall of 1847; the fifth, a daughter of J. K. Meredith, born February 2d, 1848, named "Mar- tha Jane. The first death was a child of William Noble, about 1843, in the fall; the body was subse- quently removed to St. Paul; the second, the wife of B. T. Otis, in the winter of 1847. The circum- stances of this death were peculiarly trying. Mr. Otis went to the woods, leaving his wife with James Brown and wife (both women were half- breedsl. During his absence Mrs. Otis was sick with ague and sent by Brown for calomel. On his return he brought two packages resembling each other, but one containing strychnine and the other the medicine required. He put them in separate pockets, changing his memory with their contents. Unfortunately his memory proved treacherous, and the woman received the wrong package and died from the dose taken before re- lief could be obtained. The third death was that of George Leapler, an employe of the company. Some of the original company died; Lucius Green, about 1845, in the summer; Lewis S. Judd, in December, 1848. Both died at Marine, Illi- nois. Samuel Judd, of the firm Walker, Judd and Veazie,is a son of the last named deceased. A law suit, said to be the first held in Wiscon- sin territory, west of the St. Croix, was held at Marine; Joseph R. Brown, justice; jury impan- neled: S. Burkleo, Orange Walker, H. Berkey, David Hone, Joseph^ Haskell, James Norris, Francis Nason, Alexander McHattie, Andrew Mackey, Hiram Sweezy, and two others. The case was one of claim jumping between Philan- der Preseott and Charles D. Foote; the land in dispute was at Preseott but the case was brought to Marine for trial because a jury could there be obtained. The jury would make no decision without viewing the premises, and for this pur- pose embarked in canoes for Preseott in company with the parties to the suit. At Stillwater the boats were abandontdin consequence of ice in the lake, and the remainder of the journey was accomplished on land. A further inconvenience was encountered on their return, for the birch bark canoes had disappeared and only a little ashes re- mained to indicate their fate. Arrived at the claim in dispute, the jury dis- agreed and the trouble was settled by Preseott al- lowing Foote eighty acres of the claim. The first road was the old government road leading from Point Douglas, via Stillwater, Mar- ine and Taylor's Falls, to Superior City on Lake Superior. The first farming was done by the Marine Lum- ber Company. They broke fivff or six acres the first season, 1839, and raised corn and potatoes. The second season increased the acreage to about twenty. Mr. B. T. Otis, the death of whose wife was before mentioned, settled for about six months 472 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. on section 19, township 31, range 19, where he made some improvements and built a house. Mr. Otis was the first, aside from the company, to try farming. After the death of his wife, he sold in the spring of 1 848, to one Blaise, who in turn sold to a man named Harvey. In April of that year, Otis married again, and settled July, 1849, on section 30, township 32, range 19. Here he broke ten acres in 1849, and put in a crop; after an absence in the woods, accompanied by his wife, he returned and put in a second crop in 1851 . Cai-twell, a German, also began farming in 1849, on the farm now owned by Abe. Johnson, section 31, township 32, range 19; he remained about five years, after which he returned to his former home at Dubuque. Edward Von Kuster settled in the spring of 1850 on section 26, where he remained about ten years and sold to Fred. W. Lammers, who still resides on the place. The old house is still standing, though used for other purposes than a residence. Three Swedes, August Sandahl, O. Eoos and Charles Famstrom followed in farming enter- prise: they settled in section 27, in the spring of 1851, but made small improvements. In the fall of the same year, Daniel Nelson and Magnus England opened a farm on section 21. They were married men and made valuable improve- ments on their farm. John Peterson in 1853 appears to be the next. He settled on section 15, township 32, range 19, and brought a family of eight children with him. The first wheat was raised in 1854 by Hugh Camp- bell on section 31, township 31, range 19. S. V. Anderson is credited with being the second man to raise wheat. His field was on section 35, township 32. range 20. Eye had been produced early by the Swedes, who ground it for use by hand in large coffee mills. The mill, the incipi- ent steps of which were previously stated, con- tinued in the shape in which we left it at 1840 until 1852, when it was torn down and a mill erected, 60x80 feet, by Judd, Walker and Com- pany. The old company had been dissolved and this new one formed. The power of the new mill was derived from a forty foot overshot wheel. Two sash saws, one rotary saw and a lath machine were put in operation. The capacity of the mill as remodeled was 2,000,000 feet of lumber per annum, and 400,000 lath; twenty men were em- ployed. It was operated by this company until 1863, when Orange Walker became sole proprie- tor. Soon after this change in ownership, the mill was destroyed by fire, and Marine was for a few years without a mill. In 1866 a new com- pany was organized, consisting of Walker, Judd and Veazie, and the mill at once rebuilt; a little lumber was sawed in the fall of 1866. The new mill was 70x30 feet, furnished with one double circular saw, one bolter, one lath ma- chine, one shingle machine and one edger. The wheel for the new mill was of the same dimen- sions as that of the former. Its capacity when complete was 3,000,000 feet per annum. In the winter of 1872-'73 the company de- termined to enlarge their mill and business. Ac- cordingly this mill was torn down and a new one constructed 102x56 feet, two stories. A seven- teen and one-half inch Leflel wheel furnishes the power; and a forty-two foot head was secured. An engine was also introduced by which addi- tional power can be furnished. Ttie combined power of water and steam is rated at one hundred and eight horse-power. To the saws employed in the old mill were added a gang-edger and trimmer. A planer and siding machine have since been added, and also a run of stone for a feed mill. The present capacity of the mill is about 75,000 feet per day, or about 9,000,000 per annum. The mill is under the same management as at the time of its construction — Walker, Judd and Veazie. This company have also a boom at Marine with a capacity of 12,000,000 feet. The company usually have cut about 9,000,000 feet of logs in the pineries, but during the winter of 1880-'81 it amounted to nearly double the usual amount. Walker, Judd and Veazie have other branches, such as a store, stage, steamboat and telephone. The history of the store may be given briefly in this place. The original Marine lumber company, as pre- viously intimated, brought some goods with them. They were not, however, well furnished for this branch of business and sold little. In 1842 or 1843 they built the little store now used by C. G. Lindquist, about 14x16 feet, and in- creased their small stock. In 1847 they built a larger building,two stories,and used the lower floor MABINE—STOBES— MILLS. 473 for a store and the upper part for sleeping rooms. In 1850 this gave place to one still larger, 24x40 feet, and two stories, with a warehouse 30x30. In 1862 George B. Judd, Orange Walker and Com- pany became proprietors, continuing in the same store on the south-west corner of block seven. This company dissolved in 1862, Walker forming a partnership with Samuel Judd; George B. Judd and Gaskill then occupied the former store. Walker and Judd opened a store on the south- east corner of block three. In 3866 they took in a Mr. Veazie as partner, and the firm was styled Walker, Judd and Veazie. In 1870, this last named firm built a new store, the largest at this time in Marine. It is 30x70 feet, two stories and basement, and does a large business in general merchandise and lumbermen's supplies. The company have another store at station Veazie on the Nimikogin river and Northern Wisconsin rail- road, opened in 1871; this is a one and a half story building, 24x30. They also have a hotel at Vea- zie station, 30x30, with an L 20x40 feet, and stable room for two hundred horses. Veazie is their distributing point for the lumber camps. The hotel though twice burned has been promptly rebuilt. In 1876 this company bought a half in- terest in the steamboat G. B. Knapp, and are how joint owners with Smith Ellison, of Taylor's Falls. This boat makes daily trips from Prescott to Tay- lor's Falls. Stages. Walker, Judd and Veazie run a daily stage from Marine to Stillwater. Abe Johnson, proprietor of the livery stable, also runs a daily stage between the same points. The company have telephone connection with Stillwater estabUshed since August 5th, 1879. Other stores. Judd and Gaskill, as previously stated, began in 1862. They continued business in company until January 9th, 1864, when the building occupied was consumed by fire, though a large part of their goods were saved. After this, Gaskill joined the army while Judd prepared to build again on the same location, occupying what is now the St. Croix house as a store while his building was progressing. He occupied the new store until his death in 1872, when it passed into the hands of his two daughters, under the management of George F. Sabin. The business was closed out in the spring of 1875. The Union store was opened in 1871, under the management of H. F. Boock and Frank N. Peterson. Il^was burned after two years, and its existence terminated. Unfortunate ventures. Lund and Holmes opened a store with general merchandise in the fall of 1873. This ended in 1875 in failure. Ballard, Draper and Company be'gan in 1857, and failed after four years. Van Lanshute traded in furs and hides for a short time in 1858. Dyke and Company, in 1857, opened for a short time a store with fancy notions and toys. A gun shop by A. C. Lull, in 1862, was of short duration. H. F. Boock and John Swenson, in 1856, were engaged in business only a short time before failure. H. F. Boock, after the erection of the building which subsequently became the St. Croix house, in 1857, entered into partnership with Axel Youngrein, in general merchandise, in the new building. The concern failed after about two years. Van Kuster opened a store, and Campbell and Swenson another, which were of short duration. Marine flour and grist mill was commenced in the summer of 1856 by Gaskill and Company; the company being Judd, Walker and Company. In September, 1857, manufacture of flour was begun. In 1859 the company was styled Judd, Walker and Gaskill ; in 1862 it was Judd and Gaskill, and in 1864 George B. Judd became sole proprietor. In 1872 in consequence of the death of Mr. Judd the mill was carried on by his executors until 1878, when his son, George F. Judd became of age and assumed the business. The mill is 51x56 feet, four stories. As first built, it contained two buhrs but a third was afterward introduced by the orignal company. Its power was obtained from an overshot wheel, and the mill when built was acknowledged to be the best in the state. The mill has been repaired and remodeled by the present owner, receiving one new run of stone, two purifiers, one set of rollers and a thirteen and one quarter inch Leffel turbine wheel, which replaced the old overshot. The fall was increased from forty to sixty feet by conveying the water through a race one thousand feet. This improvement was made in 1879 and from that date high grinding 474 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. has been done; tlie capacity of tlie mill is forty barrels per day. The establishment of Kose, Magnusen and Com- pany, general merchandise, is one of the live in- stitutions of the place. Opened by Schmidt and Graf in the spring of 1870, it continued thus to 1879, when Graf removed. In July, 1880, Schmidt sold two-thirds interest to Swen Magnusen and John G. Eose, and the firm continues under the above name. They are increasing their business by the addition of a building 26x46 feet for farm machinery. Livery is kept by Abe Johnson. The business was begun in 1870 by 8. D. Gaskill and Adam Amos, who built the stable. It went into the hands of McKusick and Wagner, and afterward Wagner and McNeal before it was purchased by Johnson, the present owner. He runs a stage, carrying the mail between Marine and Stillwater. The Marine brewery was started about 185*j by Kaufman, a German from Hudson, on the lot now owned by George F. Sabin. He sold to J. J. GrofE and Son, who in 1865 built larger buildings on the present site. They sold in 1870 to Wich- man and Gartner, and in 1880, on-the death of Gartner, John F. Wichman became sole proprie- tor. He manufactures three hundred barrels of beer annually, using nine hundred bushels of bar- ley, employing two men. A saloon in connection is kept by Wichman. TEADES. Blacksmithing was begun in Marine by Joseph McElroy, in 1839, under the original lumber com- pany. His tragic end and the hanging of the In- dian murderer, has been previously recorded. In 1845. Zebulon Griflttn succeeded. McElroy, but in 1848, he went to Areola, and thence to California. Edward Keefe followed to 1853, Joseph Solle to 1857, assisted in 1855-7 by Ole Westergren. In 1857, the latter formed a partnership with Walker Judd and Veazie, in the management of this shop, and in 1860, bought the entire business. Mr. Westergren has several times enlarged the shop, until at present he gives employment to three men in a shop forty feet square with four forges. Wagon-making began in 1860, with Stephen Tollman, followed by P. J^f . Leveeu, and is now carried on by Peter Palmustein. Nels Talk also conducts a similar business at his residence. Boots and Shoes. Two shops, one carried on by C. G. Lindquist, and another by Andrew Eequist, for manufacture and repair. Each car- ries a stock of harness hardware. Township 32, range 20, has a blacksmith and wagon-shop, kept on section 23, by Isaac Swan- son and Simon Peterson. The first physician was Dr. Wright, in 1849. He died suddenly of cholera after two years, at the time of the attack stricken with grief from the death of his sister. Dr. J. K. Eeiner came in 1853, and united book-keeping for Judd, Walker and Company with his practice, remain- ing until 1862, with an interim of two years. Dr. E. Cooley practiced from 1857 to 1864. Dr. J. E. M. Gaskill, now practicing at Marine came in 1855, and engaged in milling. After the war, in which he served honorably, he gave him- self to the practice of his profession, and since 1873, has conducted a small drug store in connec- tion with his practice. George F. Sabin opened a law-offlce in the fall of 1877, and still continues. HOTELS. When travelers first visited Marine, they were entertained at the log boarding-house of the com- pany, located just south of where the store now stands. This old boarding-house was kept by Mr. and Mrs. David Hone. Mrs. Hone was the first white woman in the town. She came with the pioneers of 1839, bringing two children. The Marine house was the first hotel. This was built by the Marine Lumber Company, in 1840, and was opened in the fall of that year un- der the charge of Adam Lightner. He w^as suc- ceeded by CorneUus Lyman, in 1851, WiUiam Johnson in 1852, and then Adam Lightner re- sumed. In 1857, M. ^\'elshons bought, but per- mitted it to fall back to Walker, Judd and Veazie, in 1866. William Lowell rented until 1871, when Hiram Berkey bought the property. He sold to S. D. Gaskill, and S. D. Gaskill deeded to Mrs. M. M. Judd; it has since reverted to the estate of S. D. Gaskill. Since 1879, it has been closed as a public house. The Lightner house was built in 1858 by Adam Lightner. It was transferred to Judd, Walker MABINE— POST-OFFICE— BECOBBS. 475 and company and. by them to A. C. S. Parker. Walker, Judd and Veazie have since bought the house. The St. Croix house was buUt in 1857 by H. F. Boock, and afforded rooms at first for two stores and a dwelling. In the spring of 1868, M. Wel- hons increased the building, adding suitable conveniences and opened a hotel. Subsequent additions were made, and the house has twenty- five chambers; parlor, sitting room, oflfice, sample room and other conveniences. POST OFFICE, Fort Snelling was the nearest post-office until about 1845, when an office was established at Marine, called Marine Mills post-offlce. Previous to this, Philip Aldrich carried the mail monthly between the fort and Marine. The first post- office was in the mill company store, Orange Walker post-master. Adam Lightner succeeded Mr. Walker, and A. C. Lull followed. Mr. Walker then received the appointment again, and in 1869 Samuel Judd succeeded him, and has since held the office. The town-house of Marine was built in 1872, of cut stone, quarried near the place. The lot was generously given by Orange Walker. It contains a lock-up, clerk's office and assembly room. TOWN KECOBDS. The town of Marine was organized October 20th, 1858, and the first meeting held at the gun shop of A. C. Lull, when the following officers were elected: J. E. M. Gaskill, John E. Mower and B. F. Allen, supervisors; A. H. Wilke, town clerk; A. C. Lull and T. P. Cheney, justices of the peace ; Hiram Berkey, assessor ; Orange Walker, overseer of poor; S. B. Clark and Jona- than Lawton, constables; John L. Hill, collector; John E. Mower and M. Welshohs, overseer of roads. 1859. J. B. M. Gaskill, J. E. Mower and B. F. Allen, supervisors. 1860. N. C. Draper, Eobert Eich and H. F. Boock, supervisors. Voted |100 for town pur- poses. 1861. N. C. Draper, A. Tonngren. C. Ekdahl, supervisors; voted two and one-fourth mills on the dollar for all expenses, and three-fourths of a mill for town expenses. 1862. Eobert Eich, H. F. Boock and Charles Ekdahl, supervisors; voted one mill on the dol- lar for town expenses. 1863. Eobert Eich, H. F. Boock and Charles Ekdahl, supervisors; voted two mills on the dol- lar for roads and one and a half for town pur- poses. March 1st, 1864, the town supervisors ordered bonds issued for $1,000, payable in one, two and three years, with interest at ten per cent, pay- able annually, for the purpose of creating a vol- unteer bounty fund> August 6th, 1864, another tax of one per cent, was levied, also it was de- termined to issue bonds in sets of three, each $100, payable in one, two and three years, with interest payable annually at seven per cent., and that one set be issued to each volunteer credited to Marine. 1864. J. E. M. Gaskill, J. E. Mower and C. Peterson, supervisors; voted one and one-half mills for town expenses and two mills for roads. 1865. Eobert Eich, F. W. Lammers and H. Campbell, supervisors; voted one and one-half mills for highway tax and one and one-half mills for town expenses. 1866. Eobert Eich, F. W. Lammers and Ole Westergren, supervisors; voted one and one-half mills for town expenses and three mills for roads, 1867. Eobert Eich, Hugh Campbell and Erick Faulk, supervisors; voted two mills for roads. 1868. Hugh Campbell, Ole Westergren and John Swenson, supervisors; voted five mills for roads. 1869. H. F. Boock, Charles Ekdahl and J. S. Campbell, supervisors; voted five mills for roads. 1870. H. F. Boock, John Swenson and Jona- than Huntley, supervisors; voted one mill for town expenses and five mills for roads. 1871. M. May, J. Swenson number two, and J. Huntly, supervisors; voted one mill for town expenses, and five mills for roads. 1872. Morgan May, Ole Westergren and Chas. Ekdahl, supervisors; voted one mill for town ex- penses and five mills for roads. Eesolved, that a town house be built of stone or brick for the amount of $2,000, and that bonds shall be issued for said amount, payable at ten per cent, and a sinking fund of $200, provided; voted a tax of two mills to cover first payment and interest. P. E. Walker, H. F. Boock and 476 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. M. Welshons were elected building committee. The lot was given by Orange Walker. 1873. F. W. Lammers, Ole Erickson and John Huntley, supervisors; voted two mills for town house bonds. 1874. F. W. Lammers, Ole "W. Erickson and John P. Swenson, supervisors; voted two mills for town expenses, and five mills for roads. 1875. F. W. Lammers, John P. Swenson and Ole W. Erickson, supervisors; voted one mill for town purposes and two mills for roads. 1876. H. Campbell, Ole W. Erickson and John Swenson, supervisors; voted three mills for town expenses and five mills for roads. 1877. Hugh Campbell, Andrew Linn and J. P. Swenson, supervisors; voted two mills for town expenses, two for bonds and three for roads. 1878. Hugh Campbell, John Swenson and An- drew Linn, supervisors; voted two mills for town expenses, three for bonds and five for roads. 1879. Hugh Campbell, J. P. Swenson and Peter Hagman, supervisors; voted one mill for town expenses and five for roads. 1880. Hugh Campbell, J. P. Swenson and Peter Hagman, supervisors; voted one mill for tovm expenses and five for roads. The charter for Marine village was drafted by Dr. J. E. M. Gaskill, Porter E. Walker and Emil Graf. The limits embrace "all that part of the south half of section 31, township 32, and section 6, 7, and the north half of the north half of sec- tion 12, township 31, range 19, lying west of the St. Croix river, also the south half of section 36, township 31, and section 1, 12 and the north half of the north half of section 13. The first election was held at the town house, March 31st, 1875. Orange Walker, president; J. R. M. Gaskill, Ole Westergren and Aaa S. Parker, councilmen; P. E. Walker, justice and recorder; P. N. Leveen, marshal ; J. H. Simon- son, treasurer. First meeting of the council was held April 1st, 1875, at the store of Walker, Judd and Veazle. 1875. December 6th, J. R. M. Gaskill, presi- dent; Ole Westergren, Asa S. Parker and M. Welshons, councilmen. 1876. J. R. M. Gaskill, president; AsaS. Par- ker, Ole Westergren and M. Welshons, council- men. 1877. Samuel Judd, president; Ole Wester- gren, John F. Wiekmaii, William Schmidt, coun- cilmen. 1878. M. Welshons, president; Charles Wester- gren, Gustof Carlson and Edwin St. John, coun- cilmen. 1879. William Schmidt, president; Chas. Wes- tergren, Ole Anderson and C. D. Simonson, coun- cilmen. 1880. William Schmidt, president ; C. D. Si- monson, Charles Westergren and John Elmquist, councilmen; George F. Sabin, recorder; E. H. Walker, treasurer. At the time of the Indian massacre of 1862, a company of about forty men was formed at Ma- rine, Robert Rich, captain. Fifty stands of arms were furnished by the government but the volun- teers preferred their own guns for fighting In- dians. The company was not called into service, but were under marching orders sixteen days. AECOLA MILLS. Martin Mower; W. II. C. Folsom, John Brews- ter and D. B. Lewis formed a company in 1846, for the erection of a mill at this point, which was completed, and sawing began in July. 1847. The mill was 4Qx60, with one sash saw and an edger. The power was obtained by a water- wheel, thirty-four feet in diameter, enclosed in a wheel-house, and the water was brought from a spring about one hundred rods distant. Brewster and Folsom remained but one year, and Loomis withdrew after five years. This mUl has a ca- pacity of 1,000,000 feet per annum. In 1856, Martin Mower built a steam saw-mill with a capacity of 2,000,000 feet. In 1869, this was greatly enlarged and improved by the addition of a new engine and machinery, giv- ing a capacity of 5,000,000 feet. This mill has not been operated for some years. At one time a village was platted at Areola, but no record has ever been made. Mr. Mower had a store at this point from 1850 to 1865. He still maintains his residence here and has a spacious and beautiful house. YASA. This town site was laid out within the present limits of Marine, on section 30, township 32, range 19, by B. T. Otis and John Columbus. It MABINE— VASA— SCHOOLS. 477 was revised in September of the next year, by Frank Eegister and James Russell. Curious stories are current in regard to Colum- bus, who entered this land at an early day. One is that before his death he requested his friends to bury him beside a favorite dog and that his body be covered with twenty feet of earth. A steam mill was built here in 1857, by James Russell, James Silly and Prank Register. The company, became bankrupt, Silly sold their logs and took French leave with the money, lurching hi s partners, and th e would-be town is now among the things of the past. Here were once stores, post-offlce and the inev- itable saloon. John Columbus and John Cbpas built a log store in September, 1854, carrying a general stock of goods, besides liquors. In 1857 they erected a house, which as remodeled is now the residence of John Copas. Columbus died in 1859; Copas carried on the store until 1861, since which time he has attended strictly to farming. Frank Register also kept a store at this point, in 1858, but closed it about a year after. A post-offlce was established in 1856, in a little house since removed; Frank Register, post-mas- ter. After the building of his store, Mr. Register kept the office in connection with his business. N. Heaven street was post-master subsequently, and the office returned to its former quarters, where it remained until discontinued after the annexation of the town to Marine. B. T. Otis kept a travelers' hotel at his house from his first settlement h^re in 1849 until the Vasa house was built in 1856, by James Russell. The Yasa house was torn down and rebuilt at Marine. Still another house was opened as a hotel by Otis, but this is now the farm house of Charles Peterson. Several Indian mounds here 'are worthy of mention. Some have been removed, but two still remain. One is directly in the rear of the school- house, in which are buried Caroline Reid, a sister of Mrs. B. T. Otis, and Hiram Otis, a son of the latter. John Columbus was buried in a mound on the farm of John Copas, cleared by him just before his death with a view to preparing it for his last resting place. His last injunctions are given above. Bones in great numbers have been exhumed from these mounds. Townships 32, ranges 19, 20 and 21, was organ- ized about 1858 into a town first called Vasa, but afterward Otis; the change in name was inade at a meeting held June 8th, 1859, in accordance with an order from the state auditor notifying the commissioners of the existence of another town of the same name. September 7th, 1860, Otis was formally made a part of Marine, in conse- quence of a petition for re-annexation from its^. citizens, and an election held in October, 1859. A post-office was established May 1st, 1878, known as Scandia, on section fourteen, near the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church; John M Jonasson, post-master. The I. O. O. F. was organized at Marine April 5th, 1878. Its officers were installed by Jo- seph Lewis, C. P. of the state of Minnesota, as- sisted by George B. Kidder, D. D. G. M. of the state of Wisconsin. Officers: George F. Sabin, 1^. G.; Andrew Gunderson; V. G.; Theodore E. Ward, recording secretary; Emil Graf, treasurer; nine charter members. Meetings every Saturday evening. SCHOOLS. School number three. The first school was held in the summer of 1849 in the old hewed log house built in the summer of 1840, which had served for lodging, store or any convenience, as is customary in new settlements. Miss Sarah Judd, now Mrs. Eldridge of Stillwater, was teacher, and eight or ten children were gathered for her instruction. Miss Godfrey taught next. Teachers before 1852 were paid by private indi- viduals. In 1852 the sum of $424 was raised by subscription for building a school-house. The first annual school meeting was held Jan- uary 28th, 1853. Officers elected: M. Welshons, O. Walker and John Holt, trustees; C. J. Buth, clerk. This was designated district number two, and was so known until 1862, when it was changed to number three by act of legislature. This first school-house was consumed by fire in 1856, and it was voted at a meeting held December 15tli of the same year to build again. The new building was two stories, and cost |2,437. School number four. A school-house was erected in this district as early as 1857 on section 478 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. thirty-one, but was moved in 1869 to section thirty-two, on the lower road, and burned shortly after. The first teacher is said to have been Miss Leybold. Schools were then held in Martin Mower's store and other buildings until 1868, when the present house was built on section thirty. . The earliest records found are of 1852. Martin Mower, C. Lyman and Charles Murry, trustees; J. E. Mower, clerk. School nvimber two was organized August 4th, 1865. Eev. C. P. Argrelius, Daniel Nelson and P. T. Peterson, trustees; W. C. Johnson, clerk. First regular school was held at the house of W. C. Johnson on section thirty-four, township thirty-two, range twenty, taught by Mrs. Sally Johnson. Previous to this Eev. Argrelius had gratuitously taught a school one term. The old log Lutheran church was purchased in 1860 for a school-house. In 1866 the old house was torn down and set up again on section twenty- six, and is still used. School number one was opened in the winter of 1856 at the house of John Peterson, with about eight scholars. Jacob Sanders, teacher. It was bandied about from house to house until 1868; when the district erected a house on section eleven, near Goose lake. Magnus Hoganson, John Peterson and Charles Ekdahl were elected trustees and A. P. Johnson, clerk. School number thirty-eight was organized in the sununer of 1862, and the first school held by Miss Emma Walker, now Mrs. Veazie, in the house of N. John Nelson in the spring of 1863, with about seven scholars. Schools were held at private houses until 1867, when a school-house was built on section five. Peter Danielson, John Olsen and Carl Carlson, trustees; N. John Nel- son, clerk. School number forty was organized in 1864 and a school-house erected on section thirty-one. The first school was opened in the fall of 1865 with twenty-five scholars, by Miss Kate Maloy. The building was mysteriously burned in 1869, and rebuilt the same year on about the same location. First ofiicers: William Goggin, clerk; Enos Wood, treasurer; J. L. Buckley, director. School number fifty was organized in February, 1871, and the first school held at the house of Andrew Carlson, on section 3, township 31, range 20, with about thirteen scholars; Jennie N. Smith, teacher. School house was built in 1876, on section 4, which was ready for use Novem- ber 1st. School number fifty-seven was organized in the fall of 1874, and the house built in the summer of 1875. The first school numbered about twenty-five, and was taught by Andrew Holm. Andrew Stury, clerk; Erick Magnuson, treasurer; and A. W. Johnson, director. School number sixty-one. The first school was held in the summer of 1875, at the house of John Swenson. This at that time belonged to the district east, consequently two schools were sus- tained by the same district. In 1877 an organization was afEected with Charles Lemed, clerk; John Edstrom, treasurer; and August Elmstrom, director. CHURCHES. The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church was organized as early as 1856. A log church was built in 1856, on section 27, which subsequently became a school-house. Nine members composed the church at first; Daniel Nelson, John Abri- hamson, Peter Eriekson, John Magnuson, S. D. Anderson, Carl Carlson Jonas Istberg, Andrew Linn and Andrew Larson; Kev. John Pearson, pastor. Nineteen new settlers in the northern part of town soon united, and by their influence secured the erection of the church on section 14. This church, 32x48 feet in dimension, was begun in 1868, finished and dedicated in 1860. Services were held in the church June 24th, 1858, before its completion. This became a flourishing church, and in 1874 a new and more commodious building was begun on section 23, completed in 1875, and dedicated in 1876. The new building is 50x80 with a steeple eighty feet high, and a bell weighing one thousand pounds. In the gallery is a pipe organ with nine stops and one and a half octaves ped- als; John Linwal, maker. Eev. E. Hedeen is now pastor. Connected with the church is a commodious parsonage, with forty acres of land. The cemetery is on section 14, directly opposite the new church. The First Congregational society of Marine was organized September 14th, 1857. "The ob- ject of this society shall be to co-operate with the MABINS—CHUBCEHS. 479 First Congregational church of Marine, in pro- viding for and maintaining the public worship of God in accordance with the faith and order thereof." The First Congregational church of Marine was organized in December, 1858; E. J. Burgess and P. E. Walker, deacons; Rev. Geo. Spaulding, pastor and clerk; eleven members, Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Burgess, Mr. and Mrs. P. E. Walker and daughter, Mrs. Barton, Mr. and Mrs. George Spaulding, Mrs. Lehmicke, and two others. The church was erected and dedicated in 1859, 40x60, 20 foot ceiling, with steeple and bell. The Swedish Methodist Episcopal church was built in 1866 on section 27, south side of Long lake. C. P. Argrelius, ilrst pastor; Magnus Eng- lund, Adolph Seobiholm, Nels Eosengren, John Eosenquist, Monson and Carlson, members. In 1864 the first church was torn down and the church built on section 26, between Hay and Sand lakes. B. Bergosan, pastor. The Second Congregational church took its be- ginning in a preliminary meeting held January, 1878, and was organized during the following month with the following members: Andrew Eichmond and wife, James Alcorn and wife, Jonathan Huntley and wife, George Hinds and wife, Dennis Huntley and wife, Mrs. Henry Otis, Mrs. B. T. Otis, Mrs. John Alcorn, William Al- corn, Mrs. B. Wilcox, Mrs. J. McDonald, Lydia P. Huntley, Edna M. Huntley and Nellie Went- worth; F. A. Wolcott, pastor, who still continues. The church, 24x36 feet, with a vestibule in front, is located on section 24. First officers: Andrew Richmond and James Alcorn, deacons; George P. Hinds, treasurer; Jonathan Huntley, clerk. The Swedish Lutheran church was organized March 16th, 1872, and building begun. In 1875 the church, 30x48 feet, with eighteen foot ceiling and steeple, was ready for dedication. A bell was added in 1 880. First officers: Nels Falk, Ole Westergren and Andrew Carlson, deacons: F. N. Peterson and P. N. Leveen, trustees; John Lund, clerk; L. O. Lindh, first pastor; Rev. E. Hedeen, present pastor. Oakland Cemetery was organized April 10th, 1872, and belongs to the village of Marine. April 20th, 1878, the bodies deposited in JSTason Hill cemetery, which had been organized and used for burial since February 16th, 1856, were removed here. A more convenient and desirable place of burial was thus secured. The town of Marine is quite broken in topog- raphy. In the south-west the surface is more level, and the lands of the south, and especially the south-west, are by far the best in the town. The banks of the river are quite abrupt and ter- races are quite frequent. The modem residences of the village are situated on the bluffs, and have a commanding view of the river and picturesque Wisconsin bluffs. The country was originally covered with a dense growth of timber, though not usually large, except in the north-west, and consisted of black and white oak, birch, poplar and small burr oak. Several small creeks intersect the town. Silver creek, on section seven, township thirty-two, range nineteen, has within half a mile a fall of seventy-four feet, and volume enough to run a mill. The creek which furnishes the power for the mills at Marine boasts no name, but might be called "Busy" creek. Harvey creek is the outlet of Big Jake. Among the lakes the most noteworthy are Big, Bony, Square and CarneUan. Besides these are Terrapin, Fish, Long, Hay and others. These lakes are very beautiful, and abound in fish. The population in' 1875 was 1,567; in 1880 it had increased to 1,773. BIOGRAPHICAL. Olof Anderson, a native of Sweden, was born March 5th, 1844. He lived in his native country until reaching man's estate. In 1868 he came to America and located at Marine, Minnesota, where he has since resided. His wife was Anna Pau- line Oshell, whom he married in Sweden in 1867. They are the parents of three children. George W. Bennett was born in Springfield, Illinois, January 7th, 1846. When only a child he came with his parents to Washington county, Minnesota, his father George Bennett being one of the pioneers of that county. He enlisted in Company G, Eleventh Minnesota Regiment, in the fall of 1864; he served until honorably dis- charged in 1865, at Gallatin, Tennessee. Two years later he was united in marriage to Miss Lizzie Rogers. They have five children living. In 1875 they settled on their present farm in Ma- rine township. 480 HISTOEY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. C. M. Bergquist was born in Sweden" in 1842. He passed his childhood days in his native coun- try, where he also learned the tailor's trade. In 1869 he sailed for America, and settled in Centre City, Chisago county, Minnesota, where he re- mained ten years. He came to Vasa in 1879, where he at present resides, and gives his atten- tion to his trade. He was married in 1871 to Christine Mongree, who has borne him two chil- dren. Capt. B. B. Borden, deceased, was a native of Massachusetts, bom at Fall River, February 22d, 1812. At the age of eighteen he began the life of a sailor, which he followed until 1856, a por- tion of the time being on a whaling vessel. After retiring from the sea, he came westward and pur- chased a farm in Marine township of one hundred and sixty acres, where he resided until his death, which occurred February 14th, 1880. He was married in 1842, to Miss Nancy Spooner, of New Bedford, Massachusetts, by whom he had five children; Daniel B., Henry N., Leonard J. and Aurelia S. are living. C. L. Boutwell, a native of Minnesota, was born at Stillwater, 1851. He is a son of Rev. W. T. and Esther Boutwell. His attention was given chiefly to umbering, until 1873, when he bought his present farm of eighty acres in Marine township, and still resides there. His wife was Maria O. Smith, a native of Steuben county, New York. They were married in April, 1871. A. BruUt, is a native of Lower Canada, born near Montreal, 1832. He lived in the land of his na- tivity until seventeen years of age, then moved to Essex, New York, where he worked in the rolling mills four years. He returned to his native coun- try, thence to Stillwater, Minnesota, in 1855, tar- rying only a short time, he located at Marine, and has been engaged in lumbering fourteen years. Purchasing a farm of eighty-three acres near the village in 1878, he located, and there still remains. In 1867, he married Mrs. A. Champeau, who has borne him one child, Frank. Michael Byron was born in Ireland, 1825, where he learned the trade of brick and stone mason. Coming to America in 1846, he settled in St. Louis, at which place he made his home, until coming to Stillwater in 1854. After living there six years, working at his trade, he bought a farm of sixty acres in Marine, where his .family have since lived. He has since added to it, and now owns one hundred and eighty acres. Mr. Byron still continues his trade. His marriage with Miss Catherine Brady took place in 1845. They have had a family of nine children, six now living. A. J. Carlson is a native of Sweden, bom in 1824. He came to America in 1869, locating at Afton, Minnesota, and remained one year. He then purchased a farm in Marine, on which he has since resided. In 1846, he married Christine Nelson. They are the parents of seven children: three of whom are living. John Copas was born in Italy, 1825. He immi- grated to America in 1852 and remained one year in New York, then came to St. Paul, Min- nesota, tarrying six months, locating finally in Marine township on a farm of forty acres. He has prospered, and now owns one hundred and twenty acres. In 1864, he enlisted in the Fourth Minnesota and served untU the close of the war, when he was discharged at Louisville, Kentucky. He married Caroline Peterson, a na- tive of Sweden, in 1857. They have five children. Abrain Cronk is a native of New York, born in Broome coimty, May 14th, 1816. There he en- gaged in farming until 1861, when he came to Marine and settled on the west bank of Big lake, purchasing a farm of one hundred acres, where he has since resided. In 1839 he married Miss Martha Cole, a native of New York. They have had seven children, tliree now living. Joseph Dahlquist is a native of Sweden, bom November 29th, 1653. His youth was passed in his native country and in ] 870 came to America, locatinpf at Marine. He bought forty acres of land, to which he has since added forty more. His father and mother are both living with him. Mr. Dahlquist is one of a family of eight child- ren, only five of whom are living. John Daly, a resident of Marine, was bom in New Brunswick, November 28th, 1848. When twenty-two years of age he removed to Stillwater, where he engaged in lumbering five years. He then purchased a farm in Marine township and moved on it the next year, and still remains. He was married July 6th, 1875, to Clara Bennett, daughter of George Bennett, a pioneer of the county. Charles Ekdahl is a native of Sweden, born in 1829. Coming to America in 1854, he worked the MABINE—BIOGBAPHIGAL. 481 first winter in the pineries, then pre-empted a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Marine township. He has been very prosperous having now five hundred and thirteen acres. In Septem- ber, 1864, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Min- nesota regiment, being honorably discharged in June, 1865; he was in Sherman's march to the sea. During the year 1875 he represented his district in the legislature; has also held the ofiice town supervisor several terms. He was married in 1854, to Christiana Gustavson, a native of Sweden. Ten children were born to them. John Blmquest, a resident of Marine, was born in Swedea, in 1842. He passed his childhood in his native land, and learned the trade of stone mason. In 1869 he emigrated to America, and located, at Marine, where he has since worked at his trade, being an industrious and respected citi- zen. He was married in Sweden in 1866, to Jo- hanna Cplson, who has borne him five children. Andrew A. Falk is a native of Sweden, and was born January 4th, 1847. He passed his life in the land of his nativity until 1868, when he came to America. His first location was at Ma- rine, but he removed to Preebom county, Minne- sota, after a brief stay. Two years later he re- turned to Marine and purchased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, on which he still lives. His marriage with Miss Emma C. Smith, a na- tive of Minnesota, took place in 1876. Their children are Victor, Morgan B. and John A. Erick Talk was born in Sweden in 1833. He came to the United States at the age of twenty- three and located at Jefferson, Illinois. He made that place his home until the fall of 1860, when he came to Washington county, Minnesota, and spent four years in lumbering interests. He en- listed in Company G, Fourth Minnesota Volun- teers, in 1864, and served until the close of the war, being honorably discharged at Louisville, Kentucky. Soon after returning from the war, he purchased forty acres and has now a fine farm. He has held the oflBces of assessor and justice of the peace for a number of years. His family consists of wife and two children. James K. M. Gaskill was born in Madison county, Illinois, in 1820. In 1843 he graduated f rom McKendree College. He also graduated from the medical department of the Missouri State University in 1854. After practicing his pro- 31 fession in Centralia, Illinois, for a short time, he came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. Here he practiced; also was interested in milling, lum- bering and general merchandise. He enlisted and served in Sherman's army as surgeon of the Forty-fifth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry until the close of the war. He was a member of the first legislature of Minnesota, and again in 1872-'73. His wife was Clara E. Hughes, whom he married in 1861. They have one son and a daughter. Jonas Grandstrand is a native of Sweden, bom in 1830. He grew to manhood in his native country, and in 1862, came to America. After making his home in Illinois one year, he came to Taylor's Falls, Minnesota,workingin the old saw- mill at that place one summer. He then worked in the mills at Areola one year. He purchased his farm in Marine township from the govern- ment, on which he located with his family in 1864. He entered the war as carpenter, and worked in the quartermaster's department at Little Bock, Arkansas, until 1865. His wife was Anna C. Nelson, whom he married November 19th, 1869. They have eleven children living. S. Hassler vs'as born in Sweden, 1835. He came to America in 1855, locating at Marine, and began working for Rev. Boutwell on a farm. He engaged in lumbering, milUng and farming until he enlisted in Company D, First Minnesota Keg- iment, in July, 1865. After receiving his dis- charge he remained over one year in Stillwater, Minnesota, then purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Marine township. His house was destroyed by fire in 1871, but he rebuilt im- mediately. He wedded Miss Emma Nelson in 1862, who has borne him eight children, seven of whom are living. Eev. Erik Hedeen was bom in Sweden, Febru-. ary 28th, 1844. He came to the United States in 1869, and located at Paxton, IlUnois, where he engaged in preparing himself for the ministry at Augustana College and Seminary. He remained five years, graduating in 1874. His first charge was at New London, Kandiyohi county, Minne- sota, where he remained five years. In October, 1879, he removed to Washington county and took charge of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Marine, also at Marine Mills. He married Ma- 482 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. tilda C. Olson, of Illinois, in 1878. They have one child, Anna T. Henry Hickman was born in Tennessee, May 10th, 1829. He was in the Mexican war, having enlisted in Company G, Fifth Tennessee, in 1847, and served until honorably discharged in the fall of 1848. He also enlisted in 1863, in Company K, Second Minnesota Cavalry, and served against the Indians mitil May, 1866, when he received his discharge at Fort Snelling. About the year 1853 he came to Washington county, Minnesota, giving his attention to lumbering for a few years, then bought a farm at Vasa, where he has since made his home. In 1862 he married Sarah Peterson. They have a family of six children. George P. Hinds is a native of Massachusetts, bom at Boston, August 24th, 1845. When about ten years of age, he left his home and moved to Oxford county, Maine, remaining six years. In 1861 he came to Washington county, Minnesota, and enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota, and served under General Sibley in the Indian campaign two years. His command was then ordered south and was under General Sherman in his famous "march to the sea." In 1865 he was honorably discharged at St. Paul, and returned to his home in this county, where he has since resided. For eleven years he was interested in lumbering, and finally settled on his farm in Ma- rine township. In 1866 he married Miss C. Wil- cox, a native of New York. They have five children. George Holt was born in Jefferson county, Kentucky, 1822. At the age of fourteen, he moved with his parents to Madison county, Illi- nois, and after a brief stay went to Galena, thence to Praire du Chien, Wisconsin. He engaged in rafting lumber on the Missouri, Mississippi and Chippewa rivers for different parties a few years, then returned to his home in Illinois, remaining until 1845. He then was employed by Mr. A. Judd of the Marine Mill Company, with whom he remained until 1850. In company with his brother, he went to Stillwater, Minnesota, wliere they gave their attention to hotel and livery busi- ness. Mr. Holt carried the first leather mail bag on the route from Stillwater to Taylor's Falls via Marine in 1851. The same year he was married to Melinda Ward, and two years later removed to Marine, where they have since lived. They have a family of five children. In 1864, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Minnesota, and served nine months, being honorably discharged at Louisville, Kentucky. John Holt, deceased, was bom in Jefferson county, Kentucky, 1818. He removed with his parents to Madison county, Illinois, and in 1845, came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. In 1852, he married Mary Jane Ward, a native of Ireland, at Galena, Illinois. They came to Stillwater, Minnesota, and kept the Minnesota house one year, then removed to Marine and built the first house outside of what was owned by the mill company. Mr. Holt was engaged in lumbering, and in 1857 met with a loss of nearly thirty thousand dollars worth of logs. From over exer- tion, he lost his eye sight the same year, which he regained in 1865. He died January 12, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Holt have had four children, two of whom are living. John Hohn, is a native of Sweden, bom in 1814. He came to America in 1865, and immediately came to Marine, where he has since resided. He was iharried in 1835, to Sarah Swenson, who has borne him eight children, seven or whom are liv- ing. Peter, the eldest son, came to Marine, in 1864, and purchased the farm on which his family now reside. Gustav is married, and is a farmer in Marine township. Andrew J. is at present teach- ing school ; three of the daughters are mar- ried, one is single. Jonathan Huntley was bom in Caledonia county, Vermont, 1837. Here he lived until about sixteen years of age, then came to Wash- ington county, Minnesota, with his parents, his father having purchased a farm of one hundred and ninety acres, in Marine township. Mr. Hunt- ley enlisted in Company "K," Second Minnesota Cavalry, in 1863, and was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling in 1866. His wife was Charlotte Hill, whom he married in 1858; she is a native of Vermont, and came to Washington county, with her parents, in 1854. They have three children, Satira L., Lydia P. and Edna M. Abram Johnson, is a native of Sweden, bom in 1834. At the age of twenty-four years he came to America, locating at Stillwater, Minnesota, where he kept the Depot hotel for four years. He then moved to Marine and bought a faim of four hundred and forty acres, having also an interest MABINE—BIOGBAPHICAL. 483 in the wood, trade. In 1869, he began lumber- ing, and now does an extensive business, owning fourteen hundred acres of pine lands. He took a contract in 1878, of carrying the United States mail from Stillwater, via Marine, to St. Croix falls, and still holds the contract. Mr. Johnson, carries on an immense business, all of which is under his personal supervision. His mamage with Caroline Parsons occurred in 1863. They have four children living. Andrew P. Johnson was born in Sweden, March 12th, 1825. He came across to America in 1854, and located at Marine, being obliged to walk from Stillwater. He worked at his trade in the village, until he took a claim of one hun- dred and twenty acres in 1856. He first built a small house 10x14 feet, his wife assisting him in carrying the logs, they having no team. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have been prospered, and now own a farm of four hundred and forty-seven acres. They were married in 1851, she being Miss Mar- tha Johnson. They are the parents of two sons and three daughters. August W. Johnson a resident of Marine, was born in Sweden, 1842. He learned the tanner's trade in his native country, and in 1864 came to America. Proceeding to Minnesota, he located in Marine township, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land. He married Johanna M. Hokinson in 1870, who has borne him five child- ren, four of whom are living. Since their mar- riage Mr. and Mr. Johnson have resided on their farm. P. G. Johnson, who has been a resident of Ma- rine township since the close of the war, was bom in Sweden in 1834. His childhood days were passed in the land of his nativity and in 1853 he came to America. He engaged in lumbering until 1865, when he purchased a farm in Marine township. During October of the following year he married Eva Parsons. Emil, Amanda A., Alice C, Jennie T., Mary, JuUus E. and Oscar "VV. are their children. J. A. Johnson was born in Sweden in 1842. He came to America with his parents, who landed at Quebec, and from there came to Stillwater, Minnesota. After a brief visit they located at Marine. He, being at this time about thirteen years of age, and wishing an education, removed to Stillwater where he attended school summers and in winter did various kinds of work. He went to Texas in 1860 and engaged in stock rais- ing until compelled to abandon his efforts on ac- count of the war. He was then a locomotive en- gineer on the Ohio and Missouri raUroad, where he continued until 1866. Mr. Johnson was en- gaged in different occupations for a number of years, finally opened a machine trade at Fargo, Dakota territory, he being the senior member of the firm of Johnson and Company. His wife was Miss A. A. Coler, a native of Switzerland, whom he married in 1865. Alice E.; John C, Clarence F., Laura A., Lawrence E., are their children. J.N.Johnson was born in Sweden,1828. He came to Chicago in 1853, and in the spring of the year following located at Stillwater, Minnesota, where he worked in Nelson's saw-miU during the sum- mer months, and in the pineries during the winter for three years. After a two years' experience in farming in Wisconsin, he came to Marine and pur- chased a farm of eighty acres. Owing to his econo- my and industry , he now has a fine farm of sis hun- dred and twenty acres. Enlisted in Company D, Second Minnesota and served until his discharge in 1865. His wife was Christine Benson, a na- tive of Sweden, whom he married in 1858. They have ten children aU of whom are living. A. N. Johnson, a native of Sweden, was bom March 12th, 1846. On reaching his majority, he started for the new world, landing in 1868. He came immediately to Minnesota, locating at Marine, June 12th of same year. He bought a farm of forty-six acres in 1871, and since then has engaged in farming. He was united in mar- riage with Margaret Larson in 1871. George J. Judd, deceased, was born at Farm- ington, Connecticut, October 19th, 1799. He re- moved to Boston with his grand-parents when a small child, and at their death went to New York to Uve with his uncle. In 1832, he removed to Illinois, where he engaged in trade and farming with his brother. He formed a parternship with Mr. Hammond at St. Louis in 1844, where they disposed of lumber manufactured at Marine, Minnesota. He was in lumbering business until 1862, when he came to Marine, continuing his trade until his death in 1872. His family con- sisted of his wife and four children. George F. Judd, son of the late George B. Judd, one of the pioneers, and senior member of 484 HISTOBY OF. WASHINGTON COUNTY. Marine Mill Company, was born at St. Louis, Missouri, December 9tli, 1856. He came to Ma- rine with his parents when only five years of age. In 1877, he succeeded to the proprietorship of Marine grist mill. His marriage with Clara E. Kimbert took place December 8th, 1880. Samuel Judd was born at Marine, Madison county, Illinois, in 1840. He received a common school education, which he completed at McKen- dree College, Lebanon, Illinois. After finishing his studies he immediately located at Marine, en- gaging as clerk with Judd, Walker and Company. In 1862 he entered into partnefship with Orange "Walker, since which time he has been financial agent and general manager for the firm. In 1869 he was appointed postmaster, which position he stiU holds. He married in 1874, Amelia D. Flath- erty of St. Louis, Missouri, who has borne him two children Orange W. and Lucille M. Frederick W. Lammers, a native of Germany, was born 1829. He came to America in 1843 and located at St. Louis, Missouri, making that place his home two years. He then removed to Wash- ington county, Minnesota, and for several years worked on the river. In 1852 he took a claim in Chisago county, and remained until 1865, when he disposed of his farm and located at Marine. Mr. Lammers was appointed the first justice of the peace in Chisago county; he has also been honored with nearly all the town offices where he now resides. In 1852 he married Helen C. Nelson. They have had fifteen children, thirteen of whom are living. John Lindgren is a native of Sweden, bom August 10th, 1817. He came to America in 1854, and three years later purchased a farm which he owned five years, then sold and moved to Chisago lake. Here he resided five years then moved to Marine and bought a farm of two hun- dred and three acres, where he has since resided. He has been twice married. His present wife was Miss Ann Mattson, a native of Sweden, to whom he was married in 1857. Their children are : Charles, Mary C, John E., Frank and Albert. Erick Magnuson, a resident of Marine, was born in Sweden, in 1824. He came to America in 1854, and settled in Chisago county, Minne- sota, where he remained until May, 1865, when he purchased sixty acres in Marine township. Since that time he has from time to time added to it, and now possesses a beautiful and fruitful farm of two hundred and sixty acres. He has been twice married, his second wife being Jo- hanna Jonason, a native of Sweden, to whom he was married in 1857. Prank L., Mary J., Charles W., Joseph I., Esther C, Emil O., and Exel L., are their children. Swen Magnuson was bom in Sweden in 1848. He accompaniud his parents to America, in 1853, and settled in Chisago county, Minnes8ta, where he lived about fifteen years. He then came to Marine and commenced lumbering. la the sum- mer of 1880 he formed a partnership with William Schmidt and John G. Rose, in the busi- ness of general merchandise. He was married in 1875 to Carrie Shiller, who bore him one child: Lydia J. Morgan May was bom in England, in 1818. He entered the service of the East India Com- pany as midshipman, at sixteen years of age. After its demise he joined the naval forces and served in the war with China, in 1840, as naval officer. On leaving the sea, he learned the trade of miller, and at the death of his father he suc- ceeded to his mUls, which were located about thirty-five miles from London. In 1851 he crossed the Atlantic to America, and located at New Orleans. Two years later, he purchased his farm near Marine, and in 1858 came here with his family to reside. He has enlarged his farm from four hundred acres to two thousand, and is a very prosperous and prominent farmer. Mr. May has been twice married, his present wife having been Catherine, daughter of K. McKen- zie, member of parliament of Manitoba. They have four sons and one daughter. James McGuire, a native of Michigan, was born in Livingston county in 1846. When eight years of age he accompanied his parents to Still- water, Minnesota, his father taking a claim in that township in 1854. In 1874 he purchased the farm he now owns in Marine township. His wife was Miss Julia Bennett, to whom he was married in 1874. Their children ai'e Lee L., Eoland C, Grace E. and Clinton E. J. K. Meredith was born in White county, Illinois, August 22d, 1812. Here he passed his childhood, and at the age of eighteen removed to Galena, where he passed five years in mining. MARINE— BIOQBAFHIGAL. 485 From there he went to Burlington, Iowa, finally locating in Minnesota at Marine. He was em- ployed by the Mill Company seven years, and in 1860 began farming at his present location. In 1837 he married Eleanor Freeman, who bore him seven children, four of whom are living. Charles Mermond, a resident of Marine, came from Switzerland, where he was born in 1829. lie passed his early manhood in the "country of the Alps," until 1856, when he came to America. After tarrying in Chisago county, Minnesota, a few months he located at Marine, Washington county. He was in the employ of the mill com- pany three years; then started a saloon, to which he gave his attention summers, and leaving it to the care of his wife winters, he worked in the lumber camps as cook. He married Rosaline "VeHeiaux in 1857, who has borne him three chil- dren. John E. Mower, deceased, was a native of Maine, bom in' 1815. In early life he received a good business education, and after Uving a short time in St. Louis, Missouri, and Keokuk, Iowa, he settle^ near St. Croix Falls in 1845. He made his home there two years; then moved to Areola, about seven miles north of Stillwater. He was chiefly engaged in lumbering till the time of his death, which occurred in 1879. Mr. Mower rep- resented that district in the legislature three terms, and held the office of county commissioner nine years. In 1840 he married Miss G. A. Eemick. The living children are Helen, Emily and Mary. James and Martha died. E. M. Murch was bom at Plymouth, Maine, 1834. On reaching majority he removed to Min- neapolis, and for several years worked in the pineries of this state. He was in a saw-mill on the Bum river four seasons, and has worked at different mills at Anoka and Champlin. He came to Marine in 1868, and was employed by Walker, Judd and Veazie as foreman. In 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Minnesota, and served against the Indians under General Sibley. He was honorably discharged in 1864, on account of disability. In 1866 he married Dora Harper, a native of New York state. Four children have been born to them, three of whom are living. John S. Nay is a native of Maine, born in Som- erset county, 1823. He engaged in milling and lumbering until 1855, when he removed to Wash- ington county, Minnesota, locating at Stillwater. He was a carpenter and mill-wright until the com- mencement of the war. In 1862, he enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteers, and served against the Indians, under General Sibley two years, then went south, remaining until hon- orably discharged at Fort Schuyler, New York 1865. He then- returned home and removed to his present location at Marine. He married Miss S. Kobinson inl851. Children: Fred E., Edgar O., Wilmot H., Walter S., George A. and Car- rie E. Andrew F. Nelson, a native of Sweden, was bom April 25th, 1849. He came to America in 1867, and followed lumbering mostly, until pur- chasing his farm in Minnesota, at Marine, 1874. He now owns one hundred and eighty acres. He married Johannah Dahlquist in 1875. She is a native of Sweden, born July 6th, 1851. Jonas Nelson was born in Sweden, September 8th, 1880. He passed his youth in his native country, and when twenty-six years of age, he came to America. He proceeded immediately to Minnesota and located in Marine township on a farm of forty acres, and having only a small log house, such as many of the pioneers were com- pelled to inhabit at first. He now owns a fine farm one hundred and fifty acres. His wife was Car- rie Swenson, who was bom in Sweden. Andrew, Peter N. and John are their children. Mr. Nel- son's father is living with him, his wife having died in 1867. S. P. Newman is a native of Sweden, bom No- vember 25th, 1836, where he learned the tailor's trade. He came to America in 1868, and settled at Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he worked at his trade. He bought fifteen acres of land in Marine township in 1874, but works at his trade in Minneapolis the greater part of his time. His wife was Hilda Hokinson, to whom he was mar- ried in 1872. John P. Norlander, a farmer in Marine town- ship, was born in Sweden, February 8th, 1826. He came to America in 1861, and located on a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Marine township, where he has since resided. He was married in his native country, to Anna B. Erick- son, in 1850. Ingia B., Anna, Andrew P., Matta K., Mary C. and Ida M., are their children. OleOlin was bom in Sweden, October 11th, 486 BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1829. He came to America in 1854, and soon after came to Minnesota, locating in Marine, on a farm of two liundred and forty acres, and lias since made this his home. In March, 1865, he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota, and served until the close of the war. He was mar- ried to Juliann Christine Johnson, in 1852. Pierce Organ, is of Irish birth, born in 1835_ He remained in his native place tintil 1850, then came to America, and made his home at Buffalo, New York, five years. He then came to Chicago, livmg there two years, thence to Stillwater until 1874, engaged in lumbering. He removed to his present location in Marine towBship at that time. In 1861 he married Bridget A. Chute, a native of Canada East, and who came to Stillwater with her brother in 1857. Their children are Mary E.. Katie, Maggie, Elizabeth, Thomas, William, Patrick P. L. and Aurelia B. Henry r. Otis, a native of the"North Star"state, was born in Marine township, 1844, son of the early pioneer, Benjamin T. Otis. He enlisted m 1862, in Company C, Seventh Minnesota Volun- teers, and served until severely wounded in 1864, when he was taken to the hospital at Memphis, Tennessee; he was honorably discharged on ac- count of disability. Since that time he has made his home in his native county. His marriage to Miss Virginia Van Tassel, occurred in 1868. They have a family of six children, "William H., Susan A., Theo. E., Margaret L., Julia M. and Henry Fuller. Asa S. Parker, a prominent citizen of Marine, was bom in Windsor county, Vermont, July 11th, 1812. At the age of fifteen he removed to Greene county, New York, and engaged in brick-making. During the spring of 1839, he came to Marine, Minnesota, and immediately began with the orig- inal company of thirteen to build the Marine Mills, and was associated therewith until 1857. He withdrew his interest and has since been in- terested in farming, except two years spent in the mercantile trade. Mr. Parker has held the offices of county commissioner, also several other town ofiices. During the fall of 1859 he was wedded to Isabella Thompson, a native of Scot- land, who has borne him one child, Archie T. Charles A. Peterson, bom in Sweden, 1840, and came to America with his parents in 1853, his father taking a claim in Marine township of one hundred and sixty acres. On attaining his majority, Mr. Peterson began business for himself in lumbering and has always given much of his attention to that branch of industry since. He bought his present farm of one hundred and forty acres atVasa,inl868, where he has since resided. He represented this district in the legislature in 1878-'79. His family consists of his wife, who was Miss Martha Olson, and five children. His wife is a native of Sweden. John G. Rose was bom in Sweden, June 24th, 1849. He came to America in 1854 and soon after came to Minnesota, locating at Marine. He was first engaged in farming arid afterward was a dealer in agricultural machinery; he finally asso- ciated himself with Messrs. Schmidt and Mag- nuson in a general merchandise trade. He was united in marriage with Christine Bloom. Four children have been bom to them, two of wBom are living. C. A. Eutherford, bom in Steuben county. New York, 1842. He came to Washington county, Min- nesota, with his parents when eight years of age, and made his home in Grant township. He lived there until 1865, then enlisted in Company B, Brackett's Independent Cavalry and served against the Indians under Gen. SuUy until he received an honorable discharge, February 22d, 1866. Three years later he bought his present farm in Marine township. January 30th, 1879, he married Emma Saunders of Wisconsin. They have one chUd. George F. Sabin was born in Cheshire county, New Hamshire, 1844. He removed with his par- ents to Fitchburg, Massachusetts. "When fifteen years of age he entered the Middletown MUitary and Collegiate institute at Middletown, New Jersey, from which institution he graduated after a three year's course. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, Fifty-third Massachusetts, and served one year under Gen. Banks in Maryland. He re- enlisted in the Fifty-seventh Veteran Kegiment of Massachusetts in the winter of 1863. He re- ceived a wound at the battle of Petersburg, Vir- ginia, and was honorably discharged in the fall of 1865. He was secretary of the Union Machine Company four years and in 1871 came to Still- water, Minnesota, and during the winter of the same year came to Marine. He engaged in mer- cantile pursuits three years and afterward took up the practice of law, which he has since continued. MAEINE—BIOQBAPHIGAL. 487 He married in 1872 Georgie M. Judd, daughtcrof the late George B. Judd. They have had two children, who are both living. Hon. Wilhelm Schmidt, a native of Germany, born in 1831 . At the age of twenty-two he came to America, making his home at Toledo, Ohio. While there he worked at blacksmithing and in 1856 came to Stillwater, where he remained thir- teen years in the employ of Schulenberg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, as blacksmith and saw-filer. In 1869 he located at Marine, engaged in mercantile pursuits in which he still continues. He was nominated for representative by the re- publicans in this district, in 1880. Notwithstand- ing the strong opposition of other parties he was elected and by his own popularity and straight- forwardness. Mr. Schmidt was married at To- ledo, Ohio, in 1853, to Caroline Dhol, a native of Germany. Their children are Louis, Mena and Louisa; the two former died in infancy. W. J. Smith was bom at Bath, Steuben county. New York, August 31st, 1847. His father is a native of Scotland and his mother of New York state. When nineteen years of age he moved with his parents to Washington county, Minne- sota, where he has since resided. He was a mem- ber of the state militia at Bath, New York. Mr. Smith is unmarried. L. W. Stratton, the pioneer of Marine, was born in New Hampshire in 1816. In 1837, he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and while there, en- gaged with the St. Croix Lumber Company. Came up on the steamer Palmyra, arriving on the 16th of July, 1838. December 12th of that year, he made a claim where Marine mills is now located, and during the winter, put up twenty- five cords of wood for steamboats, the first wood cut for that purpose above Prairie du Chien. In 1852, he settled at St. Anthony, and the following year built the first bridge across the Bum river at Anoka. In 1854, he built the first sail-boat on Lake Miimetonka, and since 1871, has resided at Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota. Samuel Staples was born at Topsham, Maine, 1805. He removed to Brunswick, with his par- ents in 1820, where he received- a common school education. In 1834, he went to Lee, Penobscot county ,where he was engaged in farming and lum- bering five years, then moved to Nashwak mills, New Brunswick. He was employed as miller one year, then returned to his native state, remaining until 1854. Coming to Minnesota in that year, he located at Stillwatter, being interested in lum- bering until 1877. Two years later, he moved to his farm in Marine township. Mr. Staples has been twice married, his second wife was Mrs. Langley, to whom he was married in 1879. He is the parent of four children by his first wife. John Swenson is a native of Sweden, born in 1828. He came to America in 1854 and settled in Michigan, where he remained two years. He then came to Minnesota, locating on a farm of eighty acres in Marine township. He is a public spirited man and respected citizen; has held the of- fice of supervisor several terms. He enlisted in Company D, Fourth Minnesota, and served until honorably discharged in 1865. He was married to his first wife in Sweden, who died in 1873, leav- ing five children. His present wife was Mrs. Mary Carlson, who has borne him two children. Nels Thompson was born in Sweden, October 9th, 1847. He learned the carpenter's trade and worked at farming in his native country. He came to America in 1872, and first located at Red Wing, Minnesota, but during the same year came to Marine, where he has since resided, working at his trade. He married in 1876, Mrs. Anna McCraa, who had one child by her first husband, Hon. Orange Walker, one of the founders of Marine, and one of the most enterprising men in Washington county, was born September 4th, 1803, at St. Albans, Vermont. He is of the old Puritan stock, who were a brave and patriotic people. He supplemented a common school ed- ucation with a few terms at the academy in his native town. At the age of sixteen he left his father's farm, and gave five years apprenticeship at the tanner's and currier's trade, and subse- quently carried on the business two years at MUton, Vermont. In October, 1834, he removed to J ack- sonville Illinois, where he had an interest in a tan- yard. Being in poor health he came with a com- pany of pioneers to the site of Marine, the first white settlers here. Marine was reached May 13th, 1839, and in a few days Mr. Walker had a comfortable log cabin erected— the first in that section — ready for occupancy. Ninety days after, the company had a saw-mill erected and in opera- tion. For about thirty years Mr. Walker has 488 BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON' COUNTY. resided here engaged in milling, lumbering and merchandising, being an energetic and successful operator. Since 1864 he has been of the firm of Walker, Judd and Veazie, who are carrying on a business of about two hundred thousand dollars annually. For many years after his first location at Marine, there was no post-office nearer than Fort Snelling; finally a mail route was established and Mr. Walker was appointed post-master, which position he held twenty-five years. Sep- tember 16th, 1848, he married Mrs. Georgiana E. Lockwood, nee Barton, of Prescott, Wiscon- sin, a native of Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. P. E. Walker was born at St. Albans, .Vermont, 1816. He received his education at the academy of St. Albans, and was superintendent of schools of that place a number of, years. He remained at the old homestead until J 848, then moved to Milan, Ohio, where he was superintendent of the public schools and teacher in the higher depart- ments. He came to Minnesota, locating at Ma- rine in 1856. Mr. Walker held the office of county superintendent of schools six years, jus- tice of the peace almost from the time of his arrival to the present, and has also held many of the town offices. In 1837 he married Sarah A. Lewis, of Vermgnt, by whom he has five chil- dren. She died in 1875. His present wife was Elizabeth Cooley, a native of New Hampshire. . John G. Ward was born in Philadelphia, 1838. When quite young he moved with his parents to Galena, Illinois. He lost his parents by death at the age of twelve, and in 1851 came alone to Ma- rine, coming on the old steamer Menominee from Galena. He was the first white boy seen on the upper St. Croix. He passed the winters a num- ber of years in the pineries, and remembers very distinctly his great terror of the Indians, who were quite numerous about the camp. In 1870 he married Jessie J. Wishart, of St. Louis, Mis- souri. Four children have been born to them. Thomas E. Ward was born in New Bedford county, Massachusetts, March 4th, 1838. He moved with his parents to Philadelphia, where he lived eight years; thence to Natchez, Mississippi, about two years. He lived some time in Illinois and Wisconsin, and in 1865 removed to Minne- sota, making Marine his place of residence. Lumbering occupied his time and attention a number of years, and since then he has been in the employ of Walker, Judd and Veazie as clerk in a general store and on the steamer Knapp. He married, in 1869, Miss Lizzie Coler, a native of Switzerland. They are the parents of four chil- dren. M. Welshons, a native of Pennyslvania, was born in Westmoreland county in 1818. Here he lived until reaching man's estate and learned the trade of carpenter. In 1843 he removed to Galena, Illinois, where he worked at his trade about four years, then came to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. He located at Marine, May, 1848, engaging in the pursuit of his trade until 1856. He then embarked in the hotel business, and for nine years was manager of the "Marine" house; then resumed his trade until he built his present hotel, the "St. Croix," which affords ac- commodation for fifty. He was married Novem- ber 12th, 1848, to Mary J. Hooper. They have five children living. Ole Westergren is a native of Sweden, bom in 1825. He served an apprenticeship of four years as a blacksmith in his native country. In 1855 he came to America, making Marine his home, where he worked as a journeyman at his trade two years. He then formed a partnership with Judd and Walker, which endured three years; then he bought the whole, and has continued since alone. Mr. Westergren has held the office of supervisor, and is now a member of the city council. His wife was Anette Poison, to whom he was married in 1852, and who has borne him four children. John F. Wichman was born in Germany in 1831. Hecame to America at the age of twenty- two, locating at Bunker Hill, Illinois, where he engaged in mason work for two years. He then removed to Stillwater, and the next year to Ma- rine, where he has since resided. In 1870 he purchased his brewery from J.J. Groff, it being the first estabUshed in the place. He married Anna Simonson, who has borne him two children, Pauline and Bertram. Charles Reed was bom in Schuyler county, Pennsylvania, in 1831, and remained there until the age of twenty-four years, then removed to Clarion county, and a short time after came to Washington county, Minnesota; took a claim of forty acres, and has since added eighty acres. Married, in 1852, Hettie Hughes. STILLWATER— TOPOQEATHY—FIBSTSETTLEBS. 489 STILLWATER. CHAPTER LXV. TOPOGRAPHY FIRST SETTLERS ORGANIZA- TION — ROADS — POOR FARM — MILLS — SCHOOLS — BIOGRAPHICAL. The major part of the township is quite hilly and broken. The better and richer portions are to be found in the Lyman settlement, in the north-eastern and the Macey-Boutwell, in the western part, both comprising land well adapted to farming. The township was originally covered with a growth of scrub oaks, which has been cleared off by the settlers. Brown's creek, which is recognized by the gov- ernment survey, formerly passed over sections 18, 19, 20 and 21, but by John McKusick its course was turned south through sections 28 and 29, by way of McKusick's lake. Trap Ranch creek, the outlet of Silver lake, enters the river on section sixteen. About forty rods from its source is a water- fall of forty feet. In lo west water the fall is about four feet wide, and in high water twelve feet. Of the lakes in the township. Silver lake covers about one hundred and fifty acres of land in sec- tions seven and eight. The shores are gravel and the water pure and clear, abounding with fish. Twin lakes, on sections 18, 19 and 20, each oc- cupy about one hundred acres of land and are separated by a narrow ridge, which furnishes room enough to drive on. The north lake is shallow, the other deep and well suppled with fish. Spruce swamp, the only one within an area of about fifty miles, embraces within its limits about one hundred acres. It is situated on sec- tion eighteen and extends into Grant township. The banks of the river are usually quite ab- rupt. On section fifteen, just before the entrance of Boom Hollow, the walls rise perpendicularly to a height of one hundred feet. A road leads though this hollow, on either side guarded by stately pines. The first to settle in the township of Stillwa- ter outside of the limits of the city were, D. P. and C. Storrs Lyman, who were accompanied by their parents, Cornelius and Betsey, the latter making their home with D. P. Previous to the anlval of the family, C. 8. Lyman, had visited the country and selected a claim, during the sum- mer of 1843. After making some improvements, he returned to Illinois. In 1844, David P. came up, and the next two years, worked in saw-mills at Stillwater and Marine. Then the two brothers with their parents moved out on the land in 1846. Each of the boys erected a small frame building 16x18 feet, one and one-half stories high, and broke enough land to raise a patch of potatoes. They then divided the land, D. P. , taking the lower two hundred and twenty-five acres and C. S., the. upper two hundred and forty acres. The next year they broke about thirteen acres. The breaking and planting was all done on the part taken by D. P., the brothers working together. In 1851, C. S. Lyman moved his house from un- der the blufE where it had been built and located it on the present site in section two. This house is now occupied by Benjamin P. Lyman. In 1854, D. P. Lyman moved his house to its pres- ent location, and has since built around it. C. S. Lyman has resided on the farm continually since, but the brother in 1858, went to Marine, and part of the time since has made it his home. Charles Macey staked out a claim in 1845, but did not immediately move on it. The next summer, while at work in the mill, he learned that Walter Vail was breaking upon the land, and immediately went out to the place. Remon- strating with Vail, his objections were answered by the remark that there was plenty of land for all. As Vail did not seem willing to respect Macey's claim, the latter compelled him to mark out a claim. Macey then marked out a new farm on section 19, and vowed vengeance against any future intruders. However, he did not per- manently reside there until in 1849, then batch- ing until 1854, when he married Sarah Van Tas- sell, and has reared a large family. W. T. Boutwell, in 1848, bought W. R. Vail's claim on section nineteen, and immediately be- gan preparations to build, and in the fall com- pleted a comfortable home, 18x24 feet, one and one-half stories high, and cellar. A few years ago this house was replaced by the large and 490 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. elegant dwelling of Mr. Jones, son-in-law of Mr. Boutwell, who resides with him. Sebastian Marty, came to Stillwater in 1845, and for a time served as assistant cook in McKu- sick's boarding house. In 1848 he made a claim in section thirty-two, broke about two and one- half acres and made some other improvements. In the spring of 1850, his pre-emption right was purchased by H. A. Jackman, who, in 1851, built the house in which he has since resided. Marty then went to Lakeland, where he has since re- sided, on section thirty near Horse Shoe lake. William Rutherford built a log shanty on sec- tion 30, in 1849. In the fall* of that year, he went east and in his absence the house was burned. The site of this residence is now occu- pied by the cemetery. As Mr. Rutherfard had done all his breaking in Grant township, he re- built on that part of his claim, and has since resided there. Dr. James Covey made a claim on section 2, and part of his time was engaged in making im- provements. He died in 1851, from the effects of a cold contracted while sleeping in a newly plastered room, and the property was divided among his nephews S. and P. Trask. The place is now owned by the heirs of John Mower and A. Toss. John J. McKensie took a claim on section two, in 1848. He resided on it untU 1872, when he went to Montana territory and engaged in stock growing. Among the other early settlers who lo- cated in this township are many who have owned or now own property in and about the city of Still- water. Of these were Joseph R. Brown, the famous pioneer, Jacob Fisher and Alexander Wilcox. The latter entered a claim in 1848, and made some improvements. Soon after, he was arrested and convicted of a dangerous assault but escaped and left the country, his property; was sold to Rev. Mr. Carl, and finally to Steele and Thome, who laid it out into town lots, and it now is mostly occupied by the city race- course. The first white child born in the township out- side of the City limits was Emily A., daughter of C. S. Lyman. She was born in October, 1846, and is now Mrs. Alcorn. The next was Ilattie B., a daughter of W. T. Boutwell, born in Decem- ber, 1848. She was married, but got a divorce and is now a teacher in St. Paul. The first mar- riage was that of A. Click and Jane Sample, which took place in the spring of 1853. They are now living near Faribault, in well-to-do cir- cumstances. The next was that of Charles Ma- cey and Sarah Van TasseU. The first death was that of Betsey, daughter of C. Storrs Lyman, oc- curring in 1846, the next was that of Dr. Covey in the fall of 1850. The first election was held at the house of the late Samuel Hoffman, in what is now a portion of the city of Stillwater, April 3d, 1860. Cornelius Lyman was chosen moderator, and Howard Pack- ard, W. T. Boutwell and D. P. Lyman, were judges of election. The first officers of the town chosen were, Cornelius S. Lyman, Howard Pack- ard, Henry A. Jackman, supervisors; Sylvanus Trask, clerk; Wallace Rutherford, treasurer; J. C. Gardner, assessor; C. S. Lyman, W. T. Boutwell, justices of the peace; Daniel Houstin, W. T. Bishop, constables. The supervisors and clerks have since been as follows : Supervisors: 1861, '62, '63, '64— C. S. Lyman, H. A. Jackman and H. Packard; 1865, '66, '67, '68, '69, '70— C. 8. Lyman, H. A. Jackman and R. Smith; 1871, '72, '73— C. S. Lyman, R. Smith and J. Kilty. 1874— J. W. Wheeler, Andrew Rich- mond and R. Smith; 1875, '76, '77, '78— Andrew Richmond, H. C. Lyman and Fred Roche; 1879 — Andrew Richmond, Albert Foss, Fred. Jarchow; 1880— Andrew Richmond, Fred. Jarchow, Patrick Whalen. Clerks: 1861 to '67 inclusive — Sylvanus Trask; 1868 to '72 inclusive— J. C. Gardner; 1873, L. R. Cornman; 1874 to '80— John Kilty. At the annual meeting held April 2d, 1866, it was voted to raise $1,200 by taxation for bounty to soldiers who had enlisted from the town. The United States government road was laid out in 1848, leaving the town by section two. The town then opened a road connecting this with a county road which is one and one-half miles east. This road runs along the south boundary line of sections two and three. Washington county poor farm. This institu- tion embraces in all two hundred and seven acres of land which lie in sections five and sis. Eighty- seven acres are in the former section, and one hundred and twenty in the latter. The site was BULL WATER— MILLS— SCHOOLS. 