rimmaui AS imuiMumBM m ASIA The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022999530 Cornell University Library CT 103.G65 I Popular biograph' 3 1924 022 999 530 Txam^ POPULAR BIOGRAPHY; BY PETER PARLEY. EMBRACING THE MOST EMINENT CHARACTERS OF EVERY AGE, NATION AND PROFESSION; INCLCDINO PAINTERS, POETS, PHILOSOPHERS, POLITICIANS, HEROES, WARRIORS, &C., &C., ILLUSTRATED WITH 300 FINE FORTBAHS. NEW-YOEK : LEAVITT & ALLETSr, 27 DEY ST?1EET.| G? Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1832, by S. G. Groodnch, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. ADVERTISEMENT. The English work, of which this is substantially a reprint, was prepared with care and accuracy, and brought down to the end of the year 1831. Various alterations and improver ments have been made, and several European, and about three hundred American names have been added in the pres- ent edition. It is now believed to be a correct and conveni- ent manual of biography, and well adapted to the wants of the American Public. DICTIONARY OF BIOGRAPHY. ABA AA, VAN DER, the name of an ancient and distinguished family in the Netherlands. Gerard van der Aa, and his sons Adolphus and Philip, bore a prominent part in the noble resistance to the tyranny of Philip II. and his agents, and contributed greatly to the liberation of the United Provinces from the Spanish yoke. AAGESEN, SvEND, a Danish histori- an, better known by his Latin name of SuENo AooNis, flourished about the year 1186 ind seems to have been secretary to Arcnhishop Absalom, the minister of state, who directed him to write a compendium of the history of Denmark. Aagesen is also the author of a History of the Military Laws of Canute the Great. AARON of Alexandria, a Christian piriest and physician, flourished early in the seventh century. His work, entitled Pandects, in thirty hooks, is a commenta- ry, of no great merit, on ths writings of the Greek physicians. Aaron was the first who wrote on the smallpox^ which disease he considers to be of Egyptian origin. AARSENS, Francis van, a Dutch statesman, the son of the secretary of state to the United Provinces, was bom at the Hague, in 1673, and was early placed un- der the care of Duplessis Mornay. He was at first agent, and subsequently am- bassador, from Holland to the court of France ; but after having resided there for fifteen years, and been in high favour, he e&ye such onence that he was recalled. — On returning to his own country, he took an active and dishonourable part in the proceedings against Bameveldt. The re- mainder of his life was spent in diplomatic missions to Venice, the Italian and Ger- man princes, England, and France. In the latter country he gained the esteem of ttie wily Richelieu, who declared that he had never known more than three great [raliticians, Oxenstiem, Viscardi, and Aar- eens. He died in 1741. ABAUZIT, FiBMiN, a French writer, was bom at Uzes, in 1678, and died at ABB Geneva, in 1767. Though he published very little, he acquired an extensive scien- tific reputation, and was esteemed, for his genius, judgment, and profound learning, by the most eminent men of the age, many of whom consulted him upon diflScult ques- tions. " You," said Newton, " are a fit person to judg^ between Leibnitz and me." Rousseau has given a glowing fianegyric upon him in the Nouveile' He- oise. The modesty of Abauzit •was- not less consmcuous than his erudition. ABBADIE) James, a Protestant theo- logian, was born at Nay, in Beam, in 16S7, accompanied Marshal Schomberg to England, and was with him at the battle of the Boyne. • Till he was promoted to the deanery of Killaloe. he ofiiciated at the Fi'ench church in tne Savoy. As a preacher he was much admired ; but was at length obliged to quit the pulpit by the fiulure of his memory. He died in Mary- lebone, in 1727. Abhadie's principal work is his Treatise on the Truth of the Chris- tian Religion, which has been equally and justly applauded by Protestants and Cath- olics. His compositions, though formed in his mind, were sometimes not committed to paper till the moment when they were sent to the press. ABBOT, George, archbishop, bora in 1562, and educated at Oxford, was th« second son of a clothworker, at Giuildfoi^ 4 ABB in Surrey. He was successively msster of University College, dean of Winchester, vice-chancellor ofOxford, bishop of Litch- field, and of London, and archliishop of Caniertiury. Of Calvinism he was a zealous friend, and displayed great acri- mony against lie followers of Arminius. — James 1. he offended by opposing the Boo* of Sports, and the divorce of the countess ot Essex ; and Charles I. by re- fusing to license a slavish sermon which Sibthorpe had preached to justify one of Charles's unconstitutional proceedings. — For this last honourable act he was sus- pended from his functions, but was soon, though not willingly, restored to them. Laud and Buckingham were his inveterate enemies. — A case of deep sorrow to him, in his latter days, was, his havin" accident- ally, while aiming at a deer, snot one of Lord Zouch's keepers. He died in 1633, and was buried at Guildford. He wrote several theological works, among which are six Latin Lectures on Divinity, and an Exposition of the prophet Jonah. -ABBOT, Robert, the elder brother of the archbishop, was born in 1550, was educated at Oxford, and soon became a very popular preacher, and acquired the reputation of being one of the first polemi- cal divines of the age. James 1. whose chaplain he was, did him the honour to {irint his own Commentary on the Apoca- ypse along with Abbot's Antichristi De- monstratio. After having obtained several valuable preferments, he was raised, in 161S, to be bishop of Salisbury, but he enjoyed his elevation little more than two years. ABBT, Thomas, r German writer, bom in 173S, was a nativi of Ulm, and, at the age of only thirteen, published a disserta- tion of considerable merit, entitled Histo- riae VitsB Magistrae. Abandoning theology, he directed his studies to philosophy and mathematics, and was successively profes- sor of the former at the university of Frank- fort, and of the latter at that of Renteln, in Westphalia. He died at the early age of twenty-eight, universally lamented. Among his numerous works, all hearing the stamj) of genius, his Treatise on Merit is conspicuous; it gained him the friend- ship of the reigning prince of Schaumhurg- Lippe, who made him one of his counsel- lors', buried him in his own chapel, and wrote his epitaph. ABEILLG, Gaspab, a French dramat- ic writer, was bom, in 1648, at Riez, in Provence, and died at Paris in 1718. He wrote several tragedies, comedies, and operas, which have been long consigned to oblivion. His poems have shared the same fate. In private life he was much esteemed. His conversation was animated, sad he had the art of giving piquancy ABB even to the commonest bon-inots. Hu face, which was ugly and wrinkled, had such an extraorduiary flexibility, that, when he was reading a drama or a ^ale, he could vary his features to suit the va- rious characters, as effectually as though he had assumed a mask Tor each person age. ABELARD, or ABAILARD, Peteb, celebrated for his erudition and his unfor- tunate love, was born at Palais, near Nantes, in Britanny, in 1079. Devoted to learning from his infancy, he early acquir- ed all the knowledge and science of the age 'j scholastic philosophy was especially cultivated by him. After havmg studied under William de Champeaux, and other eminent masters, he opened a school of theology and rhetoric, which was soon attended by more than three thousand pu- pils of all nations. While he was thus in the zenith of his popularity, he became enamoured of, and was beloved by, his pupil Heloise, the young, beautiful and accomplished niece of Fiilbert, canon of Paris. Their imprudent intercourse gave birth to a son. 'They were at length pri- vately married ; but the lady, with a sin- gular perversion of judgment, preferred being considered as the mistress of Abel- ard, and denied the marriage to her uncle. Irritated at Abelard, who liad placed his wife in a monastery, Fulbert basely hired ruffians, who broke into the chamber of the husband at night, and emasculated him. The unfortunate victim then hid his sorrows and his shame in a cloister, and Heloise took the veil. His subsequent hie was not more tranquil. His theological doctrines were censured as heterodox ; he was condemned by a council ; was driven from place to place ; and was even impris- oned. The tempestuous existence of Abel- ard was closed in 1142, at the monastery of St. Marcellus, near Ohalous. (See Helot.ce.) ABELL, JoHS, au Enslish musician, celebraied for his vocal powers, and hit performance on the lute. Being a Catho- l.c, he was dismissed from the Chape Bsyal, in 1688, after which he went abroad ABE His talents gained him large rewards, but he squandered his money so rapidly, that he was often compelled to travel on foot, with his lute at his hack. Having refused to sing to the king of Poland, the despotic monarch ordered him to be drawn up in a chair to a considerable height, while seve- ral bears were turned loose into the hall below him, and then gave him his choice of singing or bei3°; let down and devoured. Abell preferred the first; he returned to England, and was at Cambridge towards the end of dneen Anne's reign ; but the time of his death is not known. ABEN-EZRA, Abraham, a rabbin, sur named the Wise, the Great, the Admirable, was born at Toledo, in 1119, and is be- lieved to have died at Rhodes, in 1174 He was at once an able astronomer, phi- losopher, poet, philologist, ^ammariun, and commentator on the Scriptures. He travelled extensively in England, Italy, and Greece. ABERCROMBIE, John, a horticultu- rist, was the son of a person of the same profession, near Edidburgh. At the age of eighteen he came to London, and was employed in one of the royal gardens. He died in 1806, aged eighty. Various works on gardening were published by him ; but the most popnlar is the Gardener's Calen- dar, which was originally given to the world as the . production of Mr. Mawe, who was at that time better known to the public than the real author was. ABERCROMBY, Patkick, a physi- cian, was a native of Forfar, born in 1656, and educated at St. Andrew's. He abjur- ed the Protestant faith, and was appointed physician to James II. The date of his death is not exactly known ; some stating it to be 1716, and others 1726. The Mar- tial Achievements of Scotland, in two vol- umes folio, is his principal work. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph, was bom in 1738, at Tillibodie, in Clack- mannanshire, entered the army when only eighteen, and served with honour during the seven years' war and the American war. In 1787, be attained the rank of ABS 9 major-general. During the disastrous cam- paign of 1794 and 1795, in Flanders and Holland, he distinguished himself by his activity and skill, and was rewarded with the order of the Bath. In 1796, he held the chief command in the West Indies, and reduced Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vin- cent, Trinidad, Demarara, and Essequibu. After his return, he commanded in Ireland and Scotland, and, in (799, bore a con- spicuous part in the expedition to Holland. Had he been at the head of it, that ex- {)edition would most probably have had a ess disgraceful termination. His last service was performed in Egypt, which, in 1801, he was sent to rescue from the French. In spite of a vigorous opposition, he made good nis landing, and also defeat- ed the enemy on the 13tn of March. The British army was again attacked, on the 21st, in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, and an obstinate battle ensued, which end- ed in the total defeat of the French. Un- fortunately, however, the victors bought their success with the loss of their general. In the course of a charge. Sir Ralph was unhorsed, and wounded in two places, bat succeeded in disarming his^adversary, and remained on the field throughout the day. He died, however, a week afterwards, and was interred at Malta. Parliament voted a monument to his memory, which ha^ been erected in St. Paul's, and a pension to his family ; and his widow was created a baroness, with reversion of the title to his male heirs. ABERNETHY, John, a dissenting min- ister, born at Colerainej in Ireland, in 1680, died in 1740. He is the author of some controversial tracts, and of six volumes of sermons, which bear testimony to his tal ents and theological knowledge. ABLANCOURT, Nicholas Pebsot d', a member of the French academy, was born at Chalons sur Marne, in 1606, and died in 1 664. Like our Philemon Holland, d'Ablancourt was an indefatigable transla- tor. He translated several of the classics, among which are Lucian, Xenophon, Arri- an, "Thucydides, Caesar, and Tacitus. ABSALOM, Archbishop, whose real name was Axel, was born in the Danish island of Zealand, in 1128. He rose to be primate of Denmark, Sweden and Nor- way, and was at once minister and general under Waldemar I. and Canute VI. As a statesman, a churchman, and a warrior, he was equally estimable. How boldly he maintained the independence of his country, may be seen in his answer to the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa's ambassa- dor. " Leam, Count Siegfrid," said he, " that Denmark is not Thuringia; tell thjr master that, to dispose of this kingdom, it must be conquered ; and that the conquest can be aoMevrd only by those who wear 6 ABU coats of mail and steel gauntlets ; let him know that the Danes have swords by their sides, with which they maintain their liberty, and prove their right to their con- quests i tell nim, in short, that the king my master cares very little for the emperor of Germany's friendship, and has no fear at all of his anger." This spirited prelate died at the age of seventy-four. ABUBEKER, or ABU-BECR, the fa- ther of Ayesha, the favourite wife of Ma- homet. He was a steady and useful fol- lower of the pseudo-prophet, for the truth of whose revelations and pretended mira- cles he readily vouched. In the year 652, he was chosen to succeed him, but he died after having held the caliphate only two years and three months. ABU-HANIFAH, surnamed al Noo- UAN, the founder of the Hanefites, one of the four orthodox sects of Islamism, was horn at Cufa, in 6S9, and was originally a weaver, but afterwards studied the law. — Being a partisan of the house of Ali, he was thrown into prison, and poisoned, at Bagdad, in 767, by Abdallah II. There is an anecdote, which testifies strongly to his forbearance and forgiving spirit. Hay- ing received a blow from a brutal man, he merely said, " Were I vindictive, I should return violence for violence ; were I an in- former, I should accuse you to the caliph ; .but I like better to pray to God, that he will allow me to enter into heaven with you at the day of judgment." ABUL-FARAI, or ABULPHARAGI- US, Gbegorv, was born in 1226, at Mala- tia, in Armenia. He was of the Christian sect of the JacobiteSj and died bishop of Aleppo, in 1268. His Universal History was translated into Latin, by Dr. Pococke. ABUL-FAZEL, deemed the best and most learned writer of the east, of whom it was said that monarchs dreaded his pen more than they did the sword of his mas- ter, was the secretary and vizier of the Mogul emperor Akbar, and was murdered in 1604, by order of Sultan Selim, son of Akbar, who was jealous of his influence. His loss was deeply lamented by his sove- reign. He wrote a History of the Mogul Emperors, down to the year 1694, and superintended the compiling of the Ayeen Akbery, or Institutes of the Emperor Ak- bar. *■ ABUL-PEDA, IsMABL, prince of the Syrian city of Hajnah, was bom in 1273, and was equally remarkable for his military and literary talentSj and for his love of science. In early hfe, he repeatedly dis- tinguished himself by his valour ; and, after bis accession to his principality, from which he had been excluded for twelve years, he sedulously cultivated literature, and patronized learned men. His death took place in 1331. He wrote many ACC works, of which the chief are, his Abrid^ ed History of the Human Race, and his geography, entitled The True Situation of Countries. ABUL-GHAZI-BEHADER, khan of the Tartars, descended on both sides in a direct line from Genghis Khan, was bom, in.the capital of Kharism, in 1605. After having reigned with honour for twenty years, he resigned the throne to his son, and devoted his hours of retirement to writing a Genealogical History of the Tar- tars. He died in 1663. ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, on the Tigris, immortalized himself by an act of Christian charity, which he performed during the war between Theodosius the Younger and Varanes, king of Persia. About the year 420, he sold, the church plate of his diocess, to ransom and set d back to their country seven thousand Per- sian slaves. Yaranes was so much afiected by this generosity, that he requested an in- terview with the bishop, and subsequently concluded a peace. ACCIAJUOLI, DoNATDs, sprung from an ancient Florentine family, and was bom at Florence in 1428. The most eminent masters were employed to form his mind, and he soon became an accomr''>hed man, and one of the first hellenists of the age, and was admitted to the literair conversa- tions which were held under the auspices of Lorenzo di Medici. He filled several offices in the state, and, in 1473, was made gonfalonier of the repiiblic. He died, in 1478, at MilaUj while on an embassy, and his body was transported to Florence, and buried at the public charge. So disinter- ested was Acciajuoli, that he left his five children without fortune; but his grateful country portioned his two daughters, and provided foi- his sons. His principal works are his Commentaries on the Ethics, and on the Politics, of -4ristotle. ACCIUS, or ATTIUS, Lucirs, a Ro- man tragic poet, was bom in the year of Rome 584. He was the author of several tragedies, the subjects of which, with a single exception, were borrowed from the Greek theatre. His style was ir polished ; yet so highly was he estecied ' jat a citi- zen was severely repriman^»-'«, and it bears the nathe of The Grsat GloaS. Thia ACH immense collection, whic}i contains the decisions of preceding jurists, with his comments, occupies six folio volumes, and has been as much undervalued by some persons as overpraised by others. He died at Bologna, in 1229. His daughter was celebrated for her erudition, ana lectured, in the university of Bologna, on the Roman law. ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS, Mari- AKGBLirs, an eminent critic, who flourish- ed in the early part of the sixteenth century, was bom at Aquila, in the Neapolitan territory. Charles V. held him in much esteem. He lived thirty-three years at the court of that monarch, who employed him 03 various missions in Germany, Poland, and other northern countries. Collecting of old MSS. was his predominant passion, but he was also a man of wit and (jf elegant accomplishments. Ammianus Marcellinus, and several classic authors, are indebted to him for numerous and valuable correc- tions. Having been wrongfully accused of plagiarism, he indignantly asserted his innocence, by a singular kind of oath, which is to be found in his fable, entitled Testudo. ACHARD, Francis Charles, an eminent chemist, a native of Prussia, was born in 1754, and died in 1821. To his experiments and exertions the manufacture of sugw from the beet root is greatly in- debtedTor the perfection which it has ac- quired. ACHENWALL, Godfrey, a celeBrat- ed publicist, was born in 1719, at Elbing, in Prussia. In 1746 he taught history, statisties, and the law of nations, at Mar- burgj whence, in 1748, he removed to Gottmgen, where he became a professor, and his lectures were in high repute. He died in 1 770. Achenwall was the creator of the science of statistics. Among his chief works are The Elements of Natural Law, and the Constitutions of the European Kingdoms and States. AtlHERY, DoM John Luke d', a French benedictine and anticjuary, was a native of St. duentin, bom in 1609, and early embraced a monastic life. Indefati- gable in his studies, he lived perfectly re- tired,-seldom indulging in visits, or even in conversation. His works are numerous and voluminous, and display great erudi- tion. The best known oi them is his Spici- legium, in thirteen quartos, which contains an immense number of valuable and curious pieces relative to the middle age. He died m 1 635, at the abbey of St. Germain de Pros. ACHILLES TATItTS, a native of Alexandria, lived, about the end of the second century. He was converted to Christianity, and became a bishop. He is tlie author of a History of Great Men, AOU » Treatises on the Sphere and on Tactics, and a romance, entitled The Loves oi Clitophon and Leucippe. ACID.tLIUS, Valens, a German crit- ic, was born at Wiltstock, in 1567, and died in 1595. He studied medicine in Italy, but never practised. He wrote com- ments on Quintius Curtius, Paterculus, Plautus, Tacitus, and other classic authors. A short time before his death, he was ex- posed to much odium, as the supposed author of a satirical tract, denying women to be rational beings ; which tract, howe- ver, he appears only to have transcribed, and recommended to his printer as a witty production. ACKERMANN, Conrad, a celebrated actor, whom the Germans consider as the creator of their stage, was bora in the be- ginning of the eighteenth century. In 1765, he undertook the management of the Hamburgh theatre ; a circumstance which formed an epoch in the dramatic history of Germany. Lessing aided him with all the weight of his powerful talents. Ackermann excelled in comic parts. His wife also was an admirable jactress. He diea at Ham- burgh, in 17711 ACOSTA, Uriel, a Portuguese gentle- man, born at Oporto, towards the end of the sixteenth century, of a family origi- nally Jewish, was a iz"an of learmng and talent ; but his life was i-endered a burthen, by the endless persecutions which the fickle- ness of his rehgious opinions brought upon him. Born a Christian, he apostatized to Judaism, knd ended by being a deist and a materialist. He shot himself in 1647. — In his Exemplar Vitse Humanse, he gives an account of some of the miseries which he had suffered. ACROPOLITA, Gkobge, a Byzantine statesman and historian, was born at Con- stantinople, in 1220, filled, with "real rep- utation, some of the highest o&ces of the Greek empire, and died about the year 1232. Gregonus Cyprius, the patriarch, says of him that " hewas equal to Aris- totle in philosophy, and to Plato in divine thmgs and attic eloquence." This praise is, undoubtedly, exa^erated, but it proves that Acropolita was no ordinaiy character. A Chronicle of the Byzantine Efmpire, from 1204 to 1260, is his chief work. ACUNA, Don Antonio Osorio d', a Spaniard, of a noble family, was bishop of Zamora, under the reigns of Ferdinand the Catholic and Charles V. When, in de- fence of their liberties, the Spamsh com- mons formed the union which was, not un- worthily, denominated " the holy leag:ue," he became one of its most distinguished leaders. Though in his sixtieth year, he fought at the head of five thousand men with all the ardour of yonth. After th* fatal defeat of the army of the commoDi B ADA at Villalar, in 1621, Acuna was taken prisoner, and beheaded in the castle of Si- mancas. ACUNA, Ferdinand d', a native of Madrid, was born in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and died in 1680, having acquired reputation in arms and in poetry. His poems gained him the approbation of his contemporaries, and especially of the celebrated Garcilaso de la Vega, who was his friend. ADALBERT, St. bishop of PrEsue,.is considered as the apostle of Bohemia, Hungary, and Prussia.