The date shows when this volume was taken. ok copy the cal the librarian. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to helibn " HOME USE RULES. AU Books subject to Recall. . Books not used for instruction or research jre returnable within 4 weeks. Volumes of periodi cals and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special purposes they are given out for a lifnited time. Borrowers should < not use their library privileges for the bene- fit of Qther persons. ^00 ks not needed during recess periods shduld be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if wanted. ■ Books needed by hiore than one person are held on the reserve list. I B o ok s of special y^lue and gift books, whep the giver wishes it, are not allowed to circulate. Readers are asked (o report all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and w^ritioK. LUTHER'S VARIATIONS IN SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT FROM THE MODERN LITERARY USAGE. WITH PRIMARV REFERENCE TO THE POSITION OF THE VERB. BV Paul Curts. A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Qrabuate School of Yale University in CanSiaacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (June 1909.) NEW HAVEN 1910. The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026540298 LUTHER'S VARIATIONS IN SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT FROM THE MODERN LITERARY USAGE. WITH PRIMARY REFERENCE TO THE POSITION OF THE VERB. BV PAUL CURTS. A Thesis presenteJ) to the Faculty of the Qrabuate School of Vale Universitv in Canbibacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (June 1909.) NEW HAVEN 1910. — VVH —^^ ^ WEIMAR : PRINTED liY R, WAGNER SOHN CONTENTS. PAGES BIBLIOGRAPHY . . vii-viii INTRODUCTION . .... . . ix-xi MODERN PRINCIPLES OP SENTENCE ARRANaEMENT . 1 VARIATIONS IN THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NAT- URALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMFNT OP THE NORMAL ORDER 4 1. Verb in the first position ... 4 A. When the subject is omitted 4 1. Supplied from a subject in the preceding sentence . 4 2. Supplied from a subject in a preceding clause in the same sentence . . 4 3. Supplied from a preceding oblique form . . 6 4. A plural subject supplied from a preceding singular one 6 5. Subject supplied from the verb form itself ... 6 B. When the subject is expressed 7 1. When an emphatic " doch " follows ... 7 2. When anticipative " es " is omitted . 7 a. After " und " . . 7 II. Verb in the Transposed Position , 9 A. After " und " . . . .9 1. Concessive = " wo doch " . . .9 2. Temporal . . .9 3. Explanatory . 10 4. Concluding . 10 5. Parallel to a dependent clause . . 11 B. When there is no introducing " und " . 11 1. Concluding .... .11 2. Subordinating idea of " aber " 11 3. Anacoluthon . . . . 12 4. Unexplained . . ... 12 C. Transposed Order with '• denn " ... 12 D. Transposed Order in a second subordinate clause when the first subordinate clause has the Normal Order with " dass " omitted ... ... .13 VARIATIONS IN THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NATUR- ALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMENT OP THE INVERTED ORDER . . . . . . 1.5 I. Normal Order instend of Inverted . .... 15 Contents. PAGES A. Wten some element other than the subject begins the sentence . . ..... .15 B. In principal clauses when the subordinate clause precedes it 15 C. In interpolated clauses . . . . 16 D. When " wenn " is omitted . .... 16 II. Subject following the infinitive or past participle of the compound forms of the verb 16 III. Transposed Order instead of the Inverted . . . 17 A. With "je" ... . . 17 B. With " als " = " als ob " 17 C. In a second conditional clause when the first has the Inverted Order with " wenn " omitted . 17 VARIATIONS IISI THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NAT- URALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE TRANS- POSED ORDER 18 I. Noi-mal Order instead of Transposed . . 18 A. Relatives . . 18 1. "welcher" ... . ... 19 2. When the relative pronoun is not repeated alter au "und" .... 19 B. Other types of subordinate clauses . . 20 1. Manner ..... 20 2. Temporal .... 21 3. Causal 4. Concessive . '. B. Conditional 6. Indirect Questions 7. " dass " clauses 21 22 22 22 23 II. Inverted Order instead of Transposed 23 A. In " dass " clauses .... 23 B. In a second subordinate clause ... .24 0. When an interpolated clause is inserted aftei- the sub- ordinating conjunction .... 24 in. A. Subject at the end in a subordinate clause ... 25 B. Some other element after the personal part of the verb iu a subordinate clause ... .27 1. Prepositional phrase . . 27 2. Accusative . . .... 28 8. Predicate nouu or adjei'tive . . 2H 4. Dative . .29 5. Genitive ... .29 G. Adjective or advci-li ... .30 7. A past participle after the auxiliary .... 30 a. after " haben " . . , 30 b. after " sein " ... 30 Contents. v PAGES o. after " werden " . . 80 8. An infinitive after the auxiliary . . 31 a. after " werden " . . . . ... 31 b. after the modals .... . . 31 konnen tiirren (dlirfen) lassen mogen miissen sollen woUen o. after other verbs 33 heissen helfen horen lernen sehen VARIATIONS mOM THE MODERN USAGE THAT INFINI- TIVES AND PARTICIPLES FOLLOW THEIR MODIFIERS 35 I. A modifying infinitive after the infinitive or participle 35 11. Nominal elements after the infinitive . 35 III. Nominal elements after the participle . . .36 A COMPARISON OF LUTHER'S SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT V^ITH THE ARRANGEMENT IN LATIN SENTENCES 37 TABLES OF VARIATIONS ... . . 42 CURVES . . . . .49 DISCUSSION OF TABLES AND CURVES 50 ADDITIONAL TABLES . 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Adklung, Joh. Cheist. Die deutsche SpracMelu-e. Leipzig 1782. Behaghel, 0. Zur deutschen Wortstellung. (Z. f. d. U. VI. p. 265-6.) Bl.4tz, Friedrich. Neuhochdeutsche Grammatik. Karlsruhe 1900. Bbaune, Wilhelm. Zur Lehre von der deutschen Wortstellung. (For- sohungen zur deutschen Philologie, p. 34—51.) 1894. CnRMB, Gr. O. A Grammar of the German Language. New York 1905. Engelien, AuansT. Grammatik der neuhochdeut.schen Sprache. Berlin 1902. Ebbe, M. Uher die Conditionalsatze bei Wolfram von Eschenbach. (P. B. Beitr. V. p. 5-50.) Erdmann. Oskar. Grundziige der deutschen Syntax. Stuttgart 1886. FLiJGEL, E. Luther and the English Language. (Modern Philology I. p. 19-30.) Franoke, KnNO. Grundziige der Schriftsprache Luthers. Gorlitz 1888. Freybe, Albert. Martin Luther in Sprache und Dichtung. Giitersloli 1889. GiiiMM, Jacob. Deutsche Grammatik. Giitersloh 1893. Hertel, O. Die Sprache Luthers im. Sermon von den guten Werken. (Z. f. d. Phil. XXIX. p. 433.) Heyse, Joh. C. A. Deutsche Grammatik. Hannover und Leipzig 1900. VON Kehrbin, Joseph. Grammatik der deutschen Sprache. Leipzig 1863. Kern, Franz. Die deutsche Satzlehre. Berlin 1888. Kluhe, Fe. Von Luther bis Lessing. Strassburg 1904. Kraus, Carl. Uber die mittelhochdeutsche Conjunction " unde ". Wien 1900. (Z. D. A. XLIV. p. 146-186.) Mensing, Otto. Concessivsatze bei Wolfram. Kiel 1891. MiNOiS, J. Der Gebrauch von " der " und " welcher " in Relativsatzeu. (P. B. Beitr. XVI. p. 477-499.) Padl, Hermann. Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik. Halle 1908. Pietsch, Padl. Luther und die hochdeutsche Scliriftsprache. Breslau 1883. RiJCKERT, Heineich. Geschichte der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache. Leipzig 1875. Sanders, Daniel. Satzbau und Wortfolge. Berlin 1883. Schultze, Albert. Die Stellung des Verbs bei Martin Opitz. Halle 1903. SiJTTBRLiN, LuuwiG. Die deutsche Sprache der Gegenvyart. Leipzig 1900. viii Bibliography. SzAMATOLSKi, SiBGFEiED. Ulrioh von Hutteus deutsche Scliriften. (Qnellen und Forsohungen, LXVII.) Teller, Wilhelm A. Luthers Sprache. Berlin 1794. ToBLEK, LuDWiQ. Uber den relativen G-ebrauch des deutschen " und ". (K. Z. VII. p. 368 ft.) Tlie same continued. (Germ. XIII.) WiJLCKER, E. Luthers Stellung zur Kanzleisprache. (Germ. XXVIII p. 191 ff.) 1883. Wdnderlioh, Hermann. Der deutsche Satzbau. Stuttgart 1901. Untersuchungen liber den Satzbau Luthers. Miinchen 1887. INTRODUCTION. In consideration of the influence which the writings of Luther have exerted in moulding the literary language of the Germans, any study of his style and grammatical usage is of interest as bear- ing directly on the language in general. Until 1520 Luther wrote almost entirely in Latin. When he began to employ German in his writings, he found this a very inadequate and unsatisfactory means of expression, both as to vocabulary and as to style, when compared to the highly developed Latin, with the result that he had largely to make his own literary language. In the following thesis an attempt has been made to show the development of the German Language as Luther used it, and the direction of this development in a phase which has hitherto been almost entirely neglected, namely in syntax. The limitations of a thesis naturally preclude any comprehensive study of Luther's syntax and have made it necessary to limit this paper to an examination of the sentence arrangement with primary reference to the position of the verb. The investigation has been made with a twofold aim. The endeavor has been, first, to bring forward any peculiarities (with reference to modern usage) which may occur in verb position and to explain these as far as possible, and second, to watch the chro- nology and frequency of the occurrence of these peculiarities and draw conclusions as to any development. All the variations from the ordinary modern usage have been noted and discussed ; the actual figures have been tabulated ; the percentage of the variation for each work has been obtained ; and curves have been drawn to show the fluctuations in this percentage from year to year, and any de- velopment toward the modern which may have occurred. In order to get the German freest from the Latin influence, all the translations have been avoided, and only those works considered which were written originally in the German. Those chosen are distributed rather evenly between the years 1520 and 1527, this period being the formative one for Luther as a writer of German, as well as the one of his greatest literary activity, and therefore the period in which any development would be most likely to appear. The " Puszp,salmen " (1517) have been included because they are his X Iiitrodiiclion. first considerable work in the German, and show several interesting peculiarities ; and " Wider Hans Worst " (1541) has been included to ascertain whether the advance up to 1527 was a permanent one. The text used is the " Kritische Gesamtausgabe von Luthers Werken," Weimar 1883 ff. ; except in the case of " Wider Hans Worst " which has not yet appeared in this edition. The text used for this work is that of the Hallesche Neudrucke. The following are the works examined, including in all 515 pages of text. A. " Die Sieben puszpsalm mit deutscher auszlegung nach dem schrifftlichem synne tzu Christi und gottis gnaden, neben seyns selben ware erkentnisz. grundlich gerichtet." Mar. 1517. I. 158-220. B. " An den Christlichen Adel deutscher Nation, von des Christ- lichen standes bes-serung." June 1520. VI. 404-469. C. " Warumb des Bapsts und seyner Jungern laucher von Doct. Martino Luther vorbrant seynn.'' Dec. 1520. VII. 161-182. D. "An den Bock zu Leyptzck." Jan. 1521. VII. 262-265. " Auff des bocks zu Leyptzick Antwort." Feb. 1521. VII. 271-283. E. " Von der Beicht, ob die der Bapst macht habe zu gepieten." June 1521. VIII. 188-185. F. "Wider den falsch genannten geistlichen Stand des Pabsts und der Bischofe." July 1522. X, ii. 105-158. G. " Von welltlicher Ulierkeytt, wie wc3-t man 3-hr gehorsam schuldig sey." Mar. 1528. XI. 245-280. H. " Das Jhesus Christu.s eyn geborner Jude sey." June 1523. XI. 341-866. I. "An die Burgermeyster und Radherrn allerley stedtc ynn Deutschen landen." Jan. 1524. XV. 27-53. J. "Von Kauffshandlung und wucher." June 1524. XV. 298-313. K. " Ermammgc zum fride auff die zwelff artikel der Bawrschafft yn Schwaben." Feb. 1,025. XVm. 291-334. Introduction. xi L. " Wider den rechten Auffrurischen verretherschen und Mord- ischen radtschlag der ganczen Meinczischen pfafferey unterriclit und warnunge." Apr. 1526. XIX. 260-281. M. " Auff des konigs zu Engelland lesterschrift titel Martin Luthers Antwort." Feb. 1527. XXIII. 