491 purchased in 1858 for the county by Harvey "Wil- son, clerk of the court. The buildings are in sections six, and will accommodate thirty in- mates. The main structure is 34x36 feet, two and one half stories high, and to this have been added a kitchen 16x30 feet on the west end, which was afterward removed to the north to make place for a one and one-half story wing 22x 30, erected in 1878. The main building contains twelve chambers; the wing, a sitting-room, dining- room and four chambers. On the farm are two barns, one of which, the old one, is used as a storing place for machinery and grain. The new one, built in 1879, is 50x65 feet, with twenty- foot posts. It will house forty head of cattle and one hundred tons of hay. It is a well built, ven- tilated and drained structure, conveniently near to Lake Louisa, which supplies water for the stock. The lake, which is well supplied with fish, covering about six acres, touches the farm on the north. About one hundred acres of the farm are under cultivation. The first overseer was H. Packard, who was succeeded in 1864 by Thomas J. Withrow, and in the fall of the same year Andrew Richmond took charge. In 1870 A. J. Soule was appointed, and after serving one year was succeeded by Mr. Eichmond, who has since held the position; he is assisted by his wife. At first there were but from one. to three inmates; at present the number is ten. The greatest number was in 1868 — twen- ty-two. They are apparently contented, and en- joy clean, well kept apartments, and good whole- some food. WASHINGTON FLOUR-MILL. This mill was built by Eutherford and Booth, in 1857, on section nine. It is 40x40 feet, three stories high and originally contained- but two run of stone, one for flour, the other for feed, operated by a thirty-foot breast water-wheel. In 1859, John Eutherford purchased Booth's share, and until 1867 operated the concern alone. The latter year A. Brosious purchased one-half Interest, and one year later the whole establish- ment. He then replaced the breast-wheel by a twenty-inch American turbine, and also added a smut machine. The property was purchased ui ^ January, 1871, by J. E. Stussi, who put in a new race and dam, which increased the fall from twenty-five to twenty-nine feet. In 1875 he added a new purifier and an extra bolting ma- chine, and in 1880, replaced the American by a fifteen-inch Leffel, also adding another run of stone. The mill produces fifteen barrels of flour per day, and has a capacity of four hundred bushels of feed. SCHOOLS. A petition dated January 9th, 1851, signed by W, T. Boutwell and others, praying that the west half of sections 17, 20 and 29, and the whole of sections 18,19 and 30, in township 30, range 20, and township 30, range 21, be formed into a school district, was presented to the board of county commissioners, and by them granted. At the first meeting in the district, William Eutherford was chosen moderator, Abion Masterman clerk, and the following officers elected: W. T. Bout- well, James Eutherford, and Chas. Macey clerk. The first term of school was commenced in the spring of 1852. There were ten scholars at- tending, and after teaching two months the teacher. Miss Cynthia Pond, quit, and Hester C. Boutwell finished the term. In. the summer of 1868 the present school-house was erected accom- modating about seventy pupils. During the past winter the attendance was about thirty- five. The present, officers are Edward E. Jones, director; Albion Masterman, treasurer; J. B. Taft, clerk. School district number five was organized in June, 1861, and the following elected as trustees: J. E. Hathaway, director; Edward Coffin, clerk; Howard Packard, treasurer. The first teacher. Miss Emma Prescott, was paid thirteen dollars per month and board. The school-house was built in the fall of 1863, on section number five. In the fall of 1870 it was burned, and the next year rebuilt at a cost of six hundred dollars. In October, 1874, it was voted to move the buUding one-half a mile north of its location, on the same section. The present ofiicers are: John Daley, director; John Kilty, clerk; Andrew Eichmond, treasurer. School district number fifty-flve was organized m 1873. At the first meeting held October 10th the officers elected were: W. Van Tassell, di- rector; L. E. Cornman, treasurer; J. W. Wheeler, clerk. The house is situated on the north-west quarter of section twenty, and was built in the fall of 1874, at a cost of $1,000. The present of- 492 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. fleers are: J. W. Wheeler, director; J. A. Smith, clerk; John McGuire, treasurer. District number eight was organized in June, 1861, and a house costing four hundred dollars built the following fall. It is situated on ground donated by H. A. Jackman in section thirty-two. The first officers were: H. A. Jackman, director; J. C. Gardner, clerk; Fred Shaser, treasurer. The present officers are: Philip Miller, director; H. A. Jackman, clerk; Fred Bloomer, treasurer. District number fifty-two was organized in 1870, a site donated by F. J. Curtis on section nine, and a house erected that year. The first officers were: Eeuben Smith, clerk; F. J. Curtis, di- rector; William Douglas, treasurer. The present officers are: Theodore Jarchow, treasurer; E. W. Rutherford, clerk; F. J. Curtis, director. District number six was organized in 1861, the site donated by Socrates Nelson and a house erected soon afterward. The first officers were: John J. McKensie, director; S. Trask, clerk; Wallace Rutherford, treasurer. The present of- ficers are: D. P. Lyman, director; T. C. Clark, clerk; H. C. Lyman, treasurer. Boom quarry, on section fifteen, was opened in 1868 by Seymour, Sabin and Company. Home cemetery consists of an half acre donated to the use of the neighborhood by William Ruth- erford, whose child was the first buried in it. BIOGRAPHICAL. John D. Apmann is a native of Germany, born in 1820. He was educated in his native country, and at the age of seventeen, apprenticed as a carpenter, serving three years. He was then called into the military service of his country for eight years, but after serving five years was granted a release, subject however, to be recalled. He traveled as a journeyman mechanic through the provinces of Germany and Holland. In 1851, he married Miss Gisine Evers, and the next year they crossed to America, locating at Galena, Illi- nois, after a journey of fifty-two days. Soon after they removed to Iowa, spending a number of years in farming and at his trade. He came to Stillwater in 1861, and in 1870, moved to his present farm. He has a very fine house which he planned and built. Mr. and Mrs. Apmann have four children: Mary, Annie, Lizzie and John. Sebastian Bloomer, a native of Switzerland, was bom in 1850. When a small child, he came to America with his parents. After a brief stay in Chicago, they came farther west to Stillwater, locating at Baytown. Here he was educated and made his home with his parents until the spring of 1873, when he bought a farm in this township of one hundred and fifty acres. This farm is pleasantly located with good buildings, and on which Mr. Bloomer has since resided. His wife was Miss Matilda Wolf, whom he mar- ried in 1878. They have one son and one daughter. Hiram Calkins was bom in Cayuga county New York, 1815. At ten years of age, he accompa- nied his parents to Genesee county, where he re- mained until coming west. His earlier educa- tion was obtained in the common schools, finish- ing with a course at Wyoming Academy, after which he taught school. In 1838, he came west- ward to the territory of Wisconsin, then embrac- ing Iowa and Minnesota. After a long journey performed in such ways as he could at that early day, he reached and settled in Delavan township, on a farm, remaining four years. He then went to Exeter, thence to Warsaw, where he practiced law, also occupying the offices of judge, district attorney, school superintendent, etc. In 1861, he enlisted in Company B, First Wisconsin Cav- alry, and was discharged on account of disability in 1864. The same year, he was appointed United States land office receiver at St. Croix Falls where he remained until 1869. He located in Stillwater township in 1872 on a fruit farm, and market gar- den. His marriage to Miss Phebe Rood took place in 1838. Frederick J. Curtis is a native of Ireland, born 1818. His younger days were passed in the land of his nativity and at the age of twenty-five came to America. He had previously learned the trade of boot and shoe making, and after his arrival in New York, he followed his trade in the employ of Right Reverend Bishop Hughes, at the Man- hattanville convent. He spent some time in New Orleans and St. Louis, afterward locating at Still- water. He has since been engaged in the pur- suit of his trade, also dealing in horses. In the spring of 1 859 he moved to his present farm of three hundred and sixty acres, having about two hundred and fifty acres under cultivation, Mr. Curtis has held several public offices; was deputy STILLWATEB—BIOGBAPmCAL. 493 sheriff two years, one of the first police of the city of Stillwater, town treasurer and school director at the present time. He married Miss Bridget Fenton in 1849, who has borne him thirteen child- ren. The living are: Elizabeth, Daniel, Mary, Thomas, Maggie, Ellen B. and James. Albert Toss was bom in New Hampshire, 1822. In his infancy his parents removed to Maine and here his youthful days were spent. During the fall of 1855 he came to Stillwater, and five years later he purchased a farm in the township. In 1865 he enlisted in the engineer corps, serving un- til honorably discharged in September of the same year. Returning to Stillwater he married Miss Mary Clara, the same year, and soon after they removed to their farm. In 1868 Mrs. Foss died. His present wife was Mrs. Caroline Kimburk who has borne him one daughter, Hermie. Hans Hanson was born in Denmark, 1842. He attended school until the age of fifteen. In 1863 he came to America; after tarrying a short time at Racine, Wisconsin, he proceeded to Stillwater, where he engaged in lumbering on the St. Croix river. He made a visit to his native country in 1870 and returned the year following. He was chiefly engaged after his return as contractor for the rafting of logs, etc. He settled on his present farm of two hundred and eighty acres in Still- water in 1880, and is making many improve- ments. In 1871 he married Miss Christine Nel- son. Their children are AnneB., Albert C, Jen- nie C. and Frederick. William Heif ort is a native of Prussia, bom jn 1829. When a young man he learned the miller's trade and engaged in the pursuit of his trade in his native country. In 1854 he crossed to the new world, and about two years later located at Stillwater, and for a number of years worked in the sdw and flouring mills at that city. During the spring of 1866 he removed to his farm in the township, which he had purchased the proceeding fall. He has been quite prosperous, and now has a farm of three hundred and fifty acres. Henry A. Jackman was born in Washington county, Maine. At four years of age he accom- panied his parents to New Brunswick, where he received his education. He returned to Maine at the age of twelve, where he remained until com- ing west in 1849, locating at Stillwater. Three years later he purchased his present farm, on which he has since lived. He has also been en- gaged in lumbering, for the past six years, being in company with his son-in-law, Russell Pease. Mr. Jackman has been identified with many of the county offices, also in the territorial legislar ture, in 1855 and 1856. He was county commis- sioner eight years, and has also held many local ofiices. In 1870 he was appointed prison warden, in which capacity he served four years. His wife was Miss S. Blanchard, whom he married in 1848. Her mother aged eighty-three resides with them. They are the parents of three children, Mary E., James E. and Alice. Frederick C. Jarchow is a native of Germany, bom in 1832. During his younger days he lost his father by death, and at an early age he and his brothers were obliged to begin the battle of life by hard labor. They finally collected enough of their earnings to enable the eldest, Joachim, to cross the seas to America, which he did in 1854. He soon found work, and by his industry and economy soon saved enough to send for his broth- ers, Frederick and Theodore. The year follow- ing the three brothers were enabled to send for the remainder of the family. In the spring of 1858 Frederick came west to Minnesota, locating at Rush Lake, now called Rush City. Here he made his home until 1863, then removed to Wash- ington county, engaging in the quiet occupation of farming in Baytown and Lakeland. He then located at Stillwater, being in the employ of the saw-mills. He settled on his present farm in Stillwater township in 1871, having ninety acres, also one hundred and ninety-nine acres in Marine township. His marriage with Miss Dorothy Voss occurred in 1855. Their children are Albert, George, August, Emiel and Dorothy. Edwin R. Jones was born in Indiana, April 6th, 1839. When a lad of eight years he moved with his parents to Rock county, Wisconsin. Here and in St. Croix county he received his education, but was unable to complete his studies on account of almost total loss of his eyesight. He, however, recovered his sight afterwards. His time was taken up in farming in St. Croix county, until 1876 when he purchased his present farm in StiUwater township, from Rev. WiUiam T. Boutwell. In 1880 he erected his present residence, which is a nicely proportioned house with ample interior compartments. April 7th, 494 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1864, he married Miss K. A. Boutwell, daughter of Eev. W. T. Boutwell. They have four child- ren: Eodney, Eddie, Nellie and Sterling. David P. Lyman, one of the earliest pioneers of Stillwater township, and of the eighth genera- tion of the Lyman family ,descehdents of Eichard Lyman Esq., who came over from England in 1631, was born in St. Lawrence county. New York, in 1822. When a boy he moved with his parents to Sangamon county, Illinois, and in 1844 came to Marine, Minnesota. The following year he engaged in the lath manufactory. In 1846 he moved to his farm in Stillwater township, where he has since resided. At Farmingdale, Illi- nois, in 1850, he married Anna J. Hanna. Their children are, David H., Arthur A., Mary J., Oscar C, and Maggie H. Mr. Lyman has been justice of the peace many years. C. Storrs Lyman, a brother of the early settler, David P. Lyman, is a native of Vermont. He came west to Sangamon county, Illinois, in 1833, and ten years later started for the St. Croix Val- ley to see the country, etc. He came by boat as far as Point Douglas, then was compelled to walk to Marine, only calling at Stillwater on the way. Selecting lands in the north-eastern part of Still- water township he returned to Illinois, and in 1846 moved with his family to the farm. Mr. and Mrs. Lyman have had fourteen children, eleven of whom axe still living. He was left a widower by the death of his wife, February 20th, 1878. Cornelius Lyman, son of C. Storrs Lyman, is a native of Illinois, born August 28th, 1844. He moved to Stillwater with his parents in 1846, where he remained with them until he engaged in the service of his country. He enUsted in 1864 in Company C, Brackett's Battalion, serving un- til honorably discharged at Port Snelling, May, 1866. He then returned to civil life and now has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Still- water township. October 31st, 1870, he was mar- ried to Miss Ellen Burns, a native of Stillwater. Pour children have been born to them, Prank D., Katie, Cora and Margaret. Horace C. Lyman, son of C. Storrs Lyman, was bom in Illinois, in 1839. During hisinfancy he came with his parents to Marine, Illinois, and when a child of seven years accompanied them to Stillwater, where he attended school during that summer, being under the control of Miss Judd. In the fall they moved their little house with them to their farm. Mr. Lyman is still unmar- ried and resides on his farm, which he began im- proving in 1864 and on which he built his resi- dence in 1870. Charles Macey is a native of Canada East, bom in 1821. He was made an orphan when thirteen years old, then made his home with a farmer, Mr. Jenny, until reaching his majority. He then started for St. Louis, being obliged to go by canal, steamboat and railroad. His money was all ex- pended before arriving at his destination. He found employment near Alton, Illinois, and re- mained until the next spring, then entered the employ of the American Pur Company, in whose service he remained until 1843. He was then employed by another fur company for two years. During this time he experienced many adventures and accidents, having been compelled many times to hunt his own food. In 1845 he came to Port Snellmg, thence to Stillwater. The next spring he selected his present farm and on it built a small house in 1848. He located on it in 1850 and has since tUled the soil summers and engaged in teaming winters. His farm con- sists of one hundred and seventy-three acres. He married the present Mrs. Macey in 1854, who has borne him eleven children, ten of whom are liv- ing, four sons and six daughters. William H. Newman, is one of Minnesota's sons, born in Stillwater township, January 29th 1857. His father, Mr. Liberty Newman, settled on the old homestead in 1852, where he lived un- til his death in 1876. William, being the oldest son, continues his father's estate, which com- prises one hundred and forty acres in Stillwater and two hundred and nine acres in Grant town- ship. December 12th, 1878, he married Miss Mary J. Ramsden. Andrew Richmond was bom in Ireland, 1843. He was reared and educated, under tlie guidance of his parents until sixteen years of age, when he came to America, landing in Canada in 1860. The following year, he removed to the United States, locating at Peoria, Illinois, where he ac- quu-ed a knowledge of brass moulding and finish- ing. He became a resident of Stillwater in 1866 resided in the city until his appointment as over- seer of the poor farm in 1867. With the excep- tion of one year, he has been overseer since STILL WATEB—BIOGBAPEIOAL. 495 Mr. Eichmond owns a fine farm of one hundred and seventy acres. May 3d, 1864, he was united in marriage with Mrs. Sarah Baine, who has borne him two children; George A. and Edmund J. Mr. and Mrs. Richmond have, by their untir- ing zeal, won the respect of all and established a reputation to be proud of, having proven them- selves worthy of their trust. Alva D. Eoe is a native of New York, born in Dutchess county, in 1825. Here his early days were passed, being reared by his mother, his father having died during his infancy. He re- ceived a common school education, finishing by a course at the Troy Conference Academy, of Ver- mont, with a view to entering college. He finally decided to enter the study of law, which he did and was admitted to the bar in New York. He returned to his native place and practiced law five years. He then, with his wife, conducted a school in New England about ten years, arid in 1863, that estimable lady departed this life. The year following he attended a course of lectures at the Union Theological Seminary, in New York city, and the next year was licensed as an evangelist, and then entered the service of the Home Missionary society. In 1866 he came to Minnesota, and located at Afton, Washington county, where he presided over the Congrega- tional churches at Afton and Lakeland, until 1880, then removed to his farm, which he had previously purchased. He served as county superintendent of schools for several years. He is giving his time and attention to the study and cultivation of small fruits. His present wife was Miss Sarah Burgess, whom he married in 1866. They are the parents of eight children. W. W. Rutherford was bomin Steuben county, New York. Here he lived'until reaching man's estate, and received his education. He came to Stillwater in 1852, and the next year purchased a farm in that township, on which he remained until May, 1868, at that time moving to his present place, situated on the Marine road. He is now dealing in ornamental fruit and shade trees, also shrubbery of all kinds. He married Miss Mary A. Wilcox, in 1831, who died in 1868, leaving, six children: Eva, Edward W., Zonie, Cora, George W., and Francis. Judson A. Smith is a native of Maine, bom in 1829. He afterwards moved with his parents to different parts of the state. After receiving thorough instruction in the blacksmith's trade, at the age of twenty-five started westward. He became a resident of Stillwater in . 1854, where he made his home until he settled in Stillwater as a farmer in 1871, having one hundred and fifty acres, which he purchased a year or two previous. While living in the city he was a black- smith, being in partnership with Mr. York. His marriage with Maria Orne took place at Still- water, May 20th, 1855. Their children are: Ed- ward K., Willis J., Mary E., and Judson A. Jr. 496 HISIVBY OF WASHINGTON COUNIY. CITY OF STILLWATER. CHAPTEK LXVI. PAINTED ROCKS — BATTLE OF CHIEFS AT ZION'S HILL — FIKST MEN AT STILLWATER — JOSEPH E. BROWN — JACOB FISHER— ELIAS MCKEAN — CALVIN F. LEACH — ELAM GREELEY JOHN MC KUSICK— LUMBER COMPANY. It has been so many tames remarked as to have become a truism that the sites of cities have al- most without exception, been at some former tune occupied by Indian villages, or marked by some burial mound or other evidence of special regard by the unerring instinct of the Aborigines. So universal has this proved that speculators and locators of town sites note as of special im- portance the previous occupancy of tribes of In- dians. The valley of the St. Croix was, however, a sorti of neutral territory, and though the measures of the government for peace between the Chippewas and Sioux led to the establishment of a definite dividing line at "the old trysting tree," so called, previously described, still permanent villages could not be established by either nation on what was liable at any time to become a battle ground, since the lawless tribes could not be restrained by any treaty from venting their long cherished ha- tred. Some evidences still remain near Stillwater and within the limits of the city, to mark this as a battle ground and a point worth fighting for. A short distance above Stillwater, at a bend in the river, are found the painted rocks, in former years a point of great interest to tourists, who came up the river in large numbers to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the Mississippi and St. Croix. Here for several rods the smooth surface of the clifE was decorated with fanciful colors to suit the rude taste of the savages. Figures of animals were clearly delineated and a chapter of Indian history was written in their strange hieroglyphics. The Indians, after settlement by the whites be- gan, attempted to interpret the text of this strange chapter. It was found to relate to battles and victories won over foes and seemed fully intelli- gible to the Indian visitor. As often as they passed the cliff they were in the habit of perform- ing ceremonies, which their superstition led them to believe were efficacious in rendering any enter- prise in which they might be engaged, successful. The operations of the Boom company at this point, in blasting the rocks, and the wasting hand of time have nearly obliterated these figures, so that they show but dim outlines of what was once full of meaning. "Zions Hill," near the center of the present city of Stillwater, was, during aboriginal occupation of this region, the scene of Indian tragedy. A narrative is given, obtained from the manu- script of an old Indian trader, named Thomas Connor, who was found at the mouth of Goose creek, tJhisago county, by some of the first settlers of the vaUey. He stated that he had been in the country since childhood. He had his squaw and large family of children, and had become identified with the Indians, whose habits he had partially assumed and whose mode of life fascinated him. In 1831 he was the only licensed trader above the falls of St. Croix on the Minnesota side. His manuscript states that a celebrated Indian chief, whose name is not given, met his fate on Zion's hill under the followuig cu-cumstances. At one time the war between the Chippewas and Sioux, which can almost be said to have had no beginning or end, had culminated in desperate battles, in which many of their braves, squaws and children had fallen under the merciless toma- hawk. So dreadful was the slaughter that the chiefs of the two great tribes became alarmed for their future. The tepees of both contestants were filled with scalps and trophies, without proof of decided advantage on either side. Both tribes had become weary of war, and determined that CITY OF STILLWATER. 497 some new policy must be pursued. Finally, by signs understood by the tribes, it was determined to end the war by a personal combat between the two great chiefs. The place of meeting was this very point, "Zion's Hill," where they were to meet in a hand to hand struggle, using only toma- hawks and knives. An hour or more was consumed in mortal com- bat, while the braves of each side stood looking on. At one time a general battle seemed immi- nent, but the outburst was restrained, and the blows of the contending chiefs were alone struck. One hour elapsed and both showed signs of weak- ness, covered with gashes, blood flowing from head to foot, when a well aimed blow from the Sioux chief nearly ended the battle. This cut off the left cheek of the Chippewa, carrying with it the ear and destroying the eye. The Sioux had just received a visit from his antagon- ist's knife, which cut his abdomen completely open, letting his bowels out; but, true to his na- tion, he held them up with one hand and hurled the fatal tomahawk with the other. Although so weak from wounds and loss of blood that they reeled and staggered like drunken men, they again rallied and in a final clinch staggered, fell, and lay where they dropped, each imable to do the other further harm. The question alone re- mained which could live the longer. The braves on each side now took possession of their chiefs, according to previous agreement. The Sioux chief was carried to Sunflsh lake, now Lily lake, where he died the following day, and was buried on its shore. The Chippewa chief was removed a few rods from where he had encountered his equal, if not superior, and there received all the attention his braves could render. Before he died, he called his braves around him to tell them of the future, saying: "This is a beautiful spot where I die. The white man is coming and will soon be here; then you must all go away. He will build buildings; one to settle his quarrels in, and not fight like the Indians, another will he build, where the children will learn to be good and not fight as I have done to-day. The Great Spirit will build another for the white man, and he will call it His tepee." This valorous chief expired the same night, and his death decided the struggle in favor of the Sioux. He was buried with due honor and 32 solemnity, next day, in what is now known as Battle Hollow, where the state prison stands. By referring to page 103 an account of the battle of Stillwater will be found which occurred in 1839, and gave the name Battle Hollow to this spot. This legend recorded by Connor, affords a pleasing introduction to the history of the now thriving town of Stillwater since its prophecy has been so accurately fulfilled. It would be inter- esting to extend this chapter by drawing at large upon the rich store of Indian reminiscenses of events that centre here. These events are mostly of a tragic nature, however, and have left their own record in the bones of the actors. Leaving these revolting scenes, which continued to be enacted after Stillwater had become a village of some importance, simply referring to page 333 for the last episode, the history of StiUwater under the whites will now follow. The history of Stillwater begins with the names Joseph R. Brown, Jacob Fisher, Elias McKean, Calvin F. Leach, Elam Greeley and John Mc- Kusick. In the few years which intervened be- tween the consummation of treaties with the In- dians in 1837 and the formation of the territory of Minnesota in 1849, parties of explorers, in search of a "golden fleece," were pushing out into the north-west, taking up all available points along the rivers in the country newly opened to settle- ment. Some of these Jasonites did not await the consummation of the treaties but pushed on ahead of licensed settlement, determined to an- ticipate all rivals. We find some claims made in 1836, when there no longer existed much doubt but that the lands would soon be open to settle- ment. Joseph R. Brown, who was the pioneer of Stillwater, was on hand ready for any opportunity for he came into what is now Minnesota when a boy of fourteen with a detachment of troops, that were sent in 1819 to erect a fort at the junction of the St. Peter's, now the Minnesota, and Mis- sissippi rivers. In 1825, being then only twenty years of age, he left the garrison and engaged in the Indian trade. In 1838 he made a claim on Gray Cloud Island, established a trading post and held by appointment the oflSce of justice of the peace. It has been said Brown was about the only man among the Indian traders of that time 498 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. with sagacity enough to distinguish, in the hub- bub of the wild movement of speculation and emi- gration that characterized the year 1837, the march of that great westward development which was soon to take in the then remote wilderness of the upper Mississippi. About two years after this he formed 'the first settlement or laid out the first townsite at the head of Lake St. Croix, about half a mile above the original site of Stillwater, and called it Dahko- tah, and thus became the pioneer town builder of Minnesota. In 1840 he was elected a member of the Wisconsin legislature from Crawford county. Here he succeeded in getting' an act passed or- ganizing St. Croix county, with his town, Dahko- tah, as its county seat. After the session he vis- .ited his half-sister, Mrs. Paul Carli, now Mrs. Christopher Carli, of this city, who lived on Fox river, Illinois, and persuaded her to move to his claim at Dahkotah. Mr. Paul Carli had gone to Texas for his health. She acquiesced, and ac- cepting the plan of her brother, was soon on her way up the Mississippi by steamboat in company with her three children, brother and brother-in- law, Christopher Carli, while Joseph E. Brown, his two brothers, S. F. and N. B. and one Givens, a hired man, made the trip by land. These parties met at Gray Cloud Island, June 13th, 1841 . The women stayed with Mr. Brown's family, while the men proceeded to the new town site at Dahkotah, now a part of Schulenberg and Carli's addition to Stillwater. They then com- pleted a house begun by Mr. Brown the preceding fall, long after known as the old Tamarack house because built of tamarack logs. The sides were plastered with mud, so that after every rain, it became necessary to replaster the side on which the storm had beaten, and as the occupants did not possess a trowel, it was necessary to do the work with the hands or rude implements. When the house was partially completed Mr. Brown returned to Gray Cloud Island and brought the women left behind to the new home, where they arrived June 29th, 1841. The two families occupied this house jointly for more than one year, when Mr. Brown moved out in pursuit of new business in trading. Mr. Paul Carli came from Texas about the same time, and joined his family. He soon made a claim at St. Mary's, near Afton, to which in 1844 he moved his fam- ily. He was drowned in the spring of 1846, when Mrs. Carli returned to the old Tamarack house, to which Mr. Brown, induced by the prospects of business, had also returned in 1844, and the two families were again joint tenants as before. Thus was made the first settlement and the first house built by one who, under the name of Major Brown, Joe Brown, and a variety of appellations, has exercised an important influence on the for- tunes and politics of Minnesota. Leaving this double family in the old Tamarack house^ we must now look up the fortunes of another party who have been making a settlement and taking steps more important in their business relations than was the simple building of this first house. In 1842, while Jacob Fisher was finishing the front of a business house in St. Louis, his em- ployer introduced him to a Mr. Hungerford, who hired him to go to the Falls of St. Croix and do carpenter work for the St. Croix Lumber Com- pany. In a few days Mr. Fisher started for the Falls of St. Croix, where he arrived in the early part of June, 1842, but found things in a very un- settled condition, so that he could not proceed according to the contract made at St. Louis, and was forced to undertake such work as he could get. His first job was to make a wheelbarrow, then some repairing in the mill of the St. Croix Lumber Company. After spending the summer at the Falls, he and Sylvester Stateler, a black- smith, came to Dahkotah, and spent the winter working in the basement of the court-house built by Joseph R. Brown. During the early spring, while Mr. Fisher was strolling along the plateau in search of a stick of timber to make an ax handle, he discovered some raccoon tracks, the ground being covered with snow at the time. Mr. Fisher went back, told Mr. Stateler of the prospective game. Both gentlemen started, found the tracks near where the mill was after- wards built. Following them they were led up the bluff to what now is McKusick's lake. Mr. Fisher discovered what seemed to him to be a favorable location for a saw-mill. They returned to the Tamarack house, but the thought lingered in Mr. Fishers mind. In a few days he revisited the ground, when his practical eye soon led him to conclude, that Brown's creek, formerly known as Pine creek, could be turned into the lake CITY OF STILLWATEB—EABLY EVENTS. 499 above, and a canal of about sixty feet in length at the lower end of the lake would conduct the water into the lake, over the bluffs, down a ravine near the shore of Lake St. Croix, where it could be utilized in a mill enterprise. Nothing more was thought of the project till in the month of June, when Elias McKean,. Calvin F. Leach, Elam Greeley and Jacob Fisher met at the Tama- rack house. Mr. Elias McKean left his home in Pennsyl- vania in 1841, and arriving at St. Louis hired to the "St. Croix Lumber Company." They sent him to St. Croix Falls to work in their mill. He arrived at the falls in the latter part of May, and continued in the employ of this company till fall; then he went to Marine and worked for the "Marine Lumber Company" for one year. In the spring of 1843, having taken part of his pay in lumber, he proceeded to raft it down the river to St. Louis, accompanied by Calvin F. Leach who had also taken lumber in part payment for services of the same company. On their way down the St. Croix they were wind-bound just above where Stillwater is located. They went ashore to spend the night at the old "Tamarack House," the only place that offered entertainment to strangers. Here they met Jacob Fisher and Elam Greeley, who were rafting logs at the head of the lake, which had floated down from the boom at the Falls of St. Croix, broken by the high water following recent heavy rains. During the con- versation of the evening, such as speculators are wont to encourage, Mr. Greeley inadvertently said: "I would give more for a saw-mill within a mile of this place than any point at St. Croix Falls." Fisher quickly replied: "What will you give me if I show you a good mill site within a mile of this place?" Mr. Greeley said: "I know all about Brown's creek; it is not possible to use it in that way." After some promiscuous talk all retired for the night. Next morning, after breakfast, the company concluded to visit the prospective mill site. As they passed along the plateau, all engaging in free jokes, Mr. McKean would ask Fisher, as they crossed several small rivulets, if this was his mill site. This hectoring was not calculated to awaken the best of feeling on Mr. Fisher's part. Slowly the company pro-" ceeded up the ravine till they had gained the summit of the bluff and viewed the surroundings. All agreed that the outlook was favorable; that Brown's creek could be turned into the lake above, and a canal constructed at a comparatively small expense, which would conduct the water to the desired place for a saw-mill project. Then and there plans for a mill company were formed, to be carried into effect as soon as arrange- ments could be made and means secured. A few days after this Messrs. McKean, Leach and Fisher went down to the lake and staked out a claim, beginning at the south boundary of J. R. Brown's claim, and running south about. one hundred rods along the shore, so as to cover all that would be included in a mill site. They never thought of staking out a western boundary line, not dream- ing that anyone would ever attempt to farm the country back from the lake. They simply blazed the trees, and on a prominent one, making a flat surface with an axe, marked with red chalk the date of taking th; claim in the name of Jacob Fisher. Messrs. McKean and Leach proceeded to St. Louis with their lumber. Mr. Fisher wrote to John McKusick, who was at this time at Burlington, Iowa, soliciting his co-operation in the enterprise. The next we know of McKean and Leach they are at St. Louis in consultation with John Mc- Kusick about the proposed mill speculation. John McKusick left Cornish, Maine, and spent the winter of 1839-'40 in Illinois. Then desiring to see more of the lumber districts in the North- west, he proceeded up the Mississippi, spent the summer of 1840 in various pursuits; then in the fall commenced to work for the St. Croix Lumber Company. After working some time, and then running the mill one season, at settle- ment he was compelled to take as part payment a quantity of logs lying some miles above Marine. As there was no market for logs, and no logs had been rafted down the river prior to this date, McKusick thought of building a mill to manu- facture the logs spoken of into lumber. Mr. Greeley worked for the company during the same time, and at settlement was compelled to take a quantity of logs in the same boom, on the same conditions as John McKusick had done. This added another factor for a mUl enterprise. Messrs. Greeley and McKusick were planning for some feasible way of converting their logs into lumber, when they learned of Jacob Fisher's 500 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. movement, in which McKean and Leach had some interest. Mr. McKusick went to St. Mary's to see Fisher and in the conversation Fisher stated that he had heard of a mill project by Greeley and McKusick. Mr. McKusick said: "We will build a mill, if we can find a location of fair prospect, and can effect suitable arrangements." Then Mr. Fisher gave a delineation of his discovery, the steps that had been taken to secure it, etc.; and added that the company, Fisher, Leach and McKean, were not able to proceed with the enterprise. McKusick then said if they could take the claim on favora- ble terms they would do so, and pay Fisher some- thing for his claim when they got able. This proposal met with Mr. Fisher's approval. In a few days after this raterview, Mr. McKusick went to St. Louis, where he met McKean and Leach. After some deliberation, these parties agreed to secure the necessary outfit for a saw-mill, which was obtained in a few days and on board a steam- boat going up the Misissippi, and landed at the site of Stillwater, October 11th, 1843. Then an agreement was effected with Mr. Fisher, by which the company promised to pay him f 300 for his claim, which in due time was done, and employ him as mill-wright. These arrangements being understood, all parties concurring, the following agreement was made and entered into on the 26th day of October, 1843. We offer no apology for the insertion of a copy of the first articles of agree- ment made on what is now included in the cor- porate limits of Stillwater. There was no lawyer or person who was in the habit of drawing legal documents among the company, and hence the parties to the contract dictated and one of the employes committed the agreement to paper, which was afterwards copied. Then came the question of a name; "What shall we call the placeV" All proposed a name, but the name of Stillwater, proposed by John McKusick, was adopted. This name was sug- gested by the stillness of the water in the lake, the anomaly of building a mill beside still water, and by fond recollections of Stillwater, Maine. At this date no one thought of a town here, only a saw-mUl site was anticipated. Copy of agreement: "This agreement made and entered into this twenty-sixth day of October, Anno Domini eight- een hundred and forty-three, by the following named individuals, viz: John McKusick, Elias McKean, Elam Greeley and Calvin F. Leach, for the purpose of building a saw-mill near the head of Lake St. Croix, Wisconsin territory, and for carrying on the lumbering business in all its vari- ous branches. Article first. It is understood by this agree- ment, that the heretofore named individuals form themselves into a company to continue and exist by the name of the Stillwater Lumber Company. Article second. It is agreed, too, by the here- tofore named individuals, that the whole amount of property owned and business done by the aforesaid company shall be included in fifteen shares, and to be divided and owned by each in- dividual of the aforesaid company as follows, viz: John McKusick, five-fifteenths; Elias McKean, three-fifteenths; Elam Greeley, fourrfifteenths; and Calvin F. Leach, three-fifteenths. Article third. It is furthermore understood, that each proprietor of the aforesaid company, shall pay his proportion of all the expenses aris- ing from all the business done or transacted by the aforesaid company, and to continue the same ratio, so long a time as said company shall exist and continue to do business under the present form, and likewise any gain or loss, arising or ac- cruing, from any or all of the business done by the aforesaid company, shall be shared or sus- tained, by each proprietor of the aforesaid com- pany, in the same ratio as above named in propor- tion to each above named proprietor's share of stock owned in the aforesaid company. Article fourth. It is furthermore agreed to, that the whole amount of money or property that each or either, of the proprietors of the aforesaid company shall invest, advance, or pay for the benefit or use, of the aforesaid company, the same amount shall be credited to the separate credit of the proprietor or either of the proprietors of the aforesaid company making such investments, on the books of accounts kept by the aforesaid com- pany. " Article fifth. It is furthermore understood, that for the amount of money or property that any one of the proprietors of the aforesaid com- pany, shall invest, advance or pay for the benefit or use, of the aforesaid company, more than his proportional share of the whole amountof money, CITY OF STILLWATEB—FIBST HOTELS. 501 or property invested, by the aforesaid company, the same amount of money, with interest, shall be paid, or refunded back to said proprietor, by the aforesaid company, out of the first proceeds, arising from the business done by the company aforesaid. Article sixth. It is furthermore iinderstood, that in case any one of the aforesaid proprietors, should at any time hereafter be disposed to sell, transfer or dispose of his share of stock owned in the aforesaid company, he shall first pay to said company, all the liabilities, or indebtedness, of said share of stock, and then give said company the preference of purchasing and owning said share of stock, at the same rates by which said proprietor may have an opportunity to sell said shares of stock. Article seventh. It is furthermore understood, that the proprietors of the aforesaid company in- dividually shall have no right, or power, to sign any obligation or due-bill, make any contract, or transact any business of importance in the name of, or binding on the aforesaid company, except some one proprietor of the aforesaid company should hereafter be fully authorized, by the afore- said company, to act and transact business as agent, for the aforesaid company. In testimony whereof we hereunto set our hands and seals this twenty-sixth day of October, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and forty-three. John McKusick. Elam Gkeeley. Elias McKean. C. E. Lhach. Attest: C. Simonds. This agreement and dates are taken from the original book of records in the possession of John McKusick, and forever settles the question of the date of beginning work on the first mill at this point. The first week after landing was spent in constructing a boarding shed, shops and a place for the safe storing of machinery, sup- plies, etc. When these arrangements were per- fected, work on the mill proper began. Since no one had been chosen to act as agent for the com- pany, and transact its business, it became neces- sary, when any arrangements or any purchases were to be made, to call the company together to act in the premises. The business of the com- pany was conducted for some time on this plan. The long hours of winter evenings were rendered cheerful by the association of the following per- sons, who spent the winter with this company: Nelson Goodenough, Joseph Brewster, Jesse Taylor, James Patten, Hugh McFadden, Wil- liam Middleton, Jack Drake, Edwin Phillips, machinist; Jacob Pisher, mill-wright; and Syl- vester Stateler, the blacksmith; in all fourteen persons. The work progressed rapidly, so that the basement story was raised on the first day of January, 1844, and was so far completed by the third day of April following, that two or three logs were sawed with one saw, when by a sudden rising of the lake all operations were stopped. Early in June, work was resumed, and the full capacity of the mill was utilized in reducing the logs on hand to lumber which was sent down the river to market. The description of this roill will appear in the description of mills further on. CIIAPTEE LXVIII. FIEST HOTEL HOUSES BUILT FIRST LAW- SUITS — MABBIAGES, BIBTHS, DEATHS — EAELY MINISTERS — TEMPER ANCE MOVEMENT — BUSI- NESS ENTBBPBISES — LAND-SLIDE — PEBILOUS POSITION. In the spring of 1844 Anson Northrup makes his debut on the boards at Stillwater in his famous character as hotel builder, after which successful engagement he appears as an ubiqui- tous individual on the scene at various points in the North-west, wherever a few shanties had been erected and the ambitious settlers, looking for- ward to a city, demanded a hotel. He built the St. Charles hotel at St. Anthony, and laid the first brick in Minneapolis, in the erection of the famous Bushnell house. Hotels in those days were most important both as boarding houses and houses of entertainment, for families were scarce. AnsonNorthrup first came into the country in 1839, bringing a drove of oxen for the mUi 502 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. company on the Chippewa river, and at the Falls of St. Croix. After two trips of this kind, in which he showed the metal of which he was made, his quick apprehension grasped this want and his indomitable energy made his success. The mill company, alive to the interest of their settlement, offered inducements for the enter- prise, and Mr. Northrup, taking advantage of suspension of work at the mills, on account of high "vvater, obtained the services of Jacob Fisher and others; part of the lumber was brought from Marine. Thus the Northrup house was built, the first hotel in what is "Washington county, and equally noteworthy, Anson North- rup's first hotel. In the fall of 1844, William Willim came to Stillwater and plastered the Northrup hotel, and this was the first plastering done in Stillwater. This hotel fulfilled its func- tions and proved a valuable acquisition until 1846, when it was destroyed by fire. A stable for the hotel was the next building erected, but this was soon converted into a store occupied by Walter R. Vail first, and afterwards by others. Changed and euUirged, this building is now located on the corner of Main and Nelson streets, where it is occupied by John Kinney, confectioner. Socrates Nelson built a store and dwelling im- der one roof, which was the next. Here he lived and conducted a general merchandise trade until May 6th, 1867, when his death occurred. John McKusick's boarding house came next, built in 1845, on the site where his present house stands, between Main and Second street. This building was burned in the fall of 1845, or early spring of 1846. The next was Elam Greeley's residence, built on Main street, near the comer of Chestnut, nearly in front of the site of the Minnesota house. This house was removed and became the residence of William Willim, where he lived for about twenty-five years. In 1847, Frank Roberts, brother of Leonis Roberts, of St. Paul, built a saloon and bowling alley; this was the next building. John McKusick's store comes next, built on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. This build- ing has been subject to a variety of vicissitudes, used first as store then school-house, law-ofiice. court-room, church, etc., and now is owned and occupied by Isaac Staples as meat-market. Leaving the settlement to go on, let us return to the business enterprise, to which it owed its existence. Stillwater would forfeit its preroga- tive as a St. Croix town, had its origin been any obher than the pineries and saw-mills. In early times water-power alone was used for mills, for reasons well understood, based on economy and lack of capital. The little stream conducted over the bluff from McKusick's lake, did its duty in inaugurating business, but when population and wealth in- creased, and more power was demanded than could be obtained from the little stream, the canal was closed again and the pure water of the lake became the reservoir of the city as it stUl con- tinues. While, however, it was pouring over the buck- ets of the great overshot wheel, it helped to build other towns. The first frame house in St. Paul, located at the upper end of Third street, was built from the lumber of this mill. The next lumber taken from Stillwater to St. Paul buUt the American house, just opposite. Some of the plank used in the construction of the dam at the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1847, was also a product of this mill. Our pioneer, Joseph R. Brown, is said to have been the first man to descend the St. Croix with with a raft of lumber. The first work of the mill was in manufactur- ing the logs of McKusick and Greeley into lum- ber as previously stated. In the winter of 1844 and '45, logging on the river St. Croix, for furnish- ing future business began. This was carried on by John McKusick, Elam Greeley and Joseph R. Brown, at first, and was developed in proportion to the rapidly increasing demand by the forma- tion of numerous logging companies. We have briefly traced the origin of the saw- mill enterprise which has made Stillwater the principal lumbering point on the St. Croix and developed one of the most enterprising cities of the North-west. One industry cannot prosper without encour- aging many others, and we shall therefore, find contemporaneous with this mill other trades and industries represented. We have already seen that Jacob Fisher was CITY OF STILLWATEE—STOBES. 503 the first mill-wright. He came to the site of Stillwater in 1842, and has remained in or near it ever since, and is probably the oldest of his trade in the valley. Sylvester Stateler, the first blacksmith, has also appeared, corning to Joseph R. Brown's town of Dahkotah in 1842, working for the mill company in 1843 and '44. Stateler and Ramsden ironed the first sleigh ever made in Stillwater, for Walter R. Vail. Milton Taisey opened a blacksmith shop here in 1848, and Z. K. Foss, J. C. York, M. Moffat and others followed. General merchandise; John McKusick kept supplies for the men employed on the mill, while in process of erection, beginning in the fall of 1843 and enlarging his stock in the spring of 1844 so as to meet the wants of the families and board- ing houses that had gathered around the enter- prise of the mill. In the fall of 1844, Socrates Nelson opened the first store for general merchandise, beginning in a small way in a board shanty belonging to An- son Northrup. During.the summer of 1845, as before stated, he built his store and dwelling combined on what is the corner of Main and Nel- son alley. John McKusick soon opened a store at what is the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. J. R. Brewster landed in Stillwater in June, 1846, and opened a store with general merchan- dise, near where A. Buth's boot and shoe store now stands. Hersey and Staples opened a store a few years later vfhich has continued under various names to the present time. Samuel Burkleo engaged in the mercantile business in company with W. H. Mower about 1850, but failed during the crash of 1857. The old stone building stood at the foot of Chestnut street, near the railroad crossing. At the spring flood of 1859, the building was floated off its foundation. Mr. Burkleo then moved to his farm in Bay town, where he resided until his death. McComb, Simpson and Company engaged in the "same business in 1851 and '62, continued only a year or two. William E. Thome began in 1865 with general merchandise, soon after adding clothing, hats, caps, boots and shoes. After a few years, he re- duced his stock to dry-goods alone, and became the first dry-goods merchant of Stillwater. He still continues. The next departure from a general stock was that of J. Schupp, who opened a grocery busi- ness in 1856, in what was known as Nelson's block, where N. F. Schwarz's boot and shoe store stands. He still continues located on Main street. Christopher Carli was the first physician and is still a resident of Stillwater, the oldest physician in the St. Croix valley. The doctor came here when this was St. Croix county in 1841, and was for many years the only physician. Others were Dr. J. B. Covey in 1845; Dr. E. G. Pugsly, in 1850; Dr. Joel K. Reiner and Dr. Noyes, in the summer of 1855; Dr. MuUer, in 1856; Dr. J. C. Rhodes, who prospected in 1856 and moved here in May, 1857, and is the only one of those named who continues practice. The first attorney was H. L. Moss, in the spring of 1846. M. S. Wilkinson opened a law office in the summer of, 1848; followed during the same year by E. R. Bartlett and A. E. Arne. Theo- dore E. Parker came in 1850, and in 1853, Gold T. Curtis, McMillen and L. E. Thompson. H. R. Murdock began law business and public life in Stillwater, in 1856, and about the same date William M. McCluer arrived. . These men represented the early legal fraternity of Still- water. Dr. Morey was the first dentist, opening his ofiiceinl850. After him came Dr. NeweU and others. Dr. Merry came October 14th, 1868, and is the oldest now engaged in the profession. A record of the first lawsuit would be interest- ing, and in the absence of such records we give the account received from early settlers. This was the trial of an Indian for killing a white man and is related by J. D. McComb, who acted as sheriff in the arrest and detention of a young In- dian as a witness in the case. Mr. McComb kept his prisoner for two weeks prior to the trial at his own • house, only using such vigilance as would prevent him from wandering off. During the day he was locked in a bed-room; during the morning and evening, while McConib was about the house, liberty of the premises was granted. On a Sabbath, intervening between the arrest of the witness and the trial of the culprit, Mr. 504 HISTOR r OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. McComb and the Indian were sitting on the steps of the house, when suddenly a deer bounded past. The Indian, true to his instincts, started in pur- suit at full speed, but Mr. McGomb called out: "Come back, you are a prisoner." He obeyed, saying, "I forgot." The trial of the culprit took place before Judge Dunn, and he was acquitted. The first suits on record occurred after the or- ganization of the territory of Minnesota. "Attorney, David Lambert. February term. William Ryan and James M. Ryan vs. Michael Trumley: in attachment; debt $204. Affidavit filed and writ issued August 9tfi, 1849; returned second Monday in February, 1850. SherifE re- turns August 12th, 1849, "No property found." And now, February loth, 1850, the parties not appearing, judgment of non-suit is entered. Fees paid." The St. Croix Union was the first newspaper issued October 9th, 1854, under the management of Cable and Easton, and was democratic in poli- tics. The paper was suspended in November, 1857. The Messenger followed in 1866 and the Gazette in 1870. The first marriages were: Jesse Taylor and Miss Abigail Edwards in the winter of 1844; William Cove and Miss Nancy Edwards. The wives were sisters of Mrs. Anson Northrup. The first white child was Lisette Carli, daughter of Paul and Lydia A. Carli, horn July 15th, 1843, ip the old Tamarack house, in Joseph R. Brown's town, Dahkotah, now forming a part of Still- water. The first child born in Stillwater proper was William Taylor, a fruit of the first marriage mentioned above, in the early part of the winter of 1845. The first deaths. Two men, who were en- gaged in rafting at the head of the lake during the summer of 1843, became sick from careless- ness of health during the hot weather. One' of them, a Mr. Cole, was brought to the Tamarack house, where he died July 14th. The other, name unknown, died in the basement of the old court-house two days later. These two deaths and that of a child of Joseph R. Brown, occurred in Schulenburg and Carli's addition to Stillwater, and the bodies were buried on the blufE just above where the Tamarack house stood. The exact spot is not known. In making an exca- vation a few years ago, some bones were found, supposed to be the remains of one of the men buried there. The first death that occurred in Stillwater proper, was that of Oscar F. Strick- land, employed in the mill, who contracted dis- ease, and died about the first of October, 1844. At this date no place had been chosen for a bury- ing-place. This death suggested the necessity of making some provision for the disposition of the dead. The bluff rising some forty feet above the street, as it now appears, at the corner of Myrtle and Third streets was chosen. Mr. Strickland was buried there. A gentleman, an eye-witness of the occasion, says: "The occasion was solemn. The duties of honor and respect were performed by his companions of the mill employes. This being the first death of our number caused a deep feeling on the part of all present." Mr. Strickland was held in high es- teem by his fellow-craftsmen. Early ministers. Rev. Mr. Hurlbiurt, a Metho- dist Episcopal missionary, conducted a funeral service at the "Tamarack house," sometime during the summer of 1843, probably that of Mr. Cole, whose death has been mentioned. Revs. Hurl- burt and Brace visited this country on their mis- sionary tours, as occasion offered during the years of 1842 and '43. It is affirmed that one, and per- haps both of these missionaries, preached several times at the above named place prior to any move in the way of a settlement at the site of Still- water. After the opening of business operations at Stillwater, Rev. W. T. Boutwell at that time superintending the mission at Leech Lake, passed through Stillwater and preached a sermon in the boarding-house of John McKusick during the erection of the first mill. This service was in all probability in the early summer of 1844. Rev. Boutwell says speaking of the service: "It was the first Sabbath service ever held in what is now Stillwater." Time passed away; the pineries in upper portions of the St. Croix valley attracted the attention of lumbermen to Stillwater, which began to be regarded as the center of lumbering interests; new interests developed, and men be- gan to seek the town for a home. About' this time Rev. Mr. Boutwell, feeling that he could do more good here than among the Ojibways, took up his residence in the summer of 1847, and im- mediately began to hold services in Stillwater. CITY OF STILLWATEB— EARLY MINISTERS. 505 At first these services were held in the dining hall of the Northrup House. The pioneer preacher was in the habit of passing up and down the street, shaking the dinner bell to call his congregation together. In a few weeks the place of holding services was fixed at the room over John McKusick's store, on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. After this change, the pioneer preacher procured a bell of his own, sending to St. Louis for it, which he used as be- fore in calling his people together. This bell is still in Eev. Mr. Boutwell's possession. Among the early men, who were willing to sacrifice for the gospel's sake, we find the names of Revs. E. A. Greenleaf , James Harrington, L. Nobles, Whitney, Brown, etc. In connection with the early work of mission- aries an account is here given as furnished by Rev. W. T. Boutwell, expressly for this history, relating to the traffic in liquor by Indian traders. Mr. Boutwell frequently visited the logging camps and preached to the workmen after their days' work was over; and when these visits oc- curred on the Sabbath, preaching services were held during the day. On one of these tours, he visited the camps on Snake river. Starting from home on Saturday, he reached the first camp about dark, twelve miles from Pokegama, the mission station. Here was a trading post kept by Jack Drake and Henry Rust. These men had been in the employ of the lumber companies and had gained a limited knowledge of the Indian language, sufficient to conduct a trading post. Mr. Boutwell preached at ten o'clock the fol- lowing morning at this camp and proceeded to another six miles further on for an afternoon ser- vice, where he preached at three in the afternoon. In the evening, he preached at a third camp six miles from the last, and remained over night with Elam Greeley. At three o'clock next morning they were aroused by a man calling at the door: ''Greeley." Mr. Greeley arose from the humble bed on the floor, shared with Mr. Boutwell, and enquired what was wanting. The messenger informed them that Rust had been shot by the In- dians, and was bleeding profusely. He entreated Mr. Greeley to come and stop the blood or the man would die. Mr. Greeley, Mr. Russell and Mr. Boutwell started at once and reached the second camp a little after daylight. Here they got a cup of coffee, and had proceeded about three miles when they were met by a messenger who informed them that Rust was dead. After this their rapid pace was moderated. On arrival at the camp about seventy-five lumbermen were found collected, with all the muskets obtainable, determined to follow the Indians and retaliate with wholesale slaughter. The Indians were, however, not to be found, and the party reluc- tantly returned to take measures for the burial of the dead. The company requested Mr. Boutwell to carry the body on his conveyance down to the mission, have a coffin prepared and grave dug, and all would come down the following day to attend the funeral services. After the body had been brought out and placed on his conveyance, and the house cleared of goods and furs, a couple of barrels of whiskey were rolled into position, the heads knocked out, a bunch of hay placed be- tween them, a shovel of coals thrown upon it, and the door closed. This proceeding was in accordance with the unanimous verdict that rum was the cause of the murder, and too dangerous an element to be tolerated. Mr. Boutwell viewed with sa.tisfaction the curling of the dense black smoke as it destroyed a little of what had undermined his missionary work. After seeing the fire well under way, and the thatched roof of the cabin in full blaze, he proceeded with his charge to the mission station. The next day the lumbermen came down in mass to attend the funeral services. As it was late in the afternoon before the ceremonies ter- minated, Mr. Boutwell urged them to accept his hospitality for the night, as he liad often shared theirs. The company was so large that they were accommodated, as well as possible, at the house of Mr. Boutwell, and Mr. Russell, the In- dian farmer. At a meeting in Mr. Boutwell's house after tea, the temperance movement, which it is the especial purpose of this narrative to set forth, was planned. The murder, and the burning of the whisky to- gether with the solemn services just witnessed, had prepared the minds of all for a determined stand against the whisky dealers. A pen and ink was called for and resolutions drafted, in sub- 506 HISTOBY OF WASHIJVGTON COUNTY. stance as follows: That they would visit every trading post in the region and destroy all the whisky that could be found. Eesolutions to this effect were signed with enthusiasm by every man. Next morning, after breakfast, they carried oiit their resolutions by visiting a post in sight of Mr. Boutwell's door, just across the lake. As they were about starting Mr. Boutwell said: "Gentle- men, wait a moment; permit me to accompany you and see that everything is done with due pro- priety." Accompanied by Mr. Boutwell, the company proceeded to the post. Mr. Greeley, acting as spokesman, said to the proprietor: "We have come to destroy your whisky." He protest- ed, saying it was not paid for. The answer was: "We will pay you for it at our lumber camp in flour and pork, but we are determined to have the whisky, and will have it." Seeing the wisdom of a prompt acquiescence, the proprietor opened a trap door and a couple of stout men hoisted a barrel from the cellar, rolled it out on the ground and knocked in the head, when the whisky rip- pled away among the chips. The success here inspired them with fresh courage, and they went from post to post until they had destroyed the whisky at all the trading posts in their vicinity. As often happens after the excitement of a radical reform, a reaction took place in the spring, although the remainder of the winter was unusually free from disturb- ance. With the opening of navigation, kegs and barrels of a suspicious nature came up, addressed to some of these same men who had signed the resolutions for reform, and they were seen with kegs of whisky going to trade with the Indians who committed the murder, exhibiting as much eagerness for the prospective profits as they had in the reformatory movement. Drake, the partner of Rust, was killed in the same way a few years later, trafficking in whisky with the Indians. The first white woman in Stillwater was Mrs. Paul Carli, now Mrs. Christopher Carli, whose ar- rival with Joseph R. Brown has already been chronicled. Mrs. Allen came next. In 1845, what is now Stillwater, rejoiced in eight women; Mrs. Carh, Mrs. AUen, Mrs. Andrew Mackey, Mrs. Anson Northrup and her two sisters, Mrs. Jesse Taylor and Mrs. William Cove, Mrs. S. Nelson and Miss Sarah L. Judd. First carpenters. Jacob Fisher, who came in the winter of 1842-3, has been already mentioned as a mill-wright. He built the Minnesota house, the only one of the early hotels now standing. Nelson Goodenough and Edwin Phillips came with the mill company in the fall of 1843. G. W. Battles landed here in the fall of 1846, and built the old St. Croix house in the summer of 1847. WiUiam M. May is said to have followed the trade longer than any one now a carpenter in Stillwater. Early painters. Miller and Cogswell opened a paint-shop about 1849, on Main street, and Cogs- well painted about thirty-five years ago,the old sign on the Minnesota, spelled M-i-n-e-s-o-t-a. Some may be ignorant of the original spelUng of the name of the state. It was spelled as on this old sign, with one "n," until changed by act of congress in ac- cordance with a resolution offered by Joseph R. Brown and adopted by the convention held at Stillwater, August 14th, 1848, preceding the or- ganization of the territory of Minnesota. H. Kattenberg opened the first clothing store in 1847, followed by Gerhart, J. E. Schlenk and others. P. C. Cutler is the oldest in the trade at present, in our city. H. K. McKinstry opened the first meat-market in the rear of the building which stood where Keru's shoe shop now stands, followed by Wells, Louis Began, Dick Sinclair and others. William Holcombe and R. B. Johnson opened the first livery stable about 1850. They sold, in 1855, to C. A. Bromley, who in a few years took in S. S. Denton as partner. The latter sold after a time and started a stable on Second street, joined by A. J. Orff. Orfl still continues, like- wise Bromley, who is the oldest Uvery man now engaged in the business. The first grist-mill was a small affair, about where the engine house now stands and obtained its power from the old saw-mill. It was built in 1850 by Samuel BoUes, but was swept away in 1852 by the land slide. About 1854 Ambrose Secrest built a grist-mill at Baytown, now South Stillwater, for custom business. He stUl continues. Mr. Sublett kept a little confectionery store in 1848. A. M. Crosby opened a gunsmith shop in 1850, in a house near where Daniel Elliott's boarding CITY OF STILLWATEB -ST0BE8. 507 house now stands. He was followed by C. Feis about 1851, Major Van Vorhes and others. Mrs. A. Eldridge made daguerreotypes first in the spring of 1848, and continued in Stillwater two years; succeeded by Truax, Everett and others. Eobert Putz opened the first tinshop in this city in the spring of 1854, on Main street. He was succeeded by Capron and Morris, and this firm by Edward Capron, who has continued al- most constantly from that date to the present. Martin Johnson and R. C. Johnson came to Stillwater in 1854, and opened a jewelry store.- They have been succeeded by Pierson, B. IlUng- worth, W. J. Stein and Joseph Taenhauser. Mr. Stein has outlived his fellow craftsmen and is still engaged in the business. A bakery was opened by R. Hussey in 1850. His shop was on a cross street, running from Third to Chesnut, near the present site of the post-oflBce; he only remained two years, and was succeeded by Jacob Seibert in 185(i, who con- tinued till the war in 1861, enlisted in the Second Minnesota, and was killed at the battle of Chicka- mauga. William Armstrong, colored, opened a barber shop in the summer of 1866. Charles Sandretzky came to Stillwater one year later and engaged in this business for about twelve years then moved to Minneapolis. Joseph A. Tanner opened a shop about 1865, in the basement of the Minnesota house; he is the oldest barber in the city. Henry McKenty, R. E. Slaughter and F. O. J. Smith, were among the first real estate men in this growing and active city. Thompson, Parker and Mower began in this special line in 1855 and were the prime movers in the boom of 1856-'o7. Norbert Kimmick commenced the brewery business in 1860, on the corner of Chestnut and Third streets, now occupied by W. Zuercher. His apparatus for brewing was in the kitchen where the family lived. His successors in business have been Frank Aiple, G. Knipps, J. Wolf and H. Tepass. Bell and Carter opened a book-store as early as 1865; F. G. Brown in 1856; the first was located where Selleck now is; the second where Eohr- bach's clothing store now stands. A. Eldridge is the oldest now in this business in Stillwater. Dr. C. Carli opened a broker's office in the old Lake House in 1855. Darling, Carswell and Scheffer started a bank in 1856, in a little wood building located where the First National bank now stands. This firm, after a few years changed, and was known as Scheffer and Thompson's bank, and subsequently merged into the present First National bank. Thomas Lowery started the first furniture store in the city, located where Wolf's liquor store now stands. He commenced in 1854, and sold out to M. S. Willard in 1856, who continued the business till the fall of 1880, when it passed into the hands of J. Fowler, Jr. PhiUp MuUer has been in this business for the last twenty years and Simonet for about fifteen years. Cutler and Cogswell started the first foundry, located at what is now South Stillwater, about 1855, the business did ,not prove a success, and soon closed up. This line of mechanical enter- prise under the management of Isaac Staples, D. M. Swain and Seymour, Sabin and Company is doing a prosperous business. The Peckham brothers, opened a boot and shoe store in 1855; their place of business was on Main street between Chestnut and Myrtle; fol- lowed in a few years by Wilson and Larson , and J . Kaiser. The first shoe-maker was Conrad Brown, father of Jacob Brown, a resident of this city. Mr. Brown commenced business in 1852, and having occasion to go to St. Louis, was drowned on the way. Governor William Holcombe was the first sur- veyor of logs and lumber; Mahlon Black and Harvey Wilson were first surveyors of land. John Morgan opened a saloon in 1848, located in Nelson's block; he was followed by Berry and Farmer and plenty of others. The first post-offlce was established January 14th, 1846, Mr. Elam Greeley, first post-master. The first circus spread its tent in Stillwater in the summer of 1850, under the name of Antonio Brothers. Adeline Patti, when but twelve years of age, sang in Pugsley's hall, in the summer of 1854. Ole Bull accompanied her. Mr. Bull re- mained in the city a fortnight, went a fishing, and invested in town lots. The first steamboat that attempted to land at the point where Stillwater is located, was the Otter, under Captain Harris, which brought up the company's outfit in the fall of 1843. The 508 mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. next spring a regular line was established, and during tiie summer, boats visited the place once every two weeks, running regularly between Still- water and Galena. The first boat of this line was the Lynx, undtr Captain Hooper. Before 1848, the settlement had made a de- cided advance, and the first measures were taken in the summer of 1848 looking toward a town. The government survey had been made and soon after Harvey Wilson surveyed and platted the village of Stillwater. Previously and at this time no title to land had been given legally, nor could such title be secured until the original claims were proved up and the entries made. In the meantime claims had been divided and subdi- vided by various transfers and transactions in an- ticipation of the land sale. The sale came in 1848, and in view of the circumstances it was deemed necessary that some one be selected to bid off the tract embracing the town-site as agent for all the parties interested. The title would then rest in him, to be subsequently deeded to the vari- ous individuals interested. John McKusick was selected to perform this responsible duty, since by purchase of the interests of some of the origi- nal owners he had become the largest owner. A bond was requested of him for the faithful per- formance of the trust. This he cheerfully gave and honorably performed the duty imposed. Af- ter returning from the sale he deeded lots already sold, to citizens. March 4th, 1854, the town was incorporated by act of legislation. The charter has three times been amended, in 1870, 1873 and 1874. In 1852 occurred the great "landslide" which was of so important a character, both in the dis- aster it wrought at the time, and the change it produced in the topography of the town, as to entitle it to a place in the integral part of this history and dignify it above a simple incident. The position of McKusick's lake and the canal over the bluff has been described in connection with the first mill enterprise. This was the scene of the disaster. After years of peaceful submission on the part of tlie lake and little stream to the dictation of its new lords, in the direction of its discharge, a rebellion took place in the spring of 1852. Eain had fallen almost incessantly during the month of April until the sandy soil of the bluffs was soaked to about the consistency of children's mud-pies, and would almost flow of itself. The lake above the bluffs was very full, and the little creek had become a boisterous stream. This condition continued until May. On the 12th and 13th a heavy fall of rain occurred, but May 14th a terrible thunder-storm burst over the lake and bluffs in such volumes that the stream washed out the base of the high banks on each side, and the soft mass above slid down into the stream to be carried along by its violent current. One slide followed another, forming occasional dams by collections of debris, until an accumu- lated force would sweep away the barrier and carry increased power of destruction in its course. The extent of the disaster and the changes in surface wrought may be conjectured from the summary. The banks of the stream on both sides, one hundred feet wide by fifty in height, for a distance of two hundred rods, was swept out and deposited where a portion of the business part of Stillwater now stands. The extent of ground covered was about six acres to an average depth of ten feet. Before daylight of the memorable 14th of May, some of the citizens heard "the voice of many waters," and looking out of their windows saw rushing down the ravine, trees, gravel and mud. Nothing impeded its course as it rushed on, cover- ing barns, small tenements, shops and three smaU rafts of lumber, moored in the neck of the lake which bends up toward the bluffs. William Willim had the day previous brought the rafts for buildings about to be constructed. The lower story of the mill was completely filled with dirt and the machinery buried. It was thought to be ruined, but after the flood had subsided tiie water from the canal was turned into the mill, and the entire deposit removed; even the large wheel entirely covered was re- lieved and made ready to run again by the wash- ing from the canal. Indeed the condition of the mill was found to be greatly improved by the banks of sand that braced up its sides, and, fur- ther, the quagmire on the low-lands was fitted for building sites, now occupied by many of the business houses of the city. The improvement extended to the shore of the lake, where the land- ing was made much more convenient by raising the banks. CITY OF STILLWATEB -EARLY FLOODS. 509 It is not to be wondered at that when John McKusick surveyed the prospect o'er on the mo- mentous morning, that his heart sank, and he imagined himself a ruined man, for mill, store and land appeared a complete wreck, and he would not at first listen to an encouraging view, which some of his neighbors attempted to point out. When the clearing up began from the cellar of the store, various articles were dug out, but three barrels of pork, not found at that time, were exhumed three years later, when further explorations were made, and were found in a per- fect state of preservation. A few years proved, what threatened financial ruin to Mr. McKusick, to be really almost a bonanza. Land rated at $1.25 per acre, soon advanced to $50 and $500. One of the editors of the day facetiously re- marked that it was a very extraordinary move- ment of real estate. The development of years has robbed the sentence of its wit and converted it into a prophecy. A peculiar relic. In the winter of 1857-8, the workmen, engaged in excavation on Third street, near Myrtle, exhumed what is supposed to be the tusk of a mastodon. It was six feet long, curv- ing slightly and pointed. Its grayish color and brittle texture bear witness to its long burial un- der the bluff. It was found in a horizontal po- sition thirty-six feet below the surface. A sec- tion of this curiosity is on exhibition at the his- torical society in St. Paul. In the early days, before Stillwater became a place of importance and before railroads brought daily freight and mail, the arrival of a steamboat was an important event. From a clipping we learn that the levee, during the summer of 1856, was the scene of excitement on the arrival of each boat. Hundreds thronged the wharf, business men in expectation of freight, politicians in quest of election news, some to see the boat and others to be in the excitement. This continued until the close of navigation. During the summer, the steamer Banjo made fre- quent excursions with a theatrical troupe,who had a stage on board and performed their plays. On a certain evening the troupe arrived and announced a performance on board the boat in the evening. Many of the young men were anxious to attend who had not received payment for services from the mills for some time, and were out of money. Some brought bunches of shingles from the yards' of their respective employers, which were ac- cepted instead of money as admission fee. Others, for the want of money or shingles, were excluded and determined to vent their spite on the boat. At at the close of the performance, after the citizens had all left the boat, the mal- contents showered it with a volley of stones, which attack the men on board returned with powder and shot, and a lively scene ensued. Both parties beat a retreat, the boys in some confusion to a safe distance and the boat in as good order as the darkness of the night would permit. The Banjo never returned and the extent of her dam- age was not known. "No one was hurt on our side." FLOODS. The river and lake St. Croix is subject to floods during the months of May and June. The banks are high and usually hold the spring freshets. In the spring and early summer of 1850 a general freshet occurred, caused by heavy snows on the upper St. Croix and the long continued warm rains. The streets in the lower parts of the city were not as high then as now by some feet. The whole lower part of the town was inundated. Several small buildings along the lake were re- moved from their foundations and two of them floated down the lake. In the month of June the boat "Argo" moored in front of the Minneso- ta house in Main street, and let her passengers oif on the steps of the hotel. The water was about four or five feet deep in the street, so that the boat found no difficulty. Again in June, 1859, another freshet occurred, fully equal to that of 1850. The water rose some three inches higher than in 1850, but owing to the fillings caused by the land slide and the hand of man, the water did not reach Main street, though the cellars and warehouses bordering the lake were filled. No serious damage was done. The ofiice of the Boom corporation, at the foot of Chesnut street, was raised from its foundation, but being secured by cables, was saved. The contents of cellars, stores and some warehouses along the lake were re- moved, causing some loss and inconvenience. A number of these freshets have occurred from time, but since the extensive filling no damage or se- rious inconvenience has been sustained. Perilous position. During a severe thunder 510 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. storm, wliicli passed over the city on the even- ing of May 12th, 1879, Julius Duel, one of the proprietors of the St. Croix Post, a German paper of this city, published by Schermuly and Duel, started to go with Miss Emma Schermuly, a young lady about eighteen, daughter of the sen- ior proprietor, to their house in Schulenburg's addition. Going up Main street to a point op- posite the Novelty carriage works, they found the street submerged and almost impassible. They, therefore, turned and went on tl^e railroad supposing it to be dryer and the safest way home. The track is upon a trestle work, but tightly boarded, until the span is reached "through which logs are run into Staples' mill-pond. From this point a double row of plank, one upon each side, below the level of the track, extends to the end of the trestle. Pedestrians are compelled to walk on these narrow plank or on the bare ties. They chose the plank and would have passed safely, but suddenly two dazzling flashes of lightning completely blinded both. When Duel recovered, an instant after, the girl was gone, and a scream from the dark water twenty feet below, told that she had fallen into the deep water of the lake. He immediately leaped after her, and coming to the surface he saw, by another flash-of lightning, the girl just sinking, probably the second time. Duel swam and seized her, and after considerable persuasion, calmed her excitement so that she released the convulsive hold with which she had nearly drowned them both. By the light of successive flashes, he swam with his burden to a log, and from that to another directly under a rope attached at one end to the spiling, and at the other to a trail of logs. With considerable difficulty the girl was raised on the log, with a hold on the rope, where they rested for a time, as Duel was nearly exhausted with the efforts already made. He soon at- tempted a reconnoitre by swimming away from the log, but, as often as he swam away the ex- hausted girl would be tumbled into the water by the waves. Finding these attempts futile, he resumed his position and commenced to halloa for help. Fortunately it was near at hand in the peisons of Joseph Carli and another gentleman who were taking the same route our unfortunates were following on their way home. Some delay was occasioned, after their perilous position was ascertained. A boat was sought at Staples' mill, but none was found, and afterward at Nelson and Company's mill, where the watch- man, misunderstanding the pressing demand, re- fused the boat. A rope and lantern was finally secured at Staples' mill, and with some difficulty, owing to the continuing storm, first the girl and afterward Duel were hauled up on the trestle, completely exhausted by their exertions, and be- numbed by the cold water in which they had been for half an hour. During all this time the rain was pouring in torrents and the wind blowing al- most a hurricane. Taken as a whole, it was one of the most remarkable escapes from drowning that has ever occurred in this vicinity, and too much praise cannot be accorded to Mr. Duel for his fearless risk of life, and to the rescuers of both who by prompt action saved both. CHAPTER LXVIII. CITY OFFICIAL ROSTER. The city was granted a charter in the winter of 1854, and organized by electing the following officers on the first Monday in April, J 854: John McKusick, mayor; C. D. GilfiUan, recorder; W. H. Mower, treasurer; Jonathan E.' McKusick, marshal; J. C. York, J. N. Masterman, C. Carli, councilmen. 1855. John Fisher, mayor; John J. Robertson, recorder; G. M. Stickney, treasurer; Asa B. Green, marshal; J. N. Masterman, Mahlon Black, Robert Hasty, councilmen. May 2d, John D. Turnbull, marshal, vice A. B. Green, ineligible; June 9th, W. C. Penny, marshal, vice Turnbull; August 27th, M. Johnson, treasurer, vice Stick- ney, resigned. 1856. William Willim, mayor; A. C. Bryant, recorder; Isaac Staples, Louis Hospes, L. H. Foss, councilmen; W. J. Anderson, marshal; Martin Johnson, treasurer; Mahlon Black, sur- veyor; C. Carli, Horace McKinstry, John Fisher, appointed board of health. May 3d. 1857. Albert Stinson, mayor; Francis O. J. CITF OF 8TILLWATEB— OFFICIAL BOSTEB. 511 Smith, recorder; Isaac Staples, Michael McHale and C. Carli, councilmen; Joseph C. Mason, jus- tice; Dennis Sullivan, marshal; S. S. Murdock, treasurer; Myron Shepard, surveyor; S. Trussel, appointed justice, September 19th; Mahlon Black, councilman, wee Staples, resigned September 26th. 1858. A. B. Gorgas, mayor, Myron B- Hill, recorder; J. S. Proctor, Mahlon Black and L. H. Foss, councilmen; Eobert Hasty, marshal, David Brown, treasurer; J. B. Preston, attorney; Alfred Muller, physician; P. E. Delano, surveyor. 1859. T. M.Fullerton,mayor; J. D. McComb, recorder; William McKusick, William M. May and S. M. Register, councilmen; Thomas Sinclair, marshal; E. A. Polsom, treasurer; H. R. Mur- dock, attorney; B. P. Babcock and A. Eldridge, board of health; A. VanVorhes, justice. 1860. Mahlon Black, mayor; Robert W. Peck- ham, recorder; Albert Stinson, J. S. Davis and Wm. A. Clay, councilmen; Cyrus Stark, marshal; John J. Robertson, treasurer; H. R. Murdock, at- torney. 1861. Mahlon Black, mayor; J. J. Stinson, re- corder; J. S. Davis, Albert Stinson and Edward W. Durant, councilmen; Duncan Chisholm, mar- shal; Francis W. Noyes, treasurer; H. P. Noyes P. R. Delano, board of health; L. E. Thompson, attorney. 1862. F. R. Delano, mayor; A. Eldridge, re- corder; W. A. Clay, E. W. Durant and A. Stinson, councilmen; S. S. Murdock, justice; Duncan Chis- holm, marshal; George Davis, treasurer; A. El- dridge, treasurer, vice, Davis, resigned, May 13th. 1863. David Bronson, mayor; A. Eldridge, re- corder; Joseph Schupp, S. 2felson and A. Stinson, councilmen; John Shortall, marshal; A. K. Doe, treasurer; A. C. Lull, justice. 1864. David Bronson, mayor; Charles J. But- ler, recorder; Joseph Schupp, S. Nelson, A. El- dridge, councilmen; I. E. Staples, treasurer; John Shortall, marshal; William M. McCluer, ap- pointed mayor, June 11th, vice Bronson, resigned; A. Eldridge, treasurer, vice Butler, resigned. 1865. William Grover, mayor; A. M. Dodd, recorder; Joseph E. Schlenk, A. C. Bromley and S. Nelson, councilmen; William M. McCluer, at- torney; A. C. Hospes, treasurer; A. Van Vorhes, justice; John Shortall, marshal. 1866. William Willim, mayor; A. K. Doe, re- corder; John S. Proctor, C. A. Bromley, and Jo- seph E. Schlenk, councilmen; John S. May, marshal; A. C. Hospes and E. G. Butts, justices. 1867. William Willim, mayor; A. K. Doe, recorder; D. Bronson, E. W. Durant and John S. Proctor, councilmen; A. C. Hospes, treasurer; A. Van Vorhes, justice; P. E. Keefe, marshal; John S. May, marshal, September 18th, vice Keefe. 1868. C. J. Butler, mayor; William G. Bron- son, recorder; J. C. Rhodes, D. Bronson and J. S. Proctor, councilmen; O. R. Ellis, treasurer; John Shortall, marshal; J. N. Castle, attorney. 1869. W. Holcombe, mayor; O. R. Ellis, re- corder; D. Bronson, J. C. Rhodes, and Michael Moffat, councilmen; W. G. Bronson, treasurer; John Shortall, marshall; Duncan Chisholm, ap- pointed marshal January 3d, 1870, vice Shortall. 1870. William Holcombe, mayor; W. S. Con- rad, recorder; J. C. Rhodes, Michael Moffatt and Isaac Staples, councilmen; W. G. Bronson, treas- urer; H. R. Murdock, attorney; John Shortall, chief of police; William McKusick, appointed mayor September 16th, vice Holcombe, deceased. 1871. William McKusick, mayor; W. S. Con- rad, recorder; Michael Moffatt, Isaac Staples and E. L. Hospes, councilmen; Henry C. Shep- ard, treasurer; John Shortall, chief of police; H. R. Murdock, attorney. 1872. William McKusick, mayor; Ferdinand Schultz, recorder; Isaac Staples. Henry West- ing, Patrick Moore, councilmen; H. C. Shepard, treasurer; John Lyons, chief of police; H. R. Murdock, attorney; W. S. Conrad, appointed recorder November 23d, vice Schultz. 1873. A. K. Doe, mayor; S. D. Bronson, treasurer; Patrick Moore, David Tozer, A. Taylor, first ward, J. S. Anderson, Samuel Matthews, T. Jassoy, second ward, George M. Seymour, Jacob A. Deragisch, third ward, alder- man; J. S. Davis, Isaac Van Vleck, O. H. Com- fort, justices; W. S. Conrad, recorder; J. N. Castle, attorney; J. C. Rhodes, W. D. Cutler, William Casey, board of health; John Lyons, chief of police. 1874. W. G. Bronson, mayor; William Oleson, treasurer; W. S. Conrad, clerk; Patrick Moore, David Tozer, A.Taylor, first ward, J. S. Anderson, Samuel Mathews, T. Jassoy, second ward, G. M. Seymour, A. Hausner, J. A.Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; J. L. Davis, Isaac Van Vleck, O. H. 512 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Comfort, justices; Matthew Shortall, chief of police. 1875. W. G. Bronson, mayor; William Oleson, treasurer; Patrick Moore, David Tozer, A. Tay- lor, first ward, J. S. Anderson, S. Matthews, T. Jassoy, second ward, G. M. Seymour, A. Haus- ner, J. A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; J. S. Davis, C. P. Gregory, O. IT. Comfort, justices; T. Jassoy, clerk; Matthew Shortall, chief of police. 1876. W. G. Bronson, mayor; F. A. Seymour, treasurer; J. C. Callinan, David Tozer, A. Tuor, first ward; J. S. Anderson, John Gardner. T. Jassoy, second ward; G. M. Seymour, A. Haus- ner, J. A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; E, A. Hopkins, clerk; Fayette Marsh, attorney, J. S. Davis, C. P. Gregory, C. E. jSTorgord, justices; Matthew Shortall, chief of police. 1877. E. W. Durant, mayor; F. E. Joy, treas- urer; John O'Shaughnessy, A. Tuor, George S. Bronson, first ward; W. M. May, Phillip Miller, T. Jassoy, second ward; J. A. Deragisch, G. M. Seymour, A. Hausner, third ward, aldermen; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; Matthew Shortall, chief of police. 1878. John S. Proctor, mayor; F. E. Joy, treasurer; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; C. E. Korgord, judge of municipal court ; Daniel Elliott, J. O' Shaughnessy, George S. Brown, first ward; Sam- uel Matthews, W. M. May, Philip Miller, second ward; A. C. Hospes, J. A. Deragisch, August Hausner, third ward, aldermen; F. S. McKusick, chief of police. 1879. John S. Proctor, mayor; F. E. Joy, treasurer; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; C. E. Norgord, judge of the municipal court; George S. Brown, Daniel Elliott, J. O'Shaughnessey, first ward; J. D. MeComb, Samuel Matthews, W. M. May, second ward; G. M. Seymour, A. C. Hospes, J. A. Deragisch, third ward, aldermen; M. Shortall, chief of police. 1880. John S. Proctor, mayor; D. W. McKu- sick, treasurer; P. B. Smith, judge of the muni- cipal court; E. A. Hopkins, clerk; A. L. Gilles- pie, George S. Brown, Daniel Elliott, first ward; J. H. Townshend, J. D. McComb, S. Matthews, second ward; J. A. Deragisch, G. M. Seymour, A. C. Hospes, third ward, aldermen; M. Shortall, chief of police. CHAPTER LXIX. THE FIRST MILL LUMBER MILLS MISCEL. LANEOUS MANUFACTURES OF STILLWATER . In December, 1842, Jacob Fisher arrived at the Tamarack house, from St. Croix Falls, where he had gone the preceding spring. Here he boarded during the winter, and one day seeing what he supposed to be the tracks of a raccoon, on what was known as "Brown's creek," he followed them to what is now McKusick's lake. While there he took a general view of the surroundings, and being somewhat impressed, returned a few days later and explored the locality thoroughly. His practical eye discovered that there was a possi- bility of changing the course of Brown's creek, which entered the river above the present site of the Schulenberg and Boeckeler Lumber Com- pany's mill, so that by turning the creek through the lake and giving a direct channel to the river, a rapid descent could be obtained and a good ' water power created at a very small expense. In June, 1843, he located a claim in the heart of the present city of Stillwater, witli a view to eventu- ally utilizing his mill site. He was a practical mechanic, but did not possess the means neces- sary to buUd and equip a mill; he therefore, after locating his claim, told of his discovery to Elam Greeley, Elias McKean and C. F. Leach, who were engaged with him in rafting logs on the lake, and also wrote to John McKusick, a friend who was then at Burlington, Iowa. These gen- tlemen at once investigated and found Mr. Fish- er's canal proposition not only feasible, but very easy and perfectly practicable. Messrs. McKu- sick, McKean, Greeley and Leach went to St. Louis, where a company organization was effected and the machinery for a saw mill purchased, which was shipped on the steamer "St. Louis Oak," to Galena, Illinois, where it was transferred to the "Otter," commanded by Capt. Harris, ar- riving at its destination, October 10th, 1843. Tlie company then purchased Fisher's claim and en- gaged him as mill- wright, to erect the "first-born" of what has since become one of the greatest lum- ber manufacturing cities in the North-west. A canal was cut from Brown's creek to McKusick's CITY OF STILLWATEB— LUMBER MILLS. 