- He was martyred by the infidels m 997, and Boleslaus, prince of Poland, ransomed his body with an equal weight of gold. The Poles venerate him as the author of the warlike hymn Boga Kodzica, which they were accustomed to sing before a battle. ADALBERT, or. ADELBERT, created archbishop of Bremen and Hamburgh, in 1043, was one of those churchmen of a i'vk age who employed great talents in promoting the interests of their own order, at the expense of both monarcbs and peo- ple. Ambitious, subtle, magnificent, and eloquent, he spent his wholeufe in endeav- ouring to aggrandize his see, which he as- pired to raise to the rank of a patriarchate. Yetj on one occasion, he refused the tiara. While acting as regent, during the minority of Henry IV. of Germany; he excited uni- versal hatred by his despotic conduct. To- wards the close of his career, he lost two thirds of his domains ; and he at length died, in 1072, when he was beginning to recover his ascendancy. ADAM DE LA HALE, supposed to be one of the earliest of the French dramatists, . lived in the thirteenth century. Some of his pieces are extant. He ied a dissipated life, and ended his days in a convent. ADAM, Alexandeb, a schoolmaster and compiler, was born at Rufibrd^ in the shire of Moray, in 1741, and died m 1S09. He obtained the degree of LL.D.-and was for many years head master of the high school at Edinburgh. He compiled Ro- man Antiquities, a Latin Lexicon, and other school books. ADAM, RoBEET, an architect, was born, in 1728, at Kirkaldy, in Fife, was educat- ed at Edinburgh university, learnt the principles of architecture from his, father, and studied the art in Italy. After his re- turn, he published, in a ^lendid folio, with engravings, an Account of Diocletian's Pal- ace at Spalatro, was appointed architect to his majesty, chosen a member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and subsequent- ly elected M. P. for the shire of Kinross. Many of the most eminent men of the age were his friends. In conjunction with his brother ..cimes, he erected numerous map- lions, and public buildings, among which ADA is the Adelphi. He died in 1792, and hii brother iii 1794. ADAMS, John, a distinguished patriot of the American revolution, was born, in 1735, at Braintree, Massachusetts. He was educated at the university of Cam- bridge, and received the degree of master of arts in 1758. At this time he entered the office of Jeremiah Gridley, a lawyer of the highest eminence, to complete his legal studies ; and in the next year he was admit- ted to the bar of Suffolk. Mr.vAdams at an early age espoused the cause of his country, and received numerous marks of tlie pubhc confidence and respect. He took a prom- inent part in every leading measure, and served on several committees which reports ed some of the inOst important Stale papers of the time. He was elected a member of the Congress, and was among the foremost in recommending the adoption of an inde- pendent government. It Las been affirmed by Mr. Jefierson himself, " that the great pillar of support to the declaration of in- dependence, and its ablest advocate and champion on the floor of the house, was John Adams." In 1777, he was chosen commissioner to the court of Versailles, in the place of Mr. Dean, who was recalled. On his return, about a year afterwards, he was elected a, member of the convention to prepam a form of government for the State of Massachusetts, and placed on the sub-committee chosen to draught the pro- ject of a constitution. Three months aftM his return. Congress sent him abroad with two commissionSj one as minister plenipo- tentiary to negotiate a peace, the other to form a commercial treaty with Great Brit- ain. In June 1780, he was appointed in the place of Mr. Laurens ambassador to Holland, and in 1782 he repaired to Paris, to commence the negotiation for peace, having previously obtained assurance that Great Britain would recognize the inde-> pendence of the United States. At the close of the war Mr. A. was appointed the first minister to London. In 1789 he was elected vice-president of the United States, and on the resignation of Washington, suc- ceeded to the presidency in 1797. After his term of four years had expired, it was fouiid, on the new election, that his adver- sary, Mr. JeiFerson, had succeeded by the majority of one vote. On retiring to his farm in Quincy, Mr. A. occupied himself with.agricullure, obtaining amusement from the literature and politics of the day. The remaining years of his life were passed in almost uninterrupted tranquillity. He died on the fourth of July 1826, with the same words on his lips, which fifty years be- fore, on that glorious day, he had uttered on the floor of Congress — " Independencs forever." Mr. Adams is the author ol An Essay on Canon and Feudal Lav ADA B series of letters published under the sig- nature of Novanglus; and Discourses on Davila. ADAMS, Samoel, one of the most re- markable men connected with the Ameri- can revolution, was born at Boston in 1722. He was educated at Harvard College, and received its honours in 1740. He was one of the first who organized measures of re- sistan:e to the mother country ; and for the prominent part which he took in these measures he was proscribed by the British government. Durmg the revolutionary war, he was one of the most active and influen- tial asserters of American freedom and in- defiendence. He was a member of the legislature of Massachusetts from 1766 to 1774, when he was sent to the first Con- gress of the old Confederation. He was one of the signers of the declaration of 1776, for the adoption of wiiich he had al- ways been one of the warmest advocates. In 1781 he retired from Congress, but only to receive fr"^ his native state additional proofs of her confidence in his talents and mtegrity. He had already been an active member of the convention that formed her constitution ; and after it wei^t into efiect, he was placed in the senate of the state, and for several years presided over that body. In 1789 ha was elected lieut. gov- ernor, and held thatofiice till 1794; upon the death of Hancock, he was chosen gov- ernor, and was annually re-elected till 1797, when he retired from public life. He died in 1803. The following encomium lipon Mr. Adams is from a work upon the Amer- ican Rebellion, by Mr. Galloway, publish- ed in Great Britain 1780 : " He eats little, drinks little, sleeps little, thinks much, and is most indefatigable in the pursuit of his object. It was this man, who by his supe- rior application, managed at once the fac- tions m Congress at Philadelphia, and the factions of New-England." ADAMS, Hannah, a native of New- England, whose literary labours have made Aer name known in Europe, as well as in her native land. Among her works are the View of Religions, History of the Jews, Evidences of the Christian Religion, and a History of New-England. She was a woman of high excellence and purity of character. She died in 1831, at the age of 76. ADANSON, Michael, a celebrated botanist, was bom, in 1727, at Aix, in Provence. His whole life was devoted to the improvement of botanical science. He sacrificed his patrimonial property, for the purpose of exploring Sene^l, where he remained five years, and made a multitude of observations in all the departments of natural history. In 177S, he presented to the Academy of Sciences 130 MS. volumes, and 75,000 figures of plants, intended to u ADD « form the basis of an immense work which he had planned. The revolution reduced him to penury, and in his latter days he was partly indebted for subsistence to the devoted attachment of a female domestic and her husband. Napoleon, however, heard of his situation, and snatched him from want. Adanson was small in staturej and at first sight his countenance was not pleasing. He was, in the highest degree, disinterested ; but, towards the close of his life, his temper was somewhat soured by misfortune and age. He died in 1806. His chief published works are his Voyage to Senegal, and his Families of Plants. ADDISON, Lancelot, a native of Westmoreland, born in 1632, was educated at Oxford, where he distinguished himself by his ability and appbcation. During the period of the CommonweaI;h, he lived retired in the neighbourhood of Petwortii, but was active in disseminating church ana king principles. After the restoration, he was chaplain at Dunkirk, and at Tangier, and subsequently obtained the living of Milston, in Wilts, and was made a prebend, a dean, and an archdeacon. He died in 1703. His literary talents were consider- able, and he published several works, most- ly theological. ADDISON, JosRPK, one of the orna- ments of English literature, was the son of dean Addison, and was born at Milston in 1672. At his birth, it is said that he was supposed to be dead bom, and was accordingly laid out. The Charter House, at which he became acquainted with Steele, and the Colleges of Queen's and Magdalen at Oxford, have the honour of his education. The first written proofs which he gave of his talents were Latin poems, of very superior elegance. Some English poems, a translation of the fourth Georgic, and a Discourse on the Georgics, sustained his reputation, and his praise of King William gained him the patronage of Lord Somers. In 1699, Somers obtained for him an annual j)ension of £.300 to enable him to travel m Italy. In that country he remained nearly tluee years, when, his 10 ADD pension being lost by the death of King William, necessity drove him home. Duf- mg his absence, he collected materials for a narrative of his tour, and wrote his Let- ter to Lord Halifax, bis Dialogues on Medals, and four acts of Cato. On bis return, he published his Travels. It was not, however, till 1704 that fortune began to smile upon him. At the suggestion of Halifax, he was then employed to cele- brate in verse the splendid victory of Blenheim ; and, as soon as he bad shown his patrons the simile of the angel, he was rewarded with the place of Commissioner of Appeals. In 1705, he attended Lord Halifax to Hanover; m 1706, he was ap- pointed under secretary of state ; and m 1709, he went over to Ireland as secretary to the lord lieutenant, the Marquis of Wharton, and also received the almost sinecure office of keeper of the records at Dublin, with a salary of £.300 a year. During this period, he vrrote the opera of Rosamond, and contributed a -prologue and some scenes to Steele's Tender Hus- band. The Tatler was begun by Steele while Addison was in Ireland, and with- out the knowledge of the latter, who, how- ever, soon detected his friend, and came forward to his aid. In 1711, in conjunction with Steele, he began the Spectator, which alone would immortalize his name. As an essayist, he subsequently contribut- ed to the Guardian, the Lover, the Whig Examiner, the Freeholder, and the Old Whig. In 1713, his Cato, to which Pope gave a prologue, was brought upon the stage, and the state of parties at that time, at {east as much as its intrinsic merit, en- sured its complete success. It did not, however, escape from the critics, among whom Dennis was conspicuous for his acuteness and bitterness. This tragedy, the comedy of the Drummer, and the opera of Rosamond, constitute the whole of Ad- dison's dramatic efforts. He projected a tragedy on the death of Socrates, but went no further. In 1716, after a long courtship, he married the countess dowager of Warwick j a union which was produc- tive of nothing but one daughter and infeli- city. The lady was a woman vain of her rank, who had the folly to think that she had honoured a commoner of genius by giving him her band ; and the result was such as was naturally to be expected. Though Hymen frowned on him, his ambi- tion was gratified in the following year by the post of secretary of state. But the toil, nis own inaptitude for business, and Ms sufferings from asthma, soon compelled him to resign it, and he received a yearly Eension of £.1600. After his retirement, e Coiipleted his Treatise on the Christ- ion Religion, and was engaged in a politi- cal contest "mth his old friend Steele whom ADR he treated with a contemptuous asperitj that cannot easily be defended. He died at Holland House, on the 17th of June, 1719. In his last moments, he sent foi Lord Warwick, whom he was anxious tc reclaim from irregular habits and errone- ous opinions, and, pressing his hand, faint- ly said, " I have sent for you that you may see in what peace a Christian can die." As a man, Addison was of blame less morals; as a statesman, he was ill calculated for office, for he had not the nerve, promptitude of action, and readi- ness ofresource, which are more necessary in such a character than even the loftier intellectual powers; as a poet and drama- tist, he cannot aspire to more than a place in the second class, and, perhaps, not a high place in that class ; but as an essay- ist, he stands unrivalled for ethic instruc- tiveuess, skill in delineating life and man- ners, exquisite humour, fine imagination, and a dulcet, graceful, idiomatic flow ol language, which amply justifies the eulogi- um of Johnson, that " whoever wishes to attain an Enghsh style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant put not ostentatious must give his days and nights to the vol- umes of Addison." ADELARD, or ATHELARD, an Eng. lish Benedictine monk, who lived under the reign of Henry I. Already possessed of superior knowledge to most of bis con. temporaries, he resolved to increase it by travelling, and accordingly visiied not on- ly various parts of Europe, hut also Egypt and Arabia. From the Arabic, he tians- lated into Latin, with other works, the Elements of Euclid, before any Greek copy had been discovered. Some of his MSS. on mathematics emd medical sub- jects are still preserved at Oxford. ADELUNG, John Chbistofheb, an eminent German lexicographer and litera- ry character, was bom, in 1734, at Span- tekow in Pomerania,, became professor at the Eriiirt gymnasium, removed thence to Leipsic, and was subsequently appointed librarian to the elector, at Dresden, where he died in 1806. He was never marritd; it was said of him, that his writing desk was his wife, and the seventy volumes which he wrote were his children. Ade- lung was an agreeable companion, and loved good cheer ; he was' so fond of pro- curing a variety of foreign wiqes^ that his cellar, which he used to call his Bibliothe- ca selectissima, contained forty kinds. In this country he is best known by his Gram- matical and Critical Dictionary of the German Language, in five vols. 4to. As an original writer, however, he is of no -mean class. ADRIAN, PuBLiDS JElivs, the fii- teenth Roman emperor, was of a Spanish family, and, according to some historian! MSC was a natWe of Spain, through others affirm Rome to have been his birthplace. He was born a. d. 76, and served early in Spain and Moesia. Having married the Diecp of the empress Plolina, he rose rap- idly by the aid of her influence and his own merit, and filled the offices of questor, consulj tribune of the people, and pretor. For his conduct in the Dacian war, Tra- jan gave him the diamond which he him- self had received from Nerva, as the sign of adoption. On the death of Trajan, in the year 117, Adrian succeeded to the em- pire. During his long reign of twenty-one years, he visited almost every part of his dominions. While in Britain, he built the famous wall between the Solway and the Tyne, to prevent the incursions of the Caledonians. The Jews having revolted, he defeated and almost exterminated them. Adrian had a robust constitution, went bareheaded, and usually made long march- es on foot ; he had an extraordinary me- mory, was condescending, enacted .many good laws, and loved poetry and the arts and sciences. On the other hand he was suspicious, not unfrequently cruel, and dis- graced himself by his unnatural passion for AntinoCls. He died at Baiie, in his sixty-second year; having, for some time previously, been so tormented by disease, as to entreat his friends to terminate his existence. A few days before his death he composed the Latin lines to his soul, which have been often translated into vari- ous languages. jELlAN, Claudius, a There, in his sixty-ninth year, he was killed by an ea°le letting fall a tor- toise on his bald heacl, which the bird mis- took for a stone. Unfortunately, of ninety tragedies which he wrote, only seven have reached us. Sublimity is the characteris- tic of .£schylus. .*;SOP, the prince of fabulists, and of whom so many fables have been written, was a native of Phrygia. who flonrished about 600 years before Christ. The ac- count which is given of his repulsive de- formity seems to be entitled to no credi It appears that he was a slave at Athens, procured his freedom by his virtue and talents, and was patronised by Crcesus, who sent him on a mission to Delphi, the inhabitants of which city, in revenge for his having censured and ridiculed them, brought against him a calumnious charge of sacrilege, and precipitated him from a rock. .ffiSOP, Clodius, a Roman actor, the contemporary and rival of Roscius, was, like him, tjie friend of Cicero, to whom he gave lessons in oratorical action. He was luxurious and extravagant, yet he died worth a hundred and sixty thousand pounds. At one of his feasts there was served up a 3ie made of singing birds, which cost near- y nine hundred pounds. He left a son, who surpassed him in proiiiseness. AETIUS, a physician, who lived to- 12 AGA wards the end of the fifth, or beginning, of the sixth century,, was a native of Amida in Mesopotamia. He is the author of a work in (ireek, entitled 't'etraliihlos. which is a sort of compendium of ail the medical knowledge of that period. Aetius excelled m treating disorders of the eyes. He has sometimes been confounded with Aetius, a heretic of the fourth century, who original- ly practised medicine. AETIUS, a Roman general, was a na- tive of Moesia, but of Scythian descent. He learned (heart of war under Alaric, to whom he had been given as a hostage. When the usurper* John attempted to seize the throne, Aetius raised for him an army of Huns, hut he subsequently submitted to Valentinian, who took him into favour, and conferred «n him the title of count. A ri- va'lship for power ensued between him and Count Boniface, which terminated in the death of the latter, who was slain in bat- tle. The character of Aetius was stained, in this struggle, by the unworthy means to »*.ich he had recourse. He soon, howev- er, covered himself with glory by his con- duct in Gaul. After having thrice van- quished the Burgundians and Franks, he marched against the terrible Attila, who lad invaded Gaul with innumerable hordes of Huns. A decisive battle was foughtg in 451, on the plains of Chalons, in which Attila was entirely defeated; more than three hundred thousand men fell on both sides. The fame which the victor thus' acquired excited the jealousy and fears of the dastardly Valenti;iian, who, in 454, in- vited him to the imperial palace, and sud- denly assassinated him with his own hand. AFRANIUS, Lncms, a Latin comic poet, lived about a century a. c. Cicero and duintillian mention him with praise ; Horace speaks of him as an imitator of Menander. He did not, however, confine himself to subjects borrowed from the Greek theatre, but described the manners and satirized the follies of his country. Obscenity was the fault of his writings, all of w hich are now lost. AGASIAS, an Ephesian sculptor, of whom nothing is known but that we are indebted to Ms chisel for the fine statue which bears, though no doubt erroneously, the name of the dying gladiator. He has been said to be the disciple, or the son, of Dasithcus. AGATHIAS, an historian and poet of the sixth century, was a native of Myrine in Asia, and practised as , a barrister at Constantinople. He wrote,' in five books, a continuation of Procopius's history, and collecled the works of the Greek epigram- matists who lived posterior to the reign of Augustus. Many of his own epigrams art- preserved in the third volume of Brunk's Analects. AGN AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Sicily, was the son of a potter. From the rank of a private soldier he raised himself