26-37. N. " Wider Hans Worst." Feb. 1541. Neudrucke deutscher Literaturwerke des XVI. und XVII. Jahrhunderts. Halle. Max Niemeyer. (1880. No. 28. 1-74. All the examples quoted have been referred to the volume, page and line in which they are found. Where it has been necessary to refer to the work as a whole, the letters A, B, C, etc. as given above have been used. THE VARIATIONS FROM THE MODERN NORM IN THE SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT OF LUTHER, WITH PRIMARY REFERENCE TO THE POSITION OF THE VERB. In considering the variations in the verb position in Luther from the standards set by modern Hterary prose, it has been necessar}' to set up a comparatively rigid, and more or less arbitrary norm. Erdmann in his " Grundzuge der deutschen Syntax " distinguishes three classes of sentences according to the position in which the verb is found in the sentence ; I, the verb in the second position ; II, the verb in the first position ; III, the verb in the last position. The first class would then include the Normal Order, with the subject preceding the verb ; and the Inverted Order, with some other ele- ment preceding the verb. The second class would include the Inverted Order, with the verb in the first position (Question Order), and the Imperatives. The third class would be the Transposed Order. These divisions of Erdmann do not, however, easily adapt them- selves to a use as standards for comparing Luther's sentence ar- rangement with that of the modern German. In some instances in Luther, where the verb is correctly situated in the sentence — i. e. in the first, second, or last position — the subject is so placed as to make the order an evident variation from that which would be considered correct at the present. Again, sometimes all the words are placed exactly the same with respect to one another as the}- would be nowadays, and the variation is not one of order, though the verb may be in the first place in the sentence instead of the second, but one of omission, (cf VI. 407.9. "Wollen die ersten maur am ersten angreyffen.") The intention is to consider not onlj' the position of the verb in the sentence, but also somewhat the position of the other parts of the sentence with reference to the verb, especially that of the subject in the first and second classes of Erdmann. Therefore the usual division made by English grammars into the three orders ; Normal, Inverted and Transposed has bfeen employed as bringing out more clearly Luther's variations from the commonl}' accepted modern sentence arrangement, and as more convenient for the arrangement and discussion. I. The Normal Order, with the subject in the first place and the personal part of the verb in the second, is the Order of the prin- A 2 Paul Curts, cipal clause when this clause begins the sentence, or immediately follows a co-ordinating conjunction, or is one of a series of direct statements in the same sentence. It is also the order of the interrogative clause when the interrogative pronoun is the subject. a. In " dafs " clauses with the " dafs " omitted the Normal Order is the rule. b. Also in some concessive clauses where the conjunction is omitted. II. The Inverted Order, with the subject following the personal part of the verb but preceding the infinitive or the past participle form of the compound tenses, occurs in the principal clauses where some other part of the clause than the subject stands in the first position; or where the subordinate clause precedes the principal clause ; in imperatives ; and in all interrogative clauses where the interrogative pronoun is not the subject. a. There are several particles which may stand first in the clause without causing the Inverted Order. b. The verb is allowed to stand in the first position when an emphatic " doch " follows. c. In conditional clauses when the sign of the condition ("wenn" or its synonyms) is omitted the Inverted Order is the rule. d. In some concessive clauses when the concessive conjunction is omitted the, Inverted Order is the rule. III. The Transposed Order, with the personal part of the verb in the final position in the clause, occurs in all dependent clauses introduced by a subordinating conjunction. a. When two infinitives appear together — as in a compound verb form made up of the infinitive with the auxiliary, modified by another infinitive — they follow the personal part of the verb, even in the Transposed Order. IV. All infinitive and participal forms of the verb follow their modifiers. These then are the four standards, briefly stated, which have been considered in the investigation of Luther's sentence arrange- ment; and the discussion of the variations from them has been divided under four heads according to the standard from which the order is a variation. Of course, in drawing hard and fast lines, i1 has been unavoidable that some instances should be included as variations which are found occasionally in modern German. We still find to-day an occasional inverted order after " und " from nc apparent cause ; or a Normal Order in a main clause, when the sub Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 3 ordinate clause precedes it; or some other from than the personal part of the verb at the end in a subordinate clause. In fact, practically all the variations in Luther occur to a greater or less extent in the rather loose and somewhat ungrammatical language of every-day life, and among the common people ; but in good literary usage they are rare, and they are not in accord with the rather definite grammatical rules of the language. They have there- fore all been here discussed and included in the tables. Those in- stances, however, in which the variation is not primarily one of sentence arrangement, although mentioned in the discussion, have not been included in the tables. A2 VARIATIONS IN THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NATURALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE NORMAL ORDER. L The Verb in the First Position. A. Where this is due to the omission of the subject.^ 1. Occasionally Luther omits the personal pronoun subject of a verb, when it is the same as that used in the immediately pre- ceding sentence. VL 404. 12. " Ich hab . . . zusammen tragenn etlich stuck . . . dem Christlichen Adel deutscher Nation furtzulegen . . ., seintemal der geistlich stand . . . ist gantz unachtsam worden. Sende das alles ewr wirde, dasselb zu richten." VII. 281. 13. " Eytell narn werck . . . wirts werden, acht ich, was du schreybist. Wilt buchle schreyben und weyst nit antzufahen.'' 2. He occasionally omits the personal pronoun subject where, however, it occurs in the same sentence and is the subject of a preceding clause. a. Sometimes the construction is so loose as to render it practic- ally equivalent to the instance in 1. VI. 442. 3. " Ich wil nit radten . . ., das, szo nit weyber haben, ehlich werden odder on weyb bleyben, stel das. auff ein gemein Christlich ordnung und eynis yglichen bessem vorstand." VIII. 153. 27. "Ihr wolt mit keynem dunckelln spruch getrieben seyn, es soil allis klar . . . seyn auszgetruckt, was euch dringen soil, wolt dennoch unbefangen seyn." X, ii. 117. 15. "Es synd kynder der vermaledeyung, verlassen den rechten weeg und gehen yrre, . . ." b. But in other cases the expression of a co-ordinating conjunction leaves no doubt as to the unity of the sentence. VI. 414. 12. "dan solch seine . . . gewalt ist nichts, er hat sie auch nit, und wirt bald mit einem spruch der schrifft nydergelegt, denn Paulus zu den Corinthern sagt . . ." ' Curme p. 402, sect. 261, II. Blatz II, p. 148 ff. Engelien p. BOB, sect. 143 ; p. .370, sect. ]22, 1, d. Sanders p. 147, 3. Sutterlin p. 32B, sect. 380. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 5 Sometimes it is supplied from the subject of a preceding dependent clause. VIII. 184. 1. "wo kumpt die frembd pflicht her, die der Babst daruber fodert, unnd wt'tl auch ynn dem heymlichen mittel die hand ym sode haben . . " VIII. 178. 28. " Sihe, solch . . . spugnis ist allis, was der Babst ynn der wellt macht, und betreugt nur Christlich gewissen mit seynen . . . gepotten." XV. 29. 34. " niemand gleubt, wilch eyn teuffelisch furnemen das sey, und gehet doch so still . . ., und will den schaden gethan haben . . ." 3. Quite frequently the subject is supplied from an oblique form in a preceding clause.^ a. From a preceding accusative. VIII. 140. 8. "Der . . . Kunig . . . David hatt eynen psalmen gemacht hundert sechsz und sibentzig versen lang, und ist der aller lengist . . . psalm . ." VI. 446. 1. " szo ertzurnen wir mehr Got auff die heyligenn tag, den auff die andernn, unnd sein gantz umbkeret, das heilig tag nit heylig, werckel tag heylig seyn, . . " I. 169. 18. " es ist weyt uber mich dein hand, kann nit erleiden dein straff . . ." b. From a preceding dative. VI. 463. 1. " dem keyszer . . ists genummen, und uns deutschen der nam . . . zugeschrieben, sein damit des Babsts knecht wurden, . . ." VI. 422. 3. " Drumb ... ist den bischoffen . . . aller gewalt ge- nommen, sitzen wie die Cifren, haben widder ampt, macht, noch werck, . . ." XXIII. 36. 20. " das ist mir eben gleich und dencke." Or the dative may appear in a preceding dependent clause. VII. 263. 36. " weyl auch bei dyr solch . . . toben heyst geduld und leyden, und kanst alle ding vorkerenn unnd new namen geben, . . ." c. From a possessive pronoun. I. 200. 11. " Meyne tzeit ist vorgangen unnutze, und habe nu nichts davon." ^ Erdmann p. 52. 6 Paul Curts, XXIII. 33. 3. " denn das ist meine speise und werde fett davon." ^ 4. Sometimes a plural verb supplies its subject from the singular subject of a preceding verb. VI, 449. 30. " Er (der Pabst) ist ein hyrtte, ja wo du gelt hast, unnd nit weytter, und schetnen sich dennoch nit solch buberey mit yhrem bullen unsz hyn und her furen." Here the " er " seems to contain a sort of collective idea of the popes in general. This collective idea^ is more apparent in some other examples. XIX. 263. 15. " Ja hie ficht matt alleine mit dem schwerdt . . . und nicht mit gottes wort, und konnen yhren glauben mit keyner weyse verteydingen . . ." 5. Occasionally, too, the personal pronoun subject is omitted, when it cannot be supplied from any preceding words, but must be supplied from the form of the verb itself.^ VI. 407. 9. " Wollen die ersten maur am ersten angreyffen." I. 164. 10. " dann es ist yhr zu widder, und wils nit leyden, . . ." X, ii. 157. 30. " Man musz gott mehr gehorchen denn den menschen, darffist nicht dencken, das . . ." VI. 411. 33. "Drumb ists ein frevel ertichte fabel, unnd »««^e« auch keinen buchstaben auff bringen . . .'" At times the subject " es " of the impersonal verb is omitted.* VI. 424. 4. " szo sein sie nymmer incompatibilia, und ist den heyligenn . . . recht geholffen, . . ." I. 183. 15. "ich leyde viel und geet mir ubel, . . ." VI. 462. 31. "Da nu der Babst . . ., nit mocht . . ., hat er ein solchs fundlin erdacht, . . . Und ist alszo geschehen" ' These phenomena occur in other kinds of clauses, where the position of the verb is not necessarily affected. XI. 820. 8. "Wenn dcym- tzeyt aus ist und mit dejmen vetern sehleffist, . . .'' VIII. 161. 11. " ehe du bindest oder losist, darfist sie nit suchen . . ." '■ Kehrein iii, p. 234, sect. 423; p. 48, sect. 57-8. Grimm IV^ p. 191ff. = Blatz II, p. 144, an. 7. Siltterlin p. H25, sect. 380. Sanders p. 147,3. ♦ Curme sect. 2.51. I. II. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 7 B. Where the subject is expressed. 1. Even in modern German the verb is allowed to stand first in the clause, when an emphatic " doch " follows.^ VI. 458. 7. " Leret doch der . . . mensch in seinem . . . buch, . . ." VI. 465. 27. ''Hat doch got uns, wie andern landen, gnug geben, . . ." VI. 457. 9. " Muste doch Christus szo lang mit seynen jungern umbgahn, ..." 2. In modern German, when it is desired for one reason or another to have the verb precede the subject in the principal clause, the device of beginning the sentence with an indefinite or antici- pative '' es " is resorted to, thus maintaining the semblance of the Normal Order, whUe in reality we have the Inverted Order. Even in the modern German, especially in the spoken language, this "es " is sometimes omitted,^ and with Luther such omission is quite frequent. According to Erdmann, it is rarely met with in M. H. G. VI. 458. 