513 lake, a distance of about sixty rods, and a dam constructed across the creek, thus diverting its channel into the lake. A canal through a bank of about fifty feet at the southern end of the lake, conveyed the v^ater to a ravine which con- ducted it by a direct route to the river, giving a fall of about one hundred and fifty feet, from the lake to the river. The erection of the mill was commenced at once and finished the following spring. It was in size, 42x80 feet, two stories high, and was located near where Web. McKu- sick's livery stable now stands. The machinery consisted of two sash saws and one lath machine; the capacity was about twelve thousand feet in twenty-four hours. It was a belt^geared mill and run by an over-shot wheel of thirty feet di- ameter. It commenced running in the spring of 1844 and was in operation steadily for ten years, then only at intervals for the next five years, when a grist-mill was added, and soon the old saw-mill wholly disappeared. McKusiek's lake has since been purchased by the Stillwater Water Company, the canal has been dammed up and the water turned into the main which supplies the city. THE SECOND MILL. The second parties to erect a saw-mill were Sawyer and Heaton, who built where the "St. Croix Lumber Mills" now stand. Jacob Tisher was the mill-wright, and it was built in the spring of 1850; it contained one sash saw and one lath machine. It was run by steam, and the ca- pacity was about five thousand in twenty-four hours. This mill was destroyed by fire in the spring of 1852, but was at once re-built by Saw- yer and Heaton, Jacob Fisher again being the mill-wright. The new mill contained one sash saw, one muley saw and one lath machine, with a capacity of ten thousand per day. In 1853, Mr. Heaton sold his interest to William Lowell, and the firm name was changed to Lowell and Saw- yer, which continued until 1855. when William Clay purchased a third interest, and the firm was known as Clay, Lowell and Sawyer, for a couple of years, when Lowell retired, and Clay and Saw- yer conducted the business until 1866, but were not very successful, and the property passed into the hands of S. Atlee and Company. This firm owned it until the summer of 1869, when it was 33 purchased by Isaac Staples, who is the present proprietor. It is now known as the ST. CROIX LUMBER MILLS. Mr. Staples became the owner of this establish- ment in July, 1869, and immediately commenced to re-model and improve, putting in entirely new machinery and making it, at that time, one of the finest mills in the state. In it he has manufac- tured, during the past ten years, many million feet of lumber, and has given employment to hundreds of men. He has recently given the mill a thor- ough overhauling, and added many improvements, and we will now give the reader a brief descrip- tion of this hive of industry, which employs an average of one hundred and seventy-six men. The mill proper is 44x105 feet, and contains two rotary saws, with a capacity of seventy-five thousand per day; one three-saw lath machine, and one six-saw lath bolter, with a capacity of forty thousand per day; and two shingle machines with a daily capacity of sixty thousand, besides the necessary edgers and trimmers. The gang department is 20x96 feet, and con- tains one forty-saw gang, one four-saw edger, and five cutting off saws, trimmers, etc., with a daily capacity of sixty thousand feet. The planing department is 32x66 feet, and con- tains one tongue and grooving machine, with a capacity of twenty thousand per day; one surfac- ing machine, capable of double surfacing thirty thousand per day; one moulding machine, with a daily capacity of five thousand; one sticker, one forty inch re-saw, and one siding saw. The engine room is 42x44 feet, sixteen feet high, and is built of stone. The engine is of one hundred and sixty-five horse-power, and wasbuUt by the North Star Iron Works, Minneapolis; it has a twenty-six inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke, with eighty revolutions per minute. There are six boilers, twenty-two feet long and forty inches in diameter, with two fifteen inch flues in each. The water furnished this engine is by a Knowles and Sibley pump, with a twelve inch steam cylinder and twelve inch stroke. The breeching from this engine leads into a smoke stack, which is built of brick and stone, eighty feet high and resting on a stone base, fourteen feet square. Mr. Staples also does an extensive logging 514 HI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. business, employing in the various departments, upwards of six hundred men and nearly two hundred horses. During the winter of 1880-'81, sixteen different camps were in operation, located as follows: three on Ann river, one on Upper Snake river, one on Chesley brook, two on Straight river, one on Chase's brook, two on St. Croix river, three on Moose river, two on Lower Snake river and one on Casey brook. About forty million feet of logs are put in the river at these camps during the winter. The mill manufactures from fifteen to eighteen mill- ions, and the balance are sold to parties who do not bank enough logs for their own use, or who bank none at all. The supplies for the different camps are conveyed by the following routes: to Isaac Sta- ples Kettle Kiver Station, on the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, seventy-five miles from Stillwa- ter, where Mr. Staples has a ware-house, store, stable and boarding house, thence on a road forty- five miles long, cut through the forest to Moose river, which reaches all the camps on Moose river. Upper St. Croix and Chase's brook. From the same station a road is made twenty-seven miles west and reaches the Chesley brook and Upper Snake camps. The Ann river and Lower Snake supplies are shipped to Pine City, where Mr. Staples has a ware-house and agent, and thence by " tote " teams to the camps. The nearest rail- road point to the Casey brook camp, is Chandler, on the North Wisconsin raUroad, to which all the supplies are shipped. SCHTJLENBUKG AND BOECKELER LUMBER COM- PANY'S MILLS. In the fall of 1863, P. Schulenburg and A. Boeckeler, of St. Louis, under the firm name of Schulenburg and Boeckeler, commenced excavat- ing and preparing grounds for a mill on the site now occupied by the Sclmlenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company's mill in this city. Mr. Louis Ilospes arrived soon after and superintended the work. The mill commenced running in the spring of 1855 and was completed during that season. The motive power consisted of, four boilers twenty-two feet long, with forty-two inch shells and two engines, one fourteen and the other sixteen inch cyhnder, and both forty inch stroke. The amount of lumber manufactured the first season was from two and a half to three million feet. The first sawing was done with an old fashioned sash saw, but during the summer, a gang, containing some twenty saws was put in, and the next winter, a flooring rotary was added. During the winter of 1856-7, the old sash saw was taken out and a small live gang of eighteen saws was put in its place; large sums of money were expended in improvements from year to year. In April, 1857, Louis Ilospes became a partner and the firm name was changed to Schulenburg, Boeckeler & Co. In the winter of 1865-6, a stock gang of twenty-four saws was added to the mar chinery and the original gang was built over and changed to a forty-inch slabbing gang. The fourteen by forty-inch engine was also removed and a larger one put in its place, having a twenty- inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke, another boiler was also added to the original four. In June, 1868. a fifty-six inch rotary was put in. During the winter of 1873-4, a sixth boiler was added, and the old steam dome and mud- drum replaced by new ones, and the boUers gen- erally overhauled; and thus reconstructed and improved, this mill slashed the logs with new energy, and did a steady business untUMay 16th, 1877, when the whole structure was destroyed by fire. Hardly had the ruins ceased to smoke, when the enterprising company were on the ground with new plans and specifications, and the present large mill was soon commenced, and pushed to completion. This building is 84x132 feet, and is a double mill throughout. It contains two thirty- six saw gangs, and two double rotaries, with a capacity of from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and seventy-five thousand per day; one shingle machine with a capacity of one hundred thousand, and two gang lath machines, with a capacity of sixty thousand per day. The build- ing, consisting of the engine room, machine and blacksmith shop, is 40x60 feet, and is built of brick, with an iron roof. The annual product of this mill is from thirty, to thirty-five million feet of lumber, fourteen to fifteen million shingles and ten to twelve million lath. Two hundred men are employed in the different departments of these mills. On January 1st, 1878, another change was made in the company, Louis Hospes retiring and OITT OF STILL WATEE—LUMBEB MILLS. 515 Charles W. Behrens and E. L. Hospes becoming members of the Stillwater firm, and also of the firms of Schulenburg and Boeckeler, and A. Boeckeler and Company of St. Louis. The next change was made February 14th, 1880, when the Stillwater firm of Schulenburg, Boeckeler and Company, and the St. Louis firms of Schulenburg and Boeckeler, and A. Boeckeler and Company, were incorporated under the laws of the state of Missouri, and the firm name was adopted of Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, with the following officers : A. Boeck- eler, president, E. L. Hospes, vice president; Charles W. Behrens, secretary; and L. C. Hirsch- berg, treasurer. The products of the Stillwater department are rafted, and towed by its own boats, to the St. Louis yards, where is located a large planing- mill, a saw-mill and extensive lumber yards, they handle at that point about sixty million feet of lumber annually. Besides the business above mentioned, they have lumbering interests to some extent on the Chippewa river. NOBTHWESTEBlir MILLS. Hersey, Bean and Brown, proprietors. In the fall of 1853, Isaac Staples came to Minnesota, lo- cated a large amount of pine lands and decided to engage in the lumber business at this point. Accordingly he returned to Old Town, Maine, where he organized the firm of Hersey, Staples and Company, and in the spring of 1854, Mr. Staples and his partner arrived at Stillwater and commenced the erection of Hersey, Staples and Company's, mills. This mill, through much changed and greatly improved, is still in active service, in the yards of Hersey, Bean and Brown. It contained, when completed, one muley saw, three sash saws, one live gang and one small circular; the capacity was about forty thousand per day. It also contained a shingle and lath machine. In April, 1861, the firm of Hersey, Staples and Company settled up and dissolved, and a new company was formed under the name of Hersey, Staples and Hall, which continued until October 1st, 1866, when Mr. Hall retired, and the firm name was changed to Hersey, Sta- ples and Bean. This company, however, was confined to lumber business only. The mercan- tile business which, from the beginning had been conducted in connection with the lumbering, was now made a separate thing, and a new company formed under the name of Hersey, Staples and Doe, who took charge of the mercantile business. In 1871, Mr. Staples sold his third interest in the company of Hersey, Staples and Bean, to Gen. S. E. Hersey, and the firm was change to Hersey, Bean and Company, and in May, 1872, E. S. Brown purchased a third interest, or that sold by Staples to Hersey, and the firm name was changed to Hersey, Bean and Brown, as it still remains. Although many important changes and im- provements were made in this establishment from 1854 to 1872, yet there was still room for more improvement. During the winter of 1872-3 the mill was remodeled and rebuilt, and a large amount of new machinery put in. Although a certain amount of improvements and changes are necessary each year, yet there have been no ma- terial changes in the mill to the present time. The mill is 66x150 feet, and contains one forty- six saw gang, one double rotary, and one muley saw, with a daily capacity of ninety thousand feet, two shingle machines, with a daily capacity of one hundred thousand, and one lath machine, with a daily capacity of fifty thousand. The ma- chinery in this mill is propelled by two engines, one twenty-four and one twelve inch cylinder, and each with thirty inch stroke; eighty revolutions per minute is the speed of each. There are six cylinder boilers, thirty feet long with thirty-two inch shells, and three return flue boilers twenty- four feet long, with forty-two inch shells. In 1873, this company erected another mill about an eighth of a mile below the one above described, but in the same yard. This mill was constructed especially for the purpose of sawing long lumber for railroad bridges, etc., and to facilitate this scheme a cutting off saw is in operation on the pond; which is run by steam, thus enabling them to cut a log any desired length before removing it from the water. Also a loading machine is in the yard, by which all long and heavy timber is loaded on the cars; this is also worked by steam. The mill is 50x1 6D feet and contains one double rotary with a capacity of fifty thousand per day, one shingle machine with a capacity of thirty thousand per^day, and one lath machine with a capacity of fifty thousand per day. It has also 516 BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNIT. three planing machines, three re-sawing machines and one edger, with all the necessary trimmers, etc. The engine is a twenty inch cylinder and forty-eight inch stroke, with three Bessemer, steel hollers, twenty-six feet long and forty-two inch shell. The smoke from hoth these mills, is conveyed in tunnels running under ground to the bluff near by, and thus into the smoke stacks which are there located.' In the yard is located two "Curran and Wilcox's dry kilns," which are used principally for drying shingles and lath, so as to make them lighter for shipment. Prior to 1872, all the lumber manufactured at this mill was rafted and sent down the river, but as rail- road facilities were then obtained, nearly all the lumber has since been shipped by rail. As a pro- tection from fire, a reservoir has been built on the bluff above the mills, the bottom of which is higher then the ridge-poles of the buildings; the capacity is eight hundred hogsheads, and it is connected with the mills by an iron pipe, which runs the entire length of the yard. These mills give employment during the summer season, to two hundred and twenty-five men in all depart- ments. They produce annually about eighteen million feet of lumber and nine million each of lath and shingles. The mills and yards occupy five-sixths of a mile lake front. No traveling salesmen ''are employed by this firm, all sales being conducted either by correspondence or per- sonal interview at the office. Since 1877, Hersey, Bean and Brown have conducted a general store in connection with their lumber business. The first two years they occupied rooms in Hersey and Staple's block, but have since erected a store adjoining their yards where the business is now carried on. This company cuts from ten to twelve million feet of logs each winter, the bal- ance for Tise is purchased from other parties. During the winter of 1880-1, they had four camps, at which were employed one hundred and thirty men, forty horses and seventy-two oxen. THE C. N-. NELSON LUMBEE COMPANY'S MILL. This mill was built in 18T3 by Seymour, Sabin and Company. It contained at that time one rotary, with the necessary edgers, trimmers, etc., and had a capacity of fifty thousand feet per day. It also contained a shingle and lath machine, and was considered at that time one of the best mills in the valley. This company operated the mill until 1878, when the property was leased to D. M. Sabin and C. N. Nelson under the firm name of C. N. Nelson and Company. About this time the mill was greatly improved, and among other additions was a twenty-seven saw gang, which is said to be the "fastest" gang in the state, attaining a speed of two hundred and sixty strokes per minute. An addition to the mill building was also made at this time, and the shingle and lath machines moved thereto. The above-mentioned lease was for a term of two years, at the expiration of which time a new or- ganization was effected by the consolidation of the "St. Louis Kiver Lumber Company" and the "C. N. Nelson and Company." The name of new firm is the "C. N. Nelson Limiber Company," and was incorporated in September, 1880. The "St. Louis Eiver Lumber Company" was an or- ganization in which D. M. Sabin and C. N . Nel- son were largely interested, their scene of opera- tions being on the St. Louis river, with a saw- mill in process of erection at the time of consol- idation, located at "Knife Falls." The officers of the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Com- pany" are: C. N. Nelson, president; C. H. Graves, of Duluth, vice-president; P.M. Eanney, Knife Palls, secretary, and W. R. Merriam, St. Paul, treasurer. The mUl at Stillwater is 36x150 feet and con- tains one twenty-one-saw gang and one rotary, with a capacity of ninety thousand per day; one shingle machine, forty thousand; and one lath machine of thirtj'-five thousand daily capacity. Eighty-five men are employed in and about the mill and yards during the season, and the annual capacity is fourteen million feet of lumber, seven million shingles, and five million lath. The lum- ber manufactured at this mill is shipped almost exclusively by rail to southern and western markets. There are two engines used in driving the machinery; one is a twenty inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke; and the other is a fourteen inch cylinder and twenty-two inch stroke; the combined power of the two is one hundred and fifty horse. There are five boilers, twenty feet long and forty-two inch shell each. The C. N. Nelson Lumber Company have also a large logging business in operation; their camps are located as follows: six on Ground House CITY OF STILLWATEB—FLOVB MILLS. 517 river, one on Main Snake river, one on Hanging Horn lake, one on Sand creek in Minnesota, one on South fork of Clam river, two on Apple river, and one on Upper Namekagon river, making in all thirteen camps, at which are employed about three hundred men, ninety horses, and thirty-six oxen. The supplies to these camps are shipped over the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, and toted from the various stations. During the past win- ter upwards of twenty-six million feet of logs were banked at these camps, all for the company's own use at their mills in this city and Lakeland, at which latter point the firm has recently com- pleted a very fine mill, a description of which ap- pears in the Lakeland chapter. In addition to the above logging operations about twenty mil- lion feet of logs were banked this year by them On the St. Louis river, which of- course required nearly as large a force of men and teams in the woods as above detailed. This company also owns some sixty or seventy acres of land in the city of St. Paul, on which they have located a planing mill and three lumber yards. MCKUSICK, ANDERSON AND COMPANY'S MILL. This mill is located on the Wisconsin side of the river, at the east end of the bridge, directly opposite Stillwater. - It was built in the spring of 1870, and is 32x124 feet, two stories high. During the first four years it was a circular mill, but the increase of business necessitated additional ma- chinery, and in the spring of 1874, a twenty-four- saw gang and a shingle machine were added^ A new engine was put in with an eighteen inch cylinder and twenty-four mch stroke, and in 1878 two more boilers were added, making four in all. In 1879 a lath machine, planer and tongue and grooving machine were added. Eighty-five men are employed in this mill, yard and on the rafts. The daily capacity of the mill is fifty thousand feet of lumber, thirty thousand shingles and twenty thousand lath. This firm does quite an extensive logging busi- ness in the winter season. They had six camps in operation during the winter of 1880-1, located as follows: three on Pokeguma river, one on Chesley brook, one on upper Snake river and one on Hay Sreek. In these camps are engaged two hundred and twenty-five men, seventy-five horses and ninety oxen; this includes those engaged in hauling supplies to the camps. About twenty million feet of logs were banked this season. In addition to the above firms engaged in log- ging are the following: DURANT, WHEELER AND COMPANY. This company does not manufacture, but has twenty camps in the woods, viz. foUr on Snake river, one on Kettle river, one on Yellow river, two on the West Wisconsin railroad, one onToto- gaticonce river, four on Apple river, six on Toto- gatic river, and one on Namekagon river, five hundred men and one hundred and eighty horses and oxen are employed; thirty-five milUons were banked during the winter of 1880-'81. JORDAN AND MATHEWS. This company does not manufacture, but like Durant, Wheeler and Company, put their logs in for sale. They have four camps located as fol- lows: two on Totogatic river, one on Clam river, and one on Chibonazie river; sixty-five men and seventy-two horses and oxen are employed; eight millions were banked last winter. STILLWATER FLOUR MILLS. The proprietors of this mUl are a company formed under the state laws for the purpose of conducting a general flour and feed business. This company was formed in the fall of 1877, and the oflBcers are: D. Bronson, president; R. F. Her- sey, secretary; and L. Hospes, treasurer. The board of directors consists of the officers above mentioned, and D. M. Sabin, Henry Westing, Smith Ellison and Dr. P. H. Millard. The miU was built during the winter of 1877-'78, and commenced running in May of the -latter year. It is 50x70 feet, and five stories high above the basement. To the left of the mill proper, is a brick addition 20x70 feet, the basement of which contains the engine and boilers, and the first floor, the mill office. The engine which furnishes the motive power is a Reynolds-Corliss condensing engine of one hundred and seventy-five horse- power, v?ith a twenty inch cylinder, forty-two inch stroke, making seventy-eight revolutions per minute and is propelled by two boUers four- teen feet long and sixty inch shell. In the rear of the boiler room is the stone base upon which stands the circular brick smoke stack one hun- 518 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. dred and one feet high. Ample provisions have been made, to guard against a surprise by Are. On the left of the engine stands a Knowles pump, and near by it as well as on each floor of the mill is a hose carriage, containing sufficient hose to flood the whole mill in a very short space of time; a three inch stand pipe runs from the pump to the top of the mill with a hose attach- ment on each floor ready for use at a moments warning, as well as a number of Babcock extin- guishers at various points in the mill. The mill basement contains the line of shaft- ing which runs the stones, and one Becker brush machine. The first floor contains eight run of stone, three flour packers, one Beardslee scourer; the line of shafting that runs the corrugated rolls, and also a counter line which runs the porcelain rolls. The second floor contains twelve sets of corru- gated rolls, ten sets of porcelain rolls, six Ad- vance middlings purifiers, and one cockle ma- chine. The third floor contains two Sturtevant fans, used for blowing shorts to the ware-house, six Advance middlings purifiers, one wheat grader and one set of chilled iron rolls. The fourth floor contains one wheat heater, four aspirators, twenty-one flour bolts, one set of porcelain and one set of chilled iron rolls, one Barnard and Lea's separator, and two Ad- vance middlings purifiers. The fifth floor contains, besides dust rooms and elevator heads, one Eichmond bran duster, one rolling screen and one grading reel. A steam coil for heating the mill is conveniently arranged on each floor. This was the second mill in the state, built on the Hungarian system of gradual reduction with porcelain rolls, for making patent flour, and is continually adding new machinery to enable it to keep its position as a first-class mill. The improvements for 1880-81 amount to nearly 120,000, which brings the aggregate cost of the mill to about $100,000. Thirty men are employed in this mill which runs day and night, and produces 400 barrels every tweii ty-f our hours. The popular shipping brands are known as, "Bronson's Select," "Porcelain Koller," "Bun Hersey," and "Billy Boy." TOWNSHEND EOLLER MILL. This mill was built in the fall of the year 1872, by the Messrs. W. ¥. Cahill and J. H. Townshend. The mill was originally 40x50 feet, two stories high, and furnished with three run of stone, with a capacity of fifty barrels per day. The motive power was an overshot wheel, forty- four feet in diameter, probably the largest wheel of the kind ever built in the state. Water was drawn from the old McKusick brook. In 1873 the firm became Cahill, Townshend and Com- pany, Barron Proctor becoming a partner. In 1875, Townshend bought out Cahill and the fol- lowing year Townshend and Proctor built an ad- dition on the north side of the original miU, 30x56 feet and four stories high, at the same time add- ing to and improving the older property, both be- ing brick veneered. Six run of stone besides the feed mill, now responded to the force of the water- fall, upon the old wheel. The Hungarian system having proved satisfactory, this concern placed in '78, eight sets of smooth rollers, and in '79 and '80, added nine more sets. To make room for this improvement, the stones were all removed, with the exception of one run, which is still in use. Besides this, there is one run of stone used for grinding feed for use in the pineries. During the same year the roller system was introduced, the firm purchased a Corliss engine of one hun- dred horse power, which they enclosed in a room 30x42 feet, distinct from the boiler room, that contains the three boilers. In 1880 Mr. Proctor disposed of his interest to Mr. Townshend and the latter formed a partnership with D. M. Sabin, under the firm name of Townshend and Com- pany. Facilities for handling the product of the mill were increased that year, by building a spur track from the St. Paul and Duluth railroad, with yard room for ten cars. They also fitted up com- modious offices and flour rooms. The capacity of this- mill is three hundred barrels per day, the principal brands manufactured being "Butterfly," "Crusade," "Baker's Extra," and "Standard," all well known in the market. The mill furnishes employment to twenty men, under the supervision of Henry Drews, head miller, who has been with this mill for the past seven years. ST. CEOIX FLOtTEING MILL. This mill was built by Isaac Staples, in 1877. GITY OF STILLWATER— MANVFAGTUBE8. 519 It is 40x60 feet, and four stories high above the basement. The first floor contains five run of stones, three sets of smooth rolls, one wheat separator, one feed run and two flour packers. The second floor contains flour, wheat, corn, oat and bran bins, dust room, brush and magnet machines, two middlings purifiers, three two-reel bolting chests and seven sets of corrugated rolls. The third floor contains one brush machine, one "Beardslee" scourer, eight middlings purifiers and five two-reel chests. The fourth floor contains all the elevator heads, dust room, suction fan, flour mixer, graham cool- er, etc. In the basement is the line of shafting that runs the stones, and one cobble machine. On the first floor is the main driving pulley, six feet in diameter, with a twenty-two inch face, on the end of an iron shaft running direct to the engine, two hundred and thirty-five feet distant. The engine room is built by the side of that which contains the saw-mill engine, already de" scribed, and separated from it by a stone partition wall. It is also built of stone, 42x44 feet and six- teen feet high. The engine is an "Atlas Corliss, '> and has two boilers fourteen feet long and fifty inch shell, and each containing seventy-two three, inch flues. The engine is of one hundred and sixty horse-power, and the water is supplied by a pump of the same pattern as that described in the saw-mill article. Twenty men are constantly employed, and the capacity is two hundred and fifty barrels per day. The principal brands are "SnowPlake," "Minne- sota" and "Hiawatha." AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Seymour, Sabin and Company. The manufac- turing interests of this company, conducted in the state prison, have grown to mammoth proportions. The first contractors for the convict labor, were Seymour and Willim, at a time when the inmates of the institution numbered but seventeen. In the spring of 1868, they were succeeded by Seymour, Sabin and Company, the firm consist- ing of George M. Seymour, one of the early set- tlers of Stillwater, and also one of the first con- tractors for the convict labor, and D. M. and J. 11. Sabin, who had recently arrived from one of the eastern states and settled in Minnesota. The firm at this time employed about forty convicts and an equal number of citizen help in the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds, tubs, buckets and cooperage. The partnership continued, the business in the meantime steadily increasing, until July, 1874, when the company felt the necessities of more capital to meet the demands of their growing trade, and formed a joint stock company, incor- porating under the name of Seymour, Sabin and Company. They soon after commenced the man- ufacture of the threshing-machine, which, under their management, has become so justly cele- brated, and has taken the front rank in the thresher family, until to-day the "Minnesota Chief" has a world-wide reputation, and its manufacturers have placed on the market more machines in a single year than any other manufactory in the world. In addition to this extensive industry, they also do an aggregate business of over a quarter of a million dollars annually in doors, sash, cooperage, general oflice and bank fixtures, and furniture of all kinds in that line. They have also established an extensive ma- chine and boiler-shop, for the manufacture of portable farm engines, of which three hundred are being placed on the market the present year. The firm has on its pay-rolls upward of six hundred men, being the largest of any single corporation in the state of Minnesota or the North-west. In 1876, J. H. Sabin, the junior member and secretary of the company, was removed by death, the firm thus sustaining an irreparable loss by being deprived of the assistance and counsel of one of the brightest and most promising young men of the West. Although but twenty-seven years of age, he had acquired a standing and reputation in the business world, achieved by but few men of greater age. He was succeeded in the concern by "W. S. Goodhue, of Polo, Illinois, who has since been secretary, of the company, and takes entire charge of the general and field agents, of whom there is a multitude, in the interest of the "Min- nesota Chief" thresher and other manufactures. Major J, H. Elward, formerly of the St. Paul Harvester Works, holds the position of general superintendent of the machine department, and 520 BISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. is also the patentee of a number of valuable im- provements on the threshing machine and horse- powers, likewise a traction and straw-burning engine which seems destined to go to the front and prove a profitable investment for the com- pany, as well as a boon to the wheat raisers on the boundless prairies, where wood and coal is so expensive and difficult to obtain, and straw, which is a burden, is better and easier used for fuel than any other method of disposition. George M. Seymour holds the office of vice- president and takes general charge of their build- ing and outside operations, of which the com- pany has enough to make a veiV large business of itself. The president, D. M. Sabin, has held this re- sponsible position from the time the company was organized, succeeding from the old firm to the same position in the corporation, involving the general and financial management of a con- cern whose monthly pay-roll may be counted by a score of thousands, and whose annual business far exceeds a million dollars. This company until last year has been largely interested in the lumber business, having one of the most efllcient and best appointed saw-mills on the St. Croix river. This, however, has been sold to the "C. N. Nelson Lumber Company," one of the most extensive lumber corporations in the Northwest, in which Mr. Sabin is one of the leading spirits. We here give a description of each department in these extensive works: OflBce. On the first floor of the prison build- ing, and to the right of the main entrance, is lo- cated Seymour, Sabin & Co.'s ofiices, in which a large force of book-keepers and accountants are constantly employed. Foundry. This building is 85x120 feet, and contains two sixty inch cupolas,i n which are melted twelve tons of iron per day. A forty horse-power engine adjoins the foundry, which furnishes power to run the cupola, fans and other machinery. In addition to the necessary amount of casting for the works, a large amount of job- work is done for parties in the city. Sixty-two men are on the pay-roll in this department. Machine shops. This department occupies a room 48x112 feet and two stories. Eighty-five men are here employed, who operate the follow- ing described machinery: two planers, four bolt- cutters, four longitudinal boring machines, eight upright drill presses, one boring bar, manufac- tured in the shop, and used for boring cylinders, one gang-drill machine, used for drilling cyUnder bars; it drills eleven holes at once, and is one of the most useful machines in the establishment; one fifteen-inch stamping machine, fourteen vises, one full set of steel shell reamers, and guage rings, ranging in size from five-eighths, to two and a half inches, one single and two double milUng machines, one punching machine, three key-seat- ing machines, and thirty-four turmng-lathes. New machinery is being constantly added to this department. Blacksmith shop. This building is 40x80 feet. Fourteen forges are in constant use, and about thirty men are employed. The shop contains one trip-hammer, one bolt-heading machine, capable of making six thousand bolts per day, large punches, shears, and aU other necessary ma- chinery. Hard and soft wood shops. In these shops are prepared all the wood work for the "separators" and horse-powers. There is one double surfacing machine, one tongue and grooving machine, one "Daniels" planer, one gang boring machine, circular saws, and a large amount of heavy machinery such as is generally used in working hard wood. From fifty-five to sixty men are employed in the two shops, which adjoin each other. Wagon shop. In this building is made aU the running gear for the separators, horse-powers and farm engines. It is 40x80 feet, and is weU fitted up with all the latest improvements for setting axle skeins, turning spokes, guage lathes, etc. About fifteen men are employed in this depart- ment. Setting-up room. This room is 65x104 feet, and twenty-five men are employed in the different de- partments. Here all the separators and horse- powers are set up, the material being all prepared in the other departments and delivered here in bulk. The labor of setting up the separators is ingeniously divided mto seven departments, the machine being moved along as fast as each set of men complete their part of the work. When they are finished, both separators and horse-powers are run from a half an hour to an hour, so that any inaccuracy in the mechanism may be detected CITY OF STILLWATER— MANUFAGTUBES. 521 before leaving this room. They are then run on an elevator and hoisted to the paint shop, which is directly over the setting-up room, and where the machines are made ready for market. Up- wards of thirty men are employed in this de- partment. Farm engine shop. This building is 40x112 feet. Twenty-five men are employed in the vari- ous departments of this shop, which is well sup- plied with flexible drills, forges, and all other ma- chinery necessary to complete the machines with neatness and dispatch. Belt shop. This adjoins the paint shop and gives employment to ten men, who manufacture the conveyancer, stacker, and all other belts used on the various machines manufactured, and also for use in the works. Planing mill. This department gives employ- ment to eight men, and contains all the ma- chinery, such as surfacing, moulding, flooring machines, etc., usually found lq a well appointed planing mill. The carpenter and cabinet shop occupies a room 64x210 feet and furnishes employment to eighty-six men. Here are manufactured sash, doors, blinds, and all kinds of bank and office furniture, besides a large amoimt of brackets, scrolls and other builders' furnishings. One hundred and flf ty thousand dollars worth of goods are manufactured in this department annually. Pattern shop. Eight men are employed here in the preparation of patterns for the horse- powers, separators and other machinery in pro- cess of construction. The shop is 30x40 feet. Cooper shop. These shops occupy two floors of a building 24x150 feet. The manufactures are principally pork and flour flarrels. About forty men are employed, and six hundred barrels per day are turned out of the shops. Fire department. Extensive precautionary measures have been taken to guard against a seri- ous conflagration in the works. On the hill which overlooks the prison yard, a reservoir has been built with a capacity of four thousand five hun- dred barrels, which is supplied by a Blake's du- plex direct acting pump. This reservoir affords a pressure of seventy-five poimds to the square inch. Located at different points in the works are upwards of fifty hose-valves, to each of which are attached from fifty to one hundred feet of hose, in condition for use at a moments warning. The city water works are also attached to these pipes, by which, at a moments notice, by the sim- ple opening of a valve, the entire supply and pressure of an inexhaustable supply of water can be turned on. Engine and boiler room. The vast field of ma- chinery described in the foregoing article is kept in motion by two engines, located in an engine room 30x45 feet. The larger of the two is an AUis-Corliss, with a twenty-six inch cylinder and forty-eight inch stroke, and three hundred and fifty horse-power. The fly-wheel is twenty feet in diameter, with a forty inch face, and weighs forty thousand pounds. The smaller engine has a twenty-four inch cylinder and thirty inch stroke, and one hundred and flf ty horse-power. The boiler room is 30x40 feet and contains six tubular boilers of five hundred and fifty horse-power. Besides the above mentioned working force, a large number of men are employed in the capa- cities of engineers, firemen, night-watchmen, re- pairers, teamsters, loaders, etc. mOTS MANUFACTURES. Swain's machine-shop, D. M. Swain, proprietor. This establishment, which has grown to con- siderable proportions during the past decade, had for its corner-stone a very small beginning. D. M. Swain, the present proprietor, began his bus- iness in 1873, in an old warehouse on Main street. He soon took for a partner a Mr. Gray, but at the end of the first season he withdrew from the business, which has since been conducted by Mr. Swain. In 1874 he erected his present establish- ment, which is located on Third street between Myrtle and Chestnut; it is built of brick, 28x50 feet, and two stories high. The machinery used consists of flve iron turn- ing-lathes and one wood lathe, one bolt cutter, one upright drill, one brass finishing lathe, one iron planer, one stationary engine of his own manufacture, one emery wheel, and a large amount of other machinery, necessary for a fully-equipped machine-shop. His manufactmes consist of portable, station- ary and marine engines, mill machinery and all kinds of job work in his line. Twenty men are 522 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. employed in the works, and the business amounts to $60,000 annually. Swain's foundry, George Swain, proprietor. This establishment is located directly in the rear of D. M. Swain's machine-shop. It was started by George Swain, the present propri- etor, in 1874. The building is 40x40 feet, two stories high, and although not making a very great show, yet a large amount of work is turned out annually. His manufactures consist chiefly of engine-work, and in addition a considerable amount of mill-casting, farm-machinery, etc., is done. St. Croix Iron Works and *Door, Sash and Blind Factory, Isaac Staples, proprietor. These buildings are located on the river bank, near the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha round- house. The first building to be erected was the machine-shop, 45x60 feet, about 1865, by Corning and Depew, of St. Paul, who run it as a machine- shop a number of years. In 1874 the property passed into the hands of D. S. Stombs, who erected a foundry 40x60 feet, and a boiler-shop 36x60 feet; he only run the business a short time, however, when it passed into the hands of Isaac Staples, who has since conducted it. In 1878 Mr. Staples moved his machinery for the manufacture of doors, sash and blinds from his mill to this place, and set it up in its present location, in the second story of the machine shop. The machinery contained in the machine-shop, consists of, four turning-lathes, one eighteen-foot planer, one upright drill-press, five vises, etc. Six men are employed in this department. The sash factory contains one jig-saw, one mor- ticing-machine, two cut-ofE saws, one planer, one tenoner, one sand-papering machine, etc. Seven men are employed in this department. There is also a boiler and blacksmith-shop, in which five men are employed. The whole ma- chinery is propelled by a forty horse-power en- gine with a ten-inch cylinder and fourteen-inch stroke, supplied by a tubular boiler, forty inches in diameter and eighteen feet long. The engine is located in the basement of the machine-shop. Three men are employed in the foundry, which, in addition to the local work, does a large amount of casting for parties m Wisconsin. The door, sash and blind factory does an annual business of $20,000. BHICK TAED Frederick Steinacker, proprietor. This estab- lishment commenced the manufacture of brick in 1859, under its present management, in a yard located in Ramsey and Carter's addition to Still- water. He employed from three to four men, and manufactured about 200,000 brick annually, until 1875, when his increasing business com- pelled him to purchase more land, which he did at the lower end of Sunflsh lake, where he is now located. Since that time his business has rapidly improved, and he has averaged at least 500,000 brick annually, and employed an average of eight men. In 1880, he employed fourteen men and manufactured between 800,000 and 900,- 000 brick. CARRIAGE MANUFACTURERS. Pioneer carriage manufactory, WilUam Muller, proprietor. In 1866, the present proprietor pur- chased this location and erected a shop 20x40 feet and two stories high; on the first fioor was his workshop, and on the second floor his resi- dence. He did a successful business for several years, and in 1870 increasing business compelled him to erect larger shops. He added a shop 28x 60 feet and two stories; the first floor was used for blacksmithing and the second as paint and carriage trimming shops. In 1873, the whole works were destroyed by fire, and as there was no insurance on the buildings, Mr. Muller sustained a serious loss; but not dis- couraged, he in 1875 rebuilt his shops on the same plan of those destroyed two years before. He has regained his former patronage, and is doing a flourishmg business. Six men are employed in the manufacture of buggies, cutters, sleighs, wagons, etc. The works are located on Main street. Stillwater carriage works, D. J. Sullivan, pro- prietor. This business was established in Octo- ber, 1878, in a building one door east of the Saw- yer house, but as the accommodations there were too small, Mr. Sullivan soon secured his present commodious building on Second street, which is 40x80 feet and two stories high. The first fioor is used for blacksmith and wood shops, and the second floor for pamt and carriage trimming CITY OF STILLWATER— MANUFACTURES. 523 shops. Ten men are employed in the various departments, and the goods manufactured con- sist of buggies, sleighs, platform and other wagons besides a large amount of repairing. The annual business amounts to upwards of $10,000. Novelty carriage works, Richard Daw, proprie- tor. Mr. Daw began this enterprise in May, 1875, in the building now occupied by the "Stillwater can-iage works." He did business there until 1877, when he removed to his present location. This building is 40x60 feet, and two stories high. The second story is used for paint and carriage trimming shops, and a portion of the first story is used for a wood shop. The balance of the first floor is occupied by J. Connors, blacksmith, and in this shop the iron work of Mr. Daw's car- riages is done. Mr. Daw manufactures carriages of all kinds, sleighs, platform wagons, etc. Four men are employed in his establishment. Albert Saeker's wagon shop. Mr. Saeker es- tablished this business in 1872. He makes a specialty of lumber wagons, but is prepared to do any work in his line. His place of business is on Second street, between Myrtle and Chestnut. BBEWEKIES. Hermann Tepass' brewery, is the outgrowth of the first brewery and still in the comity, if not in the state. In 1851 , Norbert Kimmick started a small whisky still on the corner of Third and Chestnut streets. This was located in the kitchen of his dwelling, and he manufactured about five barrels per week. In 1852, he built a brewery where the one now operated by Mr. Tepass stands, and which he conducted alone for two years, when he took as a partner, Frank Aiple, and they, run the business together until Mr. Kimmick's death, which occurred in 1857. Mrs. Kimmick conducted the business with the as- sistance of her husband's former partner until January 1st, 1860, when she became his wife. Mr. Aiple then assumed active management of the brewery, which continued until the destruc- tion of the building by fire in May, 1868. Mr. Aiple at once rebuilt on the old site, but scarcely had he completed the work when he received an injury while putting in some water pipes, which caused his death on November 5th, 1868. Mrs. Aiple was thus again compelled to assume con- trol of the establishment, which she conducted successfully until her marriage with Mr. Tepass, the present proprietor, which event took place December 14th, 1869. The building is of stone, 45x75 feet, and three stories high. The front part of the first floor is occupied by the fifteen horse-power engine and brewing room, and in the rear is the wash room; the balance of the buildijig is occupied by a com- plete set of brewing apparatus. Seven men are employed, and four thousand barrels of beer are annually manufactured. The brewery is on lower Main street. Wolf's Brewery, Joseph Wolf proprietor. This establishment is located on Main street at the corner of Nelson, and the enterprise dates back to the spring of 1868, when Martin Wolf, a brother of the present proprietor, erected on these premises, a small wooden building about 40x50 feet, and one story high. He conducted the busi- ness here until March, 1871, when it passed into the hands of Wolf, Tanner and Company; Joseph Wolf and A. Tanner being the principal owners. The business was conducted in the old wooden building until March 25th, 1872, when it was de- stroyed by fire. The erection of the present buildings was soon after commenced. The "Pa- cific hotel," which is on the street comer was first erected, it is 30x90 feet and three stories high. The first fioor was at first used for a grocery store but is now a wholesale and retail liquor store. The second and third stories being the hotel. The brewery was then built, which is 40x90 feet and two stories high in front, but as it is built on the face of the bluff, the rear of the building towers up to four and five stories in hight. In May, 1876, Joseph Wolf purchased the whole business and has since conducted it. During the summer of 1880, a commodious brick ofiice was erected, adjoining the brewery. It is 14x20 feet and two stories high. In this establishment are consumed annually 18,000 bushels of barley and over 6,000 barrels of beer are manufactured. The works are run by a fifteen horse-power engine with a boiler of thirty-five horse-power. Twelve men are employed and the business amounts to 160,000 annually. BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTOEY, F. W. Kern, proprietor. This establishment is located in Union block, on Main street. It 524 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. was started under the firm name of Drews and Kern, on Chestnut street, in 1874, in a building 22x50 feet. The capital invested at that time was about $3,000. The business was conducted under this man- agement, and at this location, until^l877, when Mr. Drews withdrew from the company, and his brother, Herman Drews, became a partner and the firm name was changed to Kern and Com- pany. The location was also changed to the present quarters, but at the end of six months, Mr. Drews sold his interest to Mr. Kern and went to Germany, thus leaving him sole proprie- tor. His business has since rai)idly increased, until now he employs ten men. The manufac- turing department is 25x55 feet, and his sales- room 25x75 feet. He does an annual business ,of $35,000. Boat shop, George Miiller, proprietor. This enterprise was first started in 1873, by Miiller Brothers in a building 20x40 feet. They did most of their work by hand^for two years, when the increase of business demanding more facili- ties, they put in a four horse-power engine and some machinery and added fifty feet to their building. Thus they continued for three years, when they found it necessary to add more ma- chinery to enable them to keep pace with their still rapidly improving business. An eighteen horse-power engine was put in, two cross-cut and two rip saws,"one twenty-four inch surface planer, one stroke jointer, one shaper, one jig saw, one guage lathe, and one hand lathe, etc., and have since added improvements from year to year. The brothers did business together till November 10th, 1880, when George purchased his brother's interest, and now conducts the business. Six men are employed, and [orders [are^ filled for the building of boats of all descriptions. Lumber- men's tools are also manufactured here, besides a large amount of other job work. It is the only boat building establishment in the city. Stillwater coloring works, J. M. Burbridge and Sons, proprietors. This business is located on Second street, south of the post-office, and was established in October, 1879. Two rooms are in use, one as coloring-room and the other for press- ing. They do a good business and are giving satisfaction. Vinegar factory. In the summer of 1875 John Ciopac and Anthony Tuor formed a partnership and began the manufacture of vinegar. A stone building of two stories was occupied. The amount of capital invested was $1,500. After several changes in the firm, Tuor became sole proprietor. Not meeting with success, he leased the factory to his son-in-law, A. Manthey, in 1881, and the establishment is now in use as a vinegar, soda-water and ginger ale factory. Sod Hill green-house, Marcel Gagnon, pro- prietor. This business was established in 1877 by Mr. Gagnon in a building 12x40 feet, in which he did a successful business. During the past year he has completed a 14x20 feet addition. He has a fine stock of plants of different varie- ties suited to the climate, and does a thriving business. Chicago bakery and confectionery manufactory. The only establishment of this kind is that of Heitman and Becker. This business was estab- lished by the present firm April 7th, 1879, and since that time has been quite successful. The bakery and candy manufactory are located on Second street, and their sales-room on Main street. They also have in connection with their other business a restaurant, and deal largely in fruits, cigars, tobacco, etc. CHAPTEK LXX. BANKS— HOTELS — LI VERY STABLES — W ATER- WOEKS — FIEE DEPARTMENT — EXPRESS COM- PANIES — TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COM- PANIES—PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The first banking of any kind done in Still- water was by Dr. Christopher Carli, who, about 1854, made arrangements for conducting an ex- change business with St. Louis and Chicago bankers; he did not open a regular banking office, but had a room in the rear of his drug-store, which was his bank. The Pirst National Bank is the outgrowth of the first bank established in Stillwater; it was a private bank, and was started about 1856, by K. A. Darling, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, L. E..' CITY OF STILLWATEB— BANKS. 525 Carswell, of Hastings, Minnesota, and Charles Scheffer, of Stillwater, under the firm name of Darling, Carswell and Scheffer. ^ Their oflBce was on Second street, adjoining the land-oflBce. Sep- tember 20th, 1858, Mr. Carswell withdrew from the firm and it was then known as Darling and Scheffer for a time, but after a few years they ob- tained a charter for a "State Bank," with the name of the "Bank of Stillwater," which con- tinued until July 19th, 1865, when the present "First National Bank" was organized with a cap- ital of $50,000. The stockholders were, Charles SchefEer, of Stillwater; J. E. Thompson and Horace Thompson, of St. Paul, and Louis Hospes and O. B. Ellis, of Stillwater. The first officers were, Charles Scheffer, president; Louis Hospesi vice-president, and O. E. Ellis, cashier. The capital has since been increased to $130,000, with a surplus of $26,000. The discounts amount to $400,000, and the deposits to $300,000. The pres- ent officers are: Louis Hospes, president; C. 2Sr. Nelson, vice-president, and F. A. Seymour, cash- ier. The directors are: Louis Hospes, C. N. Nel- son, D. M. Sabin, Henry Westing, H. K. Mur- dock and E. A. Seymour, of Stillwater; George R. Einch and Albert SchefEer, of St. Paul, and Smith Ellison, of Taylor's Ealls. This bank is located on Main street, near the Opera House. LtTMBEBMEW'S NATIONAL BANK. This bank was organized January 10th, 1871, by Isaac Staples and Samuel F. Hersey, of Still- water, and E. S. Edgerton, P. Berkey and II. W. Cannon, of St. Paul. The latter was connected with E. S. Edgerton, president of the Second Na- tional bank of St. Paul at the time, but imme- diately moved to this city and has held the posi- tion of cashier and general manager of the bank to the present time. The business of the bank was conducted for a time at the corner of Myr- tle and Stimson streets, in a room now used by the Lumbermen's Board of Trade, the balance of the building being occupied by Hersey,Staples and Bean, at that time, one of the largest lumbering concerns in the St. Croix Valley. The authorized capital stock was half a million dollars, fifty thousand of which was paid in on the day of or- ganization. The first officers were, Isaac Staples, president; Samuel F. Hersey, vice-president; and H. W. Cannon, cashier. On December 2d of the same year, the capital stock was increased to $100,000. On March 19th, 1872, the bank was removed to its present elegant banking rooms, on the comer of Myrtle and Main streets, which bad been in course of preparation for some time, and at this time the capital stock was also increased to $125,000. During the financial panic of 1873, when many heavy banks were more or less em- barrassed, and many more compelled to succumb to the pressure brought to bear on them, this bank did not suspend currency payments, but in- stead, increased its capital to $150,000, and what is very remarkable in the history of this institu- tion, it is stated that less that $500 has been lost on discounted paper. The present officers are, Isaac Staples, president; E. F. Hersey, vice-pres- ident; and H. W. Cannon, cashier; the directors are, Isaac Staples, John McKusick, D. M. Sabin, David Bronson, David Tozer, I. E. Staples, H. W. Cannon and E. S. Edgerton; this board of directors represents upwards of $3,000,000. Stillwater Saving's Bank. This institution was founded at the request of Hon. Samuel F. Her- sey, an old and influential citizen of Stillwater, he thinking that a savings bank would be bene- ficial to the working men of this city. Accord- ingly on January 10th, 1873, the bank was incor- porated under an act of the legislature of 1867, with the following named gentlemen as trustees: Isaac Staples, David Bronson, Dwight M. Sabin, Louis E. Torinus, William Willim, I. E. Staples, and Henry W. Cannon. Until March 1st, 1879, six per cent, was paid on deposits, but since that time five per cent, only has been allowed. The officers are: Isaac Staples, president; D. Bron- son, vice-president; H. W. Cannon, secretary and treasurer. Although no profit has accrued to the trustees, the bank has been kept open and there are now two hundred and seventy-five accounts open, principally minors, laborers and women. Stillwater Board of Trade was organized in January, 1871. The first officers were: David Bronson, president; C. J. Butler, vice-president; D. W. Armstrong, secretary; and C. N. Nelson, treasurer. Board of directors: John KcKusick, Isaac Staples, J. E. Schlenk, J. O'Shaughnessy, M. Moflatt, E. W. Durant, J. N. Castle, B. G. Merry, G. M. Seymour and L. E. Torinus. Meet- ings are held on the last Thursday of each month, in a room on Myrtle street, corner of Stimson's 526 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. alley. The present officers are: E. S. Brown, president ; William G. Bronson, vice-president; and John S. Proctor, secretary. HOTELS. The first hotel in Stillwater was known as the Northrup house, and was erected by Anson Northriip in the early summer of 1844. He oc- cupied it one year, then rented it to Robert Ken- nedy, who ran it one year, at the end of which time Mr. Northrup resumed control. After an- other year it went into the hands of Stanchfleld and Vail under a lease; these gentlemen occupied the house until it was destroyed by fire in Decem- ber, 1847. The six-year-old daughter of Mrs French, a lady employed in the house, was sleep- ing in a rear addition, and lost her life; no trace of her body was ever found. The Minnesota house was built by Elam Gree- ley, for a private residence, in 1846, but after en- closing and roofing the building, it stood vacant for nearly a year. It was then purchased by Judd and "Walker, who finished the building for a ho- tel and rented it to Ilarley Curtis. In 1849, Mr. Hartshorn became the proprietor and ran the house until 1851. Gray and Trimble had it until 1855; Samuel Burkleo then occupied it two years. It was then managed by different parties for short terms each, until old age had caused the building to be unfit for use as a public house. The old house still stands on the corner of Main and Chestnut streets, and is occupied by the St. Croix Post publishing company and a saloon. The St. Croix house was built in 1848 by Anson Northrup, who conducted it as a hotel for two years. It then passed through a series of changes, finally falling into the possession of John Booren in 1874. Three years later, it was destroyed by fire. The Lake house, built in 1849, by John H. Brewster, was next in point of time. This house, like the others, had a number of different proprietors. It was finally occupied as a tene- ment, and in 1874 was burned. The Liberty house was built by JJr. John N. Ahl, who, after running it a few years, changed the name to the Lakeside hotel. Dr. Ahl was the proprietor until his death in 1 872. The house was then conducted by several parties, and is now under the management of Paul Selb, and is owned by Miss Amanda Ahl, the daughter of the original owner. The house is located on Main street, near Nelson. The Sawyer house, the leading hotel of Still- water, was built by Henry Sawyer in 1857, but was not opened to the public until 1860. It was opened under the management of A. B. Whitcher, who conducted it with success for two years, after which Jacob and Albert Lowell took pos- session. In the meantime, eastern parties be- came the owners. In 1864 Isaac Staples pur- chased the house, and two years later sold to Dudley Hall, who owned it until 1871. In 1866 he leased it to John and Albert Lowell for five years, and at the expiration of that time it was purchased by Albert Lowell who has since owned and conducted it. The size of the building is 90x100 feet, and four stories high. It has accom- modations for about seventy-five guests. The Stillwater house was built by Peter Al- derman in 1869. It is located on Mulberry street between Second and Main. Michael Whyte is the present landlord. The house is now owned by George R. White. The Farmer's Home hotel was built by Miller and Simonet in 1867, and was occupied as a store for three years. The partnership then ceased, and a portion of the building became a hotel known as the St. Louis house and subsequently the Farmer's Home. Henry Goeck has been pro- prietor for the past two years. The Williams house was erected in 1870 on the corner of Mulberry and Second streets. Will- iams died in 1875, and since that time the house has been run by A. A. Uleu, his partner. In October, 1870, Frank Raiter built and opened the Wexio hotel, and ran it for nearly ten years. Raiter still owns the house, and rents it to August Nellison, the present proprietor. The Keystone house was erected in 1872 by Horace Voligny, at a cost of $3,000, and has been conducted by him since. This house is a com- modious and well-kept hotel. The Central house has been known since the spring of 1879. It was built at that time by August Booren at a cost of $8,000. The house is of brick, 30x72 feet, and three stories high. The hotel is run by John Booren, and August Booren has a saloon in the house. This hotel will accommodate about forty guests. CITY OF STILLWATEB—WATEB SUPPLY. 627 In 1872 John Disch built the Mansion house. This hotel is of brick, 40x70 feet, ana furnishes accommodations for eighty guests. Mr. Disch, the originator of the enterprise, has been the landlord since the hotel was opened. LIVERY STABLES. Phoenix stables. The first to engage in this business in Stillwater, was C. A. Bromley in the fall of 1853. His stable was 40x50 feet, and he continued in it until 1857, when he rented a sta- ble which stood on the premises now owned and occupied by him, which he purchased after six years. He enlarged his buildings but in 1875, fire destroyed them. The year following, he built the present stable, which is of brick, 50x56 feet, and three stories high. He has over twenty horses and a thoroughly equipped stable. A. J. OrfE first began livery business in this city about 1870, in company with Mark Manter, in the stable now occupied by Eahr and Hanson. After two years Manter and Denton be- came partners for two years, at the expiration of which time, the firm dissolved. Mr. Orff then started alone on Main street, and in 1877, re- moved to his present location on the corner of Myrtle and Second streets. For three years from 1876, he ran a stage line between Stillwater and Marine. He has now a finely appointed stable with thirty horses and the necessary carriages, sleighs, etc., also a hearse. Eclipse stable, H. C. Farmer, proprietor. This business was established at the present location, on Second street between Chestnut and Myrtle, in 1877. He has twenty horses and three hacks, besides the usual outfit of buggies, Gutters, etc. Eahr and Hanson's stable was first occupied by M. Manter, then by other firms until September, 1879, when the present firm took possession. The stable is located on Second street between Mulberry and Commercial Avenue, and is 40x60 feet, two stories high and basement. Tliis es- tablishment is thoroughly equipped with a num- ber of horses, new carriages, etc., and is meeting with well-deserved success, as both gentlemen are well-known and popular. Web. McKusick's stable is one of the oldest landmarks in the city, being all there is left of the old McKusick grist-mill into which the old saw-mill of 1844 was merged. After it ceased to run as a mill, it was used as a sash fax;tory and for a machine-shop. In 1872, Mr. McKusick converted it into a livery stable. It is located on Main street, between Mulberry and Commercial Avenue. About twenty horses are kept. Mr. McKusick also has hay scales convenient to, and in connection with his stable. The Hathaway Water Supply . Charles Hatha- way procured a lot on Third street, between Myrtle and Chesnut, for the purpose of building a shop and home. At one end of the lot water fiowed from the bank in large quantities. Cut- ting into the bank until he reached the clay, he built a reservoir of about three hundred barrels capacity and laid a pipe to the street below with conveniences for loading. The reservoir has an elevation of fifty feet above the street. This water is used by Hathaway in his shop and is also used for street sprinkling purposes. The cost of putting in pipe, etc., was '$900. The supply amounts to seven hundred barrels per day and shows no signs of exhaustion. Stillwater Water Company. This company was organized April 15th, 1880, with a capital stock of fl00,000. Board of directors: D. M. Sabin, Isaac Staples, E. W. Durant, R. F. Hersey, H. W. Cannon, C. E. Gray, and W. H. Swift. E. W. Durant, president; K. F. Hersey, vice-presi- dent; H. W. Cannon, secretary and treasurer. .This organization was effected in compliance with a city ordinance, for the establishment of water works, which provides that the city shall rent eighty-five hydrants and that the rates charged private consumers shall not be greater than the average rates in St. Paul, Dubuque and Clinton. The reservoir at McKusick's lake covers upwards of thirty acres, with an average depth of ten feet, the lake being fed by springs. At the foot of the lake is established a filtering well and sub-reservoir for purifying the water. The pump- ing and engine houses are located near the lake and contain two Blake pumps with a capacity of 1,000,000 gallons every twenty-four hours, at a low rate of speed or in case of an emergency 2,000,000 gallons. In addition to the pumping system 2,000,000 gallons more may be supplied in twenty-four hours to the lower portions of the city by natural gravity, owing to the elevated po- sition of the lake. The principal main from the lake is sixteen inches in diameter and from that 528 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the water is forced througli eight miles of pipe, for distribution through the city. The lake is one-quarter of a mile from the city and elevated one hundred and fifty feet above Main street. These works were put in by the Messrs. Fruin and Company of St. Louis, and are probably the finest in the state. UNION ELEVATOR COMPANY. In 1870-71, the Union Elevator and Improve- ment Company built an elevator here of 50,000 bushels capacity. C. W. Newcombe was presi- dent of the company. The elevator was built and the company formed because of the advan- tage of transferring wheat here, on account of the navigation of St. Croix Lake being superior to the Mississippi at St. Paul. This company op- erated the elevator until 1877, when they leased it to the St. Paul & Duluth Kailroad Company, who operated it till 1880, and sold it to D. M. Sabin, who again sold it to the "Union Elevator Company." This organization was effected in Oc- tober, 1880. The capital stock is f 100,000, and the ofiBcers are, Louis Hospes, president, J. H. Townshend; vice-president; and H. W. Cannon, secretary and treasurer. They have increased the storage capacity from fifty to three hundred thousand bushels, and furnished the ele- vator with all the modem improvements for un- loading barges, cars or wagons. GAS-LIGHT COMPANY. On May 12th, 1874, this company was organized and on the same day a city ordinance was passed, granting the exclusive rights to the company to manufacture and sell gas in this city for forty years. The stockholders who also constituted a board of directors, consisted of John McKusick, D. M. Sabin, Isaac Staples, D. Bronson, H. W. Cannon, L. E. Torinus and C. H. Nash. Isaac Staples was elected president, and H. W. Can- non, secretary aud manager. During the follow- ing summer buildings were erected and about four miles of main pipe was laid through the principal streets, and gas turned on the city the same fall. The capital stock is $25,000, and they have increased their main lines to between five and six miles. The company is still under the same direction and management. EXPKESS COMPANIES. In the winter of 1854-5 the first express office was opened in this city by the North-western Ex- press Company. Short, Proctor and Company were the agents. In 1857, John Eisher was ap- pointed agent, and in February, 1858, he was su- perseded by D.W. Armstrong, and soon after, the American Express Company purchased the North-western, Mr. Armstrong continuing as agent of the new company until 1864, when A. M. Dodd, who was his former partner, succeeded him. He took as a partner, C. J. Butler, known as Butler and Dodd until the fall of 1869, when the United States Express Company established an office here. In 1871, the American was repre- sented by Bronson and Folsom, and the United States by Frank E. Joy, who continued to repre- sent the latter company until the consolidation in 1876. After the lower road was extended to this place in 1871, Bronson and Folsom gave up the agency of the American, and L. E. Morris, star tion agent, acted as agent for one year, then Mr. Armstrong had it tiU the consolidation in 1876, and afterward, till March 10th, 1880, when the present agent, Frank Netzer, took charge of the office. Mr. Netzer is the only express represent ative here. Telegraph and telephone companies. In 1863 A. C. Lull, an old telegraph operator, came to Stillwater and endeavored to establish a tele- graph line and office. The result" of his [efforts was a subscription of f 1 ,500 which was paid to the Northwestern Telegraph Company as a bonus to establish an office in the city. Mr. LuU was the appointed manager, but business was so mea jre that for a time it was feared the company would be obliged to close the office. Soon population increased and with it the business of the tele- graph line,^which now has a monthly business of about 1400. The office is on Main street between Chesnut and Myrtle, and is under the manage- ment of C. E. White. The" National Bell Telephone Exchange, es- tablished an office in Stillwater in January, 1880, and is meeting with liberal patronage. There are about fifty instruments in use connecting the city with St. Paul and Minneapolis. FIRE DEPARTMENT. The first efforts for the organization of a com- pany to resist fire, were made in February, 1859. After several meetings of citizens and slight CITY OF STILLWATBB—FIBE BEPABTMJUNT. 529 action on the part of the city council, the matter was allowed to drop without the formation of any organization for the protection of property. In 1872, after the city had been visited by several destructive conflagrations, the city council or- dered the erection of a temporary building for housing a fire engine. Steps were at once taken to secure an engine, and resulted in the purchase of a "Silsby," at a cost of $7,375. The condition on which the engine was purchased, was a test as follows: the engine, stationed near the lake, was to force a stream through fifteen hundred feet of hose and throw it over the court-house dome. The test was made May 29th, 1872, with satisfac- tory results. A company was at once formed numbering sixty volunteer members, with the following officers: David Bronson, chief engi- neer; B. G. Merry, first assistant; H. P. West, second assistant; C. C. Johnson, engineer; W. T. Per Lee, secretary; Fayette Marsh, treasurer. The first call of this company for active duty, was on the evening of June 3d, 1872. They were on hand at the scene of the fire promptly, and in a few moments, by well-directed efforts, suppressed the flames. Since then the department has ren- dered efficient service. The equipment consists of a number three Silsby engine, two hose-carts and fifteen hundred feet of hose. The engine- house is of brick, and is located on Commercial street, between Main and Second. The otficers are: David Bronson, chief engineer; A. K. Doe, first assistant; William M. May, second assistant, Officers of steam flre engine department, known, as '"Stillwater, NumberOne," J. W. Johnson, en- gineer; R. Day, fireman; F. E. Joy, foreman; S. A. Krone, driver; J. C. Rhodes, secretary; and Joseph Tanner, treasurer. St. Croix Hook and Ladder Company Number One, is also located on Commercial, between Main and Second streets. This company has been of great value in the suppression of fires, and is an able assistant of the engine company. The officers of this organization are: Charles Mc- Millan, foreman; D. B. Loomis, assistant fore- man; A. K. Doe, secretary and treasurer. This company has been presented, for services ren- dered, a purse of one hundred dollars, by L. E. Torinus, flag and stafiE by Schulenburg and Boeck- eler Lumber Company, valued at one hundred 34 and fifty dollars; and a desk, valued at fifty dol- lars, for hall, by Seymour, Sabin and Company. The first building destroyed by flre was a house belonging to John McKusick, which stood where his present residence is located. The next was the Northrup house, which burned in 1847. The great fire of Stillwater, as it is called, occurred on the morning of December 26th, 1866._ The fire started on Main street, in the second building from Chestnut street, and before it could be brought under control, destroyed twelve build- ings. The losses were quite heavy, and fell upon a class hardly able to bear them. March 6th, 1872, a fire broke out in a building, comer of Main and Nelson streets. Six buildings were consumed and three families left homeless. Two men lost their Uves during this fire. In Decem- ber, 1872, a fire started in a building adjoining the Lake house. The engine was promptly on hand and for a time did good work, then became disabled. The Lake house and four buildings were destroyed. In 1873, a fire occurred at the state prison, but the fire companies were prompt and checked it with small loss. A number of small fires have occurred, but Stillwater has thus far escaped a conflagsation of much magnitude, and with the present efficient flre department, may feel secure against future visitations. BUSINESS BLOCKS, AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The Sawyer block was built by Henry Sawyer, in 1856, and was the first stone building erected in Stillwater. The upper story of this building was used as lecture room and for public hall. In 1856, the blocks erected, were the McComb, built by McComb, Simpson and Company, now owned by Isaac Staples and used as a general merchan- dise store, and the Falen block, of brick. In 1857, the Eldridge brick block and the Bernhei- mer block, built by Elam Greeley. 1858, the Hol- combe block, built by Wm. Holcombe; the Odd Fellows meet in a hall in this block. In 1865, Mr. Schlenk built a block of stone, known as Concert Hall. In 1866, the First National Bank erected its block. The year following, the L. E. Torinus block was built. The Morin brick block was built in 1869. The Brunswick, the Green, and the Ilersey and Staples blocks were erected in 1871. Wolf's brewery was built in 1872, and the same year, Deragisch and Henning and West 530 mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ing and Ditman built. The Union block was built in 1873-4, by three different parties; H. Evans and E. Sinclair, in 1873, P. H. Potts, in 1874, and Geo. Volmer, in 1876. Other blocks erected in 1873, W. W. Holcombe's and the Staples block. In 1874, the Shultz block was built by T. Shultz. The Marsh block by F. Marsh, in 1879. The Schermuly and Hardy block in 1880. ' COUBT-HOUSE. As previously stated, the first court-house was' built by Joseph R. Brown about 1841. It was located near where Sehulenburg and Boeckeler's lumber mill now stands. It is not certain that this building was ever used for judicial purposes. It was finally torn down and the material used in the construction of a building at Stillwater. The second court-house was erected on the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, in 1849, at a cost of f 3,600. The lot was donated by John McKusick. This building was 31x60 feet, and but one story high, furnishing one large room and two small ones. This was the first court-house in the territory of Minnesota. In 1866 the people began to consider the need of erecting new buildings for the use of Washington county, which led to the submission of the question to the people at the fall election, and resulted in a decision in favor of their erection. In the spring of 1867 the county commissioners invited proposals for the construction of county buildings, consisting of court-house and jail. A city block was donated for the site by Messrs. Churchill and Nelson . The contract was awarded to G. M. Seymour and W. M. May, the building to cost 146,500, and to be constructed in accord- ance with plans submitted by A. F. Knight architect. The contractors agreed to complete the buildings as indicated by the plans, leaving off the two upper tiers of cells. The cost, in addition to the contract, on account of changes ordered by the commissioners, was $9,757, making a total cost of 155,257. The jail is in the wing on the south-east of the court-house, and is both strong and convenient. In 1868 the board of commissioners had a Wall erected on the north and east sides of the lot. The buildings are finely located, and are a credit to the county of Washington and city of Stillwater. POST-OFFICE. The pioneers of this embryo city were subject to many inconveniences for the want of facilities for forwarding and receiving mails. Prairie du Chien being the nearest point on the south from which they could obtain their maUs. Wl^en any one of their number was called upon for business or pleasure to make a trip to the south or east, he was commissioned as post boy and well loaded with business as well as letters of kindly re- membrance to the loved ones left behind in the eastern home. The iufrequency of these trips, down river as they were termed, made it very in- convenient for the settlers. Much more so when by negligence the one sent by, forgot to deposit the mail in the office, but on his return found the package in his trunk, such being the case with one entrusted with the transmission of mails to Prairie du Chien. The increase of settlers to- gether with the increase of facilities soon began to obviate these difficulties. In the faU of 1845 a petition was forwarded to the department at Washington from the citizens asking for the es- tablishment of an office at this point, also for the transportation of the mails, which was granted, and a commission forwarded to Elam Greeley as post-master, January 18th, ' 1846. The office was kept in the store of John McKusick, comer of Main and Myrtle streets. The commissions be- ing very light, Mr. Greeley concluded at the end of one year, that it did not pay him to devote his time to the office, and it was transferred to Mr. John McKusick. At the expiration of his term, it was transferred successively to John S. Proctor, Harley Curtis, Mahlon Black, Abraham Van Vorhes, D. H. Cutler, and E. G. Butts, the pres- ent incumbent. After the office left the store of Mr. McKusick, it was kept at different points until it reached its present locality, corner of Second and Chestnut streets. The business of the office has increased steadily, but rapidly, from the beginning. At the close of the first ten years, it was found that in 1856, the total receipts of the office for the year for stamps -alone was $2,536. Prior to November, 1856, the mails were only received tri- weekly, but after that date through the earnest efforts of the citizens, a daily mail was received. Soon after the money order department was added to the office which greatly increased the facilities for business. In 1870, CITY OF STILLWATEB—0PEBA HOUSE. 531 this branch of the office issued six hundred and flfty-nine money orders, amounting to $12,957.99, also paying two hundred and' eighteen orders, amounting to $5,505.80. In 1871, the office is- sued nine hundred and twenty-six orders amount- ing to $15,771.90, and paid two hundred and twenty-two orders, amounting to $6,488.81. The receipts of the office for box rent, stamps, and postage on papers and periodicals with envelopes and wrappers for 1879, was $7,891.08; the expen- ses for the same year were $3,337.20, making the total income for the year $4,553.88. The receipts for 1880, were $10,825.83, and the expenses for the same were $3,445.75, giving a total income from the office of $7,380.08. Money received for orders for 1879, was 138,820.46, and money paid on orders same year, $16,683.24. Money received for orders 1880, was $30,943.99, and paid $20,- 729.17. Number of registered packages for 1879, was 2,312; for 1880, was 2,774; number of letters, postal cards, newspapers to subscribers, transient printed matter; merchandize packages and official letters for 1870, was 400,720, and the same for 1880, was 745,680. PUBLIC HALLS. Among the first buildings erected in new towns provision is made for a hall or place where the people can congregate for purposes of amusement and education. The first building used for pub- lic entertainments in Stillwater, was the Lake house, built in 1849. Next was the Schlenk hall, in the Sawyer block, built in 1855. The Armory hall was opened to the public in 1855. Joseph Carli and Samuel Mathews erected a frame build- ing in 1866, known as Opera hall. In 1872, Hor- sey and Staples built a block on the comer of Main and Myrtle streets, the third story of which was finished for a hall with a seating capacity of six hundred. This was known as Opera hall and was the principal public hall until the building of the GRAND OPERA HOUSE. This building, the pride of the city and the finest opera house in the north-west, was erected in 1880-'81, by L. E. Torinus, E. W. Durant, E. J. Wheeler and A. T. Jenks. These enter- prising gentlemen purchased of Dr. Carli, in the spring of 1879, a lot on Main street, between Chesnut and Nelson, for which $10,000 was paid. The foundation was completed during that sea- son and the superstructure in 1880. The mside finishing and furnishing was completed in May, 1881. The design was furnished by EadclifE of St. Paul and the supervision of the work was en- trusted to Samuel Eldred. The building has a frontage of ninety feet and a depth of one hund- red "and twenty feet. On the ground floor are four large store rooms with plate glass fronts. The railroad transfer tracks run in the rear of the building and afford excellent facilities for the re- ceipt and shipment of goods. In the walls were used 600,000 brick and the building has been pro- nounced by competent judges, a structure of un- usual strength. The basement is divided by stone walls corresponding to the stores above, and has a floor of cement. The exterior of the building is handsomely finished and is a combination of the Queen Anne, Victoria, and the Gothic styles of architecture. The trimmings are of Kasota stone, making it the finest looking building in the city. The main entrance is at the north-west comer and from it a stairway ten feet in width leads to the second fioor. At the head of the stairway is located the office of Durant, Wheeler and Company, which is fin- ished in hard wood and elegantly furnished. To the left is the ticket office, in gothic style, and again to the left is a short fiight of stairs leading to the main corridor, which is 12x52 feet. At the end of the corridor is the ladies' toilet room, richly furnished. From the corridor six arches open into the auditorium, affording easy egress for the largest audience that could be placed in the theatre. The hall is arranged after the usual plan, dividing it into four sections, dress circle, paiquette, balcony, and gallery, and has a total seating capacity of 1,217, of which the dress circle seats 446, parquette 190, balcony 415, gal- lery 150 and boxes 16. The opera chairs are of an improved pattern, with a hat-rest beneath each one. Numerous aisles, all carpeted, lead through the dress circle to the parquette, affording easy access to every seat. The circle railing is very handsome, of heavy bronze wire, with gold ornar ments, and the rail upholstered with crimson plush. The auditorium is beautifully frescoed. In the center of the proscenium arch is a large me- dallion of Shakspeare, and around the hall eleven others, Hayden, Schiller, Bach, Goethe, Dickens, 532 EI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Handel, Walter Scott, Longfellow, Mozart, Tenny- ' son and Beethoven. In the dome is a beautiful painting representing the genius of fine arts, in the center of a group consisting of poetry, paint- ing, architecture, sculpture, music and the drama. The proscenium boxes, four in number, form part of the arch, two on each side, one above the other, and by the great beauty of their decora- tions add greatly to the effect of the stage. On top of each upper box is a beautiful female figure representing summer and autumn, and on the same box, stands a life-like bust of Newton and Byron. The stage, which is the flne§t west of Chicago, is thirty-nine feet wide by sixty-six feet long, and is supplied with all the mechanical appliances of a well-appointed stage. The scenes are all worked from the top, and there are no slides on the floor, thus giving the entire size of the stage. The scenery is all first-class, and so arranged that it can shifted in the shortest possible space of time. To the right, and underneath the stage, are the dressing-rooms, nine in number. The ladies' rooms are elegantly furnished and sup- plied with gas and water conveniences. The star's room is luxuriantly furnished with Brussels carpet, large mirror and furniture to correspond. At each side of the wings are two standing water-pipes, each having a hose attached and ready for use; also in the fly galleries there are two pipes with hose connected. Any, or all of these are ready for use at a moment's warning, and the house can be flooded in a few minutes time. Every precaution has been taken to guard against fire. The drop curtain is 32x26 feet, and is a marvel of beauty and fine work, representing a scene in the garden of the Tuileries in the time of Louis XIV. The drapery of the curtain is a beautiful scene typifying spring inachariot drawn by butterflies. The whole was painted by Signor Arragoni, the scenic artist, and is a credit to both the artist and the owners. The orchestra pit, which is lowered so as to not obstruct the view of the stage, is railed in with a handsome and massive silver plated railing. The facilities for heat, light and ventilation, are in every way first class. In the cellar are two sets of boilers, one for heating the stores and the ofiice of Durant, Wheeler and Company, and one exclusively for the opera house. Air passages lead from the basement to the third floor, where the heat is diffused throughout the house by one thousand small registers. The steam radiators in the balcony and in the corridor, also assist in heating. The system of ventilation is as perfect a one as is used. The hot air passes through the ceiling through two ventilators which are not visible. In the pipes, which are five feet in di- ameter, leading from the ventilators to the ori- fices in the roof, are placed steam ventilators which heat the air as it passes out, and thus aid materially the ventilation of the building. The entire building is lighted by gas.' Two large globe lamps light the street entrance and a twelve light chandelier is placed in the lobby. In the corridor are forty jets, and in the auditorium one hundred and one jets judiciously arranged give ample light. The arrangement of the stage lights has been such that the greatest effects can be obtained, and the lights of the whole house can be controlled from the stage. Taken altogether, this opera house is most complete in its appointments, and the enterpris- ing owners deserve great credit for their generous outlay in furnishing the city of Stillwater with an opera house of which any city might be proud. The formal opening took place on Wednesday, May 11th, 1881. Prior to the rolling up of the curtain, Hon. WUliam M. McCluer came upon the stage and formally presented the house to the public in language substantially as follows: '■'■Ladies and Gentkmen: A dedication to the public use of any public building is a matter of interest to those to whom it is dedicated. Especially is this the case when it. marks a step in its advance, and it becomes a pleasure to pay tribute to the influences which have brought the enterprise about. Through all history probably nothing has given us a clearer insight into the civilization of past ages than the temples which they have erected devoted to the amusement of the people. The Coliseum, even in ruins, testi- fied to the power and wealth of the Koman em- pire, and had all the marks of the ruder sports which prevailed, and which testified to the dis- regard of human life which existed. The more chaste and elaborate temple of Olympia was the evidence of the more refined civilization which prevailed at that time. Both of these magnifl- CITT OF STILLWATER— STATE PBISON. 