not only to that of general, but also to be master of Syracuse and of the whole of Sicily. Being deleated in Sicily, and his capital besieged by the Carthaginians, he conceived the darin" project of attacking Canhi^e itcelf ; and this scheme he carried into enect with such spirit and military genius, that he brought Cartha°;e to tl.e brink of ruin. After his return nome, he underwent many vicissitudes, and was at length poisoned, in his seventy-second year, b. c. 269, by his son Arcagathus. He was a sanguinary and faithless being, but of trsmscendeut talents and popular manners. AGELADAS, or AGELAS, a celebrat- ed Grecian sculptor, a native of Argos, flourished in the fifth century b. c. An iniant Jupiter and a beardless Hercules were among the most admired ol'his works. Myron and Polycletes were his pupils. He is said to be the first who correctly imitat- ed the veins, muscles, and hair. AGE^ANDER, a Rhodian sculptor flourished in the fifth century b. c. ; and, in conjunction with his son Athenodorus and Polydorus, produced that admirable group oi^Laocoon and his Children, which IS a masterpiece of art. AGESILAUS II., king of Sparta, the son of Archidemus, was lame, deformed, and of diminutive stature, but he noMy redeemed these defects by the qualities of his head and heart. He defeated the Per- sians, the Athenians, and the Bsotians, and obtained victories in Egypt. He died, b c. 361, at Menelas, on tne African coast, at the age of eighty-four, having reigned forty-four years. AGIS I v., the greatest of the Spartan kings, was the son of Eudadimas II., and ascended the throne b. c. 243. Though brought up in the lapof ease, herelinquisn- ed all pleasures, and endeavoured to restore the laws of Lycurgus, in order to reinvigo- rate the declining republic. He was re- warded with death by his degenerate and ungrateful countrymen. His fate has been the subject of tragedies, by several authors. AGLIONBY, John, a divine, a native of Cumberland, was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and was afterwaids chap- lain to Q.ueen Elizabeth, and principal of Edmund Hall. He died in 1610, aged forty-three, at Islip, of which place he was rector. He was one of the translators of the New Testament. AGNESI, Mabia Gaetana, a native of Milan, bom in 1718, gave early indica- tions of extraordinary abilities, devoted herself to the abstract sciences, and at the age of nineteen supported a hundred and ninety-one theses, which were afterwards ' published. In mathematics she attained AGR iuch consummate skill, that the pope allowed her to succeed her father, as professor at BoJogna. Her knowledge of ancient and modern Uiiguages was also extensive. She died, in 1799, at Milan, where, several years before, she had taken the veil. Her great work is intitled Analytical Institu- tions, and has been translated by professor Colson. AGNOLO, Baccio d', a Florentine sculptor and architect, born in 1460, and died in 1543, was originally a sort of or- amental carver in wood; he became a culptor in the same material, and, lastly, an eminent architect, and embellished Flo- rence with many splendid edifices. AGORACRITES, a Greek sculptor, born at Paros in the fifth century B. c, was the favourite pupil of Phidias, and was worthy of that distinction. * One uf his mast celebrated works was a statue of Venus. AGRICOLA, Cneios Julius, a Ro- man general, was born A. D. 40, at Frejus, in Gaul. He served early in Britain, un- der Suetonius Paulinus, and filled several high otiices under tlie reign of Nero. Ves- imsian, whose cause he had espoused, sent him into Britain to reduce the twentieth legion to obedience, and on Agiicula's re- turn he was made a patrician, and governor of Aquita'iia. In the year 77 he became consul with Domitian, and in the following year he was appointed to command in Brit- ain. There he conciliated the natives, ex- tended his conquests, built a line of f irts from tlie Clyde to the Forth, and defeated Galgacus, the champion of Caledonian in- dependence. Jeatjus uf his successes, Do- Diitlan recalled him, defrauded him of the triumph which was his due, and is said at last to have put an end to the hero by poi- Bun, A. D. 93. Tacitus, the son-in-law uf Agrippa, wrote a life of him which is wur- tliy of its subject. AGRICOLA, Georgf a physician, and the most eminent metallurgi-st of his aee, was born in 1494 at Glauchen, in Af isnia. Several works on mineralogy. and metallurgy proceeded from his pen, but the chief of them is in twelve bjoks, and is in- tilled De re metallica. He was the first mineralogist who appeared after the revi- val of tcience. He died at Chemnitz in 1555, and as he had been hostile to the Lutherans, they revenged themselves by refusing him a grave among them; so that he was bijri3d at Ziest. AGRICOLA, Jt>HN, a German divine, whose real name was Schnitter, was burn It Eisleben, in 1490 or 1492, and was a disciple of Lutlier, and a popular minister. The sect of the Antinomians was founded by him; bnt it appears to be a calumny oat he taught tlie inutility of good works. His opinions gave extieme oiTence to Lu- AGXJ IS ther and other reformers. Agricola wai one of the divines whom Charles V. em- ployed in composing the Interim. Besides his controversial and tlieological works, he left a Collection of seven hundred and fifty German proverbs, with a commentary. He died at Berlin in 1566. AGRICOLA, RoDOLPH, whose real name was Huessman, was born, in 1443, near Groningen, studied under Thomas a Kempis, travelled into Italy, and aequireiJ such a mastery of languages, literature, and the elegant arts, as was very uncnnftion in tliat age. He returned in 1477, became professor at Heidelberg,' and contributed greatly to spread classical taste and knowl- edge throughout Germany. He died in 1^5. AGRIPPA, Menr.vius, named consul in the year of Rome 251, is celeiiated for having defeated tlie Sabines, and still more fur having, by means uf the ingenious apol- ogue of the belly and the members, appeas- ed the anger of the Plabeians, who, indig- nant at tlie tyranny uf the Patricians, had withdrawn to the Mons Sacer. AGRIPPA, Marcus ViPSANius,aRo- man general, the fi iend of Augustus, was born in the year of Rome 690. He f ught, with great valour, at Actium and Fhilippi, and obtained several victories in Gaul and Germany, for which he refused the honours of a triumph. Rome was embellished by him with magnificent edifices, one of which, the Pantheon, is still an object of admira- tion. He married first the niece, and af- terwards the daughter, of Augustus; and died, universally lamented, in Uie fifly-first year of his age. AGRIPPA, Hknry Cornelius, a man of extraordinary abilities, born at Colrig^e, in 1486, was, by turns, a soldier, pliiljsopher, physician, chemist, lawyet , and writer, and in all these discordant char- acters displayed eminent talent. So su- peritjr in knowledge was he to his contem- poraries, that he was believed to be a ma- gician, and to be'accompaniertunate slutesman, was the -sun of a gardener, a«d was born, in 3664, at Fii-enzuola, a vill;ige in the Parmesan. He had risen in the church to the dignity of canon, when he became known to the diilte of Vend me, tlie French general, who WHS struck with his manners and conver- sation, made him his secretary, and took him to the army in Spain, where he em- l^lnyed him in various secret missions for the service of Philip V. The duke of Parma afterwards appointed him his polit- ical agent at Madrid. While 611ing that post, he acquired the confidence of Philip, and succeeded in bringing about a marriage between that monarch and the princess of Parma. His subsequent rise was rapid. He was made archbishop of Valencia, car- dinal, and prime minister. Ambitious of restoring Spain to her pristine glory, he introduced many domestic reforms , in- creased qnd re-inspirjted the naval and military fore*, planned confederacies with other powers, wrested Sardinia from the emperor, invaded Sicilv, and projected the dethroning of George L, and tlie expul- sion of the duke of Orleans from the French regency. The union of England and France, and the invasion of Spain by the latter in 1720, compelled Ills sovereign to dismiss him, as the price of peace. Al- beroni retired to Italy, where he was per- secuted for three years, and even imprison- ed; but he at lengtli recovered his liberty and his clerical dignities, and was more than once neat being elevated to the papal throne. He died in 1752. Shallow p^- sons have laughed at the projects of Alber- oni ; but those projects'cbuld have been conceived only by a man of genius, would have raised Spam in theeyesof tlie world, and were frustrated by circumstances which coula neither be ibreseen nor controlled. ALBERTX, or de ALBERTIS, Leo, ' B A PTiST, an eminent writer, painter, sculp- tor, and architect, denominated the Floren- tine Vitruvius, sprung from one of the oldest families of Florence, was born in that city, in 139S or 1400, took orders, and becamp a canon and abbot. At the age of twenty he wrote a Latin comedy, which was at first believed to be the work of Lepidus, an ancient dramatist. But, though his abil- ities as a writer, painter, and sculptor, were great, he is principally indebted for his fiim^; to his architectural talents, of which muny striking proofs remnin at FIo- renre, Rome, Mantua, and Rimini. He died in 14S0. Alberti was an indefatiga- ble student, amiable, generous, and entirely free from envious feelings. ALBERTI, Aristotle, a Bolognian architect and engineer, of the fifteenth cen- ALB tury, who is said to have removed eutire the tower of St. Mary, with all its bells, to a distance of thirty paces, and set upright another which leaned five feet. For his services in Hungary he was knighted, and had the extraordinary privilege of coining money in his own name. ALKERTINELLI, Mariotto, a cele- brated Florentine painter, died in 1520, at the age of forty-five. He was a fellow pu- pil, and in close friendship, with Baccio della' Porta, and so identical was their style, that Baccio having left unfinished his picture of the Last Judgment, his friend completed it in such a manner that it seemed to be entirely by one hand. Al- bertinelli was of a changeful disposition, and was too much addicted to pleasure. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, whose epithet of great was given him for his extraordi- nary acquirements, was of a noble family, was born at Lauingen, in Swabia, either in 1193 or 1205, and studied at Pavia. After entering the Dominicans, he lectured on the philosophy of Aristotle with unpre- cedented success, was made, in 1254, pro- vincial of his order in Germany, and set* tied at Cologne, where he died in^ 1280. Albertus constructed an autom^on, said to be capable of moving and speaKing, which was destroyed by his disciple Thomas Aquinas, who imagined it to be a work of the devil; and he performed many curious experiments, which in that agr of dark- ness were attributed to magic. Hi'n phi- losophical and other compositions have been collected in 21 folio volumes ; many of the pieces in this enormous mass are, however, erroneously ascribed to him. ALBINOVANUS, C. Pedo, a Latin poet, a friend of Ovid, by whom, and by Martial and Seneca, he is highly praised. He composed elegies, epigrams, and other poems ; but nearly the whole of his works are lost. Of the iwo elegies that remain^ there is a tame English translation. ALBINUS, Bernard, a German phy- sician, whose real name was Weiss, was born at Dessau, in 1653, and, after study- ing at Leyden, where he took his degree, and travelling through France and Flan- ders, was made professor at Frankfort on the Oder, and afterwards physician to the elector of Brandenburg, who heaped wealth and honours on him. In 1 702 he became professor at Leyden, where he died in 1721. His medical works are numerous, and were much esteemed. Albinus had the merit of resigning a rich sinecure canonship, be- cause it so inoreascd his fortune, that he feared dissatisfaction and envy might be excited among the members of his profes- sion. ALBINUS, Bernard Siofried, a son of the preceding, was bom at Frank- fort on tlw. O^nr ;- !«»•» — J J!-J - ALB L^den, In 1750. Educated under men of great anatomical knowledge, he became one of the most eminent anatomists of the age; and when only twenty-tvvo, he wa^ appointed prof.^^sor at Lnyden. Am^ng his excelbnt works may be distinguislied his History of the Bones, and his History of the Muscles. Hisbrother, Christian Rebitard, was also eminent in the same science. ALBIZZT, Bartholomew, known rtlso as Bartholomew of Pisa, was a Fran- *.scan monk, born in the fourteeuth centu- ry, and is indebted for a somewhat sinister celebrity to his absurd volume on The Con- formities of St. Francis with Jesus Christ, in which he places the actions of his fa- vourite saint on an equality with those of the Saviour, As a testimony of their ap- probation, the order made him a present of the dfesB worn by St. Francis when alive. Albizzi died in 1401. His volume is rarely to be found unmutilated. . ALBUQUERCIUE, Alphonso d% de- nominates the Great, and the Portuguese Mars, was born at Lisbon, in 1452, of a family which drew its origin from the kings of Portugal. Having previously, by his valijur, twice acquired honour on the Mo- zambique coast, and in India, he was, in 150S, appointed viceroy of the settlements in the latter country. With a very inade- quate foice he reduced Goa, Malacca, Or- muz, and various other places, and raised the Portuguese oriental empire to a height of power which it had never attained be- fore. In spite, however, of hi^ splendid services, he was doomed to experience the proverbial ingratitude of monarchs. Lopez Soarez, his personal enemy, was appointed to replace him, and this disgrace, which he keenly felt, seems to have aggravated a dis- order under which he was labouring, and thus to have hastened his death, ^e died at Goa in 1515, and ''his last sighs re- proached the faith of kings." Emanuel, when too late, bitterly regretted the loss of such a servant, and, as a proof of his re- pentance, lavished favours on Blaise, the son of Alphonso, and made him assume his father's christian name. Blaise published Memoirs of his ilhistrious parent. ALBUQUERQUE, Matthias d', a Portuguese general, wa? sent to Brazil in 1628, and successfully defended the prov- ince of Pernambuco against the Dutch, but was recalled in 1635. He embraced the party of Braganzu, was made commander of the army in 1643, obtained various ad- vantages, aid, the next year, gained the decisive victory of Campo Mayor, fjr which he was created count of Alegrete, and a grandee of Portugal. Being tliwarted by his officers in the ensuing campaign, he repaired to court to make complainu» was ALC 17 coldly received, and died soon after of vexation. ALBUQUERQUE COELHO, Ed- ward d', marquis of Basto, a native of Portugal, fought with great bj-avery. against the Dutch in the Brazilian war, conriiiued faithful to Spain after Brazil was repos- sessed by the Portuguese, retired to Mad- rid, where he wrote a history of the con- test in the Colony, and died in 1668. ALCiEUS, a celebrated Greek lyric poet, who flourished about 600 years E .' c at Mitylene, in the isle of LesDos, was a coriteraporary of Sappho, of whom he is said to have been also a rejected lover. As a poet, he was worthy of the highest praise ; as a man, he had few claims to esteem. In a battle against the Athenians, hethrew away his arms,. and took flight; and, after having brutally lampooned Pittacusfor per- sonal defects, and raised against him an insurrection, he was reduced to accept a pardon from him. Of his works, only a few fragments remain. He was the invent- or of the Alcaic measure. ALCALA Y HENARES, Alphonso DE, a Spaniard, born in 1599, who settled at Lisbon, where he died in 1682, was by profession a merchant, but amused himself with literature. He is the author uf a work intitled Viridiarum Anagrammati- cum, and of five TaJes, in the latter of which productions he has displayed much perverse ingenuity, each tale having one of the five vowels wholly excluded from it. ALCAMENES, a statuary, the pupil and rival of Phidias, was a native of Ath- ens. His most celebrated works were, a Venus Aphrodite, a Juno, a Vulcan, and the Battle of the Centaurs and Lapith?e,on the pediment of the temple of Jupiter Olyra- pius. ALCAZARA, Bartholomew de, a Spanish poet, born at Seville, was a con- temporary of Cervantes. He particularly excelled m epigrams. Hi^ compositions of that kind were collectejj, in .1605, by Peter Espinosa, in his Flowers of Illustri- ous Poets. . ALCIATI, Andrew, an eminent civil- ian, was born at Milan in 1492. So early did he acquire a consummate knowledge of jurisprudence, that at the .age of fifteen he wrote a work of great merit on the sub- ject. He was appointed law professor at Av.ignon, and afterwards at Milan, in which city jealousy of his success excited such a host of persecuting enemies that he uas obliged to take refuge in France, where Francis I. gave him the professional cliair at Bourges. Alciati, however, was re- called to his country by Francis Sfurza. He successively taught at Pavia, Bologna,^ and Ferrara, and died at Paviu in 1550. ' He was greedy of money , and was equally 18 ALC ffreedy of good cheer. His numerous pro- ductions, ii^law and literature, occupy fotH* folio volnmes in the last edition. ALCIBIADES, a famous Athenian ge- neral and statesman, born B. c. 450, the aon of Clinias, and of Dionomache, the sister of Periclesi, was a disciple of Soc- rates. In 416 he was charged with the expedition to Sicily, of the conquest of *hich island he was himself the adviser. Beirig accused of impiety during his ab- sence, his property was confiscated, and he was compelled to seek refuge at Sparta. He was subsequently obliged to fly from thence to Tissaphernes, one of the Persian satraps. In 407 he was recalled by his jountrymen, and, under his command, they recovered their ascendency over the Spar- tans. Having, however, again become an fbject of popular displeasure, he sought the protection of Pharnabazus, another Persian satrap, by whom, at the instiga*- tion of Lysander, he was put to death in the year 404. ALCIPHRON, a Greek writer, of the third century b. c. His letters, which have been translated by Beloe and Monroe, give an excellent picture of Grecian cus- toms and manners. It has, however, been _ suspected that they are, in reality, a pro- duction of the fourth century of the Chris- tian era. \ ALCMAN, an ancient Greek lyric poet, wss bnrn at Sardis, in Lydia, about the year 670 b. c, and was admitted a citizen of Sparta. Of his works, consisting of a drama, and six books of verses in the Doric dialect, only a few lines are preserv- ed. He died of the morbus, pediculosus. ALCOCK, John, an English prelate, born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, and educa- ted at Cambridge. He obtained a deanery in 1461, and rapidly rose to the highest offices in church and state. He was bish- op of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, and twice lord chancellor; was a man of infi- nite liberality' and learning, and an ex- cellent architect. Jesus College, Cam- briilge, and a grammar school and chapel at Hull, were founded by him; and he erected various elegant edifices. He died in 1500. Alcock wrote several theological works, and was famous for preaching long sermons. ALCUIN, or ALCUINUS, Flaccus Albinos, a native of Yorkshire, one of the most learned men of his age, at once atheolog!an,philo8opher, orator, historian, poet, mathematician, and linguist, was sent on an embassy from Offa to Charlemagne, who took him into his service and friend- siiip, and rewarded him munificently. Al- ciiin was employed by that sovereign in negotiations, and in disseminating know- ledge, and founded many schools %t Paris, ALD Aix la Chapelle, and other places. He died in 804, aged nearly seventy. ALDERETE, Diego Gracian DE,a learned Spaniard, born towards the close of the fifteenth century, died, a?ed nearly ninety, under the reign of Phinp II., to whom, as well as to Charles V., he was private secretary. He was a good man, in great credit with his sovereigns, and much respected at court. Spanish litera- ture is indebted to him for elegant trans- lations of Xenophon, Thucydides, and other Greek writers. ALDHELM, or ADELM, St., an emi- nent scholar of the seventh century, rela- ted to king Ina, was born at Malmesbury, where he built a stately monastery, of which he was abbot more than thirty years. Tn 705 be was consecrated bishop of Shcr* burne, and died in 709. He was a man of extensive learning, the first Saxon who wrote prose and verse in Latin, was skilled in music and mathematics, and was de- clared by king Alfred to be the best of all the Saxon poets. ALDRICH, Henry, a learned divine, born at London in 1647, was educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford, and became D. D. in 1681. As a contro- versialist against the catholics, he so dis- tinguished himself that, at the Revolution, he was rewarded with the deanery of Christ Church. In that station his conduct was exemplary. In 1702 he was chosen prolo- cutor of the Convocation. He was one of the joint editors of Clarendon's History He died in 1710. Aldrich was a gooa Latin poet, was skilled in musical compo- sition, and has left striking proofs of archi- tectural talent in his designs of Peckwater Square, All Saint's Church, and Trinity College Chapel. ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, a natu- ralist, born in 1527, at Bologna, in which city he became professor of philosophy and physio He spent nearly his whole life and fortune in collecting materials for his Natural History, in 13 vols, folio, of which, however, only four were published by him- self. It is said that he died poor and blind, in 1605, at a hospital in Bologna; but the truth of this is now doubted. The senate of his native city subsequently voted a considerable sum to continue the publi- cation of his work. ALDRUDE, countess of Bertinoro, a native of Italy, rendered herself celebrated towards the-end of the twelfth century by her eloquence and her courage. She was left a widow in the bloom of youth-, and her court became the resort of all the Italian chivalry. Ancona was besieged by the imperial troops, and was reduced to extremity. Aldrude, however, harangued her courtier knighta, led them to the ralief Aias of the place, and Buooeeded in saving An- 'ona- . - „ ALEMAN, MATraE-w, a native of Se- ville, was born about the middle of the sixteenth oentniy, and was one of the superintendents and codptrolleia of the finances to Philip II. He is the author of several works, but his fame rests upon his life of Gusman d'Alfaraohe, which has been translated into several languages. ALE 16 Aristotle, were his instructoia, hut prin- (api^y the last, who poured forth to his eager pupil ail the treasures of a mighty mind. From Lysimachus the youthful hero received only injury, his disposition being corrupted W tlie mercenary adulation of his tutor. During the life of his father, his undaunted courage was displayed on various occasions, particularly at Chero- nsea. Alexander ascended tlie throne in hia twentieth yw, and immediately prepared to execute his father's projected invasion of Persia. It was previpusly necessary, how- ever, to chastise tlie neighbouring barbari- ans, and to rivet the chains of the Greeks, and this he rapidly accomplished. Thebes, having revolted, was destroyed, with the exception of the house of Pindar. At the head of nearly forty thousand men, Alex- ander now (b. c. 334) crossed the Helles- pont, defeated the forces of Darius on the banks of the Granicus, and in one cam- paign, reduced Asia Minor. In the fol- Jowing year a dangerous illness for a time arrested his arms ; out, on his recovery, he utterly routed the Persians, to the number of six hundred thousand men, at tile battle of Issus, and took prisoners the whole family of Darius. He then subdued Tyre, where he disgraced himself by his barba- rity ; Egypt, where he ordered Alexandria to be built; and penetrated into Libya, where he caused the Ammonian oracle to declare him the son of Jupiter. Resuming, next year, his operations against the Per- sian monarch, he completely defeated him at Arbela, and tjiis battle decided the fate of Persia. Pausing awhile from conquest, he indulged in cruelty and debauchery, burned Persepolis, to gratify the courtesan Thais, murdered his veteran general Par- ALEMBERT, John le Rond d', born at Paris in 1717, was the natural son of M Destouches and the celebrated Madame de Tencin. He was left on the steps of a church by his unworthy parents, and was BO weak that, instead of sending him to the Foundling Hospital, the commissary of po- lice intrusted him to the care of a poor glazier's wife. Repenting of his barbarity, is father subsequently settled on him an 'annuity of fifty pounds. D'Alembert was brought up at Mazarin College, where be made surprising progress in mathematics. On his quitting the college he went to re- side widi his nurse, with whom he continu- ed for forty years, and loved her with filial affection. He was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1741, and soon acquired a distinguished reputation by se- veral mathematical works. His merit at length obtained for him a pension from the government. He next cooperated with Diderot in compiling the Encyclopaedia, for ■'Vbich he composed the preliminary discourse. Nor was he only celebrated as a matJiematician ; for he gave to the world several valuable historical and philosophi- cal productions. Among them are the Eulogies on the Members of the French Academy, of which body he became secre- tan in 1772. Splendidl offers were made , _ . . to him by the empress Catherine and the menio, and shortly after, in a fit of intoxi- king of Prussia, if he would quit his coun- cation, stabbed his friend Clytus. Having try; but they were refused. D'Alembert put down some insurrections, he pursued ALEXANDER THE GREAT, son of Philip of Macedon, was born at Pella, B. c 356, and very early gave indications of tliat spirit which bJaied forth in his iper years. Leonidaa, Lyaimachus, and his course to India, crossed the Indus, and, after many sanguinary contests with Porus and other kings, he pushed forward beyond the Hydaspes, where, at length, his pro- ercss was stopped, by the refusil of hu- Boldiers to advance any furtlier. On tne 20 ALE banks of the Hydaspes he built the cities of Nic^ea and Bucephala, and then began nis retrograde movement ; dispatching Nearchusj with the fleet, down the Indus, to the Persian gulf. After a toilsome march he reached Susa, whence he pro- ceeded to Ecbatana, and lastly, to Babylon. In the latter city his career was closed. A fever, said to be caused, or aggravated, by excess of drinking? carried him off, on the 12th of April, b. c, 323, in the thirty- third year of his age, and the thirteenth of his reign. His remains were interred Bt Alexandria. The praise of valour, mili- tary genius, extensive views, a love of learning, and, occasionally, noble feelings, must be awarded to Alexander ; but his character is deeply stamed with vanity, arrogance, and cruelty, and with a reckless lust of victory^ dominion, and fame, to gratify which the blood and tears cf millions of his fellow beings were unsparingivshed. ALEXANDER SEVERUS, cme'of die best of the Roman emperors, was a native of Acra, in Phoenicia, born about a. d. 209, and was careliiUy educated by his mother Mamaea. Adopted by his cousin Helioga- balus, he soon, by his popularity, excited the hatred of that despicable being, who made a fruitless attempt to poison him.- When the tyrant was slain by the pretorian guards, tliey elevated Severus in his stead. Though in a few instances he displayed weakness, the youtliful monarch adorned the throne by his virtues and his love of literature ; but, in the year 235, he was un- fortunately murdered in a mutiny of the army, occasioned by his efforts for the res- toration of discipline. ALEXANDER, Nevskoi, a Russian saint and hero, the son of thf ^rand duke Jaroslaf, was born in 1218. xt the battle of the Neva, he was victr.ious over the combined Swedes, Dai>cs, and Teutonic knights ; he defeated the Tartars ; and he emancipated Russia from the tribute paid by her to the successors of Genghis Khan. He died at Gorodetz, in 1262. National gratitude enrolled him among the saints, and Peter tt.*. Great Instituted an order of knighthood, which bears his name. ALEXANDER VI., Pope. This dis- grace to the papal chair, whose family name was Borgia, was born at Valencia, in Spain, in 1431, and succeeded Pope Innocent VIII. in 1492. His life was a series of crimes. By his concubine Va- nozzi, ne had five children, wortliy of such a father, and of these Caesar, the most in- famous, was his favourite. In all his poli- tical connexions lie was treacherous, be- yond the usual measure of treachery in politicians. The pontifical claims to su- premacy tost nothing in his hands. It was he who divided between the Spaniards and Portuguera the recently discovered realms ALE of America, by drawing a line from puU to pole, a hundred leagues to the westward of the Azores, and assigning to the for- mer people all the realms to the west of it, and to the latter, all those to the east. This hateful vt>ntiff died in the year 1503; and is said to have fallen, by mis take, a victim to poison, which he and his son Caesar had prepared for others. ALEXANDER, Polyhistok, a philo sopher, geographer, and historian, a nativf of Plirygia, lived early in the first centurj E. c, .was made prisoner in the wars against Mithridates, and was bought by Cornelius Lentnlus, who confided to him the- education of his children, and after- wards liberated him. He was burnt in his house at Laurentum, and his wife destri. yed herself from grief for his loss. Forty-two works were written by him, none of which are extant. ALEXANDER^ Pseudomantis, a celebrated impostor, was born at Abonoti- chos, in Asia Minor, and flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. By dint of boundless impudence, and such tricks as ev- ery slight- of- hand man can now excel, he contrived, for twenty years, to have innu- merable devoted admirers, and to raise an enormous income from their credulity. He died of an ulcer in his leg, at the age of seventy years. ALEXANDER, Trallianus, a na- tive of Tralles, in Asia Minor, was cele- brated, as a philosopher and a professor of the medical art, in the middle of the sixth century. Dr. Friend regai'ds him, as one of the best practical physicians of antiqui- y. He was among the first, perhaps th« irst, who made a liberal internal use of preparations of iron. ALEXANDER, Sib William, a Scotch poet and statesman, born in 15S0, was made a knight, and gentleman usher to Prince Charles, in 1613 ; received a grant of Nova Scotia, in 1621 ; was ap- pointed secretary of state for Scotland, in 1626; and, in 1630 and 1633, was ci-e- ated viscount and earl of Stirling. He died in 1640. His poems and tragedies have considerable merit, and were praised by contemporary poetfl, and also by Addi< son. ALEXANDER, Noel, a learned Do mini::an, professor of theology, and doctor of the Sorbonne, was born at Rouen, in 1639, and died at Paris, in 1724, aftei having been for some years blind. He is the author, among other works, of an Ec- clesiastical History, in 26 vols. 8 vo. and of a History of the Old Testament ; the former of which, being favourable to the liberties of the Galilean church, was pro- scribed by Innocent XI. ALEXANDER I. emperor of Russia and king of Poland, was born, Decnmber 22 VTTt, and, on the murder of his father, in 180], lie succeeded to the throne. Till 1805} his attention was confined to his own dominions ; but, in that year, he coalesced with Austria against France. Th%coali- tion, however, was broken, by the success of Nanoleon at Austerlitz. Tn the follow- ing year, lie joined with Prussia ; but, in 1807, after having been defeated at Fried- land, he signed, at Tilsit, a peace with tlie French emperor, very soon after which he became one of his closest allies. The in- terval between 1807 and 1812, was filled up with the seizure of Finland, and a war against Turkey. In the latter year hostili- ties were again commenced between France and Russia, and were actively continued till the downfal of Napoleon. During the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, Alexander bore a share in the dangers of the field. On the conclusion of peace, he visited England. As the reward of his military assistance, Poland was erected into a king- dom by the congress of Vienna, and he was crowned in 1815. He died at Tagan- rok, in November, 1825. His talents were above mediocrity ; and he did much to ame- liorate the condition of his subjects. ALEXANDER, William, a major- general in tlie American! army, during the revolutionary war, was born in the city of New- York, but passed, a portion of his life in New-Jersey. He acted an impor- tant part throughout the revolution, and distinguished himself particularly in the battles of Long Island, Germantown, and Monmouth. He died at Albany, in 1783, at the age of fifty-seven years, leaving be- hind him the reputation of a brave omcer and a learned man. ALEXANDRINI, Jitlius, a physician, who died at Trent, in 1590, aged eighty- five, was the author of various meqical works, some of which are in verse. He was the first who endeavoured to show Hue connexion between the passions of the mind and the diseases of the body. ALEXIS DEL ARCQ, a Spanish painter, known also inder the name of el ALF 21 Sordillo de Pereda, because he was deaf and dumb, and the pupil of PcKada. He was born at Madrid, in 1625, and, in spite of his natural defects, acquired considera- ble reputation, especially in porti'aits. His drawing and colouring are good. Alexis died at Madrid, in 1700. ALF ARAB!, or ALFARABIUS, so called from Farab, his birth place, but whose real name was Mohammed, was born in the tenth century. He studied at Bagdad, ti*avelled through many countries, and became the most eminent of Arabic philosoptrers. He is said to have spoken seventy languages ; many of them, no doubt, were only dialects. He died, in 960, at Damascus ; the sultan of which city was his patron. Among his works are several treatises on Aristotle ; a Treatise on Mu- sic; and an Encyclopsedia, the MS. ot which is in tlie library of die Escurial. ALFIERI, Victor., the most eminent of jtalian tragic poets, was "born at Asii, in Piedmont, inl749. His family was rich and noble. In his early youth he gave no promise of that talent which he finally dis- played; he learned little or nothing, and the violence of his temper was a bar to his obtaining esteem. At the age of sixteen, he became his own master, and the seven succeeding years were spent in travelling, as fast as norses could carry him, over the greatest part of Europe, and in adventures which were marked only by dissipation and licentiousness. After his return to Turin, love inspired him with the spirit of poeti"y ; and, in 1775, he produced his tragedy of Cleopatra, and a burlesque upon it. Thence- forth he continued constant to the Muses and to study; and the result was no less than fourteen dramas in seven years, be- sides many compositions in verse and prose. He mastered Latin, French, and other lan- guages, of which till then he had been ut- terly ignorant; and, even at the late age oi forty-eight, he began Greek, and acquired such a knowledge of it as to translate sev eral works. In France, where he next settled with the Pretender's widow, the countess of Albany, whom he married, he composed five more tragedies. The fall of the throne, in 1792, drove him from France; his property there was unjustly confiscated ; and Alfieri ever after enter- tained a deadly hatred of that country. W"orn out by his incessant literary labours, he died at Florence, in 1803, and over his remains his widow erected a monument by Canova. In the following year came forth his posthumous works, ' in thirteen vol- umes, two of which are occupied by his auto-biography. As a tragic writer, Alfieri has had many imitators m Italy, but hia throne is still unshared by any rival, no one has yet equalled him in nervmu dia* C8 ALG logue, in grandeur of style, or in the defin- eation of strong passions and energetic characters* ALFRED, justly denominated tlie Great, the youngest son of Ethelwolf, was born at Wantage, in Berkshire, in 849, and succeeded to the Endish throne, in 871, on tlie death of Ethelred, the last survivor of his brother. From his acces- sion to the year 877, he was engaged in almost continual contests witli the Danes, who, at last, compelled him to abandon the throne, and conceal himself, in disguise, in the cottage of one of his herdsmen. It was while he was thus concealed, that he was harshly reproved by his hostess, for having allowed some cakes to be burned, the bak- ing of which she had directed him to watch. He next retired, with a few followers, to the isle of Athelney, where he remained till he was called Eigain into the iield bv a vic- tory which the earl of Devonshire had ob- tained over the enemy. Summoning round him his nobles, he completely routed the Danes at Eddington, and recovered his tlhrone. During a part of the remainder of his reign, he had to contend against re- peated invasions^ but was uniformly suc- cessful in repelling tliem. By sea and land he fought no less than fifty-six battles. As soon as he resumed his authoritrj^ he began to cultivate the arts of peace. He reformed the laws; established trial by |ury5 divided the country into shires and lundreds ; encouraged commerce and mar- itime discovery; invited learned men from all quarters; endowed seminaries; restor- ed, ifn.ot founded, the university of Oxford; and gave lustre to literature, in the eyes of the people, by himself composing and translating numerous works, on a variety of subjects. This exemplary sovereign died A. D. 900 (or 901), and was succeed- ed by his son,JE]dward the Elder. ALGARpTTI, Francis, an Italian author, of multifarious knowledge and tal- ent, was the son of a merchant, and was born at Venice, in 1712 The learned lau- guages, tlie elegant arts, and the abstruse i- AU sciences, were all known to him. At the age of twenty-one, he vrtrote his Newtoni- anism for the Ladies, intended to render the discoveries of Newton comprehensible to the fair sex. He was as much beloved for his manners and virtues as admired for his abilities. Frederick the Great made him his chamberlain, and gave him the title of count, the king of Poland appointed him a privy counsellor, and the Pope and many Italian princes highly distinguished him. He died at Pisa, in 1764. The first edi- tion of his works is in four volumes 8vo, ALHAZEN, an Arabian astronomer, of the tenth and eleventh centuriei, was a na- tive of Bassora. Having vaunted that he could render regnlar the inundations of the Nile, the caliph Hakem employed him to accomplish that purpose, and rewarded him beforehand. Alhazen, however, ^-av- ing examined the courie of the river, iis- covered the folly of his scheme, and feigned madness to avert the wrath of the caliph. He died at Cairo, in 1038. His Treatise on Optics has been translated by Rismer, and that on Twilight by Gerard of Cremo- na. Kepler is said to have taken many ideas from the latter work. ALI, the cousin, son-in-law, and fast friend, of Mahomet, distinguished himielf so greatly, by his activity and valour in the service of that impostor, that he gave him his daughter in marriage. After the deatli of the pseudo -prophet. All was ex- cluded from the caliphate, by the intrigues of Ayesha. He succeeded to it, however, in 655, on the death of Othman ; but his reign was a perpetual struggle against his enemies in the field ; and at the end of four years he was assassinated. By the Per- sians, who venerate him as a martyr, he is considered as the only successor of Ma- homet, for which the Turks detest them as heretics. Ali had a well informed mind, and was brave, generous, and a hater of treachery. ALI BEY, born in the neighbourhood of the Caucasus, about 1728, was sold into Egypt, at the age of twelve or fourteen years, as a slave ; became one of the twen- ty-four beys who governed that country; and, in 1756, attained the supreme power, and threw off his obedience to the Porte. In conjunction with Shiek Daher, who had also revolted in Syria, he several times de- feated the Turkish armies; .but, at length, he was overthrown, by the treason of one of his own generals, and was eitlier poifl- oned or died of his wounds. Among otlier plans, formed 'during his success, Ali med- itated the revival of the ancient mode of carrying on the commerce of Europe with India, by way of the Red Sea. ALT,Tepelini, Pacha of Jamiina. Thii extraordinary man was descended from ALK an illufltrious Albanian fiunily, and was oorn at Tepeliui, in Albania, jn 1744. He lost his father when he was only sixteen, and made brave but fruitless efforts to de- fend his paternal inheritance against the neighbouring pachas. After having sus- tained several defeats, he was taken pris- oner; but, at length, recovered his liberty, and withdrew into a solitary retreat. This latter circumstance is said to have led to his subsequent greatness. While, lost in reverie, he was one day involuntarily push- ing a stick backward and forward in the Band, his attention was roused by the stick meeting with resistance from a solid body. He looked^ and saw in the sand a box, which proved to be filled with gold. With this treasure he was enabled to raise two tliousand men, and take the field against his enemies. He was victorious, and en- tered triumphantly into his native place. From that perioct, during fifty years of constant warfare, he was uniformly suc- cessful, and be brought imder his sway a wide extent of territory, which the Porte sanctioned his holding, with the title of pacha. He received agents from foreign powers, and alternately intrigued with England, France, and Russia. At length, in the spring of 1820, he threw off the mask, and declared himself king of Epi- rus. Afler a brief struggle, however, he was deserted by the majority of his troops, and even by his sons, and was compelled to take refuge in a fort, which he had con- structed in an island of the lake of Jannina, From tliat retreat he was at last decoyed, by the Turkish general, under pretence that the Porte had pardoned him, and he was then assassinated; but not till he had slain two of his assailants, and dangerously wounded a third. He perished on the 5th of February, 1822. Ali was brave, intel- ligent, and active ; but sanguinary and per- fidious in the highest degree. ALKMAAR, Henry of, whose real name is believed to be Nicholas Bauman, and who flourished towards the latter end of the fifteenth centui-y, is the author of ALL n the popular German satire of Reynard tha Fox, which Goethe has deemed worthy of being modernized, and paraphraseu in hexameters It has been translated into several languages. Bauman is said to have been an East Frieslander, and a civilian, and to have died in 1501. ALLEGRI. See CORREGTO. ALLEN, Ethan, a brigadier general in the revolutionary army, was born in Salisbury, Connecticut, but was educated principally in Vermont. In 1775, soon after the battle of Lexington, he collected a body of about three hundred Green Moun- tain boys, as tliey were called, and march- ed against the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; and in each of these enterprizes he was successful. He was shortly after taken prisoner and sent to England; of the events of his captivity he has himself given an interesting narrative. On release from his confinement he repaiiud to the head quarters of general Washing- ton, where he was received with much respect. As his health was much injured, he returned to Vermont, after having made an offer of his services to