17. "■ Darff mvc niemant aufflegen, ich rede zuviel . . ." VI. 467. 7. " Folget nach der miszbrauch fressens und sauffens . . ." a. This omission of an anticipative " es ", with the resulting In- verted Order, occurs very frequently in Luther after the co-ordinat- ing conjunction " und ". Since it is possible to explain the Inverted Order here in the same way as it has been explained where the " und " does not occur, there seems to be no reason for saying that the " und " causes the Inverted Order. This seems to be especial- ly worth considering, in as much as there are nearly as many in- stances of the Inverted Order without the preceding " und ", as with it. (73 and 92 respectively. See table I, p. 44.) So in general we can say with Curme, that it is " really the survival of an older con- struction which allowed the verb to introduce a proposition, if it was to be emphasized, lay nearer in the thought, or if it came from the removal of the subject to the end of the clause."^ ' Curme sect. 287. B, 7. Erdmann p. 187, 1. Sanders p. 74, b). 2 Braune p. 36. Blatz II, p. 126, an. 8. Curme sect. 261, I, 2, A. B. II. B. Grimm IV^, p. 1274. Erdmann p. 187, 1. Sanders p. 72. SiitterUn p. 328, sect. 373 ff. = Curme sect. 233, A, d; sect. 286, B, d. Blatz 11, p. 726 ff. Braune p. 41 ff. Engelien p. 504. Grimm IV^ p. 1308. Kraus p. 146. Pau p. 150,2. Tobler p. 353 ff. Wunderlich d. S., p. 407, B. 8 Paul Curts, VI. 407. 13. " Dan alle Christen sein warhafftig geystlichs stands, unnd ist unter yhn kein unterscheyd." I. 187. 24. " und ist zwischen ym und den selben . . . ein kriegischer gerichts handell . . ." We really have the same phenomenon when the real subject is a clause, and the anticipative " es " is not expressed. VI. 412. 1. " Dartzu die schlussel nit auff die lare . . . zu- pinden . . . geordnet sein, und ist eytel ertichtet ding, was sie anders und weytter ausz den schlussel yhn zuschreybenn." VI. 465. 8. " Unnd ist noch nie geschehenn in aller welt, das der ubir den kunig weere, . . ." Quite frequently the anticipative " es " is omitted in very similar cases where there is no " und ", and where, since the Inverted Order is required anyway, the position of the verb is not altered. VI. 412. 37. " Drumb geburt einem yglichen Christen, das er sich des glaubens annehm." ^ VI. 429. 28. " Doch das ehr nit klag, . . . solt vorordnet werden, . . ." ^ VI. 434. 29. "Wie solt bestan bey einem keyszerthum zu re- gieren, predigen, beten, . . . wilch ampt auffs aller eygentlichst dem Bapst zustehen, . . ." 1. The Inverted Order after " und " where it can be explained by analogy.^ XVIII. 829. 10. "weyl . . ., werdet yhr euch zu beyden seytten verderben, und wirt gott eynen buben mit dem andern steuppen." 2. Where the Inverted Order is really the sign of a condition, we may consider the " und " as superfluous, and the order as not irregular at all.' VI. 404. 28. "Was die welt zuschaffenn hat, da musz ein munch bey sein, und solt man yhn datzu malen." 3. Luther frequently uses the Inverted Order for emphasis where, however, the device of an anticipative '' es " would not be resorted to in the N. H. G. ; namely, in the case of pronominal subjects.* ' Erdmann says (page 7) that the " es " lacking before a dependent clause is a M. H. G. peculiarity. ^ Curme sect. 286, B, d. and sect. 287, B, (9). — Blatz II, p. 728. ' Grimm IV ^ p. 1308. - Paul p. 154, sect. 835, 2. — P. B. Beitr. 6, p. 48, note. — Tobler K. Z., p. 365. ^ Curme sect. 251, 11, B, bb, and b. — Grimm IV ^ p. 1274. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 9 X, ii. 135. 11. Da stund eyn hirtte. sperret das maul off und sahe das prangen an. Fraget yhn der bischoff, was er sich szo wunderte und das maul offen hette. Sprach er : " mich wundert . . ." X. ii. 154. 25. " Szo sprichstu : " Ya, wo woUt bey solchem weszen eyn furstlicher stand bleyben, als itzt die bischoffe sind ? " Antwort ich: "Wyr reden . . ." " II. Verb in the Transposed Position.^ A. After "und."^ 1. With the idea of "wo doch", where however we have "und doch " written as the introducing conjunction. The " doch " seems here to add to the " und " a subordinating idea, an idea of con- cession. The " und " cannot at all be said to cause the Transposed Order in this case, but rather the " doch " used with it.' VI. 407. 33. " sie weren yhe alle kunige und gleicher gewalt, und doch einem zu regieren befohlen wirt." 1. 183. 31. "Sie woUen auch etwas seyn ader wollen tzornen und ungluck anrichten, und doch ynn denselben dem guten tzu- folgen vormeynen." I. 199. 25. " ist nu der synne, meyne speysz ist gleich aschen gegen yrer speysz, unnd ich doch dieselb szo wilhg und gerne esze, als sie die kostlichen speysze." XV. 297. 22. " Denn ich rede hie von den guthertzigen . . . menschen, die nicht on sunde geschicht, und doch Gott umb der nott willen solchem werck durch die finger sihet . . ." 2. Temporal. In M. H. G. a clause introduced by '■ unde " very frequently has a temporal significance, and hence the Transposed ' Braune, p. 43 ff. " Engelien, p. 504, sect. 143, 2. — Paul, p. 150, sect. 330. 3. — Erd- mann (sect. 126, 1, p. 75) seems not to have noticed any of the Instan- ces which follow. He disposes of the Transposed Order after " und " with this sentence : Wenn Luther nach " und " das Verbum ans Ende setzt : Ps. 193. 5. " der deinen Mund frohlich macht, und du wieder jung wirst wie ein Adler '' ; so hat er nur die subordinierende Wortstellung des ersten Satzes im zweiten fortgesetzt, um auch hierdurch beide Satze als gleichwertig zu bezeichnen : " durch den du wieder jung wirst u. s. w." ^ Grimm III^ p. 260 and 286. — Kehrein, p. 188, sect. 332. — Menslng, sect. 11 and 111. — Tobler K. Z. VII, p. 355 and 366. — Tobler Germ. XIII, p. 101, 6). — Wunderlich d. S., p. 410, 3, >,. 10 Paul Curts, Order.^ It usually corresponds to the modern " als," sometimes to "bis." Luther uses it once in this latter sence. I. 216. 8. " darumb steen yre gedancken, wort und leer yn yren wercken, unnd gantz satt seyn, nicht nach gnaden dursten, nach die hend tzu gote auffheben . . ." In one other instance a weak temporal significance seems to have been given to the "und" by a following "tzugleich", and thus to have occasioned the Transposed Order. Here the " und " seems to be most nearly rendered by a " da." XI. 329. 34. "Denn es ist bey den Juden eyn furstenthum bleiben, bis das er kam. Nach seyner zukunfft aber warrts ver- storet, und er tzugleich das ewige konigreich anfieng, darynnen er noch regiert ymer dar.'' 3. This order appears frequently, especially in the " Puszpsalmen ", where the clause after " und " is merely a completion or an ex- planation of the clause to which it is connected, and the subordi- nate idea seems to be thus given to it with the resulting Trans- posed Order.2 I. 198. 6. " Szo sehr erbeyte ich . . ., und wider meyn bosze rnXur fee hte.'" which is equivalent to saying, " indem ich wider meyn bosze natur fechte." I. 188. 20. " ich bin allein . . uud niemand mit myr helt, ader gunstig ist." I. 191. 10. "ja, sie setzen sich vor gottis angesicht wind s\c\\ selb erheben." 4. In the following sentence, in which are a series of parallel statements introduced by " und ", the last one has the verb in the Transposed Position. This may be due to the fact that it is the concluding statement ", or it may be due to the fact that so many phrases are heaped up at the beginning. VI. 453. 28. " Die kinder von Israel musten . . . Und der kunig Zedechias must . . . verloren werden, darumb das er . . . seinen ' Kraus, p. 180 and 182. — Tobler Germ. XIII, p. 101, 7. — Wunder- Hch d. S., p. 410, a, 8. — Grimm 111% p. 273, » Tobler K. Z, VII, p. 356, 2). ' Kraus, p. 182, speaks of an " abscliliessendes unde " but does not mention that it is ever used with the Transposed Order in M. H. G. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 11 eyd brach. unnd bey uns vor hundert Jaren der feine kunig zu Polen und Ungern Vladislaus leyder mit szo viel seynes volcks erschlagen wart vom Turcken." It may be too that it is a Latin construction and not a German one at all. 5. We find the Transposed Order after "und", also, in clauses which are really parallel to a dependent clause. In such clauses the " und " instead of calling for the Normal Order may be con- strued as giving the clauses a logical connection with the dependent clause or an equal value with it.^ VIII. 167. 32. " Sollt die heimliche peycht abgehen, szo wurden gar viel bosz leutt werden, die sich itzt an die beycht stossen, und es angesehen wirt, die beycht sey eyn yerliche reformation der Christenheyt. " which is equivalent to " und von denen es angesehen wirt . . ." XL 270. 25. " lasst gottis wort seynen gang haben, den es doch haben will, muss und soil und yhr nicht weren werdet." which is equivalent to " und den yhrs nicht weren werdet." ^ VIII. 145. 25. "das sind die tzusetze, welche auch secten machen, und die einfeltigen sich leicht dran stossen . . ." which is equivalent to " und an welchen die einfeltigen sich leicht stossen." B. Luther also has the Transposed Order in principal clauses not introduced by an " und " 1. In the following example we have a series of parallel statements of which the last has the verb in the Transposed position. This may be due to the fact that it is the concluding statement of a series, or it may be merely the influence of the Latin order.' VIII. 174. 13. '"da sind gemeyn frawenn hewszer, da sitzenn offentliche wucher . . ., da sehen sie solchen ubirschwangk der hoffart mit kleydernn, das nit zu sagen stet, kurtzumb di gantz wellt und alle stend offentlich ungetzogen sind." 2. At times clauses appear in a construction which would seem to call for the Normal Order ; but their logical independence is not clear and they have the Transposed Order. In both cases noted, '■ Erdmann, p. 75. -see p. 9, note 2 above. 2 Wunderlich d. S., p. 409, d. Tobler Germ. VII, p. 294. ' cf . above p. 10, 4. 12 Paul Curts, tlie clause is rather loosely joined to the rest of the sentence by an " aber ", but in each case most closely to the subordinate clause, and might even be dependent upon it. A " wahrend " or "wo doch " would come nearest to expressing the relation. The Transposed Order seems to be due to this subordinate idea and the influence of the surrounding clauses. XVIII. 293. 4. " Denn so viel grausamer zeichen, . . . eyne treffliche enderung . . . anzeigen, wie wol wyr uns leyder wenig dran keren, Aber Gott auch nichts deste weniger fort feret . . ." XXIII. 28. 23. "(es) soUt ja gleublicher sein, das wer sich furchtet, viel mehr seine lere offentlich schewet zu rhumen . . , Ich aber ja meine lere un so viel .• . . kabe offentlich dargetan." 3. In the following example the Transposed Order seems to be due to a sudden change of construction in the sentence. Here Luther starts out with a modal auxiliary construction and follow- ing infinitives. After he has written the second infinitive, the impression seems to be left in his mind that the form he has written is the finite one and not the infinitive, and so when he comes to write the third infinitive " werden " he writes instead the finite form, " wirt ". VI. 426. 7. "hie mugenn hurn kinder ehlich werden, alle un- ehre und schand hie zu wirden kommen, aller boszer tadel und mal hie zu ritter unnd edel wirt." 4. In other places we have no explanation for the irregular Transposed Order. I. 192. 18. " die seyn nach nit yn gnaden, sundem ym fleisch und geblute nach menschlichem gutduncken und scheyne frum seyn . . ." VI. .409. 5. " Ein schuster, ein schmid, ein bawr, ein yglicher seyns handtwercks ampt und werck kat . ." C. Transposed Order after " denn ".^ In Luther the co-ordinating conjunction "denn" has everywhere replaced the old subordinating M.H.G. conjunction " wan ", but occa- sionally he uses it with the order of the dependent clause. During that period of the language when " wan " was being replaced by "denn" the two reacted upon each other; the "wan" frequently ' Blatz II, p. 746ff. Engelieii p. 518, sect. 147. Erdmami p. 76-7, sect. 126, 7. Grinim 111= p. 271. Kehi-ein p. 213, sect. 394. Wunderlicli d. S. p. 368. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 13 appearing with the order of the principal clause, and the " denn " with the Traiisposed Order. Luther's use of the Transposed Order with " denn " can doubtlessly be traced to the same influence. VI. 419. 22. " den er kein gewalt hat, boszes zuthun . . ." VI. 437. 4. " Das sag icli nit darumb das walfarten bosze seyn, szondern das sie zu dieser zeit ubel geratten, dan sie zu Rom kein gut exempel, sondern eytel ergernisz sehen." VII. 276. 10. ■' Datzu greyffistu kein meyner bucher an, denn darynnen ich keynen standt . . . hab angriffenn?" But the Transposed Order is the exception and not the rule, there being only 101 cases with the Transposed order, out of a total of 1083 occurrences.^ (see Table III, p. 44.) Twice, when the " denn " is expressed but once for the two verbs, we have the first in the Normal Order, while the second appears in the Transposed. XI. 249. 26. " Die zum reych Gottis gehoren, das sind alle recht glewbigen ynn Christo. Denn Christus ist der Konig unnd herr ym reych Gottis, wie der ander psalm sagt unnd die gantze schrifft, Und er auch darumb komen ist, das . . ." Here the intervening clause might have some influence, but the other instance has the same arrangement without the intervening clause. XI. 262. 3. " Auffs erst, Ist zu mercken, das die zwei teyl Adams kinder . . . zweyerley gesetz haben. Denn eyn iglich reych musz seyne gesetz und rechte haben, und on gesetz keyn reych noch regiment bestehen kan . . ." D. Frequently, where Luther has the Normal Order in the first of two clauses with " dass " omitted, he has the Transposed Order in the second, just as though the " dass " had been expressed.^ The subordinate idea is sufficiently strong to occasion the Transposed Order in such a case. • This evidence seems to be contrary to the statement in Blatz II. p. 746, " Doch findet sich. das causative dannc zunachst vorzugsweise in relativer anwendung (d. h. mit nebensatze = weil). Luther gebraucht " denn ", es herrscht bei ihm aber der relative gebraucli vor." Also to that of Riickert, p. 125, bot., where he contrasts the modern " denn ich habe es gethan ", with Luther's " denn ich es (ge)than habe ", " das er dem ihm nicht unbekannten heutigen gebrauch weit vorzieht ". ' cf. below, page 23, 7, a. 14 Paul Curts, VI. 457. 18. " Wolt got, wir theten auff beyden seytten datzu unnd mit bruderlicher demut einer dem andern die hand reychet, und nit auff unser gewalt odder recht uns sterckten ! " VI. 416. 14. " sie gehalten, der Bapst sey ubir die engel ym hymel, und yhn zu gepieten habe . . ." The Normal Order may maintain itself through two clauses only to be replaced by the Transposed in the third. XI. 270. 16. " Das macht, sie beweyszen sich auch also, und der gemeyn man wirtt verstendig, und der fursten plage geweltig- lich daher gehet unter dem poffel . . .' VARIATIONS IN THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NATURALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE INVERTED ORDER. I. Luther often has the Normal Order where we would expect THE Inverted. A. He sometimes has the Normal Order in a principal clause, al- though some other element than the subject stands in the first position. I. 207. 15. "an dich nieman kan vorgeben." I. 180. 15. " und alzeit die eygenweiszen eynreden und wider- sprechen den . . . gerechten, . . ." B. He sometimes has the Normal Order in a principal clause when a subordinate clause precedes it. 1. After conditional clauses.^ VI. 417. 18. " unnd wenn schon kein Cardinal were, die kirch wurd dennoch nit vorsincken, . . ." VI. 447. 26. " Hetten sie die schrifft szo wol geleszen als das vordampt geystlich gesetz, sie wisten den sachen wol zu radten." 2. Only rarely after other types of dependent clauses. Vn. 264. 13. "szondern die weyl du schreybist, ich hab mich . . . in die flucht gestellet, . . ." XV. 312. 5. "wilche auch die weltliche heydenische rechte verbieten als eyn offentlich schedlich ding aller wellt, ich will des gotlichen rechts und Christlichen gesetz schweygen." C. In the case of parenthetical or interpolated expressions the Inverted Order is the usual one, but the Normal Order is sometimes found.2 VI. 421. 5. " Zum drittenn, wo umb ein lehen ein hadder sich zu Rom angefangen, wilchs, ich acht, fast die . . . grossist strasz ist." VI. 425. 2. "Noch einis hat der geitz erdacht, das ich hoff sol das letzt seinn, daran er erwurg." VI. 460. 3. " Doch, ich hoff, es sey dise sach . . . besz bedacht, . . ." ' Curme sect. 286, B, f. 5. Erdmann p. 185. * Erdmann p. 185, sect. 208. 16 Paul Curls, D. In one instance the Normal Order is used where the sign of the condition is omitted.^ VIII. 159. 10. "yhr liegt, szo treugt der Babst, . . . yhr zwingt mit falscher glossen auff die beycht, szo mag der Babst keyn unbewusste . . . sund vorgeben, . . ." II. At times when the Inverted Order is used, the Subject is PLACED AT the VERY EnD OF THE ClAUSE, EVEN AFTER THE INFINITIVE OR Participle of the Compound Forms of the Verb.^ A. Where the intention is to give emphasis to the subject. XV. 49. 30. " Nachdem hat dise Ubrarey gemeret und ge- bessert Joshua ..." XI. 323. 29. "Hie mit wirt nu auch verantwortt der falsche verstand, . . ." XL 331. 35. " Und wenn der streyt eyn ende hat, wirt da bleyben eyn gewisse verwustung, Er wirt aber den bund bestet- tigen unther vielen ynn eyner wochen, Und ynn der helfft der wochen wirt auffhoren opffer und speys opfferT 1. In such clauses, where a prepositional phrase modifies the verb this almost invariably follows the subject. VI. 419. 28. " Item darnach ist geteylet worden das Jar zwischen dent Babst und regierenden bischoffen, . . ." VI. 437. 25. " Da haben nu zugeholffen die Bebsle mit yhren falschen . . . gulden jaren, ..." B. Where the subject is placed at the end on account of a follow- ing relative clause so as to prevent the separation of the relative from its antecedent. VI. 439. 17. " Nu aber zu unsern zeitten gefallen sein fast an alien ortern die prelaten, die den glauben gehabt und die orden eingesetzt haben." VI. 438. 35. " Dabei solten auch auffgehaben werdenn szo mancherley secten und unterscheyd eynerley ordens, wilche zu- weylenn umb gar geringe ursach sich erhaben, . . ." or where an infinitive phrase qualifies the subject. VI. 441. 26. "den selben solt . . . nachgelassen warden /rey/««V, ehlich sii werden. . . ." ' Sanders p. 84. ' Curme sect. 285, H, B, b, ff. Erdmann p. 190, sect. 214. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 17 III. Luther sometimes has the Transposed Order where we should EXPECT THE Inverted. A. In clauses of Degree, where the connecting particles are "je"-"je" Luther still maintains the order of theM.H.G. period-i.e. the Transposed Order in the concluding clause, on the analogy of that in the subordinate clause.^ VI. 409. 16. "Ja yhe edler das glidmasz \st,yhe mehr die andem yhm helffen solkn." X. ii. 106. 5. " Sondern ihe mehr ihr wutet und tobet the hoch- mutiger wir gegen euch sein wollen mit gottis hiilff, . ." XXIII. 31. ^0. "Zu Wormbs yhe mehr ich mich demutiget, yhe weniger draus ward." B. In one instance the Transposed Order is used after " als "= "als ob"2 X. ii. 127. 30. " das sie nu fallen auff das geystlich weszen . . . lassen auch den glauben faren alss der eyn zu schlecht, . . . ding sey, fahen eyn herter . . . leben an." C. Frequently where Luther has the Inverted Order as a sign of the condition in the first subordinate clause, he has the Transposed Order in a second subordinate conditional clause, following immedi- ately upon the first, just as if he had used a conjunction in the first. Apparently the conditional idea of the first clause, carried on to the second, is sufficient to occasion the Transposed Order.^ VI. 442. 30. " Sol er den ein weib halten, und yhm der Bapst das zulesset, . . was ist das . . ." XL 254. 7. " Damit denn dem Euangelio eyn schmach enstunde, als leeret es auffruhr unnd eygensynnige leutt machet . . ." XL 246. 33. " als were es yhr ernst und man den schalck hynder yhren oren nicht merckt." XL 279. 16. "Synd sie aber beyde unchristen odder der eyne nicht will nach der liebe recht richten lassen, die magstu, . . ." ' Blatz II. p. 1107, an. 7. Curme sect. 288, A. d. Erdmann p. 79, sect. 128. p. 193—4. Paul p. 164, sect. 348, 3. Sanders p. 67, B. » Sanders p. 87, a). ' of. above p. 13, D. VARIATIONS IN THOSE CLAUSES WHICH WOULD NATURALLY HAVE THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE TRANSPOSED ORDER. I. Normal Order Instead of the Transposed. A. Relative clauses. The relative clauses in Luther are found introduced by the pro- nouns " der ", " welcher ", and " so ", by the compound pronoun " wer ", and by the particle " da " in combination with a preposition. "Der" is by far the most frequent, and "so" is comparatively rare. All of them appear regularly with the verb in the Transposed position cis in modern German. " Der '', however, often retains its demonstrative force and appears with the Normal Order." I. 176. 30. " das kummet als von den pfeylen, die machen die sund szo viel, szo grosz, szo starck, das der mensch ym selb dar von noch helffen nach raten kann, . . ." This demonstrative construction with " der " is found most fre- quently in the " Puszpsalmen ", appearing there 31 times as against 15 in " B ". It is avoided almost entirely in the later works. Although modem literary prose usually has a relative with the Transposed Order, the demonstrative construction is not considered wrong but is merely looked upon as a peculiarity of style. It oc- curs very frequently, especially in simple colloquial narrative: "Es war einmal ein Mann, der hatte einen Sohn." Therefore it has not been included with the variations in the tables. Where an infinitive with its modifiers follows the modal aux- iliary and thus places the auxiliary in a position in the subordinate clause immediately following the subject (I. 179. 38. " Das seyn die selben frund, die solten nah seyn "), this ,has not been considered as necessarily a sign of the Normal Order ; for this arrangement occurs elsewhere where other signs make it very evidently the Trans- posed Order (VI. 406. 8. " mit den fursten . . ., die wol mugen mit krieg und blut vorgissen die welt erfullen, . . ."). As a usual thing where otherwise the question might arise in the case of the modal auxiliaries, whether the use of " der " were demonstrative or relative, a particle " do " immediately follows the form of " der " used, thus ' Wunderlich S. L., p. 45 ff. ^ Curme sect. 237, I. F. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 19 clearly showing that Luther wishes it to be considered as a rela- tive.i When this particle is used with " der " before other verbs than the modals, we regularly find the Transposed Order. VI. 439. 12. " und wo nit weyse prelaten in klostern sein, die do mehr den glaubenn, den des ordens gesetz predigen unnd treyben, da ists nit tnuglich, . . ." Therefore, when the modal auxiliary immediately follows the " die do " : (1. 194. 3. " Dan die maurn seyn die prelaten der kirchen, die do sollen vomehmlich yn disser leer erbawet seyn") it is not to be explained by calling in the Normal Order. The explanation is to be looked for in the fact that the infinitive has been placed after its auxiliary and has drawn with it the modifiers.^ Note. The relative pronoun " der " frequently combines in itself the relative and its demonstrative antecedent and becomes to all intents and purposes a compound relative.^ I. 186. 22. "yn wilcher besteen . ., die allein wircklich euszerlich sund ansehen." VI. 420. 17. " Zum ersten, szo, der ein frey pfrund hat, zu Rom odder auff dem Wege stirbt, die selb musz ewig eygen bleyben des Romischen . . . stuls . . ." Such a use of the particle " so " is also to be found VI. 442. 3. "Ich will nit radten, auch nit weeren, das, szo noch nit weyber haben, ehlich werden odder on weyb bleyben . . ." This use of " so " is probably due to the fact that the relative clause here comes first.* 1. The relative "welcher" appears a few times in the "Pusz- psalmen " with the Normal Order. I. 168. 