533 cent buildings are the products of the arts in periods of the highest civilization, and the theater has ever been the object upon which the supremest efforts of architects, sculptors and painters have been bestowed. Shall we then say that these may work the debauchery of the people of this place for a moral and political desolation? I might say much more on this point than the time will permit by returning to the good old days. Must I say that the halcyon days of the theater have passed away? We no longer look to the state for the building of temples of amusement, and must rely upon the enterprise of private citizens, and it is not the least of our reasons for congre- gating to-night that we have persons who have been willing to lay at our feet the product of their wealth, taste and enterprise for our dedication. Perhaps no place has fostered from the earliest time all dramatic entertainments so much as ours. We may regard this as a verification of the proverb that 'as the twig is bent the tree will in- cline.' This is historically true, for it lives in tradition that when a strange craft came up the stream, which proved to be Jake Fisher's wagon, he tied it to a Korway stump, and attracted by the musical sounds of an Indian drummer, he espied the stately outline of an Indian tepee, to which he made his way. No box-office proved a barrier to his way, and the ushers, without checks, showed him to the reserved seats, and the scalp- dance went on. It is needless to say the enter- tainment was an unqualified success, and that he was invited to a dog-feast in the green-room at the close. Is it any wonder, then, that this public, led by the influence of its early settlers, should have a taste for the drama in all its forms?" The speaker went on to recite that it was im- possible for him to give any history of the drama in Stillwater, but in a felicitous manner referred to the earlier times of amusement in the city, touching them with bits of humor and local hits that were greeted with applause and laughter by the audience. "But all these places have passed away," continued Mr. McCluer. "They have performed their part, and we have a more mag- nificent place for our amusement, and, I trust, for our improvement. I can only hope that those whose taste, liberality and enterprise have given us this beautiful place may never have occasicin to regret their choice, and that its chaste beauty, and the elegance in all its appointments, may exert such an influence upon the actors that there will be no cause to call to the face of any auditor a blush of regret. May its stage exert a re- fining influence, such .as its beauty must ever con- tinue to do." CHAPTER LXXI. MINNESOTA STATE PRISON BRIDGE SECRET SOCIETIES NEWSPAPERS SCHOOLS CHURCHES. This institution was located at Stillwater by an act of legislature passed November 1st, 1849. In 1851 a lot four hundred feet square was in- closed by a fourteen foot wall, four feet thick at the bottom and two and one-half at the top. In this was the prison house, a building 30x40 feet, three stories high, back of which, a wing 20x60 feet, contained six cells and other rooms for the closer confinement of prisoners. In 1853 an addition containing six more cells and a dungeon, was built. The entire cost of buildings and ground, five thousand dollars, was paid by the United States government. The machinery, costing eight thousand dollars was the property of the warden, an d consisted of sash and door, and shingle machinery. By an act approved in 1853, the control of the prison was put into the hands of a warden, and a board of inspectors, and in accordance with this act, P. R. Delano, the first warden appointed entered upon the discharge of his duties in March, 1853. The first year there were no convicts. The second year there were two convicts, and seven or eight persons from counties which had no suitable quarters for their confinement; in 1856, one, and in 1857, none. By an act of the legislature, the warden was directed to receive all persons committed from counties unprovided with suitable jail buildings. In consequence of this act, the prison was filled to its capacity. ~ The rule charging three dollars per week for board, and requiring payment for five weeks in 534 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. advance, was adopted. If, at the expiration of that period, board was not again paid in advance, the prisoner was released. This led to such abuse of power, and carelessness on the part of the prison oflBcials that the attention of the grand jury was attracted, and they made the following report: "We, the grand jury in and for the county of Washington and territory of Minnesota, at the general term of the district court of the Second judicial district, held at the court-house in the city of Stillwater on the 2d day of November, 1857, beg leave to. submit the following report to the honorable court: That in the discharge of our duties we have visited and examined the ter- ritorial penitentiary, situated in the city of Still- water, Minnesota territory, and found F. R. Delano, warden, and Michael McHale, deputy warden, in charge thereof, and with them made a personal inspection of the same, and find that there is now conflned in said prison six persons; that since April, 1855, there have been eleven escapes of prisoners, and that five have been dis- charged and set free by the officers of the prison for the reason that the county commissioners of the several counties from which they came, have not paid their board in advance, many of whom were committed for high crimes, and some of them for the highest crime known to law, to-wit; murder, as is shown by the records of the prison- "It further appears to the grand jury that from the negligent and careless mariner in which the affairs of the prison are conducted, that one Abel Wilcox, who was committed on a charge of mur- der, did escape, as is shown by the records, by means unknown to the warden, and that no re- ward has been offered and no steps whatever have been taken for his apprehension. "And it further appears that on the morning of his escape the cell in which he was coiT&ned was found locked and in good order, and with no marks of violence thereon or about the same, but that his escape must have been with the assist- ance and privity of some person or persons con- nected with the prison and having access to the keys. It also appears that the keys to the prison and cells were kept in so careless a manner in die office, that they were accessible not only to per- ^ons in and about the prison, but to outsiders. It was also found in such examination that one Maria Eoffin, committed on a charge of seUing spirituous liquors to Indians within the territory of the United States, escaped, in the words of the record, 'by leaving the prison,' and it is a matter of astonishment to this grand jury that she so magnianimously consented to leave the peniten- tiary behind her. "The grand jury also find that within the past two years there have been numerous escapes of prisoners, which if the manner and means could be ascertained, would cast a deep shadow over the fair fame of our territory, and consign the officers of the prison to any place but an office of trust. It is the opinion of the grand jury that the prison, with some slight repairs, is, ui its present state, sufficient, with due care and atten- tion on the part of its officers, for the safe-keep- ing of a limited number of prisoners; but that an immediate enlargement and improvement is abso- lutely necessary for the increasing wants of the territory, and to put it in a state of permanent security. "Prom the best information obtainable, suffi- cient appropriations have been made by the United States, and contracts entered into for the completion of an addition to the prison contain- ing ten new ceUs, but from reasons unknown to this body, said contracts have never been fulfilled, and we are of the opinion that the responsibility lies principally at the hand of the inspectors of the prison, who should receive a rebuke from the proper authority. "An act has been presented to this body pur- porting to have been passed at the late railroad extra session of the legislature of the territory conferring upon the officers of the prison, almost unlimited power as to the receiving, safe keeping and discharging of prisoners, under which they claim the right to set the order or judgment of any court committing for trial at defiance, unless the board of prisoners shall be prepaid by the county from which such prisoners are sent. "They do not receive a prisoner unless his board be prepaid for five weeks, at the rate of f 8.00 per week, and a sufficient amount of cloth- ing furnished; and at the end of that period should the county neglect to prepay his board, they discharge the prisoner and are exonorated from all liability for his safe keeping; and for so slight a reason persons guilty of all crimes known CITT OF STILLWATEB— STATE PBI80N. 535 to the laws, are turned loose upon the commu- nity and allowed to go scot free. "There are other features in the act which ar- equally obnoxious, and it is a matter of surprise that an intelligent legislature could he found who would pass such an act; and still more surpris- ing that a person holding the high position of the executive of the territory, should lend his oflttcial signature to the same. We take this occasion to respectfully call the attention of the executive and approaching legislature to the provisions of the act, arid to the general management of the terri^ torial penitentiary, all of which is respectfully submitted. J. E. McKusick, H. "W". Greeley, Thomas Wright, James Shearer, W. C. Penney, W. P. Spencer, George Harris, William H. Mower, S. Partridge, Alfred Wright, SalmaTrus sell, J. R. Meredith,' James R. Moore, E. D. Farmer, A. D. Kingsley, George Holt, Samuel Goff." This state of affairs was amended by special legislation, and the management of the prison henceforth gave better satisfaction. In 1860 the number of convicts cared for was ten, and were provided with a uniform designed by John S. Proctor. Previous to this, one-half of the head was shaved to distinguish the prisoners. This prison garb, cap, close-fitting hip-coat and pants, was made of heavy blanket cloth, with black stripes on white ground. In 1861 the number of convicts was sixteen; in 1862 all that could possibly be cared for. This led to an application for increased facilities. John S. Proctor, after a term of eight years, as warden, was succeeded by Joshua L. Taylor, of Taylor's Falls, February 15th, 1868. A com- mittee from the legislature made a visit to the prison during this month, and perceived the necessity of providing for the care of a larger number, and the result of the visit was that im- mediate steps were taken to enlarge the grounds, and erect more commodious buildings. The con- tract to build dry-house and shops, costing f 14,- 500, was awarded to Seymour, Sabin and Com- pany, May 3d, 1869. During this year, the walls were extended, enclosing nine and one-half acres of ground. The principal prison building was erected in 1870, costing $74,000, and has since been enlarged, at a cost of about five thousand dollars. It J contains the hospital, deputy warden's residence, chapel, guard's room, mess-room, kitchen, prison offices, and two hundred and ninety-four cells, for males and five for females. The area of floor room in the shops besides that occupied by the engine and boilers, is fifty- five thousand square feet. The engine and boil- ers were taken by the state during the past cur- rent year at an appraised value of $19,906.55, to be paid In convict labor, at the rate of forty cents per head per day. The value of prison property, appraised by the board of inspectors in December, 1869, was $72,251.19: appropriations since, $299,121; improvements not paid for amount to $5,447.06; total valuation of property at present is, $376,819.25. The total number of commitments to November 26th, 1880, is 1,243; number of inmates, November 26th, two hundred and fifty-two. The following are the dates upon which the various wardens have entered upon the discharge of their duties: F. E. Delano, March, 1853; Francis O. J. Smith, March 4th, 1858; H. N. Set- zer, August 4th, 1858; John S. Proctor, January 1st, 1860; Joshua L. Taylor, February 16th, 1868; A. C. Webber, March 16th, 1870; Henry A. Jack- man, October, 1870; J. A. Reed, the present in- cumbent, August 3d, 1874. The board of prison inspectors now consists of, E. G. Butts, Stillwa- ter; L. E. Reed, St. Paul; John DeLaittre, Min- neapolis; the warden, ex officio clerk of board. The oflBcers of the prison are: J. A. Reed, warden; Abraham Hall, deputy warden; W. H. Pratt, physician; W. H. Harrington, chaplain; M. E. Murphy, Catholic chaplain; J. W. Dins- more, clerk; W. H. Smithson, steward; D. W. Bolles, hospital steward; Miss Annie Dowling, matron; W. C. Reed, usher; W. H. H. Taylor, Jr., hall guard; B. F. Burns and C. F. Dinsmore, gate-keepers; A. H. Chase, H. C. Pierce, Lester Bordwell, DetlofiE Jarchow, George Sencerbox, John C. Gardner, Leonard Craig, wall guards. The number of convicts since 1858 have been as follows: 1858, two; 1859, five; 1860, sixteen; 1861, twelve; 1862, seven; 1863, eight; 1864, seven; 1865, eleven; 1866, twenty-nine; 1867, thirty-six; 1868, thirty-one; 1869, forty-seven; 1870, thirty-nine; 1871, sixty; 1872, fifty-nine; 1873, sixty-four; 1874, ninety-three; 1875, ninety- six; 1876, ninety; 1877, one hundred and forty- 536 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. five; 1878, two hundred and eighteen; 1879, two hundred and flfty-four. On Thursday evening, December 11th, 1879, a convict named John Clark, committed from Hen- nepin county, was reported to the guard as in- subordinate. A few days before Clark had made a murderous attack with a putty-knife on a fellow convict named Ramsden, and but for the interference of others would have killed the man. For this he was punished by several days soli- tary confinement. After his release he was set to painting wagon-wheels. Forty is an average day's work, though generally Clark painted only from fifteen to eighteen a day. On the day men- tioned twenty were allotted to Clark, who refused to perform the labor. Upon being informed by the guard, deputy warden Hall went to the paint- shop and ordered Clark and another convict who had been, shirking to go to their cells. The other prisoner obeyed, but Clark profanely refused to do so. Hall took out his watch and told Clark he had three minutes in which to obey. At the expiration of five minutes Hall drew his revolver and asked the prisoner if he did not intend to obey, and received in answer,'"No!" Hall then fired, the prisoner received the ball through the heart and instantly expired. A coroner's jury exonerated Mr. Hall from all criminality in the affair, as Clark was an exceedingly desperate character, and had at the ' time in his hand a double-edged putty-knife, which he would not • have hesitated to use on any person attempting to take hold of him. STILLWATER BRIDGE. The legislature of 1875 authorized the question of erecting a bridge across the St. Croix, to be voted upon by the people at the annual election in April. The question was carried by a major- ity of six hundred and ninety-three votes. At a meeting of the council held May 4th, fol- lowing, the bridge was located at the foot of Chestnut street, and a bridge committee ap- pointed. The contract was awarded to John Lawlor, of Prairie du Chien, at $24,400. It has a three hundred foot pontoon draw, near the west shore of the lake, a two hundred foot truss and ten sixty foot spans, ten spans of thirty feet at each end of the draw. The short spans are so ad- justed that they can be made level with the pon- toon at any stage of the water. The draw is op- erated by a small steam engine, and is controlled by a seven hundred foot chain, used as a guy. The structure was completed in 1876, and a toll is charged to passengers. SOCIETIES. Freemasonry was introduced into the territory of Minnesota by dispensation granted from the Grand Lodge of Ohio, August 4th, 1849, to es- tablish a lodge with the title of "St. Paul's Lodge," at St. Paul. October 12th, 1850, a dis- pensation was granted from the grand lodge of Wisconsin to establish a lodge with the title of "St. John's Lodge, Xo. 1," of Stillwater. Dur- ing the year 1852, a dispensation was also granted by the grand lodge of Illinois, for the organiza- tion of a lodge under the. title of "Cataract Lodge," at St. Anthony. Delegates from the three lodges thus formed met at St. Paul, Febru- ary, 28th, 1853, and organized a Grand Lodge, with A. E. Ames as first grand master. The officers under the dispensation out of which St. John's lodge was formed were F. K. Bartlett, W. M.; H. N. Setzer, S. W., and W. Holcombe, J. W. The regular organization under charter was efEected October 9th, 1852, with the follow- ing officers: F. K. Bartlett, W. M.; H. N. Setzer, S. W.; W. Holcombe, J. W.; Daniel McLean, treasurer; A. Van Vorhes, secretary. At this date the lodge is prosperous and in fine working order with the following list of officers: A. K. Doe W. M.; Frank Chase, S. W.; W. H. Pratt, J. W.; E. A. Folsom, S. D.; II. T. King, J. D.; E. Capron, treasurer; W. H. Richardson, secre tary; R. Daw, tyler; A. Ricker, S. S., and John Brown. J. S. The Washington Royal Arch Chapter No. 17, of Stillwater, was organized Mai'ch 9th, 1868, by virtue of a dispensation issued February 22d, 1868, by Luther Dearborn, the most excellent high priest of the state of Minnesota. This chap- ter was organized with ten charter members, and the following officers: K. A. Hvmtoon, M. E. H. P.; Robert Langley, "king," and John Green, "scribe." The large list of active members evinces the prosperity of the chapter, which meets in their beautiful rooms on the last Thursday of each month, on Main, between Myrtle and Chest- nut streets. At this date eighty-three active CITY OF STILLWATEE -SOCIETIES. 537 members are enrolled with the following officers: Hugh Hall, M. E. H. P.: B. G. Merry, E. K.; J. A. Eeed, E. S.; A. K.Doe, C. H.; P. B. Smith, P. S.; Abe. Hall, E. A. C; C. B. Jack, G. 1st V.; W. D. King, G. 2d V.; F. H. Lemon, G. 3d V.; E. Capron, treasurer; J. W. Dinsmore; secretary. Bayard Commandery, No. 11, Knights Templar, of Stillwater, was organized March 27, 1878, with thirteen charter members, by dispensation issued from the "Eight Eminent Grand Commander" of the "Grand Commandery," of the state of Minne- sota, with the following officers: W. G. Bron- son, E. C; E. E. Hersey, G. and D. B. Loomis, C. G. At the triennial conclave of the general grand encampment, held in Chicago, in August, 1880, this commandery acted as escort to the grand commandery of the state, and at the grand review ■ received the highest com- pliments from the grand commander for their prompt and graceful display of Knights Tem- plar tactics. The present membership is fifty- four, with the following officers: "W". G. Bronson, E. C; E. E. Hersey, G.;E. G. Merry, C. G.; John W. Dinsmore, secretary, and J. H. Eeed, treas- urer. Early in the history of the territory of Minne- sota, the Independent Order of Odd Fellowship was established at Stillwater, by a deputy grand master from Galena, Illinois, who in the spring of 1849 instituted what was known as Lodge Number One, the same to work under the jurisdiction of the grand lodge of the United States. The fol- lowing were among its charter members: Henry Moss, W. Hollingshead, Albert Harris, D. D. Loomis, Sylvanus Trask, G. W. Battles, W. Stout and Martin Johnson. It became a flourishing lodge and continued so until 1863, when, in con- sequence of its number being so greatly dimin- ished by its members enlisting as soldiers in the army for the suppession of the rebellion, the in- terests of the society were in a great measure lost, so much so that on the 4th day of March, same year, the charter was surrendered, together with eight hundred dollars, the amount of the widows^ and orphans' fund then in the hands of the so- ciety. On the 5th day of January, 1876, a new charter was granted by the grand lodge of the state of Minnesota. On the same date a new lodge was instituted, known as Stillwater Lodge, Number Fifty-one. The following officers were duly installed by Grand Master Joseph Bergfleld: George Low, N. G.; Lewis Grant, V. G.; Joseph Wilkinson, past grand; F. D. Hall, secretary, and Thomas Francis, treasurer. The lodge at this date is in a flourishing condition, with a member- ship of ninety. The present officers of the lodge are as follows: S. C. Proctor, N. G.; W. S. Buf- fer, V. G.; James Peterkins, secretary; James Sinclair, treasurer, and John S. Proctor, deputy grand master. In connection with the lodge is a branch of the Minnesota Odd Fellows Mutual Benefit Society. Stillwater Lodge, number seven, of the Knights of Pythias, was organized under dispensation, November 30th, 1872, and under which it worked until January, 1873, when a charter was granted and a reorganization effected by the election of the following officers: E. W. Durant, P. C; B. G. Merry, C. C; D. H. Hersey, V. C; E. Leh- micke, P. ; J. H. Sabin, K. of E. and S.; A. Fred- erick, M. E.; F. Seibold, M. F. The society is in a prosperous condition, with a membership of ninety. Its meetings are held on Tuesday even- ing of each week on Main, corner of Chestnut street. The present officers are as follows: W. II. H. Wheeler, P. C; B. G. Merry, C. C; Dr. W. H. Caine, V. C; Geo. W. Culver, P.; J. C. Neth- away, K. of E. andS.; W. H. Fellows, M. E.; E. Holmes, M. F. St. Croix Lodge No. 14, of the Ancient Order of United Workmen was organized in Stillwater, July, 1876. The first Past Master Workman was M. O. A. Eicker; the next in course, M. A. Fred- rick, followed by O. H. Comfort, L. Sargent, H. J. Chambers, L. Proctor, M. Johnson, C. C. Eeed, and A. Adams. Their present officers are: C. C. Eeed, M. W.; H. J. Chambers, O.; F. E. Joy, E.; G. W. Kelly, F.; A. A. Adams, G. F.; T. H. Yarnell, E.; S. C. Morton, G.; W. SchilUng, I. W.; L. C. Proctor, O. W. The meetings of the society are held every Friday evening. The object of the society is two-fold: that of mutual benefit, and mutual life insurance. Its growth is unprecedented in the history of secret societies. Its present membership in the United States is ninety-seven thousand, of which Minne- sota has a large • proportion. The amount paid by this order, in the way of life insurance in the United States, in 1880, was $1,064,900, of which, Minnesota paid $34,000. 538 HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Stillwater Lodge, No. 3, of the Sons of Herman, was organized January 23d, 1876, by tlie German citizens of Stillwater, for mutual benefit, in connection with a life insurance department, whereby each member's family, at his death, receives $1,000. The order is said to be very wealthy. Its present officers are Edwin Heppner, president ; William Becker, vice president ; August Arndt, secretary; Joseph Tanner, treas- urer. A second lodge of the same character was or- ganized January 11th, 1881, and known as Con- cordia Lodge of the Sons of Herman, No. 19. The history of this lodge will be reserved for the future. Its present officers are: Albert Drews, president; Emil Kruger vice president; Robert Gabbert, financial secretary; Albert Mellin, treas- urer. The Stillwater post, No. 13, of the Grand Army of the Republic, was established by Grand Commander, H. G. Hicks, March 4th, 1868, assisted by Captain Schum, of Minneapolis. The organization was effected by the election of the following officers: W. M. May, post commander; P. E. Keefe, post adjutant; S. Bloomer, quartermaster. This post existed for two years when it was discontinued. It was re- organized in 1873, with Isaac Van Vleck as post commander, and lived for about one year, when it agam yielded to the fate of its predeces- sor. The present post was organized in 1874. The present officers are Adam Marty, provisional department commander; Samuel Bloomer, assist- ant adjutant general. Muller Post, No. 1, meets second and fourth Wednesdays of each month at Knights of Pythias hall. Stillwater City Hospital. The hospital asso- ciation was organized March 22d, 1880, under the corporate name of Stillwater City Hospital. The corporators were Mrs. John McKusick, Mrs. Jas. H. Spencer, Mrs. A. B. Easton, Mrs. E. D. Tay- lor, Mrs. David Cover, Mrs. C. J. Butler, Mrs. J. B. Davis, Mrs. B. P. Rice, Mrs. Elam Greeley, Mrs. John G. Nelson, Mrs. John J. Robertson, Mrs. Prank A. Seymour, all residents of the city. The officers are Mrs. John McKusick, president and superintendent; Mrs. James H. Spencer, vice- president; Mrs. E. D. Taylor, secretary; Mrs. John S. Proctor, treasurer. The building is sit- uated on a half acre lot on an elevation about one and one-half miles south-west of the business center. It is two stories high with a one story wing, the main part containing the matron's room, dining room, and four rooms for patients on the first floor, steward's rooms and four for pa- tients on the second, the kitchen being in the wing. The establishment will accommodate fifteen patients. The largest number at one time during the past year was fourteen. The property was purchased of Henry Westing for ¥1,500, and about one thousand dollars spent in repairing and enlarging it. During the year past eighty-four patients have been cared for, five of these gratui- tously, some paying only a portion of the rates, others full rates. The nationalities of these were, German, seven; British and Canadian,twenty-two; American, twenty-eight ; Scandinavians, twenty- seven. There were eight deaths in the insti- tution, four occurring within three days after the arrival of the patients. Of twenty-five cases of typhoid fever treated, only one has proved fatal. The Stillwater Library association was organ- ized January, 1859, with the following public- spirited ladies as officers: Mrs. W. M. McCluer, president; Mrs. E. W. Durant, secretary; Miss Carrie Denton, treasurer and librarian. The library has occupied several locations, and is now kept at the rooms of the board of educa- tion on the corner of Main and Myrtle streets. Sixteen hundred volumes are now on its shelves. H. R. Murdock, president; J. C. Rhodes, secre- tary; Mrs. N. McCluer, treasurer; Mrs. E. J. Treat, librarian. The Washington County Bible society was or- ganized in 1851; Major A. Van Vorhes, treasurer. This society was organized in connection with the Minnesota Bible society, an auxiliary of the American, which had branches in the various counties. From 1851 to 1870 local agencies were maintained in nearly all the towns in the county, which have since been discontinued. 1881. W. S. Goodhue, president; J. C. Webb, vice-president; J. 8. Burnell, secretary; A. C. Lull, treasurer and depositary; Rev. A. A. Kiehle, Rev. D. Tice, D. W. Armstrong, Isaac Gray and Peter Plummer, executive committee. St. Joseph's Benevolent society is formed by the male members of the German Catholic church Of Stillwater, and was organized in November, CITY OF STILLWATER— SOCIETIES. 539 1879, having for its object the cultivation of sociability among members and the care of the sick. Members are admitted between the ages of eighteen and fifty years upon payment of fifteen dollars initiation fees. The regular meet- ings are held monthly. The oflScers are: Frank- lin Storkamp, president; Ignatius Fazendin, sec- retary; Louis "Wolf, treasurer. St. Ann's society; instituted in November, 1866, by the married ladies of the German Cath- olic church of this city. Its object is social and benevolent relations between members of the church. The membership numbers forty-five; the fees are ten cents per month. The officers are Mrs. John Smith, president; Mrs. Frederick Roesche, secretary; Mrs. Anthony Krantz, treas- urer. The Young Ladies Society of the German Catholic church was organized in November, 1879, for social and literary purposes and to se- cure funds to furnish a library designed to pre- serve the German language. The members, numbering thirty-three, are young ladies belong- ing to the church, who are admitted upon pay- ment of twenty-five cents initiation fee, and ten cents per month. The regular meetings are held monthly, with Miss Minnie Roesche, president; Miss Carrie Wolf, secretary; Miss Mary Miller, treasurer. St. Vincent de Paul conference, established October 23d, 1870, has for its object the assist- ance of the needy, and is under the patronage of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church. The officers are: Rev. M. E. Murphy, spiritual director; J. O'Shaughnessy, president; Edward Flynn, vice-president; James Kelly, secretary; John Karst, treasiurer. L'etoile du Nord Lodge, number fifty-seven, I. O. G. T., was organized at Masonic hall May 17th, 1866, with twenty charter members. The cere- monies were conducted by State Deputy R. Gregg. The first officers were: J. N. Castle, Mrs. Kate W. Stickney, R. Lehmicke, A. C. Lull, E. F. Everett, James Gibbin, Miss Abbie Pres- cott, E. E. Herron. This lodge continues its regular meetings at present. Good Templar Lodge of Stillwater. After a series of lectures delivered by Rev. John Quig- ley, G. W. C. T. of Minnesota, this lodge was organized by the election of the following officers in 1859: Rev. T. M. FuUerton, W. C. T.; Mfs. C. Staples, W. V. T.; George Hooker, W. M.; Miss Maggie E. Sawyer, W. S.; C. W. Lockwood, W. O. G.; B. Webster, W. T. S.; W. Cover, W. C; Miss H. T. Hinman, W. E. M.; Mrs. M. Johnson, W. R. H. S.; Mrs. M. C. Wells, W. L. H. C; J. S. Anderson, P. W. C. T. Father Matthew Temperance Society was organ- ized in November, 1872. The fees are one dollar for initiation and ten cents per month thereafter. The officers are: Daniel Donahue, president; J. O'Shaughnessy, secretary; M. O'Brien, treasurer. The Y. M. C. A. of Stillwater, was organized in 1878, and is largely due to the energetic efforts of J. C. Henning. The officers are: J. C. Hgn- ning, president; W. T. Per Lee, secretary. At first, meetings were held in the various churches, but increasing prosperity created a demand for permanent quarters, and in December, 1878, steps were taken, and funds secured for the erec- tion of a permanent building, which was com- pleted in January, 1879, at a cost of one thousand dollars. The association was duly incorporated October 29th, 1878. In May, 1879, Mrs. J. L. Treat was chosen librarian. The books are mostly donated, and number about two hundred volumes. The periodicals received at the reading- room consist of twenty weeklies, four daUies, three semi-monthlies and three monthlies. The reading-room is open from eight o'clock, a. m., to nine p. m., each day. The oflBcers are: E. Borscht, president; H. A. Rogers, secretary; A. F. Saftenberg, treasurer; Mrs. J. L. Treat, librarian. Stillwater Temple of Honor, No. 10, was or- ganized in September, 1876, with about fifty char- ter members. In two years time it had increased to about two hundred and fifty. The fees are four dollars for initiation, and an annual charge of two dollars. Present officers are, J. C. Gard- ner, W. C. T.; J. H. Heisinger, W. R.; C. W. Jellison, W. T.; A. F. Saftenberg, D. G. Still- water Social Temple of Honor, No. 7, is an or- ganization, supplementary to No. 10. The name designating its object. Northwestern Benefit Association, No. 1, a mu- tual aid society, was organized in September, 1879. This is a lodge of an order working chiefly in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Dakota. The lodge has a membership of one hundred and twelve 540 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and is composed of men between the ages of twenty-one and fifty-flve years. Applicants, are admitted after passing a satisfactory physical examination, upon the payment of five dollars in- itiation fee, and an assessment upon the death of a member. No-policy exceeding $2,000 is allowed. The officers are James Connors, president; Samuel Bloomer, secretary; Julius Duel, treasurer. Subordinate Union number one hundred and sixty-five of The Equitable Aid Union of Penn- sylvania, was established October 7th, 1880, with the following officers: E. W. Chambers, presi- dent; Myron WUUm, secretary; Samuel Bloomer, treasurer. This order is a beneficiary organiza- tion enabling the insurance of the lives of many who would otherwise be unable to provide for their families in case of death. Every person presenting an application for a benefit is required to pay to the accountant two assessments for the benefit fund. The members are assessed a death rate from time to time proportioned to the amount of insurance carried. The officers are George Borrowman, president; Myron Willim, secretary; Samuel Bloomer, treasurer. The StiU water Building Association was organ- ized under the laws of the state, March 31st, 1877. The object of the association was the raising of a fund which in turn was loaned to its members to assist them in the purchasing of a site and the erection of a house, which became their property by complying with the terms of the contract. The association commenced business on the 5th day of May, 1877, to continue for eighteen years on certain conditions set forth in the constitu- tion. The incorporators were as follows: D. M. Sabin, F. Siebold, S. W. Conrad, E. E. Joy, E. E. Hersey, John N. Darms, J. C. Henning, L. E. Torinus, Ernest L. Hospes, Rudolph Lehmicke, H. W. Cannon, Theodore Jassoy, E. A. Seymour •and H. E. Murdock. Its elections to be held on the 5th of May of each year. At the annual meeting, its stockholders are requu-ed to pay fif- teen cents on each share held, also a monthly in- stallment of twenty-five cents. By rules of the association the capital stock must never exceed f 50,000, to be divided into five hundred shares. It began business when f2,500 of stock had been taken. Up to date four series had been issued; the first issued May 5th, 1877, of $2,000; second of $1,000, in 1878; third of $500, m 1879; the fourth of $1,000, in 1880, making the total present capital stock $4,500. The organization of the old settlers association was effected at the office of Durant, Wheeler and Company, November 17th, 1875. The following is the draft of the by-laws adopted by the asso- ciation: "The undersigned residents of the territory, now state of Minnesota prior to January 1st, 1850, with the view of continuing old acquaint- ance, maintaining friendly relations and enabling us to keep alive the pleasant reminiscences and to preserve the history of the early settlers of the St. Croix Valley, do hereby agree to organize for such purpose and adopt as regulations for the government of our society, the following by-laws. to- wit: 1. "This association shall be known at the St. Croix Valley Old Settlers Association. 2. "AU males who were adults prior to Jan. 1st, 1850, and then residents of the Minnesota portion of the St. Croix Valley shall be entitled to membership in this asssociation. 3. "All persons eligible may become members of this association by paying into the treasury, the sum of one dollar. 4. "The first annual meeting to the held No- vember 17th, 1875, and thereafter on the third Wednesday of October in each year at the same place. 5. "The officers of the association shall con- sist of a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. The last two offices may be held by one and the same person, who shall be elected at the annual meeting, but shall hold their respec- tive offices until their successors shall be elected. 6. "The president, or in his absence the vice- president shall preside at all meetings of the asso- ciation, and he shall annually appoint an execu- tive committee of three members, who shall have a general supervision of all affairs of the asso- ciation. 7. "The secretary and treasurer- shall keep a record of the proceedings of all meetings of the association, and shall receive all moneys due the same, and pay them out upon the order of the executive committes. 8. "This association shall not be dissolved so long as three members of them shall convene at the annual reunion, and may be continued until CITY OF STILLWATER— NEWSPAPUBS. 541 the last surviving member shall have been called to his final accounti" The meeting convened with some forty mem- bers. The following ofiicers were elected, C. E. Leo- nard, of Point Douglas,, president; Andrew Mackey, of Afton, vice-president; D. B. Loomis, Stillwater, secretary and treasurer: Wm. B. Dib- ble, of Point Douglas; J. S. Proctor and John McKusick, of Stillwater, executive committee. Stillwater Mannerchor, a musical organization, was founded in 1875. The first officers were P. Seibold, president; Joseph A. Gunner, treasurer; Charles Spangenberg, secretary. Any person may become a member by paying two dollars initiation fee, and monthly dues of twenty-flve cents. The society furnishes an instructor in vocal and instrumental music, meeting once a week for practice, and once a month for business. The officers are : H. Lahmann, president ; Joseph "Wolf, vice president ; T. Jassoy, secre- tary. The first German society organized in the city, was the Stillwater Gesangverein, or singing so- ciety. The founders were: Carl Scheffer, Dr. Carl Gerlicher, and Joseph E. Schlenk. At the first meeting, held January 31st, 1859, the follow- ing officers were elected: Louis Hospes, president; Jos. Schlenk, secretary; C. Scheffer, treasurer; -E. Lehmicke, musical director. The society was doing good work when the War broke out, and most of the members entering the army it was disbanded. The funds on hand, amounting to over one hundred dollars, were used in aiding volunteers and their families. The last meeting was held January 27th, 1863. A German society was organized September 10th, 1869, under the name of Deutscher Verein, but though it had quite a large membership dis- solved- in 1872. The property was sold, and the proceeds, as well as the cash on hand, were di- vided among the members, Stillwater Turnverein. This societywas founded in 1859 by Louis Miller, who with a number of other members, enlisted in Company B, of Still- water, at the breaking out of the war. Miller, who had attained the rank of captain, was killed ■ at the battle of Gettysberg. His remains were brought to Stillwater, and buried by the society. Sooh after this the society disbanded, and hav- ing about eight hundred dollars in the treasury, erected a monument over the grave of its founder, in Baytown cemetery. The second organization was effected August 23d, 1871, but disbanded April 10th, 1873, with about one hundred dollars in its treasury; re-organized in 1877, and again in 1879, with the following officers: Henry Goeck. president; C. Drechsler, vice president; Julius Duel, secretary; N. E. Schwartz, treas- urer; Joseph Deering, first gymnast; William Becker, second gymnast. In 1877, the society fitted up the old Episcopal church for a hall and gymnasium, and two years later removed it to the site of the Grand Opera house, then when that building was begun it was again removed to its present location near Chestnut street. NEWSPAPERS. Stillwater had been in existence ten years before any effort was made towards the estab- lishment of a newspaper. Among the first thoughts of the settlers of a western town is the newspaper, which serves as a medium for the dissemination of local and foreign news, and by its circulation in eastern homes sets forth the advantages of the country and attracts immigra- tion. The first newspaper published in Still- water was "The Union," the first number of which appeared October 2d, 1854. It was pub- lished by a stock company consisting of Governor Holcombe, Socrates Nelson, W. H. Mower, H. N. Setzer, Thompson Parker and others. P. S. Cable and W. M. Easton were the editors and publishers. This paper was democratic in poli- tics; it was discontinued November 13th, 1857. The "Stillwater Messenger" was established September 17th, 1856, under the auspices of A. J. Van Vorhes, editor and publisher. This is the oldest paper in the country that has had a contin- uous existence. In politics it has always been republican. A few months subsequent to the establishment of the paper, W. M. Easton be- came associated with Van Vorhes, and the part- nership continued until 1858, when he sold his interest to the latter who continued the manage- ment alone for a time. He then sold the concern to W. S. Whitmore who successfully managed the paper until October 1st, 1863. Easton and Stick- ney published it one year under a lease, and at the expiration of that time A. B. Easton ran it 542 HISTOBT OF WASHIJSIGTON COUNTY. one year. Mr. Whitmore then resumed charge and conducted it until March 17th, 1868; then sold it to G. K. Shaw. One year later, Shaw sold out to Woodruff, who published the paper until 1873, when he sold to V. C. Seward and S. S. Taylor, under whose able management the paper has since been issued. It is an eight-column paper, and with all its changes in ownership has filled an important place in the interests of Still- water and Washington county. The "Stillwater Gazette" was first issued on August 6th, 1870, published by A. B. Easton, who continued sole proprietor until the associ- ation with his son not long since. The growth of this paper has been constant and satisfactory from the start. It was an eight-column paper, independent in politics, devoted to general and local news and miscellaneous reading matter. For some years the printing was done on a hand- press, but in 1879 Mr. Easton put in a steam power-press and enlarged the paper to nine col- umns. He has made the paper a success, and also does a large amount of job printing, for which the oflflce is well fitted. The Lumberman was established in 1875. The general desire for a party organ expressed by some of the leading republicans of Stillwater and Washington county, led to the ofEering of a bonus for the establishment of a republican journal in this city. The offer was accepted by E. H. Fol- som, and he began the publication of the Stillwater Lumberman in April, 1875. The following sum- mer S. A. Clewell and H. A. Taylor, under the firm name of Taylor and Company took an inter- est in the paper and by the investment of $7,000, placed it on a sound financial basis. During that year Taylor withdrew and the establishment was moved from its quarters in the Mower block, to the Bemheimer block. In 1878, E. D. Taylor became interested in the business and shortly after, H. A. Taylor sold his interest. Since then S. A. Clewell and E. D. Taylor have continued under the name of "The Lumberman Steam Printing Company." This concern is thoroughly equipped with four power presses, latest improved ruling and paging machines, perforator and all necessary machinery for the prosecution of all kinds of work pertaining to printing, book-bind- ing, and engraving on wood. The Lumberman newspaper is widely circulated among the best class of readers in the St. Croix valley, and its job department in the extent of the operations, the field covered and the money value of work done, compares favorably with any job-printing house in Minnesota. The "St. Croix Post," the only German news- paper in the St. Croix valley, began in 1876, un- der the management of W. P. Schilling and Wil- liam Schermuly. It began its existence in one corner of the Gazette office, and was printed on their press. After a few months removed to a room in the Union block, and from to the Bernheimer block adjoining the Lumberman office. The press work was done by the lat> ter concern. The paper did not prove a financial success and after a time Schilling withdrew. Schermuly removed to the Minnesota house, and with the assistance of his two daughters, pub- lished the paper at irregular intervals. In 1878, Julius Duel became a partner, and the office was thoroughly overhauled, anewhand-pressgob-press and English type for job-work added, and the paper enlarged to double its former size, appeared as an established and recognized journal. This paper has a large and steadily increasing circula- tion. It is a four-page eight column paper, with four-page, five column supplement, and reaches every German home in the St. Croix valley. In 1880, a stationery house was established in con- nection, under the title of the English and Ger- man Printing and Stationery House. SCHOOLS. The dawn of educational enterprise in this city was seen in the little school taught in 1846 by Miss Sarah L. Judd, who is still living a resident of Stillwater, now well known as Mrs. A. El- dridge. The little school numbered nine pupils, and was held, it is said, in a vacant dwelling on or near what is now Union alley. Two children of Carli, three of Anson Northrup, two of Ly- man, one of Carmody, and a French girl whose name does not appear, constituted the entire school. While this first term was in progress a substantial and commodious school-house was building on a morass in the rear of the location of the old St. Croix house, soon after built. The second term was taught during the summer of 1847, by Mrs. Greenleaf, a resident of Mmne- apolis. Hon. William McKusick was the next CITY OF STILLWATDB— SCHOOLS. 543 teacher during the following fall and winter. It appears that the school was held over what has been known as the post-offlce building, on the comer of Main and Myrtle streets, during the cold weather. Early records of schools in Stillwater, as fre- quently occurs in other towns, are imperfect, and for some periods wholly missing. We find, how- ever, the names of Miss Bishop, Miss Hosford, Miss Daily, Mr. Kingsley, C. D. GilfiUan, Mr. Watson, John J. Eobinson, Mr. Waite, Mrs. J. D. McComb as early teachers, in addition to those first named. Miss Hosford is now Mrs. H. L. Moss, of St. Paul; Mr. Kingsley is now a resi- dent of Waseca county; C. D. Gilflllan, now of St. Paul, was elected to the state senate in 1878; John J. Eobinson is now a resident of Stillwater. A house was built in the spring of 1848, at what is the comer of Third and Olive streets, where the residence of C. J. Butler is located. This was built by private enterprise, and the use of the lot for the purpose donated by John Mc- Kusick. It was moved ofE, subsequently, and now forms a part of Isaac Gray's residence. A private house in Schulenburg's addition was used at the same time for school purposes. In 1850, the organization of the district under territorial law occurred, and this became district number one, but was changed by an act of the legislature of 1862 to number nine. When the demands of increased numbers called for more and better accommodations, the board of education leased from Mr. Mower two unfin- ished rooms, up-stairs in the Mower block, for three years, agreeing to finish them in good style as consideration for their use during the term. The cost of finishing and furniture amounted to J449.80. In the summer of 1861, after the expiration of this lease, the board purchased a small frame house on lots 11 and 12, corner of Holcombe and Abbott streets, at the cost of f 1,000, and fitted it for the use of schools. About this time Messrs. Churchill aijd Nelson donated four lots in block 35 to the city for school purposes, and the board erected thereon a two-story building 38x56 feet, at a cost of $3,000, which furnished four commodious school-rooms. In 1862, the board built a school-house in block 11 on Government Hill, at a cost of $3,000, suita- ble for the accomodation of that part of the city. These provisions accomodated the city until after the close of the war. On the last Saturday of March, 1863, the dis- trict was organized as the special district of Stillwater in accordance with a special act of the legislature. In consequence of the growth of the city in wealth and numbers during the years of activity at the close of the war, further demands for school accomodations were made. Forced to action, the board of education planned and completed in 1869, the Central school build- ing, which is now an ornament to the city. It is built with rubble walls, 53x85 feet, three- stories and belfry and is substantial and com- modious building with eight rooms. The build- ing was contracted at $28,000, but, with steam heating apparatus, school-room fiurniture and other fittings cost not less than $45,000. The two story building built in 1861, was re- moved to give place to this and was used in build- ing another school-house, 30x45 feet, in CarU and Schulenburg's addition, known as the Schulen- burg school on a lot donated by Frederick Schul- enburg; $2,700 was expended in this building. In 1873, the high school building was erected on the west half of block 3, Government HUl. It is 55x95 feet, three-stories, with rubble walls, affording ten commodious rooms. In architec- ture it exhibits good taste and is an ornament to the city and monument to the enterprise of citizens. The contract price for the building was $30,000, but with steam fiting, fixtures and fur- niture, the entire cost was about $45,000. In 1875, the house on lots 11 and 12, Govern- ment Hill was moved on lot 122, block 2, Gray and Slaughter's addition, and is now known as West Primary school. Schools are held during nine months each year. In January, 1881, eleven hundred pupils were enrolled. Board of educa- tion; John S. Proctor, president; John McKusick, William M. McCluer, R. A. Foyle, treasurer; Myron Shepard, clerk. Names of teachers, grades taught and salaries for school year. High school: E. P. Frost, su- perintendent and principal, $1,500 ; Miss A. M. Taylor, first assistant, $600; Miss J. A. Smedley, second assistant, $550. Government Hill: Miss Emma E. Currie, first grammar, $550; Miss M. 544 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. A. McGrath, second grammar, 1560; Isabella Hale, third grammar, |400; Clara B. Chambers, first intermediate, |550; Miss Clara Kniffs, sec- ond intermediate, 1400; Miss M. A. McComb, first primary, $500; Mrs. S. A. Kood, second primary, $550. Central: Mrs. A. M. Gates, first grammar, $500; Miss C. A. Bancus, second gram- mar, $500; Miss E. J. Fay, third grammar, |500 S. Maggie Macartney, first intermediate, $500 Sara A. O'Brien, second intermediate, $500 Rosa O'Brien, first primary, $400; Lida A. Yorks, second primary, $450; Clara H. Willim, third primary, $360. WeSt Primary: Miss Phoebe Greeley, $500. Schulenburg Primary: Miss Eva Smith, 550; Miss Laura B. Dexter, vocal music, $400. Total salaries paid to teachers in all de- partments, $11,310. A comparison with the report of Ariel Eld- ridge, clerk in 1863, -will indicate the progress in educational work. In 1863, total pupils, 364; in 1881, 1,100. In 1863, expenses for teaching one term, ending July 24th, $375; a contrast to the amount of more than eleven thousand dollars now paid each year. The German Catholic school was organized in 1871, and a building erected soon after, on Fifth street, between Pine and Oak. The entire cost of site, building. Sister's house and furniture, about $12,000. The school was opened with about ninety scholars, under the direction of two sisters from St. Joseph. Salary of sisters was about $65 per month for both. At present John Geolz, is teacher, with salary of $50 per month; pupils, sixty-four. A German school was organized in the spring of 1873, at the German Lutheran church, on Third street, between Oak and Olive, with forty pupils; teacher, Jacob Siegrist. The number of pupils at present is thirty-three; teacher, Her- man Kunzman, salary $30 per month. CHURCHES. Episcopal Ascension church took its beginning in the labors of Rev. E. A. Greenleaf , missionary of the domestic board, who held the first Episco- pal service in the city, in June, 1840, at the house of Elam Greeley, on Main street. For about two months, services were held weekly in this house, afterward in McKusick's hall. During the year three children were baptized, and on Christmas the communion service was administered for the first time in Stillwater to four communicants. Rev. Greenleaf visited other points and held services at St. Croix Falls and Point Douglas during two years. His first marriage ceremony was performed in uniting John McKusick, still a respected citizen of this city, and Miss Phebe D. Greeley. The death of one of the first communicants oc- curred in March, 1848, named Mrs. McKusick. Rev. Greenleaf preached the funeral sermon. The same year, 1848, Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper, who was the first missionary bishop of the JSTorth- west, made his first visit to this parish. Services were held at McKusick's hall, at which four can- didates for confirmation were presented: Mrs. Hannah Greeley, Miss Sarah Greeley, Miss Servia Greeley and Mrs. Elizabeth Harris. Rev. Green- leaf left Stillwater in 1848. In June, 1850, Rev. Lloyd Breck and his associates, Rev. Wilcoxson and Merrick, visited Stillwater, and during the summer held services in the Lake house, and the winter following, in the school-house. On Ascension day, 1851, the comer stone of the first Episcopal church in Stillwater, now used as a blacksmith shop, near Dr. CarU's, was laid by Rev. Father Green, with appropriate cere- monies, he also delivered the address; Revs. Wil- coxson, Breck and Merrick were also present. The church was erected and consecrated in the summer of 1853. Bishop Kemper officiating. The first rector of this parish was Rev. Joseph A. Russell, who began his duties in May, 1855, with nineteen communicants. Bishop Whipple, who was the first bishop o the diocese of Minnesota, made his first visit to Stillwater in 1860, and during this year Mr. Rus- sell was succeeded by Rev. Chas. D. Clinton, who remained but six months. There seems to have been no regular pastor from tliis time until the spring of 1863, when Rev. Horace Hills, Jr., took charge, preaching his first sermon on the first Sunday in May of that year, continuing m the rectorship till June 9th, 1872, when he was suc- ceeded by Rev. Wm. Johnston, and the following year, 1873, the corner stone of a new church was laid by Bishop Welles, of Wisconsin. In April, 1875, Rev. Johnston was succeeded by Rev. Theophilus J. Brooks. Mr. Brooks came from the Iowa diocese, and his first work was the com- GIIY OF SllLLWATEB-GHUBGEES. 545 pletion of the unfinished church, accomplished in four weeks, and on August 26th, 1875, the new Ascension church was consecrated, Bishop Whip- ple conducting the ceremonies, in the presence of a large congregation, and thirteen visiting clergy- men. In the spring of 1878, Eev. Mr. Brooks resigned the rectorship of the parish. The Rev. D. D. Chapin took temporary charge in June; in Octo- ber he accepted the rectorship. At the present time about one hundred families are connected with the parish and the number of communicants is about seventy- five. The parish is entirely free from debt. The Pirst Presbyterian Church grew out of earnest missionary work of Rev. W. T. Boutwell, in 1847 and 1848. In 1848, Rev. J. C. Whitney had charge of the mission, and December 8th, 1849, the church was organized by Revs. J. C. Whitney, W. T. Boutwell and E. D. Neill, with eight members: William Holcombe and wife, Cornelius Lyman and wife, Ebenezer K. Colton and wife, Mrs. Storrs Lyman and Mrs. Eliza B. Whitney. William Holcombe, Cornelius Lyman and Ebenezer K. Colton were first elders. A church was built in 1851, and a second, which is still used, in 1857, which is quite large and com- modious. The Second Presbyterian Church was organized November 26th, 1856; Rev. J. C. Caldwell, pastor; William Holcombe, elder; James McPhail, M. H. Abbott and WiUiam Holcombe, trustees. The first church was commenced in 1857, but when nearly completed, was totally destroyed by fire. Within one week a sufficient sum was subscribed to enable the trustees to replace the building de- stroyed. Ground had previously been piurchased of Churchill and Nelson, on which a small build- ing was erected, which was afterwards remodeled and made suitable for a parsonage. In April, 1869, Rev. Caldwell resigned, and Rev. J. Coch- ran was elected, succeeded in 1873 by Rev. A. J. McGowan until 1876. After an interim of one year. Rev. P. C. Emerson took the charge. He resigned after one year. Since then no service has been held in the church, and nearly all its members have united with the First Presbyterian. In 1877, Itev. A. Kiehle became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, at which time its membership was one hundred and fifty. Under 35 his successful ministration this church has in- creased in strength until now it numbers two hundred and fifty members, and sustains a Sun- day school with two hundred and fifty scholars, pf which W. S. Goodhue is superintendent. The church is located on the comer of Third and Myrtle streets, which is now outgrown, and will doubtless soon give place to one more commo- dious. The Methodist Episcopal church dates its be- ginning from a society formed by Rev. James Harrington in 1850. Services were discontinued in consequence of the death of Rev. Harrington and the records were lost. The church was regularly organized November 10th, 1853, with six members, by Rev. Thomas M. FuUerton. Of the original members Mrs. J. T. Anderson alone survives. The first quarterly meeting was held November 12th and 13th, 1856, by Rev. David Brooks. The first church was begun in 1854 at a cost of about |1,300, and was dedicated November 19th, 1856. It was 24x33 feet, located on Myrtle street between Second and Third. William Cover, John AUibone, Benja- min F. Hoyt, Nathaniel McLean and James T. FuUerton, trustees. This church was enlarged and repaired in 1862. The present one was built in 1870 on lot seven- teen, block nineteen, fronting on Third street. It is a frame building 36x60, costing $3,000, neatly furnished, calcimined and carpeted. Rev. Henry J. Shaffer was at that time pastor, and the membership was forty-three. A parsonage was built in 1874 at a cost of :?1,200. Present membership, one hundred and thirty-nine. Prof. E. P. Frost, J. S. Anderson, W. W. Young, Isaac Staples, L.,W. Eldred, Jacob Bean, George B. Davidson, Thomas Moir and H. H. Chase, trustees. Rev. David Tice, pastor. Swedish Methodist Episcopal church. The organization was effected July 27th, 1880, mainly through the efforts of Rev. C. S. Carlander. The society consisted of eleven members when first organized. Services were held in the Methodift Episcopal church of this city, and afterwards at the Young Men's Christian Association hall, but the society has now secured the use of the Pres- byterian church in which to hold services. The present pastor is Rev. O. F. Linstrom, and the 546 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. members have increased to thirty. The trustees are John Larsen, C. H. Carlson and Axel Ander- son. Catholic. Church of St. Michael was organ- ized in 1852, with a verj small, congregation, and a building erected during the same year, Father Fisher in charge, who was succeeded by Rev. Thomas Murray. In 1870, Rev. Maurice Murphy was assigned to the church and still continues. The congregation is evidently the largest in the city. The church of St. Mary, German, was organ- ized in 1865, with eighteen families, under the jurisdiction of Rev. Aloysiuy Plut. The old Presbyterian church between Myrtle and Mul- berry streets was purchased, and a house for the priest built on an adjacent lot. The cost of the church, repairing, and priest's house, was about $4,800. The present number of families belonging to the parish is about sixty, under the charge of Rev. Willebrod Mahowald, O. S. B. The Universalist society dates its organization June 1st, 1861, when a constitution was adopted and signed by about twenty-five members, Oliver Parsons, president; M. S. Willard, secretary and treasurer; John S. Proctor, Z. H. Foss, Charles O. Farrar, trustees. June 6th, 1868, the society was incorporated; M. S. Willard, James S. Davis and Edward Ca- pron, trustees ; A. A. Capron, secretary and treasurer. Meetings were then held in a room known as Armory hall. July 26th, 1870, it was determined to build, and a building committee appointed, who pro- ceeded so rapidly with their work, that the walls of the church were up and a vestry finished for service December 18th, 1870, at an expense of $7,751.50, and the society requested the com- mittee of fellowship and discipline to confer ordination on their pastor. Rev. George Adams. The church proper was completed and dedicated December 2d, 1880, at an additional expense of about $6,000. A bell was added worth $500, provided by the will of the late (Jeueral Hersey. The church edifice, built of stone is in durability, convenience, comfort, beauty of finish, acoustic properties and other appointments, mucli the most desirable in the county. The first Universalist preaching in Stillwater was in 1852, by Rev. E. A. Hodsdon of St. An- thony. Revs. Barnes, Adams, Bisbee, Bowen, King, Porter, Haskell, Marvin, Harrington, have also either supplied or been pastors of the church. The present pastor Rev. W. H. Harrington holds the appointment of chaplain of the state prison, The present officers are: Hon. John S. Proctor, president; Orris E. Lee, secretary; F. E. Joy, treasurer; A. S. Gillespie, George Low and R. H. Pendergast, trustees. The German Lutheran church was built and dedicated in 1871. The organization had been made duiing the same year, and embraced twenty- five families. In 1873, Jacob Siegrist took charge, at which time fifty families were embraced in the parish. In 1881, this number has increased to one hundred and twenty, and the entire con- gregation numbers over six hundred, and is, ex- cepting the one at St. Paul, the largest in the synod. The church is located on Third street, betweet Oak and Olive. The school-room is in the basement. The Swedish Lutheran was legally organized in 1871, with twenty-eight communicants, and the same year a church edifice was built on the comer of Olive and Fourth streets, 30x50 feet. Rev. J. Ausland in charge, united to his charge at St. Paul. This joint arrangement continued until 1877, when Rev. A. F. Tornell took charge; number of communicants at that time was, one hundred and seven. In 1881, the membership is 217, and the entire parish number three hundred and fifty. Charles Thelande, N. P. Nelson, P. Liljegren, Gust. Holcomb, A. Magnuson andN. P. Krantz, deacons; John Hallen, Gust. Holcomb and Charles Holcomb, trustees. Cemetery. Before any location had been chosen for a burial place, two grown persons and two children were buried not far north of the old Tamarack house. By common consent of the early settlers, the lot of ground on the bluff, near the corner of Third find Myrtle streets, was used as a burial ground. Oscar F. Strickland was the first person buried in this place, about the 1st of October, 18 14. After about twenty interments, the citizens concluded the location was not favor- able for the health of the village. After some consideration on the part of the officers of the village a burying ground was located in what is now known as block three of the original survey of the city, and the bodies interred in the first CITY OF STlLLWATEIt—GENEBAL NOTES. 547 burying ground were removed to it. A Mr. Brown who died at the Northrup house, was the first person buried in this cemetery. These grounds were used for burial purposes till 1867, when the present cemetery grounds were pur- chased by an association known as the "Fair View Cemetery Association." This association was organized November 9th, 1867, under the revised statutes of Minnesota, by the election of nine trustees, L. E. Cornman, Isaac Staples, George M. Seymour, David Bronson, William M. May, Abraham Van Vorhes, Samuel M. Regis- ter, William Holcombe and AV. E. Thome. The following officers were elected: Abraham Van Vorhes, president; L. R. Cornman, secretary, and W. E. Thorne, treasurer. The grounds were pur- chased of W. B. Palmer, and are located in sec- tion thirty-three, township thirty, range twenty, west, on the corner of Fourth and Orleans streets. the grounds were surveyed and platted by A. Van Vorhes, county surveyor, completed August 1st, 1868, and accepted by the trustees on the 25th day of August, 1868. At a regular meeting of the city council, December 3d, 1872, an order was issued to remove the bodies from the old ceme- tery on or before the 15th day of May, 1873. A Mr, B. Barker was secured to do the necessary work. The city purchased a portion of block five of Secrest and Ferro's addition to South Still- water, in April, 1873, for a Potter's field, to which the remains of the poor and strangers were removed, by the authority of the city council, from the old cemetery grounds. These grounds are neatly kept, affording a pleasant spot for the people of Stillwater and adjacent country to bury their dead. CHAPTER LXXII. GENERAL RESUME OF THE CITY— PRESEKT BUSINESS HOUSES — DESCRIPTIVE — POPULA- TION. We have seen that Stillwater began in reality with J. R. Brown's town of Dahkotah, which con- sisted in 1841, of the old Tamarack house only. and that partly completed, but, for all that, Dah- kotah was the county seat of St. Croix county, Wisconsin. By act of legislature, January, 1846, Stillwater became the county seat. September, 1849, it be- came the county seat of Washington county, on the organization of the territory of Minnesota. In 1844, Stillwater consisted of a few cabins and shanties rudely constructed. For many years the business of the town exceeded the buildings to do it in. Everything indicated a temporary camp for lumber business. Before many years it became evident that an active town was to spring up here. In 1853, a demand for building lots arose, which developed in 1855 into a regular boom, lasting two years, and quite a village was the result. In 1855, the population did not ex- ceed one thousand, accommodated, it is said, by about ninety houses. In 1857, the dwellings numbered three hundred and forty eight, and forty-five buildmgs were occupied by stores, hotels, etc. The population was estimated at about 2,500. In 1855, business was conducted in seventeen stores and shops; in 1857, the number was in- creased to thirty-eight. In 1855, two churches existed, but no sidewalks; in 1857, we find six churches and sidewalks along the principal streets. At the latter year, five large mills were running day and night, cutting an aggregate of 200,000 feet of lumber every twenty-four hours. During this year a large flouring mill was begun and several stores were erected. The effect of the large crop of grain and the increased logging business, stimulated trade in all directions and increased the number of set- tlers, which, during the following year exceeded the entire amount of ten years preceeding. A check then took place, which continued for some time after the war closed. In 1868, another boom occurred, building followed, unparalleled by anything in the history of the city. Mill im- provements during the year amounted to $236,- 000. A large and imposing court-house added a new feature to the city, and a number of business houses were added, as well as scores of private residences. During 1870, eighty-eight buildings were erected at a cost of about $256,975; in 1871, one hundred and fifteen, costing about $531 ,200. The 548 HI8T0BY OF WASHINGTON COVNIY. manufacturing interests for these years increased in a corresponding proportion. The total number of manufacturing establish- ments was thirty-four, employing a capital of $199,500, producing $410,000 in manufactured staple goods, furnishing employment to several hundred men. For the year 1874, from a carefully compiled re- cord of the improvements made, we insert the fol- lowing: on Main street, fourteen buildings were erected, costing $76,000; on Second street, seven buildings, costing 111,000; on Third street, six- teen buildings, costing $19,000; on Fourth street, nine buildings, costing $23,800; on Fifth street, two buildings, costing $8,500, andin the additions, sixty-nine buildings, costing $133,000. The total number of buildings erected during this year, was one hundred and forty, costing $330,000. Since the year 1874, no year has exhibited a proportionate increase in the nutnber of buildings, but those erected have been of a more substantial and better class. Some of the blocks added dur- ing the last few years, clearly show that the build- ers entertained a more exalted idea of the present and future of Stillwater. Witness the opera house elsewhere described. The present business of Stillwater is represented by the following departments, firms and individ- uals. Besides the principal business, under which an individual or firm is classed, other minor branches are often connected, so that the follow- ing exhibit may be said to represent fairly the entire business interests of this busy little city. Attorneys— J. N. and I. W. Castle, L. E. Thompson, McCluer and Marsh, F. V. Comfort, C. P. Gregory, Thomas Lechy, Orris F. Lee, Edwin G. Butts, Budolph Lehmicke and H. E. Murdock. The last two connect insurance with law business. Physicians — W. H. Caine, Christopher Carlr, H. S. Hersey, W. H. Pratt, J. C. Bhodes, O. A. Watier, A. L. Zuercher, P. II. Millard. Veter- inary surgeon, D. S. Hall. Dentists — A. E. Knapp, M. P. Goodwin, Frank L. Eoberts and B. G. Merry. Music teachers — J. L. Jones, Anna A. Lane, Faith A. Sabin, W. P. Schilling and S. II. Ilayner, the latter leader of orchestra, and iiiano- tuner. Insurance agents— Frank h. Joy, Theo- dore Franks, David Cover, A. T. Lindholm and the attorneys previously mentioned. Banks— First National, Lumbermen's National and Stillwater Savings bank. Newspapers and publishers — Stillwater Ga- zette; Stillwater Lumberman, the company are also book-binders and wood-engravers; St. Croix Post, the company also are insurance agents and conduct a store with stationery and toys; Still- water Messenger. Manufacturers — Lumber: McKusick, Anderson and Company, St. Joe; J. S. Anderson and Com- pany; Bronson andFolsom; Durant, Wheeler and Company; Gillespie and Harper; the two last named operate tow-boats; Ellison and Company, South Stillwater; Hersey, Bean and Brown; St. Croix Lumber Company; Schulenburg andBoeck- eler; C N. Nelson Lumber Company; the four last named carry on stores with general merchandise and clothing; Isaac Staples, who also operates tow-boats, stores with general merchandise, hard- ware, harness, boots and shoes, a foundry and a meat-market. Flouring-mills; Stillwater mills; Staples' mill and Townshend Roller MiU. Foundries— George Swain and others, men- tioned elsewhere. Boilers — Daniel A. Stombs. Boat builders — Durant, Wheeler and Com- pany, who also run tow-boats, and have a ship- yard at South Stillwater; and Miiller Brothers. Carriages and wagons — Daw and Connors ; L. Keene, W. MuUer, D. J. SuUivau ; the two last are painters, and the last trimmer. Carriage trimmer — Andrew Ohlsen. Breweries — Herman Tepass; and Joseph Wolf. Dye works — J. M. Burbridge and son. Bricks — Fred Steinacker. Cooper — W. G. Carley, with carriages. General merchandise — Joseph Schupp, Bronson and Folsom, J. Lowell; the two first carry crock- ery and glassware; the mill companies elsewhere noticed. Dry goods Louis Albenberg, Ludwig Kahn, W. E. Thorne; all carry carpets; the first hair goods, and the last curtains and draperies. Ladies furnishing goods— Shuttinger and Com- pany. Clothing— John F. Burke, Conhaim and Com- pany, A. Rohrback, also the mill companies. Groceries — Dahm and Son, Thomas Haggerty CITY OF STILLWATER— PRESENT BUSINESS. 549 Alex. McMillan, St. Joe, Wheeler Brothers, J. N. Darms; the two last named carry glassware; Mrs. M. Hebenstreit, James McCoy, Kilty Brothers, in connection with a meat market. Boots and shoes— August Buth, Ferguson Brothers, F. W. Kern, A. Ilankinson, W. Han- itsch, J. O'Shaughnessy, with sewing machines, N. r. Schwarz, P. J. Stenstrom, who keeps tobacco and cigars; "W. Linhoff, Peter Gilbert; the two last named are makers. The mill stores and general merchandise stores also carry boots and shoes. Hardware — E. L. Hospes and Company, with sportsman's goods; J. Karst, with guns, rifles, etc; L. E. Torinus, W. M. Capron, stoves, tin- ware, house furnishing goods and roofing; Saw- yer, Wallace and Company, stoves and tinware. Agricultural implements — H. L. Foster, with wagons and carriages; Seymour, Sabin and Com- pany, with a foundry. Book sellers — George N. Culver, with fancy goods; A. Eldridge, with news depot; A. C. Lull, Duel and Schermuly, in connection with their publishing and other business. Drugs— King and Seymour, Henning and Mil- lard, Scott and Opsahl, Albert Wilkinson, H. M. Crandall, wholesale and retail. Pianos and organs — H. W. Hitchcock. Sewing machines — George Blake, with cellu- loid goods; others, with other business. Commission merchants— Samuel C. Norton, with fire and building brick, cement, hair, lime, etc.; Kilty Brothers & Company. Wines and liquors, wholesale — Phillip Potts, Joseph Wolf. Ice — E. Rhiner, Owen Mower. Meat-markets— Fee and Sons, Charles Le Comp, Hanson and Company, Isaac Staples, with his other extensive business. Livery— A. J. OrfE, C. A. Bromley, P. W. Mc- Kusick, H. C. Farmer, Web McKusick, Rahr and Hanson. Eeal estate— R. M. Coles, V. C. Seward, My- ron Shepard, also surveyor. Confectionery and fruit— Frank Bronson, Char- les L. Clegg, Henry Desowtelle, T. J. Dunn, Thomas Francis, Daniel Fry, John Kenny, Jr., Charles Lindbloom, John Olson; N. Patwell, Peter Patwell, Julia Starker, Robert Welch. Florist— Marcel Gagnon. News stand — D. D. L. Burlingham. Railroads and express companies — Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railway, G. M. Brush, agent; St. Paul and Duluth railroad, S. W. Kelley, agent; United States Express com- pany, Frank E. Netzer agent; North-western Telegraph company, C. E. White, manager; Tel- ephone Exchange, Miss A. McCausley, manager- Contractors— George Lown, Stephen and Spin- dle, John Green, William Willim, William M. May, Thomas Rooney, John Rooney , Jake Fisher, George M. Seymour, A. E. Jordan, Michael Mc- Hale. Machinist — D. M. Swain. Stencil cutter — A A. Capron. Marble works — P. N. Peterson. Gas and steam fitters — Joseph Kelso, John Quinlan. Painters — W. MuUer, D. J. Sullivan, James Keefe, Wright and Webster, J. Van Buskirk, H. W. Smith, Stanley and Mosier. Carpet weaver —Adam Schoenberger. Blacksmiths — James Casey, James P. Fitzger- ald, William Muller, Staples and Kearney, D. J. Sullivan. Harnesses — George Borrowman, Louis Roth- man, B. F. Rice, Simmons and Company, Isaac Staples, in connection with his other business. Tailors— W. R. Daimond, Hospes and Cutter, Louis Gross, Thon Brothers, Samuel Lamphear. Upholsterers — J. S. Fassett, and the furniture dealers. Watches — C. Henningson, John Calesar; W. J. Stein, Joseph Taenhauser. Bakers— Heitman and Becker, with confection- ery and groceries; Charles Neuendorf, with feed store and groceries. Dress and cloak makers— Mary Phillips, Miss G. C. Morgan, M. Malcomb, Josephine Lamay, Anna Christanson, D. B. Glass, Mrs. E. Risley, Mrs. J. H. Shannon, hair dealer and worker; M. J. Scanlerm. Milliners— Fanny H.Tield, D. B. Glass, F. E. Jordan, Johanna Siebold, Mrs. E. P. Smith. Photographers— F. E. Loomis, James Sinclair, Mr. Kuehn. Steam rendering and soap factory — McKenzie Brothers, South Stillwater. Barbers— Hadley and Jackson, B. McSweeney, 650 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. L. E. Nolen, Mrs. J. Simpson, George Kogen- tine. Laundries— Samuel Lung, Mrs. Westerliouse. Billiards— Samuel Bloomer, P. S. Deragisch, Bernhardt Thelan, Emil Krueger. Boarding houses— Mrs. II. Mead, Mrs. T. Dunn, Daniel Elliott, Charles Boo, Patrick Barrett, Mrs. F. Mercier, J. H. Morgan, Thomas Shattuck, Mrs. L. Tanner. Hotels— Sawyer house, Farmers Home, Lake- side house, Wexio, Central, Keystone, Stillwater, Williams. Restaurants— Octave Willetti P. Willett and Company, Herveux and Shepherd, A. Mellin. Bands — Schillings, Hayner's, Stillwater Cornet. Saloons— Twenty-six in number, of the various grades and classes usually found in cities of the size of Stillwater. We give below the names and business of a few of the leading merchants of Stillwater. S. Simonet, dealer in furniture, began his busi- ness in this city in ISiyj, in partnership with P. H. Muller, in the present location, in a building 40x45 feet. In the spring of 1868 Mr. Muller withdrew and the business has since been con- ducted by Mr. Simonet. His sales-room is 20x55 feet, and the workshop 16x55 feet. It is located on lower Main street. Joseph Dahm's grocery store is located on lower Main street. It is a triangular but com- modious store, built on the face of and partially beneath the bluff. It was erected in 1860, by S. Demler, who soon after died; his widow married the present proprietor. In the rear of the store are two cellars, each 35x45 feet, hewn out of the solid rock, where fruits, syrups, etc., are stored. In the center of one is a living spring of pure water, and through the roof is a ventilator, cut perpendicularly through the solid rock to the sur- face. Since 1870, Mr. Dahm has devoted his en- tire attention to the grocery business. James Fowler, Jr.'s furniture business was es- tablished in 1854, by S. Willard, and by him con- ducted till November 15th, 1880, when he was succeeded by Mr. Fowler. The building has a frontage of thirty feet, one hundred and twenty feet deep, three stories high, and has a large base- ment room. Mr. Fowler is rapidly placing him- self among the foremost businessmen of the city. He is located on Main street. Louis Albenberg came to Stillwater in 1871. and. with only a few hundred dollars commenced what has since grown to be one of the most ex- tensive dry goods stores in the city. He opened his present store in 1876, and is now doing an annual business of f60,000. His location is on Main street. Joseph Schupp became identified with the mer- cantile interests of Stillwater in 1856, when he started a general store in Socrates Nelson's block, opposite where the Grand Opera house stands, in a room 20x40 feet, with a $400 stock of goods. His business rapidly increased until, in 1869, he purchased the grounds and erected his present place of business. It is substantially built of stone, twenty-five feet front, with a depth of seventy-four feet and two stories high. He em- ploys three clerks and does an exclusive cash business of $60,000 annually. John Karst, hardware. This business was es- tablished in 1877 under the firm name of Karst and Kennemann, and so continued till August, 1878, when the company dissolved. Mr. Karst then conducted the business alone for about a year, when he took as partners Joseph Deiring and his son Charles Karst, under the firm name of John Karst and Company. This continued until March, 1880, when Mr. Karst purchased the entire business and has since been sole owner. He is located on Main street, in a building 25x140 feet, and does a business of $30,000 annually in stoves and tinware, roofing and sheet-iron work, wood and iron pumps, shelf and heavy hardware, carpenter's tools, etc. A. G. Shutthiger opened a ladies' bazaar in September, 1880, on Main street. He deals in notions and ladies' ready-made clothing, corsets, ribbons, hosiery, etc. Although of recent origin, this bazaar is doing a large business, keeping al- most constantly employed three ladies and two gentlemen. Mr. Shuttinger has done a propor- tionate amomit of an aimual business of $20,- 000 since commencing. In 1873, Nicholas F. Schwarz, began business in boots and shoes in a small frame building on Lower Main street; here he continued until 1876, when he removed to his present location on Main street near Nelson. His building is 20x40 feet, and four men are employed in the manufacture and sale of boots and shoes. CITY OF STILLWATER— PRESENT BUSINESS. 551 Ariel Eldridge purchased the book store kept by Martin Johnson, in 1862. and he has since con- dected it. Mr. Eldridge is gehial and accommo- dating as a business man, and enjoys a large pat- ronage. J. O'Shaughnessy began business in boots and shoes in 1862, in a small shop on Main street with one workman besides himself. In 1866, he put in a stock of ready-made goods and increased his facilities, removing to Nelson's block on Lower Main street, but after a few successful years, again removed to the St. Croix building, where he was burned out in 1873. He then occupied a room in Hospes's block until October, 1879, when he took possession of his present place. Em- ploys three men and does custom and ready-made business. August Buth made a modest beginning in boots and shoes on Chestnut street in 1870. The first two years he had a shoemaker's shop only, but, in 1872, opened retail boot and shoe store in connection. His business soon out-grew his meagre accommodations in this location, and he accordingly moved to his present commodious quarters on Main street. His sale-room is 20x42 feet, and manufacturing department 20x30 feet. Four men are employed, and his busmess amounts to $12,000 annually. P. J. Stenstrom began business in boots and shoes in 1872, in a shoemaking shop, hut in 1874, added to this business a stock of ready-made goods, in which line he still continues, also in same building has a separate sale-room devoted to the sale of tobacco, cigars, etc. Three men are employed in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Albert Wilkinson, druggist, established his business in November, 1878, at his present loca- tion on Main street. This is the outgrowth of Dr. Carli's old drug store, the first in the city. Mr. Wilkinson commenced business with a cash capital of |2,000, which he has since increased to $6,000. He also owns one-half interest in the North Star Pharmacy on Main street. His store is 22x70 feet, and two salesmen are employed. Ferguson Brothers commenced business in boots and shoes at their present location on Main street, March 18th, 1878, with a cash capital of only $2,000. Their sales-room is 20x45 feet, and they do an annual business of $22,000. This firm though comparatively young, ranks among the leading boot and shoe houses of the city. W. S. Conrad, wholesale and retail dealer in tobaccos and cigars, began business in 1869, on Chestnut street, with a stock of $1,500, doing, the first year, a business of |4,000. He remained there until 1871, and then removed to where Isaac Staples meat market is now located, but the ac- commodation not being sufficiently ample to meet the requirements of his rapidly increasing busi- ness, he, in 1874, again removed to Upper Main street, where he remained until May, 1881, and moved to his present commodious quarters in MoKusick's block, at the corner of Main and Myr- tle streets. He has a frontage of twenty-four feet, eighty-five feet deep, and handles tobaccos, cigars and every variety of smoking articles. Four men are employed in the house, and two traveling salesmen, and his goods find a market in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Dakota and Montana. In 1880, he did a business of $80,000. In 1875, August Hawkenson began business in boots and shoes in this city where Townshends and Company's mill office is located, with O. S. Johnson as a partner. In 1877, they moved to ' Mr. Hawkenson's present location. In June, 1879, Hawkenson purchased Johnson's interest and has conducted the business alone, employing from two to four workmen. George Borrowman, harness maker, began busi- ness in 1878 at the corner of Stioison's alley and Chestnut street, manufacturing collars only, but he was soon enabled, by careful industry to en- large his business and secure more commodious rooms; he accordingly established himself in his present location on Main street. He now manu- factures all kinds of light and heavy harness. Three men are employed, and the business amounts to $12,000 annually. Kilty Brothers' grocery and meat market was opened in March, 1878, by the Kilty Brothers on Fourth street, between Goodwood and Churchill, in a building 1 1x20 feet. They remained there until 1879, when they leased the building they now occupy on Fourth street corner Churchill. They enlarged their stock and opened a meat market in connection with their grocery depart- ment. Their rooms consist of a grocery depart- ment 26x33 feet a meat market 24x26 feet, and a feed store 18x26 feet. In 1880 they also started 652 HISTOBY OF WASHINGION COVNIY. a general commission liouse on Cliestnut street, in Green's block, dealing in grain, flour, feed, etc. These brothers deserve much credit for their pluck and perseverance in business, actually starting with a borrowed capital of |200. They now do a business of 120,000 annually. W. M. Capron, dealer in hardware, stoves and tinware. The nucleus of this business was formedin 1854, when A. A. Capron, a brother of the above named gentleman came to this city and bought out a man named Putz, and established the business with a man named Morris, the firm being Capron and Morris. This firm continued a number of years, and sold out to Edward Cap- ron, the father of A. A. and W. M. He con- ducted it awhile and sold to the present proprie- tor, who afterwards sold to his father Edward, and again re-purchased in October, 1878, since which time he has carried on the business. He has recently moved from the old stand on Chests nut street, and is centrally located on Main street. He keeps four men constantly employed in the work-room and does a business of from 115,000 to $18,000 annually. " The firm. Staples and Kearney, blacksmiths, consists of Edward Staples and Andrew Kearney. The business was begun by Mr. Staples in 1871 in a building directly opposite their present location, but the following spring the shop where they now do business, was completed and the business moved thereto. In 1874, Kearney purchased an interest, when the present firm name was adopted. Their shop is 28x61 feet two-stories, they have three forges and all the necessary appurtenances on the first floor. The second floor is rented to, and used by Keene for wagon and repair shop, etc. Thomas Dunn opened a confectionery, fruit, tobacco and cigar-stand, in 1876, on Main street, opposite the Stillwater flouring-mills, where he keeps a fine assortment of the best in the market. Baskets of fruit and refreshing, healthful cor- dials are furnished. Miss Fannie E. Jordan opened a millinery and fancy goods establishment on Chestnut street, between First and Second, where she continued until June, 1880, when she removed to her pres- ent location on Main street, between Nelson and Chestnut streets. Here she enjoys a liberal trade and carries one of the most complete stocks in the city. The manufacture of organs was commenced by C. W. Hitchcock, in the spring of 1880, on a small basis, which admitted of the construction of two organs per month. At this time, about one year from the beginning of the enterprise, the business has been increased to manufacture ten per month. Mr. Hitchcock is sole proprietor, and his store is located on Second street, between Chestnut and Myrtle, where he keeps organs of his own make, pianos, and a general stock of musical merchandise. The manufactory is on Olive between Third and Fourth streets. David Bronson started a dry goods and grocery store in 1859, in a store on Myrtle and Main streets, continuing until January, 1866, when David Cover, Wm. G. Bronson and E. A. Folsom were admitted, under the firm name of Bronson, Cover and Company, and in the spring of that year moved into the store now occupied by Isaac Sta^ pies. They continued two years, when they were succeeded by Bronson and Folsom, David Bronson andE. A. Folsom. In 1872, Hersey and Doe were admitted, under the firm name of Hersey, Bronson, Doe and Folsom, and the company moved into the store now occupied by Rees' clothing-house. Two years later they sold out to Hersey, Bean and Brown. In 1877, David Bronson, E. A. Folsom and George O. Haskill formed a partnership under the firm name of Bronson and Folsom, and carry a general stock in a store on Main street. Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, established their store at its present location in the year 1856. The building was, at that time, 16x20 feet, and one and one-half stories high. In 1859 they enlarged it to 16x38, and added a ware-room in the rear, 12x38. In the summer of 1871, they again enlarged it, making it this time, 16x54, and increased the ware-room to 25x64. They carry a line of general merchandise. In 1871 they built an office and vault on the south side of their store, 16x30 feet, where the business of the wliole establishment is transacted. The one-half story above is used as a store-room. R. J., J. L., and W. H. H. Wheeler formed a partnership April 1st, 1875, under the firm name of Wheeler Brothers, carrying a general line of groceries, in the Bernheimer block. In January, 1881, J. L. and W. H. H. Wheeler formed a partnership with Durant, Wheeler and Company CITY OF STILLWATEE— BUSINESS HOUSES. 