the commander in chief in case of his recovery. Hci died suddenly at Colchester, in 1789. Among other publications Allen was tlie author of a work entitled Allen's Theoloff}', or the Oracles of Reason, the first ^rmal at- tack upon the Christian religion issued in the United States. H« was a man of an exceedingly strong mind, but entirely rough and uneducated. ALLEN, or ALLEYN, Thomas, an eminent mathematician, was born, in 1542, at Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire, and educat- ed at Oxford. Selden and Camden spenk in the highest terms of his extensive know- ledge. Such was his mathematical skill, that the vulgar regarded him as a magician His acquaintance was courted by the great, and the earl of Leicester, who always con- sulted him on important affairs, offered him a bishopric, but his love of study and retirement induced him to decline the tempting offer. He died in 1632. He published, in Latin, the Second and Third Books of Ptolemy on the Stars, with an exposition ALLEYN, Edwakd, a celebrated act' or, was born in London, in 1566, and, after having acquired both popularity and riches, became proprietor of the Fortune play- house, and joint proprietor of tlie Royal Bear Garden, by which his fortune was still ftirttier increased. The wealth thus obtained, he nobly devoted to the founda- tion of Dulwich College^ which was com- pleted in 1617, and in which he and his wife resided fill their deceane. He died in 1626. Vulgar credulity long believed, that the charitable Alleyn was induced to foun4 Z4 ALO thi« college in consequence of bis having IlCen terrified by the appearance of a real Jemon, while be was playing the part of one. ALLIONI, Charles, a Piedraontcse physician and botanist, was born in 1725, and died in 1S04, a man of extensive knowledge,'^aad a member of many learned societies His works, chiefly botanicat, are numerous, but the most prominent of them is hie Fiedmontese Flora, in three folio volumes, with plates. His name was given, by Leofiling, to a genus of plants. , ALMAGRO,Dii:co d', one of the Spa- nish conquerors of America, born about the year 1463, is believed to have been a foundling. Though an uneducated man, he rose in the military service, acquired wealth and influence at Panama, and, in conjunction with Pizarro, conquered the empire of Peru. A contest for supremacy soon, however, took place between him and Pizarro, whichended in his downfall. He was strangled in prison, in 1538. His son, DiF.60, avenged his father's death, by the assassination of Pizarro, but was ulti- mately overcome, in 1542, and beheaded by Castro de Vaca. ALMODOVAR, the duke of, a native of Spain, was successively ambassador to the courts of Russia, Portugal, and Eng- land. On his retirement fi-om public lite, be devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. He published, at Madrid, a species of literary journal, and translated RaynaVs history of tlie Indies. He died, at Madrid, in 1794. ALMON, John, bom at Liverpool, in 1738, served his apprenticeship to a book- seller, went to sea, aud, lastly, settled in London, in 1759, and became a political writer, and afterwards a bookseller. He died in 1805. His principal works are Reviews of the Reign of George II., and of the first Mr. Pitt's Administration. Anecdotes of Lord Chatham-; and Biogra- phical Anecdotes of eminent Persons. The first reralar publication, in numbers, of the Parliamentary Debates, was begun by Almon, in 1774. ALOMPRA, ALOMPRAW, or Lli ONG-PRAW, a Birman of low extrac- tion, known by tlie humble name of Aumdxea, or the ' huntsman, gained a crown, and immortalized his memory, by delivering his country from the voke of the Peguans. About the year I7fe3, though only the chief of an ipconsiderable village, lie look up arms against the Peguan mon- arch. The flames of insurrection were rapidly spread by him, his valr.nr and pni- dence were conspicuously disilayed, and, after a des| erate struggle of fJnr yeiii-s, the sovereign of Pegu was dethroned. AiomprB afterwards attacked the Siamese, ALP wrested from them some of their pnvincei and was besieging Siam when dea.h.put a stop to bis progress. He died in 1760, io ihe fiftieth ye:ir of his age. ALPHONSO III. (called the Great) king of Leon and Asturias, was born in 848, and succeeded his father, Ordogno, in his eighteenth year. The early part of his reign was spent in repressing his factious nobles. This being accomplished, he at- tacked the Moors, gained numerous victo- ries, and considerably enlarged his king- dom. The taxes, however, which bis wars occasioned, excited revolt, in which his wife and eldest son joined, and Alphonso was compelled to abdicate. He died at Zamora, in 912. A Chronicle, fi-oin Wamba's reign to Ordogno's, is attribu- ted to him. ALPHONSO X. (surnamed the As- tronomer and the Philosopher) w-.s born in 1203, succeeded to the tirone of Leon and Castile in 1253, and mdae vain eftbrts to ascend the imperial throne, to which he had been elected by a faction. After a stormy reign, he was deposed, in 1282, by the nobles and his own son, and he fruitlessly endeavoured to recover his authority by the aid of the Moors. He died in 1284. Alphonso was by far the most learned princp of his age. Spain is indebted to him for the Alphonsine Tables, and the code of laws denominated Las Partidas. ALPHONSO V. (surnamed the Mao- KANiMOVs) king of Arragon, Naples, and Sicily, succeeded his father in 1416, and almost his first act was the generous one of destroying, without reading it, a list of nobles who had conspired against him. He died in 1458, at the age of seventy- four, after an active and brilliant reign. His valour was often proved in his con- tinual wars; he was eloquent, courteous, and bumane; loved, understood, and pro- tected literature and the sciences ; abhorred duplicity; and bad but one defect, that of an immoderate fondness for women. ALPHONSO I. Henrxqdez, the founder and legislator of the Portuguese monarchy, was burn in 1094, and assumed the title of king after the celebrated battle uf Ourique, or Castro Verde, which he gained over tho Moors, in 1139. He died in 1185, and was buried at Coimbra. Al- phonso was of extraordinary stature, being seven feet high ALPINI, Prosper, a celebrated bot- anist, was born at Marostica, in the Ve- netian states, in 1553, and quitted the army to study |.hvsic and botany. In these sciences, especially in the latter, lif ac- quiied inurh celcbrilv. He resided three years in Egypt, with the Venetian consu., and gained an Intimate knowledge of every ALT thing relntivn to thai country. For some veiirfl before his death, which took place in l(iI6, lie was professor of botany at Padua. He wrote several valuable medical and botanical works. A genus of plants takes from him the name of Alpinia. ALSTEDIUS, John Henri, aGerman divine, was born, in I588i at Herborn, in Nassau, was professor of philosophy and theology in his native town, and, subse- qni ntly, at Weissem'berg, in Tran^lvania. He died at the latter place in 1638. Als- tedius was such an indefatigable writer, that his n:ime was anagrammatized into sedufitas (activity) by some of the word- distorters of that age. Among his numer- ous works may be mentioned, a Treatise on the Millenium, asserting that it will commence in 1694 ; an Kncyciopsedia ; and a Biblical Encyclopaedia, in whicif he ab- surdly attempts to prove, that tlie princi- ples and materials of all the arts and sciences should be sought for in the Scrip- tures. ALSOP, Richard, a man of letters, was born at Middletown in Connecticut, and redded in that place daring most of his life. His works are numerous, and embrace a great variety of subjects. He was one of the contributors to the Echo, a journal that obtained considerable ce- lebrity in its the middle of tlie sixteenth century, an«riy entrusted with military command, and for five years distinguished himself in Sicily, against those universal robbers the Romans. The defeat, however, of Hanno, by the consul Lutatius, induced Carthage to make peace. On Amilcar's return he quelled the formidable rebellion of the mercenary troops, defeated the Numidians, and re- stored tranquillity. Spain was the next scene of his services. There, he conquer- ed several nations, and founded Barcelona Atler having remained in that country nina years, he was slain in a battle against the Vettones, He was the father of Annibal. AMIOT, Father, a Jesuit missionary, was born at Toulon, in 1718, and died at Pekin, in 1794. During a residence of forty-three years in China, he obtained a profound knowledge of the arts, antiquities, and history of that empire, and of the Chi- nese and Tartar languages. On these sub- jects he wrote many valuable dissertations. He is also the author of a Life of Confucius, and of a Tartar-mantcheou Dictionary, ia three quarto volumes. AMM [ANUS, MABCELLiNtrs, a Latin historian, was a native of Antioch, born in the fourth century, and, in his youth, serv- ed with distinction in Germany, Gaul, and Persia. Retiring from a military life, he went to reside at Rome, where he wrote a valuable History of the Roman Emperors, fi'om Nerva to Valens. It consisted of thirty-one books, of which the first thirteen are lost. He was also the author of a work in Greek, on the Grecian orators and his- torians, of which only a firagment remains. He died a. d. 390. AMMIRATO, SciPio, a Neapolitan, born at Lecce, in 1531, was designed for the law, but abandoned it for literature. After many adventures and wanderings, he settled at Florence, under the patronage of the Grand Duke Cosmo, who employed him to write tlie History of Florence. This is his principal work. He died in 1601. AMMONIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, who was one of the masters of Plutarch. He endeavoured to reconcile the doctrine of Aristotle with that of Plato. Plutarch wrote his life, which is lost. AMMONIUS-SACCAS, or SACCO- PHORUS, a philosopher of Alexandria, lived towards the end of the second centu- ry. Though born in poverty, and earning a subsistence by carrying sacks of wheat (whence his name of Saccophorus), he stu- died philosophy with ardour. He is con- sidered as the founder of the mystic philos- ophy, known as the Alexandrian, or neo- platopic. Plolinus, LonginuS, and Origen, were among bis pupils. His system was, in fact,a jw>mble of heterogenoua opinions, borrowed f^*oni various schools. He is said 28 AMY to have apostatized from christian!^, but this 1(5 denied by some. There was anoth- er Amm.onius, an eclectic philosopher, who lived nbout the middle of die fifth century. AMO, Anthont Wii-liam, a negro, born on the Gold Coast, about the begin- ning of the eighteenth century, was brought to Holland, in 1707, and presented to the duke of Brunswick, who sent him to the university of Halle, whence he removed to Wittenberg, He had a perfect knowledge of astronomy, and spoke Hebrew, Greek, Latin, German, Dutch, and French. Af- ter his patron's death, he fell into a deep melancholy, and at length quitted Europe, to lead a solitary life in his own country. He died in one of the Dutch company's forts. AMONTOWS, WiLLTAM, was born at Paris, in 1663- £arly in youth, he be- came deaf, and, being thus . partly cut off from society, he sought for resources in the cultivation of his talents. He learned drawing and architecture, and was em- ployed on several public works. But his attention was principally directed to me- chanics and natural philosophy. Several improvements were made t^ him in the construction of barometers, thermometers, and hygrometers, and he was the original inventor of the telegraphic art. Amon- tons died at Paris, at the age of forty- two- AMORY, Thomas, Dr., a dissenting divine, bom at Taunton, in 1700, was an active and valuable minister. He diei' in 1774. He wrote two volumes of sermr as, and the Lives of Grove, Benson, and Chandler. AMORY, Thomas, a son of cooj-^dlor Amor J, secretary for die forfeited '^.ates in Ireland, is supposed to ha* s been brought up to the med'cal prrferj'j., but he never practised. H^ ch^ra^tjr was a singular one; be lived icirlj''^> raunned company, ana nev<;r i- ^ b^jf.e till the evening He diul ji l'*w. ship, which he resigned in 1754, on his succeeding to his patrimonial property. For some time he blended the occupations of a country gentleman with hteraiy pur- suits; but, afterwards, resided principally at Bath. In 1766 appeared his New Bath Guide, which obtained rapid and deserved Eopularity. It has been often imitated, ut its wit, humour, and playfiilness, have not yet been equalled. Anstey produced several other poems, all of considerable merit, but inferior to the New Bath Guide. He died in 1805. ANSTIS, John, an antiquary, was born at St. Neots, in Cornwall, in 1669, and was educated at Exeter College, Ox- ford, whence he removed to the Mid'ile Temple. In 1702, he was elected M. P for St. Germain's, and in 1713 was ap- pointed garter king at arms. He died in 1744. Of his works, all of which ai-e heraldic, the principal is the Register of the Order of the Garter, in two folio vol- umes. ANTHEMIUS, a native of Tralles, in Lydia, was at once an architect, sculptor, and able mathematician. Justinian em- ployed him to rebuild the church of Saint Sophia, at Constantinople, which still re- mains a magn ificent monument of hia talents, though he did not live to finish it. From certain facts, which history has pre- served respecting Anthemius, it appears that he had no slender portion of chemical knowledge, and that he must have invented a composition closely resembling, if not the same with, ^npowder. He died in 534. ANTHING, Frederic, known by hia biography of the famous field-marshai Suwarrof, wnose companion in arms he had been. He was born in Gotlia, travelled through Europe, and went to St. Peters- burgh, where he supported himself by cut- ting profiles on paper, and died in 1805. ANTH9NY, St., the founder of mo- nastic institutions, was an Egyptian, born near Heraclea, in the year 251. Taking literally the scriptural injunction to give all to the poor, he distributed to them the whole produce arising from the sale of his property, and then retired into the desert, whither his reputation for sanctity drew crowds of disciples. He died at the ad- vanced age of one hundred and five. ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, was tlie son of Philip, a Macedonian nobleman. On the partition of Alexander's empire, Paraphy- lia,Lycia,and Phrygia Major were assign- ed to Antigonus, to which Lycaonia was subsequently added. After having de- stroyed Eunienes, he reduced Asia Minor and Syria, and assumed the title of king of Asia. Several leagues were fonneo against him, over which he triumphed; bat ANT ke wait A ength defeated and elain, at the batt** vf Ipsus, whiph he fought wilh Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, BOl years b. c. Antigonus was a man of ■(reat talents, and amiable in domestic ite. ANTIGONUS SOCHiEUS, a Jew. ived in tiie time of the high priest Elea- .ar, about 300 years B. c, was a disciple )f Simeon the Just, and, in contradiction .0 the Pharisees, held that men ought to serve God solely for the love of him, with- out the hope of temporal reward ; a doc- trine whicn his followers Sadoc and Baithosus pushed so far, ab to teach that ' no future recompense ought to be expected, and, consequently, that there would be no resurrection. Hence arose the sect of the Sadducees. ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect of Cynics, was born at Athens, b. c. 423, and wa» first instructed by the sophist Gorgias, and 'afterwards by Socrates. The lessons of the latter he nobly repaid by avenging him, it being he who procured the death of Melitus, and the banishment of Anytiis, the two accusers of Socrates. His works are lost, with the exception of a few apophthegms ; for two declamations and some letters, which are attributed to him, are believed to be spurious. From his book on physiics Cicero quotes a re- markable sentence — " The gods of the people are many, but the God of nature in one." Diogenes was his disciple. ANTOINETTE, Maria, arch-duch ess of Austria, daughter of tlie emperor Francis I. and of Maria Theresa, was born at Vienna in 1755. On tlie 16th of May, 1770, she married the dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XVI., and her arrival in France, was celebrated with every demonstration of public joy. The ferocious events of the revolution brought on the memorable sixth of October, when the sanguinary mob of Paris appeared at Versailles, threatening aloud that they would tear her to pieces. Forced to ac- company the king to Paris In a journey of six hours, while the heads of two of her murdered body-guards were raised on pikes by the side of her carriage, and while insults, threats and blasphemies every moment rent the air, she preserved a sin^lar and nol^e .°'"'*'nitv. On the twentieth of June, and tlie tenth of Au- gust, 1792, those days of horror and an- archy, she asain saw herself insulted, and saved w'th difficulty from the hands of as*-| sassins; and in the assembly she heard] unmoved, the decrees which ruljbed the J monarch of his tlirone. She was executed in 1793, by order of the revolutionary^ tri-' bunal. She was then near thirty -eight, but it is remarkable that her misfurtuiies bad clianged thf: icolour of her hair to a sil- ANT 8S very white. The mind of Antoinette was naturally powerful, and had been carefully cultivated. ANTONIDES, John, surnamed Van- der Goes, from -his native town of Goes, in Zealand, was born in 1647. He dis- played an early talent for poetry, and soon rose to a high rank among the poets of his country. He is the author of several works, the most celebrated of which is a Descriptive Poem, in four cantos, on the River Y, He died at the age of thirty- eight. AIVTONINUS PIUS, Titus Aureli- us FuLVius, a Roman emperor, was born at Lanuvium, a . D. 86, raised to the consul - ship in 120, and in 138 succeeded Adrian, by v'hom he had been adopted. His reign, which lasted twenty-three years, was a happy period for the Roman people. Cle- meni, equitable, modest, and virtuous, he was a model for sovereigns, and his death, which took place a. d. 161, was justlyre- garded as a public calamity. ANTONINUS, Marcus Annhjs Au- RKLius, surnamed the Philosopher, was born A. D. 121, and adopted by Antoninus Puis, who gave him his daughter Faustina to wife. At a very early age he was deep- ly imbued with the stoical philosophy. On his accession, he associated Lucius Verus I with himself in the government of the em- pire. After the death of Verus, in 169, Marcus Aurelius carried on the Pannoniao war !n person, during five campaigns, in which he endured the toils of a military life, and the rigour of the climate, without a murmur. From this war he was called away by tlie revolt of Avidius Cassius, which, however, was soon ended by Avidius falling a victim to a conspiracy of his own oiTice^s. After an absence of eight years, Marcus returned to Rome, where lie i*e- mained but a short time, and then departed to take the field against the Marcomanni. On this expedition hedied,of a pestilential disorder, at Vindobonum, now Vienna, a. D 180. The whole Roman empire mourned his death, and his name was enrolled among its tutelary deities. The sorrow which his loss excited was but a just tribute to his public and private virtues. His Medi- tations, which do honour to his heart, have descended to us, and have been translated into many languages. ANTONIO, of Palermo, -was born in 1394, and died at Naples, in 1471. He was in ihe serv'iceof Alphonsoof Arra^on, He C(,mj)osed various pieces in prose and verHe; and is said to have sold one c! his Bstatcp, to procure money for the purchase of a manuscript Livy, copied by Pnegio. ANTOMUS, Marcus, commonTy cU- led. Mark Anthony, was- grandson of the celebrated orator of the same name« Anthony was left an orphan when young, M APC %B^ he npeedily wasted his whole fortune in riotous excesses. After having served in Syria and Egypt, he joined Ospsar in Gaul, by wh'im he was supplied with the means uf returning to Rome, and obtainlni^ tlie questorship, and subsequently the tri- buneship. He ably secunded Caesar in his struggle fur supreme power, and was made joint cunsiil with him. It was he who, at the festi\ai of the Lupercatii, thrice oflered Csciiar the imperial diadem. He hoped, on the death of the dictator, to obtain the Boveieign power, and he succeeded in pro- curing the expulsion of Bmtus and Cassius from Rnme. They, however, formed a union with Octavius,and a contest ensued, which ended in Octavius joining him, and, jviih Lepidus, forming the sectrnJ triumvi- rate. A bloody proBcr'ptiQn fv>llowed, of which Cicero was one of the victims. — The defeat of Brutus and Cas^^ius, at Phii- ippi, which was chiefly occasioned by the talent and \alour of Anthony, left tlie tri- umvirs uncontrolled masters of the woild. In the east, which was his-portion of the Bpuii, lie teigned with exceeding splendour. There he became enamoured of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and his passion led him to divorce Octavia, the sister of Octavius, whom he had married after the death of Fulvia. A war was the consequence, in which he was defeated at the battle of Ac- tium, and, being eventually almost wholly def:erted bv hi^ tro(>ps, he full upon his pword, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, b, c SO. ANVARI,a celebrated Persian poet, a native of Kliorasan, was patronised by Sultan Sangiar ; but, being a dabbler in aslrohigy, he had the folly to predict that a destructive tempest would liappen on a certain day, which day, however, proved to be unusually calm. This unlucky prog- nostication, which had spread universal terror am mg the people, h)at him the fa- vour of the sultan, and he retired to Balk, where he died in the year 1200. ANVILLE, John Baptist Bour- GUIGNON d', one of the most eminent of modern geographers, was born at Paris, in 1697, and his attention was first attract- ed to