18. "Der dritt. Sund ist . . . die bosze lust . . . wilch reitzet zu den ersten tzweyen. wilchs ist eyn bleibende sunde in diszer tzeit." 2. When two clauses connected by " und " have the same relative particle this appears but once, and the second clause very fre- quently assumes the arrangement of a principal clause.^ VIII. 158. 7. "Es hat eyner eyn buch . . . geschrieben . . ., welchs ym geystlichen recht . . . wird secher auffgeworffen unnd ist weniger S. Augustinsz, denn meyn und deyn." 1 Wunderlich S. L., p. 58, a. - cf. below p. 32, aa. . ' Erdmann p. 51, sect, 96. Kehrein p. 235, sect. 437. Paul p. 160, sect. 344. * Grimm IV^ p. 1281. » Blatz 11, p. 133 ff., p. 766, an. 11, p. 1096, 1. Engelien, p. 537, e). B2 20 Paul Curts, VI. 423. 24. " unnd yrgend einen . . . munch hynein setzen, der funff oder sechs gulden des Jares nympt, und sitzt des tages in der kirchen, vorkaufft den pilgern zeychen und bildlin." X, ii. 1 15. 4. " Das sind die falschen ertichten wortt, damit sie den scheyn guttes lebens auffwerffen und verleucken doch den grund der warheit." Sometimes a second clause retains the Transposed while a third has the Normal Order. VIII. 151. 16. "das wyr sie fur die an sehen, die sie selb gar ungerne weren, und doch . . . yhr stat besitzen, und schrecken uns mit dem spruch Christi : . . ." Very rarely a second clause appears with the Normal Order while the third returns to the Transposed Order. VI. 428. 12. " dieweil der Bapst . . . gibt unnd vorkeufft, damit er die ordinarien beraupt ihres rechten, macht ausz den bischoffen nur Cifferen . . ., und alszo widder sein . . . geystlich recht . . . handelt." In one instance the verb appears in the first clause in the Normal Order introduced by the demonstrative relative " das ", while in a second clause in the same construction the verb appears in the Transposed Order. I. 178. 22. " ein betrubts herz, das bewegt sich hyn und her und nicht dan jamer . . . bey ym findet . . ." Note. At times the relative particle is omitted in the second clause even where a different construction is called for from what appeared in the first clause.^ I. 168. 2. " darumb heyst er es eyn list ym geyst, Nit eyn list den der mensche thue und mit wissen erdencke wider sich adder eyn andern, sundem den er leidet und ym angebom ist ..." B. In other types of subordinate clauses than the relative a second clause frequently appears in the Normal Order, when the subordinating conjunction is not repeated.^ 1. Clauses of Manner. I. 182. 31. "gleich wie die weyszen . . . bereyt seyn . . . und haben vor yren augen nichts . . ." ' Ourme sect. 271, II, 8, b, c. — Engelien p. 536, sect. 149, d. - Wunderlich S. L., p. 63 ff. ' Blatz II , p. 133 ff, p. 766, an. 11, p. 760, 3. - Curme sect. 237. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 21 2. Temporal Clauses. XL 255. 23. " Alszo fiiret as Abraham, da er Lot . . . erredted und schlug die vier konige." XXIIL 31. 3. " Lies auch nicht ab mit worten und schrifften . . . bis ich davon trunken ward und daumelte bey mir selbs also : . . ." 3. Causal Clauses. a. " weil." XV. 22. 8. " weyl der geyst gottis durch seyn wort drein webet und scheinet so heys drauff durch das Euangelion." Sometimes the Transposed Order is found in two clauses, while the Normal Order appears in a third one. XVIIL 319. 1. " weyl yhr aber der keyns thut . . ., sondem mit eygenen macht euch selber helfft, und macht euch selbs zu ewrem Gott und heyland, So mus und kan Gott . . ." b. "nu." XL 336. 24. " Aber nu wyr sie nur mit gewalt treyben, und gehen mit lugen teydingen urab, geben yhn schuld . . . Was soUten wyr guttis an yhn schaffen ? " In one instance the Inverted Order appears in the second clause after " sondem.'' XV. 299. 10. " Nu er aber seyns leybs und guts keyn augen- blick sicher und gewifs ist alls wenig alls des, fur den er burge wird, sondem steht alles ynn Gottes hand alleyne . . . ; so thut er unchristlich.'' c. " die weil." X, ii. 133. 29. " Aber die weyl unszer iunckern eyszerne styrnn und eheren nacken haben, wollen solchs nit horen, lassen ihnn auch nit sagen, faren furtt . . . dencken nur yhrem . . . grym nach, . . . tzu morden . . ., mussen wir . . ." In one instance both clauses appear is what in apparently the Normal Order. VI. 408. 8. "Die weyl dan nu die weltlich gewalt ist gleich mit uns getaufft, hat den selben glaviben . . ., mussen . . ." Here the order in the second clause is probably due to analogy with that of the first. The order of the first clause is explained below, page 30, aa. if. 22 Paul Curts, 4. Concessive Clauses. VIII. 166. 6. "wie woll er seyn gepott will gehallten haben und foddert es von eynem iglichen, dennoch will und mag er . . ." 5. Conditional Clauses. a. " wenn." VI. 447. 29. " wen sie den emst datzu thetten und verpotten solch weszen, die wunder solten . . ." X, ii. 108. 10. "Wenn ich tzu dam gottloszen sage, du solt des tods sterben, unnd du verkundigst es yhm nit und sagist yhm nit, das er sich bekere von seynen boszem wage . . . , So wirt wol derselb gottlosze sterben ynn seynen sunden, . . ." b. "wo." VIII. 171. 8. " wo du glewbist, das du . . . woll thuist . . . und nympst fur, . . . frum zu seyn . . . ., szo hastu aber eyn falsch gut gewissen, . . .'' c. "so." VIII. 183. 17. "Wie viel mehr wirt das szo sein, szo ich selb tzuvor kumma und mich selb straff fiir meynem nehistan und bitte rad und trost von yhnj ? " d. "ob." VIII. 159. 36. "Ja, ob das loszen nit stehet ynn des priasters wilkore, szondern ist schuldig tzu loszan, wo er drumb ersucht wirt, was sagistu abar . . . ? " a. Where the first clause has the Inverted Order to indicate the condition,^ we sometimes find the second clause in the Normal Order. VIII. 170. 6. '• Thut ersz nur umbs gapottis willen und seyn, hertz ringet und seufftzet nit noch hulff gotlicher gnadan, der bleyb nur da von fray, ..." 6. Indirect Questions, a. "wie." VI. 411. 3. "Nu sehen wir, wia sie mit der Christanheit umb- gahn, nemen yhn die fraihait, on alle beweysung ausz der schrifft, . . ." ' Blatz II, p. 760, an. 3. — of. above, p. 17 C. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 23 7. "Dass" Clauses. By far the most frequent appearance of the direct order in a second subordinate clause is in the " dass " clauses.^ It seems to have been a phenomenon frequent in the M.H.G. period of the language and to have lasted even to the present. a; After a co-ordinating conjunction. 1. "und." VI. 444. 33. " Es were . . ., got angenehmer . . ., das ein . . . kirche . . alia . . . mesz . . . auff einen hauffen nehmen, und hielten einen tag eine rechte . . . messe mit . . . andacht, . . ." VI. 463. 14. Er ist szo mild . . ., das er . . . einem boszen . . . • ein kunigrich gibt und nympts einem frumen, ..." 2. " aber." VI. 411. 2. " sanct Gregorius schreybt, das wir wol alle gleich sein, aber die schuldt mach einen unterthan dem andern." 3. " sondern.'' VI. 464. 18. " darumb, das sie nichts . . . gonnet haben, son- dern haben unser einfeltigkeit . . . miszpraucht, . . ." Where the " dass " clause is a clause in indirect discourse such a change of order in the second clause is explained as a shifting from the indirect to the direct discourse.^ It is not unknown in the modern language. VI. 441. 32. " (ich) halt yhm entgegen, das er solch gelubd zufordern gar kein gewalt hat, und ist ein teuffelisch tyranne}-, solche zufoddern." b. When no conjunction connects the two clauses. VI. 437.- 20. " Nu geschicht es, das einer gen Rom wallet, vortseret funfftzig . . . gulden . . . unnd . . ." X, ii. 124, 29. " Das disze folgen dem selbigen wege Balaam, richten auch eynen Baal peor auff umb gelts willen." II. The Inverted Order instead of the Transposed. A. In some " dass " clauses Luther has put either an accusative or a dative before the verb and then given the verb and subject the Inverted Order just as if it were the direct discourse. ' Blatz II, p. 1004, an. 2. p. 979, an. 16. — Paul, p. 193. 24 Paul Curls, XL 336. 26. "Und unmuglich were, das sie solt Got so lange on Propheten gelassen haben, . . ." XL 330. 26. " Der spruch sagt, das diszem Silo sollen volcker tzufallen oder anhangen." B. Occasionally in a second subordinate clause where the con- junction is not repeated, we find the Inverted Order instead of the Transposed (or the Normal, as above page 23,7). VIII. 164. 3. " Alszo haben wir nu, das die heymhch beycht der Bapst gar keyn macht hat tzu setzen noch tzu fodern, und sind seyne grund falsch . . . erfunden, . . ." VL 462. 27. " SonderUch aber, das des Turken reich ist an- gangen bey tausent jaren, und ist also mit der zeit abgefallen Asia und Affrica . . ." C. At times Luther inserts another subordinate clause at the be- ginning of a " dass " clause immediately following the " dass ". After such interpolated clauses he usually starts with a new construction, at times even inserting a particle — " also " or " da " or the like— and instead of the usual Transposed Order with " dass " we find the order of a principal clause. This is an evident shifting to the direct discourse.^ X, ii. 145. 21. " S. Paulus hat es vorkundigt, das gleych wie der teuffel an sich nympt eyn larven des engels . . . alszo nehmen auch disze teuffells apostel an sich die larven . . . der apostel . . . Christi, . . ." VIIL 143. 7. " das wo nit gottis wort wirt gepredigl, da soil niemant zu horen." XV. 40. 1. " das, wo man mit den Juden aus unserm Psalter handelt, spotten sie unser, das es nicht also stunde ym Ebrei- schen, . . ." XV. 35. 5. " das, wenn man itzt alle Bischoffe . . . auff eynen hauffen schmelzet, sollt man nicht so viel finden, als man da wol ynn eynen Romischen kriegs knecht fand." XL 249. 21. " das wer mehr glewbt unnd liebt, der ist vol- komen, . . ." 2. The same construction occurs twice in concessive clauses intro- duced by " wie wol ". XL 275. 10. " Wie wol wenn du gleych eyn engel werist . . . wolt ich dir . . . nicht . . . vertrawen, . . ." ' Kehrein, p. 246, sect. 444. — Blatz II, p. 979 an. 16. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 25 XI. 272. 8. " Wie wol, wo nicht eyn furst selbs kluger ist denn seyne Juristen . . ., der wirrt gewiszlich regim nach dem spruch, . . ." In this last example the final clause has been given the Normal Order, the subject being taken up by a demonstrative. (See above p. 15, B.) 3. Sometimes such an interpolated clause is placed immediately after the subject of the clause upon which it depends. In such cases the subject is usually repeated as a pronoun and the Inverted Order is used. VIII. 162. 11. "das Christus, ehe er befehl thut die sund tzu vorgeben . . . blieszet er yhn eyn und spricht : . . ." VIII. 140. 27. " wie auch Christus Matthei. 7, da er seyn lere gethan hatte, beschlosz er sie damit, das . . ." In case the interpolated clause is a " wie " or " als " clause, Luther seems to regard it as more or less parenthetical,^ and does not repeat the subject in this way. X, ii. 142. 15. " Wol find man, das etliche, als S. Bonifacius ist geweszen wie Titus S. Paulo war, haben andere Bischoffe eyn- gesetzt . . ., wie Titus thett . . ." But whether the presence of such a parenthetical interpolated clause is the reason for the Normal Order is open to question. Note. Though it is the rule with Luther he does not always allow an interpolated clause to affect his word order. VI. 436. 22. " wilch Christen hertz ... sol das mit lust sehen, das der Babst, wen er sich wil lassen communicieren, stille sitzt, ..." Or where the clause is inserted immediately after the " das " : VI. 424. 23. " das der vorkeuffer . . . drauff behelt denn . . . zuspruch, das, szo der besitzer stirbt, das lehen frey widder heym sterbe dem, der es vorhyn vorkaufft . . . hat" . . ." In one instance where he retains the Transposed Order in the " dass " clause he supplies the subject of its verb from the interpolated clause. VI. 458. 12. " das, wen ich solchen jamer bedenck, nit anders achten mag, . . ." ' The parenthetical idea is clearly shown in a sentence like the fol- lowing. XI. 266. 18. " Denn wie gesagt ist, die seele ist nicht nnter Keyszers gewalt, . . . 26 Paul Curts, III. Luther often puts some Expression other than the Verb in THE Last Position in the Subordinate Clause. A. The subject is often found in the last position. 