553 under the flrm name of Wlieeler Brothers and Company, and now occupy a rooni in the Grand Opera House block, 21x120 feet, with basement for storage, and have now one of the finest stores and stocks in the city, and are doing a business of about $100,000 per year. Ludwig Kahn, formerly of Chicago, established his stock of dry goods and carpets in Stillwater, in the Holcombe block, in April, 1877. In March, 1881, he moved to a store in the Grand Opera House block, 24x120 feet, two stories and base- ment; basement used for carpets, second story for manufacturing and storage. He is one of Stillwater's most enterprising business men. He is also a member of the flrm of Charles Con- haim and Company retail clothers. This house was established in the spring of 1880, in Wolf's block, and in the spring of 1881, moved into the Holcombe block, and does an extensive business in the clothing line. Phillip Potts established his wholesale liquor store September, 1874, in a building built by him comer of Main street and Nelson Avenue, 24x70, two stories, using both stories for his business; carries a general line of Uquors, and does a business of $30,000 per year. John Kenny, Jr., established his confectionery store in Main street, in a building 16x30, one story high, in the spring of 1877, and carries a stock of about $600, doing a very fine trade. Hardware — E. L. Hospes and W. K. Wurde- man, proprietors. This business began Novem- ber, 1874. In May, 1875, Mr. Hospes purchased Mr. Wurdeman's interest, and conducted the business alone, employing Mr. "Wurdeman as a clerk. This continued till AprU, 1876, when W. McPherson became a partner, and the concern was known as E. L. Hospes and Company. In March, 1880, McPherson withdrew, selling his in- terest to Hospes and "Wurdeman, or E.L. Hospes and Company, who continue the business to the present time. They have a sales-room 20x70 feet, and two ware-rooms; employ three salesmen. They deal in shelf and heavy hardware, etc. Sawyer, Wallace and Company. This estab- lishment began in 1876, under the firm name of Sawyer and Company, on Bridge square, in a building 20x40 feet, with a capital of two hun- dred dollars. The next year they removed to Union block on Main street, demanding more room. Here they remained two years, when the flrm was changed, T. W. Wallace becoming associated, and was known as Sawyer, Wallace and Company. Soon after this they moved to their present location on Main street, near Nelson. •They occupy a room 30x100 feet and a basement, employing five men in the shop and three sales- men, and doing a business of about $25,000 per annum, dealing in hardware, stoves, house fur- nishing goods, etc. Wm. E. Thome established a general store in 1855 on a small scale in Nelson's block. In 1859 he moved to his present location, corner Main and Chestnut, in a building 25x60. Since 1860 he has carried dry goods exclusively. Hardware — Westing and Torinus estabUshed, in 1859, a general store, on the west side of Main street, between Chestnut and Nelson Avenues. In 1864, L. E. Torinus succeeded to the business and moved to the old Nelson building. In 1867, the firm changed to Torinus and Staples, and moved to the present commodious store, 25x110 feet, three stories in height. In 1868, Wm. G Bronson was admitted under flrm name Torinus, Staples and Company. In 1873, L. E. Torinus succeeded to the business, and changed to exclu- sive hardware. From 1875 to' 1878, the firm was Torinus and Wilkinson; since then, L. E. Tori- nus. Carries a general line of hardware, nails, iron, stoves, etc., and is doing a business of 180,- 000 per year. Mr. Doe, formerly of Hersey and Doe, has charge of the business, and to him is due a great deal of the credit of the prosperous condition of the enterprise. Thomas Francis established his ice cream par- lors on Main street, and continued for some years, adding a restaurant business for a time; then added a stock of fancy goods and toys, in connec- tion with his ice cream parlors. In this latter business, he has secured a fortunate business. In 1879, he removed to the corner of Chestnut and Second streets, where he opened his present con- .fectionery and ice cream parlors, and may be found in one of the pleasant centers of the city of Stillwater. James K. Van Buskirk, established a paint shop on Third street, between Myrtle and Mul- berry in March , 1875. He does both house pain 554 BISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ing, ,sign painting and frescoing. His busi- ness increased gradually from the time of estab- lishing himself here to the present. At first he employed but one helper, gradually gaining a reputation in business until in 1880-'81, he em- ployed four helpers. The proceeds of business has aggregated about four thousand dollars per annum for the last two or three years. He ranks, among the prominent men in his line of trade. E. Rhiner is the proprietor of the St. Croix ice house. He established this business in 1863, beginning small and enlarging from time to time as the trade demanded. The lirst building was 24x40 feet, the present one is large enough to store away about three thousand tons and help enough is employed to store the ice and distribute it in the summer. Henry Staples and Company, general merchan- dise. This firm was established in 1854, and consisted of Samuel F. Hersey, Isaac Staples, D. C. Hall, J. Brooks Tenno and J. P. Whitney They started their business in which is known as the Columbus building. They remained one year and went to their own building on the comer of Main and Myrtle. About this time the firm name was changed to Staples, Bronson and Company, by which it was known until 1858, when the old name was adopted. In 1861 , the style of the firm was changed to Hersey, Staples and Hall. In the fall of 1866, it made another change, tak- ing in A. K. Doe, Chas. and Jacob Bean, and was then styled Hersey, Staples and Doe. This continued for five years and was then changed to Staples, Doe and Hersey, which lasted until Au- gust, 1875. Samuel F. Hersey died in 1874, but in August, 1875, Dudley H. Hersey, a son, and A. K. Doe bought the business. The same fall they consoUdated with Bronson and Folsom, and it was styled Hersey, Bronson, Doe and Fol- som. This partnership was dissolved in Novem- ber, 1877. This firm did a business of $190,000 to $265,000 per year from 1866 to 1877, larger than any other in the city in the merchantile trade. They had six clerks besides A. K. Doe, who managed; at the above mentioned time, tliey sold to Hersey, Bean and Brown, who run the store in the Hersey, Staples' block until the summer of 1879. In 1878, they erected their new buildings at the mill, where they are now located. The store room is 28x40 feet, two stories both used for their business. To this there is an " L " on the south, 26x40 feet, and two stories. The first floor is occupied by Hersey, Bean and Brown as an oflice for their lumber and mill de- partment. The second floor is occupied by Her- sey and Bean as an ofBce for their logging and land department. Each floor is furnished with a commodious vault 8x12 feet and fire proof. In the store are two clerks. Isaac Staples, general merchandise. In 1875, after Hersey and Doe, bought out the old firm, Isaac Staples, began business in what is now used for the general office. In the summer of 1876, he moved the goods to their present location, corner of Main and Myrtle, stone block. Their store is 30x80 feet, three stories and basement, all used for the business. There are six clerks em- ployed to do the business. The city of Stillwater is beautifully and ro- mantically located at the head of Lake St. Croix, twenty-five miles above Point Douglas. When settlement began here, the plateau near the lake was of limited area, and little elevated above the surface of the lake. In shape the tract resembles the segment of a circle, the bluffs forming the circumference and the bank of the lake the se- cant line. The bluffs above are high, and ra- vines indicate that streams once flowed from lakes and streams above to the lake below. The level tract, where settlement began, now occu- pied by the business portion of the town, may have been reclaimed from the lake by gradual filling from the high bluffs during a long period of years previous to settlement, or by some rapid action, analagous to the land-slide of 1852. For many years residences and business houses were built only on this low land, and its adaptation for building sites was greatly enlarged by the land- slide above referred to, and by the artificial fill- ing done by public and private enterprise. Some of the bluffs have been graded down to a level with the higher portion of the low land. Some of the present citizens can remember when the bluffs rose proudly up, embracing Myrtle street at its junction with Third, when from its summit one could look down on the roof of Myrtle street church. From a point a little north, the ob- server could look down in a ■ similar manner on the Methodist church. The gradual ascent from Myrtle street on Third is now about forty feet CITY OF STILLWATEB—8GENEBY. 555 lower than at the time to which reference is made. That portion removed has been deposited in low and marshy places along Main street. In 1853, natural causes produced the land-slide which ex- pedited the filling most effectually. These changes have materially altered the appearance of both the bluffs and the land along the lake. The deep ravines have nearly disappeared, and some are found who cannot see in the artificial changes the beauty that once existed in the ab- rupt bluffs and irregular ravines in a state of nature. However this may be, a full equivalent . for beauty lost is paid for by utility gained. Enough is left to mark this still as a point of rare beauty. The bluffs, both at the north and south of the town, come down to the lake so as to admit only a narrow roadway for railroads and carriage road between their abrupt walls and the lake. At some points, as near the Sawyer house, the ascent is steep until it reaches a bench, or flat surface of considerable elevation, where the city hall, churches and many dwellings are erected. The citizens have taken advantage of the natural topography to adorn their grounds with beautiful terraces. The effect of these attractive places, and the public buildings on the rising blufls, when seen from the lake is very striking. The scenery which the citizen enjoys from these sightly residences is grand, for the bluffs •on the "Wisconsin side of the lake are bold and high. The still water of the lake which lies between, amidst this grandeur, affords a beauti- ful foreground to the landscape, ever varying in the scenes it presents. JSTow, it may be, one of the great Mississippi steamers is seen on its waters, or many smaller steamboats, adapted to the shallow waters of the St. Croix river. Again it may be covered with rafts of logs, built up with a superstructure of lumber and shingles, at which a spiteful tug boat is puffing, straining and screaming. Barges, row-boats, sail-boats and other crafts of all kinds are seen plying on its waters, for this is not alone the highway for com- merce with the world at large, but it is the place of recreation and pleasuee. Prom south hill a fine view of the city is ob- tained. If a stroller along these bluffs could, at the same time that he takes in the present pros- pect, carry a picture of StiUwater as it was a little more than thirty years ago, the contrast would be almost incredible. On his picture he would see the old mill building and a few rude board shanties. Where now block eighteen is, with its wealth of business blocks, the picture has a quagmire. Where now stand the churches and public buildings, near the crossing of Myrtle and Third streets, the old picture shows the bluffs rising up abruptly forty feet or more. Elegant residences have usurped the place of hastily constructed dwellings, and poor shanties. Here is the new city hall. Myrtle street, the Methodist and Episcopal churches. Eurther up the north hill, more fine dwellings and the school building. The bluifs here have been cut down on Third street about forty feet, varying some- what to suit the grade to the topography. A little to the west of the school building is Isaac Staples' residence, prominent on a point of the bluff in block eight, corner of Cherry and Second streets, looking down the lake, affording a mag- nificent view of the entire lake. Here the once rugged and steep face of the bluff has been trans- formed into a succession of giant steps, built of solid masonry, rising one above the other until the summit is reached, on which the residence is located. On the plateau below, the eye rests on the state prison, the most prominent feature where extensive business is carried on, at the same time that criminals are made to suffer the penalty of the law; the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company's mill, while further up the lake is Schulenburg and Boeckeler's large saw-mill, near the spot where in early days stood the old Tama- rack house, and the old courthouse. At this old court house Judge Dunn appeared in 1842 to hold a session of court in J. R. Brown's time. On the approach of the judge, it is said. Brown disappeared, whether ashamed of the coarse hospitality which he should be obliged to extend, or the fact that at his solicitation his town with- out inhabitants had been made the county seat, this deponent sayeth not. The judge, however, received such hospitality as Mrs. Brown could give, and' slept in ignorance that Mr. Brown had been skulking in the bushes on the blufi. In the morning the judge determined not to hold a term of court, and departed. The climate of Stillwater is like that of Minne- 556 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. nesota at large. The uniformity of the tempera- ture and the dryness and quietness of the air make the winter's quite endurable. Variations from this rarely occur. In 1877, a marked exception occurred. Spring and fall had been as usual, and people had settled down to the realities of winter. But scarcely had the frost king turned his icy key, before the south wind opened the door to a few summer days, taking away at the same time the snow and ice. The steamer Ida Jb'ulton left the wharf at Stillwater, December 28th, 187T, for the falls of St. Croix, with a large excursion paxty, amid the waving of handkerchiefs and the cheering of the crowd on shore assembled to see them off. Linen coats and straw hats formed a part of the attire of many of the excursionists. Some of the jolly party imagined they had dis- covered a mosquito, awaking from slumber to learn what was happening on the old St. Croix, which it had left more than a month before, locked in the grasp of King Winter. The Ida Fulton returned to Stillwater on the 29th of De- cember. The first day of 1878, this freak of na- ture ceased, when King Winter again ascended his throne to rule by virtue of his office. The population of Stillwater in 1875 was 5,749; the population in 1880 was 9,061, showing a grat- ifying increase. CHAPTEE LXXIII. BIOGRAPHICAL, A, B, C, D, E, F. Alexander Adams, son of Robert and Elizabeth Adams, was bom in Wakefield, Yorkshire county, England. Lived there until eighteen years of age; then came with his parents to America, and settled at Eipon, Wisconsin. Here his parents resided twenty-two years, when the mother died, March 19th, 1879, and his father removed to Olm- sted county, Minnesota, and died October IStli, the same year. In 1858, Alexander engaged in farming, and in 1860 went to Racine and spent two years in the foundry department of Thomas Ealva's reaper works. At the end of that time he went to Chicago and worked at his trade untU 1867, when he was elected president of the co- operative foundry of Chicago, and held the office until 1868. Next going to St. Louis, he stayed there a short time, and returned to Chicago to take charge of the Caledonia machine shops. In May, 1870, went to Michigan City, Indiana, and took charge of the foundries of the Haschal and Barker Car Company. Remaining until Decem- ber, 1871, he again went to Chicago; in 1872, came to St. Paul and took charge of Parker, Bailey, Ilowson and Company's foundries. Came to Stillwater in 1877, and started Seymour, Sabin and Company's iron foundries, which he has _ since conducted. May 29th, 1871, he married Amelia E., daughter of Henry C. and Maria Hoesch, of Michigan City, Indiana. His chil- dren are Carrie E., Charles L., EUen M. and Alice. Dr. John Nicholas Ahl, deceased, was bom in Strasbourg, on the Rhine, October 7th, 1807. He lived with his parents, John and Elizabeth Ahl until eighteen years of age, when he entered the Strasbourg Medical College, and after seven years thorough study of medicine, graduated in 1839, emigrated to America, settled in Galena, Illinois, practiced seven years, then in 1850, came to Stillwater, and in 1852, built the Washington hotel. In 1858, the name was changed to the Liberty house, and Mr. Ahl kept it as such until his death, meanwhile attending to a large practice as a physician. After his death, the family kept the house until 1873. Dr. Ahl married Lucretia- Hartman, of Galena, lUinois, in 1846; the chil- dren-are: John N., Henrietta, Amelia, William, Louis, Henry, Lucia, Elizabeth and Amanda. Louis Albenberg was born in Bingen-on-the- Rhine, January 2d, 1852. Came to America in 1870, acquired a common school education, then came to StUlwater in 1871, and for five years did a small business in the- vicinity. Next opened a large and complete dry-goods establishment which he still conducts. J. S. Anderson was born at Marshalltown, Marshall county. West Virginia, Eebmary 3d, 1826. In the fall of 1836, his parents John and Susan Ward Anderson removed to Burlington, Iowa, and engaged in pork packing and farming. Young Anderson assisted his father on the farm until 1846. On the first of Nov. of that year, he came to Stillwater on a visit, but remained work- CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOGBAPHICAL. 557 ing four years in the woods; he accumulated enough to commence business for himself, and has since been identified with the lumber inter- ests of this city. He formed a partnership with McComb, Simpson and Company, which lasted until the financial crisis of 1857. During this time he built the stone block now occupied by Staples' store, when he lost everything. He next followed rafting until 1864, again accumulating enough to engage in logging, continuing this un- til 1868, the firm of McKusick and Anderson was formed. He was married in 1852 to Hannah T. McDonald. His children are: Kobert M., Sybilla S., William L. and Etta P. John Anderson, foreman of D. M. Swain's iron works, was born in Yonkopeng, Sweden, April 15th, 1846. When John was eleven years old his father died, and four years later he began to learn the machinist's trade at his birth place, working at it untU twenty years of age. Next went to Stockholm and worked as machinist in the gov- ernment railroad works. On the 15th of April, 1871, he started for America, arriving in May. Then came to Stillwater, worked for two years at carpentering for Isaac Staples, and in April, 1873, commenced work as machinist for D. M. Swain and in July, 1877, was made foreman of the shops, and has since held the position. In 1873 he married Ellen Carlson, of Sweden. They have one child, Anna. Charles A. Appleton, carpenter, Minneapolis, was born in Orange, Texas, October 3d, 1843. At the age of fourteen he went on the sea, re- maining fourteen years. During the rebellion, he held the rank of first lieutenant in the Sixth Texas Cavalry, Confederate States of America. In the fall of 1865 he went to Michigan and lived four years at Salzburgh. In 1877 removed to Minneapolis, and has since lived therje. November 20th, 1869, he married Carrie A. Stata, of New York. She died September 4th, 1874, leaving one son, Frederick Eugene. D. W. Armstrong was born in Yates county, New York, March, 1819. In 1853, he entered the employ of the Fremont and Indiana railroad company, then was financial agent and was en- gaged in various mercantile pursuits until he came west on account of health. Until the financial crash of 1857, he was cashier of the St. Croix Valley Bank, when it passed into the hands of eastern capitalists, who continued Mr. Arm- strong in his position as cashier until 1861, when it was removed to Hudson, Wisconsin. Next turned his attention to various occupations until appointed wheat inspector for the mills and board of trade in 1878. Was married in July, 1841, to Lucy Hale, who bore him four children, but one of whom is now Uving, Harry D. His wife having died, he married Lucy C. Loder, of Cleveland, Ohio, November, 1853. Flora E., Belle and Alma Maud are their children. Edward M. Barrett, moulder for Seymour, Sabin and Company, was born in Miramichi, New Brunswick, October 80th, 1858. In 1868 his parents, Patrick and Margaret Barrett, removed to Stillwater. At the age of eleven years Ed- ward began to learn the harness trade, but find- ing that his health was failing, abandoned it and began work with his present employers. Inl877 he entered the moulding department, and has since continued. Married on the 21st of October, 1879, Miss Maggie Casey of Stillwater. Resides at the comer of Martha and Mulberry streets. Eichard Barron deceased was born in New Brunswick, Canada, January 18th, 1833. Has been for a long time identified with lumbering in the St. Croix valley, having come to this place in 1850. For a number of years past he was engaged in company with Patrick Sullivan in cutting logs by contract for Schulenburg, Boeckeler and Com- pany, L. E. Torihus and Bronson and Company. His death occurred October 16th, 1880. Mr. Barron was married February 2d, 1859, at Still- water to Miss Lizzie Mathews who was born in New Brunswick, May 8th, 1829. Her father, James Mathews, was a lumberman in that country. After the death of her father and mother, Mrs. Barron, with her six brothers and two sisters, came to Stillwater where she has since resided. She is the mother of foijr sons and one daughter. Joseph Becker, of the firm of Heitman and Becker, was bom at Kreis, Warrendorf , Germany, December 5th, 1849. Came to America in 1866, and after following the sea two years, visited St. Louis, Missouri, Sacramento and Los Angelos, CaUfomia, Colorado, Texas and New Orleans. Remaining there a short time he went to St. Louis and in 1878 came to St. Paul. Came to Stillwater in 1879 and engaged in his present business with Charles Heitman. 558 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Clifton A. Bennett was born September 7th, 1841, in Shalersville, Portage county, Ohio. "When ten years old, removed with his parents to Cleve- land, remaining four years, and then to Freedom, Portage county, attending school at Hiram Col- lege, President Garfield being his teacher. En- listed April 24th, 1861, in Company D, Twenty- third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was pro- moted to the staff of General W. D. Hazen, and honorably discharged at Columbus, Ohio, in October, 1866. After the war he came west to' Morrison, Illinois, read law, was admitted to the bar in 1867, in the spring of 1868 came to Still- water, and for ten years was iri the ofHce of the surveyor general of logs and lumber. In 1878 he was elected clerk of court, and now occupies that oflBce. Louis N. Bergeron was bom at Quebec, Feb- ruary 5th, 1844. When about ten years old, he moved with his parents to a farm near Quebec, lived six years, then returned to the city and was employed in the boom works about five years. Then went to Battle, Maine, remaining in the shingle trade two years. He next came to St. Paul, remained one year and to Stillwater to work for the Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company. In January, 1880, was appointed foreman of the mill. Mr. Bergeron was married August 9th, 1871 to Miss Emma Kreuger, of Germany. They have one child: Amelia. Chailes Boo was born October 3d, 1847, in Sweden. Came to America in 1868, located in Stillwater and followed lumbering until 1876, when he opened a boarding house and saloon, which he still conducts. His mother, aged sixty- one years lives with hun. Was married Septem- ber 19th, 1874, in Marine, Minnesota, to Matilda Lindbloom. They have two children: Lyda A. and Carl A. August Booren, a natlye of Sweden, was born March 6th, 1850. Came to America in 1866, with his brothers Peter and Joseph, located in this city, followed laboring and farming a while, then attended school at Red Wing. In 1872, in com- pany with C. P. Ilolcomb, leased and conducted the St. Croix house. The winter of 1878-'9, he spent in Sweden, and in the spring of '79, pur- chased the site and erected the Central house, which he leased to his brother, he himself being engaged in the saloon business. Married Carrie Wingren, of St. Paul, March 27th, 1873. They have two children living: Minnie S. and Geo. W. George Borrowman, harness-maker, a native of Canada, was bom January 9th, 1850. Came to Minneapolis at the age of fifteen years, completed his trade of harness-maker, thence to this city in 1876. He commenced business at the comer of Stimson alley and Chestnut street. His shop and sales-room is now located in Green's block, where he employs three men, and does an annual busi- ness amounting to about $12,000. He was mar- ried at Waterford, Wisconsin, November 18th, 1871 to Miss Maggie Kelly, they -have three chil- dren living; one has died. Rev. W. T. BoUtwell, one of the pioneer mis- sionaries of Minnesota, and one who has proved faithful to his trust in fighting the good fight, is a native of Lyndeborough, Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, born February 4th, 1803. His practical education and preparation for college was acquired at Exeter, New Hamp- shire. In 1828, he graduated from Dartmouth college, and three years later from Andover Theo- logical Seminary, being ordained as a missionary, in company with Mr. Sherman Hall, who accom- panied him on his missionary labors, at Wobum, Massachusetts, June 7th, 1831, under the direc- tion of the American Board of Conunissioners for Foreign Missions. Rev. Milton Badger preached the ordination sermon. Mr. Boutwell with Mr. and Mrs. Hall left Boston, June 13th, for Mackinaw, with the expectation of establish- ing missions among the Chippewa Indians,' arriving after a tedious journey of one month. It was thought advisable for Mr. Boutwell to remain at that point some time for the purpose of acquiring the language of the Ojibways. Giv- ing his attention and untiring zeal to the study of this language he soon became familiar enough to understand and make himself understood by tlie natives. Subsequently he received an invita- tion from Mr. Schoolcraft, United States agent for Indian affairs in that quarter, • to accompany him on an extensive. tour among the north-west- ern Indians, for the purpose of exploring the field, noting the condition of the aborigines and establishing if possible, mission stations. He accordingly left Mackinaw, June 7th, 1832, arriv- ing at Fon du Lac the 23d, Mr. Schoolcraft hav- ing dispatched a canoe and other necessaries for CITY OF STILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL. 659 his comfort. In a letter to the board he says: "On arriving here I was not a little surprised to find four hundred souls, French, half-breeds and white men. The scene at our landing was such as I never before witnessed, and enough to fill one, unaccustomed to the like as myself, with wonder, if not with fear. The yelling of Indians, barking of dogs, crying of children, running of. the multitude, discharge of musketry, and flourish of flags, was noise in the extreme. But my feeUngs were indescribable, when I came to my senses and felt that on myself devolved the duty of preaching to this motley group, the only salvation, by Jesus Christ. And what depressed me more than all, the majority neither under- stood my language, nor I theirs, sufficiently to address them except through an interpreter. The Lord, however, opened a wide and effectual door, and gave me utterance. At ten o'clock I preached to about forty in English, the first sermon ever preached here; and at four p. m., I addressed, through Mr. Johnson, more than twice that number, French, half-breeds and In- dians. Many of the latter of whom, for the first time, listened to the word of life. All listened with attention and interest. My interpreter sat on my right, while a chief occupied a seat at my left, around and below me, on the floor, sat his men, women and children, in a state of almost entire nudity, many of whom had no more than a cloth about the loins, and blanket, but some of the children not even a blanket. All with their pipes and tobacco pouches, painted with all the variety of figures that can be imagined." From thence he proceeded to the sources of the Mississippi river, and after traveUng nearly 2,400 miles in the short space of sixty days, arrived, on his return, at La Pointe, where Mr. Hall was re- siding. La Pointe is on an island in a large bay near the south-west portion of Lake Superior, about four hundred miles west of Mackinaw, and was a place of frequent-resort for a large number of Indians, besides about two hundred who hved there. Here he began his labors in establishing a mission, and found more to be done than there was time or strength for. However, a school was established; the number of pupils varied, owing to the unsettled state of the Indians and their indifference on the subject of their education from twelve to fifteen or twenty. As there were no hooks in the Ojibwa language, it was neces- sary to instruct them orally and in elementary books in English, the progress being quite slow. Mr. Boutwell, after a faithful prosecution of his duties for more than a year, at La Pointe, gave this work into other hands, and proceeded, in September, 1833, to Leech lake, to commence a mission station in that quarter for the Ojibwas. In giving an account of his reception by the Indi- ans, he says: "When I arrived, the men, with few exceptions, were making their fall hunts, while their families remained at the lake and its vicinity, to gather their corn and make rice. A few lodges were encamped quite near. These I began to visit, for the purpose of reading, singing, etc., in order to interest the children and awaken in them the desire for instruction. I told them about the children at Mackinaw, the Sault, and at La Pointe, who could read, write and sing. To this they would listen attentively, while the motherwould often reply, 'My children are poor and ignorant.' To a person unaccustomed to In- dian manners and Indian wildness it would have been amusing to have seen the little ones, as I approached their lodge, running and screaming, more terrified, if possible, than if they had met a bear robbed of her whelps. It was not long, however, before most of them overcame their fears; and in a few days my dwelling, a lodge which I occupied for three or four weeks, was frequented from morning till evening, by an in- teresting group of hoys, all desirous to learn to read, sing, etc. To have seen them hanging, some on one knee, others on my shoulder, reading and singing, while others, whether from shame or fear, I know not, who dared not venture with- in, were peeping in through the sides of the cot- tage, or lying flat upon the ground, and looking under the bottom, might have provoked a smile; especially to have seen them as they caught a glance of my eye, springing upon their feet and running like so many wild asses colts. The rain, cold, and snow were alike to them, in which they would come, day after day, many of them clad merely with a blanket and a narrow strip of cloth about the loins. The men at length returned, and an opportunity was presented me for reading to them. The greater part hstened attentively. Some would come back and ask me to read more. Others laughed and aimed to make sport of both 560 WISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. me and my book. I heeded as if I understood not. I had been laughed at and called a fool be- fore. Besides, I remembered to have read the " servant is not above his master." Here he en- dured the privatious and hardships of that lonely, desolate place inhabited only by the dark-hued tribes, with still darker souls striving by the help of God to instruct and enlighten their minds. In 1834, he made a trip to Fond du Lac, where he married an interesting and well eductated An- glo-Ojibwa lady. Miss Hester Crooks, who was a teacher at Yellow Lake mission. Eetuming they commenced house-keeping in a bark lodge. Send- ing his men to the lake for the winter's supply of fish, which was their principal means of suste- nance, he proceeded to build a house. This hab- itation when completed was a rude hut, the tim- bers of which he assisted in cutting and carrying on his shoulders; the walls were of mud, the window of deer skins and the only articles of furniture, a box which served for both chair and table and an Indian mat for a bed. Continuing his labors in that locality till 1837, he was then compelled to leave his post in consequence of the hostilities of the Leech Lake Ojibwas, who were threatening to drive him away and had already cruelly murdered Mr. Alfred Aitkin, the trader in charge of the American Pur Company's post. Later he was connected with the mission at Lake Pokegama some time. In 1847, he came to Still- water and officiated as pastor at St. Croix Palls, Marine Mills and Cottage Grove. He was re- lieved of his cares at Stillwater in 1848, by Rev. J. C. Whitney, retiring then to St. Croix Palls and Point Douglas, where he pursued his pastoral labors until 1853. The Home Missionary society then assigned to him, the charge at Point Doug- las and Marine, where he still does duty as pastor. He assisted Eev. Whitney in establishing the first church in Stillwater in 1849, which was of Pres- byterian belief. His first wife was born May 30th, 1817, on Drummond Island, Lake Huron. When seven years old, she was placed in the mission school at Mackinaw, and when seventeen accompanied Mr. Ayer and wife as teacher and interpreter at Yellow Lake. The next year, 1834, she married Mr. Boutwell and assisted him in opening the mission at Leech Lake. Being familiar with English, Prench and Indian, she met with much success in interesting and teach- ing both men and women, and in her energy and untiring zeal in her good work proved her- self to be worthy of her work. She passed to her reward October 15th, 1863, at Stillwater. She bore him five sons and four daughters; the living are: Elizabeth A., Eamsey C, WilUamT., Kodney C, Catherine A., Hester E. and Corne- lius L. His second wife was Mary Ann Bergin, of Lancaster, New Hampshire, who was born May 17th, 1809, and married September 26th, 1854. She came to Iowa as a teacher under the patronage of Governor Slade, of Vermont. Feb- ruary 5th, 1868, she departed to her rest. Clark Boughton was bom in Litchfield county, Connecticut, April 2d, 1831. When he was three years old his parents removed to Loraine county, Ohio. At the age of seventeen he commenced learning milling, and one year later came west to Galena, Illinois. Worked at his trade till 1850, then went to California, across the plains, and for two years engaged in mining. Next, coming to Hastings, he engaged in milling, but lost everything by high water after three years,and then went to Colorado, remained a while, came back to Minneapolis, and in 1877 took charge of the St. Croix mills of this city. Was married in August, 1854, to Anna Hanson, who has borne him three boys and two girls, all of whom are living. Dennis Boyle was bom in New York city, May 21st, 1849. His parents removed to Green Lake county, Wisconsin, where he received his educa- tion. In 1865 he came to Stillwater and com- menced lumbering. This he has since been con- tinuously engaged in, and at present is foreman for the C. N. Nelson Lumber Company. Also has a valuable farm in Nobles county. In 1875 Mr." Boyle, was married to Miss Katie Whalen of Baytown, Wisconsin. They have two children, Mamie J. and William H. C. A. Bromley was born in Plattsburg, New York, October 3l8t, 1829. At the age of nine- teen he removed to Kenosha, Wisconsin; thence removed to Richmond, where he remained until he came to Minnesota, arriving at St. Paul in 1851 and at Stillwater in 1853. Previous to the war, he was captain of the Stillwater guards, and at the beginning of the rebellion enlisted in the First Minnesota Volunteers, as captain of Com- pany B. After three months resigned and re- CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIGAL. 561 cruited Company I, Sixth Minnesota, served nine months, then again resigned and returned home and resumed his old business, livery. Served one term as alderman. Was married here. Elisha Brown, contractor and builder, was born in the town of Knox, Waldo county, Maine, April 7th, 1821. Lived in his birth-place until eighteen years of age. Having learned the car- penter trade at the age of twenty-one, he went to Boston, Massachusetts, remained there about three years working in the city and vicinity. Then he returned to Maine, contracting and building until 1854, then removed to Stillwater, where he has since been engaged in contracting. In 1862, he enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served until July, 1865, when he was mustered out at Fort SneUing. Next went to Port Kidgely, remained eight months, then returned to Stillwater and resumed his business. Mr. Brown married jannette L. Stephens, daughter of John and Hulda Irish, in April, 1846. They have had four children, one of whom survives. Flora H., who was married to F. W. Getchell, of this place, in 1864. Edward Scott Brown was born in Orono, Maine, February 8, 1830. Keceivedhis education in the common schools and academy at Foxcraft, Maine. Learned the trade of mill-wright and built the first gang saw -mill on the Kennebec. In 1852 he went to Puget Sound, crossing the isthmus of Panama, where he was compelled to wait twenty-one days for a steamer. Took pas- sage on the steamer Cortez, to San Francisco thence embarked in a sailing vessel for Puget Sound. Built and operated for one year the saw- mills of the Puget Sound Lumber Company, erecting the first gang saw-mill on the Pacific coast. Returned to Orono in 1854, and in 1855 came to St. Anthony for Franklin Steele. In 1873 removed to this city and represented this district in the state senate one term. George S. Brown was born in Orono, Maine, March 23d, 1845. At the age of ten years he re- moved with his parents to Lewiston, where he lived until sixteen years old, then came to St. Anthony, and in the fall of 1863 enlisted in Com- pany B, Brackett's Independent Battalion, and served against the Indians. In the spring of 1866 he was honorably discharged at Fort SneU- ing, returned to St. Anthony and conducted a 36 lumber yard until 187^. Next run a lumberyard in Wells two years and in 1872 came to Stillwater and went to work for Ilersey, Bean aqd Brown, as foreman of yards, and has since held that po- sition. Married, in 1870, Miss Ida F. Eogers, of St. Anthony. They have three children. Jphn Brown was born in Cork, Ireland, April 17th, 1820, where he lived until he was twenty- six years of age. His father having died when he was eighteen months old, Jje was reared by his mother, Josie Brown. In 1846 came to America, settled in New York, and for ten years was en- gaged in railroading. In 1856 came to Stillwater and worked for Hersey, Staples and Hall until that firm dissolved, then went to work for Hersey, Staples and Doe, continuing until 1878. In 1863 he purchased one hundred acres of land in Still- water township, and in 1880, forty acres adjoin- ing. Married, May 3d, 1847, Miss Anna Leary, of New York city. They have had ten children, five of whom aie living, William H., James L., . Mary M., Josie A. and Francis L. Joseph Renshaw Brown, deceased, an ex-editor and publisher of Minnesota, one of the most widely known public men of the state, and at his death the oldest white settler, was born Jan- uary 5th, 1805, in Hartford county, Maryland. When about fourteen years of age his father apprenticed him to a printer in Lancaster, Penn- sylvania. Being treated with great harshness and injustice by his employer, he soon after ran away, came to what is now Minnesota, with the detachment of troops that built Fort Snelliag In 1819, and remained a resident of Minnesota, en- gaged in public and private business, until his death, in New York, November 9th, 1870. Leav- ing the army about 1825, he resided at Mendota, Stillwater, Saint Croix, and other points in the state, engaging in the Indian trade, lumbering, and other occupations. He acquired a perfect acquaintance with the Dakota tongue, and at- tained an influence among that nation (being allied to them by maxriage) which continued unabated while he lived. He was elected mem- ber of the Wisconsin legislature from St. Croix county in 1840, 1841, and 1842, taking a promi- nent part in those sessions. He was a leading member of the Stillwater convention of citizens held in August, 1848, to take steps to secure a territorial organization of what is now Minne- 562 mSTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. sota. He was secretary of the territorial council of 1849 and 1851, and chief clerk of the house of representatives in 1863, a member of the council in 1854 and 1855, and of the house in 1857; was territorial printer in 1853 and 1854. He was also a member from Sibley county in the constitu- tional convention of 1857. In August, 1852, he purchased the Minnesota Pioneer, and edited and published it under his own name, for nearly two years. In 1857 he established at Henderson, a town founded and laid out by him, a short time before, a journal called the Henderson Democrat, which soon became a prominent po- litical organ, and was continued with much success until about 1861. In the Indian war, which broke out in 1862, Major Brown took active part. He figured somewhat as an inventor. He had force, originality and genius of invention in him, which was always impelling him in new paths. It was a favorite project of his to build a wagon propelled by steam, which would travel at win over the dry hard roads of our prairies. While perfecting this invention he died in New York, jSTovember 9th, 1870. Julius r. Brunswick, deceased, a son of John G. and Eagula Brunswick, was born in Haupt- weil, Canton Thurgau, Switzerland, May 12th, 1826. He lived here until he was twenty years of age. Having learned the Italian and French languages in Italy and Paris, in 1846 he came to America and lived a short time in Illinois; then came to the St. Croix valley. He at first was en- gaged in the lumber regions working for other parties, but as soon as he accumulated enough started in a small building in mercantile busi- ness, ceasing to work for others. By close econ- omy and perseverance, he gradually accumulated property, and in 1857 opened a general merchan- dise store in a room of Charles Scheffer's old bank building. This he carried on for two years with considerable success. He then bought a stock belonging to one Porstahal, paying $2,000, and added it to his business. In connection with his store, he also ran a warehouse, handling grain and farm machinery. After conducting this a time, he bought a lot adjoining the store and built a large warehouse. He has also dealt largely in pine lands and farming. February 29th, 1859, he married Miss Margaret Darms of this city. They have had seven children, all of whom are now living: John G., Anna, Rosa, Albert, Clara, Emma and Amelia. George M. Brush was born March 9th, 1850, at Fairfax, Vermont. Came with his parents to Illinois in 1857, and attended school until 1860, when he left home and clerked in a dry-goods store until 1865, then came to Minnesota and worked on the Winona and St. Peter railway. At one time was chief clerk in the general ot&ce, and afterwards supply agent. During the year 1872, was agent for the Chicago and Northwestern Bail- way Company at Sparta, Wisconsin. Came to Stillwater in 1874 to take the position he now holds, agent for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneap- lis and Omaha Railway Company, Anthony H. Bryan, mechanical engineer, was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, September, 29th, 1850. Lived in that place with his parents, John W., and Margaret Bryan untU he was twenty-one years of age, then went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and entered the steamboat works of Ar- thur Moore and Sons. After remaining two years, he went on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers as assistant engineer of the Charles Bodman and other steamers of the Cincinnati and New Orleans Packet Company. At the end of two years re- ceived a license as second engineer, and was for two years engaged as such on various boats. Then receiving license of first engineer, ran in that capacity on the Mississippi and its tributa- ties until 1879. That year he came to northern Minnesota and worked for the Winnepeg and Western Transportation Company, then settled in this city, working in the winterin the machine shops of D. M. Swain. Marrinl Miss Mary Colby, of Taylor's Falls, December 4th, 1879. William Buchanan was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 4th, 1837. When quite young his parents both died, and at the age of twelve, he was apprenticed for five years to learn the machinist's trade in Todd and McGregor's Ma- rine Ironworks, in (ilasgow, Scotland, then held for two years the position of foreman of that in- stitution. Afterwards \Yent to Liverpool and was foreman for Nicholas and Duncan in their great printing establishment. From 1857 until 1868, he was engaged as engineer on various ocean steamers on the Atlantic. Then came to Indianapolis, Indiana, and remained eighteen months with Greenleaf and Company. Moved to CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOORAPHIGAL. 663 St. Louis, thence to Chicago, working at machin- ist's work. Next worked in various points in Wisconsin, and was at St. Paul three years. In October, 1879, came to Stillwater and engaged in the mechanical department of Seymour, Sabin and Company's works. He was married in Chi- cago to Miss Margery McDonald, of West Can- ada. J. M. Burbridge was bom in Bass county, Ken- tucky. At the age of six years, he came with his father to Illinois, where he was reared. Having learned carpentering, he came to McGregor, Iowa, in 1850, and engaged in carpentering and build- ing. Next removed to Decorah, working at his trade until October, 1879, then came to Stillwa- ter. Mr. Burbridge was married to Miss Eliza- beth Wood, of Jo Davies county, Illinois. ■ Of their eight children, but two, Mattie and Wil- liam H. are now living. Mrs. Burbridge died in November, 1869. Benjamin P. Burns was born in Whitehall, Baltimore county, Maryland, July 15th, 1843. Lived in the vicinity of his birth-place, engaged in farming, until 1869; then came to St. Paul and afterwards to Stillwater. For about two years he was in the employ of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railway Company as baggage-master. In 1871 he was appointed guard at the Minnesota state prison, which position he now holds. Mar- ried Miss Emma Oben, of Praii-ie du Chien, Wis- consin, December 28th, 1874. They have three children: Mary V., John H. and Charles B. August Buth was bom in Europe, August 18th, 1847. Learned the trade of boot and shoe maker in his native country. Came to America and located at Stillwater in 1865. After working for different firms for a time, he accumulated su cient capital to start a shop of his own in 1870, and soon began to employ labor. In 1872 he added a retail boot and shoe store. His business has steadily increased, and now amounts to about $12,000 per year. Was married in 1872 to Augusta Myres. Harry, LiUie and Alma are their children. Dr. W. H. Caine was born at Ravenna, Ohio, May 10th, 1854. Came with his pargnts to St. Paul in 1858, attended the graded schools and graduated from the high school of that city in 1869; then took a course in the Bryant and Strat- ton Commercial college. For two years follow- ing he was engaged at clerking in St. Paul; then commenced the study of medicine, spending two years in preliminary study at home, next taking a partial course in Hahnemann Medical College of , Chicago, then completing it at the Cook county, Mercy and Hahnemann hospitals. After finishing his medical studies he came to Still- water in April, 1877. In 1880 he was elected county physician. September 4th, 1880, he per- formed the first successful operation in trache- otomy in the county. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the West- ern Academy of Homoeopathy , the Minnesota State Institute of Homoeopathy, the Hahnemann Med- ical Institute of Hahnemann college, the Eamsey County Homoepathic Medical Society and a licen- ciate of the lUinois State Board of Health. Was married at St. Paul, October 23d, 1873, to Mary H. Ten Eyck of that city. Their children are Arthur and William A. Albert Caplazi was born in Canton of Greschon, Switzerland, January 13th, 1824. Was educated by his parents, his father being a miller. At the age of ten years, went with his parents to the province of Wurtemberg, Germany, where he learned the trade of carpenter; then at the age of twenty-two years returned to his birth- place. Came to America in 1854 with three brothers and one sister. Stopped two years in Ohio, and, in 1856, came to Stillwater. Worked at his trade until the spring of 1861, when he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota Volun- teers, received several severe wounds, and was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling in May, 1864. Re-enlisted as a substitute in April, 1865, but his services were not needed, and he se- cured his discharge the same summer. Was married January 13th, 1867, in St. Louis, to Christiana Deichlar, who was bom in Germany March 12th, 1842. They have one son and two daughters: Peter P., Rose and Otelia. Joseph N. Caplazi was born in Switzerland, December 18th, 18S2. Lived with his parents until twenty-two years old. At the age of twen- ty learned the carpenter's trade. Came to Amer- ica in 1854, was at Piqua, Ohio, one summer, at Chicago two years, came to Stillwater, remained four months, returned to Chicago, and in 1858 came back to this city. In 1862 enlisted in Com- pany C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. 564 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Mr. Caplizi is one of the oldest and best known carpenters of this city. Married Barbara Johe, of Germany, November 6th, 1859. They have three children, Clara, Leo and William -A. William M. Capron was born in Stamford, Con- necticut, June 19th, 1835. When he was twelve years of age he moved with his parents to New York city. His father was a gas fitter and plumber, and engaged in the manufacture of tin- ware, and he learned the trade before reaching manhood. In 1855 came to Stillwater, and at once engaged in business with his brother, Alon- zo A., who had preceeded him one year. His father and mother, now aged 'residents of this city, accompanied him. Mr. Capron has been in the hardware business ever since. Joseph Cardwell was born in the county of Gray, Canada, April 18th, 1852: attended the common schools until eighteen years of age, when he went to Marquette, Michigan. Then was- engaged in government employ for several years, and for three years run a saloon at Clayton, Wisconsin. Next came to Stillwater in June, 1880, and en- tered, m company with Charles Dyson, into saloon business on Main street. Married Miss Clara Thomas, of Clayton, Wisconsin, February 28th, 1879. They have one daughter, Grace. Henry W. Cannon was born in Delhi, New York, September 25th, 1850. He is the son of George B., and A. E. Cannon, who educated him at the Delaware Literary Institute. At the age of fifteen years he was appointed deputy post- master at Delhi. After holding this position two years he was paying teller in the First National bank of Delhi. In 1870 he came to St. Paul; in March, 1871, came to Stillwater and has since been prominently identified with its busi- ness interests. Is cashier of the Lumbermen's National bank, and holds important positions in the water-power and gas light companies, and the Union elevator company. Jeremiah E. Cary was born in New York city, December 9th, 1848. Lived with his mother until he was twelve years old, his father having died when Jeremiah was quite young. Then went to Jefferson, Wisconsin, where he remained until twenty years of age, then for two years was at Neenah. Spent the next six years at De Pere, handling pumps and wind-mills. Next, was eighteen months at Eiver Palls. In 1876 came to Stillwater, and has since resided here. July 14th, 1873, he married Miss Katie Jones, who was born in Peshtigo, Wisconsin, December 1st, 1853. They have three children. Christopher Carli, M. D. The subject of this sketch, who is the oldest living male settler in what is now the city of Stillwater, is the son of an Italian merchant, and was born in Prankfort- on-the-Main, Germany, December 7th, 1811. His youth was entirely devoted to study; at sixteen he went to Heidelberg and became a student in the Gymnasium, and afterwards in the Univer- sity, giving the best years of his life to literary and medical studies. In the fall of 1831, he sailed in the Constitution for America, and ar- rived in New York, February 8th, 1832, after a voyage of eighty-eight days. The same spring he went to Buffalo, New York, where he was en- gaged in the practice of medicine till December, 1835, when he returned to Europe, and was absent nearly two years. After his return in 1837, he practiced medicine in Cliicago one season, then visited the south and returned to Chicago in 1839. In the spring of 1841, he set out for the point then called Dahkotah, now Stillwater, in company with his brother's wife and three children, and her half-brother, Joseph K. Brown, who had previ- ously made a claim here and had a house partially erected. He arrived at Gray Cloud Is- land, on the Mississippi river, June 13th, 1841, then moved to the head of the St. Croix Lake, and in company with J. R. Brown, built the house that became famous as the Old Tamarack house, which was the first built in Stillwater. In tliis building Dr. Carli opened the first drug-store in Stillwater. He also opened the first bank, and was a member of the first council. Was ap- pointed in 1859, by Governor Sibley, surgeon of a brigade of the state militia. He married Mrs. Lydia Ann Carli, widow of Paul J . Carli. Mrs. Lydia Ann Carli. This lady, the first to make a home in what is now Stillwater, was born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, March 13th, 1818. When seven years of age, her parents moved to lirie county, where her father died and her mother again man-ied. In the company of some friends, in the spring of 1834, this young girl set out for Chicago, where she arrived safely, and in the fall of the same year, married Paul J. Carli, at that time a well to do German residing in that CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHICAL. 565 city. No event of special importance occurred until the spring of 1841; her husband having gone south for his health, Mrs. Carli, accompanied by her half brother, Joseph R. Brown, her husband's brother, Christopher Carli, and her three children, set out for her brother's claim, at the head of Lake St. Croix, in the then territory of Wiscon- sin. On the 29th of June, 1841, Mrs. Carli landed ' at Dahkotah, now Stillwater, much sur- prised to find much of the badinage of her brother on the way regarding wilderness, half-roofed dwelling, etc., literally true. It is difficult to imagine the feelings of this intellectual and cul- tured woman, thus placed alone with her babes, far from home, scores of miles from the nearest white woman, and her every-day companions, necessarily, the savage, or the adventurous fron- tiersman. In about a year and a half her hus- band arrived, but the family continued to occupy the "Tamarack house" until 1844, when Mr. Carli determined to make a new home for him- self, and accordingly selected a site at St. Mary's, about ten miles below Stillwater, where the fam- ily removed. Here Mr. Carli was drowned while sporting on Lake St. Croix. Soon afterward she married Dr. Carli, and has since resided in Still- water. Ira Wallace Castle was born at Shefford, Shef- ford county, Canada, December 18th, 1848. Un- til he was sixteen years of age, he remained on his father's farm, receiving a common school education. In 1867 came to Stillwater, and the next five years attended the University of Minne- sota, at MinneapoUs. ISText studied law with his brother, J. IST. Castle, and at Michigan Univer- sity, graduating in 1877, was admitted to the bar in this city the same year, and has since been junior member of the firm of J. N. and Ira W. Castle: Married Miss Emma M. Lanpher of Stillwater, in October, 1880. James N. Castle was born in ShefEord, Shef- ford county, Canada. Received his education in the common schools. After reading law four years he came to Minnesota in 1862, and taught school at Afton, studying law with Smith and Gilman, of St. Paul, until 1865. He then was elected county attorney of Washington county. In 1868 he was elected to the state senate serv- ing two years. Was elected again in 1878 for four years. Is unmarried. Luke B. Castle was born in Waterloo, Shefford county, Canada, January 10th, 1844. Lived with his parents until eighteen years of age. Then went to Massachusetts to learn a trade. In 1863, to Grand Rapids, Michigan, remaining until 1864, and then enlisted in company B, Sixteenth Mich- igan Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close- of the rebellion, and was mustered out at Detroit, Michigan, July, 1865; then returned to Shefford county, Canada. In the fall of 1867 came to Stillwater; during the winter took a com- mercial course at St. Paul, and for the next two summers was engaged in building in this city. He was then several years interested in a planing mill. In February, 1879, he took his present position, fqreman of Staples' planing mill. He married Miss Nannie Getchell, of Stillwater, May 21st, 1873. They have had three children, one now living, Shirley. Benjamin Cayou was born in St. Louis, Mis- souri, January 30th, 1845. His father dying, his mother married Samuel Mercier, and when Ben- jamin was six years old they came to Stillwater, and have since resided here. Enlisted at the beginning of the rebellion in company K, Second Minnesota Sharpshooters. Went to St. Louis, and in August, 1862, came back to Stillwater. Re-enlisted in Company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. Came home and spent three years farming at White Bear lake, then was five years at Litch- field, and the next six months at Morris. Tn the fall of 1873 he returned to Stillwater, and has since been a guard at the prison. Married April 27th, 1868, Susan, daughter of Dillon and Eliza- beth O'Brien of St. Paul. They have four child- ren: Lizzie, Josie, O'Brien and Thomas. W. A. Chambers, a native of Muscatine, Iowa, was born March 9th, 1854. Attended the graded schools until sixteen years old, then for three years clerked for the lumber firm of Chambers Brothers, of Atlantic, Cass county. In the fall of 1877 came to Minnesota and spent the winter in the woods, coming down on the "drive" in July, 1878. Concluding to remain in this city, he en- tered the office of Durant and Wheeler, as second book-keeper, and in 1879 was given entire charge of their office as cashier and book-keeper. The Reverend Densmore D. Chapin A. M., is a native of Connecticut. Received his education 566 SISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. at Trinity college, Hartford, graduated in theol- ogy, and was ordained by Bishop Kemper, at Nashotah, "Wisconsin, in 1862. Then went to California and had charge of several parishes there. Was the first rector of St. Peter's church, San Francisco, for several years edited the Pacific Churchman, and was connected editorially with the Churchman of New York city. In 1878 he came to Stillwater, from New York city, and took charge of his present parish. Aaron H. Chase, prison guard, a native of East Machias, Maine, was born July 25th, 1829. At the age of fourteen he began lumbering, and was chiefly occupied in that line until 1861. At the beginning of the war he enlisted in Company H, Ninth Maine Volunteer Infantry, served until January 1st, 1864, then re-enlisted in the same regiment as a veteran. Was mustered out at Raleigh, North Carolina, with the rank of first lieutenant. In 1876 he came to this city, was appointed prison guard and has held the position since. Married, May 6th, 1852, Miss Lucy H. EUsemore. Their children are, EUsha C, Bertie L., William L., Hattie V. and Edna. Z. W. Chase, son of Ezra and Hannah Chase, of Dennysville, Maine, was born July 4th, 1831. Eeceived his education at the common schools, attending winters. In 1854 came west to La Crosse, Wisconsin, and went into the lumber business for C. C. Washburn. At the end of two years came to the St. Croix valley and entered into business with his brother, A. M. Chase, un- der the firm name of A. M. and Z. W. Chase. This firm cut and rafted the first logs, from the Totogatic river to the market below. In 1866 spent a few months in Colorado, prospecting for silver, but returned to this city and has been in business here since. Mr. Chase was married to Miss Lydia M. Jordan, June 4th, 1859. They have five sons, Albert M., Elmer E., William E., Ernest M. and George O. W. A. Clay was born at Gardiner, Kennebec county, Maine, April 4th, 1818. Went to school until eighteen years of age, then began lumber- ing for his father in the mills. In 1850, visited Stillwater, but remained only a short time. The winter of 1851-'52, he was in North Carolina, en- gaged in lumbering, but returned to Maine and spent the summer. In 1856, came to Black Elver, Wisconsin, and to Stillwater the following win- ter; until 1867, he owned an interest in the Clay mills. In 1871, Mr. Clay entered the employ of the Lake Superior and Mississippi Hallway Corn- way in the land department. After remaining with them four years, he began surveying logs and has since been in that business. Mr. Clay was married in 1837 to Miss Sarah Douglas, of Gardiner, Maine. She has borne him six children, but one of whom is living. C. L. Clegg, a native of Louisville, Kentucky, born May 4th, 1844, is a son of Wm. C. and Ellen Clegg. At the age of twenty-one years, he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and remained about three years, then came to Dubuque, Iowa, and worked for the Illinois Central Railway Company two years. On April 14th, 1868, he came to this city, and for four years was with the Sehulenburg, Boeckeler Lumber Company, then, about five years worked on the St. Croix river, lumbering. In 1877, he opened the well-known CaUfomia fruit store on Third street. Mr. Clegg was mar- ried June 24th, 1870 to Miss Amelia Etzel of this city. John Cogswell was bom September 24th, 1834, in Enfield, Grafton county, New Hampshire. Lived with his parents until he was eighteen years old, then commenced railroading as fireman on the Northern New Hampshire railroad. At the breaking out of the war of the rebellion he enlisted in the United States navy, serving under Commodore Porter until July 2d, 1862, at that time receiving his discharge at Point Lookout, Maryland. After spending four years railroad- ing in Iowa, he came to Minnesota and was en- gaged in the same business until January, 1878, when he came to this city, was appointed prison guard, and has since held that position. Married Miss Jane M. Reed, of Cedar EaUs, Iowa, June 17th, 1866. Of their three children, Frank E. and Mary P., are living. Robert M. Coles, real estate dealer is a native of Massachusetts, born at Hopkins in 1845. At Worcester, he learned the trade of shoemaking, and coming to Stillwater in 1871, opened a shoe- shop, which he run until 1874, then began specu- lating in lands. His wife was Miss Margeret Burns, of this city, who has borne him two chil- dren: Robert M. and Otho. Francis V . Comfort, a native of Wisconsin, was born at Mineral Point, August 7th, 1853. Until CITF OF STILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL. 567 seventeen years of age, he lived on a farm, at that age he went to Missouri, then came to Still- vvrater in August, 1872. After attending school in Portage, Wisconsin, he commenced studying law with his brother, O. H. Comfort, and then with H. E. Murdock. Was admitted to practice in Washington county, February 4th, 1878, and com- menced practice in this city with his brother. In 1880, he was admitted to practice in the United States circuit court. Neil Conklin, conductor on the St. Paul and Duluth railway, was born in Geneva, Walworth county, Wisconsin, January 16th, 1856. When but a child removed to Winona with his parents. Commenced railroading as brakesman on the Southern Minnesota railway in 1869, worked in that capacity on several railroads in the state, and in 1878 was made passenger conductor on the St. Paul and Duluth road. Mr. Conklin re- sides with his parents on the corner of North Hill and Second streets. James Connors, bom April 6th, 1831, is a native of Pictou, Nova Scotia. Learned blacksmithing with his father in Eestigouche, New Brunswick, and came with him to- Wisconsin in 1865. In 1873 came to Stillwater and worked at his trade for Isaac Staples until 1877, then started for himself, and has enlarged his business until he now employs six men, doing an annual business of f 17,000. Married Miss Annie Clark, of Ees- tigouche, New Brunswick, in October, 1858. They have three children. W. S. Conrad was born in Eichmond, Virginia, in August, 1845. Grew up and received his ed- ucation at Eichmond college. Came to this city in 1865, and was two years clerk in the dry goods store of Levy and Daniels, then in the surveyor general's office one year, and in the winter of 1867-'68 was chopping in the woods. In the fall of 1869 commenced business for himself as wholesale and retail dealer in cigars and tobacco. Mr. Conrad married Miss Eliza C.McKusick of this city, on the 27th of September, 1869. They have had two children, one of whom, Edwin M., is living. John Covell, a native of Upper Canada, was born December 3d, 1826. His education was re- ceived in three-months' terms in winter schools until he was fourteen years old; was then ap- prenticed to learn carpentering, afterward learn- ing the mill- Wright trade. After acquiring a trade came west in 1850 and stopped at Milwaukee; in 1865 removed to Anoka, in 1868 came to Still- water and has been in the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company since. He was married at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in 1859, to Miss Abbie M. Burr. They have two daughters, An- gelica M. and Edith P. Charles W. Crowell was born at Gardiner, Maine, August 5th, 1842. At the age of twenty he began to learn the trade of miller, and worked five years with Esquire Gardiner, founder of the town of Gardiner. Then went to Lawrence, Massachusetts, and was in Taylor and Davis' great flouring-mills eight years. He next came to Minneapolis and was eighteen months in the Washburn A mill, then came to Stillwater and has since been engaged as superintendent of the Stillwater Mills. Mr. Crowell married Miss Ida J. Madison, of Minneapolis, July 29th, 1880. William E. Cummings was bom in the town of Williamsburg, Stormont county, Canada, January 28th, 1843. When twelve years old he began learning the mill-wright trade. After working four years in Lindsay, then went to the town of Pinch, where he spent eight years work- ing for J. R. Chregsler and Sons. Eemoved to Minneapolis in 1876, shortly afterward went to Clayton, Wisconsin, where he built a mill, and resided in that town one year. In 1877 came to Stillwater and engaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company as mill-wright, and has been with them since. He married Miss Sarah J. Green, of Bed- caygeon, Canada, on the 30th of June, 1869. They have had five children; but three, Albert, Olive and Minnie, are living. Gold T. Curtis, deceased, was a native of Mor- risville, Madison county. New York, born Aug- ust 16th, 1821. When but fourteen years of age, he passed the preliminary examination at Yale college, but the faculty were unwilling to admit him on account of his youth. His father then took him to Hamilton college. New York, whence he graduated in 1840, at the age of eighteen years. Was admitted to practice when twenty-one years of age. In 1850 he married Miss Mary A. Ander- son, of Belleville, Illinois, and for four years practiced in that place. In 1854 he came to Still- water, and at once entered into a lucrative prac- tice, for a time holding the offices of district 568 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON C0UN2Y. attorney and judge of probate. Was a member of the constitutional convention of 1857. At the breaking out of tlie rebellion he enlisted as a pri- vatein the Fifth Minnesota Volunteers; was pro- moted to first lieutenant and afterwards to captain. When about to be transferred to Gene- ral Halleck's staff, was taken ill and died July 21th, 1862. His remains were brought to Still- water and buried with military and Masonic honors. Joseph Dahm, a native of Germany, was born December 11th, 1835. Attended schools until the age of twelve years, then learned the baker's trade, and in 1857, came to America, locating at Stillwater and engaged in cooking in lumber camps and on the drives until 1862, when he opened a saloon, towhich was added in 1869, a stock of groceries. In 1870, he leased the saloon and devoted himself entirely to groceries. Is as- sisted by John Demler, and his own son Leonard. In 1862, he married Mrs. F. Demler, widow of S. Demler, who built the building now occupied by Dahm. Lawson M. Dailey is a native of St. Lawrence county, New York, born March 10th, 1852. Lived with parents until he was fifteen years old, then learned a trade, spent two years in the large lumber mills of Lovelace, Funday and Company at Norwood, then was in machine shops at Pots- dam, St. Lawrence county. Returning to Nor- wood, he remained in charge of Lovelace, Cool and Company's planing mill until 1873. March 24th, came to Stillwater, and has since been su- perintendent of Hersey, Bean and Brown's plan- ing mill. Was married at St. Paul, January 16th, 1874 to Miss Hattie M. Dailey, of Water- town, New York. She has borne him two chil- dren: Russie L. and Bertrand. George Davis, county auditor, a native of Massachusetts, born at Lancaster, September 22d, 1832. Received his education at common school and at Berlin and Lancaster Academies. His father dying when George was only eleven years old, he was compelled from that time to make his own living. Came west to St. Louis in 1852, and, in 1853, to Stillwater. Until 1K58, was engaged as clerk, for various firms, then was appointed deputy sheriff, and in 1861, elected sheriff, holding the office ten years. Was next de- puty clerk, then clerk of district court, and in 1876, was elected county auditor holding that office since. Married Georgia Stanchfield in 1865, and has five children: Harry W., Orris C.,WarrenW., Adella and John H. James B. Davis was bom in Old Town, Penob- scot county, Maine, January 1st, 1836. When twenty-two years of age, he started west, and the next seven years were spent traveling through California, Nevada and Montana. At Fort Ben- ton in 1867, he, with fifteen others built a Mack- inaw boat and went down the Missouri to Sioux City. On the trip which required forty days, four of the crew were wounded in skirmishing with Sioux Indians, though no lives were lost. In March 1868, he came here and has since been lumbering, as foreman for Isaac Staples. Mr. Davis married December 2d, 1856, Miss Martha A. Bradford, of Old Town, Maine. They have three children: James. E., Nora L. and Gert- rude May. Richard Daw, a native of England, was born March. 31st, 1845. Came to America with his parents in 1847, and Uved there until 1856, the family then rernoving to Stevenson county, Illi- nois. Learned the trade of carriage-making with a Mr. Bass of Freeport. In 1871 removed to St. Paul and worked at his trade until March, 1872, then came to Stillwater and commenced business for himself, continuing to reside here since. Silas S. Denton, born November 28th, 1810, is a native of Jefferson county, New York. In May, 1854, he came to the St. Croix vaUey and bought a tract of land bordering on Carnelian lake, and in September brought his family to their new home. Soon after he came to the city where he has since resided. Bought an interest in the livery business with C. A. Bromley, run it two years, sold out, and was engaged in that business in various localities until 1879, when he sold the stock, but retains the buildings and grounds. Married Miss Sophronia Cowles, of Durham, Greene county. New York, December 21st, 1842. Of three children born to them but one survives, Carrie E., now the wife of James Pennington, Jr., who lives in tliis city. Alexander Donald was born in Hancock county, Illinois, March 17th, 1847. His parents dying when he was but eight years old, he was left in the care of an uncle who was a farmer. Worked on the farm in the summer and attended district CITY OF STILLWAIEB- BIOGRAPHICAL. 509 school winters until eighteen years old. Then entered the state normal school at Bloomington, Illinois, and spent two and one-half years there. "Was engaged teaching, in insurance business, and steamboating until 1875. Then commenced studying medicine. Graduated at Hahnemann medical college, Chicago, and practiced a while in that city. June 19th, 1880, came to Stillwater and has since practicted here. Dr. Donald married Mary Ferguson, of Illinois. They have had two children, both deceased. Jacob A. Deragisch was born in Switzerland, February 2d, 1844. In 1854 he came to Toledo, Ohio, with an uncle, remaining a short time. Came to this city, and for several years attended the city schools in the winter and in the summer worked in the mills. In August, 1857, he met with an accident by which he lost the thumb and two first fingers of the right hand. He then at- tended school about eighteen months, and March 16th, 1859, entered the store of the Sehulenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company, where he has since remained. During the past seven years he has been alderman from the third ward. Was married in 1871 to Josephine McLean, and has two children. P. S. Deragisch is a native of Switzerland, born July 11th, 1847. When thirteen years old he came with his parents to America, arriving at Stillwater in the spring of 1861. At flrstworked on a farm at four dollars per month, then in a cigar and tobacco establishment at eight dollars per month. Was next in the employ of the Sehu- lenburg and Boeckeler Lumber Company until 1871. Then engaged for himself in the New I4ea sample rooms. Married in this city to Miss Elizabeth McLean, who has borne him three children, two of whom are now living, Jerome B. and Emily. Conrad Drechsler was born in Germany, Octo- ber 23d, 1836. Came to America in 1855, and to Stillwater in 1858, and followed lumbering for several years. In 1870, erected his present build- ing, and has since run his saloon in it. Mr. Drechsler is the oldest saloon-keeper in Stillwater. Was married in this city to Miss Mena Lustig, in 1862. Six children have been born to them, four of whom are now living: Amel, Emma, Willie and Clara. Julius H, Duel, of the firm of Duel and Schermuly, publishers of the St. Croix Post, was born July 16th, 1858, in Mecklenburg, Germany. Soon after, his parents removed. to Prussian Ger- many, where he received his German education. At the age of nine years he had attained the fourth seat in a school of one hundred and twen- ty-flve scholarSjin Germany, scholars being seated according to scholarship. When about ten years of age his parents emigrated to the United States. In 1871 he attended the higher school in Lake- land, and in 1872 his parents removed to St: Croix county, Wisconsin. In 1873 he attended tlie academy at Afton, three months, then entered the Stillwater high school. His father desired him to settle on the farm, but wishing to pursue his studies, he sought a place to work for his , board, and while thus engaged became acquainted with Mr. Easton, of the Gazette, for whom he took care of a horse for his board, attending school through the winter. In the spring of 1875 he entered the Gazette office as apprentice, work- ing three years in that capacity, then became as- sociated with the St. Croix Post, a German paper. On the 11th of December, 1879, he was married to Miss Emma Schermuly, oldest daughter of his partner. Edward White Durant, is a native of Koxbury, Massachusetts, born April 8th, 1829. He is of Huguenot descent, and about the sixth genera- tion from Captain Edward Durant, who moved from Boston to Newton (Cambridge), Massachu- setts, in 1732, and who two years later, was re- fused the privilege of building a pew in the meet- ing-house. His son Edward Junior, was one of the leading patriots of Newton, strongly ojJposing the arbitrary measures of the British government for several years before the revolution. He was chairman of the committee on commercial corre- spondence and delegate to the provincial congress of 1774 and 1775. William W. Durant, the father of our subject, removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, when Edward was about nine years old. Here he at- tended a boys' academy one year, the family then going to Whitesides county, Illinois. After spending four years on a farm, they removed into the little village of Albany, in 1 844. When nine- teen years of age, Edward left home and came to Stillwater, for three years being engaged in raft- ing on the river. Next, was pilot on the river from Stillwater and St. Paul to St. Louis, during 570 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. fifteen years. Then the next fourteen years was general manager along the river for Hersey, Staples and Company. In 1872 became a mem- ber of the firm of Durant, Wheeler and Company, being engaged in buying and selling lumber. Mr. Durant is grand master of the Masons of Minne- sota. He married Miss Henrietta Pease, of Al- bany, Illinois, December 29th, 1853. They have had three children, two of whom are living. Albert C. Dutton was born in Warren county. New York, in October, 1849. Came with his parents to Stillwater when four years of age. Worked on a farm until fifteen years of age, then began learning the trade of tnachinist, and until 1875, worked at that trade. Since then has been engineer for the Schulenburg and Boeckeler Lum- ber Company, Henry Dyer, a native of England, was born in Gloucestershire, November 24th, 1854. When Henry was five years old his parents, Edmund and Ann Dyer, removed to Canada. After learn- ing a trade, he came to the United States, spent one year in the Globe marine iron works, at Cleveland, Ohio, two years as engineer on the lakes, two years in the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway machine shops, and two years in the Northern Ohio Insane Asylum, as engi- neer. In 1879 came to Stillwater and entered the machine shops of D. M. Swain, remaining there since. Mr. Dyer married April 10th, 1870, Miss Kate Collard of Canada. They have one child, Sydney. Charles Dyson was born in Dutchess county. New York, October 20th, 1846. At the age of fourteen removed to Sauk county, Wisconsin, with his parents, and worked on a farm until he- came to Stillwater, in 1869. Was engaged in Gaslin's mill as sawyer for five years, then for five years in Hersey, Bean and Brown's, in the same capacity. In 1880 began business for him- self in company with Joseph Cardwell in their present location, known as Jo's and Charley's saloon. A. B. Easton was born at Mesopotamia, Trum- bull county, Ohio, March 1st, 1828. His parents were natives of Massachusetts, tracing their lin- eage to the Pilgrim Fathers. At the age of fourteen years he was clerk in a store, but obey- ing the regards of his parents, left the store and attended school, finishing his studies by a course at the high school. Soon after he again assumed the position of clerk, in which he continued two years, when, in 1855, took charge of his. father's hotel. Two years subsequently he came to Still- water, beginning work as compositor for the Stillwater Messenger, A. J. Van Vorhes, proprie- tor. During the absence of the proprietor, Mr. Easton was manager. Finally in 1863, he and A. B. Stickney rented the paper, which they op- erated one year, then carried it on alone until 1865. During this time Mr. Van Vorhes had been filling the position of quarter-master, and on his return, made Mr. Easton foreman, where he continued until 1868. The St. Paul Dispatch had just merged into existence, and he was con- nected with the interests of this paper until re- turning to Stillwater in 1869. August 6th, 1870, he issued the first number of the Stillwater Ga- zette. From that time his paper has steadily grown; using at first a hand press, now having a steam-power press with the modern improve- ments. His son, William E., was taken as a partner in 1876. October 14th, 1849, Mr. Easton and Miss Julia Burke were married. She has borne hin three daughters and four sons. WiUiam E. Easton, oldest son of A. B. Easton was born at Mesopotamia, Ohio, 1850. He ac- companied his parents to StiUwater and was much of the time about his father's printing of- fice, working as typo; when so small as to be unable to reach the case without standiag on a chair, he would set more type than any boy of his age in the state. In 1868, he was promoted to compositor, and two years later identified him- self with the Gazette, being made a partner in 1876, holding the position of foreman. His wife was Josephine McGowan, married in 1878. L. W. Eldred, born at Elyria, Ohio, July 19th, 1832. During early years, he studied architec- ture, then engaged as a clerk in a hotel. On at- taining majority, he came westward and located at Dubuque, Iowa; until 1868, he followed clerk- ing on boats on the Mississippi, then returned to his former home, where he remained until 1880, engaged in building. Keturning to Stillwater, he took charge of the construction of the opera house. His marriage with Miss S. M. Conger, of Canton, New York, took place in 1854. Hattie, their only daughter is now the wife of Albert Pennington. CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOOBAPHICAL. 571 A. Eldridge, a native of Hartford, Vermont, born June 10th, 1815. At the age of nine years, he was placed under the guardianship of his uncle at Cambridge, New York, where he learned the trade of comb making, and remained nine years; then went to New York city and worked one year at his trade, and five years in New Jer- sey as carpenter. In 1844, be removed to Platte- ville, Wisconsin, working in the lead mines four years, then came to Stillwater where he pursued his trade a few years. He contracted the carpen- ter work of the state prison in 1853, afterward, until 1862, he continued in his trade, then pur- chased the book-store he how occupies, of Martin Johnson. Mr. Eldridge married in 1849, Miss Sarah L. Judd. He has held the office' of justice of the peace, county commissioner, and in the city council. Daniel Elliott, a native of the Emerald Isle, born August 16th, 1832, and when a small child his parents crossed with their family to Fred- erickton, New Brunswick, then to Stanley, about twenty-five miles distant. Here Daniel grew to manhood and acquired an education, also was en- gaged in black-smithing and lumbering. During July, 1856, he came to the St. Croix valley, and has since been a resident of the now thriving city of Stillwater. Much of his time has been passed in lumbering, and in 1875, abandoned this business, being unable to undergo so much ex- posure, and opened a boarding house at his resi- dence near the lower depot. For three years he has been a member of the city council. In 1861, he married Miss Mary A. McDermott, of New Brunswick, who has borne him three children: James E., Mary E. and Thomas P. John H. Elward was born at Providence, Khode Island, February 22d; 1839. He was left an orphan when six years of age, and as many other boys, living near the sea, had a great desire to be a sailor. He made four voyages to the "West India Islands, visiting each time Hayti. After returning from his last trip, he learned the trade of machinist, at what was then the Corliss and Nightingale Steam Engine Works, in which he continued two years. The sea having so great a fascination for him, he decided to make a trip to California with his brother, who was second mate of a brig. On their outward passage the brig was wrecked near Cape Hatteras, he, his brother, and a portion of the crew succeeded ui reaching the shore. He then forsook the sea, and after visiting different cities, he, in 1855, en- tered the employ of Samuel Talcott, at Eockton, Winnebago county, Illinois, beginning also his career as inventor, having made some profitable suggestions in regard to improvements in a hand corn-planter, which he manufactured. During the winter of 1856-'67, he took part on the free- state side, in which was known as the Border Ruffian war, and while so doing, contracted a fever which prostrated him for some time. In 1858, he returned to Illinois, locating near Ottawa and there invented and operated what was known as the Elward Under-ground Ditching Machine or Mole Plow, receiving a patent in fall of 1860- He also in 1858, built his first harvester, and con- tinued making improvements on it. April, 1861, he enlisted in his country's cause, assisting in raising the company, and was the third man to enroll his name as volunteer from Ottawa, Illi- nois. He was promoted to second lieutenant of the Fifty- third Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for meritorious conduct at the battle of Pittsburg Landing. Being injured in 1863 by his horse falling with him, he obtained a leave of absence, but in 1864, rejoined his company and was pro- moted to first lieutenant of One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Eegiment Illinois Volunteers, and served until promoted to major; was mustered out during the summer of 1865. Returning to Ottawa, in 1870, perfected and put into use the Elward Harvester, which is now manufac- tured by the St. Paul Harvester Works of that city. In 1876, he invented the principal parts of the Minnesota Chief, threshing machine, Sey- mour, Sabin and Company, furnishing material for the first machine. That firm makes the man- ufacture of this machine their principal business. Mr. Elward has also since then patented the El- ward Equalizing Horse-power, the Elward Straw- burning Boiler tod Engine, and the Friction Traction Engine, all of which are manufactured by Seymour, Sabin and Company. In 1866, Mr. Elward was united in marriage with Miss Mary Brand. They have two children: W. A. R. and Mary D. Charles W. Emerson was bom in New Hamp- shire, December 23d, 1839. He worked on his father's farm until 1856, then entered upon a three 572 HISTOBY OF WASHMGTON COUNTY. years' apprenticeship as a carriage blacksmith, with S. S. Stevens, West Amesbury, now Merri- mac, Massachusetts. After finishing his trade he worked at it as a journeyman nine years, then opened a shop of his own in which he continued imtil coming to Stillwater in 1878. Here he en- gaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company, and assumed charge of their blacksmithing depart- ment. At West Amesbury, Massachusetts, in 1868, he married Miss Eunices. Stevens, who has borne him two children, Nellie E. and Addle TI. Ignatius Fazendin, a native of Switzerland, was born December 23d, 1851. He came to America in 1873, accompanied by his brother, Christopher, and arrived at Stillwater the same year. Until 1876 he was a day laborer, then en- gaged with Mr. Wolf, brewer, in whose employ he has since remained, having charge of the office since January, 1879. September 2, 1879, he mar- ried Miss Mary Wolf; they reside with her parents. Andrew Fee was bom m Indiana county, Penn- sylvania, September 7th, 1832. He grew to man- hood on his father's farm, and in the meantime acquired a practical education at the district school. In 1854, he came westward to Marine, Washington county, and two years later pur- chased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Polk county, Wisconsin. He engaged in agri- cultural pursuits until opening his present meat market in 1880 at Stillwater. Mr. Fee enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry in the spring of 1865, and was ordered south where he was taken sick and was unable for service; was mustered out in July, 1865. He has been twice married; his present wife was Miss Albertine Enk, married 1862. They have had two daugh- ters, Matilda and Emma, both deceased. His son William, by his first wife, is now interested with him in the market. Ferguson Brothers are natives of New Bruns- wick, and there grew to manhood. After acquir- ing a common school education, Frazier, the elder, came to Stillwater in 1867, and engaged in lumbering. Thomas M., accompanied by his pa- rents, came to Stillwater in 1869, where he ('ora- pleted his education in the high school, then clerked in clothing houses in this city and St. Paul. These brothers succeeded in accumulating enough capital to establish a boot and shoe trade for themselves, which they did in 1878. Their first capital was two thousand dollars, and they now do an annual business of twenty-two thou- sand dollars. This firm, though young, rank among the leading boot and shoe firms of the city. James P. Fitzgerald is a native of New Bruns- wick, born June 30th, 1846. Here he passed his youth, and learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1868 he located at Stillwater and was in the em- ploy of Z. H. Foss, until 1871, then opened an establishment for himself. Four years later, his shop and all the fixtures were totally destroyed by fire; his loss included all his accumulations since his first start. In company with J. C. Ehine leased and run a shop one year; disposing of his interest he removed to Morris, Stevens county, turning his attention to agriculture, but on account of grasshoppers was obliged to return and continue his trade. After returning in 1879, he leased as a shop the old Episcopal church, a relic of early days, the first in the city, and said to be the second in the state. Here he still remains, running two forges. He and Miss Mary E. McCarthy were united in marriage October 6th, 1876. Alice E., Emma B., and Charles K., are their children. Eichard Fitzgerald was born in Maine, Janu- ary 11th, 1852. At the age of five years, re- moved with his parents to Stillwater, where he received a good practical education. He worked as a day laborer until 1879 then opened his present sample room in business for himself. September 8th, 1879, he married Miss Louise Foley. Louise is their only child. James G. Foley, a native of Washington county, Maine, was born March 15th, 1843. He accom- panied his parents to Stillwater in 1854, and here acquired his education; then engaged in lumber- ing until war was declared. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Fifth Minnesota Infantry, and participated in many of the leading battles. After the battle of Vicksburg he was prostrated by a sunstroke and conveyed to the hospital, and honorably discharged in 1865. Eeturning to Stillwater, he again embarked in the lumber trade, continuing until 1875, when he entered the oflice of the county auditor and clerljed. Was elected auditor in 1880, which oflice he now fills. His wife was Miss Elizabeth A. Colsen, whom he married in 1877. They have one daughter and one son. CHT OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAFHIGAL. 573 Colonel Edwin A. Folsom was bom at Exeter, New Hampshire, June 30th, 1833.