geographical studies by a map coming into his hands when he was only twelve years old. From that time, all the leisure moments of his youth were employed in tracing out on charts the march of armies, and the boundaries of empires. As he grew up, he devoted himself to the sci- ence of gengraphy, and the numerous and laluHble maps and woiks which he pub- lished left him without a rival. For fifty years he is said to have laboured fifteen noui's a day. He d>ed in 17S2. APCHON, Cl. Mark Ant. d\ a na- tive of Alontbrison, in France, was brought q> tu the military profession^ which, how- API ever, he quitted for the church. He roM to be bishop of Dijon, and archbishop of Auch, and was a bright example of virtue and charity. In a violent conflagraticn, he intrepidly risked his own life tu snatiS two children from the flames. Thisexce-'* lent prelate died at Paris, in 1783, in h^ sixtieth year. APELLES, the most celebrated of ar cient painters, is said by Pliny to liav been born at Cos, but others assign Ephe sus as his birthplace. He was contempo rary with Alexander the Great, who heh his talents in such estimation, that h( would permit no other artist tu paint hit picture; and even gave up to him the beau- tiful Campaspe, his mistress, with whom the painter nad fallen in love. Exquisite grace was the prinripal characteristic of his style. The time and place of his deatlt are unknown. APER, Marcus, a Latin orator, wasn Gaul by birth, and distinguished himself as an advocate at the Roman biir. He also took a part in politics, and was suc- cessively senator, questor, tribune, and pretor. The celebrated Dialogue of Ora- tors, which has been attributed to Tacitus and Quintillan, is now generally believed to be of his composition. He died about A. D. 51. APIAN, Petfr, a mathematician and astronomer of eminence, was bom in Mia- nia, in 1495, and became professor of ma- thSmati's at Ingulstadt. Charles V. es- teemed his talents so highly that he knight- ed him, and made him a present uf three thousand pieces of gold. He died in 1552, and his son, Philip, succeeded him as ma- thematical professor. Alpian was the first to make known that the tails of com- ets are always projected in an opposite di- rection from the sun, and to propose the discovery of the longitude by lunar obser- vations. APlCrUS,a name which seems to have been consecrated to gluttony. There were three Romans who bore it; the first.under Sylla, the second under Augustus and Ti- berius, the third under Trajan. The sec- ond is the most notorious ; he is commem orated by Seneca, Pliny, Juvenal, and Martial. The treatise De Re Culinaria is attributed to him. He poisoned him- self, on discovering that his fortune wai too much diminished to allow of his indulg- ing in the luxury of the table to the same extent that he had done. The third Api- cius is more adAantageously known as tJM inventor of a mode of pickling oysters, APION, an Egyptian grammarian, of considerable talents, but full nf iHiastful vanity (for which latter quality Tiberius called him the drum of the world), was born in Egypt, during the first century of our era, and was a bitter enemy ottlw APO lews. He not only ridiculed them in his writings, out is alsu said to have stimula- ted Calij^ula to persecute them. His mis- representations were refuted by Josephus. APOLLODORUS, an Athenian paint- er, flourished about 403 years b. c. He was the first who blended and hanuDuized the colours, aud made a proper distribu- tion of the shadows . He considered him- self as the prince of painters; but, in his latter days, his glory was eclipsed by that of Zeuxis. ,APOLX.ODORUS, a native of Damas- cus, was celebrated as an architect, in the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He con- structed Tlrajan*s f>ruro, the gigantic bridge over the Danube, and many other admirable structures. His plain speaking cost him his life. A temple of Venus hav- ing been erected, from a faulty desi^ by Adrian, Apoll^dorus criticised it, and ex- claimed, that if the guddesB should wish to po out, she could not d3 it without bi-eak.- ing her head against the^door frame. To avenge himscli for this sarcasm, the, des- pot put him to death, about ths year ISO. APOLLONIUS, an Athenian sculptor, said to have lived soon after Alexander the Great, produced the statue, believed to be a reposing Hercules, of which the body, all that remains, is known by the name of the Belvedere Torso. Mutilated as t\\U statue is, it is one of tlie finest remains of ai't that has descended to us from ancient timed. APOLLONIUS, of Khodes, an emi- nent statuary, who sculptnrfd, in conjunc;- tion with Tanriscus, the fine group whii;h is called the.Farnese But), the remains of which were found in the batiis of Cara?.al- la. He is supposed to have lived some years subsequently to Alexander the Greut. APOLLONIUS, a native of Perga, in Pamphylia, is one of the four authors whw have a title to be considered a:^ the fathers of the science of mrithematics. Euclid, Archimedes, and Diophantus are the uther three. He flourished at Alexandria, under the leign of Ptolemy Philopator, 200 years B. c. Ths only purt of his woiks which ha& survived is a Treatise on Conic Sec- tions, in eight books, of which only tiie first four are extant in the original lan- guage; three have been translated from the Arabic, and the fourth was restored by Halley, from other sources. APOLLONIUS, surnamed Rhodhjs, a Greek poet, was a native of Alexandria, or, as some say, of Naucrates, and was born abflbt 194 years B. c. Calilmacihus was his lutor, and, conceiving himself to have been treated ungratefully, he took his revenge bv satirising his pupil. Apol- loniiis taugh' tnetoric at Rhodes, and was lubsequeuiiy made librarian at Alexandria. His poem ou the Argonaucic expe lition APU SI has many beauties, some of which Virgil did not disdain to copy. APOLLONIUS, Tyaneus, a native of Tyana, in Gappadocia, a Ibllower of the doctrine of Pythagoras, was born about the commencement of tlie Christian era. His history is so interwoven with f professor of surgery and anatomy. He held the professional chair for thirty-two years, and greatly' distinguished himself. Aranzi threw light on the muscular system, the theory of the circulation, and the structure of the foetus and its appendages. He died ing him in his closet a heap of wealth, the pope said, " You see the time is gone by when the church could say * silver and gold have I none.'" — "True, holy fether," replied Aquinas; *' and so is the time when she could say to the palsied, * take up thy bed and walk.* " ARAGON, TuLLXA d', a descendant of an illegitimate branch of the regal house of Ara^on, was celebrated in Italy, towards the middle of the sixteenth century, for her beauty, wit, learning, and varied accom- plishments. Her merits were the favourite theme of the most eminent men of the age. She is the author of Poems, a Dialogue of Love, and II Meschino, a poem in Uiirty- six cantos. ARAM, Eu GENE, anativeofYorkshire, and son of a gardener, was born in 1704. His genius-displayed itself while he follow- ed the humble occupation of his father. He rapidly Jiccjuired a knowledge of ma- thematics, and wiih the most unwearied zeal mastered the Latin of Lilly's grammar, and afterwards Camden's deek, till tlii.^ aelf-t9uglit cIhss'c advanced gradually but! ARATUS, a Greek poet, bom at Soles, in Cilicia, is the author of a Greek astro- nomical poem, intitled Phenomena, which was translated into Latin by Cicero, and quoted by St. Paul. His other works are lost. He was patronised by Ptolemy Phi- ladelphns. ARATUS, of Sicyon, one of the great men of tlie declining age of Greece, was born B. c. 273. At the age of only twenty, he delivered Sicyon, his native place, from the tyranny of jVicocIes, but would not allow a drop of blood to be shed. Being entrusted with the government, he joined the Ach»eHri league, and was advanced to be general of the confederacy. In this capacity, he, by an admirable stratagem, recovered the citadel of Corinth from the Macedonians. Circumstances, however, subsequently rendered it necessary for him to unite with Macedon, and he, accord- ingly, becuine the ajly of Antigonus, and, next, of Philip. The latter monarch is s\ispected to have caused his death by slow ro.sm He Hied b. c. 216, sincerely taniemed by his fellow citizens. His Com ARC mentaries, containing the history of his own actions and times, are, unfortunately, tost. ARBUTHNOT, JoHK, Dr., was the son of a Scotch episcopal clergyman, and was born at Arbuthnot, near Montrose, soon after the Restoration. Having com- pleted his studies, and taken his medical degree, at Aberdeen, he proceeded to Lon- don, where, for some time^ he supported himself by teaching the mathematics. In 1704, the merits of his paper. On the Re- gularity of the Births of the two Sexes, procured his admission into the Royal Society. He rose in his profession to be the queen's physician in ordinary, and a f«llow of the "College of Physicians ; but his practice does not appear to have been extensive. Acquainted witli Pope, Swift, and the other wits of the age, he took a share in their literary enterprises, and contributed largely to the Memoirs- of Martinus Scriblerus. The History of John Bull, A Treatise on the Scolding of the Ancients, and The Art of Political Lying, with many other pieces of wit and humour, were the offspring of his pen. After long lingering under asthma and dropsy, which he bore with exemplary patience, he died in February, 1735. Swift gave his cha- racter in few words — "He has," said he, " more wit than all our race, and his hu- manity is equal to his wit." Nor is there any tiling of the exaggeration of friendship in this praise. Among his serious works, part of which are medical, may be named bis Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures. ARCHIAS, Adi,17S Licinius, a Greek poet, a native of An tiocli, the contemporary and friend of Cicero and Lucullus, the former of whom pronounced on his behalf the eloquent oration Pro Archia Poeta Archias wrote a verse History of the Cim- bric war, and other works; but only a few epigrams of his are extant. ARCHILpCHUS, a G eek poet and musician, born about the ysar 700 b. c, vas the aon of Telesicles i f Pares, a man of high rank He is celebrated for his ARC 89 splendid talents, the bitterness of his satire^ the invention of iambic vwi'se, and his cow- ardice. In battle he threw away his shield, to fly more expeditiously; an action which he defended by saying, that *' it was eaaiei to get a new buckler than a new exist- ence." Such was the deadly virulence of his invective, that Lycambes hanged him- self in consequence of having been exposed to it; a visitation, however, which he brought on his own head, by marrying his daughter to a rich suitor, after he had promised her to Archilochus. The poet was at last killed, by Corax of Naxos. ARCHIMEDES, one of the most cele- brated geometricians and mechanicians of antiquity, was born at Syracuse, about the year 287 b. c, and was related to King Hiero. He, however, took no part in state affairs, but devoted hnnself to the cultivation of the sciences. As a mathe- matician he had few rivals ; as a mechani- cian he had none. The combination of pul- leys for raising vast weights, the endless screw, and the screw which bears his name, were invented by him. He la also said to have constructed a machine, which represented the motions of the heavenly bod- ies. But it was in defence of Syracuse, when that city was besieged by Marcellus, that his inventive genius was the most splendidly displayed. By his mechanical inventions the besieging force was long held at bay. Among these was a burning glass, composed of reflecting mirrors, by which he tired the hostile fleet. 1'he city was at last taken by storm, and Archi- medes fell by the hand of a soldier, b. c. 212, in the seventy-fouilh year of his age. Several of his works are extant. ARCHYTAS, a Pythafforean philoso- pher, born at Tarentum, about 408 years B. c, was at once a mathematician, a general, and a statesman, and was eminent in each of these pursuits. He was seven times at the liead of the government, and often commanded the army, without ever being vanquished. As a mechanician, he invented the screw, the crane, and various hydraulic mechanics. To the philosophy of Archytas, Aristotle was indebted for many ideas. He was shipwrecked on the coast of Apulia. His only extant produc- tion IS a metaphysical work On the Uni- verse. ARCON, Lemiceaud d', a French general and engineer, was born at Pontar- Rer, in 1733, and died in 1800. He was intended for the church ; but, from an early age, the time that he should have dedicated to languages and theology, he spent in drawing plans of fortifications. His picture having been painted as an abbe, he oblite- rated the clerical dress, and replaced it by that of an engineer; and this silent hint induced his parent to comply with hu 40 ARC wishes. D'Ar^on distinguished himseir» during ihe seven years war, in the defence of Cassel. In 1780, he in\:ented the float- ing batteries, which were intended to re- duce Gibraltar. Theyfailod; not, howev- er, by his fault; and became an object of ridicule with those wlio measure merit by success: they, nevertheless, did honour to the genius of the projector. D'Ar^on is the author of several works on his prcfes- sion, which, though faulty in style, display talent and skill, ARDERN, John, an English surgeon, Eetthd at Newatk, in 1349, and removed to Lonilon, in 1370, in consequence of his pxtensJve reputation. The title of reviver of surgery in England in the fourteenth century has been given to him. He was particularly successful in thecureof tistuhi, the mode of operating for which he much improved. ARETAPHILA, a female of Cyrene, who lived about tlie time oif the wars be- tween Mithridates and the Romans, deliv- ered her country from the tyranny of Nico- crates, and of his brother I^ysander, the former of whom had murdered her hus- band. After having given wise laws and institutions to the Cyreneans, she refused lo accept the sovereign authority, and re- tired t:) a private station. ARETINO,GuiDo, or GaiiJO d'A REZ- zo, born at Arezzo, in Tusi-any, about the year 995, was a Benedictine monk. To him music is indebted for the invention of the gamut, and otlier discoveries. His merit excited such envy among his confra- ternity, that he was obliged to quit his convent ; but for t\\ifi hp was amply indem- nified by the praise and the patronage of the pope. The time of his death is not recorded. ARETINO, Leonard, so called fi*om Arezzo, where he was born in 1369, but whose real name was Bruni, was an Italian historian, of considerable merit, and es- teemed for his virtues. He was secretary tu several popes, and chanQellor to the Florentine republic. He dief' ., r lorence, in 1444. His principal works are, a His- tory of his own Times; a History of Flo- rence; and his Letters, which contain mHch infoniiati -'\ respecting the literature of that age_ ARETI^fO, Peter, a celebrated satir- ist, or rather ^ibeller, was a native of Arez- zo, in Tuscany, and was born in 1492. He acquired the title of the Scourge of Prin- ces, and was so ^ain of his power, tiiat he caused a medal to be struck, on which he styled himself the divine Aretino. and re- piescnted himself seated on a throne re- I'fiving the envoys of sovereigns. By some mouiuchs, amtmg whom was Chafhs V. and Francis 1. he was bribed to silence; but others msmed bis forbearance, or pun- ARG ished his aggression, .bv the more proper means of corporeal chastisement. Such was his propensity to run a muck, that he was said to have spared the Deity in his satire onlv because he did not know him. Some of ^lis ccmpositions are cf the grossest cb- scenity. Yet he wrote hymns, devotional pieces, and lives cf saints! He died at Venice, in 1556. ARGENS, John Baptist de Bov- KR, Marquis d', born at Aix, in Provence, in 1704, was the son of the solicitor general to the pailiament, and \a8 intended for the law, but entered the army against the wish of his father, and, afler many curious ad- ventures, was f lis inherited. A fall from liis horse ha#ng incapacitated him for mil- itary service, he settled in Holland, took up the pen fur his livelihood, and produced his Jewish, Chinere, and Cabalistic Let- ters. Frederic the Great invited him to Potsdam, made him his chamberlain, and gave him his friendship and a pension. He died at Aix, in 1771, while on u visit to his family. His numerous works, once popular, are fallen into greater neglect tiian they deserve, considering the talent and erudition which they display. ARGENSOLA, Lupercio Leonar- do D*, a Spanish historian and poet, born at Baibastro, in Aragon, about 1565, was secretary of war and state at Naples, un- der the viceroy count de Lemos. He died, in 1613, in the Neapolitan capita! He is* the author of poems, and of three tragedies, Isabella, Philip, and Alexander. ARGENSOLA, Bartholomew, bro- ther of Lupercio, born in 1566, was canon of Saragossa and chaplain of tlie Empress Maria of Austria, acoDmpanied his brother to Naples, was appointed, aftttr his return, historiographer of Aragon, and died at Sa- ragossa, in 1631. He is the author of a History of the Conquest of the Moluccas, and a Continuation of Zurita''s History of Aragon. It was said of the two brotliers, that the perfect resemblance of their tal- ents made their countrymen believe them to be twins of Apollo and a Muse. ARGOLT, John, the eon of a celebrated mathematician, was born in 1609, at Tag- liacozzo, ill the Neapolil&n territory, and died about the year 1660. Several philo- logical and archaeological works proceeded from his pen, but he is best known as a poet. When only fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the silkworm, and two years sub- sequently his Endymion, in twelve cantos, which he completed in seven months, during which period he shut himself up, and suf fered no one to enter his room, except to bring his toon ^ AKGONNE, Noel, called Dom Boiia- yenture d\ b .ni at Paris, in 1634, died in 1704. He was originaify a barrisinr, but at the age of twenty-eight entered tbi ARI Carthusian order. He is the author of a Treatise on the Reading of the Fathers, and nl' another intitled Education, Max- inis and Rejections of M. de Moncada, &c. ; but he i? be^t known by his Histori- cal and Literary Miscellanies, published under the name of Vi»neuil Marville ARGUIPO, Don Juan d*, a Spani&h poet,' and the Maecenas of his literary con- temporaries, was boru at Seville, in the seventeenth century. Lopez de-Vega ded- icated to him many of his works. So lib- eral was Arguipo, to men of talent, tliat his fortune, thoun^h large, was iiisulHcient to keep pace with his excess uf generositv. ARIAS MONTANUS, BENEDiCT.'a Spanish orientalist, burn in Estremadura, in 1527, died in 1598. In addition to his thorough knowledge of the oriental and classical languages, he spoke fluentlyrthe German., Flemish, French, and Portuguese. Philip II. of Spaio confided to him the editing of the Polyglot Bible, which is known as the Antwerp or Royal Bible. Arias was as remarkable for his modesty and disinterestedness as for his learning; a bishopric was offered to him, l^ut he pre- ferred the retirement uf his hermitage, and his only bed was a cloak spread upon the bare Iwards. Among his most esteemed works is his Treaties on Jewish Antiqui ties. ARI 41 ARIOSTO, Lewis, a poet, one of tlie boasts of Italian literature, was of a family allied to the dukes of Ferrara, and was born at Regain, in Lombardy, in 1474. His father wishing him to follow the pro- fession of the civil taw, he studied five years at Padua; but wus at length allowed to follow the bent of his own inclinations. The duke of Ferrara invited him to his court, where he became a favourite of car- dinal Hippolito of Este, who retained him fifteen years in his service. While thus engaged, he began his' Orlando Furioao.l Cardinal Bembo had advised him to com-, pose only in Latin; but, luckily, Ariusto declined to fallow his advice. It was m 1515 tliat tile Orlando was given to the wiirld. The duke of Ferrara employed' ArioBto in various embassies, and nomi- nated him to the government of Graflgnana. While hrjldin^ the latter oifice, he is said to have fallen in w'th a party of banditti, who infested the Apennines, but who, on hearing his name, conducted hiin to his castle with the utmost respeit. He died at Ferrara, in 1533, Besides his great work, he is the autlior o^ satires, drauias, and miscellaneous puenis. It is, luwever, on the Orlando that his fame principally rests; and, while the most splendid fancy, and the most exquisite powers of descrip- tion, continue to charm mankind, that fame can never die. ARIST.EXETUS, a Greek writer of the fourth century, the friend of the rheto-' rician Libanius, was born at Nic^eu, and perished at Nicomedia, in the earthquake of A. D. 35S. He is the author of two books of Love Epistles, part of which were translated by Tom Brown, and, more recently, by Halhed and Sheridan. ARI^^TARCHUS, a native of Samos, supposed to have flourished about 280 years b. c. was the firs' who asserted the double motion of the earth, round its axis and round the sun. He also invented a particular kind of sun dial. A treatise of his is extant, on the dimensions and dis- tance of the sun and moon. ARISTARCHUS, the grammarian and critic, was a native of Samothrace, oorn 160 years B.C., resided at Alexandria, and was tutor to the children of Ptolemy Phi- lometer, by which monarch he was much esteemed. He revised Homer's poems, and scrutinized each verse with such critical rigour, that his name has ever since been applied to all very rigid censors. Finding himself attacked by a cureless dropsy, he starved himself to death, in the isle of Cyprus, at the age of seventy-two. ARISTIDES, an Athenian,whose equity and integrity gained for him the glorious appellation of the Just, was the son of Lysimachus. Being an admirer of the laws of Lycurgua, he