1. For emphasis. a. In relative clauses. VII. 274. 33. " Es must ein boszwicht sein . . ., dem nit hertz- lich leyd were des armen volcks ergerung." VIII. 183. 27. "Das ist das rhor ... da mit bedeut ward die zukunftige triegerey Bebstlicher lere und gesetz." XV. 304. 6. " Daraus denn folgen mussen solch . . . griff und tuck . . ." b. In clauses of manner. " als." I. 180. 29. "Triegerey heist, das do gut scheinet, und ist nit gut, alsz seynd alle leere der guten werck, . . ." X, ii. 143. 2. "Aber man sihet hie, das S. Paulus alle die Bischoffe nennet, die dem Volck das wort und sacrament reychen, als itzt sind die pfarrer und Capellan. " wie." X, ii. 152. 16. " Aber Sanct Paulus sagt hie von denen, die sie nur verpieten unnd nit verdamnen odder sundlich achten, gleych wie die speysze verpieten sie auch, . . ." I. 168. 15. " Gleich wie ausz armut folgen mag stehlen, . . .'' aa. In many cases a " da " or " dan '' or " denn " immediately follows the conjunction. "da." VI. 446. 27. " die grad odder gelid wurden geendert, in wilchen der ehlich stand wirt verpotten, ais da sein gefatterschaften, der viert und dritte grad, . . ." VI. 416. 3. " solt er . . . die kron . . lassenn, wie da than haben seine vorfaren . . ." " dan." VI. 431. 13. " sondern mocht das thun von denn Aimaten, odder sonst ein weg erdencken, w/i? dan wol mugen die hochvorstendiger, . . ." " denn." VIII. 146. 1. "Es sind vortzeiten falsch propheten geweszen ym volck, alsz denn unter euch auch seyn werden falsche lerer, t •" Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 27 XV. 300. 9. " Und wissen, das wyr . . . alles aus seynen henden . . . nemen, wie denn thut eyn rechter glawbeT But such an arrangement of subject is not always used with these particles. I. 192. 23. " die . . . disser leer widder streben . . . alsz dan die juden den Aposteln . . . thun . . .' c. In conditional clauses. X, ii. 144. 29. " Und wenn da komen wirtt der erzhirtte, werdet yhr . . ." d. In indirect questions. I. 214. 1. •' dan in diszen worten wil der propheet auszdrucken, wie ein verachtet ding sey eyn mensck." e. In " dass " clauses. VIII, 163. 11. " Ich glewb, das da sey eynn heylige Christliche h'rcke." XI. 272. 15. "das alltzeyt uber alles recht regiere unnd das uberst recht unnd meyster alles rechten bleybe die vernunfftP 2. This order is occasionally used to bring the relative and the antecedent nearer together. VI. 409. 38. " Er hats . . . vorkundet, das kumen wurden solch menschen, die die weltlich ubirkeit wurden furachtenn, . . ." VI. 431. 37. "Zum sechsten, das auch abthan werden afze casws reservati, die behalten fell, damit . . . viel gelt von denn leutten geschunden wirt, . . ." 3. The subject is also put at the end to avoid separating it from an appositional phrase which is too long to insert before the verb. VI. 445. 29. " das wol mag von yhn vorstanden werden das wort Christi Matthei xxiii. " weh euch . . ." B. Luther often puts some expression (not the subject) at the end in a subordinate clause after the personal part of the verb. In modern German this construction is quite common in the more familiar colloquial style ; but the frequent use of such order is not good form and in the formal style of writing is looked upon as an exception. In M.H.G. and in Luther it is much more common than to-day. Sometimes this arrangement seems to be used to give an additional emphasis to an expression, but in general it can be con- sidered as a loose construction. 28 Paul Curts, 1. A prepositional phrase often follows the personal part of the verb.^ VI. 414. 31. " Wunder und plagen beweren nichts, sonderlich in dieszer letzten . . . zeit, von wilcher falsche wunder vorkundet sein in aller schrifft . . ." VI. 457. 6. " bisz der Ertzbischoff, . . , mit der zeyt den hauifen wieder zusammen brecht in ein eintrechtige lere." XL 332. 16. " ob sie wol gewunnen wart tzun tzeytten Macha- beorumJ' VI. 424. 30. " Es ist auch nw alt worden, das einer dem andem ein lehenn auffgibt mit vorbehalt . . . zynses, . . ." Only rarely can this be explained as being due to a following relative.2 I. 201. 20. " Wiewol sie all . . . vorfolget seyn von den . . . heiligen, die yhre gerechtickeit befestigen wollen, . . ." In giving Biblical references : X, ii. 114. 11. "Widderumb hatt S. Paulus nit vergessen, was fur eyn leben solch gesellen fiiren werden ... da er sagt 2. Timoj . . ." X, ii. 111. 24. " Und das were nur tzu lachen, wo das geschech, wie die gottliche weyszheyt sagt Proverb. /:..." 2. An accusative object sometimes follows the verb. VI. 442. 22. " die kinder von Israel, die den Aegiptern stolen yhren vordienten lohn, . . ." X, ii. 145. 22. " wie der teuffel an sich nympt eyn larven des engels des liechts, . . ." VIII. 182. 16. "Was ligt dran, ob sie teylen oder nitt teylen die beycht ? " XL 251. 6. "das, ob sie gleych gerne woUten, doch nicht thun kunden yhr boszheyt, ..." Where there are two objects one of them often follows the verb. VIII. 172. 10. " Hirausz merck nu, warumb Paulus den Babst nennet eyn mensch der sunden und eyn son des vorterbens, . . ." VI. 423. 35. "Zum dritten sein ethch lehenn, die sie heyssen incompatabilia, . . ." 1 Adelung 2, p. 651 ff. Blatz II., p. 765. Heyse p. 533, 2. Sanders p. lOGff. Siitterlin, p. 312, sect. 363. Erdmann p. 196 ff. Paul p. 172, sect. 537. ' cf. above, p. 27, 2. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 29 The accusative at the end is rarely to be explained as due to a following relative.^ VI. 413. 24. " Auch wen ich ansehe die Concilia, die der babst gemacht hat, find ich nit . . ." 3. A predicate noun or adjective occasionally follows the verb. a. Noun. I. 192. 20. " O, Gott, der du bist einn got meins heyls, . . ." VI. 437. 15. " Dan sie meynen, das solch wallenn sey ein kost- lich gut werck, ..." VII. 263. 36. " weyl auch bey dyr solch . . . toben heyst gedult and leyden, . . ." b. Adjective. I. 210. 17. " dann Israel auff hebreisch heist ein man . . . der vor gott ist richtig, . . ." Vni. 146. 15. " Wer ist kichtglaubig, der komme zu myr." 4. A dative sometimes occupies the last position. a. Depending on a verb. VI. 413. 8. "wo ein . . . gelid ubel handelt, wilchs durch seinen handel viel schaden . . . gibt den andern . . ." X, ii. 127. 27. " ob ehr wol zuvor durch die tauff recht ent- flogen ist alien sunden . . ." X, ii. 124. 22. " Hirausz mugen wir . . . verstehn, warumb er den Babst und Bischoff vergleycht dem propheten Balaam." b. Depending on an adjective. VI. 413. 13. "yhre eygene gesetz, die nit weytter gelten, dan szo feme sie nit schedlich sein der Christenheii . . ." The final position of the dative due to a following relative ^ : I. 209. 20. " darumb lest yn auch Gott nit, der do vorheysen hat gnad . . . alien den, die ym trawen . . ." 5. A genitive. XV. 306. 12. " der sich von eym jar yns ander neeret des jerlichen eyn komens." XI. 260. 24. " So braucht er denn eym andern zu dienst des verpotten eydes, gleych wie er eym andern zu dienst braucht des verpotten schwerdsJ' ' cf. above, p. 27, 2 and above, p. 28, 1. ' cf. above, p. 27 & 28. 30 Paul Curts, VI. 408. 32. " Wie ich droben gesagt, das wir alle ein corper sein des heubts Jesu Christi, . . ." XI. 335. 23. " Wilchs der bund ist Gottis mit uns, . . ." 6. An adjective or an adverb. I. 177. 3. "Die aber ynn sunden ligen tod, . . . falen diszer ding keyns " XL 329. 35. " und er tzu gleich das ewige konigreich anfieng, darynnen er noch regiert ymer dar." 7. A past participle often follows its auxiliary in a Transposed Clause."^ a. " haben." VI. 422. 16. " Da habt yhr den babst wie yhr habt gewolletr VI. 407. 39. '' der war warhafftig ein priester, als ob yhn alle Bischoffe . . . hetten geweyheV VI. 449. 1. " Der art musz . . . etlich . . . werden, auff dcis yhre heylickeit zum rhum und gelt dienen mugen, die sonst allein zu gottis ehre unnd guttem exempel het gedienetP b. " sein." VI. 440. 6. " was aber fur frucht drausz ist kummen, sehen, . . . wir teglich . . ." VI. 459. 38. " Und wolt got, das, ... ein yglich land ... mit eygenenn rechten geregiert wurden, wie sie geregiert sein ge- wessen, . . ." VI. 455. 4. " geleyd und trew brechen sey wider gottis gepot, ob sie gleich dem teuffel . . . were zugesagt, . . ." c. "werden." VI. 407. 4. "geb uns der Basaunen eine, domit die mauren Hiericho wurden umbworffenn, . . ." VI. 440. 10. " ich sieh wol, wie die gelubd werden gehaltenn, . . ." aa. In many cases the participle does not stand alone after the auxiliary, but has taken some of its modifiers with it. VI. 445. 26. " Der bosz geyst, der durch geystlich recht ist losz warden, . . ." VI. 463. 26. " Wie wol nu der Babst ... das Romisch reych . . . hat dem keyszer geraubet unnd uns . . . zugewendet, szo ists doch gewisz, . . ." 1 Adelung II, p. 551, sect. 804. Erdmann p. 196. Sanders p. 106, sect. 25. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 31 VI. 439. 33. " Es were . . . ein nottige ordnung, . . . das stifft und kloster widderumb wurden auff die weysze verordnet, ..." bb. Sometimes the past participle has drawn all its modifiers with it to a position after the personal part of the verb, and an apparently Normal Order results. It has not, however, been here considered as a Normal Order used in a subordinate clause.i VI. 465. 22. "man wirt und mag yhr mehr finden, wo disze wurden recht angesehen, . . ." VI. 443. 9. " wie wol vil . . . Juristen mit dem Babst haben Impedimenta erfunden, und dadurch vorhyndert, zurteylet, vor- werret den ehlichen standt, das gottis gebot ist drob ganz unter- gegangenn." 8. An infinitive often follows the auxiliary in the Transposed Clause." a. " werden." The infinitive form appears after •' werden " in comparatively few cases, twenty-six in the works investigated. I. 164. 27. " do der herr Christus eben dissen halben versz eynfurt widder die, die am jungsten tag werden sagen." VI. 410. 1. " solch menschen, die die weltlich ubirkeit wurden furachten . . ." VIII. 176. 19. "alszo des Bapsts tyranney . . . hab den selben lassen zu gute kummen, . . ., wie woll yhr wenig wirt geweszen seyn . . ." Like the past participle, the infinitive often draws its modifiers with it to a position after the personal part of the verb. VI. 404. 17. " Ich bedenck . . ., das myrsz nit wirt unvorweyst bteybenn." ' ' cf. note 3. '- Adelung II, p. 561. Sanders p. 107. Erdmann p. 196. Paul p. 172, sect. 367. ' Sanders, p. 107, 8), a, says that the fact that the infinitive is modified, renders it liable to be placed in the final position in modem German. In Luther it has seemed necessary to explain such cases as merely a further development of the unmodified infinitive appearing after the " werden " The same explanation has been applied to the infinitives without " zu '', which depend upon other verbs than werden. (See above, page 18, and below, pages 32 and 38.) It has also been apphed to past participles which follow their auxiUarises in the Transposed Order. (See above on this page, bb.) 32 Paul Curts, b. The modal auxiliary. " konnen." VI. 445. 5. " der geytz, der got nit kann trawenn, ... " turren " (" diirfen "). VI. 421. 23. " Daher kumpts, das kein Bischoif widder denn Bapst thar handeln.'" " lassen.'' I. 186. 3. "Nit eyn list den der mensche thue, . . ., der sich mit guten leben lest decken . . ." " mogen.'' VI. 415. 28. " Er must . . . solch kronen ablegen, die well unszer got keinen hoffart mag leyden." " miissen." VI. 425. 34. " Es war vortzeytten noch gnedig zu Rom, da man das recht must kauffen, . . ." " sollen." VI. 409. 1. " die . . . sein ... nit weytter . . . gescheyden, dan das sie das wort . . . sollen handeln^ " wollen." VI. 444. 15. " szo die ymant nit wolt bekennenn, es trifft dich nichts." With the compound forms of the infinitives the same arrange- ment is to be found, both forms usually appearing after the modal. VIII. 150. 24. " der sich selb unnd alle engell will vormaledeyt haben, . . ." VI. 450. 32. " Szo muste da sein ein vorweszer odder vormund, der alle die armen kennet, . . . odder wie das auffs beste mochl verordnet werdenr But in one instance the participle form precedes the modal: VIII. 179. 