- At the age of seven, the family removed to Bangor, Maine, where he was educated at the graded schools. He afterward engaged as clerk in a store in that city. During the spring of 1856 he came to Still- water and was book-keeper for Hersey, Staples and Company six years. In 1862 he raised a company and enlisted in the Eighth Minnesota Volunteers as captain of Company C, serving two years against the Indians; then to the south. He was promoted to major, lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel. After returning to civil life he was elected treasurer of Washington county, serving six years. Then engaged in mercantile business in company with David Bronson. His marriage with Miss Frances E. Staples occurred October 12th, 1862. They have two children living. James Fowler, Jr., was born at Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence county. New York, in 1859, and at the age of sixteen commenced the study of med- icine at Saginaw, Michigan. At the end of three years he gave up the study on account of the failure of his eyesight. He, however, continued the study of chemistry and drugs until 1880. One year previous he located at Stillwater, and at the time mentioned became successor to the oldest furniture dealer in the city, Mr. S. WUl- ard. His buildiag has a frontage of thirty feet, three stories and two basements, and contains everything in the furniture line. In March, 1878, he married Miss Eliza L. Lord. They have one son, James. Thomas Francis is a native ' of Fuma, Austria, born November 25th, 1840. When thirteen years old he went to sea, visiting nearly every port of importance, and made the entire voyage around the world. In 1856 he landed at New Orleans, and soon after joined the Morgan steam- ship line between New Orleans and Mobile, serv- ing until 1860, then returned to sea life. He voyaged until 1864 then, for some time, sailed on lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie. Two years subsequently his sea-faring life ended and he began business at Chicago. In 1870 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota, thence to Stillwater, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of confectionery. Christian Frederickson, born in Denmark, No- vember 23d, 1848. He attended school until fifteen years old, then served five years appren- ticeship at the carpenter's trade, acquiring a thorough knowledge of the trade, after which he worked at Copenhagen. In 1871 he began the life of a sailor, visiting many ports on the east- ern continent, then crossing the Atlantic, landed at Baltimore. After visiting the West Indies he returned and forsook the sea in 1873. Pro- ceeding to Chicago,- he remained only a^^rief time, and the next year became a resident of Stillwater, where he has since followed his trade. June 29th, 1870, he married Miss Mary Lawson, a native of Denmark. One daughter has been born to them, Annie. Edwin P. Frost, A. M., was bom at Charles- town, New Hampshire, May 4th, 1839, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. He attended the school and worked on his father's farm until the age of eighteen theii went to the New London Literary and Scientific Institute, graduating in 1861. During his attendance he taught school winters. The next fall he entered Amherst College, from which he graduated in 1865, then took charge of the central district of Virginia freed- men's schools, maintaining this one year, also one year in charge of the academy at Winchester, New Hampshire. The Auburndale boy's select boarding school was established by A. B. DarUng of New York city, of which he was principal. Coming west to Peoria, Illinois, he was for six years principal of the high school, but on account of the failing health of his wife, came farther north to Glencoe. Minnesota, residing on a farm until the fall of 1880. He came to Stillwater at that time as principal of the high school. In September, 1865, he married Kate Whipple, a graduate from Kimble Union Academy at Meri- den. New Hampshire. Alice M., Bertha, Mabel B., and Edwin C. are their children. Bert D. Fuller, a resident of Stillwater, was born at Lawrenceburg, Ripley county, Indiana, April 3d, 1854. When six years old his parents removed to Kankakee, Illinois, where he acquired a common school education, and grew to man- hood. Emigrated to western Iowa in 1875, and for three years engaged in farming, then removed to Stillwater; was employed in the stcire of Isaac Staples two years. In 1880 he engaged with his present firm, Bronson and Folsom. 674 EISTOET OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTEE LXXIV. BIOGRAPHICAL, G, H, I, J, K, L, M. Marcel Gagnon, proprietor of the "Sod Hill" green house, was born in Lower Canada, August 17th, 1825. His youth was passed at his native place; on reaching man's estate came to the United States and entered the employ of the American Fur Company, going up the Missouri river to what was called Blackfoot fort. Then came to the St. Croix valley, and for several years gave his time and attention to lumbering on the St. Croix. In 1863 he enlisted in Minnesota Vol- unteer Independent Battalion, serving three yeaxs, chiefly on the Bed Biver of the North; was mustered out at Fort Snelling in 1866. Beturn- ing to his former occupation, he continued until 1877, then established his present busmess. Mr. Gagnon is one of the earliest settlers of this county. William Gallagher, lumberman for Hersey, Bean and Brown, was bom in Frederickton, New Brunswick, August 26th, 1843. When twelve years old he accompanied his parents to Still- water, where he grew to manhood and received his education. When sixteen years old he en- tered the employ of the St. Croix Boom Company, and continued until 1860. Enlisting in Company C, Eighth Eegiment Minnesota Volunteer Infan- try, in 1862, he served until his discharge at Fort Snelling after three years of service. Eetuming home, he engaged in his former pursuits, and for several years past has been connected with the different lumber firms of the city; is now in the employ of Hersey, Bean and Brown. September 7th, 1874, his marriage with Miss Mary Sullivan took place. Willie and Katie are their children. Charles J. Gardner, a native of Canada, was born in 1846. lie accompanied his mother to Buffalo, New York, when only a child, and re- mained until fifteen years old, then began the machinists's trade. He worked at Buffalo one year, then to Cleveland, Ohio, in the niacliine shops; in the great Vulcan iron woi'ks tliree years. After working at his trade in different portions of the country he, in 1870, came to St. Paul and entered the St. Paul iron works; the next year purchased a farm on the St. Paul and Pacific rail- road and located his family, then returned to the St. Paul iron works. In May, 1880, he engaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company as foreman in their engine department. Under his direction has been completed three traction engines, twelve horse-power, and Elward's patent straw burner, with credit to himself and to the firm. Mr. Gardner married Miss Fanny Kelsey, of Bufialo, New York, in 1863. She departed this life in 1876, leaving four children: Edward C, Willie A., Bertie L. and George H. John C. Gardner, prison-guard, was bom Jan- uary 5th, 1822, in Washington county, Maine. He grew to manhood at his birthplace, and in 1850 came to Stillwater, givmg his attention chiefly to agriculture and lumbering untU 1873, when he was appointed prison-guard; for eight years he has held this position with credit. Being one of the early settlers, he has been instrumental in the improvement of the city. He owns a fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres joining the city limits. While living on his farm he held the ofiBces of township clerk, assessor and justice of the peace; was also member of the city council in 1875. His wife was Miss Mary B. Jackman, married in 1845. Their living children are: Frederick A. and Albert'L. David C. Gaslin was born Febraary 20th, 1838, at the village of Dead Biver, Franklin covmty, Maine. When ten years old, he went to Farm- ington Hill; attending school at that place one year, then going with the family to Augusta, where he engaged as clerk in a cotton factory, after another year spent in acquiring an educa- tion. The following year, he removed to Wind- sor to reside with an uncle, with whom he lived three years. In 1852, he went to Illinois, re- mained two 5'ears with his widowed mother, then started for himself, having in the meantime gained a good practical education. Coming to Minnesota in 1854, he tarried a brief time at St. Paul, thence to Anoka county, where he was interested in agriculture until 1863. He then came to Stillwater, and has since been engaged in lumbering. Mr. Gaslin has been twice mar- ried; his present wife was Miss Phoebe Castle, married in 1873. She has borne him three chil- dren, of whom only the youngest, Ida, is living. Dwight L. Gilbert was born at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, in 1852. Here he was reared under CITY OF STILLWAI'EIt— BIOGRAPHICAL. 675 the guidance of his parents and received his ed- ucation. .When a young man he became inter- ested in engineering, and first took charge of the stationary engine for H. D. Bannister and Com- pany in the Pond du Lac stone works, the wagon factory of E. R. Ferris and Company, and the city flouring-mills. In 1872 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota, making that city his home three years, employed by the Carver Pump Company as agent. During the fall of 1875, he removed to La Crosse, and was there employed as engineer in the saw- mill of C. L. Colman, where he remained until locating at Stillwater in 1878. He entered the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company, havmg been for the first eight months engineer at the state prison, and since then been setting up the steam-thresher engines. His wife was Mary Reillywhomhe married in 1875. Phoebe M. is their only child. A. L. Gillespie was born at Shiloh, Randolph county, Illinois, in 1836. His education was ac- quired at the Chester, Illinois, high school. During the fall of 1855 he came to Stillwater; after a residence of four years he removed to Colorado, and engaged in mining one year; then returned to the St. Croix valley, being interested in lumbering. Enlisting in Company D, Second Wisconsin Cavalry, in 1863, he served until mus- tered out at Austin, Texas, in 1865. Returning to his former home, Stillwater, he began in the commission and rafting business, in which he has since continued, taking as partner, in 1880, Aaron A. Harper. In 1877 he was elected alder- man of this city, and re-elected in 1880, which fact proves his worth. His marriage with Adelia P. Wilson took place in 1860. Alma I., James E. and Hattie A. are their children. Henry Goeck is a native of Germany, born September 21st, 1849, and at the age of twenty years came to America, residing two years at Free- port, Illinois. After spending one year in travel, he became foreman of the Sterling brewery at Ster- ling, Illinois. In 1876 he removed to Stillwater, and for one year was connected with the liquor business, after which he removed to the St. Louis hotel, now known as the Parmer's Home. He married at Sterling, Illinois, June 4th, 1876, and has two children, Frank and Ellen. John Goelz, a native of Germany, was born July 29th, 1829. His father, John, was a school- master in that country for a period of sixty years. Mr. Goelz lived with his parents until seventeen years of age. Then attended the Catholic semi- nary at Bensheim, an institution devoted to the preparation of students for teaching. After a course of two years, he passed the examination and obtained a diploma. Two years later he passed his final examination at the city of Darm- stadt, qualifying him as a permanent teacher. He remained in the land of his nativity in the pursuit of his profession until coming to Amer- ica in 1873. Proceeding westward from IS'ew York, he visited St. Louis and late in the fall secured a position in the Catholic school in con- nection with the St. Augustine church of St. Clair county, Illinois; was also organist at church. He taught in different portions of Illinois until 1878, then came to Minnesota, and two years later lo- cated at Stillwater, being now master iti the German Catholic school of the "Immaculate Con- ception" of this city. He married Miss Mary Seipelin 1862, who died in 1866. Their three children died in infancy. Phillip Goodman is a native of Canada, born in 1832. When a young man of eighteen years he went to Vermont and the following year went to Pennsylvania. About 1854 he came to the St. Croix valley, having since been a resident of Still- water. He has given his entire time and atten- tion to lumbering on the St. Croix river and tribu- taries. In 1860 he married Miss Catherine Curtis of Stillwater, who is a native of Ireland. They are the parents of eleven childTen, five of whom are living: James, Abbie, John, Michael and Catharine Laura. John Goodrich was bom in Somerset county, Maine, 1828. Here he grew to manhood and ac- quired his education, occupying his time chiefly with farming, also lumbering. In 1854 he came to the St. Croix valley, living since that time in Stillwater. Lumbering occupied his time until he enlisted in company C, Eighth Minnesota Vol- unteer Infantry, in 1862; was discharged at Fort Snelling in 1865, serving two years against the Indians in the meantime. Returning to Still- water, he has for sixteen years been deputy sur- veyor of logs and lumber. His long experience and practical knowledge ranks him among the first in the profession. His marriage with Miss Mary E. McKusick of Stillwater, took place in 576 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1856. Mattie H., Mary E. and John B. are their children. Elam Greeley, one of the early pioneers of the St. Croix valley, was born at Salisbury, Merrimac county. New Hampshire, August 1 3th, 181 8. When about eight years of age he accompanied his par- ents to Maine, remaining until attaining majority. In 1839 he turned his steps westward, making the journey to Rockford, Illinois, by wagon, thence by wagon to Prairie du Chien,to Reed's Landing by steamboat, and on to Chippewa Falls on foot, a distance of ninety miles. The fall of the same year, in company with John McKusick, he made a trip to Prairie du Chien in a canoe, commonly called a "dug-out," a distance of three hundred miles. Subsequently returning north to St. Croix Falls, he in company with J. McKusick and others organized a company and built a saw-mill in 1843, where now Mr. McKusick's stable stands. After one year's experience Mr. Greely sold his interest to his faithful partner and till the present time has given his entire attention to logging, rafting and shipping. His average amount of lumber in logs per year has been from two to six million feet. He was the first postmaster in Stillwater ; was elected to the second territorial legislature in 1851, and was a member of the legislature in 1856. August 25th, 1850, his marriage with Han- nah P. Hinman took place; she has borne him five children: Phoebe, Judson H., Kate, Douglas and John E. John Green, a native of Ireland, was born March 1st, 1818. He came to Charlottetown, Edward's Yalley, an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 1836. The following year he went to Boston, there learning the trade of mechanic. His first work at his trade was that of building a log cabin on the Boston commons. In 1810, he went to New York, remaining three years, thence to Cleveland, Ohio. At the time was war declared, his home was in Alabana, but on account of his loyalty was forced to return north. During the war was in the employ of the government, and in 1866, became a resident of Stillwater, where he has been engaged as contractor and builder, hay- ing erected a number of the fine buildings in the city. In 1838, he married Miss M. J. Pinkerton, making the voyage to his native land for that purpose. Eight children have been born to them, four of whom are living. James J. Griffin was born at St. Joseph, Sus- quehanna county, Pennsylvania, 1848, and is of Irish descent. He worked in the lumber region of that state three years, then in 1870, came to Minnesota. He kept a trading post among the Indians on the Kettle river two years, and about 1873, removed to Brainard where he was in the hotel business more than a year. He took charge of the lumber yard at Pine City for the Pine City Lumber Company till 1876, then came Stillwater where he has since remained in the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company having in charge fifty men and fifteen teams. • His wife was Miss Mary McAboy, married in 1871: Kate M., Mary E. and Anna J. are their children. Samuel 11. Hadley is a native of Alabama, bom September 4, 1848, and since nine years old has been doing for himself. In 1861 he went to Chi- cago, Illinois, and learned the barber's trade, re- maining tUl the fall of 1865, then to Omaha, Ne- braska, and on to Salt Lake, White Pine mining camp. Tarrying a short time, he went to Cedar Rapids and Dubuque, Iowa, and LaCrosse, AVis- consin, thence to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he worked at his trade until 1869. He then came to Stillwater and has since resided here and carried on his barber shop. In February 1881, Mr. Had- ley went to Alabama and married Miss Olivia Lanier, who is a native of that state; returned with his bride March 31, to Stillwater. Abe. Hall, deputy warden of the ^Minnesota state prison, was born in Luzerne county, Penn- sylvania, February 8th, 1835. He attended school in Bradford county until the age of fourteen; be- ing of a fun-loving disposition, he did not enjoy the confinement of the school room. His father, taking him from school, taught him the trade of clothier. Mr. Hall remained in that business five years, then went to Wilkesbarre, Pennsyl- vania, making it his home over two years. Com- ing to AVisconsin in 1858, he was engaged the following year at the Wisconsin state prison at \Vaupun,as yard master. While connected with the prison in 1861, he married Miss Letta Ames, who has borne him two daughters, Cora and Eva. In 1864 he left the prison and began in the hotel business, continuing until coming to Minnesota. Since 1867 he has been connected with the Min- nesota state prison, and was commissioned deputy warden in 1876. CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOQBAPHICAL. 577 David S. Hall is a native of Eoxburyshire, Scotland, born March 23d, 1843. When ten years old he came with his father and family to America and settled in New York. Four years later he began the veterinary study with Dr. Mc- Clure, of Albany, New York, continuing thus employed until attaining his majority. He then returned to Ediaburgh, Scotland, and graduated from the Eoyal Veterinary College. During the spring of 1863, he came again to the United States and shortly after enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Fortieth New York Zouaves, fifth army corps, under General Warren, serving until the close of hostilities, being mustered out July 26th, 1865. His rank was that of orderly ser- geant. Coming to Michigan he was veterinary surgeon of the iron mining districts until 1874, then went to the copper districts, where he was surgeon for four years longer. In 1878 he located at Stillwater, where he has had a large practice in his line. George D. Hall, Jr., was bom at Boston, Mass- achusetts, August 23d, 1856. Until twelve years of age he attended the public schools at Boston, then entered the Vermont Episcopal Institute at Burlington; one yeai later went to Winchester, New York, remaining three years. He then be- gan clerking for Nevins and Company, wholesale dry goods dealers, Boston. On reachiag man's es- tate he came to Stillwater and entered the employ of Isaac Staples; after being in the store sometime he became clerk in the iron works; in 1877 took charge of the shop as superintendent. His mar- riage with Miss Gertrude Lane occurred in 1879. One son, Arthur Dudley, has been born to them. Paul Hanson, a native of Denmark, was born in April, 1856. Coming to America in 1874, he located at Stillwater the same year, and was a day laborer until being employed by S. S. Den- ton. The following year, he in company with John Eahr purchased the livery bam where they are now doing business. Married at Hudson, Wisconsin, December 16th, 1879, to Miss Lotta Kron, of that place, who died September 2, 1880. W. H. H. Harrington was born at Brighton, Washington county, Iowa, July 28, 1840. His parents emigrated from Ohio in 1839, and located at Brighton on a farm where Mr. Harrington was born, his mother departing this life at his birth. In 1841, his father returned to Ohio, giving his 37 orphaned child into the hands of his grand par- ents. Here he resided until sixteen years of age, receiving in the meantime, only a common school education. At that time he came west and went to Hutchinson, McLeod county, Minnesota, to live with an uncle. After the "Indian outbreak" he gave his attention to teaching a few terms, then entered the "Hygiene Home," at St. An- thony, to study medicine. Spending one sum- mer there he then served one year in the civil war. Divines often came to preach in camp and there he was made to see the truth as it is; on re- turning to civil life, he entered the Canton Theo- logical School, in connection with the "St. Law- rence University," of New York, from which he graduated after three years of laborious study. In January, 1871, he began his labors at Morris, Otsego county. New York, being ordained to the ministry the following fall. After a stay of two years, he came westward to Belvidere, Illinois, thence to Minneapolis, Minnesota. In 1877, he was called to Anoka, Minnesota, where he la- bored pleasantly and profitably one and one-half years. Eemoving thence to Stillwater, he has since resided in this city in charge of his flock. In 1875, he married Miss Ella Adams of Otsego county. New York. Two children have been bom to them. C. M. Hathaway was bom at Buckfield, Maine, October 27th, 1828. When a lad of seventeen years, he went to Augusta, and learned the trade of blacksmith, after which he did considerable traveling. In 1855 he located permanently at Stillwater, his family joining him the next year. In consequence of failing health he determined to make a visit to his native home in 1864; while east he enlisted in the Fourth Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, and served until honorably dis- charged at the close of hostilities. During the fall of that year he returned to his family at Still- water, resuming his former trade. In 1874 he purchased the ground and built his present shop and residence. Married June 23d, 1851 , to Miss Susannah E. Coleman. WiUis, Effle, Addie E., Harry L. and Annie S. are their children. August Hawkenson, a native of Sweden, was bom February 1st, 1849. He learned the trade of shoemaker in his native country, and in 1868 came to America, locating first at Eed Wing, Minnesota. He worked at his trade also at Tay- 578 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. lor's Tails, St. Paul and Minneapolis, and in 1875 located at Stillwater. Where Townshend and Company's oflSee now stands he first began business in company with O. S. Johnson; in 1877 moved to their present location. Two years sub- sequently he purchased Mr. Johnson's interest, since conducting the business alone, employing four workmen. July 28th, 1880, his marriage with Miss Louise Peterson took place at Marine. Margaretha Hebenstreit was born June 5th, 1838, and is a daughter of John May of Germany. She attended school, as was customary, from six to fourteen years of age, and in 1864 accompanied her parents to America; after a residence of about two years at Dunkirk, New York, located at Stillwater. In December, 1856, Margaretha May married Nicholas Hebenstreit, who was en- gaged in different speculations until 1861, when he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota, serv- ing until discharged in 1864. Beturning to Still- water, he embarked in the grocery trade, and continued till his death which happened Febru- ary 15th, 1872. His widow lived a retired life imtil 1878; then commenced in the groeerybus- iness, opening a store on Seventh street. John P., Lizzie T., Rose and Eddie are her children. Nicholas Hefty is a native of Switzerland, bom in 1830. Remaining under the parental guidance until 1851, he then came to America, proceeding at once from New York to the St. Croix valley and remained at Stillwater one year. Then for two years he traveled through Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, South and North Car- olina, Nebraska, and other states. In 1855 he returned to the St. Croix valley, and gave his at- tention to lumbering until 1861. Two years later he purchased a farm in Baytown, Wash- ington county, disposing of a portion of it in 1880. Removing thence with his family to Stillwater, he has a fine residence and surround- ings. His marriage with Miss Maria Kern, of Baytown, occurred in 1862. They are the parents of five children; the living are Edith, Bertie and Maria E. Charles Heitman of the firm of Ileitman and Becker, was born in Gluikstadt, Schleswig-IIol- stein, Germany, November 11th, 1850. On at- taining man's estate he came to America and located at St. Paul, engaging in the trade of a baker, of which he had acquired a knowledge in his native country. In 1879 he became a resident of Stillwater, where he embarked in his present business. Roscoe P. Hersey, bom at Milford, Maine, July 18th, 1841. He removed with parents when quite young to Bangor, where he acquired his education. In 1858, he formed a partnershp with Robert Davis Jr. in the flour, grocery and com- mission business, firm name known as Hersey and Davis. In spring of 1862, he enlisted and was appointed second lieutenant of Company P, Eighteenth Maine Regiment, also mustering of- ficer for the state. The July following, he was promoted to first lieutenant and to the rank of captain in 1863, was severely wounded at Spott- sylvania two days after the battle of the Wilder- ness, the company sustaining a loss of twelve killed and fifty-two wounded. He located at Lake City, Minnesota, in 1867, in the interest of Hersey, Staples and Bean, and in 1872, came to Stillwater. He represented this district in the senate in 1877. At Bangor, Maine, January 4th, 1864, he married Miss Eva Wardwell: their chil- dren are Jennie A., Eva E. and CUnton B. Dudley H. Hersey was bom at Bangor, Maine, December 25th, 1847. His education was com- pleted at the Westerbrook Seminary of Portland, having graduated from that institution. Snbse- quently he became a resident of Stillwater, and was here employed as clerk for Hersey, Staples and Company, having charge of the mercantile department. In 1872, he was admitted as one of the firm of Hersey, Bean and Brown, and is still one of the firm. His marriage with Miss A. Estelle Wardwell, of Bangor, Maine, took place in 1870. They have one son, Samuel P. John Hoey is a native of Canada West, born August 4th, 1850. AVhen yet a child his parents moved their family to Galena, Illinois, where in 1852, both father and mother were taken by death. Soon after, tlie remainder of the family went to Lansing, Iowa; here John remained until fifteen years old, then began his career on the river. In 1865, he went on board the Petrel on the Mississippi, and the next year began rafting from Reed's Landing to St. Lo^gf,, In 1868, he came to Stillwater, and for about five years rafted on the St. Croix and Mississippi, then obtained a pilot's Ucense, and in 1876 received a captain's and pilot's license, and has been running the CITY OF STILLWATEB—BIOOBAPSIGAL. 579 steamer Isaac Staples. His wife was Miss Lizzie Donahue, married in 1876. Ernest is their only child. C. P. Holcombe, a native of Sweden, was born March 6th, 1848. When six years old he came to America with his parents, they locating at Ma- rine, "Washington county, Minnesota. Since then Mr. Holcombe has been a resident of this county. Eeceiving a common school education he at an early period began lumbering, which he followed till 1869. He then was manager of the St. Croix hotel at Stillwater until 1873, when he was ap- pointed deputy sheriff. His duties were per- formed so acceptably that in 1879 he was elected sheriff, which position he still occupies. At St. Paul, March 8th, 1872, he married Miss Chris- tine Larson. Frederick E., Aurora C, Selma V. and Carl E. are their children. Adolphus C. Hospes, treasurer and secretary of the St. Croix Boom Corporation, was born in Greene county, Missouri, 1842. When a lad of twelve years he came to Stillwater, here attended the graded schools and completed his studies at Jones' Commercial College, at St. Louis. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Eirst Minnesota Vol- unteer Infantry, and served through its entire campaign, being one of the remnant of six sur- viving from the thirty-six that entered the battle of Gettysburg ; was taken prisoner at Antietam, after being in Libby prison a few weeks was among the fortunate ones to be paroled and re- turned to his regiment on the eve of the battle of Fredericksburg. He was honorably discharged at Fort Snelling, May 5th, 1864. Engaging in mercantile business he was first connected with the firm of Westing, Hospes and Company; con- ducting a general business; after their dissolution he in company with Mr. Downs opened a dry goods store, continuing two years. Mr. Hospes then purchased his partner's interest and con- tinued alone until December, 1880, when he was appointed to his present position. Married in 1870 to Miss Aurora, daughter of Isaac Staple^. Olivia J., Louis and Eva are their children. Louis Hospes was born in Germany, February 8th, 1809, where he attended school until sixteen years old. He then went on an estate to make a practical study of agriculture, and three years later went to the university at Gottingen to study theoretical agriculture and veterinary, finishing his course in 1830. In July, 1832 he embarked for America; visiting the principal cities after landing, he proceeded farther west in company with others. Traveling accommodations were so poorly arranged and so few that it required a month to reach St. Louis, Missouri, being ob- liged to undergo m»ny inconveniences and per- plexities. Mr. Hospes finally located on a farm in St. Charles county, Missouri, about thirty miles from St. Louis. The far west had a fascination for him and this life in agricultural pursuits was not at all distasteful,- enjoying also many hunting excursions, as game of aJl kinds was abundant. After eight years residence on a farm he sold and removed to Greene county, was in the distUUng business six years and while here made the ac- quaintance of Major Nathan, son of old Daniel Boone. In 1848 he went to St. Louis in the em- ploy of Schulenherg and Boeckeler, a lumbering firm of that city, working in their saw-mill. In 1853 this firm conceived the idea of extending their business and erecting a saw-mill at Still- water, Minnesota territory. In 1864 Mr. Hospes was dispatched to superintend the construction of the mill. His family accompanied him, still making this city their home. During 1870-71 he he visited Europe and the home of his childhood, meeting with many of his friends of youth after a separation of nearly thirty-eight years. In 1865 he became interested in the First National bank of Stillwater, and is now its president. He re- mained with Schulenherg and Boeckeler as mana- ger a few years then became a partner, remaining until 1878 when his connection was dissolved. His marriage with Eliza Wardemann took place in June, 1837; she has accompanied him through all the vicissitudes and perplexities of these many years of hard labor and they now live to enjoy the fruits. They are the parents of ten children, six of whom are living. John lUing worth, is a native of Ertgland, born March 28th, 1839. His parents immigrated to America in 1841, settling in Cleveland, Ohio. John came to Stillwater in the fall of 1850, and in 1855 commenced in the meat business, and is the oldest butcher in the city. He is now buyer and manager of Isaac Staples' market, having held this position since 1871. Was married in this city to Miss Henrietta Clark, of Illinois, in 1871, who has born him one daughter Kittle. 580 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Charles Jackson, of the firm of Hadley and Jackson, was bom in Edenton, Georgia, in 1851. In 1864 he was with the Union army in Sherman's march to the sea. In August, 1865, he came to Stillwater, where he has since lived, having learned the barber's trade. In 1872, bought an interest in a barber shop and has ever since car- ried on that business. On the 23d of March, 1872, Mr. Jackson was married to Miss Mattie Porter, a native of Missouri; they have five chil- dren. Theodore Jassoy was bom in Germany, April 15th, 1836. Was left an orphan before he had reached the age of two years. ' His parents left ample means to give him and his twelve brothers and sisters a good education. Until the age of ten years received private instruction; then en- tered a scientific school and graduated at the age of fourteen. Immediately entered the oflBce of a mercantile house to prepare himself for business. Then clerked one year at Bingen, on the Rhine, and one at rrankfort^on-the-Main. Came to America, and for two years was in Illinois, thence to Stillwater, October 1st, 1862, to take charge of Ilersey, Bean and Staples' books, and ever since has held the position. Married in 1857 to Maria Goebel, who has borne him two children, Her- man and Emma. Charles W. Jellison, bom in Penobscot county, Maine, September 28th, 1828. Spent his youth in his native place, several years being on the Ar- gyle booms of the Penobscot river. In 1855, came to this place, and the following summer was spent on the farm of Smith Ellison. In 1857 commenced work on the upper booms at Osceola, and operated them for three seasons. Next, took charge of the lower booms on Lake St. Croix, and ever since has held the position of bpom-master. Mr. JelUson married, January 23d, 1854, Miss Elizabeth Misser, of Enfield, Maine. They had eight children, three of whom are dead. Those living are Charles P., Ernest R., Walter P., Ed- ward C. and Eugene A. Mrs. Jellison dying June 17th, 1873, Mr. Jellison, in October, 1874, mar- ried Augusta Peterson of this city. She has borne him three children, but two of whom, Mary D. and Grace Greenwood, survive. A. T. Jenks, of the firm of Durant, Wheeler and Company, is a native of Essex county, New York, born October 1 2th, 1833. Here he remained until twenty-one years of age, attending and teaching school. Came to Albany, Illinois, in 1854, and for a time was employed on the river, and in the winter taught school. Until 1874, was mostly engaged as pilot on the river, then entered the firm of Durant, Wheeler and Company, and has since been identified With it. In 1871 he built the "Brother Jonathan," which was the second boat ever built for rafting purposes. Was married in 1866 to Harriet Bennett, by whom he has had two children. Alexander Johnson, of the firm of James S. Anderson and Company, is a native of Sweden, bom March 16th, 1838. Lived with his parents in his native country until he was twenty years of age, then in 1858 came to America and in August of that year settled in Stillwater, where he has ever since lived. Until 1866 was in the lumber regions for other parties, then entered in- to partnership with J. G. Nelson, the firm stiU existing, though Mr. Johnson is largely interested in the firms of Brofison and Folsom, and James S. Anderson and Company. Was married Octo- ber 15th, 1875, to Miss Ida Nelson, of this city. They are the parents of three children, George A. Ernie and Edwin. Andrew F. Johnson, foreman and draughts-^ man in Seymour, Sabin and Company's pattem and model department, was born in Sweden, Oc- tober 8th, 1843. At the age of eighteen his father sent him him to a polytechnical academy, where he spent three years, graduating in me- chanics and civU engineering. During the next three years mill-wrighting; then in 1867 came to America, settled in St. Paul, and most of the first summer was engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. In 1869 he was engaged as pattem maker in the St. Paul iron works, worked in that capacity for a time in Minneapolis, and in 1874 removed to Isanti county and built a feed and grist mill. In 1876 sold out and removed to Stillwater taking his present position with Seymour, Sabin and Company. Mr. Johnson was married June 16th, 1869, to Miss Christine Peterson, of Sweden. They have had seven children, six of whom are living. Perry J., David H., Johnny J., Phoebe M., Ruth D. and Clara N. Christopher C. Johnson was born in Philadel- phia May 16th, 1816. He gi-ew up and learned the trade of machinist in his native city. After CITT OF STILLWATEB—BIOGBAVHICAL. 581 spending many years driving railroad and steam- boat engines, he came to Minnesota in 1866, and for a time was engaged on different steamers. For a number of years past has been with Isaac Sta- ples as engineer. Was married at Springfield, Illinois, December 16th, 1843. Has had eleven children, five of whom are now living, Marrietta, John W., Harry E., Benjamin F. and Charles G. J. W. Johnson, born December 10th, 1850, is a native of Springfield, Illinois. Lived at Spring- field until 1867, attending school most of the time, then came to Stillwater with his parents. Learned the trade of machinist at St. Paul, and in 1873 was engaged as engineer of the city fire- engine. Was married November, 1874, to Eliza Macy, of this city. They have two children, both of whom are living. Joseph L. Jones was born in Danville, Steuben county. New York, February 4th, 1828. At the age of eight years he lost his father, and shortly afterwards he removed with the family to Portage county, Ohio. Here his mother again married, and lived until 1850. She died while on a visit to some children in Indiana. At the age of fourteen Joseph began the study of music with Professor Machold of Columbus, Ohio, and was with him until twenty-two years old; then taught in the school and graduated in 1852. July 2d, 1861, he enlisted in the band of the Fourth Wis- consin Volunteer Infantry, and was discharged on account of failing eyesight in 1862. Then came to Hudson and remained until 1867, coming to Stillwater with his family in May. Since then he has given his entire attention to vocal and instrumental music, for thirteen years has been organist of St. Michael's church. Married at Painesville, Ohio, Sarah N. Chapman, who died in 1853, and in 1858 he married Mary A. Wright of Chicago. Fanny E. Jordan, a native of Massachusetts, was bom June 10th, 1849. When she was but three years old her parents, Charles O. and Augusta Jordan, went to Maine, and when thir- teen she returned to her native state and attended school six years; then with her mother came to this city in 1869. Two years later she estab- lished a millinery store on Chestnut street and has since been a resident of this city. John Karst was born in Germany April 17th, 1832. At the age of seventeen he removed to London, England, and resided there nine years; thence to Canada where he remained eight years. In 1866 he came to Stillwater and has remained here since, at first working as a laborer until he was enabled to start in business for himself. Mr. Karst was married in London in 1854 to Miss Isabella Johnson, of Scotland. They have two sons living, Charles and John J. Edward W. Kearney, a native of Canada, was born in Montreal January 31st, 1848. At the age of five years he came with his family to Ham- ilton, Minnesota. Came to this city in 1870, and learned his trade v?ith C. M. Hathaway; worked with him until 1874, then purchased an interest with Edward Staples, and has since been a mem- ber of the firm of Staples and Kearney. Mr. Kearney married Miss Susan Gillespie July 10th, 1872. Their children are George A., Mary Olivia and Edna. James Keefe, bom October 22d, 1834, is a native of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Keceived his education and learned his trade, fresco and sign-painting, at Boston, Massachusetts. After working in many of the larger cities in the country, he settled in 1855 at Hudson, Wisconsin. In April, 1861, he enlisted in the Fourth Wiscon- sin Eegiment, Company G, as second lieutenant. Received commissions as first lieutenant, cap- tain and major, and was discharj^ed in the spring of 1866. He came to Stillwater in 1871, and has since resided in the city, working at his trade. He married in 1866 Miss Melvina Champlin of Hudson. Horace L., James H., Julia M. and George C. are their children. Luman T. Kellogg, born in Bradford county, Pennsylvania, in 1825, is a son of Luman Kellogg, a native of Connecticut. Remained in Penn- sylvania until 1846, then came west to Chicago, Illinois, next to Columbia county, Wisconsin, and engaged in lumber business until 1857. Was engaged in fur trade in Mankato, Minnesota, from 1857 to 1872. Came then to Stillwater, where he has since resided, traveling for A. O. Bailey, of St. Paul, in fur trade. His family consists of his wife and two children: Willam H. and Lionel D. Joseph Kelso was born in Cleveland, Ohio, December 18th, 1853. At the age of five years removed with his parents to Chicago, and there acquired his trade, plumbing,and education. Came 582 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. to Stillwater in 1873, and until 1877, was with Torinus, the plumber. Then began business on Chestnut street as Kelso and Company, but after one year sold out and commenced on Main street dealing in gas pipes and fittings, pumps, brass goods, etc. Married in Minneapolis, April 12th, 1880, Miss Belle Parsons. John Kenny, Sr. a native of Ireland, born Oc- tober 17th, 1817. About 1840, he came to Amer- ica with his mother, and the first year was en- gaged in farming in New York. After spend- ing a couple of years more in Brooklyn, he went to Pennsylvania, and for two years worked in the coal mines. Next was engaged firing in the Montorer Iron Works for several years. In 1855 came to this place, and ever since has been in the lumber mills which now belong to Hersey, Bean and Brown. Mr. Kenny, since 1855, has lost but two week's time, and that was caused by illness with lung fever. He has three children living. r. W. Kern was born in Germany, February, 1851. He came to America in 1863 and settled in St. Paul, Mimiesota, where he was engaged in boot and shoe business. Came to this city in 1874 and engaged in hispresent business, a history of which may be found elsewhere. Married at St. Paul in 1873 to Miss Emma Steinke, who died in 1877, leaving two children. Mr. Kern again married in Minneapolis in May, 1879, Miss Thekla Spiegel. Reverend Amos A. Kiehle, son of James and Elizabeth Kiehle was born on the 22d of Eebru- ary, 1847, in Danville, New York. At the age of seventeen, he began teaching in the Canan- daigua Academy. After teaching two years, he entered the freshman class of Hamilton College, and graduated in 1871. Entered Union Theolog- ical Seminary and graduated in 1874, then came to Minneapolis, Minnesota, and was ordained and installed as pastor of the Franklin Avenue Presbyterin church, over which he presided un- til 1878, and sipce February 15th, 1878, has been a resident of this city, in charge of the Presby- terian chiuch of Stillwater, Mr. Kiehle was married on the 13th of May, 1874 to Miss Julia V. Reed, of Livonia, New York. Mrs. Kiehle died August 18th, 1878, leaving two children: Bessie M. and Grace J. Kilty Brothers, Timothy and Patrick, came to this city with their father, Timothy Kilty in 1858. They began business in 1878 on Fourth street, with a borrowed capital of $200, but soon began to expand, and in a short time they leased their present stand, and in connection with groceries opened a meat-market. In 1880 they started a general commission house on Chestnut street, and there deal in flour, feed and groceries. John A. Larson, is a native of Noiway, bom in 1852. Lived with his parents Lars Hanson and Christine Hanson, until 1869, then came to Amer- ica and spent one year in Iowa. In 1871 he came to this city where he has since resided. Is a mem- ber of the firm of Long and Larson, barber-shop, which they bought in 1880. Mr. Larson's mother died while he was an infant; his father lives in Norway. Orris E. Lee was bom inRandolph, New York. His parents removed to Allegany, New York, thence to Cannelton, Indiana, where they re- mained until 1864. They then removed to Corry, Pennsylvania, where Orris finished his education in the high schools, in 1875. He came immedi- ately to this city and entered the law-oflSce of Mc- Cluer and Marsh, read law, and was admitted in 1879. His office is on the comer of Main and Chestnut streets. Rudolph Lehmicke, a native of Prussia, was born on the 14th day of November, 1823. When fifteen years of age he learned the trade of cabi- net-making, afterwards that of piano and organ- making. Spent several years in traveling over Europe, and three years in the Prussian army. Then came to America in 1849. Went toPough- keepsie and worked in a piano and organ factory. In 1854 he came to Stillwater. In the fall of 1857 was elected justice of the peace, commenced studying law, and in the April, 1859, term of the district court was admitted to the bar. He opened an office in Holcombe's block, and con- nected an insurance and real estate agency. From 1859 to 1875, he held the office of county auditor. In 1876-8-80, he was elected judge of probate. Has been inspector of the prison, su- perintendent of the public schools, and a mem- ber of the board of education. Is a member of the state board of education. Judge Lehmicke was married in Coldwater, Michigan, to Miss Jennie Tackeberry, who has borne him ten chil- di-en, seven of whom are living. CITT OF STJLLWATEB—BIOGBAPHICAL. 583 Frank II. Lemon, a native of Medina, Ohio, born November 19th, 1863. At the age of twelve years, being left an orphan, vsras bound out to a farmer, but soon ran away; went to Massillon, and began working for Eussell and Company, painting threshing machines. Concluding to learn painting, he worked day-time and took les- sons nights and Sundays; got money enough to- gether to take a trip to England, to complete his trade. After making a trip to the West Indies, came home again, and for a time was master- painter in the Wooster Agricultural Works in Ohio, and at Fairfield, Iowa, in the North-west- ern Carriage Works. For the last five years has been master-painter in Seymour, Sabin and Com- pany's works. Charles E. Leonard, of Princeton, Minnesota, a native of Worthington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, was born February 25th, 1810. His father died when the subject of this sketch was but four years of age, and his mother sup- ported herself and two children until 1817, by teaching school. She then married Alpheus Nichols, who removed to Rodman, Jefferson county. New York, which was then a new and sparsely settled country. When fourteen years of age Charles went to live with a widowed sister of his step-father, and aided by her son, who was four years his junior, carried on her farm of one hundred and ten acres until he was twenty-one years of age. The lady then gave hini one hun- dred dollars in cash, and sufficient clothing to last three years. He then went to Louisville, New York, and hired to Judge I. W. Bostwick, a law- yer who carried on a large farm, to take charge of it for one hundred and thirty-two dollars per year, out of which he was enabled to save one hundred and ten dollars. Worked for him two years, and then rented the farm, but the expense was so large that he was unable to make any- thing, so gave it up. Next farmed for three years on a place of his own, but finding that he had injured his health by hard labor, gave up farming. He next run a hotel at Depauville, but continuing poor health obliged him to give it up also. Leaving his family with his mother, Mr. Leonard started west, and in 1846 engaged in mercantile pursuits in Hancock county, Illinois. Sent for his family, which arrived in the spring of 1847. Findiag the climate still unfavorable to health, he again started to seek a home.f urther north. Embarked on the steamer Highland Mary, came to Stillwater, which he found to be a very desirable place, and beg^n to make prepara- tions to stay. Here he opened a store in a build- ing rented of Dr. Carli. In the latter part of December he received a letter from his wife say- ing that their little girl was very sick and not ex- pected to live. Locking up the store, giving the key to Dr. Carli, in the bitter cold winter he started on foot for Illinois. After much suffering arrived where the family was, a few days before the child died, having traveled over three hun- dred miles and sleeping nights on the snow. He then, in the spring of 1848, brought his family to their new home, to find that his property had been almost entirely destroyed by flre in his ab- sence. He then bought a set of carpenter's tools, and went to work at two dollars per day, mean- while building a house for himself, working on it mornings and evenings. In the spring of 1850 he removed to St. Anthony, lived there until 1856 then went to Point Douglas. Lived there untU 1880, and removed to Princeton, his present home. Mr. Leonard, as sheriff of St. Croix county, opened in the town of Stillwater, the first court held in Minnesota, Judges Aaron Goodrich and Cooper presiding. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1857, and has held many other offices of honor in the territory and state. Was one of the first to go through to the relief of Fort Ridgely in the famous seige by the Sioux. Married, January 1st, 1835, Miss Catha- rine Sendes, of Louisville, New York. They have had three sons and one daughter. James E. and George Y. are living. Theodore Leonard, a native of Lincolnton, Lin- coln county. North Carolina, was born November 24th, 1834. At the age of ten years, having lost his parents, he went to South Deerfield, Massa- chusetts. Here he learned the carpenter trade and worked at it until he came west to Stillwater in 1854, in company with Socrates Nelson, whom he had met while visiting at South Deerfleld. Mr. Leonard has since resided in this city, work- ing at his trade. Has worked on many of the most prominent public and private buildings of the city. Married in 1857, Miss Eleanor McCar- thy, who died in December, 1875, leaving two children, Nancy B. and Carlos. Again married 584 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. June 17th, 1878, to Miss Kebecca Simmons, who has borne him one son, George. John C. Lillis, born July 5th, 1840, in Kil- rish, Ireland. When five years of age the father brought the family to America. His father was the owner of a large slate quarry in the old country and did an extensive business in all parts of Ireland. After living a time in Michigan the family came to this city in 1854, and have since made it their home. In the fall of 1860 John be- gan business for himself, logging, employing four- teen men and five yoke of oxen. In 1862 he en. listed in the United States service and remained until 1866. Then returned home and until 1877 was engaged in cutting logs, winters, and contract- ing and building summers. In 1875 he went to the Pacific coast and spent two years, then was three years in Texas. In the spriug of 1 880 he returned to this city and has since been foreman of the Seymour, Sabin and Company's building depart- ment. Mr. Lillis was married June 16th, 1870, to Miss Mary Carley, who was born in this city, October 29th, 1853. James E. and John S. are their children. August V. Linden was born in Germany, in 1837. Came to America in 1858 and settled in New Jersey. Enlisted April 27th. 1861 , in Com- pany r, Third New Jersey, in three months ser- vice was honorably discharged and re-enlisted August 14th, in Company C, Fourteenth Regi- ment, and served until honorably discharged in 1865. He then went to New York city, and in 1869 came to Stillwater, which has since been his home. Mr. Linden was married September 27th, 1871, to Miss Etta Beale, who has borne him one son, Charles. Axel T. Lindholm is a native of Sweden, born in Guttenberg, May 9th, 1835. After graduating from Guttenberg College and Latin school, and also from a commercial college, in the same city, he came to America August 5th, 1854, and was engaged in keeping books for a firm in Galva, Ill- inois, until 1856. Came to Minnesota in the fall of that year and was employed as book-keeper and cashier in the First National Bank of Mankato until December, 1871. Next went to St. Paul and in company with Colonel Hans Mattson, then secretary of state, opened a private bank under the firm name of II. Mattson and Company. In 1874 removed to Goodhue county and engaged in mercantile pursuits until the spring of 1878, then came to Stillwater and in 1880 engaged with J. S. Anderson and Company. Mr. Lindholm was married in Mankato, in June, 1860, to Miss Anna Olson. Their children are Jenny A., Anna L. and Josephine Elizabeth. Harry C. Lindsay was born at Springfield, Maine, June 14th, 1849. In 1850 his father died and in 1852 Harry's mother removed to Lowell, Massachusetts, remained one year and in 1854 came to Minneapolis and until 1856 kept a board- ing house on the east side. At the age of four- teen he was deprived of his mother, and began to work in lumber mills. After working in various parts of the state he came to this city in 1880, and has since been foreman and chief filer in Hersey, Bean and Brown's lower mill. Married in 1873, in St. Paul, Miss Alice J. Hanley. They have two children, Grace M. and Myrtie L. Davis Long of the firm of Larson and Long, barbers, is a native of Washington county, Min- nesota, born at White Bear Lake in 1860. His parents were early settlers in the state; the father died in 1864 at the lake. His mother stiU lives at the early home. Mr. Long entered into part- nership with Mr. Larson in 1880. David Burt Loomis was bom at WUlington, Tolland county, Connecticut, April 17th, 1817. In 1830, his father moved to Upper Alton, Illi- nois, where David received a common school ed- ucation. From 1834, untUhe came to Minnesota, was clerk for different firms in Illinois. He was employed by Godfrey Gilman and Company in 1837. One night a mob attacked their ware- house for the purpose of destroying a press in it belonging to E. P. Lovejoy. The press was de- stroyed and Mr. Lovejoy killed. Mr. Loomis as- sisted in their fight and watched all night with the corpse. Came to Minnesota in 1843, and has since been engaged in the St. Croix valley as clerk in mercantile houses and as a lumberman. Was a member of the first territorial legislature in 1849. Enlisted in July, 1861, in Company F, Second Minnesota Volunteer Infantry as first lieutenant, was promoted to captain and served until 1864, when he resigned on account of disa- bility. Mr. Loomis has been elected both to the territorial and state legislatures, besides holding numerous local oflflces. Frank E. Loomis, a native of Geneva, New CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIOAL. 585 York, was born September 1st, 1851. Was edu- cated in the common schools and at Hobart Col- lege, then learned photography, and for a time traveled through the union. In 1877, commenced business in Chicago, but after a short time was burned out. Came to this city in June, 1877, and commenced with Stratborg, whom he soon bought out. He has since enlarged and now has the finest faciUties of any similar establishment in the valley. Mr. Loomis married Miss Alice J. Sinsabaugh, of Mattoon, Illinois, in 1876. She died January 4th, 1880, leaving two children: Eay E. and Bert. George Low was born in Clinton, Maine, March 24th, 1852. Here he acquired a common school education, and at the age of fifteen years com- menced his business career by constructing a large dam atHolyoke, Massachusetts. From that time he was variously engaged in different states un- til 1875, then came to this city and has since been engaged in manufacturing and building, em- ploying, during the summer, from fifteen to twenty men. Married at Minneapolis in 1875, to Miss Ossina Pollard, of Milo, Maine; they have had two children one of whom Harry Everett is now living. Albert Lowell was born at Concord, Somerset county, Maine, July 10th, 1819. His early days were spent in the vicinity of his birthplace, en- gaged in farming on the banks of the Kennebec. In 1854 he came to this place and in the fall of the same year brought his wife and two children to their new home. Soon after his arrival, he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land in the suburbs of the city, near Lily Lake, a por- tion of which is now used as the fair grounds. He paid for the same $1,800, and in 1857 sold it to a speculating company for $16,000. He then engaged in lumbering, and soon afterward lost all his money. Then engaged in farming until 1866, when he went into the hotel business with his brother John, and has ever since been proprietor of the Sawyer house, which he bought in 1871. He married, January 6th, 1850, Miss Abby B. Reed of Madison, Maine. They have had four children, of whom Elmore, Charles A. and Ernest survive. William Lowell, deceased, a native of Maine, was born in Concord, on the Kennebec river, April 26th, 1807. Emigrated to Stillwater in 1853, and until his death was successfully en- gaged in logging in the St. Croix valley. For a few years he resided in Marine where he kept a public house. While residing at that place he was elected twice to the legislature. In all the avenues of life, public and private, Mr. Lowell made and retained many friends and admirers. He died on the 15th of July, 1873. John Lund, a native of Sweden, was born De- cember 9th, 1843. He received a good common school education in his native country, and came to America in 1865, reaching Stillwater on the 8th of August. Was engaged in lumbering until 1870, when he opened a general store in Marine and ran it until 1874. From that year until 1880 he was town clerk and village constable of Marine. Then removed to this city, was appointed deputy sheriff of Washington county and has since held that position. He was married in St. Paul, De- cember 13th, 1871, to Miss Mary Holm. Carl G. A., Euth A., Mattie H. and John L. are their children. Charles Lustig was bomin Stillwater May 11th, 1860. Here he grew to manhood, and received his education in the graded schools. Then he learned the miller's trade, but ill health com- pelled him to engage in other business, and he entered the employ of B. Thelan, where he is now located. John Lyons, a native of New Brunsvyick, bom January 14th, 1830. Lived in the province until twenty-six years of age, during the latter years being engagedin lumbering. In 1856 came to Still- water and began lumbering. Enlisted, in 1864, in Company B, Eleventh Minnesota Volunteers, and served until honorably discharged at St. Paul, in 1865. Since his discharge he has lived in Stillwater. In May, 1875, he was appointed chief of police, and held the position three years. Mr. Lyons married on the 6th of December, 1865, Miss Mary Sullivan, who died March 6th, 1877, leaving one child. March 27th, 1878, married Mary Quinlan, who has borne him two children. James Mackey, is a native of New Brunswick, born December 25th, 1833; he Uved with his par- ents until eighteen years of age, when he came to Aroostook county, Maine, where he resided until 1852, then removed to the St. Croix valley, spend- ing a short time at Stillwater, then to St. Croix Falls, engaged in a saw-mill and at lumbering un- 586 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY.^ til 1862, when he embarked in business as one of the firm of Mackey Brothers, who carried on quite an extensive lumbering business until 1873. One of the brothers sold his interest to the remaining two, who continued until 1877, when James as- sumed the entire control, which he continued with success. In 1880, his drive was one and one- half millions; in 1881 , one million one hundred thousand feet. lie was married September 4th , 1862, to Miss Jane E. Sauntry, of New Brunswick. They have five children, William P., Mary J., Edward P. James H. and Alexander. Eev. W. Mahowald, O. S. B., was born in Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, December 28th, 1846. He remained with his parents until nine- teen years of age, when he began his studies in Europe. He emigrated to this country in 1868. The two first years were spent in travel. In No- . vember, 1870, he commenced his studies at St. John's college. Steams county, where he re- mained nearly four years; in 1874 he entered the noviciate of the order of St. Benedict at the Ab- bey of St. Vincent, Pennsylvania, remaining one year; he returned to St. John's and completed his studies; iu 1877 he was ordained, and was placed in charge of a congregation at St. Wendels, where he remained until the last of 1878, when he re- turned to St. Paul and took charge of the Oak- dale mission of Washington county; many im- provements"in the mission were" accomplished during his ministry. In 1880 he was placed in charge of the Church of the Immaculate Concep- tion at Stillwater, where he still resides. Bobert Malloy was born near New Castle, province of New Brunswick, in 1832. In Octo- ber, 1853, he with the family, emigrated to Still- water. Since his arrival he has given his entire attention to the lumbering business. In 1861 he embarked in the business alone until 1866, when he took as partner his brother James, until 1871 , when they separated; again in 1875 they united under the firm name of Malloy Brothers; in 1880 their drive was three million two hundred thou- sand feet; in 1881 two and one-half millions. He was married in 1870 to Miss Jane E. Brady, of Wisconsin. She was born in Massachusetts, 1851; died 1877. By her he had three children, Charles H., Jennie M., John F. deceased. He was mar- ried again April 16th, 1879, to Ellen S. Phalan, of Stillwater; by this union they have one child. Alfred Marcell, proprietor of the New Ameri- can sample rooms, was bom in Canada, April, 1846. In his younger days he received a common school education, while with his father on the farm. Removing to Stillwater in 1870, he en- gaged in the lumber business until 1873, when he opened the Montreal saloon. He was married November 26th, 1878. They have one son, Fred- die, born December 12th, 1879. Adam Marty was born in Switzerland in 1839. His mother died and he was placed in charge of his grand parents. In 1846 they emigrated to this country and located in St. Louis, when he was placed in the arsenal, making cartridges for the Mexican war. In 1879 he came to Stillwater and engaged- the first year in the family of John McEusick. He then went to live with his father who was located on a farm in this county, where he remained two years. In 1852 he went to live with an uncle on a farm, attending school at Still- water during the winter months for two winters. In 1856 he began learning the painter's trade, which has been his business since. April 29th, 1861, he enlisted in Company B, First Minnesota Regiment; he was severely wounded at Gettys- burg, and lay in the hospital eight months, when the regiment was ordered to Fort SnelUng and mustered out May 5th, 1864. Mr. Marty has al- ways taken an active part in all public enterprises; he took an active part in organizing the first fire company in Stillwater; he was elected^ post com- mander of the G. A. R. society in this city; also department commander and president of the first regimental association. He was married in 1869 to Miss Othela Hoffman, daughter of Eev. W. H. Hoffman, of this city. She and their only daugh- ter died in 1871. W.C. Masterman was born ui Stillwater January 14th, 1858. Was educated at the public schools; at the age of eighteen years he entered the employ of the St. Croix Boom Company as deliverer of logs to owners. Afterwards spent several years in the employ of Isaac Staples as scaler and camp clerk, then to the mill oflice for six months, to the main office in 1878, as book-keeper, where he remained until August, 1880, when he engaged to J. H. Townshend and Company's flouring mill as cash- ier and book-keeper. W. M. May was born in Monongolia county. West Virginia, June 18th, 1830. His parents re- GITT OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPMICAL. 587 moved to western Pennsylvania, in May 1835, and settled on the Alleghany river near Pitts- burgh. At the age of ten years he was left an orphan, from that time he lived with an uncle until May 11th, 1846, when he went to Pittsburgh and engaged with Aaron Floyd to leai-n the car- penter trade, agreeing to stay until he was twen- ty' one years of age, which he fulfilled and then engaged one year as foreman. On the 20th of May, 1852, he went to Philadelphia, then to Cape Island city, New Jersey, and engaged with a company who were building the Mount Vernon hotel, remaining six weeks; returning to Phila- delphia he engaged to the gas company to take charge of the erection of their office buildings, until August 1st, 1852, when he removed to New York city and engaged at his trade on several im- portant jobs. November 5th, 1855, he came to Stillwater. He was married September 13th, 1858, to Miss Elizabeth J. McKusick, eldest daughter of Capt. J. E. McKusick. On the 29th of April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the First Minnesota regiment at Fort Snelling. Companies B and G, were ordered to Fort Eidgley; while there he was promoted as second sergeant; in June the regiment was ordered to Washington, going through Baltimore about the time of the great riot: the "Plug-uglies" not liking the looks of the six hundred six-footers did not venture to disturb them. From Washington they were or- dered to Fort Ellsworth, and took part in the first Bull Kun battle; soon after he was promoted to orderly sergeant. September 21st,1862, he was pro- moted to second lieutenant; October 4th, 1863, pro- moted to first lieutenant; being wounded.at Get- tysburg he was discharged May 3, 1864. In Jime, 1864 he was employed as quartermaster with the expedition to build Fort Wadsworth; returning to Stillwater he worked at his old trade until April, 1880, when he was employed by the Standard Oil Company as superintendent of building at their farms in Polk county, Minnesota. His family consists of his wife and six children, all living. William M. McCluer, born in Franklinville, Cattaraugus county, New York, September 6th, 1831. He graduated from the Temple Hill Aca- demy, Geneseo, New York, 1850. He studied law in Moscow, .New York, graduated at the State and National law school at Poughkeepsie in 1854, practiced in Franklinville, New York, for two years, removed to Stillwater in September, 1856 and opened an office in February the follow- ing year, and has since been actively engaged at his profession. He was married September 27th, 1858, to Helen A., daughter of C. H. Jencks, of Waterford, Saratoga county. New York; the union has been blessed with one child, Charles M. born August 5th, 1859. James D. McComb was born February 13th, 1827, in Washington county, Pennsylvania. With his parents he removed to Fort Madison, Iowa, in 1841, where he attended school for a time, then on a farm for a while when he entered Chas. Brewster's store as clerk. In 1845, he spent a short time at Copperas Creek, Illinois, in 1846, he came to Stillwater, and here formed' a part- nership with Robt. Simpson and James S. An- derson in building the large stone store on corner of Main and Myrtle streets, and then traded until 1838; in 1860, he became a clerk in the office of the surveyor general of logs and lumber of the first district. In 1867, Gov. Marshall appointed him surveyor general of logs and lumber, which office he filled for four years, when he accepted the position as clerk with his successor with one- half interest until 1877, since which time he has received a salary. Mr. McComb has always taken an interest in county affairs; in 1847, he was appointed deputy sherifC of St. Croix coimty, then Wisconsin territory; he served as city re- corder in 1859. He was married March 4th, 1854 to Miss Eliza J. McKusick; sLx -children were the fruits of the union: Chas. E., Mamie A., Edgar J. and Carrie Belle are living. Alexander J. McDougal was born in Cornwall, Upper Canada, February 15th, 1851, where he lived with his parents James and JuUa Ann Mc- Dougal, employed on the farm until 1880, when he came to Stillwater, since that time he has been in the employ of Mr. Staples. Mr. Mc- Dougal was married in 1879 to Miss Anna Abra- hams of Canada. She was born in Hogansburg, New York, in 1857. They are the parents of a' fine boy, James Edward McDougal. John McDonald was born in London, Canada, March 2d, 1851; he removed with his parents to Watertown, Wisconsm, when quite young. At the age of fourteen, he left his home and be- came a sailor, he followed the lakes during the summer and working at his trade, that of carriage 588 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. painter,diiring the winter months until 1862, when he removed to Port Huron, then to Canada, where he remained one year at his trade. Steam- boating on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers as mate for two seasons, then to Montana, Fort Benton, Yankton, Dakota territory and Kansas City. From there to Texas, where he followed railroading and herding. In March, 1880, he re- turned to Kansas City and remained till July, when he shipped as mate on the Belle of LaCrosse from St. Louis to St. Paul, then on the Mary Burns on the St. Croix river for one month, when he settled in Stillwater in company with Daniel Morrill at his trade of painting. Michael McHale was bom in Ireland. At the age of fourteen he began learning the mason's trade with his father. In 1856 he emigrated to this country, and followed his trade in New Jersey, New York, and other states. Came to Quincy, Illinois, and spent the winter of 1839. In the summer of 1840 he reached Galena and spenttwo years at his trade and mining. In 1842 he came to Potosi, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1849 at the same occupation. In 1849 he came to Dahkotah, or what is now Stillwater, and rented a small house of two rooms, for which he paid $8 per month rent. In 1851 he received the first contract for the mason^ work on the state prison. Mr. McHale is the oldest resident mason in the city. He was married inNovember, 1847, to Miss Eosanna McDermott of Wisconsin. She died in November, 1856. By her he had seven children, five of whom are living. He was married again in 1857, to Mary Murphy by whom he had five children; four are living. E. McKellar was bom in Middlesex county, Ontario, December 25th, 1851, where he remained until seventeen years of age attending school. Then he began learning the carriage-making trade at Belmont, Ontario. In 1867 he came to Stillwater, and engaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company at his trade. He is now foreman in the wagon-shops. He was married September 25th, 1880, to Miss A. Smithson of Hoxboro. D. W. McKusick, a native of St. Croix county, Maine, was bom in 1838. Came to Stillwater with his parents in 1847, and has resided here since. While a young man he was engaged in rafting between this city and St. Louis, and caught a severe cold which resulted in inflam- matory rheumatism. For twelve years he suf- fered from the disease, and when he finally suc- ceeded in getting rid of it, found himself crippled for life. Mr. McKusick has filled many offices of honor and trust, mention of which is made elsewhere. Ivory E. McKusick, is a native of Maine, born in Cornish, York county. July 2d, 1827. In 1846 went to Massachusetts,near Boston,spent the sum- mer and in the fall retumed home. In 1847 he came to the St. Croix valley, and has ever since been prominently identified with the interests of Still- water. The first two years were spent working in the old water-mill, the first mUl built at Still- water; was engaged in lumber business until 1869. Then for a year retired from active busi- ness, and in 1862 was appointed guard at the prison, serving two years. In the spring of 1864 he was employed by the government to help build Fort Wadsworth, Dakota. In 1865 he retumed to this city, and in 1867 was appointed surveyor- general of the first district of Minnesota, and held the office untU 1875. In 1876 entered part- nership with C. J. Butler, in ware-house and ag- ricultural implement business. In 1877 they ad- ded lumber, and run it two years, since then Mr. McKusick,has conducted the lumber business in- dividually. He was married, in the first church in the city to Miss Sophia A. Jewett, of Stillwater, February 9th, 1854. Their children are Herbert N., Myron I., and Hattie B. Charles H. Meeds, captain and owner of the steamer, "Ida Fulton," was bom at Standish, Cumberland county, Maine, July 29th, 1836. When reaching man's estate he came to St. An- thony, Minnesota, where he made his home and began navigating the upper Mississippi, his first trips being made on the noted old steamer, "Gov. Eamsey," which was built in -1850, and the first boat that ran above the St. Anthony Falls. Cap- tain Meeds run this boat for four years, his line extending from St. Anthony to St. Cloud. He then retumed to his native state and remained until 1864, in the meantime serving nine months in the Twenty-seventh Regiment Maine Volun- teer Infantry. Returning to Minnesota he re- sumed river navigation, spending two years on the steamer line from St. Paul to La Crosse, Wisconsin, and in 1876 purchased the "Ida Ful- CllY OF STILLWATER-BIOQBAPHIGAL. 589 ton," which he has since run. She is the largest towing steamer on the Lalce St. Ooix. B. G. Merry, dentist, was born at Edgecomb, Maine, January 7th, 1834. While in infancy his parents removed to Bath, in that state, where he acquired a common school education, then studied medicine three years, but in consequence of de- clining health, was obUged to turn from it. En- tering the office of his brother he began the study of dentistry, but ere Ms profession was completed entered his country's service in the Twenty-first Maine Volunteer Infantry, being promoted to the office of first lieutenant, captain and major. At the expiration of his term of service, re-en- listed in 1863, in Company B, Second Maine Cav- alry Veteran Volunteers, and sei-ved until mus- tered out in 1865. Returning to his old home, he completed the profession as a dentist, andin 1868, came to Stillwater. Here he has since practiced his profession, and has won great popularity, being one of the oldest in that line. At Bath, Maine, 1855, he was united in marriage with Miss Francis C. Coburn. Charles W. is their only liv- ing child. Mr. Merry is a member of the order of Knights of Pythias, of which he was grand chancellor of state two years. George Miiller, is a native of Pennsylvania, born August 11th, 1853. While yet a child he came to Stillwater, making this place his home since. He attended the graded schools of the city, then assisted his father in his labors until embarking in business for himself as a boat builder. Phillip MuUer, born June 22d, 1826, is a native of Darmstadt, Germany, where he learned the cabinet and carpenter trade. In 1851 he came to America and worked at his trade two years in New York city. He located at Stillwater in 1855, .after a brief visit in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Ten years later he embarked in the furniture trade, having previously worked at his trade. Married Miss Elizabeth Berg, a native of Ger- many, in 1851. Eight children have been born to them, seven of whom are living. J. A. Millett, clerk of the St. Croix Boom Com- pany, is a native of Palmyra, Somerset county, Maine. He came to Stillwater in September, 1857, where he has since been connected with the lumber business. During the year 1866 he began as clerk for the St. Croix Boom Company; his long continuance in this position is the best evi- dence of his qualifications as a business man and his proficiency. Michael Moffatt, a native of England, was born January 25th, 1824. When twelve years old, he came alone to America, and began sea life on a merchant vessel. On leaving the sea in 1839, he located on a farm in Chenango county, New York, remaining as a tiller of the soil two years, then learned the blacksmith's trade. Completing his trade in 1845, he came west and spent the time in traveling until his location at Stillwater, 1855. Being for three years in the employ of Isaac Staples and Company, he then engaged in business for himself in the pursuit of his trade, at his present location. He is one of the pioneers and has toiled hard, and is now enjoying the fruits of his labors. Married at this city, in 1865, to Miss Mary Kelley. Three children have been born to them, Mary A., WiUiam E. and Mat- thew H. B. J. Mosier was born at Macedon, Wayne county New York, January 29th, 1847. Here he lived until seventeen years of age, then enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Ninety-Fourth New York, as corporal, and served until honor- ably discharged at Elmira. Going thence to Fortress Monroe, he served one year as clerk in a store, afterward to Wayne county, Michigan, for three years. He removed to Ottawa, Illinois, making it his home three years; thence to Still- water, where he has since been in the painting business. Married, in 1870, to Clara Mason. They are the parents of three children, two of whom are Uving. O. Mower was born at Glenbum, near Bangor, Maine, March 22d, 1843. He remained at his na- tive place until 1868, then came to Stillwater, and for three years followed the St. Croix river and worked in the lumber mills, at the end of which time he purchased the two lots where his dwelUng now stands. Until 1874 his time was mostly employed in teaming and freighting, when he be- gan dealing in ice, and in connection has three freight teams. Miss Eva Eutherford, of Still- water, became his wife in 1872. Grade A. and Frank L. are their children. William Muller is a native of Prussia, was born February 6th, 1833. He served his appren- ticeship as mechanic with his father, and when 590 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. fifteen years old was master of his trade. Start- ing for himself he passed the first six years travel- ing through Rhineland, Gei-many, and in 1854 came to America. Coming to Galena, Illinois, he remained but a brief time, then embarked on the steamer "War Eagle" for Stillwater. He then footed it to Marine and among early settlers endured the hardships of the pioneer life. Re- turning to Stillwater in 1857 he worked at his trade a short time then began farming, thereby accumulating enough to establish his business as manufacturer of wagons, carriages, etc. In 1858 he was married to Miss Wilhelmina Geneste. Seven children have been born to them, only two of whom are living, Henry and Louis. James Mulvey was bom at Cranbrook, Kent county, England, March 25th, 1836. When thu:- teen years old he came to America, and for two and one-half years i'esided in Chautauqua county, New York. In May, 1853 he located at Still- water, and engaged in lumbering on the St. Croix for ten years. In 1862 he enlisted in company C, Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, serving until discharged at Eort Snelling in 1865. On re- turning he resumed his former occupation, in which he has been very successful. In the win- ter of 1880-81 banked over two milUon feet of logs. Married Miss Miranda Edwards of Still- water, October 26th, 1865. Arthur J., Jesse A., Edna M., and Walter S. are their children. HoUis R. Murdock, was born at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, New York, August 15th, 1832. He graduated at Williams college, Massachusetts, in the class of 1854. Coming to Minnesota the next year he soon after settled at Stillwater. January 14th, 1856, he was admitted to the prac- tice of law; was elected judge of probate of Washington county in 1859, serving four terms by re-election; elected to the legislature from the Stillwater district in 1871; has been director and secretary of the Stillwater and St. Paul Railroad Company since its organization in 1867 and one of the directors of the First National bank since 1873. His wife was Sarah A. Rice, whom he married November 3d, 1857. Mr. Muiclock is one of the representative men of Stillwater, and has always taken active part in the advancement of the interests of the city. He is among the oldest lawyers in the city, having been in contin- uous practice since 1856. CHAPTER LXXV. BIOGRAPHICAL, K TO Z. John G. Nelson is a native of Sweden, born December 13th, 1840. His father was a smelter of iron in Sweden, and was able to give his children but a limited education. At the age of fourteen, John immigrated to America and came to Knox county, Illinois. In 1856, came to the St. Croix valley and has since been engaged in lumbering. Is partner in the firms of Nelson and Johnson, James S. Anderson, and Company, Nelson, Fol- som and Company, and Long and Nelson, which are among the most enterprising firms of the city. Married Miss Johanna S. Ekman, of Wright county, July 19th, 1868. They have six children: Andrew O., Amanda K., Alice L., Anna M., Olivia S. and John A. Socrates Nelson, deceased, an early settler of this city, was born in Franklin county, Massa- chusetts, January 11th, 1814. Received his edu- cation in the Academy at Deerfleld, taking only a partial course. Then entered mercantile life at Conway. In 1839, he came to Illinois prospect- ing and buying furs, the next year went to St. Louis selling goods and collecting furs until 1844. Then came up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Chippewa, opposite Reed's Landing and located a trading post on the Mississippi. This was known as Nelson's Landing, and was maintained for several years. After coming to this city, he was engaged for about eleven years in mercan- tile business, then went into the lumber business in Baytown, now called South StUlwater, was as- sociated with D. B. Loomis for many years. A large portion of this thriving city is on land pur- chased of the government by Mr. Nelson nearly thirty-seven years ago. Has held many offices both under the city and state government. He was married on the 23d of October, 1844, at Hennepin, Illinois, to Mrs. Betsey D. Bartlett, of Massachusetts; two daughters were the result of their marriage. May 6th, 1867, Mr, Nelson died jn the house which he had built for a store and residence. A few years ago Mrs. Nelson and her son-in-law, Fayette Marsh, built a large and ele- gant residence on the bluff at the south end of the city, and have since resided there. CITY OF 8TILLWATEB—BI0GBAPRIGAL. 591 Mrs. Socrates Nelson, a native of Conway, Franklin county, Massachusetts, was born Sep- tember 6th, 1813. Her maiden name was Bertha D. Bartlett. She was reared and educated in the common and select schools of Conway. Married August 23d, 1838, Mr. George R. Bart- lett of her native place and with him moved to Knoxville, Knox county, Illinois, where Mr. Bartlett soon afterward died. She then returned to her parents in Massachusetts, and with them returned to Illinois, settling in Hennepin, Henry county, in the spring of 1840. In the fall of 1844 she married Socrates Nelson and came with him to Stillwater. She lived with him until his death in 1867. Since then she has lived with her son-in-law, Payette Marsh. Her daughter, Mrs. Marsh, died November 26th, 1880. Mrs. Nelson was the first white woman to settle in the St. Croix valley. Frank B. Netzer was born in New York city in 1854. In 1857 his parents removed to Heed's Landing, Wabasha county, where he grew to manhood, and received his early education. In 1874 he entered the employ of the American Ex- press Company at Eeed's Landing, and in 1878 was messenger on the Stillwater and Taylor's Falls railway between this city and St. Paul. In March, 1880, he took charge of the American and United States express offices as agent for the two companies. Mr. Netzer was married November 4th, 1880, at Wabasha, to Miss Hattie, daughter of Henry Buisson, and grand-daughter of the oldest white settler of Wabasha county. James S. O'Brien is a native of Miramichi, New Brunswick, born October 19th, 1847. The next year his parents removed with their family to Old Town, Maine, where they remained until 1853. They then removed to St. Croix valley, passing the winter at St. Croix Falls, removing the following spring to Stillwater, where they have since lived. James here grew to manhood and acquired an education, and when fifteen years of age began in the logging business for Elam Greeley. During the winter of 1867 he began this business for himself in company with Durant, Hanford and McKusick, the next two seasons with Mr. McPheters. Since that he has lum- bered with James S. Anderson, and his brother John O'Brien. In 1875 James went to Kentucky and brought the famous race horse, "Gol.Eicely," which he still owns. In 1879 he was married to Miss Josephine Gilmartin. John E. is their only son. Edward A. Olson, local minister of the Swedish Methodist Episcopal church, is a native of Gut- tenberg, Sweden, born October 7th, 1886. He be- gan sailor's life when nineteen years old, making his first voyage to Boston harbor and five years more were given to sea life under the American flag, a portion of the time being during the civil war. During this time he first experienced a de- sire to know more of the realities of religion and has continued to search after the good and true. In 1863 became to Chicaigo and after sailing some time on Lake Michigan he made a visit to his old home in Sweden. Returning, he resumed sailing on the lakes and occupied the position of second mate on the "Great West." In 1876 he came to Minneapolis; on receiving an appointment at Centre City he removed thence, remaming one year, also one year at Marine. His vfife is a faithful worker and established Sabbath schools at these places, being their superintendent; she richly deserves much credit for her energies. In October, 1879, Mr. Olson moved his family to Stillwater and has since given his attention to contracting and building. His wife was Miss Augusta Newlander, married 1875. Sidney E., Hattie A., Charles E. and Arthur' E., are their children. A. J. OrfE was born at Levant, Penobscot county, Maine, 1838. He remained at his native town attending school and learning the cooper's trade until eighteen years of age, when he started for the west, arriving at Stillwater in 1855. Here he gave his attention to lumbering fifteen years, after which he engaged in the livery business in this city, in which he still continues. About the year 1879 he interested himseU in farm lands, purchasing near Glyndon, Clay county, Minneso- ta, six hundred and forty acres, four hundred and sixty of which is now under cultivation. In 1860 Mr. Orff and Miss Kilbourn were united in mar- riage. Six years subsequently she died, leaving one daughter, Harriet, now the wife of Amos Boughton. He was married in 1871 to Miss Georgie Cram who departed this life in 1879. J. O'Shaughnessy, a native of Ireland, was born. June 8th, 1838. When a lad of eleven years, he came to America and leatned the^rade 592 EISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. of shoe-maker in Massachusetts. He came to Stillwater in 1862, and began busienss at once in a small shop with limited means. Owing to the increase in trade, he removed to more commodi- ous quarters in Nelson's block, and later to the St. Croix building. In 1873, his stock was de- stroyed by fire, then he took refuge in a room in Hospes block and continued his trade there until taking posession of his present place of business. Since 1872, he has been agent for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Married at Milford, Massachusetts, May, 1859, to Miss Mary Milon, They have had eleven children seven now living, all reside at home. Peter Otto was bom in Germany, 1853, but when a child came with his parents to America. Making their home at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, till 1859, they then moved to Stillwater where Peter grew to manhood, and in the fall of 1870, went to St. Paul. For the space of three years he was in the employ of different firms, and in 1873, in cpmpany with George L. Oaks, opened an eating house and news depot, adjoining the St. Paul Miimeapolis and Manitoba depot at St. Paul. The firm of Otto and Oaks continued un- til 1877, when Mr. Otto became sole proprietor, he carries the stock of news and fruits for the Manitoba railroad line. Howard Packard was born at Mount Vernon, Kennebec county, Maine, July 7th, 1825. "When eight years old he accompanied his parents to Augusta, where he was reared. On attaining majority he began life for himself, giving his at- tention chiefly to agricultural pursuits till the fall of 1854, when he came to the northern wilds of Minnesota, in what is now the thriving city of Stillwater. Until 1857 he engaged in lumbering on the St. Croix, then took charge of the Wash- ington county poor farm, and during bis stay of five years made many improvements; he cleared and broke seventy acres, fenced one hundred, and built a barn and granary. In 1863 he went to Virginia City, Idaho territory, and passed one year in the gold mines, then returned to Leaven- worth, Kansas, and was in the employ of the United States government. He went to Santa Fe, New Mexico, as a commissary, then returned to Leavenworth, and soon after helped to build three government posts, respectively, on the Big Horn, Little Horn and Powder Horn rivers. He was post scout at Fort Phil. Kearney at the time of the memorable massacre by the Sioux; was then detailed to carry dispatches to Fort Larar mie. Coming to Omaha, Nebraska, he left the government service and returned to Stillwater, via Hannibal, Missouri, arriving in 1866. His at- tention was given to boarding-house keeping, lumbering and other pursuits, until his appoint- ment as guard of the Minnesota state prison, which position he has since held with the excep- tion of two years, which was occupied as toll col- lector at the Lake St. Croix bridge. His wife was Miss Debora Taylor, of Maine, married April 22d, 1850. Leonora A. Samuel T. and Emma E. are their children. Napoleon Patwell is a native of Ottawa, Can- ada, born May 15th, 1843. He is the son of Peter and Josie Patwell, who were natives of Canada, and who removed to St. Paul, Minnesota, when Napoleon was three months old. Here he lived until 1865, then removed to Stillwater, and for eight years was engaged in the lath-mill of Her- sey. Bean and Brown, and has since kept a con- fectionery store. His present location is on Second street, where he keeps a large stock of fruits, cigars, etc. His marriage with Miss An- gelina A. Edwards, of Stillwater, took place Jime 6th, 1867. Almira, Bertien H., Ella M., Stella and Kuth are their children. James Pennington, Jr., was bom near Fred- erickton, New Brunswick, July 17th. 1839. His parents, James and Mary A. Pennington," moved with their family in 1840 to Aroostook coimty, Maine, where James grew to manhood. In 1854 he came west to Stillwater, and decided to make this his home. For five years he and his father were lumbering on the St. Croix river, and in 1861 Mr. Pennington purchased a farm of two hundred acres in Af ton township, and for four summers engaged in agriculture, the winter seasons bemg passed in the lumber regions. During later years he has given his entire atten- tion to cutting and rafting logs, and for some time has been identified with the enterprising lumbermen of the valley. He has been twice married; his present wife was Miss Carrie Denton of Stillwater whom he married in 1871. Lillian D. is their only living child. Edward Perrelle was born on the Island of Jersey, May 11th, 1848. At the age of fifteen CUT OF STILLWATER— BIOGB A fHICAL. 593 years he began a seafaring life as fireman on steamships and tug-Boats, and when twenty-one years old went to Toronto, Canada, and took charge of the engine of the Royal Dominion mills. Owing to its changing owners, he was relieved and went to Cobourg, Ontario, as engi- neer in the woolen mills. Thence to Grand Kapids, Michigan, in Taylor's plaster-mills, and in April, 1880, came to Stillwater as engineer in Townshend and Company's flouring-mills, where he is at present located. His engine-room is a model of neatness and beauty, and shows to a good advantage the skill of a practical engineer. Mr. Perrelle is unmarried. N". W. Peterson was born in the province of Skane, near Christianstad, Sweden, October 1st, 1847. Here he passed his childhood and received an education, coming to America in 1868. His first winter was passed at Centre City, Chisago county, Minnesota, but during the following spring he came to Stillwater. Nearly two years were passed in the employ of John McKusick, and in 1872 he engaged at the Sawyer house as porter, where he has since remained. December 26th, 1880, he married Miss Minnie Hanson, who is a native of Sweden. Jesse Phillips was born at Farmington, Michi- gan, May 27th, 1844. When he was three years old his parents removed to Baraboo, Wisconsin, remaining seven years; thence to Houston coun- ty, Minnesota, near the village of Hokah. When tliiirteen years of age, Jesse went to Milwaukee and there learned the mill-wright's trade; after five years apprenticeship, remained as a work- man two years. He then visited a number of cities in Missouri, Louisiana, Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and in 1868 came to Minneapolis, Minne- sota. Two years later he located at Stillwater, where he has since made his home, working at his trade in this city and vicinity. His marriage with Miss Eva Giddis took place March 1st, 1874. John J., Ella G. and Eva are their children. Henry C. Pierce was born at East Machias, Washington county, Maine, April 17th, 1847. He lived with his parents until reaching manhood, then in 1868, came to Michigan and engaged in the mercantile business two years, and came to Stillwater in 1870, giving his attention for four years to lumbering. Warden Jackman then ap- pointed him guard of Minnesota state prison, 38 which position he has since held with credit. He and Miss Mattie M. Orr were united in marriage in 1863. Charles E. and Mattie E. are their chil- dren, living. Frederick H. died. Phillip Potts was born May 2d, 1839, and is a native of Prussia. His early life was passed in his native town, and in 18-55, accompanied by his brother Fred, came across the Atlantic to America and located at Stillwater, and soon after began clerking for his brother, Eobert, in the hardware trade. Subsequently he began steam- boating on the St. Croix and Mississippi, follow- ing it until he enlisted June 3d, 1861, in Company D, Second Minnesota. At the battle of Chick- amauga he received a scalp wound and was honorably discharged at Nashville, Tennessee, June 10th, 1864. He returned to Minnesota, and after a brief time at St. Paul, went to Memphis, Tennessee, and was in the confectionery trade eight months. He was then located at Owaton- na, Minnesota, three years: Returning to Still- water, until 1875 he was in the general merchan- dise trade, and has since been in the wholesale liquor trade. In 1865 he married Philomena De Ceprez, who has borne him five children, three of whom are living. John S. Proctor was born at Cavendish, Ver- mont, February 26th, 1826. His father died in 1837, leaving five daughters and two son.s. At the age of eleven years, he began work on a farm, which employment he continued during sum- mer months till he arrived at the age of seventeen, attending the district schools one term each win- ter. After teaching school two winters, he com- menced the mercantile life. Coming to St. Louis, Missiouri, in 1846, he remained three years, em- ployed in a wholesale dry-goods establishment. He came to Minnesota in 1849, was elected reg- ister of deeds at first election of Washington county, and held the office two terms, being at the same time, postmaster. In 1852, he engaged in the general merchandise business and con- tinued with the firm of Short, Proctor and Com- pany until 1856, then opened a hardware store in company with his brother, the firm name being Proctor Brothers, this firm closed their business in 1860. During that year, he was appointed warden of the Minnesota state prison, which po- sition he occupied eight years, during the time was also secretary and treasurer of the St. Croix 594 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Boom Company, filling the position until Decem-- ber, 1880. He was chosen mayor of the city in ]878-'79-'80, and received the appointment of surveyor general of logs and lumber of the first district, from Governor Pillsbury, which term commenced April, 1881. Mr. Proctor was mar- ried in 1854 to Caroline M. Lockwood: Levi C. is their only son. John Quinlan was born at Brooklyn, New York, January 20th, 1859. He removed to Still- water while yet a child, with his parents, and here learned the trade of plumber, gas and steam fit- ter, he is also dealer in gas pipe fittings, brass fixtures, pumps, etc. His building is located on Chestnut street, is 14x30 feet, affording employ- ment to three mechanics. John Eahr, a native of Denmark, was born in August, 1854. Coming to America in 1873, he passed the first summer at Sparta, Wisconsin, and during the fall of the same year came to Still- water and followed lumbering two years, then en- gaged with S. S. Denton in the livery business. He remained in this occupation until he, in com- pany with Paul Hanson,began his present business. Married at Hudson, Wisconsin, June 21st, 1880, to Miss Christinia Mattson, who departed this life October 13th, of the same year. Frank M. Baiter Was bom February 14th, 1842, and is a native of Sweden. He learned the tai- lor's trade in his native country, and in 1864 came to America, locating at Stillwater. For six years he was employed as cook on the river, then erected the Wexio hotel, which he still owns. He, however, still retains the sample-rooms in connection with the hotel. Married at Marine, Washington county, September 16th, 1870, to Miss Eliza Hawkinson. They have had two children. Hattie is the only surviving one. John A. Reed was born at Grafton, New Hampshire, December 25th, 1831. In conse- quence of the death of his father, at the age of seven years lie went to live with his grandfather ' in Merrimack county, and engaged in agricul- ture until attaining majority. His education was acquired at the Andover Academy, after which he taught school. In 1854 he removed to Clay- ton county, Iowa, where he was engaged in teach- ing winters and tilling the soil during the sum- mer seasons. Four years later he located on a farm in Blue Earth county, Minnesota, remain- ing until enlisting in 1861, in Company I, Fifth Iowa Cavalry, afterward detached and known as Company B, Brackett's Battallion Minnesota Cavalry; was mustered out as captain in June, 1866. Returning to Blue Earth county he was elected to the legislature, and by re-election, served three successive years. July 16th, 1874, he was appointed warden of the Minnesota state prison, which position he still occupies. His wife was Rachel France, married in 1856. Their children, living, are, W. C, Clara L., Willie and Belle. Captain Samuel M. Register was bom in the vicinity of Dover, Delaware, 1827. There he grew to manhood on a farm. His parents Fran- cis and Mary Register, are of French descent, their ancestors having settled in Delaware about the time of the revolutionary war. Captain Reg- ister came to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1850, on board the steamer, "Highland Mary No. 2," com- manded by Captain Atchison, which landed April 20th. The next day he took stage for Stillwater; the coach being a heavy lumber wagon, and the roads being almost impassable, the captain con- sequently received a thorough jolting. Since his first arrival at this city it has been his home. He has been prominently identified with the early lumberman of the St. Croix valley, and has also dealt quite extensively in pine lands. In 1852, he was pilot on the river, the rafting at that early day being done by anchor and line. In 1871 he began running the steamer, "Helen Marr," in which he owned one-third interest; this boat he run as captain five or six years. Since then he he has run boats for Isaac Staples as captain.- His thorough knowledge of the river renders him very prominent in his profession, and an active man in navigation. He was a member of the ter- ritorial legislature, 1854-55, and in the early days of the city was a member of the council several terms. His marriage with Miss Minerva Mc- Causlin,,of Stillwater, took place in 1856. They have five children living, Emma, Frank, Charles, Samuel and George. E. Rhiner, a native of Switzerland, was born February 16th, 1819, and lived with his parents until twelve years old. He then engaged in freighting in different parts of his native country until 1853, then came to America, and during the same year landed in Stillwater. For three sea- CITT OF STILLWAIEB - BIOGBAPHWAL. 595 sons he was employed as a lumberman for Isaac Staples, also two years more for himself. He then dealt in horses in this city with much suc- cess until 1863, when he established his present business. Mr. Rhiner has been twice married, his present wife was Miss Verene White, married in 1860. Kate, Emma, Anna, Alice, Rosa, Susie and Frederick, are the children. Charles H. Rhoads is a native of Kentucky, born June 5th, 1828. While yet a small child his parents removed with him to Illinois. When Charles was a lad of ten years they moved to a point about nine miles north of St. Louis, named Rhoad's Point in honor of this family being its first settlers. Here he began river life, his father being a pilot, and soon acquired a thorough know- ledge of the river; was first made engineer, then mate and has since been pilot. His first steamer was "Walk-in-the- Water," on the Illinois river. In 1852 he came to the St. Croix valley, where he began as pilot from Stillwater to St. Louis. Being one of the first pilots in this region his thorough knowledge of the river ranks him in the first class; he is one of the oldest pilots now living in this city. Miss Anna E. Scobee was made his wife April 7th, 1859, at St. L'ouis. January, Jesse, Fanny, Charles H., James C, George S. and Charlotte B. are their children. James C. Rhodes, M. D. was bom at Bridge- water, New York, June 24th, 1824. He prepared for college at Clinton, but left Hamilton college in the jimior year; after a brief respite from studies began reading law at Pulaski, Oswego county, he however soon abandoned it, preferring the study of medicine. He read medicine with Dr. Hiram Murdock of that place, and attended lectures at Geneva medical college, receiving his diploma in 1847; practiced six or seven years in Jefferson county, about three years in Oswego and Brockport, being also proprietor of a drug store at these places. In 1857 the doctor settled in Stillwater and here practiced twenty-one years steadily, except while in military service. In 1862 he enlisted as private in the Seventh Minne- sota Infantry, three months later was made as- sistant surgeon of the Pirst Minnesota Mounted Rangers; in the south he was contract surgeon in the field. During the fall of 1864 he was dis- abled by sickness but on recovery was appointed assistant surgeon of the First Minnesota Heavy Artillery; was mustered out of service during the autumn of 1865. Dr. Rhodes has been county commissioner, coroner, member of the city coun- cil, health oflScer of the city, and for the past nine years a member and clerk of the school board, also gives much time to the pursuit of his profes- sion. Miss Esther K. Murdock became his wife in May, 1848. Of their four children, three are living, Frances E., Marion L. and James C, Jr. Seward P. Richardson, aresidentof Stillwater, was bom at Bangor, Maine, February 18th, 1844. Here he acquired a practical education and learned the trade of mill-wright. Enlisting in the First Maine Heavy Artillery in 1864, he served until the close of hostilities and returned home in the fall of 1865. He engaged in mercantile business till 1871, then came west to Stillwater and entered the employ of Torinus, Staples and Company in their hardware and general store, remaining about four years. He then engaged with his present firm as assistant book-keeper, and is now cashier and book-keeper. His marriage with Miss Elizabeth A. Bent, of Bangor, took place at Bos- ton, Massachusetts, May 16th, 1869. Their only son is Harry B. William H. Richardson was born at Bangor, Maine, December 29th, 1846, where he lived until 1868, the last three years of the time being em- ployed in a wholesale drug house. During the spring of that year he came to Stillwater and be- gan clerking for the St. Croix Boom Company, where he continued two years, then two years in a store. For two years longer, he was steam- boating on the St. Croix, then book-keeper for Isaac Staples the same length of time. Finally in November, 1878, he was appointed deputy county treasurer which office he still holds. His grand-father Marcus Richardson, of Bangor, Maine, died in 1831, at the age of one hundred years and two and one-half months and was sup- posed to be the oldest Freemason in the world. Mr. Richardson and Miss Mary Mower of this county were married in 1873. Two children have been born to them, both living. Dr. F. L. Roberts was born at Ludlow, Ver- mont, March 4th, 1854. When ten years old, he with his mother and sister came to Alton, Illi- nois, his father having preceded them one year and opened dental rooms. During the same fall they removed to Madison, Wisconsin, returning 596 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. to Alton two years later, which place has since been the parental home. Mr. Eoherts had the very best advantages, studying his profession with his father, and in 1874 opened, dental rooms at Virden, Illinois, practicing until 1876, then went home to enter into partnership with his father. In consequence of declining health, he remained only three years, then came to Stillwa- ter with the intention of returning as soon as his health would permit. He however was prevailed upon by friends to locate in Stillwater, which he did in 1880. Finding his health rapidly improv- ing and being delighted with the country and climate, he opened a dental office, and intends making this his future home. John F. Honey is a native of Frederickton, New Brunswick, born June 14th, 1847. While yet a babe his parents removed to Fort Kent, Maine, where John grew to manhood. When eight years old he began attending school, but as years passed on he was obliged to confine his at^ tendance at school to the winter months, and as- sisted his father during the summer. He soon acquired a thorough knowledge of his father's trade, that of contractor and builder. In 1866 he in company with his father and uncle, came to Minnesota, arriving at Stillwater July 24th. Engaging with Seymour, Sabin and Company, he assumed charge of the coopering department, and the next three years occupied the same posi- tion in the carpenter shop assisting in putting up the first threshing machine. After about one and one-half years in the employ of others, he returned to this firm and is now foreman in the setting-up shop, having fuU charge of that de- partment. His wife was Melinda Goodine, mar- ried in 1866. Ida C, William A., Josephine M. and Margie are their children. James Boot was born at Albany, New York, November 8d, 1843. At the age of fourteen he began the railroad business as brakesman; four years were passed on the Hudson River railroad, then about one year on the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana railroad. In 1863 he en- listed as a minute man in defense of Indiana against "Morgan's Raid," thence to Cincinnati on the same mission, but was soon after mustered out. He then ran on the Louisville and Nash- ville railroad as engineer, then to Chattanooga, and ran the engine for hospital trains. Coming to Stillwater in 1866, he was second engineer in the mills of John Atley about one year, then on the steamer "Tiger" made two trips from Still- water to Lake Pepin. In 1868 he went to Duluth and has since been engineer for the St. Paul and Duluth railroad. Miss Ellen M. Fox. of Still- water, became his wife December 25th, 1869. They have one bright-eyed boy, Edward J. Dwight M. Sabin was bom at Marseilles, La Salle county, lUmois, April 25th, 1843. His father was an extensive land-owner and stock- raiser, but subject to continued turns of ill health, which at eleven years of age threw the entire management of affairs on the oldest son, Dwight. This continuance of ill health induced the family to remove to Connecticut in 1856, for the purpose of being near the seaside, and at the age of thirteen young Sabin, was placed at school in a New England village and continued there for two years, when his parents settled again on the old farm in Killingly, Connecticut, where they resided until the death of the father in 1864. In the meantime Dwight's youthful aspirations of fitting for the legal profession received its check in the continued, ill health of his father, necessi- tating his close attention at home in the care of the farming, wood and lumbering operations con- nected with one of the large, heavily-timbered old New England farms, so that his schooling consisted of four or five months winter attend- ance on one of the country schools in the "old red school-house at the four corners," the summer time being devoted to farm-work and continu- ance of studying the common branches as oppor- tunity afforded, his preference being historical works and mathematics, working through a full course of the latter studies. After the death of his father, the subject of this sketch removed, in 1867, with his mother and younger brother, to this state, settling the following year at Stillwater and forming the present firm of Seymour, Sabin and Company. Since Mr. Sabin's residence in this state, his ca- reer is so familiar as to need but little comment. The mammoth corporation of which he is presi- dent and treasurer, manufacturing more thresh- ing machines than any other concern in the world, has been built up under his management and speaks for itself. His enterprise is also strikingly . illustrated in his connection With the extensive CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAP SIC AL. 597 lumber concern of C. N. Nelson and Company, one of the largest in the conntry, as also the milling and elevator interests of Stillwater, and the presidency of the Duluth Iron Company. Success has attended in a remarkable degree all his enterprises, which is the strongest evidence of financial and business ability that can be offered. In the political world Mr. Sabin has borne a conspicuous part. Has served two terms in each branch of the state legislature, occupying some of the most important chairmanships on com- mittees. Is also at present member of the na- tional repubUcan committee for Minnesota, and has been a delegate to each of the national re- publican conventions for the last sixteen years. L. Sargeut, a native of New Hampshire, was born February 6th, 1837. While yet a child his parents removed with their family to Haverhill, Massachusetts. At the age of twelve years Lon- drus went to Lowell and served an apprentice- ship of three years in James Hart and Com- pany's sash, door and blind factory, and after- ward spent two years more as a journeyman. In 1855, he began a sailor's life, goijig first on board a whaling vessel as ship carpenter, bound on a. whaling voyage to the South Pacific. After a service of twenty-one months, he left her at the Caroline Isles, remaining there among the sav- ages four months, then joined the barque Kose Poole as carpenter and harpooner, remaining un- til her return in May, 1860. He then became sec- ond mate of the barque Norman, which during the entire civil war was cruising along the shores of Chili and Peru; she returned to New Bedford and Mr. Sargent here abandoned her and sea life. He resumed his former occupation, and in 1868, went to Omaha, Nebraska, where he spent four years at his trade. Coming to Stillwater at that time he entered the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company, and has since held the position of su- perintendent of their sash, door and blind, job- bing department, with credit to himself and the company. His marriage with Miss Emma Ham- mond took place in 1867: Bertha W., Edith E., Erancis H. and Alfred B. are their children. William Schermuly was born in Germany, in 1836. The place was formerly a fortress and at the well preserved old castle, which had been converted into a school building, he attended school till the age of fourteen years, then com- menced the study of music at the gymnasium at Weilburg. He played with a band some time and traveled with a circus through England. In 1852, he immigrated to America, located at Evans- ville, Indiana, where he learned the baker's trade. Coming to Stillwater in 1860, he engaged with Mr. P. Schulenburg to take charge of his board- ing house which he kept two years, then went into the pineries as cook. In 1876, he.wdth Prof. W. P. Schilling, begERi printing the St. Croix Post in German. Three years later JuUus H. Duel purchased Mr. Schilling's interest, the firm name now being Duel and Schermuly. Maria E. Berg became his wife in 1856, and has borne him ten children: Ernest, August, Emma, Annie, Minnie, Lurie, Maria, Willie, Albert and Geo. W. William P. Schilling, professor of vocal and instrumental music, was bom June 28th, 1849, in Germany. When a lad of twelve years, he be- gan the study of music and two years later went to Montabaur, to receive private instruction on the piano, organ and violin from Prof. Kalten- bach, remaining two years preparatory to enter- ing the Musical Academy. After passing an ex- amination, he entered the Academy from which he graduated in all branches of music after a course of three years. Soon after, he was ap- pointed by the government as organist and vocal instructor. In 1870, he came to America, com- ing to Stillwater the next year. He organized the Germania orchestra, the Schilling juveniUe string band, which consists of seven instruments, also the Stillwater Maennerchor, of which he is leader. Mr. Schilling has given his undivided attention to music all these years and is a com- petent teacher; was elected leader of the Stillwa- ter Cornet Band, August, 1880. Joseph Schupp is a native of Baden, Germany, born March 7th, 1831. On reaching man's es- tate, he came to America and located at Buffalo, New York, removing thence to Sandusky, Ohio, where he was clerk in a hardware store one year, then went to Toledo. Here he weighed grain in an elevator until coming to Stillwater in 1858, and embarked in the dry-goods and grocery business, opposite the present new opera house, with a $400 stock of goods. Owing to the increase in trade, he purchased the lot and erected his present building, and is now doing an exclusive cash 598 HISTOBT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. business of sixty thousand dollars annually. His wife was Magdalena Fuller, a native of Switzer- land, married at Toledo, Ohio, 1855. Five chil- dren have been born to them, four of whom are living. Nicholas F. Schwarz was born in Butler county, Pennsylvania, October 1st, 1842. He was there educated and learned the shoemaker's trade, then made a tour through Pennsylvania, Ohio and In- diana; after engaging in _ business at different places, he proceeded to Stillwater, via St. Louis, reaching here in 1871. For two years he worked as a journeyman, then began business for himself in a small, frame building on lower Main street. In 1876 removed to his present location and em- ploys four men in the manufacture of boots and shoes. His marriage witli Miss Caroline Otto, oc- curred October 29th, 1876. Two children have been born to them, Lena and Nicholas J. C. Walter Scott was born at Montpelier, Vermont, April 8th, 1852. Coming west to St. Anthony, Minnesota, he here attended the public schools, subsequently learned the machinists' trade at the Miimesota Iron Works of Minneapolis. In April, 1876, he removed to Stillwater and has since been in the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company, being at present foreman in their machine shops. His wife was Miss Stiurtevant, who has borne him three children. Eev. Jacob Siegrist, pastor of the German Lu- theran church of Stillwater, was born in Germany, October 12th, 1846. From six years of age to fourteen he attended the public schools, then be- gan his studies at Kloster, Maulbronn, remaining four years. He then went to Basil, Sweden, and spent five years in the study of theology at the St. Christiana college. In 1869 he came to America, stopped a brief time at St. Paul, Min- nesota, and was then called to St. John's church, Washington county, where he began his duties as pastor of that congregation also that of Stillwater. In April, 1873, he gave to other hands the work of the St. John's and has since presided over the church in this city. Reverend Siegrist was mar- ried at St. Paul, in 1870, to Miss Ottilie Ebert, of Prussia. Three children have been born to them, two of whom survive. Paul Selb, born June 3d, 1831, at Baden, Ger- many. Coming to America in 1851, he made his home at St. Louis, one year, in Iowa four years. and in 1856 removed to Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he was a lumberman until enlisting. He entered company C, Eighth Wisconsin Infantry, served four months in the ambulance corps, twen- ty-two months as wagon master, and was honora- bly discharged in 1864. Returning to Eau Claire, he continued lumbering one year, then in the liquor trade till 1869, afterwards was proprietor of a brick yard till 1876. After engaging in the hotel business three years at Menomonee, Wis- consin, he located at Stillwater, where he is now manager of the Lake Side hotel, having in con- nection a boarding and livery stable. Married June 8th, 1865, to Miss Johanna Miller. Her- man, Amelia, Rosa, Julius. Annie and Freddie, are their children living; Robert and Louisa died. George Sencerbox was born at Warsaw, Han- cock county, Illinois, July 3d, 1853. His father, J. W. Sencerbox, made several visits to Minne- sota as captain of the steamer John B. Gordon, one well known on the waters of the Mississippi at an early day. His son George came to Shak- opee in 1860 and during youth attended the pub- lic schools of that place. On leaving school he took charge of a livery barn three years, then was in the employ of the St. Paul and Sioux City rail- road company as locomotive fireman, and in 1875 came to Stillwater. The same year he was ap- pointed guard of the Minnesota state prison, and for six years has held that position. Married Miss Lillie M. Lumbard, of Shakopee, in 1873. They have two children, Anna May and George B. V. C. Sewai'd was born July 10th, 1845, at Laketon, Wabash county, Indiana. When ten years old he accompanied his parents to Man- kato, Minnesota, and served an apprenticeship in the office of the Mankato Independent, which paper was founded in 1857. Entering the West- ern Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, in 1866, he was obliged to leave during sophomore year, ui consequence of ill-health. Accepting a posi- tion as news editor of the Cleveland, Ohio, Lead- er, he remained only a few months, then resigned and returned to Minnesota. In September, 1869, he founded the Redwood Falls Mail, and four years subsequently came to Stillwater, having purchased the Messenger, in company with Pro- fessor S. S. Taylor, of St. Paul. His wife was Miss Elizabeth Putnam, of St. Paul, married in 1869. They are the parents of one child. CITY OF STILLWATUB—BIOGBAPHICAL. 599 G. M. Seymour isanative of Onondaga county, New York, born March 26th, 1829. He passed his early life on a farm, and in 1845 commenced learning the carpenter's trade. Four years later he engaged in the manufacture of lumber and staves, and soon after in the manufacture of salt, in what is now a part of Syracuse, continuing for five years. In 1856 he again engaged as architect and builder; three years later came to Stillwater, still following his trade. In 1861 was awarded the prison contract, and engaged in making coop- erage. In 1863 he took as partner W. Webster, and continued three years, when Mr. W. Willim became a partner, the firm name being Seymour, "Webster and Company, until the expiration of the contract, which was in 1869. The same year a new copartnership was formed under the title of Seymour, Sabin and Company; and was incor- porated in 1874 with the title of "The Manufac- turing Corporation of Seymour, Sabin and Com- pany," with Dwight M. Sabin president, and G. M. Seymour vice-president. Mr. Seymour has held the office of sheriff of this county two years, and has been for eight years past member of the city council. During the late war he was provost marshal three years. He has an interest in sev- eral silver mines in Leadville, which occupy much of his time. Miss Anna B. Kingsley became his wife in 1851. Frank A., their only son, is now cashier of the First National bank of Stillwater. Marian O., their only daughter, graduated with high honors in 1880 from Mount Holyoke Semi- nary. Mathew Shortall, a resident of Stillwater, was born in New Brunswick, June 2d, 1846. On reaching manhood he came to Stillwater and gave his attention to lumbering, to which he devoted his time until appointed on the police force in 1871. Two years later he received the appoint- ment of chief which position he still holds. Married in 1869 to Miss Ellen Organ who died in 1874, leaving two children to mourn their loss. Mr. Shortall re-married in 1877 to Mary Kenny who has borne him three sons, two of whom are living. A. G. Shuttinger was born in Madison county, Illinois, September 12th, 1858. He fin- ished his education at the Central Wesleyan college of Missouri after which he returned home and for five years was clerk in a hardware store. He then removed to Hastings, Minnesota, and clerked in a clothing-store a short time, thence to Stillwater, June 10th, 1878, landing in the city penniless. Possessing an ambitious nature he at once sought a situation which he gained with Seymour, Sabin and Company at one dollar per day. Subsequently he entered the store of Louis Albenburg, as clerk, where he remained until he accumulated enough to begin business for himself in 1880. His marriage with Miss H. L. Tracy, of this city, occurred November 6th, 1880. Harry Simmons, blacksmith, is a native of England, born November 28th, 1855. He learned his trade in his native country, andin 1873, came to America. During the spring of 1877, he be- gan business at his present location, at Stillwater, the following year taking as partner, Mr. Grant, the firm name being Simmons and Grant. Both being practical workmen, they do a good business in that line. In 1879, Mr. Simmons in company with H. Jassoy opened a harness shop with a capital of $500; employing at present four men, his business having increased to a capital of 12,000. S. Simonet, a native of Switzerland, was bom September 20th, 1833. Learned the carpenter's trade in the land of his nativity, and in 1857, came to America, locating at Stillwater. After a brief visit, he removed to St. Peter, Minnesota, there engaging in the pursuit of his trade till 1866. He remained one year in St. Paul, then re- turned to Stillwater and began business with P. Muller as furniture and cabinet makers. In 1868, his partner withdrew,since which time Mr.Simonet has continued alone, making several additions to his building, and now carries a liarge assortment. Miss Caroline Carpetz became his wife in June, 1859, at St. Peter. Ten children have been born ■ to them, six of whom are living. James H. Sinclair was born at Bacine, "Wiscon- sin, and at the age of seventeen years, he began the machinist's trade at that place, serving an apprenticeship of five years. , Subsequently he established a sash, door and blind factory, also a planing mill in Chicago, which he sold in 1873, but continued in the same business for some time in the employ of Kickets and Mavor. Going thence to Dallas, Texas, he remained two years in the employ of "\Vitt and Stair. In 1878, came 630 HISTOBT OF WASH1NG20N COUNTY. to Stillwater having held the position of superin- tendent of the soft wood department of Seymour, Sabin and Company's thresher building. His wife was Miss Emma A. Stearns, married in 1872. Harry is their only child. John Smith is a native of Prussia, born in the Rhine district of Trier. When he was eight years old his parents came with their family to America, living six years, at Buffalo, New York, then removed to. Racine, Wisconsin. Here for thirteen years John run threshing machines in that vicinity, during the time giving much thought to the invention of a more perfect thresher. Accordingly in 1870, he began the model of what is now one of the most complete and least complicated machines in existence, the Pride of the West, this masterpiece he completed in March, 1871. This well-known thresher is now quite extensively built by the McDonald and Company of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Mr. Smith also invented a horse plow called the John Smith horse plow, receiving a patent in November, 1876. Two years later he came to Stillwater and en- gaged with Seymour, Sabin and Company as foreman of the horse-power building department, having since made several improvement on their different powers. Miss Katherine Johanas be- came his wife in 1863: Margaret, John, Nicholas and Mary, are their children. William H. Smithson wasbomatHawkesbury, Ontario, March 4th, 1844. His father being a farmer he assisted him in his labors on the farm in summer, attending school during winter. The school-house was of logs and presided over by a pedagogue, who believed more in the efficiency of birch than books, as a propagator of knowledge. WUliam's advantages for gaining knowledge, were therefore limited, both as to time and instruction. Owing to a severe strain, caused by heavy lifting, when sixteen years of age, he was afflicted with hemorrhage of the lungs, which continued at in- tervals for a number of years, unfitting him for manual labor. In 1865 he came to Stillwater; his health being greatly improved he engaged in the occupation of a lumberman till 1874, when he ap- plied for, and secured the position of guard, at the Minnesota state prison, remaining in that posi- tion two years. By the resignation of the ste- ward he was appointed to fill the vacancy, where he still remains. Mr. Smithson has been twice married; his present wife was Miss Emma Rob- erts, of Minneapolis, married October 8th, 1S79. He is the parent of three children by his first wife, Edith D., William H. and Cora E. James H. Spencer, one of the early pioneers of St. Croix valley, is a native of Missouri, bom at Columbia, February 19th, 1829. When sixteen years of age he came to the valley and first set- tled at Marine Mills, making his home there un- til 1854, then located at Stillwater. The first four years were passed in the pineries, in the em- ploy of Elam Greeley, was also in the employ of the Marine Lumber Company till 1849. He then began lumbering in his own interest continuing with success until 1860. Two years later he com- menced exploring pine lands for Hersey, Staples and Hall, which he continued two years. After three years in Missouri, passed in the pursuit of agriculture, he returned to Stillwater and to his explorations. In 1874 he erected a shingle mill at South Stillwater, and after three or four years experience, disposed of it and resumed the ex- ploring of pine lands and has since given his en- tire attention to it. Mr. Spencer has been twice married, in 1869 to Miss Rose Winters, of Wi- nona. They have one son, James H., Jr. Elzey J. Spindle, of the firm of Spindle and Stephens, contractors and builders in brick and stone, was born at Kaskaskia, Randolph county, Illinois, October 6th, 1851. Here his father died in 1866, then his mother and her family came to Stillwater, which has since been their home. Mr. Spindle served an apprenticeship of five years at the brick-layer and plasterer's trade, after which in 1877, he entered into full partnership with his instructor, Mr. Stephens. This firm has done much in this city and vicinity in their line. His wife was Miss Hattie J. Stephens, married in 1872. Their only child is William E. Edward Staples was bom in Saco, Maine, De- cember 10th, 1833. In boyhood his opportunities for an education were limited. In 1856 he came to Stillwater and learned the blacksmith's trade. After working for Hersey, Bean and Brown four years, commenced business alone; in 1874 formed a partnership with Andrew W. Kearney, and since that date has been senior member of the firm of Staples and Kearney. Isaac Staples. This gentleman, so well known as an extensive business man, lumber manufac- CITY OF STILLWATER-BIOGBAPHICAL. 601 turer and merchant, wasborn in Topsham, Maine, Septembea: 2.5th, 1816. -His father, Kev. Wins- low Staples, shortly afterwards removed to Bruns- wick, where the boyhood days of Isaac were spent till the age of sixteen. At eighteen years of age he bought his time of his father till he should become twenty-one, for 1360, and went to work in the lumber woods of the Penobscot river, driving in the spring, and working on the booms of General Samuel Veazie at Old Town, which he continued for two years. At the age of twenty he engaged in general merchandising at Old Town, which he continued one year. He then went into the lumbering business, handling logs and dealing quite extensively atOld Town with Samuel F. Hersey, who was afterwards . one of his part- ners in this city. In 1849 Mr. Staples was ap- pointed by Governor John W. Dana, of Maine, as Indian agent for the Penobscot tribe of Indians. In October, 1853, he came to Minnesota for the purpose of locating pine lands, and during the following winter located ten thousand acres. De- ciding to locate at Stillwater, he returned east, organized a lumber company, as mentioned else- where, in this work, and the following spring, 1854, he moved his family to this city, then in its infancy. On his arrival here he purchased for a residence the house known as the "Stillwater house." Mr. Staples then engaged, with his asso- ciates, in the lumber business which they prose- cuted to a great extent until 1869, when Mr. Staples disposed of his pai-tnership and has since conducted the lumber business alone. He has also a flouring-mill and store and is largely inter- ested in other enterprises. Mr. Staples has laid out several additions to Stillwater, and built a number of fine business blocks. He was elected president of the Lumbermen's National bank of this city on its organization in 1871, and still holds that office. He has been twice married, first, in 1839, to Miss Caroline B. Rogers, of Old Town, Maine, by whom he had one child. Mrs. Staples died in 1840. He was again married January 31st, 1841, to Miss Olivia J. Pettengill, also of Old Town, by whom he has had eight children. Mr. Staples has been remarkably suc- cessful in business, having begun with nothing, and earned his first money by working out for seven dollars a month. We see him as the ener- getic, enterprising boy, purchasing his time of his father at the age of eighteen. He is next the active lumberman and merchant, though he has scarcely attained his majority. Next he is organ- izing business to take advantage of the opportu- nities for larger enterprise in a new country. He grows up with the new city of StUlwater, taking and holding a prominent place in its build- ings, manufactures and merchandise. As a busi- ness man he is far-sighted, systematic, energetic and persistent. These qualities combined have made him one of the most -successful business men of Minnesota. Josiah Staples is a native of Maine, born at Brunswick, Cumberland county, June 20th, 1826, and is a son of Samuel and Binca Staples, who were natives of the old "Pine Tree" state. When Josiah was thirteen years old the famUy removed to Penobscot county and later to New Brunswick, and lived in Frederiekton three years. About the year 1840 they returned to Maine, where the parents remained until 1856, then came to Still- water. Previously, in 1848, Josiah came to Still- water and decided to locate; his first work here was to assist in enclosing a saw-mUl at Areola, which had been ranning some time in an open frame. He also sawed in the first saw-mill at Stillwater a portion of the lumber used in the erection of the American hotel, by Anson Northrup, at St. Paul. Mr. Staples was one of guests at the old American house "warming" and danced with the St. Paul pioneers. Since his first arrival here he has been chiefly engaged in lum- bering; in 1856 he entered into partnership with J. S. Anderson in the rafting business, which continued several years with marked success. For several years he transacted an individual business in the same line. During the summer of 1871, he run on the steamer "Swallow" as cap- tain, and in which he held one-half interest. He has since had in charge the business of other com- panies and lately that of Elam Greeley. During these thirty years of his life as a lumberman, he has never lost a half dozen days of working time. His marriage w^ith Miss Lydia McLaughlin oc- curred in 1853. Albert E., Edward F., Llewellyn M., Harry J., Joe, Blanche E. and Granville M. S., are their living children, three having died. Frederick Steinacker is a native of Bavaria kingdom, Germany, born March 22d, 1829. On attaining majority he entered the Germany army. 602 HISTORY OF WASEIJVGTON COUNTY. and in July, 1852, started for America, arriving after a voyage of lifty-two days. Two years were passed in New York, tlien went to Virginia, sub- sequently to Ohio in the brick-making business. After spending some time at St. Louis, New Or- leans, Mobile and Memphis, he engaged with the Little Eock raih-oad. In 1856 he came to Still- water and three years later opened a brick yard, which he operated until he enlisted in company B, First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, serving until his discharge at Brooklyn, New York, in 1863. Eeturning to his home at Stillwater, he was married in 1865, to Miss Magdalene Stoltz. Joseph, August, Theresa, Albert, Martin and Frederick, are their children. Edward Stewart was born in New Brunswick, February 25th, 1836. "When about fifteen years of age he accompanied his parents to Milltown, Maine, and in 1856 Edward came to the St. Croix valley, locating at Stillwater, and has since given his entire attention to lumbering. In 1864 he entered into partnership with J. McDermott, which firm did a successful business for about four years, then dissolved and Mathers and Stew- art were in partnership three or four years. Since 1875 he and E. Hospes have carried on a business together in connection with Schulen- burg, Boeckeler and Company's lumbering works. Mr. Stewart married Miss Elizabeth Bergen, of Stillwater, in 1868. P.J. Stenstrom was bom in. Sweden, June 30th, 1849. He learned the trade of shoemaker in his native country, and in 1868 crossed the ocean, coming to Stillwater via New Y'ork. He worked at his trade as journeyman until begin- ning for himself in 1872. Two years later he added a stock of ready-made goods; also in the same building in a separate sale-room, a stock of tobacco, cigars, etc. Married in March, 1876, to Miss Ellen Larson. Carl O. and Hilda M. are their children. Daniel S. Stombs is a native of Salem county. New Jersey, born November 13th, 1828. When about eight years old he accompanied his parents to Ohio, settling near Batavia, and after the death of his father went to Cincinnati and in 1 S-VI began coppersmithlng and sheet-irou work, con- tinuing one year, then went to California and engaged in gold mining one year with consider- able success. Keturning to Cincinnati, he en- gaged in plumbing and gas fitting and built several petroleum oil factories; also invented one of the first apparatus for separating and refining petroleum. In 1859 he came to St. Paul, Minne- sota, and there opened a shop for steamboat re- pairing, which he run till 1874 with marked suc- cess, then sold and came to Stillwater and established the St. Croix iron works. Mr. Stombs married Miss Nancy Noland in 1847. She has borne him three children; Sarah A. and Samuel B. are the living. D. J. Sullivan was bom April 22d, 1855, at Norwich, Connecticut, and removed to Bockford, Illinois, in 1872, where lie learned his trade with the firm of Hall and Bartlett. He came to Min- nesota August 28th, 1878, locating at Stillwater, which city is still his place of residence. E. D. Taylor was born at Euclid, Ohio, in 1842. In the fall of 1861 he enlisted in company A, Forty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which was made up of students of Hiram college. This- was the first company made up for President Garfield's regiment. He served until 1864, then went to Poughkeepsie, New York, and for a time attended school. In 1867 he became editor of the Temperance Patriot of Utica,New York, and in 1868 was city editor of the Utica Daily Herald. In 1875 he accepted the position of editor of the Eome Sentinel. In 1878 purchased an interest in the Lumberman printing office of this city. Mr. Taylor was married in the spring of 1868 to Miss Etta Eoney, of Utica, New York. They have two children. Captain W. H. H. Taylor, a native of North Bend, Ohio, was born on the 21st day of March, 1837. His mother was the youngest daughter of General W. H. Harrison, the ninth president of the United States. He attended the village school one year, then for five years his father em- ployed private teachers. In 1856-'7 he attended Ilerron's seminary at Cinciimati, then was ap- pointed deputy in the clerk's office of Hamilton county. In 1861 the miUtary company of which he was a member was the first frbm Cincinnati to respond to the call for 75,000 volunteers. They went to Washington, where he was appointed first lieutenant. August 11th, 1862, was pro- moted to captain. After resigning from the army he retm-ned to Cincinnati and was appointed clerk in the post-office, his father being postmaster. In CITY OF STILLWATEB^BIOQBAPHIGAL. 603 1867 he moved with his father upon a farm eight miles above Minneapolis. In 1876 he was ap- pointed special on the Centennial police guard. Since April 3d, 1879, Captain Taylor has been on the prison force. Mrs. Susannah Tepass nee Burkhard, was born in Germany, August 10th, 1824. Came to Ameri- ca with her parents in 1847, settling in Freeport, Illinois. Here she was married to N. Kimmick, and in 1849 came to Stillwater. Her husband died in 1857. In 1860 she married Mr. Frank Aiple, who died November 10th, 1868. Decem- ber 9th, 1869, she married her present husband, Mr. Herman Tepass. Mrs. Tepass is one .of the earliest settlers in the St. Croix valley, and after suffering extreme hardships is now in easy cir- cumstances. Her children are Mary T. Aiple, Herman Aip'le and Frank Aiple. Benjamin Thelen, a native of Germany, was bom in October, 1832. Came to America in 1853, and was employed as laborer until 1856. That year he engaged in business for himself. His en- tire block 75x150 feet, was burned December 24th, 1866, and the following year he rebuilt it and now occupies a part of it for his saloon and billiard hall, and residence. Was married in 1872 to Miss Sarah Plaine of this city. Their children are Eveline, Sylvester, Bernhardt F. W. and Louis B. Levi E. Thompson, a native of Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, New York, born May, 5th, 1829. When twelve years of age he entered the Troy Wesleyan Seminary. At the the age of fourteen he commenced the study of law with his brother, and was admitted to practice by the su- preme court in 1849. After practicing two years in partnership with his brother he came to Still- water in 1852 and formed a partnership with Theodore E. Parker. In 1855 Allen Dawson of Hudson was admitted to the firm, in 1858 Mr. Thompson withdrew and one year later formed a partnership with John Vandenburg. Mr. Thomp- son married Miss Martha G. Harris, daughter of Albert Harris of this city, October, 1856. They have three children all of whom are living. Martin A. Tlion, a native of Norway, was born May 3d, 1851. When eighteen years of age he immigrated to America, locating at Madison, Wisconsin. After a short residence there, he re- moved to Blue Mound, thence to Oconto, where he was employed by Farnsworth and Company. In May, 1862, he came to this city and began working at shoemaking. At the end of two years his attention was turned to tailoring, which he has since followed. Married Annie M. J. Han- son, of Stillwater, in April, 1880. William E. Thorne, born March 16th, J 81 7, is a native of Poughkeepsie, New York. Entered a store as clerk in 1835, in New York city. In 1849, he left New York, and embarked in the hardware and house furnishing business at St. Louis. At the end of four years he sold his in- terest to his partner and started for Stillwater, arriving here in September, 1854. After examin- ing the resources of the town, he determined to settle, and in May, 1855, opened with a small stock of dry goods, in Nelson's block on lower Main street, and has since been in business here. Married Miss Olive A. Anderson, of Belleville, New York, September 11th, 1862. They have had two children, both of whom died in infancy. Reverend David Tice was bom in Caistor, Lin- coln county, Canada, November 12th, 1829. The youngest of fourteen children, it was intended that David should remain on the homestead until he was twenty-one years of age, but being ambi- tious, he sought and gained his father's consent to seek his own fortunes, when but thirteen years of age. After leaving home, his time was spent alternately in working, and attending school. After reaching manhood, he was engaged in many business enterprises in the town of Caistor- ville, of which he was proprietor. Here he owned stores, a brick-yard, and was engaged in farming. In 1857, Mr. Tice gave up his business interests, and entered the ministry. He is at present pas- tor of the Methodist Episcopal church of Still- water. J. H. Townshend is a native of Illyria, Ohio, born September 28th, 1846. Was educated at the Western Reserve College, of Ohio. On account of failing health, was unable to complete his course. For a time he was engaged in traveUng in New Mexico. After leaving' New Mexico, he visited W. F. Cahill, of Minneapolis, who is re- lated to him by marriage, and was persuaded by him to join in building a flouring mill at this place. He took charge from the beginning, in 1872, and has since operated it. Is also president of the Union Elevator company of Stillwater. 604 HISTOB¥ OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Albert Tozer is a native of Canada East, bom May 4th, 1846. Came to the St. Croix valley in August 1863, and settled at this city. For three years was in the employ of an older brother, David Tozer. In company with D. Gillis, he be- gan logging in 1866, and shortly after admitted a third partner, the firm name being Tozer, Gillis and Company. In 1867, he was in the employ of Torinus and Company, and from '68 to '70, was in partnership with his brother, the firm being known as D. and A. Tozer. Prom '77 to '81 Sauntry and Tozer had charge of cutting and D. and A. Tozer the rafting. This year their cut was seven millions. Mr. To^er married Miss Rosanna Downes, of this city, in 1871. Their children are Albert W., Lydia, Adelia and Alice. David Tozer, a resident of Stillwater, is a na- tive of New Brunswick, and came to Stillwater in 1856. Since his first arrival in the city he has been engaged in the lumbering business. Sylvanus Trask was born in Otsego county, New York, November 16th, 1811. When nine- teen years of age he went to Genesee county and spent four years at the Middlebury Academy. After this he traveled in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Canada, for several years, as a teacher, In 1848 he settled in Stillwater, and has since resided here. The first year he was deputy postmaster, and since, has been engaged in sur- veying logs for various lumber companies. March 10th, 1852, he married Miss Euphemia Turner, of St. Paul. Rev. E. D. Neill officiating. His two sons are named, Byron W. and George W. Joseph A. Tenner, bom in Switzerland in 1839. Came to America in 1860, and settled at this city. In 1861, he enlisted in Company B, Pirst Minne- sota Volunteers, was wounded at Gettysburg by a shell, this kept him in the hosptal nine months. Was honorably discharged in 1864, and returned to Stillwater and started a barber shop, which he has since conducted. In the spring of 1881, he started the Helvetia sample room on Main street nearly opposite the Grand Opera house. Mar- ried in 1867 to Miss Jennie Deragisch, who has borne five children, all of whom are living. Thomas H. Turner, a native of England, was bom in Sheffield, January 19th, 1839. When four years old his father brought him to America. In 1848 his father started the first saw factory in Cincinnati. At the age of eighteen, Thomas- be- gan learning the trade and worked at it until April 19th, 1861, when he enlisted in Company C, Pifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After serv- ing through the war, he returned to Cincinnati and worked at his trade until 1868. Spent two years at his trade in Chicago, and three at La- crosse, and until J 878, was in different places. Then in 1878, he located at Hudson, resided there two years, then came to this city. July 2d, 1862, he married Miss Martha A. Walcot, of La- crosse. A. A. Ulen was bora in Norway, Pebraary 15th, 1843. Immigrated to America, May 3d, 1867, 'and first stopped at Portland, Maine. The next two years he was farming at Dane county, Wisconsin. Came to Stillwater in 1869, and for two years was employed by lumber firms. In 1871, commenced tending bar, soon after took a half interest,' and in 1876, purchased the entire establishment. He married Martha Wil- liams at Martell, Wisconsin, AprU 23d, 1876, they have two children: Andrew O. W. and Ida Amelia. James VanBuskirk was bom in Westmoreland county. New Brunswick, July 23d, 1845. Having learned painting, he left home In 1868, and trav- eled for a time through the eastern states. Came to Minneapolis in July, and during the summer he worked on a farm and in the winter taught school at Eden Prairie. In the spring of 1869, he commenced working at his trade, and in 1872 came to this city and began working for M. Web- ster. In 1875, he coijamenced business for him- self. In November, 1876, he married Miss Pan- nie Moss, of St. Paul; they have had two chil- dren of whom one is living. Theodore VanTassell was bora in Brooklyn New York, May 26th, 1854. He was educated in the public high schools of that city. Came to Still- water in the- spring of 1875 and entered the law office of McCluer and Marsh in November. After a thorough and diligent course of study, he was admitted to practice in February, 1878. In April he was elected associate judge of the municipal court, and in September, married Ida Berniee, daughter of William Lowell. Abraham Van Vorhes, deceased, was born in •Washington county, Pennsylvania, December 2d, 1793. He was in the fullest sense a self-made UITT OF 8TILLWATEB— BIOGRAPHICAL. 605 man. Unaided by early culture and unsupported by, the means and opportunities necessary for more than a mere shadow of common school edu- cation—not exceeding eighteen months— his thirst for knowledge in his early years led him to acquire books by such shifts as are known to enterprising country lads, and he became a better educated boy than many, more blessed with op- portunity. He soon manifested aspirations and purposes that were not to be deterred from the achievement of creditable distinction in the hon- orable pursuit of scientific knowledge. One of his school-books, " Workman's Element's of Geography," contained some simple philosophical problems. These he mastered fully, and upon them his whole life history rests. More philo- sophical and scientific books were purchased and thoroughly digested, so that he became a scholar, a philosopher and an inventor purely by his own unaided efforts. About 1828 he purchased a set of blacksmith's tools and soon made himself not only a skilled mechanic but an excellent machinist. In 1831 he moved to Athens county, Ohio, and settled at Hebbardsville, some six miles from the county seat, where he remained several years, studying intently as was ever his custom and familiarizing himself with various mechanical pursuits. During these years of retiracy he was success- fully enriching his mind with stores of useful knowledge for subsequent use, and this silent process of "steeping" himself quietly in his studies at that time, has been productive of grand results In the later years of his life. In 1837 he moved to Athens, the county seat, and became the editor and proprietor of the "Western Spectator" which was afterwards changed to the "Hocking Valley Gazette," which paper he edited with decided ability. In the conduct of this paper he was ably assisted by his two sons who became model printers and eventually succeeded their father in the publi- cation of the paper. In 1840, he was elected to the lower house of the Ohio legislature, and was afterwards sent to the senate four terms. He also served as county surveyor six years and as county treasurer one year. In 1849, he was appointed, by President Taylor, register of the first land-oifice in Minne- sota, and came to Stillwater' in October, of the same year, to discharge its duties. In 1854, he was appointed by Governor Ramsey territorial auditor, and in 1855-6, he served one term in the Minnesota legislature. In 1860, Governor Eam- sey appointed him commissioner to locate the capital lands and the balance of the Minnesota State University land appropriated by congress. He located several thousand acres, in a manner entirely satisfactory to the state. In 1862, he was elected county surveyor of Washington coimty, and held the ofllce by re-election for twelve continuous years. About 1864, he was appointed postmaster of Stillwater, which posi- tion he filled acceptably for several years, when he resigned in favor of his successor. He has de- cidedly a mathematical and inventive mind, hav- ing invented all the instruments he used in apply- ing mathematics to astronomy and other subjects. To detail the minuteness of his knowledge of me- chanics, and the laws and principles of motion, would require a volume. He kept a weather rec- ord and calculated all the eclipses for this region, the power and force of his mind enabling him to overcome the disadvantages of early life, and to become well informed on the current topics of the day. Mr. Van Vorhes was married in 1817 to Mary W. Vorhes, of Washington county, Maryland, whose family at that time resided in New Jersey. Eight children were born to them five of whom are still living. Mrs. Van Vorhes died in Stillwater, December 19th, 1861. His eldest son. Colonel Nelson H. Van Vorhes, is one of Ohio's brightest representative men. His sec- ond son, Andrew Jackson Van Vorhes, who died in January, 1873, established the Stillwater Mes- senger in 1856, and conducted it until 1868, ex- cepting two years that he spent in the army, when the editorial chair was occupied by A. B. Easton, the present editor of the Stillwater Ga- zette. He was born in Wa,shington county, Pennsylvania, June 30th, 1824. In 1844, he, in company with his brother Nelson, purchased of their father the Hocking Valley Gazette, which was subsequently changed to the Athens Messen- ger. He came to Stillwater in 1855, and was so well pleased with the young city that he returned in the following year and started the paper as above mentioned. He was a member of the Min- nesota legislature in 1859-60, and clerk of the supreme court one term. From the spring of 606 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 1863 to 1865, he was quartermaster in the army, with the rank of captain. His death occurred at the Sawyer House, Stillwater, in January, 1873, while his wife was absent on a visit to her friends in the east. His youngest son, Henry C. Van Vorhes, was born in Athens, Athens county, Ohio, in 1839, and came here with his father's family, in 1850. During the war he enlisted in the First Minne- sota Infantry, Company B, April 27th, 1861; went to the front and was engaged in a number of se- vere battles; took sick and was sent to the hos- pital, arid afterwards discharged for disability after serving about eighteen months. He after- wards accompanied his brother, Captain A. J. Van Vorhes, of this city, but was not on active duty. After his return from the south, he came to Stillwater, which has since been his residence. He was married at Areola, February 9th, 1865, to Miss Emily Mower, a daughter of one of the first settlers of Washington county. Their eld- est son, Albert H., died at the age of one year; Edward M., Willis H. and Mary M. are their liv- ing children. George Watson was born at Muncy, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, September 14th, 1823. At the age of eight years the protection of a father was taken from him by death, and four years later he came with his brother to Ohio, where he lived three years. In 1837 he came to Chicago and there began the carpenter's trade. Working at his trade as a journeyman until 1849, he then visited Stillwater, St. Anthony and St. Paul with a view to locating a home. He finally located at Hudson, Wisconsin, making that place his home until 1871, then removed to Stillwater. He is one of the oldest carpenters in this county, and has erected many fine buildings in this city and vicinity. Married in 1860, Miss Francis Lyman, of Hudson. Willie L. is their only child. Oscar A. Watier was born November 14th, 1855, in the parish of St. Anicet, province of Quebec. He began attending school at five years of age, entered the commercial aeademy at ten years, and two years later entered college. Subse- quently he attended the military scthool at Mon- treal, from which he holds a certili(;ate of cap- tain and one as lieutenant-colonel. He then en- tered the Victoria University to pursue medical studies, graduating with the degree of M. D. C. L. in 1878, and was licensed as such before the col- lege of physicians and surgeons of the province of Quebec. From the age of ten years till 1880, he resided at Montreal. Having prac- ticed his profession two years at that city, he then came to the United States and located at Stillwater, March 8th, 1880. Joseph C. Webb, is a native of England, bom December 17th, 1825. His parents came to America with their family in 1842, locating in Brunswick county, Massachusetts, where the father died in 1853, leaving Joseph to care for his mother. During 1847-48 he was superintendent of the gold mines of North Carolina, then re- turned and for two years was superintendent of the iron mines at Lennox, afterward taking charge of the engines of the Lennox Iron Works, owned by Peck, Collins and Phelps, continuing until 1862. Coming to Stillwater that year he has since been engineer for different firms. His present position is that of chief engineer in the lumber mills of Hersey, Bean and Brown. July 8th, 1862, he married Miss Julia Hastings. They have six children living, Willis H., Evelyn M., Carrie E., Lizzie P., Frank C. and Joseph C, Jr., Mary L. died. C. S. Webster was born at Owego, New York, November 25th, 1846. Here he passed his child- hood, and in May, 1866, came to Frontenac, Min- nesota, and for three months engaged as painter. During the spring of 1873, he removed to Still- water where he has since lived and followed his trade. His wife was Miss Helen Prescott, mar- ried in 1871. Four children have been bom to them, all are living. Mortimer Webster was born at Owego, Tioga county. New York, December 16th, 1836. Here he grew to manhood and received his education, also learned the painter's trade. He did consid- erable painting at Bingham ton and other cities in his native state. In 1856, he came to Hudson, Wisconsin, from Chicago, and in the vicinity of Bichmond, puichased a half-section of land; dur- ing that summer, he, in company with his brother William , came to Stillwater and established the firm of ^Vebster Brothers, painters, continuing till 1800. Mr. Webster afterward engaged in livery business and real estate until about 1866, when he sold his livery stock and has since given his entire attention to real estate. In 1869, he CITY OF STILLWATER— BIOGBAPHIGAL. 607 laid out what is known as Webster's first addi- tion, and again in 1870, purchased five acres and opened Webster's second addition. He now owns one-half interest in five hundred lots adjoining the South Stillwater limits; has also land and buildings at Fargo, Dakota territory, valued at eight thousand dollars, and has ever been success- ful in all his business undertakings. William Webster, real estate dealer is a native of Owego, Tioga county, New York. He learned the trade of painter at his native place' and in 1855, came to Stillwater. Here he was associated with the prison contractors for five years and followed his trade, dealing also in real estate. He has lately given his attention to real estate, also to breeding and raising fast horses, having on hand at present some very promising ones. Mr. Webster is among the early settlers of this thriving city; he is still unmarried. Horace Greeley West was born on Chestnut Ridge, Chester county, Pennsylvania, March 28th, 1859. The incidents of his youthful days are many and amusing. His educational advan- tages have been somewhat limited, being obliged to assist his father in his labor, attending school only a few weeks at a time. In 1861, he removed with his parents to Wooster, Ohio, making that city his home until 1876, when he came west, passing one winter in Wisconsin. In May, 1877, he arrived at Stillwater and entered the employ of Seymour, Sabin and Company in the setting up shop of their agricultural works, where he has remained except a short visit to his parents and a few weeks passed in traveling for his em- ployers. J. L. Wheeler, a native of New York, was born January 23d, 1836. He remained with his parents until they arrived at Wabasha, then be- gan clerking for Alexis Bailly, remaining about two years. Three years more were passed clerk- ing at Nelson's Landing, North Pepin, Wiscon- sin. Engaging in business at Omaha, Nebraska, he continued about two years, thence to New Or- leans, and in 1861 returned to Wabasha. In 1866, he purchased a cotton plantation in Louisiana, two years later he purchased a farm in Missouri, and after two years experience in farming, returned to Stillwater, and since 1875, has been in the grocery business. At Greenwood, Louisiana, he married in 1867, Miss E. Orne. Four children have been born to them, three of whom are living. W. H. H. Wheeler was bom in Chautauqua county, New York, March 24th, 1842. While yet a babe he accompanied his parents to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, thence to Wheeling, West Vir- ginia, and after a residence of four years returned to their former home at Pittsburgh. In 1852 Mr. Wheeler came to Wabasha, Minnesota, and at the age of fifteen years commenced clerking in a drug store winters but during the summer months worked on the river. Locating at Stillwater in 1862 he continued on the river until 1872, then in company with John N. Darms, engaged in the general merchandise trade for three years. He then formed a partnership with E. J. and J. L. Wheeler in the grocery trade, the firm being known as Wheeler Brothers and Company. His marriage with Miss Lura M. Mears occurred June 20th, 1876. Leslie M. is their only child. Henry White, first mate on steamer the Isaac Staples, is a native of this "North Star" state, and of the thriving city of Stillwater, bom Sep- tember 14th, 1855. At the age of fourteen years he began the river life on the Mississippi and St. Croix, running on different steamers, some of which are the, James Means, F. B. Clark, G. B. Knapp, Penn Wright, and Dispatch. In 1880 he joined the Isaac Staples as first mate, with Cap- tain Eichter, and has had quite extensive ex- perience in river navigation from Stillwater to St. Louis. He has three sisters and one brother liv- ing in this city, his parents having died in 1869 and 1878. Albert Wilkinson was bom at Dubuque, Iowa, December 15th, 1852. He acquired a common school aud academic education, and in April, 1875, came to Stillwater. He was employed as book-keeper in the hardware store of Torinus and Wilkinson until engaging in business for himself in 1878, at his present location. His business amounts to |6,000; he also owns one-half interest in the North Star Pharmacy, in Main street, and employs two salesmen. Married at Stillwater, June 26th, 1878, to Miss Eose Lehmicke, daugh- ter of E. Lehmicke, judge of probate. Octave Willett, proprietor of Willett's restaur- ant, is a native of Maine, bom September 13th, 1847. While still in infancy his parents removed to Orono, where his youthful days were passed. 608 SISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, As he merged into manliood he began lumbering and continued until coming to Stillwater in 1873, where he still continued it five years. In 1878 he, in company with his brother opened the "Live and Let Live" restaurant, he however withdrew two years later and established his present res- taurant and oyster bay, under the Lumberman's National bank. Married at Stillwater, in July, 1879, to Miss Mary J. De Mars. They have one son, Joseph A. William Willim, contractor and builder, was born in England, June 21st, 1821. Here he ac- quired a knowledge of the stone mason's trade from his father, and when seventeen years old came to America. In 1840 he located at St. Louis, and while living there took the contract of plastering a hotel at Point Douglas, Wiscon- sin territory, for David Hone. After completing that he visited Stillwater, and plastered the first house there, which was the Northrup house. He plastered many of the first dwellings of the pio- neers of this country; as he was the only mason for many miles around his services were in great demand. In 1847 he built the first lime-kiln, making quite a success of burning lime. In 1865 he entered into partnership with Seymour and Webster as coiltractors for the convict labor of the state prison, which contract was taken for a term of six years. Mr. Willim, however, sold his interest and began the manufacture of brick, which he carried on in connection with his trade for six years. His business has since been ex- clusively, contracting in brick and stone, and plas- tering. He has been twice married, first to Miss Clara Haskell, who died in 1850; remaining alone six years, he then married Joanna Hinman, who has borne him three children, Clara H., Myron S. and William B. Henry L. Wilson, deceased, an old and highly esteemed citizen, was born in Saratoga county. New York, 1816. During the year 1840 he emi- grated to Missouri and four years later moved to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. In 1847 he came to Stillwater, where he resided until his death in 1876. By profession he was a civil engineer, making the first survey and plat of the city of Stillwater. He held the office of clerk of district court from 1848 until his death. He leaves a widow, but no children. Mrs. Wilson has one daughter by her first husband, who is now the wife of Mr. Davis.'^Mr. Wilson's' religion ^con- sisted of a life of noble deeds and quiet acts of benevolence, ever giving to his brother man the warmest sympathy; he was beloved and respected by his many friends and acquaintances. Adfiison Wright was born in Greene county, New York, 1842. At the age of six years he ac- companied his parents to Kock county; his early days were passed in traveling, and in 1867 located at Stillwater. Here he learned the trade of painter and worked as journeyman until 1871, then formed a partnershipjwith Smith and Web- ster, which was of short duration. He was asso- ciated with^different parties till 1872, then went into company with B. J. Mosier, the firm being known as Wright and Mosier. In the musical interests of the city, he has taken an active part in both brass and string bands. In 1870 married Annie M. Tobin, of this city, who died in 1875, leaving two children. His present wife was Miss C. Tobin, who has borne him Maggie L. Captain A. K. Young, one of the early naviga- tors of the upper Mississippi and St. Croix rivers, was born in Somerset county, Maine, in Novem- vember, 1827. At the age of seventeen years, he began river life, and two years later run as en- gineer. In 1849 run the Sea Gulf between Bath and Boston. In 1850 he came to St. Anthony, Minnesota, where he resided about twelve years. In 1873 he removed his family to Stillwater, where he has a fine^residence. Alfred Zurcher was bom at'Menzingen, Canton Zug, Switzerland, September 5th, 1850. When four years old his parents removed to Zug, the capital of the canton, where he attended school, also took tlie classic courses at the gym- nasium. In 1862 he was sent to the college of the Jesuit Fathers at Feldkirch, in Austria, pass- ing through a full course of classics and sciences. He began his studies of medicine at tlie Uni- versity of Basel, in Switzerland, continuing four years at Wurzburg and Zurich, graduating early in 1874. Sailed for America the same year, and practiced one year in Pennsylvania, thence to New Munich, Stearns county, Minnesota, and in 1876 came to Stillwater, where all his children have been born. His wife was Miss Mary Broker of St. Cloud, Steai-ns county. Their children are Mary, A.lfred and Anna. TOWNSHIP DIBEGTORIES. 609 TOWNSHIP DIRECTOPvTKS. Valley Creek, Afton, Yalley Creek, Valley Creek, Yalley Creek, AFTON. p. o. Albreeht C. farmer, Valley Creek, Almquist C. P. farmer, Afton, Anderson August, f arm'r, Woodbury, Babcock Amelia, fruit g'r, Afton, Bahnemann M. farmer. Valley Creek, Bahnemann M. F. farmer and thresher, Valley Creek, Bahnemann E. farmer. Berry David, farmer, Bentel Chris, farmer, Bohn Wm. farmer, BoUes Erastus, farmer, BoUes Geo. W.bl'ksmith, Afton, Belles C. E. mlr. & mnfr. Valley Creek, Boxell J. W. fruit growr. Valley Creek, Brumer Emanuel, farmer. Valley Creek, Bus well R. miller, Afton, Buswell r. W. miller. Valley Creek, Buswell & Persons, North Star Mills, Valley Creek, Buswell & Home, millers. Valley Creek, Brownlee J. H. engineer, Afton, Carlson J. G. farmer, Afton, Camathan Wm. carpt. and farmer,' Afton, Closeter O. minister, Clymer S. D. farmer, Clymer Geo. farmer. Cox E. M. farmer, Cooney James, farmer, Cooneyhan T. farmer, Connor T. farmer, Culbertson Linda, farmer, Afton, Gushing Phoebe, hotel, Afton, Day John, farmer. Valley Creek, Davies G. E. farmer, Afton, Dick Erancis, farmer, Afton, 39 Valley Creek, Afton, Afton, Afton, Afton, Afton, Afton, A. s. 80 6 54 26 80 30 60 24 80 17 80 8 80 17 200 22 80 7 80 6 150 10 22 15 10 170 16 150 17 22 9 50 9 9 26 368 19 120 22 6 120 19 22 360 30 125 28 40 33 40 33 132 9 22 80 7 92 32 80 28 P. o. Dill and Miller, wheat buyers, Afton, Eastwood M. farmer, Afton, Eastwood Thos. farmer, Afton, Ehrenberg B. farmer, Afton, Fay E. farmer, Afton, Folstrom Geo. farmer. Valley Creek, Folstrom Mrs. J. farmer. Valley Creek, Foumier B. farmer. Valley Creek, Fortin M. farmer. Valley Creek, Fosberg C. G. farmer, Afton, Frederick F. farmer. Valley Creek, Gage P. F. farmer and blacksmith, Afton, Gedatus L. farmer. Valley Creek, George John T. farmer, Afton, Gench Chris, farmer. Valley Creek, Gerke Henry, farmer. Valley Creek, Getchell J. M. farmer, Afton, Getchell W. S. clerk, Afton, Getchell W. H. farmer, Afton, Gilbert New. farmer. Valley Creek, Gorgas Geo. farmer. Lake Elmo, Guernsey, W. H. farmer, Afton, Hablitzel J. V. farmer. Valley Creek, Haskell Joseph, farmer, Afton, Hartman J. S. farmer, Afton, Heuer Mrs. J. F. farmer. Valley Creek, Heuer C. F. farmer, Valley Creek, Heuer Geo. farmer, Valley Creek, Heuer Chris, farmer, Valley Creek, Holms C G. farmer. Valley Creek, Holstrom Chas. F. farmer. Lakeland, Jackson G. T. farmer. Lakeland, Jackson James, farmer, Afton, Kelley Peter, farmer. Valley Creek, Kumme Aug. farmer. Valley Creek, Lingren Paul, farmer, Afton, Landers Eliz'h, farmer. Valley Creek, Mackey M. farmer, Valley Creek, Munch E. miller, Afton, A. s. 26 120 21 20 21 80 19 120 11 120 5 120 9 120 5 240 8 160 27 180 17 160 33 60 16 29 51 7 200 10 140 34 22 160 20 174 9 160 6 240 34 80 16 21 116 30 160 18 80 19 40 19 80 17 80 7 150 4 240 3 160 28 80 4 88 16 40 33 120 7 240 6 209 15 610 HISTORY OF WASHINGION COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. p. 0. A. S. Margroft F. farmer, Valley Creek, 120 8 Barker B. farmer, S. Stillwater, 80 16 Meyer W. carpenter, Valley Creek, 20 17 Berger F. farmer. Stillwater, 10 Meyer A. farmer, A^alley Creek, 80 17 Burns Ellen, S.Stillwater, 200x1 50 ft Middleton Mary, farmer Afton, 149 19 Burkleo H. Stillwater, 15 Nelson P. farmer, Afton, 80 34 Burkleo S. Stillwater, 15 Oldham F. farmer. Afton, 120 28 Burkleo Susan, Stillwater, 320 15 Oldham N. farmer. Afton, 80 33 Burmeister E. Stillwater, 80 8 Olds L. I. lumberman. Afton, 22 Brassai- Geo. pilot. Stillwater, 38 4 Olson A. minister and farmer, Afton, 120 34 Burk D. lumberman. S. Stillwater, lots. Paterson S. H. and Son, gen'l. mer. Afton, 22 Benner H. F. artisan, S. Stillwater, lots. Pechman F. farmer. Valley Creek, 80 20 Bonner James, S. Stillwater, lots. Pennington G. H. farmer , Cottage Grove, 160 31 Bonnaman Fred, farmer Stillwater, 40 17 Pennington Chas. farmer. Cottage Grove 160 31 Buckboltz A. carpenter. Stillwater, 1 8 Pennington W. farmer. Afton, 200 22 Bronson Folsom, Stillwater, 40 5 Persons C. farmer, Afton, 40 28 Carlton Mrs. E. Stillwater,' 7 Persons S. E. farmer. Afton, 93 27 Carlson T. A. Stillwater, Persons Thos. farmer. Afton, 200 28 Cai-michiel A. StUlwater, 3 Peterson Peter, farmer, Valley Creek, 80 18 Casey W. Stillwater, Porth H. farmer, A^alley Creek, 80 8 Caplazi P. artisan, S. Stillwater, 80 9 Rentz J. farmer, Lakela,nd, 80 5 Carlton George, farmer, Stillwater, 160 4 Remas N. farmer, Lakeland, 80 5 Cowen S. L. lumberman Stillwater, lots. Richart F. farmer. Valley Creek, 70 8 Clancy M. farmer, Stillwater, 77 18 Rice Laura, farmer. Afton, 80 19 Cover J. G. lumberman. Stillwater, lots. Riedel C. Jr. gardner. Valley Creek, 9 Cover D. insurance agent and farmer. Riedel L. cooper. Valley Creek, 9 StUlwater, 80 3 Riedel C. Sr. gardner, Valley Creek, 50 9 CoUer J. farmer, StUlwater, 36 10 Sahnow P. farmer. Valley Creek, 80 18 Deragisch A. merchant. Stillwater, 2 lots. Sahnow W. C. farmer. Valley Creek, 80 20 Doran James, farmer and logger, Schuster Chas. farmer, Afton, 120 32 StUlwater, 80 4 Schultz A. farmer. Valley Creek, 40 6 Eliott James, farmer, Stillwater, 19 3 Squires B. P. merchant. Afton, Estabrook Chas. E. millwright, Stahenow A. farmer. Valley Creek, 80 20 Stillwater, lots 3 Stegemann A. farmer. Valley Creek, 74 6 Estabrook Mary E. StUlwater, lots 3 Wendt W- farmer, Valley Creek, 75 7 Estabrook D. S. mechanic, Stillwater, lots 3 Weyer W. farmer. Valley Creek, 23 7 Ellison & Co. mills. S. StUlwater. Wetzel W. farmer, Valley Creek, 159 6 FiesC. Stillwater, 3 3 Willock Adam, farmer. Afton, 240 32 risk F. W. farmer, Stillwater, 20 15 Zanhel W. F. farmer. Valley Creek, 120 5 Flynn E. farmer. Stillwater, 160 17 Zanbel William, farmer Valley Creek, 120 3 Fortin M. farmer, Gamm E. C. mechanic. StUlwater, S. StUlwater, 200 6 lots. BAYTOWN. Gardner C. R. farmer. StUlwater, 260 7 Albrecht F. farmer. Stillwater, 75 7 Gillis D. fanner. Stillwater, 40 15 Anderson L. farmer, Stillwater, 40 10 Give W. machinist, S. StUlwater, 3 Anderson 0. M. employe St. C. L. Co. Gray C. hostler, S. StiUwater, 3 lots. S. Stillwater, 2 lots Godfrey E. Anderson Eric. Gowan John, farmer, Stillwater, 80 15 Arthur Jas. millwright. Stillwater, 2 lots Gramery Fred, cai-penter, S. Stillwater, 3 lots. Atkinson John, farmer, StUlwater, 80 10 Griffin, farmer, Stillwater, 40 8 Barker T. farmer. S. Stillwater, 230 16 Hammerstrom 0. TOWNSHIP DIBECT0BIE8. 611 p o. A. s. Holmquest John. Harrington M. Hefty Nic. Stillwater, 100 5 Hopkins T. B. Huey Allen , far. & logger, Stillwater, 80 4 Kannar J. Kern Sol. farmer, Stillwater, 69 6 Kern John, farmer, Stillwater, 360 6 Kroening Chas. farmer, Stillwater, 80- 16 La Point A. retired. So. Stillwater, Lots Lundberg P. A. Lundahl Hans. Mackey Ed. farmer, Stillwater, 280 18 Maddock Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 24 4 McDonald Mrs. C. farmer, Stillwater, 200 8 Meister W. Meigs B. C. sawyer, So. Stillwater, 2 Lots Mercier Mary, So. Stillwater, 2 Lots Marty John, farmer, Stillwater, 104 5 Moffatt Eobert, trader, Stillwater, 10 lots 3 Miller Sarah A. Stillwater, 40 4 Mundt W. farmer, Stillwater, 80 4 Nelson Nels, farmer, Stillwater, 55 10 ■ Nehring N. farmer, Stillwater, 20 5 Newman Mrs. farmer, Stillwater, 40 9 Nolan Thos. fanner, Stillwater, 34 4 NorrUl M. O'Nfeil Hugh, engineer, So. Stillwater, 3 Lots O'Plarerty D. farmer. Lakeland, 37 18 PaUi Martin, farmer, Stillwater, 80 8 PaUi V. farmer, Stillwater; 240 9 Perro Joseph, farmer, Stillwater, 136 3 Perro 8. Perro W. H. Parker Mrs. Susan, Stillwater, 10 lots 3 Pittman Christ. Potter J. 8. sawyer. So. Stillwater, 3 lots 3 Eheiner V. Eeibe W. farmer, Stillwater, 80 7 Eichart A. farmer, Stillwater, 40 17 Schaar Phil. Schisser Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 260 5&8 Schindler Geo. farmer, Stillwater, 80 6 Scully Dan. & Jas. far. Stillwater, SO 17 SchuU Nic. Sinclair "W". Sinnett M. farmer, Stillwater, 160 18 Secrest ^. retired, So. Stillwater, 56 10 Smith M. P. farmer, Stillwater, 10 10 p. 0. A. s. Stillwater, 2 lots 8 Stillwater, 80 18 Stillwater, 40 16 Stillwater, 40 16 So. Stillwater , 76 9 Smith Eva, teacher, Staltzman Christ. Sullivan O. farmer, Trost II. farmer, Tourman H. farmer, Ulrich W. farmer. Underwood I. H. logger. So. Stillwater, lots Voelker W. farmer, Stillwater, 40 8 Voelker Chas. farmer, Stillwater, 30 8 Wakefield A. C. engr. S. Stillwater, 2 lots Walton Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 4 10 Weir F. W. minister and farmer. Lake Elmo, 70 18 Wissinger L. farmer, Stillwater, 40 9 Wilke H. farmer, Stillwater, 40 8 Whalen Jer. farmer, Stillwater, 100 10 Whalen Mary, farmer, Stillwater, 4 10 Whalen John, farmer, Stillwater, 65 15 Wissinger W. stonema'n, StiUwater, 40 9 Wissinger J. farmer, Stillwater, Wolf A. farmer, Stillwater, 80 16 Wolf M. farmer, Stillwater, 40 16 Zabel Gott. farmer, Stillwater, 46 8 Zabel Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 40 17 Zueker Godf. farmer, Stillwater, 40 17 COTTAGE GROVE. Adams C. P. Ames Oliver, farmer, Langdon, Anderson Chas. farmer, Langdon, Anderson O. Amy F. farmer^ Newport, Arbuckle S. C. farmer, Langdon, Austin Lewis, farmer, Langdon, Austin A. E. farmer, Langdon, Arney John, farmer, Newport, Atkinson John, farmer, Stillwater, Bailey Mrs. John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 80 11 Baugh John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 145 3 Bailey Levi, farmer,- Langdon, 320 17 Barrett & Co. merchants, Langdon, lots 21 Bahls John, farmer. Cottage Grove, -80 10 Benson John, farmer, Langdon, 120 32 Belden Henry, farmer, Langdon, 266 5 Benson Jerome, farmer, Langdon, 80 16 Brunelle David, farmer, Langdon, 40 32 Burwell Mrs. L. farmer, Hastings, 40 36 Borth Aug. F. blacksm'h. Cottage Grove, 1 12 Burdick Mary A. farmer, Cottage Grove, 160 10 Brunelle Jas. farmer, Langdon, 20 32 944 36 40 32 120 5 480 22 17 20 17 149 6 40 8 612 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. p. 0, A. s. Case Jas. E. Hill Lewis, farmer. Langdon, 74 7 Chamberlain N. House Henry, farmer, -Cottage Frove, 191 3 Clark E. farmer, Hastings, 160 24 House and Roberts, Co well Mrs. M. A. farmei , Newport, 253 6 Jones Ransom, Cottage Grove 2 Colwell John, farmer, Langdon, 291 2] Keene W. A. farmer. Hastings, 100 25 Cowan W. doctor. Winnipeg, 250 3 Keene A. farmer, Langdon, 160 14 Colby Mary D. farmer, Cottage Grove, 1 2 Kelsey Wallace, farmer. Cottage Grove 116 12 Connelly John, farmer, Newport, 146 4 Kemp W. E. farmer, Langdon, lot 21 Crandall J. H. farmer. Langdon, 388 17 Keene, W. C. farmer. 27 Crippen G. R. farmer, Cottage Grove 160 11 Kemp D. A. farmer. Langdon, 242 34 Daly Jerome, farmer. Langdon, 520 20 Kemp Jas. far, and agri. imp's, Langdon, 109 34 Daly Ed. farmer. Laramy John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 360 3 Daly Mrs. M. farmer. Langdon, 60 27 Le Borius Jos. gardener, Cottage Grove, 15o 12 Daly John, farmer. Langdon, 785 32 Langdon butter and cheese factory. 1 17 Daly G. II. farmer. Langdon, 120 32 Lavery A. M. Damerel Chas. farmer. Hastings, 20 32 Laramy W. S. Daulton Jas, farmer. Langdon, 200 22 Ladd Uriah, farmer. Cottage Grove, 10 De Arton A. Link W. Jr. farmer. Langdon, 80 8 De Arton J. F. farmer. Langdon, 320 17 Lyde Mary H. St. Paul, 80 6 Doyle Edward, farmer. Langdon, 160 25 Mars Hartly, farmer. Cottage Grove 72 4 Dixon Mrs. Nellie, St. Paul, 65 22 Mars John, farmer. Newport, 116 5 Dudley W. E. painter and far. Cottage Grove 10 Mars Albert, Newport, 5 Dunkisley W. Mantaux Chas. farmer, Newport, 160 6 Dnrand Mrs. Caroline, Newport, 65 18 McCallum Arch, farmer, Cottage Grove, 35 1 Elkins S. farmer. Newport, 63 18 McCallum Dimcan, farmer. Elwell M. M. farmer. Cottage Grove lot 12 Cottage Grove, 75 1 Eisk Geo. A. farmer. Langdon, 168 8 McChesney, Robt. farmer, Cottage Grove, 320 1 Fritye Anton, McChesney, J. G. farmer Cottage Grove 240 13 Fowler Wm. farmer. Newport, 369 7 McCluskey Mrs. S. Cottage Grove, lots 12 Fryty Casper, farmer. Langdon, 120 19 McClusky Harriet. Fritye Adam, farmer. Langdon, 348 28 Meilicke F. S. farmer, Hastings, 240 36 Fritye A. farmer, Newport, 285 19 Miller M. farmer, Langdon, 120 8 Furber J. P. farmer. Cottage Grove 509 2 Miller T. F. propietor Langdon elevator, 21 FnrberTheo. farmer, Cottage Grove 320 2 Morgan John, farmer. Langdon, 40 16 Furber S. W. farmer. Cottage Grove 240 12 Morgan Henry F. farmei , Langdon, 40 16 Furber J . W. farmer, Cottage Grove ,280 12 Morey John, farmer. Hastings, 376 24 Furber Geo. M. merchant. Cottage Grove i 12 Morey Reuben, farmer. Cottage Grove 120 24 Gaffney M. farmer. Hastings, 160 29 Mosher Jacob, carpenter, Langdon, 26 Gillett Hannah, Langdon, lots 21 Munger, W. R. farmer, Langdon, 238 7 Gilmore Sarah, farmer, Langdon, 668 26 Munger J. M. farmer. Langdon, 165 7 Glenn W. H. hotel, Cottage Grove , 12 Munger L. M. Mrs. Langdon, 7 Grouskras J. Munger E. G. farmer. Langdon, 7 Hatton W. carpenter. Langdon, 16 21 Munson W. St. Paul, 40 8 Hart E. J. painter, Cottage Grove 100 3 Nelson Swan, farmer, Tjangdon, 120 16 Heselton John, farmer. Hastings, 236 25 Nessell Mrs. I. Langdon, lots 21 Heselton Derby, farmer, Hastings, 20 36 Norils Mrs. J. S. farmer Cottage Grove, 120 1 Harriman F. farmer. Cottage Grove 12 Noltemeier Aug. farmer. Newport, 120 4 Hancock G. N. Noltemeier Fred, farmer, Newport, 320 4 Holman A. L. farmer, Cottage Grove 111 2 Olson Peter, farmer, Newport, 40 5 TO WJ^ SHIP BIBEGTOBIES. 