8. " szo musz es gott ergreiffen, da er . . . gefangen mag warden . . ." aa. Sometimes the infinitive does not stand alone after the modal, but draws some of its modifiers with it. VIII. 168. 3. " wenn man alle welt kund selig machen, . . ." VI. 416. 33. " well sie noch nit alles thuren gar vorscheinden, . . ." Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 33 VI. 435. 8. "das ehr weltlich hern lasse land und lent re- gtern, . . ." VIII. 159. 19. " sintemal kein mensch seyn sund mag all er- kennen, ..." VIII. 162. 8. " wenn sie szo viell musten tzur beycht geben, ..." VI. 453. 23. " hie sitzt der mensch, . . ., der sich sal ubir diclt erheben . . ." VI. 419. 23. "Auch szo man yhe widder die Turcken wollt ein solchenn schatz samlen, solten wir ..." ' bb. Frequently also the infinitive has drawn all the modifiers with it to a position after the modal, and we have what is appa- rently the arrangement of the Normal Order. VI. 463. 19. " Darumb wie niemant kan das fur gross achten ... so mugen wir . . ." VI. 435. 26. " Es ist . . . unchristlich . . . das ein . . . menscJi . . . lessit seme fusz kussen.'" VI. 406. 14. "aber wen mann . . . kumpt, sollen die boszen geist ein . . . yrrung zurichten, das die gantz welt must ym blut schweben, ..." VI. 411. 19. "were myrs ungleublich gewesenn, das der teuffel soil zu Rom solch ungeschickt ding fnrwendenn . . ." VI. 406. 14. " dem . . . Adel . . . furtzulegen, ob got wolt durch den ley en . . . seiner kirchen helffen, ..." Such cases have, however, in practically every instance been considered not as the Normal Order but as a variation in the Trans- posed Order. The statement made above, in reference to relative clauses, can here be made more general.* The Normal Order in subordinate clauses, where the subordinating conjunction is expressed, is not found in Luther with the simple forms of the verb except in very rare instances. It has seemed better, therefore, to explain the rather frequent instances of what is apparently the Normal Order in the compound forms of the verb, as due to a distinct tendency on the part of Luther to place the infinitive and participle forms of the verb at the end in all types of clauses with their modifiers near them. c. Other verbs which govern an infinitive without " zu ''. " heiszen." XI. 270. 28. " so sehet zfi, das nicht eyner kome, der euch heysse eynstecken ..." ' Above pp. 18, 31 bb and note. C 34 Paul Curts, " helfen." XVIII. 331. 11. Denn die herrn wurden darumb streyten, das sie yhre tyranny . . . bestettigeten . ., odder yhe die ienigen, so solcherley sind, hulffen bestettigen ..." " horen." VII. 143. 12. " Wen du von deynem herren horitest sagen . . ." " lernen." VIII. 172. 29. "(ich) wilsz darumb thun, das ich nit . . . auff solche werck lerne vorlassen . . ." " sehen." VI. 444. 32. " was wir sehen in eincii miszbrauch kummen . . ." VARIATIONS FROM THE MODERN USAGE THAT MODIFIERS PRECEDE INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. I. Where an Infinitive modifies another Infinitive or Participle Luther usually places it last. A. In the infinitive form of the modals the infinitive usually follows. 1. The other modifiers may occupy the same position in the sen- tence that they do in the modern German. I. 214. 32." wie gott alle seyne heylgen . . . hatt laszen mangeln ..." 2. They may be drawn to the end with the infinitive. XL 332. 6. " wyr wollen . . . schliessen, Das der recht Messiah habe mussen fur tausent und funffhundert jaren komen seyn . . ." 3. They may be divided between the two positions. XI. 332. 25. " so wurde yderman yhn verlachen als eynen un- nutzen wort krieger, der jungfraw und magd nicht wollt eyn ding lassen seyn, ..." B. Sometimes this is also the case with the participle forms of the modal. VI. 463. 39. " und do sie das nit haben mochi schickenn, haben sie sich doch . . ." VI. 458. 8. " wie wol viel . . . yhn haben wolt erredten, ..." C. The modern order is found once in " B ". VI. 431. 25. " drumb das man yhn nit wolt stelen lassen." and once or twice in " E " and " F ". VII. 272. 24. " Derhalben ich . . ., nie hab verantworiten wollen . . ." It then begins to appear with greater frequency, and from 1525 the modern order becomes the rule, while such order as that quoted in sections A. and B. above becomes the exception. II. Modifiers other than an Infinitive often follow the Infinitive. A. A prepositional phrase. VI. 434. 6. Es gepurt nit dem Babst, sich zurheben uber welt- lich gewalt, . . ." B. An accusative. VI. 428. 4. "Szo ist die weltUch gewalt schuldig, zuschutzen die unschuldigen und weren das unrecht, . . ." VIII. 157. 15. " geht hynn, heysset sie beychten yhre sund, . . ." C2 36 Paul Curls, VI. 419. 30, " zuvorleyhen die lehen, die in seinem Monatt vor- fallen." C. A dative. VI. 412. 30. " wir sollen ... sie zwingen zufolgen dent bessern unnd yhrem eygen vorstand." VI. 426. 27. " hebt er nw an . . . seine hendel zu . . . vorkauffen dem Focker zu Augspurg, ..." VIII.138. 17. " alsz wolt sie eyn exempell werden unszern Bebsten, Bischoffen, hoch gelerten und andern geystlichen tyrannen, die da offentlich sehen . . ." D. A genitive. VI. 460. 7. " Ich meynet, die sententie solten der anfang sein der jungen Theologen . . ." E. An adjective or an adverb. VI. 464. 18. " Trawstu nit das dich Got muge neren zeytlich, wie wiltu ym trawen . . . ? F. A predicate noum. VIII. 163. 34. " Darausz folgett, das der Babst yn seynem ampt sol seyn ein knecht aller knecht, . . ." III. Modifiers other than the Infinitive often follow the Past Participle. The Instances are everywhere parallel to those ABOVE with the INFINITIVE (II). A. A prepositional phrase. VI. 405. 36. " Sie haben sich . . . vorlassen auff yhre macht . . ." B. An accusative. VI. 404. 12. " Ich hab unserra furnehmen nach zusammen tragenn etlich stuck ..." C. A genitive. VI. 455. 30. " Sie sind auch die heubter geweszen diszes jamers ..." D. A dative. VI. 468. 37. " Ich hab biszher viel mal frid angepotten meynen w iddersachern. ' ' E. An adverb. VI. 185. 11. "Wyr haben gottis wort unnd gnaden nit auff- genumcn umb sonst." F. A predicate noun. VIII. 179. 26. " Alszo ist er warden Israel . . ." VIII. 179.23. " Damitgewan er auch, und ist ^ewewwe/eyw »«««..." A COMPARISON OF LUTHER'S GERMAN SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT WITH THE ARRANGEMEMT IN LATIN SENTENCES. In the preceding pages little or no attention has been paid to the probable influence of the Latin on Luther's German style. When we take into consideration that Latin was for many years Luther's only literary language, we should expect to find at least traces of Latin style in the German that he wrote. It would be interesting to examine all the peculiarities of arrangement enumerated above, in the effort to determine the extent of Latin influence ; and, since these examples are all taken from works written originally in German, we would then have a very good idea of the extent of this influ- ence in his natural use of the German Language. In making such an investigation it would be necessary to bear in mind that there are many grammatical features in modern German which are not in accord with the spirit of the older German but are directly traceable to Latin influence.i Most of these features Luther had already incorporated in his language. Such then would not be brought out in any paper where variations from the modern order are taken as the starting point. If however there were any Latin elements in Luther's German which have not been retained by the modern language, these would appear. In this paper no such in- vestigation has been made extensively, but one work has been closely examined with this point in view, namely " C " (Warumb des Bapsts und seyner Jungernn bucher von Doct. Martino Luther vorbrant seynn.). This tract appears in two texts, one German and one Latin. Some assert that Luther wrote both the German and the Latin; others, that the Latin is merely a translation from the German. The latter assertion is probably the true one. O. Albrecht says on this point, that " manche ungelenke Wendungen und Schach- teleien im Periodenbau den Einfluss der lateinischen Textrecension, welche in diesem Falle mit der deutschen genau iibereinstimme, erkennen lassen.'' In any case the same text in the two languages affords us very convenient material for the comparing of Luther's German style with the prevailing Latin style. Here such a com- parison has been made. All the passages in the German text in > cf. Riickert p. 123 ff. 38 Paul Curts, which the sentence arrangement differs from the modern have been selected and the order in them compared with the order in the cor- responding Latin passages. The comparison proves interesting. Where the German has the Inverted Order after " tind " the Latin arrangement is nowhere the same. VII. 177. 9. " und ist alles seynn eygenn, dem niemandt darff sagenn, Was thustu ? " " et omnia Pape sunt propria, cui nemo audeat dicere, Quid facis ? " The German furnishes no example of the Transposed Order after " und ". There are, however, several instances of the Transposed Order after " denn ", and in every case the Latin arrangement is the same. VII. 177. 17. " denn es vorkundigt ist . . ." " nam predictum est . . ." VII. 180. 4. " denn ich biszher doch nur geschertzt und gespielt hab mit des Bapsts sach." " si quideni hactenus cum causa Papae lusi tantum et iocatus swm."^ The Transposed Order with " denn " has been explained (p. 12, C.) without recourse to the Latin, but it may be due to the Latin in- fluence that " denn ' with the Normal Order did not sooner drive out " denn " with the Transposed Order altogether. Where the subject comes at the end of the clause in the Inverted Order, even after the infinitive or the participle form of the com- pound tense (p. 16, II.), we find the corresponding word in the Latin text also at the end. VII. 161. 6. " Allen liebhabernn Christlicher warheyt sey ge- wunscht gnad und fried von Gott." " Omnibus Christiane veritatis cultoribus et studi- osis Gratiam et pacem a Deo Opt. MaxP VII. 176. 4. "Inn dissenn . . . artickell, . . . Wirt nu erfiillet der spruch Pauli, . . ." " In his . . . articulis, . . ., Nunc impletur verbum sancti Pauli, ..." Two " dass " clauses are the only subordinate clauses in the German in which the subject is in the final position (p. 25, III. A.). ' Here it is interesting to note that the prepositional phrase follows the verb in the Geiinan, but not in the Latin. Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 39 In each case the Latin has the infinitive with the subject accusative following it. VII. 161. 9. " zu wissenn, das durch meyn willen, . . . vorprennet seyn die Bucher des Pabsts." " notifico . . ., mea voluntate, . . ., exustos esse Ponti- ficis Romani libros.'" Where a prepositional phrase follows the verb in the German (p. 28, 1.), this seems to be the usual Latin arrangement too. Vn. 162. 6. " wie wyr leszen in Actis Apostalorum . . ." " quemadmodum legimus in Actis Apostalorum.'" VII. 170. 4. "Eben wie Christus Matt. 23. sagt von den Judi- schen Phariseen . . ." " Sicut Christus Matt. 23. dixit de Phariseis . . ." VII. 173. 1. "die . . . lugen, das keyser Constantinus yhm Rhom, . . . geben hab auff erden, . . ." " mendatium, Constantinum Imperatorem ipsi Ro- man . . . dedisse in terra et mundo hoc inferiore, . . ." Compare with this the prepositional phrase in the " denn " clause quoted above (p. 38), which would seem to indicate that this arrange- ment in the German is not always due to a similar arrangement in the Latin. In several cases , the German has scriptural references following the verb in subordinate clauses (p. 28). Sometimes we find the same arrangement in the Latin and sometimes not. A comparison tells us nothing, for neither the German nor the Latin is consistent. VII. 173. 3. " dawider Christus sagt Matt. 6 . . .' " Cum e diverse Christus dicat Matt. 6 . . .'' VII. 175. 12. " So doch S. Panel /. Cor. 14. sagt, . . ." " Cum tamen Paulus /. Cor. 14 dixerit . . ." Sometimes the German and the Latin do not have the same ar- rangement. VII. 177. 11. "Das ist der grewell . . ., da Christus von sagt Matt. 24." " Hec est ilia abominatio . . . de qua Christus Matt. 24 dixit. ^^ When the accusative object follows the transposed verb in the German (p. 28, 2), the Latin arrangement is not the same. 40 Paul Curts, VII. 175. 15. " Das nit der Bapst von der schrifft, . . . habe . . . bestand, crafft und ehre, . . ." " Quod noil Papa a scriptura, . . . autoriiaiem, vi- gorciii, robur et dignitatem habeat." Not even when the accusative is drawn to the end by a follow- ing relative in the German. VII. 181. 2. " das der Bapst noch nie keyn mal hat mit schrifft . . widderlegt eynen, der . . ." " quod Papa nunquam ne semel quidem quenquam vicerit vel scriptura . . . qui . . ." But where one of the two accusative objects follows the Trans- posed verb in the German, the Latin has the same arrangement. VII. 176. 12. " Das er yhn nennet eynn mensch der sund unnd kynd der vorterbensz, . . ." " Quod autem eum nominat hominem peccati et filium perditionis . . " In the Latin we do not find a past participle with an auxiliary except in infinitive constructions. So any instance in the German in which the past participle follows the auxiliary in a subordinate clause can be compared to the Latin only when it occurs in a " dass " clause. Here we find the arrangement sometimes the same and sometimes not. In this case the German is more consistent than the Latin (see p. 30, 7.). VII. 170. 14. " Das die schlussel seyn alleyn S. Petro geben, . . ." " Claves soli sancto Petro traditas esse. . . ." VII. 171.2. " Das Christus priesterthum sey von yhm auff S. Petrum vorsetst, . . ." " Christi sacerdotium ab eo in sanctum Petrum esse translaium, . . ." In practically all cases where the infinitive follows the modal in the subordinate clause in the German (see p. 31, b), we find that the Latin has the same arrangement, wherever the construction has been expressed by a finite verb with an infinitive. VII. 168. 3. " das wol scheynet, wie das geystlich recht nur darumb sey ertichtet, das der Babst frey mocht thun itnd lassen, was er wolt, . . ." " Ut facile appareat ius canonicum in hoc unum esse confictum, ut Papa libere posset et facere ct delinquere quic- quid vellet, . . ." Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 41 VII. 177. 16. "Das nu . . . niemand oder wenig leuth haben durffen sagen, . . ." " Sed vel neminem vel paucos esse inventos, qui . . . auderent dicere, . . ." VII. 175. 9. "Das der Babst macht habe, die heyligen schrifft nach seynem eygen willen zu deuttenn und furen und niemant lassenn die selben anders den er wU deutten, . . ." " Papam habere potestatem sacram scripturam pro suo arbitrio et voluntate interpretandi et docendi et nulli permittere eandem aliter quam Papa velit interpretari . . ." But in one instance the Latin has the order which we would naturally expect for the German, and the two are not the same. VII. 177. 19. " das sie yderman mocht mercken." " ut omnes eam intelUgere possent." Where the modifiers of an infinitive follow it (see p. 35, II), if the Latin construction is also an infinitive, the arrangement may and may not be the same. In the Latin the accusative usually precedes the infinitive though the other forms are apt to follow. So in a clause like the following the Latin arrangement is not the same as the German. VII. 181. 12. " Aber der Babst wil . . ., niemant richten lassenn, sondern alleyh richtenn yderman, . . ." " Sed Papa nititur . . ., nemini permittere indicium, se solum omnes iudicare, . . ." But in other cases the two are alike. VII. 174. 13. " Wer seyn gelubd vortzeugt zu erfullen ausz des Babsts gepot, der ist . . ." " Quod Papa docet, eum qui differt suum votum solvere ex precepto Pape, non teneri . . ." VII. 166. 2. "Der Babst und seyn stuel seyn nit schuldig unterthan tzu seyn Christlichen Conciliis und ordungen, . . ." "Papam et eius sedem non teneri subiectos esse conciliis e decretis." If the Latin construction is a gerund, then the Latin modifiers always follow, and the Latin arrangement is the same as the German. VIL 171. 7. "Das der Babst gewalt hat, gesetz zu machen ubir die Christliche kirche." " Papam habere potestatem condendi ius et leges Ecclesie Catholice.'" 42 Paul Curts, VII. 166. 14. "Der Babst habe recht zyx foddern eyd und pflichi von Bischoffen fur yhre mentell . . ." " Pontifici Romano ius esse postulandi iuramentum et obligationem ab episcopis pro eorum palliis . . ." In the following participle construction the Latin and the German are identical in arrangement. VII. 161. 8. "Ich Martinus Luther, genani Doctor Aer heyligen schrifft." " Ego Martinus Luther, dictus Doctor Theologie.'' The data given here show too much variation and are too small in number to prove anything except in a negative way. In general the indications seem to be that in those points in which Luther's order differs from the modern, the Latin influence is not the largest factor in bringing about this difference. Where we find the same arrangement in the Latin as in the German we are probably justified in saying that the Latin arrangement may have emphasized a tendency already present in the German, but not that it gave rise to this tendency. Luther did not abandon German constructions and adopt Latin ones. In the words of Riickert, " Luther's Wort- stellung hat sich nun, so weit es ihm nach den Vorbedingungen seiner Schriftstellerei moglich war, noch so eng als mSglich an die alteren, lebendigeren Modelle angeschlossen, nicht well er sie wissentlich nachgeahmt hatte, sondern weil es sein volkstiimlicher Genius ihn so lehrte."' ' Riickert II, p. 137. TABLES. The following tables have been compiled to show the exact num- ber of variations and the type of each, which are found in the works investigated. Table I, p. 44, deals with the principal clauses in which to-day we would find the Normal Order : Table II, with those clauses in which to-day we would find the Inverted Order ; Table III, with all clauses introduced by " denn " ; and Table IV, with the subordi- nate clauses. In each Table under the heading, " Total number of finite verbs," the figures show the exact number of finite verbs in each type of clause, and are arranged in columns according to the work in which they are found (indicated by the letters " A ", " B " etc., see p. x.). Under the heading, " Variations ", are the figures which show the number of variations from the modern sentence arrange- ment. Here the arrangement in columns shows the work in which the variation is found. The arrangement in lines, opposite a skeleton outline, shows in what way the clause varies from the modem ar- rangement. Thus in Table I, the figures under variations, in the same line with " vs " indicate the number of instances in which Luther uses the Inverted Order, with the verb in the first position in prin- cipal clauses, where we would expect the Normal Order. " uvs . . ." means the Inverted Order after " und " and so on. Tables V and VI show in a similar way the number of instances in each work in which the infinitive or past participle precedes its modifiers. The following abbreviations have been used in the tables. a = auxiliary verb. ler = lernen. ace = aeeusative. m = modal auxiliary (finite form). adj = adjective. o m = modal (infinitive form). adv = adverb. M = modal (past participle form). c = conjunction. Nor = Kormal. comp = comparative. = Oder. dat = dative. P = prepositional phrase. del = dependent clause. pr = predicate noun (or adjective). gen = genitive. PP = past participle. h =: haben. r = relative. hei =3 heissen. s = subject. tel -^ helfen. son = sondeni. hor = horen. sell = sehen. I ;= infinitive. u =: und. Inv — Inverted. V = verb (personal part.). ] = lassen. •w = werden. 44 Paul Curts, I2i n-H lO -^ OC 00 CO "^ '^ T—t l-l ^CO ^ M CM CD CI 2 1-5 tHI:^ 00 M CDlO T-H W CO T- ^ Ci5 CM CD CD 1-H Ph 00-* C^ Si « c- t~ oj cr CJ3 p CD CD o O W C- OOC- IT s «) CO 00 CO cc ^ CO > l> > • XI w E ;z; as CO CD 3 o co i-q M CD c^5 1-5 lO CM M i M ■* CM o (M Ph CD ft Q pq 4J p cd q=l 01: o o ;zh 1-1 i^ iH iH i-H 00 3 CO iH 1-1 lO h^ CO CO M CO CO 1-^ rH CO iH CM t> M CM 1-1 (M CO 00 w Ttf i-H i-H CM CO 1-H 1-H cS r-l CO CO c- Ph CO 1-1 c>q ^ CO iH 1-H pq tH 05 lO CM l> 1-1 P CM lO ^ 00 o CM i-H CO m lO ^ iH Cq C- O i-H s < (M 05C0CM CD 1-H M W M «3 . M M d ■ • • M > a ^ ■ ppas apps sv. . . .V del, sv . . . . s "ie" s '^ l^i ^ tH p t» lO CO O tH T-i tH M o o r^ 00 CO 1-1 TH CM 1-5 1-1 iH M CO O CO w CD lO 1-H iH (M Tt< CM CM Ci3 05 CO CM Tt< CO 00 CO CO Ph Tt(-rH lO P LO lO O CO 05 CO 1-1 1-H o to CD pq ^ ^ 00 <^ Inv. 446 Ques. 17 463 rt ^ M El M 5 tic . cs m CO pjQ '^ 0) -P > CO ^ £ 3 ^° S I 03 cS ;2i i-i CM 01 a O p Tf< ■* M t> N H^ lO rH CD M t> l> « 05 CI e CO 0) o H Ph »o 10 P CM 1-H £6 CO ;^ ;:;:|cD (N T(( 05 CD CO' g3 N 00 COQO CO l> CO .^ CO OCO tH CO r-< ^ - s 05 CD CD i-:i 00 i-jOO C- CO •* l> CM ^• CO i 1—1 M CO CT CO ■^ CO lO C<1 CO CO rt^ 05 CO ^ CO CO CM i> "2 id X l> i 5 I—* 1— I o CO 05 CM (M '^ -H CO 05 S 1=1 ^ CD 00 1-5 CO i-H ■-! CO OQ 03 *" CO CO ^ lO ■^ "'co T-l lO O 0, ^ ^ CO Qtj M O (NCO X o t- CM ^ lO 8 23 '-' lO 05 is tM CO lO ^ O (M 1 -?^ CO lO CD S 2 !§ oc W 03 t- CO to '>i [- lO Cd CO CD ,o CO CM CM 2 22 CO 03 ^ CD ci 2 m § 2s lO iO 05 CO CD iH 00 CD ^■ ^ CO cd' fH lO ^ CO 2 m 3 "c>] 05 CO X 'il CO I> CO "^ CM 'H g 03 T-H CM CM !-( < CO ■<* lO f-l ^ -^ (>• 1-1 l> iH CO l> CO CO CQ . > a :r!3||gi1?|||^|S g • • ■ : : : . . .'.'.....'..> -- CJ tH fH ^t ?;W-„t,tHht^fc.htl!Hfc,!-ltl(-l(H TJ |Z1 I> iC »0 OS CD ;^ OS CO (M as CO i-:i tD T-l (N Tjl CO M 00 00 lO CO t- CD T-l tH tH T-l 03 1-5 cor-'*i> ri OS tH 01 S > M 8S=°SS 1 W SS^'Sg o cb o CO CO ;3 t;- lO CO CO ^ 1— ( CM fi( i^"^i rl H (M CO -3 p 00-* CO ^^ o H o s^ 2 ^' m M EH < o M o > t— I 33" 33 o ^ I— I ?i 7-1 iH CO iO 3 ■M 1-1 CM 1-1 •rHOq CO M i-H n-l (M -* 1-5 o l-l 1-H ^H a 1-1 1-1 . CtS iH CO i-t iO fH iH 00 lO iH O i-< w cq oq th (m 05 oa co p 1-1 -MO.! o i-H 1-1 cq CO iH , r- CDCO 05 ^ a o O Ph H 1/3 o el o EH ^ (Mt-( CO a o i-q o M tH iH CM 1-5 o M 1— 1 1-1 w CO CO o iHOrt 1-1 CM fM iH iH P^l 1-1 lO CD P o O o m CM iH CO > ; ! ; ^~ CO CQ U} !/} CO o o o o o (2; iH O iH ^S (M ^ ^iH (M h^ (M(M '^l M 1*-* 00 ^^ CO 05 iC 1-1 M 00 O 00 iH iH w CO iH Tjl iH iH o looo CO fH S2S W g^s P 1* '^ o l> c- cq ^S3S *^ CD US lO ^1 Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 57 'i^ iH -iH tH T-i -Ttl ^ 1-! tH i-:i o M o 1-5 1-1 iH 1— 1 iH tH w CO iH rH lO Cs M W (N Tt* CD lO 05 "^3 cb ^«om o fi( iO(M lO OJ w ^ C- OO 05 Q .H 05 O o CO CO m lO ID 05 n-l O X cb m s ;2i iH ;D O 1-1 Tin 05 O ^ iH CM tH ID CO (M h^ iH iH co^ CO w '^ tH 1-5 thc^ coi> en iH CO M ID iH (M SP oq 05 ^ COl> 00 0<1 rt ^ ;zi a ^ 1^ S o ^ CO H t/J P «1 o eg f^ 1 OiZD T-H IN ^ \ ■M tH rt< ^ A 1 oa 05 '^ « 1 iH 03 00 ^-^ T— 1 hs tH tH Tt( CD M tH O] CO K COiH ^ c5 OQ 05 rH lO Ph CO ^ •* CD 05 tH tH Oa tH -^ W oq tUtjh S ^ " ^ q T-i CO Tt( a OJ 1-1 lO 00 w CO t^ tn & < ^ -I-i T-( tH s^ ^ ^ to o^M Mi-PHO-Sflfc! 'g > > oSSS CncOCO'SCQCQC/lCO cjotJooooc; 'A ^ g^"' s Ki ss^ M lO O] t> 1-5 ^'^ ^ 1— 1 g^ § w S^'S i! §^s fH Oi CO Ol CO tH lO S3S g^'s o 00 00 T-i T-H eq «^ CD O] 00 lO !> Ol is "3 . Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 59 m o d CO ^ z; (M -rH CO ^ 1 h^i iH lO CD M i (M i-H CO CD 1-5 1 CM (M n-l iH CD 1— 1 1 iH CO iH tH iH c<- w 1 00 ^iH C>] cb 1 03 -* CD •1 ^ 1 (M '^(M CD 1—1 ,'§ W 1 1-1 CO iH iH CO !> f^ 1 iH CO rH lO 1 tH T— ( cq CD 00 iH ^ r-i s < T-l tH CO tH tH t> "i^s-:^!^ i u ■ - g . • > > > ' m ui ui m m ui <::> q 1-1 CO pq ;4S-S^S ol (MO IN 3 ^ 1 n::) nd ri CQ P ' 60 Paul Curts, t8 > m 9§ o o c3 o ;zi in ■" XJ CO :^ 05 ■* 05 00 h^ ^ lO 1-1 iH i-( 05 M .-H CO -t< iH iH iH in CD iH 1-5 (M 00 rH 1-1 iH iH iH r-t CD T— t M ^01 00 CM CT rt CO CO 05 « -^T-HlO^HiH^H COCO T— i cb iH CI 00 CD 1-1 iH 05 1-1 05 Fh ^ CO 05 O CO 00 1-1 05 CO F£? O 05 1-1 iH O CO 05 iH iH ^ CO 05 CO T-l 1-1 tH iH Ol T-l O tH ^ Ol "^ m 05 rH 1-1 tH 01 05 in ■* CO 1-1 2 < tH C5 CO ■* 1-1 1-1 05 • m M w ■■J -O 'O ^ — 1 l-l rid Jd ;2i S85SS in 1— ( a iH t- O CO 1— 1 CO i-:i 05C0O ^H r-l g w C^ 05 CO 05 s 1-5 -^'^^g^S in 00 in M '^O^SS^l 00 CD M lOC^CDOO 1-1 5 C5 05 in iH lO 1-1 1-1 in O] tH 1-1 Fh ^ I> CD CO oa CO 00 1-1 ■t— ( E^ Tt< CO oi in 1— 1 fi in CO lO CD ^^ iH Ol s a Ol 05 O iH tH 1—1 s pq CO ^ 05 05 T-l in 1> rfH in OS <1 OHX> 05 -^ CD 1—1 1— 1 Id O w p p J3 O CO m "3 Luther's Sentence Arrangement. 61 eg P M . 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