613 P. o. A. Pettet J. A. farmer, Langdon, 106 Eoberts K. farmer, Cottage Grove, 200 Boot E. N. farmer, Cottage Grove, 172 Eosenquist, S. P. farmer, Langdon, 80 Sinclair Mrs. S. E. Cottage Grove, lot Spoor Theresa, farmer, Newport, 76 Stacey Joel H. farmer, Stevens J. N. farmer, Stevens J. A. Swetlan Martha J. Steen A. H. physician, Thompson Joel B. farmer. Cottage Grove, 120 Thompson Peter, farmer, Cottage Grove, 125 Cottage Grove, 80 Langdon, 121 Cottage Grove, 40 Cottage Grove, 120 Cottage Grove, 4 160 244 25-6 156 26 26 276 Thornton C. farmer, Tibbetts Frank, farmer, Langdon, Tucker J. C. farmer, Langdon, Tuttle Matilda, farmer, Langdon, Tuttle C. D. farmer, Langdon, Vial Frank. Vial Mrs. Mary O. farmer, Langdon, Voelker E. farmer, Watson Eobt. farmer, Watson Wm. farmer, Watson John, farmer, Weber Chris, farmer, Hastings, 37 Welch Edmond, farmer, Langdon, 80 Wilkins Margaret, Langdon, 160 Wilkins Eobt. farmer, Langdon, Woodward Geo. farmer, Langdon, 866 Woodward & Son, merch. Langdon, Wolf Ludwig, farmer, Cottage Grove, 160 Zelch John, farmer. Cottage Grove, 160 DENMAKK. s. 27 15 11 16 12 6 8 12 24 12 13 14 1 19 27 Cottage Grove, 100 24 Cottage Grove, 240 1&2 Cottage Grove, 275 9 Cottage Grove, 205 9 36 16 23 23 17 21 25 3 Behrens Henry, farmer, Bennett J. D. farmer. Black Malcom, farmer, Brendenmuhl F. farmer, Brendenmuhl A. farmer. Burton John, farmer. Bush Geo. farmer, Cohoes John. Cohoes W. J. farmer, Clark W. No. 1, farmer, Coflman John, farmer. Cook Allen, farmer, Conley J. farmer, Connelly J. W. farmer, Davis W. S. farmer, Cottage Grove, 240 Cottage Grove, 172 Cottage Grove, 200 Cottage Grove, 200 Cottage Grove, 80 Point Douglas, 60 Point Douglas, 130 15 28 Point Douglas, 210 5 Hastings, 120 17 Hastings, 80 6 Cottage Grove, 160 4 Hastings, 160 6 Hastings, 165 6 Point Douglas, 9&10 p. o. A. s. Davis O. P. Sr. farmer. Point Douglas, 280 1 4 Davis O. F. Jr. farmer. Point Douglas, 10 17 Delamore Ed. farmer. Point Douglas, 40 5 Dibble W. B. farmer Point Douglas, 400 33 Downing David, farmer. Point Douglas, 200 28 Fetherly Simon, farmer. Point Douglas, 140 33 Fisher T. farmer, Point Douglas, 140 33 Gallinger D. B. farmer. Cottage Grove, 120 5 Gallinger Henry, farmer, Cottage Grove, 190 5 Hageman W. G. farmer, Hastings, 823 30 Henry I. C. farmer. Point Douglas, 200 33 Henry John, farmer, Point Douglas, 200 33 Hetherington T. farmer. Point Douglas, 340 22 Harris G. farmer, farmer. Point Douglas, 80 5 Hone John H. farmer. Point Douglas, 27 33 Howard John W. farmer. Cottage Grove, 75 6 Hummel Peter, farmer, Cottage Grove, 80 28 Holt Geo. farmer. Cottage Grove, 225 19 Keene W. H. farmer. Cottage Grove, 640 29 Kruger J . F. farmer, Hastings, 6 Laforce E. farmer. Cottage Grove, 90 4 Leavitt Eliza, farmer, Hastings, 360 6 Leavitt H. J. farmer, Hastings, 160 1 Leonard J. C. warehouse. Landen W. S. farmer. Point Douglas, 160 26 Marty Jacob, farmer. Cottage Grove, 80 7 McGill John, farmer. Point Douglas, 40 4 McDermottThos. farmer, Hastings, 160 7 NicoU A. farmer. Point Douglas, 68 34 O'Brian J. "sawyer," Point Douglas, 240 21 O'Connor M. farmer. Point Douglas, 210 9 Orr Samuel, farmer. Point Douglas, 263 10 Page J. farmer. Point Douglas, 80 32 Page W. A. farmer. Point Douglas, 80 29 Page W. farmer, Point Douglas, 80 28 Perkins James, farmer, Hastings, SO 20 Pristty Walter, farmer. Point Douglas, 120 31 Screeton F. farmer. Cottage Grove, 55 6 Sebolds F. farmer. Cottage Grove, 115 4 Shearer James, farmer, Point Douglas, 245 6 Shearer A. M. farmer, Point Douglas, 160 27 Shingledecker S. farmer. Cottage Grove, 160 5 Stone Henry farmer,' Afton, 170 6 StotesburyA. M. farmer. Point Douglas, 90 16 Stotesbury Arthur ,farmer,Point Douglas, 80 16 Swanson Peter, farmer. Cottage Grove, 400 20 Swingler M. M. ferryman, Hastings, 34 7 Van Alstine Geo. farmer, PointDouglas, 160 16 Whitaker E. H. farmer, PointDouglas, 193 8 614 HI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. p. 0. , A. s. Wright John, farmer, Cottage Grove, 180 17 Swenson John, farmer, Forest T;ake, 80 25 Wright Kobt. farmer, Point Douglas , 80 21 Veith Fred, Mrs. farmer. Forest Lake, 52 10 Wright Geo. farmer, Point Douglas , 95 22 Wigren J. P. farmer. Forest Lake, 37 11 Wright Mark Jr. farmer Cottage Grove, 145 21 York A. C. farmer, Forest Lake, 47 3 FOREST LAKE. GKANT. Aim August, farmer, Forest Lake, 200 16 Arcand Jos. farmer, Stillwater, 73 6 Aim Ole, farmer, Forest Lake, 160 16 Arcand Ros. farmer. a 53 6 Anderson Chas. farmer, Forest Lake, 80 21 Black John, farmer. a 80 2 Angquist E. farmer. Forest Lake, 120, 16 Blackbird Julius, farmer. u 51 5 Bergerson Hans, farmer , Forest Lake, 80 21 Boetcher, Ludwig, farmer. Cl 80 12 Ekstrom John, farmer, Forest Lake, 103 16 Busch Albert, farmer. (t 200 27 Eriekson Nels, farmer. Forest Lake, 63 17 Campbell Frank, farmer. ti 80 6 Erickson Andrew Sr. far . Forest "Lake, 80 20 Castler John, farmer. (( 160 9 Eriekson Andrew Jr. farmer,Forest Lake,80 20 Crowley David, farmer. " 112 13 Grant Andrew, farmer, Forest Lake, 104 9 Diethurt Fred, farmer, " 80 11 Grant Swen, farmer. Forest Lake, 80 7 Doran James, farmer. It 160 16 Gromberger Robert, farmer. Forest Lake, 20 11 Dougherty Mike, farmer. " 110 18 Halsey Anthony, farmer , Forest Lake, 49 9 Eck Heni^, farmer, 11 178 3 Heller Jos. farmer. Forest Lake, 80 29 Eggert Chas. farmer. li 120 23 Heller Mike, farmer, Forest Lake, 80 29 Eggart August, farmer, it 80 9 HoweU S. B. farmer, Forest Lake, 96 3 Elliott W. farmer. li 320 26 Hmiter Feo. N. farmer, Forest Lake, 105 19 Fairbanks Jos. N. far. Mer, (t 80 25 Huxtable Ed. farmer, Forest Lake, 80 29 Fenner Carl, farmer. " 160 14 Jensen Martin, farmer. Forest Lake, 40 7 Gabbart Henry, farmer. a 240 3 Johnson Jonas, farmer. Forest Lake, 143 16 Gagne Mack, blacksmith. it 80 28 Johnson John, farmer. Forest Lake, 120 7 Goodman Henry, farmer. ti. 81 2 Johnson Swen, farmer, Forest Lake, 60 16 Gunderson Hans, farmer. (.1 40 16 Johnson Arn, farmer. Forest Lake, 67 17 Harbke Christ, farmer, ii 80 12 Koller John, merchant, Forest Lake, 8 Holden Silas P. farmer. cc 180 22 Lindstrom W. E. blacksmith, Forest Lake, 8 Kardetzky Berthold farmer, u 50 28 Lundin Jos. farmer. Forest Lake, 200 17 Kaplin J. F. A. farmer, a 160 35 Marsh Michael, hotel, Forest Lake, 5 Keene John^M. farmer, ti 140 9 Martin S. saloon keeper. Forest Lake, 8 Kempf John, farmer, it 80 36 Noyes A. P. farmer. Forest Lake, 80 15 Kleps Godf. farmer. " 80 4 Poston Mary, Forest Lake. 90 4 Kopke Fred, farmer. " 160 35 Poston A. D. Forest Lake, 19 8 Klingbrail Fred, farmer. " 160 11 Rahm G. Swrmer, Forest Lake, 257 4 Kuhn Gustave, farmer. tc 80 3 Rioux G. farmer. Forest Lake, 38 18 Kreisell Fred, farmer. " 64 ;i2 Rioux H. farmer, Forest Lake, 160 8 Kreisell Aug. farmer. " 60 12 Rioux Ed. farmer, Forest Lake, 54 17 Laub Fred, farmer. " 157 21 Schiel Louis farmer. Forest Lake, 160 15 Mardans Albert, farmer. " 109 1 Simmons A. W. farmer. Forest Lake, 82 4 Mardans Henry, farmer. u 220 11 Simmons W. J. farmer. Forest Lake, 160 3 Masterman B. J. farmer. u 140 2 Simmons, R. W. farmer, Forest Lake, 156 4 Masterman J. N. farmer, hb 240 1 Simmons, J. P. farmer. Forest Lake, 162 3 Masterman Albion, farmer, LL 360 25 Smith C. W. merchant. Forest Lake, 8 Minogue Roger, farmer. it 240 15 Stromberg A. L. farmer, Forest Lake, 70 11 Meinke Louis, farmer, (( 160 33 Stripe Richard, Forest Lake, vil. lots 8 Morrissey Pat. farmer, C( 80 11 TOWNSHIP DIREGT0BIE8. 615 p. 0. A. s. p. 0. A. s. O'Shaughnessy Mary, far. StUlwater, 120 15 Huntoon L. A. merchant , Lakeland, 35 Otto John, farmer, tc 79 2 Jacobi Louis, farmer. Lakeland, 40 28 Pfiffer Prank, farmer, £C 398 22 Johnson Eli, Lakeland, 36 Powell S. W. farmer. U 24 Kappler Fred, farmer. Stillwater, 120 19 Eamsden T. P. farmer, (( 195 24 Kappler Chris, farmer, Lakeland, 200 28 Rutherford Wm. farmer. a 700 25 Kilty Thos, farmer, Stillwater, 75 19 Eutherford Jas. farmer, (b 181 24 Kronkard Louis, farmer Stillwater, 75 19 Russell Osborne, farmer, 1.1. 80 25 Kronkard Peter, farmer. Stillwater, 40 33 Seibert Henry, farmer, (I 40 16 Kuntz Phillip, farmer. Lakeland, 80 28 Schaefer Andrew, farmer, " 80 36 Lange Carl, farmer. Stillwater, 120 21 Soule Jesse H. florist, 17 2 Leith Joseph, farmer. Lakeland, 40 30 Smith John, farmer. 40 6 Lewerer Rudolph, farmer, Lakeland, 120 31 Springborn C. F. farmer. 80 34 Lewerer Chris, farmer, Lake Elmo, 160 30 Springborn Fred, farmer 60 36 Lovatt Wm. M. farmer. Lakeland, 67 2 Steindorf Otto, farmer. 80 36 Markle W.H.head sawyei •, Lakeland, 35 Steindorf Ernst, farmer. 80 35 Marty Joachim, farmer. Stillwater, 10 31 Taf t J. B. farmer. 420 25 Marty S. farmer. Stillwater, 79 30 Taft Chas. H. farmer. 160 36 Martin James, farmer. Lakeland, 35 Thelander John, farmer. ■ 208 13 McKean Dan, farmer. Lakeland, 160 28 Tompser Jos. farmer. 40 21 McKean Elias, farmer, Lakeland, 483 22 Ucke Fred, farmer, 120 1 McKusick ]Srewton,f arm' r,Stillwater, 215 22 Van Emmons Mrs. E. J. far. " 160 4 Merritt S. F. farmer, Lakeland, lots 35 Wagner Heniieh, farmer 80 4 Meyer Xavier, farmer. Lakeland, 160 38 Webster S. R. farmer. 400 25 Morritz John P. farmer. Stillwater, 55 3 Webber John, farmer, 80 31 Morrissey Thos. farmer, Stillwater, 200 19 Wells H. W. farmer. 160 35 Moulton John S. Lakeland, 80 35 Welter Michael, farmer. 86 31 Munger Mrs.Lucy,teacher Lakeland, 35 Wolf Fred, farmer, 159 12 Nelson James, farmer. Lakeland, 20 2 Nelson C. N. & Co., prop. saw-mill. Lakeland. LAKELAND. Noonan W. farmer. Stillwater, 75 19 BaUey Mrs. W. B. Lakeland, 85 35 O'Brien Con, farmer. Lakeland, 25 35 Bebermeyer Mrs. C. far. Lakeland, 160 32 Oliver Geo. A. farmer. Lakeland, 26 Birch John, Lakeland, 26 Oliver John, farmer, Lakeland, 220 27 Borrer Frank, farmer. Lakeland, 217 35 Pratt C. H. farmer. Lakeland, 93 2 BrockerWm. farmer. Lakeland, 80 33 Pritzell Chas. farmer. Stillwater, 120 30 Brumer Henry, farmer. Lakeland, 120 34 Radunzel Julius, farmer. Stillwater, 40 29 Bush Saml. hotel. Lakeland, lots 35 Rentz Fred, farmer. Lakeland, 160 32 Charrier D. farmer. Lakeland, 40 30 Rentz Christian, farmer. Lakeland, 80 32 Daggett Ellas, Lakeland, . 35 Rentz Johanna, farmer. Lakeland, 80 32 Dickinson J. R. farmer. Lakeland, 315 34 Sanderson R.H.carpenter, Lakeland, 35 Domfleld Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 160 29 Schaar Jacob, farmer. Lakeland, 155 31 Downs John, farmer. Stillwater, 75 19^ Schaar Henry, farmer. Lakeland, 40 29 Frederick Caroline, far. Lakeland, 80 32 Schrade Chris, farmer, Lakeland, 600 32 Green H. F. carpenter. Lakeland, 35 Schrade John, farmer. Lakeland, 100 28 Gross Geo. farmer, Lakeland, 60 28 Schultz Carl, farmer. Stillwater, 22 Hanna Thos. farmer, Lakeland, 160 2 Schneider Anton, farmer, StUlwater,. 160 21 Hanna David, builder, Lakeland, 35 Shehan John, farmer. Stillwater, 80 19 Hertzfeild W. farmer. Lakeland, 60 30 Shaw Joseph, farmer, Lakeland, 25 2 Higgins J. C. grain dealer. Lakeland, 35 Sailer Samuel, farmer. Stillwater, 40 21 616 HISTOBY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. Smith W. H. farmer, Stillwater, 40 24 Steine F. farmer, Lake Elmo, 40 30 Streifl John, steamboat steward, Lakeland. Sinnett John, farmer, Stillwater, 160 19 Tyler Freeman C. farmer. Lakeland, 80 33 Tyler C. 0. Lakeland, 35 Tyler J. W. moulder. Lakeland, 35 Volmer Emanuel, farmer, Lakeland, 157 31 Watson B. F. farmer, Lakeland, 140 Watson D. T. farmer, Lakeland, 100 MARINE. Anderson Lambert, far. Marin^ Mills, 4C 4 Anderson John, farmer. Marine Mills, 4 Anderson S. V. farmer. Marine Mills, 160 23 Anderson J W. farmer. Marine Mills, 130 23 Anderson Aug. farmer. Scandia, 80 9 Anderson Andrew, " Marinie Mills 4 Anderson Swen, farmer, Marine Mills, 21 Anderson Swen,No.2, " Scandia, 21 Anderson Peter, farmer. Scandia. Anderson Olof, sawyer. Marine Mills, 6 Anderson Nels, farmer. Scandia, 13 Anderson Andrew, " Scandia, 40 14 Alcorn James, farmer. Marine Mills, 45 26 Alcorn John A. farmer. Stillwater, 60 30 Allen James, farmer, Scandia, 130 13 Bennett Geo. farmer, Stillwater, 50 31 Bennett Geo. W. farmer Stillwater, 80 32 Benson Nels, farmer. Scandia, 160 14 Benson John, farmer. Scandia, 160 14 Berkey Hiram, farmer. Marine Mills, 346 6 Bergreen Oliver, farmer. Marine Mills, 120 36 Bloom John, farmer, Scandia, 74 5 Bloomquist Chas. farmer Scandia, 80 4 Borden H. N. farmer. Stillwater, 140 33 Boutwell C. L. farmer, Stillwater, 80 27 Bruilt A. farmer. Marine Mills, 75 6 Buckley J. H. farmer. Stillwater. 40 30 Byron M. mason and far. Stillwater, 40 30 Campbell Hugh, farmer. Marine Mills, 125 31 Campbell Mr. Jas. " Marine Mills, 166 31 Carlson And. farmer. Marine Mills, 80 3 Carlson Peter, farmer. Marine Mills, 46 3 Carlson C. J. farmer, Marine Mills, 37 1 Chairman John, farmer. Marine Mills, 60 6 Christopherson C. farmer, Marine Mills, 20 3 ClifEord, Mich, farmer. Stillwater, 80 31 Copas John, farmer. Marine Mills, 120 30 P. o. Cronk Abram, farmer. Marine Mills, Cronk Chancey, farmer, " " Dalquist Jacob, farmer, " " Dalquist Joseph, farmer, " " Dalquist Swen, farmer, " " Daley John, farmer, Stillwater, Dallen John, farmer, Scandia, Dallen P. E. farmer, Scandia, De Wolf Jos. P. farmer. Marine Mills, Eckdahl D. farmer. Marine Mills, Eckdahl Chas. farmer, Scandia, Eckegreen John, farmer, Scandia, Edstrom John, farmer, Scandia, Elenquest J. stobe mason. Marine Mills, Elenquest And. farmer, Scandia, Elg Olof, farmer, Scandia, Erickson Ole W. farmer. Marine Mills, Erickson Swen, farmer, Scandia, Erickson John P. farmer, Scandia, Erickson Jonas, farmer, Scandia, Erickson John, No. 1, far. Scandia, Erickson J. No. 2, fa'er, Scandia, Erickson J. No. 3, farmer, Scandia, Encke Chas. farmer, Scandia, Falk And. A. farmer, Marine MUls, Falk And. B. teacher, Marme Mills, Falk Erick, farmer. Marine MiUs, Forcel Erick, farmer, Scandia, Freiburg Sol. farmer. Marine Mills, Frederickson A. farmer, Scandia, Frederickson P. farmer, Scandia, Gaskill J. E. M. physici'n. Marine Mills, Gabrielson Jonas, far'er, Scandia, Goggui Jas. farmer, Stillwater, Goggin W. farmer, Stillwater, Granberg And. farmer, Marine Mills, Granberg John, farmer, Scandia, Grandstrand Jonas, far'er,Marine MUls, Gustavson P. G. fai-mer, Scandia, Hanley Thos. farmer, Stillwater, Hale J. U. fai-mer, Marine Mills, Hagman P. M. farmer, Scandia, Hanson Hans, farmer, Stillwater, Hassler Swen, farmer. Marine MUls, Iledeen Rev. E. clergy 'n, Scandia, Hellfrick P. farmer, Stillwater, Hickman Henry, farmer. Marine MUls, Hinds, G. P. farmer, Marine MiUs, Hokinson J. F. farmer, Scandia, A. s. 100 30 6 4 80 4 68 28 160 38 133 30 59 31 80 19 90 19 513 13 240 7 91 31 6 40 23 80 19 109 28 79 22 80 19 80 10 154 1 79 22 120 14 34 80 34 120 16 40 4 80 16 80 16 6 90 2 120 31 262 31 19 120 18 693 18 40 14 170 19 93 31 40 22 110 35 120 18 23 80 29 84 30 80 24 120 6 TOWNSHIP DIBEGT0B1E8. 617 p. o. A. 40 185 80 160 Hokinson Peter, farmer, Marine Mills, Hokinson P. G. farmer, Scandia, Holm Gustav, farmer. Marine Mills, Plolm Peter, farmer. Marine Mills, Holm Andrew J. teacher. Marine Mills, Holmburg, farmer. Marine Mills, 80 Holcombe Magnus, far'er, Scandia, 120 Halmquist John, farmer, Scandia, 200 Holt Geo. farmer, Marine Mills, Holt Mrs. John, farmer. Marine Mills, 46 Huntley J. farmer. Marine Mills, 160 Jackson John, farmer, Scandia, 80 Johnson Abe. lumberman, Marine Mills, 500 Johnson A. P. farmer, Scandia, 447 Johnson Aaron, farmer, Scandia, 50 Johnson A. W. farmer, Scandia, 160 Johnson John N. farmer, Scandia, 620 Johnson Eric, farmer. Marine Mills, 20 Johnson A. N. farmer, Scandia, 46 Jonasson J. M. post-master, Scandia, Judd Geo. F. prop, flour-mill, Marine Mills, Judd Samuel, prop, lumber-mills. Marine Mills, 6 3 14 11 26 26 19 2 3 6 6 25 9 30 12 15 24 10 4 14 2 6 Stillwater, Scandia, Marine Mills, Stillwater, Scandia, Marine Mills, Scandia, Kiesow Carl, farmer, Klas Peter, farmer, Kuno Andrew, farmer, Kimdert Casper, farmer. Lake Magnus, farmer, Lammers F. W. farmer, Larson Gus. farmer, Larson Andrew Jr. farmer, Scandia, Larson Abe. farmer, Scandia, Larson Nels, farmer, Scandia, Larson Martin, farmer, Marine Mills, Larsons John, farmer, Scandia, Lindgreen P. A. farmer. Marine Mills, Liudgreen John, farmer, Scandia, Lindberg J. L. farmer, Scandia, Lindberg, N. D. farmer, Scandia, Lund Charles, Scandia, Lundquist August, tailor, Marine Mills, Lynn Andrew, farmer, Scandia, Lynch Michael, Stillwater, Magnuson Sweri, merchant. Marine Mills, 6 Magnuson Gus. farmer, Scandia, 120 24 Magnuson Eric, farmer, " 260 25 Magnuson Chas. farmer, " 80 16 Martinson John, farmer, " 80 11 Matteson Alfred, farmer, " 60 16 May Morgan, farmer. Marine Mills, 2000 15 120 80 120 160 40 160 80 40 120 80 60 135 203 80 40 80 20 80 160 19 1 30 29 5 35 16 21 15 31 34 15 35 26 21 21 17 5 26 30 p. 0. A. s. McGuire James, farmer. Stillwater, 120 28 McDonald John E. farmer ,Marine Mills 40 31 Meredith J. K. farmer. bb tc 80 13 Monson John, farmer, " 80 12 Mormond Charles, saloon, " " 6 Morrison, J. C. farmer. Scandia, 160 24 Mower Martin, lumberman, Stillwater,. 500 29 Nay John S. farmer. •li 200 28 Nelson Erick. farmer. Scandia, 40 15 Nelson Jonas, farmer. C( 150 13 Nelson Nels, farmer. Marine Mills, 60 9 Nelson Andrew, farmer. " 180 35 Nelson Peter, farmer. t( fcb 80 18 Nelson N. P. farmer. •' 80 19 Newman S. P. tailor. Scandia, 15 23 Nordun John, farmer. Marine Mills, 80 30 Norstrom Gus. farmer. Scandia, 80 10 Norlander J. P. farmer. Marine Mills, 200 3 Okes Anna, farmer. Marine Mills, 80 6 Olson Chas. farmer. Scandia, 40 11 Olsen Joseph, farmer. Scandia, 40 9 Olin Ole, farmer. Scandia, 160 23 Olson E. & A. farmer. Marine Mills, 206 34 Olson Chas. N. farmer. Scandia, 120 2 Olofson Michael, farmer Scandia, 80 6 Otis Benj. T. farmer. ' Stillwater, 60 30 Parker Asa S. farmer, Marine Mills, 60 6 Palm Peter, farmer. Marine Mills, 80 1 Peterson Sol. farmer. Scandia, 160 10 Peterson N. P. farmer. " .80 1 Peterson Allen, farmer. (.;. 240 18 Peterson Chas. lumberm' a, Marine Mills, 140 30 Eaiter Chas. farmer. Scandia, 60 25 Reed Chas. farmer, Marine Mills , 80 11 Rose J. G. merchant. It (( 130 6 Rosengreen Nels Jr. far. U (( 80 35 Rosengreen Nels Sr. far. !.<. (I 80 35 Roselle Nels, farmer. It tl Roettger H. farmer. Stillwater, 113 19 Rogers Thos. farmer. (C 120 32 Rutherford C. A. farmer 160 28 Rydquist A. shoemaker. Marine Mills, 6 Rydin Magnus, farmer, " " 40 3 Sabin Geo. F. lawyer. tk u 6 Sahlstrom John, farmer. 4( U 60 4 Sampson Peter, farmer. LL. tC 105 13 Sanquist J. P. farmer. Scandia, 132 19 Samson Peter. Sandgreen Peter, far. & 3arpt. Scandia, 80 8 618 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. P. o. Schmidt, Magnuson & Eose, merchants, Marine Mills, Schmidt W; merchant, " Shuster G. farmer, Scandia, Shoberg John, farmer, " Smith W. J. farmer, Stillwater, Soderling P. farmer, Scandia, Sodergreen R. farmer. Staples Saml. farmer, Stillwater, Swanson Zach, farmer, Marine Mills, A. 40 120 160 80 80 220 40 Swanson and Peterson, blacksmiths, Scandia, Swanson Sel, farmer " 80 Swanson John, farmer, '• 140 Swanson J. P. farmer, " 240 Swanson L. John. " Taft John, farmer, " 40 Thayer H. farmer, Marine MUls, 200 Thompson Nels.carpenter, " " Turrell, M. N. farmer, " " 160 Veazie W. H. of firm Walker, Judd & V., Marine Mills, Walker, Judd and Veazie, lumberman, Marine Mills, Walker Orange, lumberman, " " Walker P. E. retired. Ward Thos. E. clerk, " Ward John G. saloon, Weiberg J. L. farmer, " " 80 Weiberg Nels, farmer, " " 80 Weiberg Lars, " " Weiberg Chris, " Weiberg Chas. " Wichman John, brewery, " " Westgreen Chas. clerk, " " Welshons M.St. Croix hotel, " Westergreen Ole, blacksmith , "• " NEWPORT. Ames Oliver, farmer, Langdon, Bigelow G. M. Newport. Brown Clara A. Burns Peter, section boss, Buseen Joseph, farmer, Cowell Mrs. M. A. Durand H. A. miller, Everitt L. C. farmer. Fowler G. H. station agent, Eord r. C. farmer, Eord John A. farmer, 6 6 11 16 33 12 22 33 18 23 11 14 2 12 2 6 31 P. O. FuUerton Samuel, farmer, Newport, Hess David P. farmer, " Holton John, farmer, " Ilugunin J. H. merchant, " Irish Joseph, farmer, " Kelley John, farmer, " Lyon E. P. farmer, " Leith Peter, farmer, " Leith Wm. farmer, " Maxon L. B. farmer, " Mortimer John, farmer, " McGuire Pat, farmer, " Parker C. A. farmer, Newport, Parker Emily, farmer, Newport, Schofleld E. B. farmer, Newport, Schofield Jennie, Newport. Schofleld Harvey B.miller, Newport, Schabacker C. J. blacksh. Newport, Seaniore George, Newport, Shelton E. M. town clerk, Newport, Shelton L. W. engineer, Newport, Trevette W.E. just, peace, Newport, Trevette I. E. Newport^ Turpin John, farmer, Langdon, Turpin Prank, farmer, Langdon. Turpin Fred, farmer, Langdon. Turpin Alec. Langdon. Willoughby John, farmer, Newport, Wentworth Eliza, Newport, Willoughby & Parker, far. Newport, A. S. 360 13 80 13 313 25 80 12 786 25 40 140 12 40 25 20 25 272 13 120 25 40 25 220 36 200 1 308 12 lots, lots, lots, lots, lots, lots, lots. 40 36 541 12 lots. 42 11 6 320 36 lot. 20 25 40 112 12 60 1 5 25 192 25 OAKDALE. Abresch Chris, farmer, Appman John H. farmer, Armstrong W. farmer, Armstrong Thos. farmer, Armstrong Jas. farmer, Armstrong D. Berschen W. fai-mer, Berschen Geo. faimer, Berschen Mrs. A. M. " liloomer Seb. farmer, Blase E. F. farmer, Boelter W. farmer, Brochman M. farmer, Busch G. farmer, Condlin P. farmer, . St. Paul, Lake Elmo, St. Paul Har- vester Works, Oakdale, St. Paul Har- vester Works, Oakdale, Stillwater, Stillwater, Oakdale, Stillwater, St. Paul, St. Paul, Oakdale, Lake Elmo, St. Paul, 240 19 220 24 80 28 54 28 100 16 100 16 290 10 160 11 244 33 135 12 . 160 6 80 17 80 19 80 35 80 7 TOWNSHIP DIRECTORIES. 619 p. 0. A. s. CoUopy Thos. farmer, Stillwater, 11 CoUopy M. farmer, Stillwater, 80 11 Collopy John, farmer. Stillwater, 400 10 Combs F. T. farmer. St. Paul, 80 8 Day Pat, farmer. Stillwater. 80 4 Day J. C. farmer. Lake Elmo, 80 12 Dersch John, farmer, Lake Elmo, 80 35 Dick John, farmer. Lake Elmo, 80 14 Dittman C. farmer. Oakdale, 160 33 Eberle W. farmer. St. Paul, igo 17 Flaherty Dennis, Lake Elmo, 80 13 Frank Henry, farmer. Oakdale, 160 29 Frederick C. farmer. Lake Elmo, 120 2*^ Frederick E. farmer. Lake Elmo, 45 36 Frederick Aug. farmer, Lake Elmo, 60 36 Frederick F. farmer. Lake Elmo, 60 36 Garren F. farmer. Lake Elmo, 106 17 Geary Pat, farmer. Oakdale, 80 34 Gerner Thos, farmer, Lake Elmo, 80 16 Gohlike Jul. farmer. St. Paul, 160 17 Gray M. P. farmer, St. Paul, 1066, 20 Gray D. W. farmer, care F. P. Strong, 20 Gr^y W. H. farmer, care F. P. Strong, 160 17 Gross Ant. farmer, Lake Elmo, 80 36 Grunke Fred, farmer. Stillwater, 120 3 Hall W. W. farmer. Stillwater, 160 6 Harms Chas, farmer. Lake Elmo, 2 25 Hauck Peter, farmer. Stillwater, 80 11 Henrick C farmer. Lake Elmo, 41 17 Honer W. farmer. Stillwater, 80 10 Kempf Geo. farmer. Stillwater, 80 1 Kennedy M. former. Lake Elmo, 263 23 Kern Geo. farmer. Lake Elmo, 96 12 Kern Chas. farmer. .Stillwater, 135 12 Kranz Fred, farmer. St. Paul, 80 30 Krause Chris, farmer. Stillwater, fl4 4 Kundert P. farmer. Stillwater, 80 1 Kmiz John, farmer, St. Paul, 80, 31 Lanners Mich, farmer. Oakdale, 120 29 Lavine Mrs. farmer, TiSke Elmo, 80 27 Liebisch Leo, farmer. T;a.ke Elmo, 80 23 Lindeke Aug. farmer, Lake Elmo, 200 25 Lohmann H. C. farmei:. Lake Elmo, 160 2 Lohmann G. H. farmer, Lake Elmo, 160 12 Lohmann John, farmer. Lake Elmo, 120 12 Lohmann J. H.-Sr. far. Lake Elmo,- 260 14 Lohmann J. W. merch. Lake Elmo, 13 Lohmann J. H. Jr. merch. Lake Elmo, 13 Lucken C. D. farmer. Stillwater, 132 9 St. Paul, Lake Elmo, Oakdale, St. Paul, St. Paul, Lake Elmo, St. Paul, Stillwater, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Stillwater, Lake Elmo, St.' Paul, p. o. Malone Cor. farmer. Lake Elmo, Malone Maurice, farmer. Lake Elmo, Manny James, farmer, Lake Ehno, Marks David, farmer, Masterman, far. & carpt. Miller Jacob, farmer, Morris Frank, farmer, Mundt H. farmer, Munkelwitz, Aug. farmer, Stillwater, Munkelwitz, W. farmer, Stillwater, Murdick M. farmer, Ott W. J. farmer, Papst Carl, farmer, Pocksee John, farmer, Purnhagen J. H. farmer. Lake Elmo, Eamsden T. P. farmer, Lake Elmo, Eawleigh John, farmer, Richard Fred, farmer, Kowe J. W. farmer, SchafEer John, farmer, Schneider John, farmer, Schultz Henry, farmer, Schiltgen C. and J. far'er, Oakdale, Schilling John, farmer, Stillwater, Schmidt L, farmei:, St. Paul, Sliney M. farmer, Llake Elmo, Smith J. C. farmer, Stillwater^ Splittstoeser Carl, farmer, St. Paul, Stephen Ar. Sr. contrac'r. Lake Elmo, Stephen Ar. Jr. farmer. Lake Elmo, Stoltz Joseph E. farmer. Stark W. H. farmer, Sullwold J. farmer, Sullwold M. B. farmer, Sullwold J. M. farmer, Tanglen M. farmer, Volmer, H. B. farmer, Volmer Louis, farmer, Webster Frank, farmer, WeikofE H. farmer, Weir A. farmer, Weir L. farmer, Weinscharnk C. farmer, Westphall Fred, farmer, Westphall John, farmer, Stillwater, Wichman H. farmer, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Stillwater, Stillwater, StUl water, St. Paul, Lake Elmo, Lake Ehno, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Lake Elmo, Stillwater, Stillwater, A. S 137 26 138 24 160 15 160 30 110 21 80 34 160 32 80 153 160 100 160 80 120 120 36 40 25 133 24 80 8 80 26 80 16 120 16 80 3 160 12 120 29 177 33 80" 1 60 19 80 28 160 2 200 20 160 35 35 80 12 80 14 80 11 160 9 87 11 160 18 120 35 80 36 50 21 80 26 80 13 112 23 40 11 ONEKA. Bibeaux P. farmer, Stillwater, 80 36 77 26 620 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. p. o. A. sJ p. o. A. s. Blackbird Fred, farmer, Stillwater, 80 15 Youngbluth P. farmer, White Bear L 237 30 Blackbird C. Sr. farmer, " 40 35 Blackbird C Jr. farmer. cc 75 34 STILLWATER. Blackbird W. M. farmer. " 80 34 Appman J. D. farmer. Stillwater, 200 31 Blackbird Louis, fai-mer. 11 67 34 Bloomer 8. farmer. " 160 31 Blackbird Mrs. C. farmer ) 42 26 Boutwell Wm. T. clgym'n " Bourke R. farmer. u 40 26 Brasseau Paul, farmer. " 45 2 Briggs F. V. farmer. " 120 22 Brosius A. farmer, (b 50 19 Briggs C. farmer, u 40 22 Burns Hugh, farmer. Li 71 30 Crollon Morris, farmer, u 40 34 Clark Nelson estate, U 160 11 l!ck Nels, farmer. White Bear L. 80 25 Cook J. P. miller, (C lots 17 Girard Pierre, farmer. Stillwater, 25 34 Corkman Dan. if. 50 16 Hatch I. P. farmer, ." 120 23 Curtis P. J. farmer. " 360 9 Hopkins Joseph, farmer. it 160 2 Dockindorf H. farmer, (( 80 17 Hopkins J. S. farmer. White Bear L. Poelker W. farmer. (C 240 6 Hopkins D. farmer. White Bear L. 640 6 Poss A. farmer. a 73 2 Houle M. farmer, Centerville, 180 19 Gelhays Chas. farmer. Cl 40 8 Jndkins E. C. farmer. Stillwater, 220 36 Grady John, farmer, (.i 200 9 Kannady Geo. H. farmer (( 120 15 Hanson H. farmer, a 280 6 Kellogg B. E. farmer. White Bear L. 60 16 Hanson N. farmer. Li 40 16 Kuchli Mrs. P. merahant (I (; 133 20 Heifert W. farmer. " 180 6 Kinyon 0. L. farmer, Stillwater, 140 36 Hermon C. farmer. " 51 1 Kunde P. farmer, a 60 36 HoUiham Jer. farmer. " 80 2 Lafave J. farmer. u 80 27 Hultquist P. farmer. ii. 40 16 Lambert Jos. Jr. farmer, i; 80 '36 Jackman H. A. farmer. U 120 32 Lamoreaux A. farmer, " 320 27 Jarchow P. fanner. ii 90 9 Laplante P. farmer. a 80 35 Jarchow Theo. farmer, " 280 9 Lovely J. B. farmer. it 40 31 Johnson, farmer. /.i 80 17 Luts John, farmer. i.i 80 15 Jones E. E. farmer. " 196 30 Luts Nap. farmer. u 80 15 Kiesow August, farmer, (( 70 10 Luts Jos. farmer. " 95 13 Kline P. farmer, C4 80 9 Miller John, farmer, White Bear L. 103 32 Kilty John, farmer. It 5 Newman J. H. farmer, Stillwater, 80 14 Kilty Dennis farmer. ti 120 8 Newman Pres. farmer. it 240 14 Lyman H. C. farmer. " 100 11 Newman Holland, farmer, " 160 11 Lyman C. S. retired. hk 14 11 Newman James H. farmer, " 100 11 Lyman D. P. farmer, (I 225 11 Peliken M. farmer. li 80 26 Lyman Cor. farmer. 11 120 2 Plaisted, G. W. farmer. u 105 24 Lyman Benjamin, farmer 234 2 Eiley Oliver, farmer. it 80 35 Macey Charles, fai-mer, ii 173 19 Sawyer David, farmer, 11 240 26 Marty Elizabeth, fai-mer. (i 30 32 Slawa John, farmer, White Bear L. 120 28 Marty J. farmer, '• 111 31 Soule A. J. farmer. Stillwater, 160 23 Mathews Ellen, farmer. (( 140 10 Swanson Aug. farmer. White Bear L. 55 20 McGnire John, farmer, " 80 8 Swanson Chas. farmer. " 80 21 McGeary James, farmer, C( 160 4 Tingley W. J. farmer. Stillwater, 80 10 Mower M. Thaen John, saloon. White Bear L. 28 20 Neiman John, farmer, u 50 9 Trumbly, S. farmer. Stillwater, 60 36 Neiman Jos. Jr. farmer, '.i 49 9 Walker Geo. farmer. (( 95 23 Newman W. H. farmer, Ct. 30 Withrow Thos. farmer, a 120 35 Oppgren Thor. farmer, " 80 9 TOWNSHIP BIREGTOBIEB. 621 p. 0. A. s. p. 0. A. s. Powers John, farmer, Stillwater, 120 10 Preely Pat, farmer. Woodbury, 80 23 Revoird Geo. farmer. (C 101 1 Pritze Chas. farmer. St. Paul, 80 28 Revoird Narces, farmer. (( 60 1 Pinnen Ellen, farmer. Oakdale 80 16 Richmond A. overseer poor farm, " 170 5 George J. farmer. Woodbury, 233 22 Robinson G. W. farmer. 3 lots. 34 Groess Chas. farmer, Oakdale, 40 11 Rosche r. farmer. U 80 30 Grim Louis, farmer, Oakdale, 80 10 Rutherford D. Q. farmer u 140 19 Guille Peter, farmer. St. Paul, 79 8 Rutherford W. W. nurseryman, " 40 16 Haase Christina, farmer, Oakdale, 80 2 Sinnett John, farmer. It 120 30 Harrisberg And. farmer, Woodbury, 240 14 Smith J. A. farmer, u 150 7 Harrisberg J. farmer. Woodbury, 240 23 Steinberg Charles, farmer, " 116 6 Hassenbank J. farmer, Woodbury, 197 14 Stussi Rud. miller. *' mill prop. 19 Healey James, Newport, 80 28 Van TassellW. E. estate L(. 160 20 Heidel Aug. farmer. Woodbury, -200 21 Wilcox Maria, " lots. 17 Hellert Chas. farmer. Woodbury, 40 10 Whalen P. and M. farmers, " 212 2 Hoffman Lewis, farmer, Cottage Grove 160 36 Wheeler J. W. farmer. Ll Holtzheimer P. farmer. Oakdale, 160 9 Whooley Dennis, farmer 120 32 Johnson Muns. farmer, Afton, 78 13 Johnson S. W. farmer. Woodbury, 40 24 WOODBURY. Jopp Pred, farmer. Woodbury, 80 36 Avery W. L. farmer. Cottage Grove , 40 2 Kernkamp J. H. farmer. St. Paul, 180 8 Ayres Eben, farmer and justice, " 520 33 Kruger Carl, farmer, St. Paul, 80 8 Bach Martin, farmer, St. Paul, 240 6 Leithauser John, farmer , Woodbury, 140 26 Bachman A. C. farmer, Lfc (G 60 7 Leithauser M. plasterer, Woodbury, 35 Bachman W. J. farmer. Woodbury, 155 8 Lindeman W. Jr. farmer , Woodbury, 40 10 Bahls John, farmer. Cottage Grove ,360 35 Lindeman P. farmer. Woodbury, 65 15 Besti Henry, fanner, Oakdale, 160 5 Lindeman W. Sr. farmer, Woodbury, 97 11 Beibenburg C. M. farmer, Cottage Grove , 80 29 Lucksinger Pred, farmer, Woodbury, 160 14 Brookman M. farmer. Woodbury, 240 23 Lucksinger J. farmer. Woodbury, 18o 34 Brookman N. farmer, Oakdale, 144 4 Makle Chris, farmer, Valley Creek, 200 19 Barthelmer Peter, farmer, St. Paul, 83 4 Maish S. farmer. Woodbury, 120 28 Bolkes Fred, farmer, u it. 102 18 Marty Henry, farmer. Cottage Grove 360 26 Brocey G. farmer. Oakdale, 82 2 Marty Pred, farmer. Oakdale, 280 2 Classen M. farmer. St. Paul, 83 4 Mathimore J. farmer. Woodbury, 80 30 Classen John, farmer. Oakdale, 180 5 Marschall J. farmer. Woodbury, 36 27 Colby J. D. farmer. Woodbury, 252 22 McGuire Pat, farmer. Woodbury, 76 30 Cram J. H. farmer. 44 320 23 McHattie Alex, farmer. Woodbury, 207 27 Cross Moses, farmer, Woodbury, 40 22 McHattie J. farmer, Woodbury, 120 23 Cum P. farmer. Oakdale, 20 4 McCallum Arch, farmer Woodbury, 80 36 Dickhudt P. farmer. Woodbury, 160 28 McNaughty T. farmer. St. Paul, 120 5 Dickhudt A. farmer. Woodbury, 160 27 McMahon farmer, Oakdale, 160 20 Donahue R. farmer, Woodbury, 80 20 Metzger Chas. farmer. Woodbury 210 31 Donahue W. farmer, Woodbury, 80 20 Meyer, Pred. farmer, Valley Creek, 84 12 Domfield, farmer, A. St. Paul, 80 9 Meyer Carl, farmer. Valley Creek, 28 12 Dornfield P. farmer. St. Paul, 80 10 Meiers Henry, farmer. Oakdale, 241 1 Egan Martin, farmer, Woodbury, 160 15 Middleton J. farmer. Woodbury, 280 26 Egan M. P. farmer. Woodbury, 16 Michenhausen M. fa'er, Woodbury, Peeley J. farmer. Woodbury, 100 34 Munson Benj. farmer. Valley Creek, 320 12 Flemmer Chas. farmer. Woodbury, 40 27 Munson J. C. farmer, Valley Creek, 79 13 Poley P. P. farmer, Woodbury, 160 23 Moll Aug. farmer. Valley Creek, 30 12 622 BI8T0BT OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. p. 0. A. s. p. 0. A. s. Moll Fred, farmer, Valley Creek, 15C 2 Somers Charles, far. Oakdale, 55 3 Murphy John, farmer, Cottage.Grove ,200 36 Sontag G. & A. far. Woodbury, 80 '28 Neiman Fred, farmer. Cottage Grove ,320 36. Spangenburg C. far. Woodbury, 120 34 Neubauer Wm. farmer. Woodbury, 120 29 Stabenow Chas". far. Woodbury, 117 10 Nilson John, farmer. Woodbury, 40 13 Stabenow Got. far. Oakdale, 80 14 Nippoldt G. W. farmer, Woodbury, 120 5 Stabenow Aug. far. Oakdale, 60 2 Neubauer, A. farmer. Woodbury, 120 29 Stark Mich. far. Oakdale, 80 12 Ortman J. A. farmer, Woodbury, 160 21 Staltzman F. far. Oakdale, 40 1 Peterson And. fanner. Woodbury, 160 13 Spangenburg E. far. Woodbury, 80 26 Pierce Chas. farmer. Newport, 80 20 Streiff Joseph, far. Oakdale, 120 3 Forth Aug. farmer, Woodbuiy, 40 10 Strate Simon, far. Woodbury, 159 17 Forth Chas. farmer. Oakdale, 60 11 Strong Freeman, far. Oakdale, 150 5 Raths Fred, farmer. Woodbury, 160 21 Stutzman J. far. Woodbury, 80 22 Eeichert Got. farmer. Oakdale, 36 3 Thies Herman, far. St. Paul, 120 17 Reil Herman, farmer. Woodbury, 80 19 Thompson Eric, far. Woodbury, 40 25 Reichow Chas. farmer. OakdaJe, 75 4 Treboldt A. far. Woodbury, 120 21 Reichow Fred, farmer. Oakdale, 80 4 Volmer R. B. far. T-ake Elmo, 160 2 Remensehneider Val. far. Woodbury, 80 28 Walter Got. farmer, Woodbury, 160 11 Rhein J. P. farmer, Newport, 160 30 Wattersdorf Fred, farmer, " 207 9 Robert Aug. farmer, Oakdale, 80 2 Weitzell H. farmer. " 160 28 Rode Ant. farmer. St. Paul, 240 17 Wells B. F. wagon maker. 23 Ross Fred, farmer. Woodbury, 80 35 Wendt Got. farmer, VaUey Creek, 100 1 Rutherford E. A. far. Afton, 160 24 Werth Martin, farmer. Oakdale, 30 3 Scharfbilling J. H. far. Oakdale, 67 3 Yordening C. farmer. Woodbury, 160 33 SehilUng F. far. Woodbury, 80 33 Zabel W. Jr. farmer. Woodbury, 80 15 Schilling C. far. St. Paul, 120 29 Ziehl Chas. farmer. Woodbury, 3 11 Scharkell H. C. F. far. St. Paul, 120 7 Ziehl Fred, farmer. Woodbury, 82 2 Schultz H. far. Woodbury, 12 23 Zum Wm. farmer. Oakdale, 4 INDEX. 623 I N D E«X EXPLOEEBS AND PIONEERS OF MINNESOTA. PAGE Abraham, Plains of 1 Accault (Ako) Miohae], compan- ion of Hennepin . 10. If, 20, 2.<, 24, 20 Described Dy La Salle 18 Leader of Mississippi Explo- rations 19 Acliisanaga arrested by Perrot . . 12 Tried for murder before I>u Luth i:i Deatli of 14 Aiouez, see loways. Ale 58 Bouchei', Pierre, described Lake Superior cnipcr mines 7 Faliier ol Sieur de Le Per- ricie 51 Bouchei vjlle, nfflcer at Lake Pepin 53 Goods fuinisiied to Indians.. 54 Captured by Indians 64 Boudor, trades with tlie Sioux... 48 Attacked by 1 he Foxes 49 Pongainville, mentions Indian tribes seen b\ Vereudrye 60 Boutwell, Rev. W. T., Ojibway missionary 106, 113 Benioveslo Stillwater Ill NoiiCK of Slillwater 114 Braddock 's (I efe.iit •.. 61 Bradley, one of Pike's corporals 76 Bremer. Fredrirka, Swedish nov- elist in Minnesota 122 Brisbin,J.B 127 Biisbois, Lieui . in Briti.sh service 81 Bris.sette, Edward, noi ice of 114 Brown, Joseph K., drummer boy at Fort Snellnig 96 Trading po.st at Lake Trav- erse 102 Keeps a gro;? shop for soldiers 103 At Grey Cloud Island 113 Member ol Wisconsin Legis- lature 113 Makes a town site near Still- water 113 Secretary of Council, 1849 119 Bruce, trader at Green Bay 63 Brunson, Rev. A., Methodist Missionary Ill, 113 Brunson, n. W 11.9 Brusky,Cbarle-i, Indian trader.. 77 Bulger, Capt., surrenders Fort McKav 81 Bulwer, Sir K. L., translation of Sioux Death Bung 67 Cadillac,La Mul te,on route to the Pacific 36 In Ciunmand at Detroit .... 4S Alludes to Le Sueur 48 Alludes to Boudor's expedi- tion 48 On the sealing of brandy to Indians 16 Cameron, Mnrdock, sells liquor to Indians 74 Campbell, Colin, interpreter 92 Carver's Cave mentioned . . .66, 78, 84 Carver, Capt. Jonathan, early life of. 64 lu battle of Lake George 64 Ariival at Miekinaw 61 Describes the fort at Green Bay 64 Visits Winnebago Village.... 64 Visits Fox Village 64 Describes I'rairle du Chien... 64 Describes eaith works at Lake Pepiu 65 Describes cave at St. Paul.... 66 PAGE Describes.Falls of St.Anthouy 60 Describes Minnesota river... 06 Describes funeral rites 67 Reports speech of Sioux chief 07 Speech versified by Schiller.. 67 Translation by Bulwer and Herschell 67, 68 His alleged deed for Sioux land 70 U. S. Senate rejects his clairns 70 Grandsons of, visit Minnesota ii Caumont, Sieur de 3:! Chagouaml kon visited by Grosel- llers andRadisson 2 Charlevoix on La Hontan's fabri- cations 30 On Le Sueur's mining opera- tions 45 Chatfleld, A.G., Territorial Judge 125 Chippeway,lndians,see Ojibways Chouart, Medard, see Groselliers Chrlstinaux mentioned 43, 41 Clark, Lt. Nathan, at Fort Snell- ins PO. Letters from Gen. Gibson !4 Arrests Sioux 98 Coe, Kev.Alvan, visits Fort Snell- ing in 1829 106 Constans, William 121 Convention to form a State Con- stitution 128 Cooper, David, Territorial Judge. 118 Copper mines of Lake Superior, Early Notice of 7 A. D.16; 6 described by Sagard 7 A.D.164iidescribedbyBoucher 7 Of IsleKoyal 7 OfOntanagon T Copper sent to Bellinzany, in Paris 7 Copper mines spokeu of by Talon, A.D. 1669 7 Coquard, Father, accompanies verendrye 60 Mentions Rocky Mountain Indians 60 Eulogy of St. Pierre 61 Cratte, Oliver 102 Dakotahs or Uahkotahs, see Sioux D'Avagour, Governor of Canada, opinion of the region West of Lake Superior 1 Day, Dr. David 124 De Corbiere, Lieut, at Lake Champlain 6i De Gonor, Jesuit, visits Lake Pepiu 61, 58 Returns to Canada 54 Converses with Verendrye... 58 De la Barre, Governor, notices DuLuth 11 Sends Perrot to the Sioux 29 De la Jemeraye, see Jcmeraye.. DelaTonr, Jesuits missionary.. 13 J>e la Tourette, Greysolon.bruili- erol Du Luth 16 De Liguery, see Lignery De Lusignan, visits the Sioux 75 Denis, Canadian voyageur, joins Le Sueur 4i Denonville, Governor, attacks Senecas 15. Orders Duluth to build a li'mt IB Sends for western allies 30 Commissions Du Luth 32 624 INDJEJX. PAGE Denton, Kev. D., missionary to Sioux Ill D'Esprit, Pierre, see Kadisson. .. D'Evaque, in charge of Fort L'HiilIller 48 Abandons the Fort 48 Devotion, M., sutler at Fort Snelllng 81 D'JberviUe, Gov., criticises Hen- nepin 28 fielative of Le Sueur 39 Memorial on tribes of tlie Mississippi 46, 4G Dieskau, Baron 61 Dickson, Col. Kobert, visits Lt. Pike 77 Trading post at Grand Bapids 78 AtMendota 78 During war of 1812 80, 81 At Lake Traverse 89 At Fort Snelliug 93, 90 William, son of Robert 90 Du Gliesnean, intendant of Can- ada, complains of Duluth 11 Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon, early ♦ lifeof 9 Various spellings of his name 9 Plants Kings Arms at Mille Lacs 9 Establishes a Fort at Kaman - istigoya 9 DecendstheSt. Croi;. i-iverii, 112 Sends beaver skins to New England 11 Attends a conference at Que- bec 11 Visits France 11 Returns to Mackinaw 1 1 Arrests and executes Indians at Sault St. Marie 11 Censured by Louis XIV n , Brings allies to Niagara, for De la Bane 15 Establishes a Fort on Lake Erie..... 15 In battle with the Senecas. . . 15 Returns to Lake Erie with his cousin Tonty 16 Brother of, from Lake Nepi- gon 16 Disapproves of selling bran- dyto Indians =- 16 In command at Fort Fron- tenac 16 Afflicted with the gout 17 Death of 17 At Falls of St. Anthony... 18, 26 Meets Hennepin 25 Tribute to 27 His tour from Lake Superior to Mississippi 112 Meets Accault and Hennepin 112 Protects Frenchmen from Illinois 112 Du Pay, a voyageur 10 Durantaye, commander at Mac- kinaw 33 At Ticonderoga 62 At Niagara IB Ely, E.F., missionary teacher — 110 Emerson, surgeon at Fort Snell- ing, complains of groggeries . . . 103 Knjalran, .Tesnit missionary at Sault St. Marie II, 13 Wounded in light wilh Sene- cas 15 English at Hudson Bay 10 Ktienne, Claude, widow of 1 Faffart. interpreter for Du Luth. 10 Vlsitsthe Sioux "li Descends the St. Oolx River. 1 1 At Falls of Saint Anthony... is Meets Hennepin 25 Falls of Saint Anthony, First white man at 2!> Firstmillat 93, 94 Described by La Salle If) Described by Hennepin. 24,2.'^, 26 Described by Lt.Z.M. Pike, 7S, 70 Describedby Major Long ... 8.^ Women drawn over 99 First newspaper at 123 Bridge, First across Missis- sippi 129 PAGE Fireworks at Fort Beauharnois. B2 Fisher, trader at Green Bav 03 Fitch, pioneer in St.Croix Valley, 112 Flat Mouth. Ojibway Chief, visits Fort Snelling A. D. 1827 97 His party attacked by Sioux. 98 Gratifies his vengeance 99 Referred to bv Nicollet 1 02 Forsyth, Major Thomas, accom- panies first troops to Foit Snelling 91 Pays Indians for reservation. 91 Fnrt Beauharnois established. A, D. 1727, at Lake Pepin 51 52 Fireworks displayed at r5 Commanded by St. Pierre, 56, 57 Fort Crawford ico La Reine, on river Assine- boine 33, 87 Le Sueur, below Hastings... 37 L'Huillier,on BlueEartli river 43 Built by Le Sueur 43 Left in charge of D'Evaque 47 Maurepas .58 McRay 81 Perrot, at Lake Pepin 29 Rouge, of Red River 87 Shelby,at Prairie du Chien,80, 81 Fort Snelling, site securd by Lt. Pike 75 Major Long's opinion 80 Order to establi.sh the post. . . 90 Troops for,at Prairie du Chien 90 Birth of Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark 90 Events of A. D 1819 91 Major Forsyth pays Sioux for reservation 91 Col. Leavenworth arrives at Mendota 9! First officers at cantonment.. 91 Red River men arrive at... 91 Events of A. D. 1820 91 Major Taliaferro, Indian agentat 91 Troops at Camp Cold Water . 91 Cass and Schoolcraft visits.. 92 Col. Snelling succeeds Leav- enworth 92 Officers at, October, 1820 92 Impressive scene at 93 Events of A. D. 1821 93 Advance in building 93 Eventsol A.D. 1822,A. D.1823 9: I'lrst steamboat at 93 Beltrami, the Italian, at. . .93, 94 Major S. H. Long arrives at. . 94 Government mill near 94 Sunday School at 94 Events of A. D. 1824 95 General Scott, suggests name for fort....: 95 Eventsof A.D. 1825, and 1826, 90 Mail, arrival at 90 Sioux woman kills herself 96 Great snow storm, March. 1826 90 High water at, April 21, 1820. 97 Slaves belonging to offlcers, lit 97 Steamboat arrivals to close of 1826 97 Duels at 97 General Gaines censures Col- onel of 97 Eventsof A.D. 1827 98 Flat Mouth, Ojibway chief, visits In 1827 98 Attacked by Sioux 98 Soldiers arrest (Sioux 99 Colonel Snelling delivers u.ui- derers for execution . ... 99 Con.strncllon of, criticised by (ioneral Gaines loo Rev. AlvaCoe in 1829 pleach- es at 100 Health of troops at loi Desertion at lOl J. N. Nicollet arrives at. . . . 102 Marilngesat iu2, 1C8, 120 Sioux and Ojibways light near 103 Annoyed by whisky .si'llers.. 103 Presbyterian church at 108 PAGE Steamer Palmyra at, in July, 1838, with notice of ratifloa- tinn of Indian treaties 112 Indian council held at by Governor Ramsey 121 Fort St. Anthony, now Snelling.. 95 St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods 58 St. .loseph on Lake Erie, es- tablished by Du Luth 16 St. Pierre, on Rainy Lake — 58 Foxes attempt to Pillage Fort PeiTOt 30 Interview with Perrot 31 Mentioned.33, 37, 38, 48, 46, 54, 55 Attack French at Blue Earth River 48 Surren d er to Louvigny 60 Visited by Guignas 52 Franklin, Sir John, relics of, pass through St. Paul 126 Frontenac, Governor of Canada, to Friend of Duluth 11 Let ter to by Cadillac 16 Expedition against the Onei- (fas 16 Encourages Le Sueur 39 Forbids trading with the Sioux 49 Frazer, trader 78 Enters the British sei-vice ... 80 Fuller, Jerome, Territorial Chief Just 1 ce 1 23 Furber, J. W 127 Galissoijiere, Governor of Cana- da, notice of 59 Galtier, Rev. L., builds first chapel in St. Paul 114 Gavin, Rev. Daniel, missionary., ill Gibson, General, letters relative to St. Anthony mill 94 Gillam,Capt.Zacharj of Boston accompanied by Groselliers and Kadisson sails for Hudson's Bay in ship Nonesuch. 5 (joodbue, James M., first Minne- sota editor 117 Death of 124 Goodrich, Aaron, Territorial Judge 118 Removal of 123 Gorman, Willis A. Governor.... 125 Gorrell, Lieut, at Green Bay 62 Graham, Duncan, in British ser- vice 81 Arrives at Fort Snelling lOo Jane, daughter of Duncan married....' 102 Grant, trader at Sandy Lake vis- ited bv Pike 77 Gravier, Father James, criticises Hennepin 28 (iieelev. Elam 109 GrilBn,' La Salle's ship 10 Vo^age to Green Bay 19 Oic'w pillage and desert to ti e Sioux 10 GiiL'Uon, Captain in British ser- vice 78, 81 (iio.si'liiers, Sieur, early life,...i, 6 M avriage l Son of 2, 6 Second marriage 2 Visits Mille Lacs region 2 Is told of the Mississippi... 2 Moots the Asslneboiues 2 Returns to Montreal in 1660. . 2 Sormid visit to Lake Superior 2 Visits Hudsons Bay 4 Niime given to what Is now Pigeon River 5 Visits New England o Talis 5 Loudon 5 I' noouraged by Prince Rupert 5 Siiils for Hudson's Bay with a Boston sea captain 5 Referred to by Talon c Death of G Guignas, Father, missionary at Furl Beauharnois 51 Describes journey to Lake Pepin 52 Fort Beauharnois 63 INDEX. 625 Guignas, Father, page Captured by Indians 64 Nearly burned alive 55 Eeturns to Lake Pepin 66 Gun, grandson ot Carver 82 Hainajilt, Elizabeth.... 2 Madeline 2 Hall, Kev. Sherman OJibway missionary 107 Move.s to Sauk Rapids Ill Hayner, H. Z., Chief .Justice of Territory 124 HempMead accompanies Major Long, A. D. 1817 82 Hennepin Louis, Franciscan mis- sionary, earl v life of 19 Date of his first book 18, 19 Criticism of first book 19 Depreciates .Jesuits 18 Meets a Sioux war party 19 At the marsh below Saint Paul 19,20 22 At Falls of St. Anthony 16.22,24, 25 Denounced by La Salle 19 Chaplain of La Salle 20 His false map 20 At I^ake Pepin 22 Makfs adictionai'y 23 Baptizes an infant 2.3 Met by Du Luth 25 Career on return to Europe. . 25 His first and second book compared 26 Replies to obicctors .... 27 Criticised by D'lberville 28 Criticised by Father Gravier 28 His later davs 28 Opinion of Jesuit Missions... 106 ' Henniss C. J. editor 122 Herscffell, Sir John, translates Schiller's song of Sioux Chief. . 68 Historical Society, first public meeting 119 Hobart, Kev.C 119 Holcomb. Cant. William 110 Hole-ih-the-Day, the father, at- tacks the Sioux .. 103 VisltsFort Snellingin 1828... 103 Attacked bv Sioux 103 Visits Fort Snelling in 1839. . . 103 Pursued by the Sioux 103 Hole-in -the-Day. Jnnior. attacks Sioux near St Paul 121 On first steamboat above Falls cf St. Anthony 121 Howe, early settler at Marine. . . 113 Hudsoii's Bay visited by Grosell- iera 4, 5 ByKadisson 6 By Capt. Zachary Gillam 5 Huggins, Alexander, mission far- mer 107 HuronS driven to Minnesota 2 Dw^fell with loways 2 Live on Isle of the Mississippi 2 Kemove to sources of Black KiVer 2 Unite with Oitawas at I.,a Pointe 4 At War with the Sioux 4 Disastrous defeat 4 Ketreat to Mackinaw 4 Indiana Territory, organized... 73 Indians of Mississippi Valley, earliest communication about. 46 Upper Missouri, seen by Ver- epdrye 60 Minnesota 104 Iowav,s, visited bv Hurons 2 Visit Perrot at Lake Pepin. . 29 Mentioned 39, 42. 43, 44, 45 Iroquois, Virgin, her interces- sion sought bv Du Luth 17 Isle, Pelee, of the Mississippi be- low St. Croix Kiver 37 Lsle Koyal , copper in 1667, noticed 7 Itasca, origin of word 107 Jackson, Henry, early settler in St. Paul ■ 114, 115 Jeineraje, Sieur de la, with the Sioux 56 Nephew of Verendrve fi8 Explores to Bainy Lake . . .58, 59 Freparesamap 58 PAGE Death of S9 Jesuit, Father AUouez 4 Chardon 52 De Conor 51 De la Chasse 5i Guignas 5],r4,55, 66 Guymoneau : . 51 Marquette 5 Menard 2, 3 Messayei' 58 Jesuit missions unsuccessful. ... 106 Jesuit missionaries promised the Sioux 51 .Johnson, Parsons K 119 Jonquiere, Governor of Canada. 60 Fort established 60 Juchereau at the mouth of the Wisconsin 48 Conciliates the Foxes 49 Judd, early settler at Marine.. 113 Kalm, Professor, notices Veren- drve 59 Ka;pasia Chief requests a mis- sionary 114 Ifeel boats from Fort Snelling attacked 99, iro Kennerman, Pike's sergeant 76 Kertk, see Kirk Kickapoos, at Fort Perrot 30 Mention of 40,46.54, 55 Capture French from Lake Pepin 54 King, grandson of Carver 82 Kirk. Sir David Kirk, brother-in- law of Eadisson 1 Lac Vienx Desert 3 I^a Hontan. his early life 35 Book of travels 35 Arrives at Fort St. Joseph, on Lake Erie 35 - Ascent of the Fox Elver 35 Descends the Wisconsin Biver 3S Alleged voyage of the Long Kiver .■ 36 Pronounced a fabrication, in 1716. byBobe 86 CHticised b / Charlevoix 36 Noticed by Nicollet 36 l.,aidlow travelsfrom Selkirk set- tlement to Prairie du Chien 91 Brings wheat by boat to Pem- bina 91 At Fort Snelling 33 Lac qui Parle mission 109 Lake Calhoun, Indian farm es- tablished 106 Lake Harriet, mission described 109 Lake Pepin, called Lake of Tears Described in A. D. 1700....... 41 Fort Perrot at 29 Fort Beauharnois at 53 Lake of the Ottawas 3 Lake Pokeguma Mission loo Battleat 109 La Monde, a voyageur 10 J-andsing, trader, killed 63 Lambert. David, early settler in St. Paul 118 Lambert. Henry A., early settler in St. Paul 119 Langlade, of Green Bay, urges attack of Brartdock 61 Near Lake George 62 La Perrieie, Sieur de, proceeds to Sioux country 31 Son of Pierre Boucher 61 Arrives at Lake Pepin 52 Builds Fort Beauharnois.. .. 52 His brother. Moutbrun, cap- tBred by Indians 53 La Place,a French deserter killed bv the Sioux 42 La Porte, see Louvigny. La Potherie describes Fort Per- rot, at Lake Pepin 29 Larpenteur, A., early settler at St. Paul 116 La Salle licensed to trade in buf- falo robes 10 Bnilds ship Griffin 10 His crew desert 10 Criticises Du Luth.... 10, 18 His Pilot attempts to join Du- Lulh 10 PAGE First. to describe Upper Mis- sissippi 18 Describes Falls of Saint An- thony 19 Poor opinion of Hennepin. . . 19 La Taupine, see Moreau. Laurence, Phineas, pioneer in St. Croix Valley lis Leach, Calvin, a founder of Still- water 113 Lead mines on iVlississippi 33 Described by Penicaut 34 Leavenworth. Colonel, establish- es Fort Snelling 90 A nival at M endota 91 Changes his cantonment.... 91 Believed by Snelling 92 Le Due, Philip, robbed near nor- thern b»undary of Minnesota.. 61 Legardeur, Augustine, associate of Perrot 32 See St. Pierre. Legislature, First Territorial, meets Jan., 1849, officers of 119 Second Territorial, meets Jan.. 1850, officers of 122 Third Territorial, meets Jan., 1852, officers of 124 Fourth Territorial,meets Jan. 1863, officers of 124 Fifth Territorial, meets Jan., 1854 officers of 126 Sixth Territorial, meets Jan., 1855, officers of 126 Seven' h Territorial, meets Jan., 18,'i6, officers of 127 Eighth Territorial, meets Jan.. 1867, officers of 127 Special Territorial, 1857 127 First State 128 Leslie, Lt., command at Macki- naw 62 L'Huillier, Fort, why named — 43 Le Maire, Jacques, killed by In- dians 11 Le Sneur, a.ssociated wilh Perrot 32 builds a Fort below Hastings 32 A relative of D'lberville ..37, 39 At Lake Pepin In 1683 and 1fiS9 37, 40 At La Pointe of Lake Super- ior. 1692 37 Builds a Post below Hastings 3T Brings first Sioux chief to Montreal 37, 83 Visits France 38 Encouraged by Frontenac. .. 39 Arrives in Gnlf of Mexico... b9 A.scendslhe Mississipid 39 Passes Perrot's lead mines... 40 Meets destitute Canadians... 40 At the River St. Croix 42 Builds Fort L'Huillier 43 Holds a council with the Sioux 44 Returns to Gulf of Mexico 45, 74 Sails wilh D'lberville to France 45, 74 Libbev. Washinglon, pioneer at St. Croix Falls 113 Lignerv, commands at Mackinaw 50 At Fort Duquesue 61 Linctot, commander at Macki- naw .• 61 Pursues thH Foxes 53 Little Crow, Sioux chief goes in 1824 to Wa.shington 95 Long, Major Stephen H., tour to Falls of St. Anthony, A. D 1817 82 At Wapa.shaw village 82 Describes Sioux bear dance.. 83 Burialplace 83 Kaposia village 1-6 Carver's cave 84 Fountain cave 84 St. Anthony Falls 85 Opinion of the site of Fort • Snelling 86 Arrives at Fort Snelling, A. D. 1823 94 Loomis, Capt. Gustavus A., U. S. A 108 Eliza marries Lieut. Ogden. . IDs 626 INDEX. PAGE Lonmis, D. B., early settler of St. Croix Valley 122 Loras, Bishop of Dubuque 109 - LouisUina, transfer of 73 Louvifjny. Sieur cie, escorted to Maekinawby Perrot 33, 50 HiaTecpption as commander 33 K"ealle(J 60 Expedition against tlie Foxes 60 Lowry, Sylvanus. early settler. . 127 Macalester College 125 Macl! mentioned, 44, 45,46, 56 Ma ndans mentioned 46 Maginnis makes a claim at St. Croix Falls 112 Map bv Franquelin indicates Du Luth's explorations 9 The Indian Ochagach 8T lie la Jemeraye ,.. 87 Vevendrve 87 Marest. James Joseph, Jesuit missionary, signs the papers tailing possession of the Upper Mississippi 32 Letter t" Le Sueur 39 Commends Louvigny 60 Opinion of the Sioux 61 Marin, Launarque de, French officer 60 In command at Green Bav... 61 Lt. Marin attacks English... 62 Marine, earlv "etrlers at 1!2 Marriages at Fort Snelling 102, 108, 110 Marshall, Hon. W. B., mentioned, 116, 126 Marquette. Jesuit mission ar. at La Pointe 4 Martin. Abraham, pilot 1 Ma.''kouteT>s mentioned 37 At Fort Perrot 30 Massacre Island. Lake of the Woods, origin of tlie name 69 Mc«illis. Hugh. N. W-Co. Agent, Leech Lake... 78 McGregor, English trader, ar- rested 15 McKay, trader from Albany 63 Lt." Col. William, attacks Prairie du Chien 81 McKean, Ellas, a founder of Still- water 113 McKenzie, old trader 87 McKusick, J. a founder of Still- water 113 McLean. Nathaniel, editor 119 McLeod, Martin.exposed to snow storm. 102 Speaker of council m 1853.... 124 Menard Kene, Jesuit missionary letter of v vv ^ Among the Ottawas of Lake Superior 3 Attempted visit to Hurons, m Wisconsin 3 Lost in the marshes or killed 3 Said to have been on the Mis- sissippi before Joliet and Marquette 3 Medary, Governor. Samuel 127 Meeker, B. B., Territorial Judge, Messaver, Father, accompanies the Verendrve expedition 68 Miami Indians visited by Perrot. 30 Ask for a trading post on Mis- sissippi 33 Mention of 38,'16, 44 Mill, first in Minnesota . . . . . 93, 98 Mille Lacs Sioux visited by Du Luth 9 Hennepin ■■ • 22 Minnesota, meaning of the word 116 Kiver, first steamboat in 122 Historical Society, 119 Territory, proposed bounda- ries 115 PAGE Remonstrance against 115 Various names proposed 116 Convention at Stillwater 116 When organized 117 Fir-st election 118 First Legislature 118 First counties organized 119 Seal of 120 Becognized as a State 128 Mitchell, Alexander M., U. S. Marshal 118 Candidate for Congress 125 Missions. .lesuit 5, 16, 106 Mission Stations, Mackinaw 106 LaPointe 107 Leech Lake 107 Yellow Lake 107 Lake Harriet 108 Lac-qui parle 109,111 Pokeguma 109 Kaposia lU Traverse de Sioux Ill Sliakpay Ill Oak Grove Ill Red Wing Ill Missionaries, Rev. Alvan Coe, visits Fort Snelling 107 Frederick Ayer 107 W. T. Boutwell 107 E. F. Elv, (teacher) 109 Mr. Denton Ill Sherman Hall 107 Daniel Gavin Ill John F. Alton Ill Robert Hopkins Ill Gideon H. Pon^ 107 Samup W Pond lOT J.W.Hancock Ill .L D. Stevens 107 S. R. Biggs Ill T. S. Williamson M. D 107 M.N.Adams Ill Montbnin, in returning from Lake Pepin, captured 53 Montcalm, Marquis, dispatch to Vaudreuil 62 Montgomery, General, death of. 1 Moreau. Pierre, with Du Luth at Lake Superior 9 Arrested 10 Morri.«on, William, old trader T'. 87 T/Ln^s, Henry L., U. S. District Attorney 118 Nadowaysioux. see Sioux Negro woman found dead near -Kaposia 113 Nepigon, Lake. Verendrye at.... 87 Neill, Eev. Edward D.', offers firayer at opening of first legis- ature 119 Delivers opening address of Historical Society 119 Newspaper first in St. Paul, the Pioneer 117, 118 Minnesota Register 118 Minnesota Chronicle 118 Chronicle and Beglster lis Carriers Address 119 Dahkotah Friend 122 Minnesota Democrat 122 St. Anthony Express 123 Nicolet. .lean, first white trader in Wi.scnnsin 1 Nicollet, J. N., astronomer and geologist 102 Lettcrfrom St.Anthony Falls 102 Niverville, Boucher de, at Lake Winnipeg 60 Norris, J. S 126 North, J. W 122, 128 Northwesi company trading posts 73 Description of buildings 73 Territory divided 73 None, Roberta! de la, re-occu- ples Du Luth's Post atthe head ot Lake Superior 60 Ochagachs, draws a map for Ve- rendrye 68 Mentioned by the geographer Bellin Ojibwars or Chippeways. . .30, 31, 37 Captive girls 31, 32 PAGE Chief of, with Le Sueur at Montreal 37 In council with Sioux 94 Killed near Fort Snelling, A. D., 1826 97 Visit Fort, A. D., 1827 Treachery of 103 Conflict with Sioux near Fort Snelling 103 Early residence of 105 Sioux name for 106 Principal villages of 106 Of Lake Pokeguma attacked 110 Attack at Kaposia Sioux. — 111 Treaty of 1837 112 Attack Sioux near St. Paul... 121 Passengers on first steam- boat above Falls of Saint Anthony 121 Attack Sioux in St. Paul streets 125 Kill a Sioux giri in a farm house 127 Oliver, Lieut. U. S. A., detained by ice at Hastings 91 Olmstead.S.B 126 Olmsled, David, President of first council 119 Candidate for Congress 122 Eilitor of Democrat 126 One Eyed Sioux, alias Bourgne Orignal Leve, Rising Moose. 85 Loyal to America during war Oi 1812 81 Arrested by Dickson 81 Ottawas, their migrations 2 At Mackinaw 32 Ottoes, mentioned 42,43, 44 Ouasicoude. (Wah-zee-ko-tayl Sionx chief mentioned hy Hen- nepin 23, 27 By Long 82 Owens, John P., editor 123 Pacific Ocean, route to 36.60,58,60, 69 Pan'ant nicknamed Pig's Eye 113 Parsons, Bev. J. P 119 Patron, uncle of Du Luth 11 Penicaut describes Fort Perrot.. 29 Fort Le Sneur on Isle Pelee. . 37 Mississippi Kiver 42 Residence at Blue Earth Kiv- er 47 Describes Fort L'Huillier 47 Pennensha, French trader among the Sioux 53 Pere. see Perrot. Perkins, Lt., U. S. A., in charge of Fort Shelby ' 80 Perriere. see La Perriere. Perrot, Nicholas, arrests Achiga- naga at Lake Superior 12 Visits Keweenaw 14 IJarly days of , 20 Interpreter. A. D. 1671, at Sault St. Marie 29 Account of Father Menard's ascent ot the Mississippi and Black River 2 Suspected ot poisoning La Salle 29 Associated wil h Du Luth 29 First visit to Lake Pepin. ... 29 Visited by loways 29 Trades with the Sioux 29 Brings allies to Niagara .30 Strategy at Lake Pepin 3o Presents a silver ostensorium 30 Terrifies the Sioux by burning a cup of brandy and water. 30 In the Seneca expedition :3, 94 Saint Croix county organized — 114 Court in 114 Saint Croix River, origin of name 42 112 Du Luth first explorer of 112 Fort on, spoken of byBelliu. 112 Pitt and party cut lumber ... 112 Pioneers in valley of 112 Early preachers In valley of. 113 First woman 113 Saint Paul, origin of name 114 Early settlers of . • 114 First School house in 114 Appearance in 1849 117 High water in 1850 121 Newspapers 117, 118, 119, 122 First execution for murder.. 124 Indian fight in si reels of 125 Relics arrive from Franklin's expedition 126 Effort to remove seat of Gov- ernment therefrom 127 Saint Pierre, Captain, at Lake Superior , 50 AtLake Pepin 55, 65 Commander at Mackinaw... SI Noticed by Carver 57 At Ifort La Keine 60 Arrests murderers 61 In N. W. Pennsylvania ...60, 61 Visited by Washington 60 Killed in battle 60 Tribute to 61 Saskatchewan, first visited by French 69 Fort at 60 Schiller, versifies a Sioux chiefs speech 67 Scott, Dred, slave at Fort Snell- ing 97 Scott, General "Winfleld, suggests the name of Fort Snelling Selkirk, Earl , Thomas Douglas . . 87 Secures Ossiniboia 87 Forms an agricultural colony 87 ArrivesinNew York city.... 85 Reaches Sault St . Marie 88 PAGE Discovers John Tanr er 88 Concludes a treaty with In- dians 89 Passes through Minnesota ... 89 Semple. Governor of Selkirk set- tlement, killed 88 Murderer of 88 Senecas defeated by the "French 15 Shea, J. G., on failure to estab- lish Sioux mi.ssion 106 Sherburne, Moses, Judge 125 Shields, Gen. James, elected U. S. Senator 128 Shingowabbay, Ojibway chief with Le Sueur at Montreal 37 Sibley, Hon. H. H., at Stillwater convention 115 Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory 116 Impression made at Wash- ington Hi Elected delegate to Congress 122 Silver ostensorium, presented by Perrot, still pri-sei ved 30 Sioux, origin of the word 1 Defeat the Hurons 4 Described by Father Allouez 4 Attack Indians at La Pointe 4 Peculiar language of 4 Described in A. D. 1671 4 Attacked at Sault St. Marie.. 5 Villages visited by Du Luth.. 9 Described by Cadillac 16 Meet Accaiilt and Henne- pin 19, 20 Words mentioned by Henne- pin 21,22, 27 OfMlileLacs 22 Offering at Falls of St. An- thony 26 Visited by Grosellier and Badisson Nicholas Perrot 29 Described by Perrot 31 Maiitantans 32 Meaning of the word 11,4 Different b.tnds of 104 Med-day-wah- kawn-twawn villages 104, lo5 Warpaykutay division of 105 Waipaytwawns 105 See.'ieetwawns 105 Dictionary commenced ill Friglitened by burning bran- dy 30 Mantantaws 32, 44 Sissetons 32 Medaywahkauntwauns....32, 43 Oujalespoitons 43, 44 Assineboines, cause of sepa- ration 43 War party arrested by Perrot 33 The first to visit Montreal 37 Cliiefs speech to Frontenac. . 38 Chiefs death at Monti-eal.... 38 War party against the Illi nois 39, 40 Eastern and Western des- cribed 48 Chiet visits Fort L'Huillier . . 43 In council with Le Sueur 44 Bands of, A. D. 1700 45 Attack Miamis 48 Visited by Jesuits 51 A foil to the Foxes 65 Attack convoy of Verendrye, Deputation visit Quebec 57 Deputation visit English at Green Bay 63 Bands described by Carver. . 66 Chiefs speech described by Carver 67 Chiefs speech versified by Schiller 67 Language, Carver's views on, 69 Chief, Orignal Leve, Pike's friend 75; 81 Formerly dwelt at Leech Lake 78 Bear Dance described by Long 81 Sisseton murderer brought to Fort Snelliiig 92 In council with Ojibways 04 628 INDEX. PAGE Sioux Delegation in A. D. 1824, go to Washington 96 Kill Oiibways, A. D., 1826, near 'Fort Snelling 98 Kill in 1827 98 Delivered by Col. Snelling. . 99 Execnted by Ojibways 99 Killed by Ojibways, April 1838 103 War with Ojibways in 1839 .103 Attack Lake Pokeguma band inl841 110 Are attacked in 1842 ill War party of Sioux at Apple Kiver, 1850 121 Kill a teamster 123 Treaties of 1851 123 Attacked In St. Paul by Ojib- ways 125 Siinp9on, early settler in St. Paul 114 Slav.es, African, in Minnesota... 97 Smith, C. K., first Secretary of Territory 118, 119 Snelling, Col. Josiahf arrives at Fort Snelling 92' Censured by General Gaines. 97 Delivers Sioux assassins to Ojibways 99 Hastens with Keel boats to Fort Crawford 100 Death of 101 Tribute to 101 W. Joseph, son of Colonel careerof 97 Author and poet 97 Pasquinade on N. P. Willis . . 98 Death of ; 98 Steamboat arrivals at Fort Snell- ing to close of 1826 97 Virginia first at Fort Snelling 93 First to Falls of St. Anthony 121 Above 121 In Minnesota Biver 122 Steele, Franklin, pioneer in St. Croix Valley 112,113 At Stillwater convention 1848 115 Foreman of Grand Jury ... 119 Stevens, Eev. J. D 106, 108 Stillwater, battle between Sioux and Ojibways 103 Founders of 113 Notice of by Boutwell 114 Convention at inl848 115 Scalp dance in 121 Land slide in 1852 124 RfrattOD, pioneer in St. Croix Vallev 112, 113 PAGE Stoddard, Capt. U.S. A Stuart, Robert, at Mackinaw, in- ilnence of 106 Swiss emigrants, at Red Kiver. . . 89 Swartz, Andrew, teamster, killed bySionx 123 Taliaferro, Maj. Lawrence, agent for the Sioux, notice of 91 Letter to Col. Leavenworth . . 92 Takes Indians to Washing- ton, A. D., 1824 95 Talon, intendant of Canada, re- fers to Groselliers 6 Kfefers to Lake Superior cop- per 7 Tanner, John, stolen from liis parents 88 Became an Indian chief . . 88 Discovered by Earl of Sel- kirk 88 Suspected of Murder 88 James, son of John 88 Ti'oublesome and deceitful . . 88 Tannery for Buffalo skins 46, 48 Taylor, Jesse B.. pioneer in St. Croix Valley 112 .loshuaL 118 N. C. D., Speaker Hou'e of Representatives 1851 126 Teeoskahtay, Sioux chief first in Montreal 37 Speech to Governor Fion- tenac 38 His death in Montreal 39, 44 Tegahkouita, Catherine, the Iroquois virgin 17 Terry, Elijah, murdered by Sioux atPembina 124 Thomnsou, David, geographer, N. W.Co 78 Tonty, Henry, with Du Luth at Niagara 15 Cousin of Du Luth 16 Traders forbidden to enter the Sioux country 48 Treaties of 1837 with Sioux and Ojibways 112 Tuttle, C. A., at Falls of St. Croix 112 University of Minnesota created 122 Van Cleve, Gen. H. P 90 Charlotte Ouiseonsin, wife of Gen 90 Paper by 95 Varennes, Pierre Gu'altier, see Vei'endrye Vercheres, in command al Gieeu Bay 61 PAGE Verendrye, Sieur, early life of. . . 58 At Lake Nepigon 58 Obtains an Indian Map 58 Expedition west of Lake Su- perior 58 A son killed by Sioux 59 Anephewdies 59 Sons of, reach Rocky Moun- tains 59 Return to Lake of the Woods 95 Superseded 59 Restored 59 Death 69 Chevalier, notice of 59 Sieur Jr., accompanies St. Pierre 59, 61 Wahkautape, Sioux chief visits LeSueur -....43, 44 Wahmatah, Sioux chief 95 Wait, L.B 119 Wakefield, John A 116 Wales, W. W 127 Washington visits St. Pierre 60 Welch, W. H., Chief Justice of Territory 125 Wells. James, trader married... 102 At Lake Pepin 117 Killed bv Sioux 102 Wilkin Alexander, Secretary or Territory 124 Candidate for Congress 125 Williamson, Rev. T. S., M. D., , early life 107 Arrival among the Sioux. ... 107 Organizes church at Fort Snelling 108 Missionary at Lac qui Parle. Kaposia 114 Procures school teacher for St. Paul 114 Willis, N. P., lampoons Joseph Snelling 97 Winnebagoes, mentioned 40. 52 Attack Keel boats 99, 100 First notice of lo5 Successive removals 105 Wisconsin River, ca'led Mes- chetz Odeba by La Salle 18 Described by Le Sueur 40 Guignas 52 Wolfe, General, death of 1 Wood, trader among Sioux 78 Yeiser, Capt. at Fort Shelby 8T Yuhazee, executed at St. Paul. . . 121 INDEX. 629 INDEX OUTLINES OF THE HISTOBY OF MINNESOTA. [PAGE Acton, murders 137 Admission of tlie state 129 Antietam, battle 1 52 Arctic cyclone 1S8 Arras Seized 116 Banks, state 130 Battles— Antietam 152 Big Black Eiver 153 Blrcli Coolie 139, 149 Bristow's station 154 Champion Hills 153 Chickamauga 154 Oorlnth 152 FalrOaks 136 Fitzhugh's woods 154 Gettysburg 153 Glendale 135 Malvern hills 135 - Mill Springs 134 Mission Bidge 154 Mobile 156 Murf reesboro 135 Nelson's farm 135 Peach Orchard 135 Pittsburg Landing 134 Bed Wood Ferry 140 Savage's station 135 Spanish Fort 1S6 Tupelo 155 Vicksbiu'g 153 White Oak Swamp 135 Wood Lake. 151 Bonds- Issued. ...: 129 Defaulted 130 Foreclosed 131 Proposed adjustment ,.. 157 BreadstutEs exported 131 Camp release 151 Capitol removal 157 Cavalry companips 134 Chippewa war threatened 146 Christian commissirfn 133 Corinth, battle 152 Currency, inflated 165 Currency depreciated 131 Drouth 154 Edward's Ferry 135 Elections. 131, 134, 156, 157, 158,159, 160 Enlistments. 132 PAGE 129 TO 160. PAGE Fair Oaks, battle 133 Fires, prairie 158 Forest City, stockade 147 Fort Abercrombie, .seise 148 Fort Eidgley, attacked 142 Frazier River, gold discoveries.. 130 Glenddle, battle 135 "Good Times" 156 Grasshoppers 159 "Hard Times" 130 Hutchin.smi, stockade 147 Believed 148 Impeachment, state treasurer. . . 168 Indian correspondence 160 Indians executed 152 Indian war closed 151 Inflation 157 Insane Hospital burned 160 Jay Cooke, failure 158 Lee, .surrender 166 Legal Tender Notes 135 Legislature- July, 1858 129 Session, 1861 131 1862 134 Extra session 151 Session, 1870 157 1871 158 1874, '75, '77 159 Session, 1878 160 Light Artillery, first 134 Second 134 Lincoln A.ssassinated 156 Little Crow killed. . . • 153 Lower Agency outbreak 138 Malvern Hills 135 Military commission 151 Military force called out 130 Mill Springs, battle 134 Minnesota admitted 129 Missouri River expedition 153 Mounted Bangers 149 Murder at Garden City 156 Murders at Acton 137 Murfreesboro, baitle 135 Navigation of Red River 1-30 Nelson's farm, battle 135 New Ulm.seige 141, 143 Evacuated 144 Northfleld Raid 159 Northwest settlement 135 PAGE Paynesville, stockade 148 Peach Orchard, battle 135 Pittsburg Lanuing. battle 134 Prisoners releaseil 150, 151 Railroads- Commenced 129 Rolling stock 133 New organization 135 First completed 135 Building 157 Red River Hostilities 148 Red River navigation 130 Redwood Ferry, battle 140 Relief measures 133, 150 Regiment — First 132 Second 13 Third l 3 Fourth 134 Fifth 134 Sixth 134, 136 Seventh 146 Eighth 145 Ninth 145 Tenth 145 Eleventh 155 Regiments return 156 Renville Rangers 141 Sanitai'v commission 133 Savage's station, battle 135 ■ Scandinavian immigration 135 Seven days fight 136 Sharp shooters, first 133 "Shiliplasters" 136 Sibley's expedition. 145 Sioux Massacre 1.37 Sioux removed from state 153 Sioux pursued 154 Stockades, bnilt. 147, 148 Troops called for, 132, 133, 136, 154, 1.56 War prospective .' 130 War news 1.32 War meeting 1.36 Week of blood 145 "Wild Cat," banking scheme.. . 1.30 Wiiinebagoes removed from state 153 Wright county war 130 Wood Lake, battle 151 Yorktown, seige 135 630 INDEX. INDEX. NAMES. PAGE Abbott.F.W 276 Abbreviations 338 Adams, Alexander 5B6 Adams, Farijer 261 Afton.Town of 399 Ahl, Dr. John N 566 • Albenberg l.ouis B50, 556 Albreeht,TFredeiicli 431 Aldrich, Leonard 356 Aldrich, Robert 443 AUiricli, Dr. Phillip, 220, 221, 226, 295, 296 Allen, Martin T 431 AlUbone, John 364 Aim, Ole 466, 467 Ames, Oliver 383 Ames William 355 Amusements oj settlers 214 Anderson. A. J 314 Anderson, J. S 556 Anderson, Joh'ii 567 Anderson, 0!af 479 Anderson, Ole 476 Anderson W. R 220,221 Andrews, A. D 268 Andrews, Amniah . . . 220, 222, 224, 227 Andrews, CD 268 Apmann, John D 492 Appleton, Charles A 557 Ap Roberts, G. 1 266,271 Areola Mlll« 476 Argrellus, Rev. C. P 478 Armstrong, E. H. & Co 280 Arny, Ferdinand H 373 Amy, John 373 Arthur, James 431 Ary, W. R.W 417,418 Atkinson, Mrs. Almira 432 AtRluson .John 365. 431 Atwrater, William 367, 359 Avery, William L 392 Ayers, Clias 281,284 Ayers, Ebenezer 387. 392 Ayers, Krederlck 197, 219 Babcock, B. F 406 Bach, Martin 393 Bachmair, William J 393 BaWs.Johu 393 Bahnemann, M. F 405 Bailey, Capt. A. S 346 Bailey, Jonathan 251,252 Bailey, Rev. M 266 Bailey, W. B 419 Baker, B.F 304 Baker, Col. James H 350 Baker, J. H 296,298 Baldwin, D. A 23i), 417, 240 Barker, Bennett 432 Barker, ■William 269, 271 Barrett, Edward M 567 Barril, Frank X 373 Barron, Richard 5S7 Bartlett, Junius A 28B BatPhelder, Joslah 430, 432 Baytnwn. town of 424 Becker, Joseph 657 Beebe, Samuel h 249 Beer.Jullus 247 Befort, Peter 393 Behrens, Henry 369 Belden. Henry... 373 Benjamin. S. C 284 Benner, Hiram F 432 Bennett, Clifton A 658 Bennett, George W 454, 479 Bennett. J. D 359 Page Bergeron, Louis N 568 Bergquisi. CM 480 Berkey, Hiram 193, 470 Berry, David 405 biographical— Afton 405 Baytown 431 Cottage Grove H73 Denmark 359 Forest Lake 466 Hudson 238 Lakeland 419 Marine 479 Newport 383 Oakdale 448 Oneka 462 Osceola 284 Prescott 261 River Falls 271 Si. Croix Falls 293 Stillwater City 556 Stillwatfr Town 492 Taylor's Falls 309 Woodbury 392 Blssell, E ijah 399 Black, Mahlon 194, 320, 328 Black, Malcom 1360 Blakeslee, Rev. N. T 266 Blankenhahn, Rev Henry 419 Bloomer, Sebastian 492 Boardman, Francis H 249 Boardman, village of 236 Bodfish, Colonel 196, 294 Boeckeler, A 514 Boelter. William 448 Bolles, Erastus 405 Bolles,G. W 405 Bolles, Lemuel 400, 404 Bonin. Joseph 223, 432 Bousell, Benjamin 413 Boo,Carlos 5,58 Boock.H. F 473,475 Booren, August 558 BoreneA. J. 393 Borrowman George 551, 658 Berth, August F 374 Boston Lumber Company 294 Bouchea, Joseph 381 Bouchea, Peter 221,226,227 Boughton, Charles 261 Boughtoii, Clark 560 Bourn, Dr. R. H 271 Boutwell,C.L 480 Boutwell, Rev. W. T. 179. 187, 218, 295 330,358,471,489,560 Bowditoh,Rev. O.G 382 Bowron. Joseph.-. 223, 276, 294 Box«ll,J. W 418,405 Boyle, Dennis BSO Brace, William 326 Brackett's B.Lttalion Cavalry... 361 Braokett, Major A. B 351 Bi'adley,C. J 298 Bradley, Theodore M 284 Bransar, George 433 Breck, Rev. J. L 268, 332, 868 Brendenmuhl, Albert 360 Brendenmuhl, Frank 360 Brewster, John H 329 Briggs.F. V 462 British Traders 162 Brockman . N 396 BromI ey, Capt. C. A 346, 560 Bronson & Folsom 552 Bronson, Rev. Alfred 381 Bronson, D 517.652 Page Brown, Joseph R. 192, 196, 219, 222, 225 318, 330, 381, 471, 480, 497, 561 Brown's Wai'ehouse 219; 317 Br.iwn,Ellsha 561 Brown, Edward S 661 Brown, George S 561 Brown. John 561 Brownell, George W 193 Bruce, Francis 424 Brunson.Ira B 321,322 Brunswick. Julius F 562 Brush, George M 562 Bryan, A. N 562 Buchanan. William 562 Buena Vista, town of 22; Buffalo, Indian chief 187 Burbrioge, J. M 524,503 Burkhardt, Christian 247 Burkhard t Station 237 Burkleo Samuel, 193, 219, 318, 320, 330 426, 470 Burns Benjamin F 563 Burns, Thomas 4)3 Burress, Oscar 326, 353 Burt. Capt. William H 347 Bush.GeorgeJ 359 Buswell, D.O 4U2 Buswell, Richard 406 Buth, August 551, 563 Byron, mchael 480 Caine, Dr. W. H 563 Calkins, Hiram 492 Camp, Lieuteuant 194 Camp, Coldwater 162 Campbell, Benjamin 356 Campbell, B. H 279 Campbell, Frank 455 Campbell, G. W 364, 355, 359 Caueday, D. A 298 Cannon, H. W : 56t Caplazi, Albert 563 Caplazi, Joseph N 563 Caplazi. Paul 433 Capron, William M 662,564 Caldwell, Joseph 564 Carli, Cbristopner, 197, 329, 404, 498,564 Carli, Paul J 400. 404 Carli, Mrs. Lydia A 498, 664 Carlson, A.J 480 Carlson, Gustof 476 Carlson, John G 406 Carlton, Mrs. Ellen 433 Carltou, George P 433 Carnelison, A 221, 265 Carnithan, William 406 Cary, Jeiemiah K 664 Castle,IraW 665 Castle, J. N 444, 565 Castle, L. B 428, 566 Cailin , F. P 227, 239 Catlln, Hou. John 318, 319 Oatlln, Rev. S. T 281 Cavalry— Brackett's Battalion 361 Independent Battalion 352 Second Regiment 351 Census of 1849 319 Cayon, Benjamin 565 Centre City 303 Chase, A. M 309 Chalmers, William 429 Chambers, W. A 565 Chandler, M. T 276, 293 Chapin.Rev. D.A 566 Chardiu, Mrs. Rosalie 433 INDEX. 631 Page Chase, Aavon H 223, 866 Chase, Z. W 566 Chisago County- County seat 302 Derivation ol name 300 History of 300 Organization 30O Valuation of....' 302 Cliristnfferson . H ans 233, 239 Churchill, J. B 298 ChnbbucI?, J. E 239 Olarlc, A. L 239 Clarlt, L. R 314 Clark, O. A... 276 Clapp, N. H 239 Classen, ,Tohn 393 Clav, W. A 666' Clegg,C. L B66 Cline, George D 240 Close, Kev Benjamin 3.32 Clvmer,.T. G 434 Clvmer, Samuel D 406 Colih.Kev. H. W 2B8 Copkburn . S. L 240 Coflman..John 360 Coggswell, James 240 Cogswell. ,Tohn 566 Cohoes, ,Tobn 354 Cohoes, William J 360 Coit. Samuel ,1 246 Colbv, William 192, 300, 305 ColbV, W.F 309 Coles. Robert M 566 Colver, Kev.C.K 266 Colville, Col. William 3S0 Colwell.John : 374 Columbus, John 476 Combacker, Dr. Henry E 284 Comer, Wil liam 309 ComJort. Francis V B66 Com.stock, Claris and Company.. 230 Comstock, John 230, 268, 240 Conliaimand Company 553 Conldin, Neil B67 Clonlev, John 360 Coulin.Patrick 448 Connelley. Johanna '360 Connors. James B67 Couraa.W. S 551, B67 Cook, Allen 361 Coon.C.R 240 Cooney, James 406 Cooper. Judge David 387 Copas, John 480 ,Copp, W.J 252,255,256 Corner, Andrew 298 Corner, John 298 Corn man, L. R„ 490, 491 Cottage Grove, Tow> of 364 Cottage Grove, Village of 367 Cotrell, Josenh 470 Colton, Dr. Henry C 261 Courts- First in St. Croix county 220 Covell, John B67 Cover. David 426,.427, 434 Cover, John G 434 Covev, Dr. James 490 Cox, C. B 252,264,268,269 Cox, E. M 334, 400. 400 Cram, J. H 387,4.52,393 Crandall. Harmon.... 220, 221, 276, 281 Cressey,Rev. E.W 257 Crippen , George R 367, 374 Croffutt, James H 425 Cronk, Adam 480 Crooks, Miss, Indian teacher.... 219 Crooks, Col. William 246 Grossman, Lyman E 394 Crowell, Charles M 567 Crowell,S. S 221 Cumminirs, Robert 387 (Jummings, William E B67 Curtiss, Frederick J 492 Curtis, Gold T 567 Cushing, Caleb 196 275, 294 Cyphers, P. B 215, 443,446 Daggett, Elias 416 Dahkotah, settlement at 498 Dahlquist, Joiieph 480 Dahm, Joseph B50, 568 Dailey, Lawson M 568 Dalltim. James F 321 Daley Jeremiah 374 Pagk Dalv John 491, 480 Dana, Capt. N. J. T 168 Darling. Joel M ...434 Davis, George 568 Davis, James B 568 Daw. Richard 523, .568 Day Patrick 443,447,448 Da\ , R. L 240 Delamore, Edward 361 Delano, F. R 633 Denmark, town of 353 Denniston, Charles Y 240 Denton, Silas S ' 568 Department of Dakota 162 Depew, Justus A 434 Deragisch, A 430 Deragisch, L. A 434 Deragisch, J. A 569 Deragisch, P. S 669 Dewev, Governor Nelson 222 Dibble, W. B 330, 354, 470. 361 Dibble, William 193,326 Dick, Francis 406 Dickerson, Thomas 266 Dickinson, J. B 419 Dill, D.J 258 259,261 Dill, George A 261. 355, 262 Dinsmore, Robert 240 Dippo, David 2:2 Directorv C09 Doe.Hllton 265 Dodge. Gov. Henry 190, 196, 321 Donaghue, William 394 Donald. Alexander 668 Donaldson. Capt. Hugh S 362 Dornfpld, Ferdinand 419 DorrC.S 328 Dow.Kev. J.W 332 Downend, Robert 283, 285 Downie Col. Mark W 350 Downing. David 361 Dovle, Edward -. 374 Drake Jack 215. 326 Drechsier, Conrad 569 Drech.sler, Wllhelrh 247 Dresser. F. A 255 Duel, Julius H 669 Dugan. Joseph i'6l Dnnbaij N. S 251, 257. 262 Dunn, Judge Charles 194,326 Dunn,L.C.... 460 Dunn. Thomas 552 Dunning. John 247 Durant, Edward W 569 Durant,H.A 366 Durant, Wheelers Co.... 552, 531,617 Dutton, Albert C 570 Dyer, Henry 5T0 Dyson, Charles 570 Eastman. Benjamin 222 East ou . A. B BTU Ea.ston, W. E 570 Easton,.rohn 478 Egan, Michael F 394 Ecgert. Carl 466 Ehrig. ,Iohn ....435 Eighth Regt. M V. 1 348 Eldred. L. W 670 Eldridge, A 331 , 661 . 571 Eleciion of 1849 320 Eleventh Regt. M. V.I 360 Elliott, Daniel 571 Elliott, "William 466 Elliott. James 435 Ellis, C. R 266 Ellison , Smith .• 276 Elmquist, John 476, 481 Elward. John H.i 571 Ely Edmund F 179 Ely,M 326 Emerson, Charles W 571 Emery, Samuel 299 Enriglit, Timolhv. 361 Estabrook, Daniel 427 Estabrooks, Charles 427 Estahrooks, Charles E 436 Estabrooks, Daniel S 435 Evans,W. S 240 Falling, H.B 260 Fairbanks, Joseph N 466 Falk, Andrew A 481 Falk Eric 481 Fazendin, Ignatius ^Tl Fee. Andrew 672 Page. Felt, Leander 357 Ferguson Brothers 551,572 Ferguson, 'William 365 Fetterlv, Simon 361 Field. 6eorge 215,221 Fielding, Richard 262 Flfleld, S.S 275,280,285 Filth Regiment M.V.I 345 Filzen,Paul 285 Finnen, Ellen 394 First National Bank 524 First Baltalion M. V. 1 360 First Battery Light Artillery 353 First Regiment M. V. 1 339 Flsh.S. A 286 Fisher, Jacob ... 192, 329, 400, 413, 497, 513, 635 Fisher. Thomas Sr 261 Fisk, C. C 296, 299 Fiske, Francis W 436 Fitch, Dr 192 Fitch, Geo. W ; 274 Fitzgerald, James P 572 Fitzgerald, Richard 572 Foley, Francis A 394 Foley, James G 672 Folsom, Col. Edwin A 573 Folsom,Ed. H 309 Folsom. George 305 Folsom, Levi W 310 Folsom, W. H. C, 197, 294, 300, 303. 305, 476, .3 10 Folstrom, Rev. Jacob 295,407 Ford, FranltlinC 383 Ford, John A 321,381,383 Forest Lake, Town of 465 Forest Lake, Village of 466 Fort St. Anthony, now Snelling.. 161 Fort Snelling, Situation 161,165 Armament 165 Church organized 1 67 First steamboat at 163 Fur trade 164 Gristmill 167 Historic associations 161 Hospital 165 Lumber sawed 163 Mill valued 168 Mill sold 168 Missionary arrivals 166 Name recommended 163 Recent improvements 161 Records lost 165 Report of Lieut. Douglas 162 Reservation acquired 162 Reservation boundaries 164 Reservation mapped 163 Reservation reduced 163 Reservation, settlers on 163 Reservation sold 163 Saw-mill 163 Squatters removed 163 Slone prison at 165 Water supply 165 Fortin, Magaloire 407 Fortin, Michael 436 Fortune, George 269v271 FOS.S, Albert 490.493 Foster, Judge Joel. ..222, 226, 264, 198 Eeminisences of 198 Fournier, Baptiste 406 Fourth Regiment M . V. 1 344 Fowler,G. H 383,384 Fowler, James Jr 660, 673 Fowler, Wi' liam 334, 383, 374 Fox. Patrick 192, 305, 309 Francis. Thomas 553, 573 Franconia, Village of 313 Fredeiickson, Christian 673 Freeland, Isaac 276, 276 Freem an , A. A 269 Freeman, J. C 460 Freeman. J. R 261,256,261 Freemasons, 234, 268, 267, 282, 308, 536 Frieboldt, August 394 Friner, Joseph 262 Frilze, Charles A 394 Frost, Edwin P 573 Fuller,BertD 671 Fullerton, Capt. Samuel 384 Furtrade 168 Furber. George M 376 Furber, J.P 367 632 INDEX. Paoe Fiiiber, Gen. Joseph W., 192, 320, 328 365, 367, 376 Furber, Samuel W 375 Fiirber, Thsodoie . : .■ 369, 375 Furber. W 326, 333 Gage, Putnam F 413, 407 Gagnon, Marcel 524, 574 Gallagher. ■William 574 Gallineer, Henrv 361 Gamm, Edward C 4.% Gardner. Charles 574 Gardner, J. G 490,574 Garlick, Dr. Carmi P 286 Garrison, Lemuel C 436 Garvais, Benjamin 169 Garvais, Pierre 169 Gaskill, Dr. J. R. M 474, 481 Gaskill.S.D 474 ■ Gaslin, David 574 Gazette newspaper 542 Geiger, Veit 279, 286 George, John 394 George, .lohn T 407 Gerke, Henry 407 Getchell, (J. S 400,402 Getchell, James M 400,407 Getchell, J. H 334 Gibbon, Col. John 161 Gilbert, Dwipht L B74 Gilbert, Newington 408 Gilfillan. Col. James B 350 Gill,Eev. W 266 Gillen, Hugh 427 Gillespie, A. I, 575 Gillette, A. G , 366,368,376 Giimore. Henry 376 G'rard, Pierre 462 Glenn, "William 376 Goeck, Henry 575 Goelz John 575 Goh like, Julius C 448 Goltz Alexander 437 Goodman, Phillip 575 Goodrich, Judge Aaron v.. 220, 327 Goodrich, John 575 Gorman , Col. W. A 339 Gould. L. C 240 GoTe, William E 437 Gowen, John 437 Gramenz, Frederick 437 Grant, town of 460 Granstrand, Jonas 481 Granum. Andrew C 286 , 196,275,294 Hunllcv, Jonathan 476,482 Hnntoon, K. A 416 Huntoon.L. A 416,418 Hurtsill, Levi 363 Hutchinson, John B 377 Illingworth, John 679 Independent Battalion Cavalry. 352 Page Indian Battles 186, 188, 497 Indians- Frighten lumbermen 321 Methods of warfare 187 Plowing 135 Treaty with Chippewas 189 Treaty with Dakotas 190 Infautrv— First Begiment 339 Second Regiment ... 342 Third EegTment 343 Fourth Kegimeiit 344 Fifth Regiment 345 Sixth Begiment 346 Seventh Eegiment 349 Eighlh Eegiment 348 Ninth Begiment 349 Tenth Eegiment 350 Eleventh Eegiment 350 First Battalion 360 Irish, Joseph 384 Ismon, James R 242 Iverson.E. C 437 Jackman, H. A *jU, 493 Jackson, Charles 680 Jackson, Henry 318,322, 327 Jackson, James 409 Jackson, Preston T 409 Jackson, Robert 362 Jantzen,Nels 438 Jarchow, Frederick 490, 493 J assov, Theodore 680 Jav, Henry A 262 .Jefferson, A.E 230 Jellison, Charies W 680 Jenks, A. T 580 Jennings, William 449 Jerome. Rev. T. C 266 Jewell , P. B 276. 242 Johnson', Alexander 680 Johnson, Abram 482 Johnson, A. N 4 3 Johnson. A, F 580 Johnson. Andrew P 483 Johnson. August W 483 Johnson, Chiistophcr C 580 Johnson, F. G 283 Johnson, Hans 290 Johnson, J. A 483 Johnson. James 249 Johnson.J.N 483 Johnson, J. W 581 ■Johnson, Mons 395 Johnson, S. C 242 Johnson, W. C 478 Johnson, W.H 400 Johnson, William Jr 249 Johnson, Zadoc 368 Jones, E.R 491,493 Jones, Joseph L 681 Jones, Capt. J. K 351,353 Jordan, Miss Fannie E ...552,581 Jordan & Mathews 517 Judd, Albert 470 Judd, George B 19;, 47u Judd, George F 473,483 Jndd, George J 483 Judd. Lewis S 196,470 Judd, Samuel 476, 484 Jiiell.Olnf M 248 Juilkins, B. F 460,461 Judkins. E. C 461,463 Kahn. Ludwig .' 553 Kannady, George H 462,463 Kaposia, plowiiic at 166 Kappler, Christian 420 Katipler, Frederick 420 Karst, John ,550, 681 Kearney. Edward W 581 Keech, G. W 242 Keefe, James 581 Keene, J. M 463 Keene, William 362 Kellogg, B. R 463 Kellogg, Joseph 242 Kellogg, Luman 581 Kellv, Thomas A 242 Kelley, John 246 Kelsey. Wallace 377 Kelso, Joseph 581 Kemp. Leonard 438 Kemper. Bishop Jack.son 332,544 Kempf , John 4B6 Kennedy, Daniel 383 INDEX. 633 Page Kennedy, Dougald 292 Kennedy, Bobert 318 Kenny, John Sr 582 Eenney, John Jc 553 Kent, Andrew 292 Kent, Bev. A' 218 Kent, Benjamin F 286 Kent, Eobei't 275, 276, 286 Kent, Captain William,. 197, 223, 275 276, 278, 283, 287 Kern, F. W 523, 582 Kernkamp, Herman 395 Kiehle, Bev. Amos A 582 Kilty Brothers 551, 582 K-tmoall, Asabel 287 Kimball, Chapin 292 King, Charles F 343 King, Bev. David...' 330 Kingsley, A. D 413,416 Kinyon, O. L 461 Knapp, Captain O. F 183, 287 Knowlton, Judge Wiram, 222,254, 276 322, 326 Kock, George 438 Koemg, Ernst 395 Kollar, John 468 Kraplel, Jacob 243 Krueger, John F 362 Knohli, Mrs. Franooise 463 Kuley, Bev. T, E 266 Lacy, Thomas 311 Ladd, Uriah 377 Ladd, W, B 296,299 Lalorce, Edward 362 Lagerwall, L. F 311 Lakeland, Town of 412 Lally, Martin 420 Lamb, Frederick 456 Lambert, Joseph 460, 464 Lilmmers, F. W 475, 484 Land Office 294 Langdon, Village ot 368 LjM'amy, John H 377 IW%on, John A 582 Larson, Judge Ole 287 Lee, Orris E 582 Leach, Calvin 218, 497 Learned, C. J 220, 320 Leavenworth, Lieut. -Col. Henry, 162. 316 Leavitt, Martin .344, 359 Leavitt, William L 262 LeBorius, Joseph 377 LeBoutillier, Charles W 339 Lefi'ch, Gen. Samuel 327 Lehmieke, Budolph 582 Leitli, William 413 Leithauser, Matt 395 Lemon, Frank H 583 Leijnard, Charles E., 354, 356, 359, 583 Leonard, Theodore 583 Lester, Col. Henry C 343 Lewis, Daniel 248 Lewis, D. B., 476 Ee wis, H. M 254 Lewis, J. C 438 Libbey, James 192, 275 Light Artillery- First Battery 363 Second Battery 353 Third Battery 353 Ligfitner, Adam 296, 474 Lindemann, William 396 Lillfs, John C : 584 Linden, August V 684 Lindgren, John 484 Lindstrom, W. E 468 Lindholm, A. T 584 Lindsay, Harry C 584 Little Crow, Indian , 332 Livingston, James 192, 275, 278 Lockwood, W 355, 256 Lohmann, J. W 447, 449 Londen, William S 362 Lopg, Davis 584 Loomis, Hon. D. B. . . .192, 300, 428, 584 Looinis, F. E 584 Loomis, Col. Gustavus 185 Lord, A. H ...272 Low, George 585 Lowell, Albert 585 Lowell, Hon. William 585 Ludden,J. D 221,300 Lumber, First sawed 163 . PAGE Lumberman, newspaper 542 Lumbering operations 197 Lumbermen's National Bank 525 Lund, John 585 Lustig, Charles 585 Luts, Joseph 461, 464 Lymau, Benjamin F 489 Lyman ,Cornelius, 330, 474, 478, 490, 494 Lyman, C. Storrs, 489,494 Lyman, D. P 489, 492, 494 Lyman, Horace E 494 Lynching of Indian 215 Lyon, Bev. A. S 382 Lyons, John 585 Macey , Charles 489, 491, 494 Mackey, Andrew 400, 404, 471, 409 Mackey, James 585 Mackey, Michael 409 Maddock, Lawrence 438 Magnuson, Erick 478, 484 Magnuson, Swen 474, 484 Mahoney, W. 192, 221 Mahowald, Key. Willibrod 680 Maisli, Stephen 396 Malloy, Bober t 586 Malone, C 443, 445, 449 Malone, Maurice 443, 444 Map of Sd. Croix Valley, opposite page 1 Marcell, Alfred 586 Hardens, Henry 457 Marine Flour and Grist Mill 473 Marine, village of 470 Markle. W. H 420 Mars, Hartley 371 Marsh, Michael 468 Marshall, Dr. C. B. 287 Marshall, Joseph W 321 Marshall. W. E 221, 275, 29s Martin, George 246 Martin, James 420 Martin, William 247 Marty, Adam 425, 586 Marty, Fridolin 396 Marty, Jacob 444 Many, John 438 Marty, Sebastian 490 Massey, Louis 226, 243 Masterman, Albion . . .451, 453, 491, 467 Masterman, B. J 452, 457 Masterman, J. N 457 Masterman, W. C 586 Masterman, W. J 451, 449 Maxon, Lucius B 385 Maxon, O. T 255, 256, 257, 261 May, Morgan 475, 484 May, William M 586 Mayo.F. G 279 MoCallum, Archibald ■ 396 McCarty, Nelson 276, 281 McChesnev, John G 378 McClelland, A. G 425, 426 McCluer, William M 587 McComb, James D 587 McCrav, Carlos 263 MoCutcheon, William 247 McDermott, John 449 MoDill, George D 282, 283, 287 McDonald, John 587 McDougal, Alexander 587 McDurand, W. H 247 McElroy, Joseph 470 McGregor, Alexander 322 McGregor, D 223,264 McGuire, James 484 McGuire, John 492 MeHale, Michael 588 McHattie, Alexander, 386, 400, 471, 396 McHattie, John 386, 396 Mclntire, J. P 438 McKean, Daniel 421 McKean , Elias 192, 413, 497, 421 McKellar E 588 McKensie, Hugh 439 McKensie, John J 490 McJCusiok,Anderson& Co.'sMill. 517 McKusiek, D. W 588 McKusick, Ivory 588 McKusiek, John, 192, 196, 329, 404, 489 497, 502, 544 McKusiek, Newton 334, 421 McLaren Col. B. N 221 McMahoa, James 396 McMillan, Alexander 248 PAGE McMurphy, George W., 221, 255,256 257 McMurohy William 252,255 McNaughtou, Thomas 396 McPhaUl, Ool. Samuel 351 Meaoham, Capt. Edgar A 263 Mears, Cliarles E 275, 285, 287 Mears, Daniel, 197, S15, 223, 275, 296 288 Mears, Joseph 227 Meeds, Capt. Ghas. H 588 Meigs,B.E 439 Mercier, Ferdinand 439 Meredith, J. K 484 Mermond, Charles 485 Merrick, Bev. John A 332, SSg Merrick, Lvman 372 Merry, B. 6 689 Messenger Newspaper 54i Meyer, William 4io Michaelson, Iver 288 Middleton, James, Sr 233, 334, 386 Middleton, James, Jr 396 Middleton, Samuel 4io Middleton, William 386, 402 Miiller, George 524, 589 Mill, first in Si. Croix Valley 194 Miller, Griffln H 263 Miller. Stephen A 347 Miller, T. F. 367, 378 Military Cemetei'y. • I63 Military Beservations I62 Millitt, J. B 589 Minnesota, Territory organized. . 319 Mitchell, J. B. H 425, 427 Moffat, J. S 244 Moffatt, Michael 589 Molton, John 413 Monty, T. F , 288 Mooers, Hazen. ..219, 317, 326, 330, 38i Moore, A.B 355 Morgan, Col. George N 339 Morgan, John. . . .280, 319, 328, 329, 443 Morgan, W. W 41 g Morrasey, John 292 Morse, Abner 272 Morton, Thomas F 300 Mosher, Jacob 365, 378 Mosier, B. J 589 Moss, H. L 220,318, 319 Moss, Thomas F 244 Mounted Bangers, First Begt..-.. 351 Mower, John .■ 275, 295 Mower, J. E 475, 485 Mower, Martin 192, 276, 476, 478 • Mower, 589 MuUer, William 522 MuUer, Phillip 589 Mulvey, James ,. 590 Munch, Capt. Emil .... 279, 353, 404 , 410 Munch, Paul 314 Munger, Elbridge G 378 Munger, Bev. Enas 414, 421 Mnnger Joel M :..365, 378 Mungar, Mrs. L. A 421 Munger, William E 378 Munkelwitz, August 450 Munkelwitz, William 460 Munson, G. S 244 Munson, Benjamin 397 Murch, E. M 485 Murdock, Dr. A. J 311 Murdock, Holiis B 590 Murphy, Colonel 196 Murrey, F. G 276 Myers,' E ; 326 Nason, N. B 281 Nason, Joel F 281, 299 -Nason, M. M 288 Nay, John S 485 Neill, Bev. E. D 219 NelHstadt, J 260 Nelson, Andrew F 585 Nelson, C. N 417 Nelson, Gustof 290 Nelson, John G Nelson , Jonas 482 Nelson, Socrates, 197, 318, 329, 428, 405, 502, 590 Nelson, Mrs. Socrates 591 Nelson, The C. N. Lumber Com- pany 561 Netterfleld, H 3U Netzer, Frank B 591 634 INDEX. Page Nenbauer, August 397 Newman, Prescott 464 Newman, S. P 485 Newman , ■William H 404 Newport Town of 380 Newspapers, flret estaBlished. . . . 217 Nieman, Freneriek 397 Nobles, M. V 221, 227 Nobles, William ■. 275 Nolander. John P 486 NorriS, J. S. . .220, 320, 333, 365, 400, 378 Norris, J. VI 194 NorriS, Sophia Jane 379 North Hudson village 236 Northrup, Anson, 218, 275,279,295, 329, 601, 626 Northrup, Mrs. Anson 295 Northrup, Charles H 275, 295 Northwestern Lnraber Mills 575 Northwestern Territory 316 Notlnorodiu , (Indian) 326 Novelty Carriage works 523 Oakd ale. Town of 442 Oakey, C. H 288 O'Brien, James 591 O'Brien , Joh n 354 , 363 Old Maloney 168 Oldham, Francis 410 Oldham, John 410 Olds, L.I 404,410 Olds, Oliver H. P 244 Olive, J 251, 252 Oliver, John 413, 422 Olson, August 410 Olson, Edward A 591 Olson, Olof 290 O'Neal, Hugh 439 Oneka, Town of 459 Opera House 531 Orfl, A.J 591 Organ, Pierce 486 Orr, Samuel 363 Ortman, John A 397 Osceola 278 O'Shaughnessy, J 551, 591 Otis A. H 244 Otis', Benjamin' F. i . . . . . . isoo, 305, 330 Otis, Henry F 486 Otto, Peter 592 Owen, Kobert Dale 194 Packard, H 490,692 Page, Charles R 363 Page, George W 244 Parker, Asa 193, 326, 476, 486 Parker, Charles A 385 Parker, J. M 470 Parker, Mrs. Susan 439 Parks, Ira 264 Paterson, Samuel H 311 Patwell, N 592 Payne, James 311 Peabody, Kev.A. P 267 Peake, J. W 290 Pennington, Charles 411 Pennington, George H 411 Pennington, James 592 Pennington, William 411 Perrelle, Edward 692 - Perin, Moses .... 196, 220, 227, 413, 418 Perrington-, James. . .196, 222, 474, 275 Perro, Joseph 430 Perro, Sylvester 439 Perry, Abraham 169 Perry, Oscar 363 Persons, Thomas 411 Persons, Simon E 411 Peterson, Andrew 397 Peterson, Asa E 440 Peterson, Charles A 477, 486 Peterson, N. W 593 Phillips, Jesse 593 Pickett, J 284 Pierce county 260 Pierce, Charles W 397 Pierce, Henry C - 593 Pike Island 103 Pike, Lieutenant Zebulon Mont- gomery 162, 163, 321 Pinney, Ovid 279 Pioneer Carriage Manufactory.. 522 Pitman, B.P 291 Pitman, Edward S 440 Plympton, Major 166 Pokegema, Church at 179 • Page Mission established 179, 185 Point Douglas, Village of 365 Poitras, Louis T 379 Polk County 274 Fond Brothers, at Lake Calhoun, 160 Pecuniary aid 167 Pond, G. H 166,332 Pond,S. W 166,167,187 Pomeroy, Frank 272 Porth, Charles 392 Forth, William 411 Post, J 289 Foston, Mary 468 Potter, J. S 440 Potts, Phillip 653, 693 Powell, N. N 262,266,270 Powell. 0. S 264, 268, 273 Pratt, O.H 422 Pratt, E. P 227 Pratt, G. W 265 Pray, 0. A 402 Presbyterian church of Minne- apolis 167 Prescott, City of 265 Prescott, Philander, 191, 220, 255, 326 330, 471 Proctor, John S 536, 593 Putnam, John D 273 Putnam, Eev. J. W 331 Putnam, William 219 Quinlan, John 694 Rahr, John 594 Hallways 217, 218 Kaiter, Frank M 594 Kamsey, W 281, 292 Kamsey, Gov. Alexander 319 Kedmon, E. N 26* Keed, Charles 488 Keed, J. A 535, 594 Begister, Frank 477 Eegister, Samuel M 594 Reidel, Charles 411 Beymert, J. D 285 Beynolds,Eli C 311 Beynolds, J. B 398 Bheln.JohnP 398 Bhiner, E 594 Khoads, Charles H 596 Khodes, James C 596 Bice, Hon. Henry M 196, 319 Bioh, Eobeit 475 Biohardson, S. P 696 BIchardson, W. H 595 Bichmond, Andrew 490, 491, 494 Beichow, Charles 398 Eiver Falls 264 Boberts, F^L 595 Boberts, Griffiths .■. 248 Bobinson, Hubbell 413, 418 Bode, Anton 398 Boe, AlvaD 496 Eogcrs, Clarence W 422 BoUins, John 328 Boney. J. F 596 Boos, Oscar 309 Boot, James 596 Bose, John G 474,486 Bos3,FrankA 263 Bowcliff. Stephen 289 Bunge.Dr.H 289 Busseli, Jeremiah 179,324 Eussell, Osborne 458 Butherford, C. A 486 Eutherford, James 461, 491, 457 Butherford, W 462, 490, 467 Butherford , W. W 495 Sabln.D. M 268,590 Sabin, George F 473, 477, 486 Saeker, Albert 523 Samuels, Morris M 218, 221, 296 Sanderson, Eeuben H 423 Sargent, L. -■. 697 Sawyer, David 464 Sawyer and Heaton 513 Sawyer, Wallace & Co 563 Schaar, Heni;y 423 Schabacker, Christopher J 885 Schadegg. Eev. J 267 Schakel, Chi Istian F 398 Sohaser, Frederick 440 Schenk, Nicholas 248 Schermuly, W 597 Schiel, Louis 466, 466, 469 Schilling, Louisa 398 Pagf, Schilling, William P 697 Schmidt, AVilhelm 487 Schofleld,E.B 381 Schrade, Christian 423 Schulenburg F 514 Schulenburg & Boeckeler Lum- ber Company 652 Schulenburg & Boeckeler Lum- ber Mills 614 Schultz, Charles «3 Schultz, Henry 276,378 Sehupp, Joseph 550, 597 Schwarz, Nicholas F 560, 698 Scott, Walter 608 Scott, Joel 281 Screeton. Thomas 363 Searles, Dr. Frank W 296, 299 Searles, Bev, J. D 267 Second Battery Light Artillery... 363 Second Eeglment Cavalry 361 Second Eegiment M. V. 1 342 Secrest, Ambrose 426, 426, 427, 440 Selb.Paul 598 Sencerbox, George 598 Setzer, H. N 192,275,301 Seventh Eegiment M. V. I 347 Seward, V.C 598 Seymour, G.M 599 Seymour-, G..W 311 Seymour, Sabin & Co 519, 535 Sharpshooters 351 Shaw, Joseph 423 Shearer, Austin M 363 Shearer, James 354 Shearer, John 363 Shingledecker, Samuel 357 Shlngledecker, Simon 354, 363 Shoilall.M 599 Shuttinger, A. G 599 Shuttmneller, Joseph 312 Sibley, H. H 162, 167, 194, 318, 327 Siegrist, Jacob 544,598 Silliraan, Dwight. 245 Simmons, George 466 Simmons, Harry 599 Simmons, J. P 469 Simmons,B. W 469 Simmons, W.J 466,469 Simonet. S 560, 599 Simonds,S.C 245 Sinclair, James H 599 Sioux Treaty 162 - Sixth Eegiment M. V.I 346 Slaughter, Eobert 440 Sleeper, Joseph. 263 Smith, Ansel SCO, SOS Smith, C.V 469 Smith, Miss Eva 441 Smith, David L 379 Smith, D.F 294 Smith, F.O.J 430,535 Smith, Frank W 289 Smith, Guerdon 296 Smith, James O 260 Smith, John 600 Smith, Jefferson L 441 Smith, Judson A 495 Smith. Dr. L. B 295 Smith, Lyman, E 255,263 Smith, Mrs. Margaret 440 Smith, M.J 248 Smith, Hon. Eobert 168, 490 Smith, Capt. Thomas M 352 Smith, W.J 487 Smith.