preferred an oligarchy to a democracy, and was, consequently, the great opponent of Themistocles, the head of the deniocratical party. The dissensiona betwe<*n these two eminent men were so prejudicial to the common weal that Aris- tides himself once exclaimed that " the Atlienians would never prosp«:r till he and Themistocles were consigned to the dunareou for condemned criminals." Theselfdenial and patriotism of Aristides were strongly manifested by his giving up his share of the command to Miltiades, before.the battle of Marathon; and his conduct after the battle, when entrusted to divide the spoils, was equally praiseworthy. In the yeai 491 B. 0. lie was archon, or chief magis- trate; an office which he filled with high reputation. Themistoclesy buwever, suO' 42 ARI ceeded in having him sentenced to banish- ment by ostracism. On this occasion, a' voter who could not write, and did not know him, met him, and asked him to in- scribe the name of Aristides on the shell for him. " Did Aristides ever injure youl " said the patriot. " No," replied the man, "but I am weary of hearing him called Che Just." Aristides wrote his own name, and returned the shell. Being recalled from banishment, when Xerxes was pre- paring to invade Greece, he laid all private differences aside, and acted in perfect con- cert with Themistocles. At tlie battle of Plat^ea he commanded tlie Athenian forces, and fought bravely, and, subsequent to the battle, his wisdom put an end to a danger- ous quarrel' which arose between the con- federates. He died of old age about 467 years n. c, and did not leave sufficient property to defray the expense of his funeral. He was buried at the public cost, a pension and an estate were given to his son, and suitable portions to his daugh- ters. ARISTIDES, of Miletus, a Greek wri-" ter, who flourished in the second century before the Christian era, is the author of various historical works blended with fable ; but is better known as the author of The Milesiacs, a collection of obscene tales. Plutarch tells us, that Surena, after his victory over Crassus, found these tales in the baggage of Rustius, and sent them to the senate of Seleucia, as a proof of the dissolute manners of the Romans. ARISTIDES, iELius^-'an orator and sophist, was born at Adrian!, in Mysia, A. D, 129, travelled four times through the whole of Egypt, penetrated into Etliiopia, and at last settled at Smyrna, where his eloquence gained him/ high reputation. Smyrna having been destroyed by an earth- quake, A. D. 178, he so pathetically de- scribe ^ the calamity to Antoninus, that the emperor instantly ordered the city to be rebuilt. For this service the grateful in- habitants erected a statue to Aristides, in the temple of Esculapius. His works were published at Oxford, by Jebb, in two quarto volumes. ARISTIPPUS, a native of Cyrene, whence tlie sect which he founded was called the Cyrenaic, flourished about 400 years B. c. He quitted his native place to become the disciple of Socrates ; but he soon found the doctrines of his master too riijid, and deviated widely from them. .His extravagance having injured his for- tune, he opened a school of rhetoric, and was the first of the Socratists who taught for gain. After several adventures at iEgina, Corinth, and Rhodes, he visited the court of Dionysius at Syracuse, and appears to have resided there for a con- ■laerabfe time. He, however, returned to ARI Athens. The time of his death is unknown^ but must have been subsequent to B.C. 366. Aristippus was a man of wit and elegant manners, but is charged with having been too much addicted to pleasure. ARISTOGITON, an Athenian, who, in conjunction with his friend Harmodius, formed a conspiracy against the tyrants Hipparchus and Hippias, b. c. 516. Hip< parchus was slain, but Hippias escaped, and caused them to be put to death. The Athenians, afterwards, p^ia almost divine honours to their memoi-y. ARISTOMENES, a Greek warrior and patriot, was the son of Nicomedes,a de- scendant of tlje ancient Messenian kings- Indignant at the subjection in which hia countrymen were held by the Spartans, he raised the banner of freedom, B. c 686, and, by acts of almost romantic valour, long made head against the oppressors. He died at Rhodes, while on a visit to his son-in-law. A colony of Messenians, under his son, founded Messina, in Sicily, b. c. 668. ARISTOPHANES, an Athenian comic dramatist, lived about the middle of the fifth centui^ b. c. and was contemporary with Euripides, Plato, and Socrates. The latter philosopher he attacked in his com- edy of The Clouds, and is thereby Supposed to have contributed to the unjust death of the object of his satire This po]]ularidea, however, appears manifestly absurd, when we consider that twenty years elapsed be- tween the representation of The Clouds and the death of Socrates. Aristophanes was the author of fifty-four comedies, of which only eleven have descended to us. His style has always been admired for its Attic elegance ; his wit for its poignancy and his delineation of manners for its per- fect fidelity. ARISTOTLE,often called the Staginte, a Grecian philosopher, was the son of Nicomacliup, physician to Amvntas, king of Macedon, and was born at Stagyra, in Thrace; b. c. 384. He lost his parents while in his childhood, and at the Rge of seventeen became the discipw of PUtOs ARL who valued him highly, and with whom he remained for twenty years. During thia period he was unwearied in his atten- tion to study, and his acquirements were commetisurate wilh his diligence. Such WAi his fame for learning that, B. c. 341, he was chosen by Philip of Macedon to educate Alexander j who was then fourteen years of age, and in this occupation he Bpcuc eight years. After the departure of Alexander on his Asiatic expedition, Aris- totle returned to Athens, where he opened his school, in a building called the Lyceum, and founded the sect of Peripatetics, so called from his having walked about while he lectured. When he had pursued this course for thirteen years, he was com- pelled to quit Athens, in consequence of a Grivolous and calumnious charge of impiety being brought against him. He withdrew to Chalcis, in Eubaea, where he died in the sixty-third year of his age. Aristotle was versed in every science then known ; and he illustrated them, in his writings, with all the resources of a -nighty mind. Though his works have lost much of the authority which they once possessed, yet his name will ever be venerated as that of one of the greatest philosophers of ancient times. ARIUS, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, the founder of the Arian sect, flourished in the beginning of the fourth century ; whether he was a native of Alex- andria, or of Libya, is not ascertained. His disputes with bishop Alexander, res- pecting the second person in the Trinity, gave rise to a schism in the church, and to infinite persecution. He owned Christ to be God; but denied him to be coequal and coeternal with the Father. This opinion was pronounced heretical by the Nicene council, and Arius was banished. He was, however, ultimately recalled; but there seems to be every reason to believe that his opponents cut short his triumph by poisoning him, a., d. 336. ARKWRIGHT, Sir Richard, an English manufacturer, to whom his country is highly indebted for improvements in cot- ton spinning, was bom at Preston, in Lan- cashire, in 1732, and was originally in the humble situation of a country barber. He aflerwards became a travelling hair mer- chant. Having a talent for mechanics, he turned, his attention to the inventing a ma- chine for spinning cotton; or, as his oppo- nents contended, availed himself oi the ideas of others; and, aftec many trials and fail- ures, succeeded in accomplishing his pur- pose. His patent was, indeed, ultimately set aside; but not before he had amassed a Drincely fortune, as the proprietor of im- ■nense cotton worits, ai Cromford, in Der- pyshire. He died in 1792. ARLOTTO-MAINARDO, a Florentme, ARM 4S bom in 1395 died in 14S3, was a parish minister in the bishopric of Fiesole. His fame, which was extensive, was not ac- quired by any thing connected with his pro- fession, but by his jests and facetious speeches, which were in every body's mouth, and gained him large presents from several princes. Arlotto, however, was not a mere joker; he m'ngled good sense with his witj and performed benevolent actions. A collection of his witty sayingu was published after his death. ARMINIUS, or HERMANN, the de- liverer of Germany, was the son of SigU mer, a chief of the Cherusci. Sent to Rome as a hostage, he was educated tliere, served with distinction in the Roman ar- mies, and was made a citizen and knight by Augustus. He was not, however, to be seduced by benefits received from the op- pressors of his country. Having incited the Germans to revolt, he defeated and slew Varufl, and nearly exterminated the Roman army, in the defiles of Teutberg, A. £>. 9; anj he subsequently baffled all the efforts of Germanicus to subdue him. He was assassinated in the thiriy-ninth yeai of his age, a. d. 20. ARMINIUS, James, whose real name was Harmensen, a celebrated divine, was born in the year 1560, at Oudewater, in Holland. He lost his father in infancy; and his mother, sister, and brother were put to the sword by the Spaniards, while he was at the university of Marpurg. In 1588, he became a preacher at Amsterdam, and, aflerwards, was appointed professor of divinity at Leyden. Being engaged to refute a work against Beza's doctrine of predestination, he was converted by the writer''s arguments; and his teaching the new doctrines that he had espoused gave such deadly offence to the bigoted Calvin- ists, that they spared no pains to embitter his existence. He died in 1609, worn out by continued persecution. Arrainiuswxis learned, eloquent, amiable, tolerant, and virtuous. His motto was " a good con- science is paradise." His followers bear the name of Arminians; and in Holland that of Remonstrants; the latter appella- tion they derive from a remonstrance ad- dressed to the states of Holland, in 1610. ARMSTRONG, John, a poet and phy- sician, was bom at Castleton,in Roxburgh- shire, about 1709, was educated and took his degree at Edinburgh, and settled in London. In 1760, he was appointed phy- sician to the army in Germany, whence he returned in 1763. He made the tour of Italy, with Fuseli, the painter, in 1771^ and died in 1779. His practice was linited, but he contrived to save a considerable sum of money. He is the author of sev- eral poems and prose compositions, som« of the latter of which are on medical iul> M ARN juris. The work to which he owes his per- 1 m^inenl reputation is The Art of preserv- 1 m;? Health, a pccm, which is suferior to any other didatic production in verse. ARN ALL, William, a political writer, jnder the administration of Sir Rolert VValpnle, of which minister he was one of the hired defenders, was bred an attorney, but turned to literature, and succeeded Concanen in the British Jfournal. But his principal engine in the premier's behalf was The True Briton. Thongh he is said 'o have received from the treasury eleven Jiousanil pounds in four years, he fell into want, and jnit an end to his existence in 1741, wlien only twenty-six years of age. ARNAUD, Dariel, a troubadour of the twelfth century, was born of noble pa- rents in the province of Perigord. Dante praises his prose as well as his verse pro- ductions, and Petrarch styles him " the grand master of love." H6 was a musi- cian also, and the inventor of a species of composition named sesfine, ARNAUD, DE ViLLE Neuve, so called from the place of his birth, believed' to be near Montpelier, was a highly talented physician and philosopher, born about the middle of the thirteenth century. In pur- suit of knowledge he travelled into Italy and Spain, in which latter country he ac- quired, from the Arabian doctors, profound skill in medicine. Being suspected of her- esy,' he was compelled to quit France, and retire into Sicily. He perished by ship- wreck in 1310. ARNAUD, Francis Bacdlard d', a dramatist and poet, born at Paris in 1718, died in that city in 1805. He was -of a noble Proven^'al family, andwasearly countenanced by Voltaire, who gave him both money and advice. Before he was seventeen he wrote tliree tragedies. After having resided for some time at Berlin, as the friend of the great Frederic, he re- turned to Paris, where he applied himself wholly to literature, and at length became indigent. Of his tragedies only the Count dc Comminges was acted. His poems and romances arc numerous. ARNAULD, Henry, a French eccle- siastic, the son of an eminent advocate, was bom in 1597, and, after having been entrusted with important misisions to Rome, and othw Italian courts, was made bishop af Angers, in 1649, and thenceforth de- voted himself strictly to the performance of his episcopal duties. His piety and char- ity weie exemplary, and the only time, during nearlj half a century, that he (luit- ted hi> diocese, M-ns to reconcile the prince of Tarento with his father. Ang«rs having revolted, the queen mother tlneulened that city with severe vengeance, and was long inflexible. Arnauld at lengtli saved it, by faying, when b* administered to her the ARN sacrarrifc'nt, " Receive, madam, your God, who pardoned his enemies, even when ht was dying on the cross." To a friend, who told him that he ought to take one ('ay in the week for recreation, he replied, " l will reaflilydo so, if you will point oulanv day on vhich I am not a bishop." Thfs worthy prelate died in 1692, deeply la- mented by his flock, who considered him as a saint, and eagerly sought to obtain even the merest trifles that Imd once be- longed to him. His Negotiations in Italy were published, in 1748, in Ave volumes. ARNAULD, Anthony, brother of Henry, was born at Paris, in 1612;studied in ihe colleges of Calvi and the Soi bonne, and took his doctor's decree in 1641. The publishing, in 1643, of his work on Fie- quent Communion, which was iirulenlly attacked by the Jesuits, was his first ap- pearance on the arena of controversy, where, during the remainder of his life, he made so conspicuous a pgure. He next espoused the cause of Jansenius, for which he was expelled Irom the Sorbonne. The result of this was, that he was compelled to live in retirement till the year 1668, and, while thus secluded, he produced many treatises. The Calvinists were the liext objects of his attack; after which he had a contest with Malebranche. The intrigues of his enemies having rendered it necessary for him to quit France, he withdrew to the Netherlands, where he continued hostili- ties against the Jesuits and Protestants. He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnau'd was a man of extensive erudition, and an indefatigable and excellent writer on a va- riety of subjects, literary and philosophical as well as theological. His works extend to no less than forty-five quarto volumes. Though in social life nis manners were mild and simple, he was of an impetuous dispo- sition. Nicole, his fellow labourer in some of his controversies, having declared to him that he was tired of ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest, " Rest !" exclaimed Ar* nau|d> " will you not havb all eternity to rest in V ARNE, Thomas Aogcstos, the s-'n of an upholsterer, was born in 1710, eau- cated ^t Eton, and brought up to the law; but, during his clerkship, he, by stealtli, made far greater progress in the principle* of hartiiony *Jian in the legal drudgery to which he was condemned. Finding it in vain to contend against nature, his father allowed him to pursue the study of music. Arne first_ came before the piihlic, as a composer, in Addison'sopera of Rosamond, which was acted in 1788 His next great pffort was the .«ettipg of Milton's Coiius, in 1738. From that peiiud his popularity continued to increase; and in songs he was confessedly without a rival. In 17S9, the uoivenity of Oxford cuD&rnd oo him ARN the dcffree of doctor in muBiR. He died 111 1778. Arne composed at least thirty pieces for the stage, among whinli, besides thoine already mentioned, may be noticed the opera of Artaxerxes, and the masque of Alfred. In the latter, was first gi\en to th<; Morld the spirit stirring song of Rule Britannia. ARNOBIUS, (denominated the Elder, to distinguish him from a bishop of Gaul) taught rhetoric at Sicca, in Africa, aessijn of that city with some troops of the Pennsylvania fine. Here he was guilty of the most prrtfligate extravagance and the meanest pectilarjon. Charges were preferred against him, he was tried befoi e a court martial, ^nd condemned to be re- pri maiided by the commander i n chief. He i.nm elation. Arnold escaped with ditlicult} on board a British ship of war, and on tlic conclusion of the viar was rewarded by nis employers with a pension. He died io London in 1801. ARNOLD, Dr. Sai^uel, an eminent musical composer, wa^ born at London, in 1739, and received his scientific instruc- tion from Mr. Gates and Dr. Nares. About the year 17C0, he became composer to Covent Gai'den theatre, and in 1776 was engaged to conduct the musical department at the Haymarket theatre. In 1767, ho brought out the oratorio of the Cure of Saul, which was succeeded by several others. His Prodigal Son was performed at the instalment of Lord North as chan- cellor of Oxford. In 1771 he purchased Marylebone Gardens, for which he com- posed several excellent burlettas. Till tlie clq^e of life, he continued to increase in fortune and reputation. He died in 1S02. Besides his Oratorios, Operas, and other compositions, the pul^lic is indebted to him for a splendid and uniform rdition of Handel, and four volumes of cathedral music, in continuation of Dr. Bo^ce'i work. ARNOLFO DI LAPO, an Italian ar- chitect, born in 1232, -^ied in ISOO. He fortified Florence, and erecieJ many pala- ces and other buildings in that vhy; but hiti masterpiece is the celebrated ralr.cdral of Santa Maria del Fiore, a majestic eili- fice, which, however, he did not live to Gnish, the cupola being the work of Bru- nelleschi. ARRIA, a Roman -ady, the wife of Caecina Paetus, whose fortitude and con- jugal affection have immortalized her name. Several acts of noble firmness were crowned by that which terminated her existence. Her husband, having rebelled asainst Claudius, was ordered to destroy himself. Seeing him hesitate, Arria plunged the poniard into her own breast, and then presented it to him, saying, at the same time, " Paetus, it is not painnil!" ARRIAN, Flavius, aGroekhiritoriau. 46 ART Dorn in the second centurVf at Nioomedia, was the disciple of Epictetus, and bore arras under Adrian, wtio made him go- vernor of Cappadocia. That province he defended against the Alans, and was re- warded with the consular dignity, the title of senator, and the high priesthood of Ceres and Proserpine. Several of his works are lost; among those which remain are The Expedition of Alexander, and the Manual of Epictetus. ARROWSMITH, Aaron, an eminent constructor of maps and charts, and hydro- grapher to his majesty, was a native of the metropolis, and died, at the age of seventy-four, in May, 1823. Many of his maps are on a large scale, and finely en- graved. Among' them may be mentioned his India, Alpine Countries, Southern Italy, Environs of Constantinople, &c. &c. ARSACES I. the founder of the Par- thian monarchy, and of the dynasty of the Arsacides, flourished about 250 years b. c. Irritated by an unnatural insult which the governor of the province had offered to nis young brother, he raised the standard of revolt in Parthia against Seleucus, suc- ceeded in emancipating his countrymen, and was rewarded by them with the diadem. He conquered Hyrcania, and reigned prosperously for thirty-eight years. ARTEDI, Peter, a Swedish physi- cian and naturalist, born in 1705, was drowned at Amsterdam in his thirtieth year. He was the fellow student and bosom friend of Linnaeus, who. In honour of him, gave the name of Artedia to one class of umbelliferous plants. His ' only work is the Ichthyologia, or History of Fishes, which was published by Linnaeus, after the author's death. ARTEMON, a native of Clazomene, was a contemporary of Pericles, whom he accompanied to the siege of Samos. He is said to have invented the battering ram and the testudo. ARTEVELLE, James, a brewer of Ghent, in the fourteenth century, acquired by his eloquence, talents, and riches, a more powerful influence over the Flemings than their sovereigns had ever possessed. He even succeeded in compelling the count of Flanders to take refuge in France; after which h^ formed an alliance with Edward III. and strove to transfer the Flemish sovereignty to the Black Prince. He was slain in a tumult at Ghent, in 1345. ARTEVELLE, Philip, the son of James, was chosen by the Flemings as their leader, when they revolted against their Count, in 1382. His flrst act was to avenge the murder of his father. He de- feated the Count, and made himself master jf Bruges; but the French having sent a numerous urmy to the assistance of the ASC and killed, at the battle of Rosbecq, ii November, 1382. ARTHUR," a British prince, said la have been the son of Uther, whom he suc- ce^ed in the year 516. His history is so blended with the wildest fiction, that it is difiicult to collect the truth. It appears, however, that he carried on war success- fully against the Saxons, Scots, and Picts, and that he was mortally wounded, a. d. 542, in a .">ntest with Mordred, his re- volted nephew. ARTIGAS) Don John, was born at Monte Video, in 1760, and was originally in the Spanish service, but quitted it to fight for the independence of his country. After having greatly contributed to estan- lish the republic of Buenos Ayres, be be- came an object of suspicion to the govern- ment of that state, was declared a traitor, and compelled to take up arms. For some years he kept possession of the territory called the Banda priental. At len?tb, however, he was defeated, and compelled to seek refuge in Paraguay, where he died in 1826. ARUNDEL, Thomas, -second son of the earl of Arundel, was born in 1353, became bishop of Ely at the age of twenty- two, and was successively lord chancellor, archbishop of York, and archbishop of Canterbury, to which latter see he was raised in 1396. He was banished for his resistance to Richard II., but was restored to the primacy on the accession of Henry IV. Arundel was a rigorous persecutor of the Lollards or Wickliffites, and forbad the translation of the Scriptures into the vulgar tongue. He died, in 1413, of an inflammation of the throat, and as his dis- ease happened Shortly after he had excom- municated Sir John Oldcastle, the Lollards^ attributed it to divine vengeance. ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, earl of, a nobleman of taste, learning, and a munificent spirit, in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. He sent Petty into the Levant, in search of antiquities, who ob- tained for him, among other things, the celebrated Anmdelian marbles, which the earl's grandson afterwards presented to the university of Oxford. Arundel left Eng- land when tlie civil war commenced, and died at Padua, in 1646. ARUNDEL, Blanche, lady, a daugh- ter of the earl of Worcester, and wife of Lord Arundel of Wardour, merits to be enrolled among heroines for her noble de- fence of Wardour Castle. With only twenty-five men, she held out a siege of ten days against Sir Edward Hungerwrd's force of thirteen hundi'ed men, and nt length obtained honourable terms. She died in 1669, aged sixty-six. ASCHAM, RoGKR, a learned wi-iter. detbronad prince, Artevelle was defeated born, in 1616, at Kirby Wiske, in York* ASG fhire, was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and obtained a fellowship, and the places of Greek professor and university orator. In. 1544, he published his Toxophilus, which Henry VIII. rewarded with a pen- fiioQ of ten pounds In 1548, he became classical tutor to the Princess Elizabeth, which olUce he threw up after having held it two years, andaccompanied the English ambassador to Germany, as his secretary. He was Latin secretary to Mary, and to his former pupil Elizabeth. Being of careless habits, and fond of cockfigbting and gaming, he died poor, in 1568. As a scholar and a writer he stands high in estimation. Of his works those mo^ fre- quently read are the J'oxophilus and the Schoolmaster. ASDRUBAL, son-in-law of Amilcar, the fatlier of Annibal, was elected as general by the army in Spain, after the death of Amilcar, whom he had accompanied thither. Annibal served under him during three campaigns. Asdrubal extended the Car- thaginian conquests in that country, and built New Carthage, now Carthagena, to secure tliem. After having governed for eight years, he was assassinated (b. c. 220) by a Gaulish slave, whose master he bad put to death. ASDRUBAL BARCA, brother of An- nibal, was left to command in Spain by Annibal, and obtained many successes in that country. His brother standing in need of assistance, Asdrubal crossed the Alps, and was advancing along the coast of the Adriatic, when he was met by the Romans, near the Metaurus (b. o. 207), was defeated, and, with fifty-six thousand of his troops, was slain. His head was cut off, and thrown into Annibal's camp, who, at sight of it, is said to have confess- ed that his hopes, and those of Carthage, were annihilated. ASELLIjCaspak, a native of Cremona, flourished early in the seventeenth century, and was professor of anatomy at Pavia. Anatomical science is indebted to him for the important discovery of the lacteal ves- sels, which he first observed while dissect- ing a do^. He died, in 1626, at Milan. ASGILL, John, an English barrister, born about the middle of the seventeenth century, a man of great talents and humour, was expelled fi-om the Irish parliament, and then from the English, for writing a book in whici he maintained that man might be translated to heaven without passing through death. For this, though he strenuously asserted his belief in the Scriptures, he was persecuted as a blasphe- mer and an infidf' The last thirty years of his life were spent in the King's Bench, where he continued to preserve his spirits ASP 47 unbroken , and at length died, in 1738, at a very advanced age. ASHMOLE, Elias, an antiquary, born at Litchfield, in 1617,.settled at London in 1638, as a chancery solicitor, but became a student of Brazennse College at the breaking out of the civil war. He, how- ever, did not confine himself to collegiate pursuits, for he served the king in the ord- nance department, both at Oxford ana Worcester. On the downfal of the royal cause, he went to London, and wasted his time in studying the occult sciences, on which he puljlishod several works. After the Restoration he received the reward of his loyalty, being appointed Windsor her- ald, and a commissioner of excise. The former office he resigned in 1675. He died in 1692. His great production is the History of the Order of the Garter. In 1683, he gave his cabinet of curiosities to the university of Oxlbrd, to which he af- terwards added his library 3nd his MSS. This was the commencement of the Mu- seum Ashmoleanum. ASP ASIA, a celebrated Grecian cour- tesan, was a native of Miletus, in Ionia, who settled at Athens, where she acquired great influence by her beauty and talents. Her skill in politics, philosophy, and rheto- ric was extensive, and her eloquence was of a superior order. Socrates was her friend, or, as some say, her lover; and Pericles was so fondly attached to her, that, in order to marry her, he divorced his wife. After the death of Pericles, she was united to Lysicles, an obscure man, whom she raised to importance in the state. Cyru^ ^ve the name of Aspasia to his favourite mistress Milto, in compliment to her charms. ASpiNWALL, William, was boij) in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1743> and was graduated at Harvard University in 1764. Immediately afterwards he began the study of medicine, and completed his course at the hospital of Philadelphia, in the university of which city he received his medical degree about the year 1768. He acquired great skill and celebrity in inoculating for the small-pox, and erected hospitals for the purpose in Brookline, where large numbers resorted. As a phy- sician. Dr. A. obtained great* distinction, and devoted himself with unremitting zeal for forty-five years to the duties of a very extensive practice. For some years before his death he was afilicted with blindness, a misfortune which he bore with tranquillity and resignation. He died in 1823. ASPREMONT, Francis, Viscount A', was governor of Bayonne, in the reigu of the monster Cliarles IX., and is immor- talized by his heroic answer to that mo- narch, who had commanded sitrr^ .gahle artist. Originally a miniature painter, he quitted tliat profession to become a natu- ralist and engraver of natural history. His coloured engravings of birds, in which he employed oil colours and gold, are the most perfect of their kind. His great works, each forming a folio volume, are the History of Monkeys, and the History of Humming Birds. AUDOUIN, Peter, a French engra- ver, was born in 1768, and died at Paris, in 1822. He was a prolific artist, his bu- rin having produced nearly a hund^d plates, but he ranks only in the second class of his profession. Among his best works are reckoned, Christ in the tomb; the handsome female gardener, from Raphael; and a figure of Charity. AUDRAN, Charles, aFrenchengra- ver, uncle of tlie celebrated Gerard Audran, was born at Paris, in 1594, and died in 1674. It was in Italy that he perfected himself in the art of engraving, and his works are chiefly from Italian masters. The most esteemed of tliem is an Annun- ciation, from Annibal Caracci, and an Assumption, fi*om Domenichino. AUDRAN, Gerard, one of the most celebrated historical engravers, was born at Lyons, in 1640. After having studied at Rome for three years, he was called home, at the suggestion of Colbert, and obtained a pension, and the appointment of royal engraver, from Louis XIV. For that monarch he engraved Le Bnin's Bat- tles of Alexander, and this masterpiece put the seal to his reputation. The Academy of Painting nominated him one of its coun- sellors. His works are numerous, and all bigldy esteemed. He died in 1703. Seve- ral of his relations excelled in the same art. AUGER, ATHANASius,aFrench eccle- siastic, was born at Paris in 1734, and died there in 1792. He translated Demos- thenes, and otlier Greek orators, but his versions, though correct, are deficient in spirit. His best work is the Constitution of the Romans under the Kings, and dur- ing the Period of the Republic, on which he was ocj^pied more than thirty years. AUGEk, Louis Simon, a member of the French Academy, was born at Paris, in 1772, and put an end to his existence AUG 61 commented upon a variety of ctandaH works. AUGEREAU, Peter FRAycia Charles, marshal of France^ duke of Castiglione, was born at Paris, in 1757, entered the army early, served in the French and Neapolitan ranks, became a fencing master at Naples, returned to France in 1792, distinguished himself, as brigadier general, against the Spaniards, was sent into Italy, as general of division, and acquired high reputation under Bona- parte, especially at Castiglione and Ar- cole. After having, between 1797 and 1804, filled several high commands, he was raised, in tlie latter year, to the rank of marshal. In the campaigns of 1805, 1806, 1807, 1809, 1812, and 1813, he bore an active part, and enhanced his reputa- tion; but his conduct in 1814, when he was entrusted with the defence of the de- partments between the Rhone and the Alps, was severely criticised. He was even suspected of having betrayed hia trust; and this suspicion was not weaken- ed by his being one of the first to submit to the Bourbons, and even to abuse his late sovereign, for which he was amply re- warded by Louis XVHI. When Napoleon returned, Augereau woilld have rejoined his standard, out his services were rejected. He died in 1816, little regretted by any party, his want of principle having thrown a shade over the lustre of his military talents. AUGUSTINE, St., a celebrated father of the church, was born,' in 354, at Tag- aste, in Africa, and his early youth was idle, dissipated, and incontinent. When he was nineteen he became a Manichean, and remained so for ten years. During tiiat period he taught rhetoric and gr£lm- mar at Tagaste, Carthage, and Rome. From the latter city, in 383, he removed to Mi4an, where he was appointed profes- sor of rhetoric. There, by the sermons ot in 1829. He was a man of much erudition^ (Ambrose, and the arguments of two pious and talent. He conducted several Jour- men, he was converted to the catholic nals; was one of the principal authors of faith. In 386, he relinquished his profes- llie Universal Biography; wrote Eulogies sion for the study uf theul'jgy; in 391, he on Boileau and Corneille; and edited and wan ordaiiv>.d presbyter ; and, in 393, he u AUG wafi appointed joint bishop of Hippo. Tbe remainder of his iife was spent in the duties of his ofhce, and in perpetual con- troversy witli heretics, towards whom he manifested an intolerance which, especially considering his own past errors, was little to his credit. He died in 430. His works form eleven folio volumes. ' AUGUSTINK, or AUSTIN, St., com- monly denominated the Apostle of the English, flourished about tlie close of the sixth century, and was originally a monk at Rome. Pope Gregory I. sent him, with forty of his fraternity, to convert the Anglo Saxons. Their exertions were suc- cessful, '.md Augustine became the first archbishop of Canterbnry. In his exer- tions to bi inff the Welsh bishops under the papal voke he failed, andhe covered him- self with infamy by the sanguinary means which he adopted, to revenge his disap- pointment. This haughty prelate died early in the seventh' century. AUGUSTULUS, Romulus, the last emperor of the West, was proclaimed at Ravenna, in 475, by his father, the patri* cian Orestes, who, however, retained the power in his own hands. Augustulus did not long hold even his nominal sovereignty ; for, in 476, he was conquered and de- throned by Odoacer, king of the Heruli. His life was spared, and a pension wasal- lowed him. AUGUSTUS, Caius Julius C^sar OcTATiANUs, a Roman emperor, known oefore his accession by the name of Octa- vius, was the nephew and adopted son of Julius CsGsar. He was born at Rome, B.C. 63. When he was only foui* years of age he lost his father ; after which event he was brought up by Ciesar. . At the time when his uncle was assassinated, Octavius was in Epirus, whence he immediately re- turned to secure his inheritance. He was then only eighteen, and was derided by his enemies as a boy ; but his talents soon ac- quired for him extensive influence. At firiat, he joined the party which was hos- tile to Antony, but was soon reconciled to him, and, in conjunction witli that leader And Lepidus, formed the famous second AUN triumvirate. In this partition of power the west fell to his share, and in tlie exer- cise of his authority he deeply stained his character by a merciless proscription, of which Cicero was one of tlie victims Af- ter having borne a part in tlie battle of Philippi, Tie returned to Rome, and divi- ded amon^ his veterans the estates of the vanquished. Lepidus was now compelled to resign his portion of the tyranny, and the empire of the world was divirfed be- tween Octavius and Antony. Disputes speedily arose, but a temporary reconcil- iation was effected by the marriage of An- tony to the sister of Octavius. Enamoured, however, of Cleopatra, Antony deserted Octavia, and her brother took up arms to avenge her. The contest between the ri- vals was terminated by the complete defeat of Antony, at the battle of Actinm, and hia subsequent death. After this victory, Oc- tavius added Egypt to the Roman empjre. He then revisited Rome, celebrated three triumphs, closed the temple of Janus, re- ceived from the senate the titles of Impe- rator and Augustus, and remained in full possession of absolute sway. In this ex- alted rank he was no less remarkable for moderation and clemency, than he had be- fore been for qualities diametrically oppo- site. Literature flourished under his aus- pices; he enacted many salutary laws; and so embellished the Roman capital, that he was declared ** to have found it of brick, and left it of marble." He is said to have twice resolved to retire into private life, but to have been dissuaded by Mecsenas. Agustus died of a dysentery, at Nola, in tlie seventy-sixth year of his age. AULISIO, Dominic, an Italian, of consummate erudition, was born at Naples, in 1639. At nineteen he was capable of giving lectures in poetry to the Neapolitan nobles. He was professor of civil law at the age of twenty-five. There were few sciences of which he was not master, and his knowledge of all the oriental and Eu- ropean languages was profound. He pub- lished several works on law and antiqui- ties, and lef^ others in manuscript. He died, at Naples, in 1717. AULUS GELLIUS, a Latin gramma- rian, is the author of a work, in twenty books, intitled Attic Nights, because it was composed at Athens, during winter evenings. Il was originally written for the instruction of his children, and isvahi- able, in consequence of its containing many fragments from writers whose expositions are loBt. Anhis Gellius was a judge at Rome, and died in the beginning of the reign of M. A. Antoninus. AUNGERVILLE, Richard, or Rich- ard of Bury, born at St. Edmundsbury, in 12S1, und educated at Oxford, was tutor to Prince Edward, who, when he becamt AOV Edwiird III , eucceasWely made him bishop of Durham, high chancellor, and treasurer fjf England. Aungcrville merited his pre- ferments; he was munificent, charitable, and learned, a patron of learning, aqd possessed more books than all the other bishops of England united. He formed a library at Oxford, for the use of students. His Philobiblos, in twenty chapters, does . honour to him. AURELIAN, LociDS Domitids Ac- RELiANOS,aRomanemperor, wasborn in Pannonia, about the year 220, early dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Mogun- tiacum, commanded, in 259, the armies of Illyria and Xhrace, and was raised to the empire in 270. He drove back the Goths, Vandals, Sarmatiaiis, and Marcomanni, vanquished and took prisoner Zenobia, and defeated Firmius in E^ypt, and Tetricus in Ga'.d. On the return of peace, he em- bellished Rome, reformed the laws, and diminished the taxes. He was assassina- ted, in 275, by hi» soldiers, whom Mnesth- eus had excited to mutiny. AURENGZEBE, the Great Mogul, or Emperor of Hindostan, was born in 1619, and was the third son of Shah Jehan. In his youth he assumed a hypocritical ap- pearance of sanctity, but at length threw off the mask, dethroned his father, in 1660, and murdered his brothers. It must be owned, however, that he made some good laws, administered justice impartially, and extended greatly the limits of his empire, both northward and southward. During the major part of the last fifteen years of his life he was constantly in the field. Embassies were sent to him, not only from the neighbouring states, but also from the European powers. He died in 1707, and with his death began the decline of the mogul empire. AUSONIUS, DECins, or DECIMUS MAGNUS, a Latin poet of the fourth cen tury, was bom at Bordeaux, and became professor of grammar and rhetoric in his native ci*v; in which office he~acquired such reputa:ion, that the Emperor Valen- tinian appointed him preceptor to his son Gratian. When the latter inherited the throne, he rewarded him by nominating him pretorian prefect of Gaul, and, after- wards, consul. The period ufAusonius'^s death must have been subsequent to 392. It is doubtful whether he was a Christian. His poems manifest talent, but are stained by obscenity. AUTREAU, James, a French painter and dramatist, died in 1745, at the age of eighty-nine. He was sixty before he began to write for the stage. His works compose four volumes. Though many of them were successful, he closed his existence in pov- erty. AUVERGNE, Theophilus Malo AVA 63 DE tA Touti d', a French re{,UDliean, dis- tinguished by his learning and his herox qualities, was descended from an illegiti- mate branch of tlie house of Bouilk^n, and was bom in 1743, at Carhaix, in Lower Britanny. He served with honour in the army during the American war, and was living in retirement, on his half pay, when the revolution called him again into the field. Though he refused any higher rank than that of captain, he was entrusted with the command of. a corps of eight thousand grenadiers, at the head of which he signal- ized himself on the Spanish frontier. The peace with Spain, in 1795, allowed him to return to his studies; but he once more quitted them, in 1799, for tlie benevolent purpose of taking the place of a friend's only son, who had been drawn for tlie con- scription. In the following year, Bona- parte conferred on him the honourable title of First Grenadier of France. He fell, univei'sally lamented, at the battle of Neu- burg, in 1800. La Tour d'Auvergne was humane, singularly disinterested, knew all the European languages, and was thorough- ly versed in ancient history. He is the author of a Franco-Celtic Dictionary , k Glossary of Forty-five Languages; and other philological works. AUZOUT, Adrian, a celebrated French mathematician, and member of the Academy of Sciences, was bom at Rouen, and died in 1691. He is said to have in- vented the micrometer with moveable threads, and, with Picard, to have been the first who applied the telescope to the astronomical quadrant ; though this honour is claimed for Mr. Gascoigne, an English- man. The tnith appears to be, that both parties are entitled to the merit of origin- ality, the French astronomers having been ignorant of Gascoigne's discovery. ■ AVALOS, Ferdinand Francis d', marquis of Pescara, a Neapolitan, of an illustrious family, entered the military ser- vice in 1512, at the age of twenty-one, and was made prisoner at the battle of Ravenna. While a captive, he amused himself with writing a Dialogue on Love, which he dedicated to his wife, the accomplished 64 AVE Victoria Colonna, herself a poet. Hiff liberation took place in the following year, and he distinguished himself greatly on various occasions, particularly at the battles of Vicenza, Dicocca, and Pavia. He died, at Milan, in 1525. AVALOS, Alphonso d', marquis del Vasto, and nephew of Ferdinand, was born at Naples, in 1502, and first served under his uncle. Tlie brilliant valour which he displayed at the siege of Pavia gained him the command of the imperial army, on the death of Pescara. He subsequently acquir- ed high reputation, and was made captain- general of the duchy of Milan. Avalos was defeated at the battle of Cerisoles, but he prevented the conqueror &om making advantage of his victory. He died in 1546. The French writers, who admit his bravery and military talents, accuse him of harshness, vanity, and perfidy. AVANZI, Nicholas, a native of Ve- rona, and an engraver of cameos and prec- ious stones, gained much praise by a Nativ- ity of Je^us Christ, engraven on a small piece of lapis lazuli, which is considered as a masterpiece in this branch of art. AVAUX, Claude de Mesmes, Count d', an able French statesman and diploma- tist, rendered eminent services to his coun- tiy, as ambassador to Venice, Rome, Turin, Germany, Denmark, Poland, and Sweden. He also filled with honour several consid- erable offices under the government. D'- Avaux was well versed in languages, lite- rature, and history, was at once preposses- sing and dignified in his manners, and wrote and spoke with facility and elegance. He died, in 1650, at the age of fifty-five. AVAUX, John Anthony, Count d*, followed the same career as Claude, his great uncle, and with equal ability and success. He concluded tlw treaty of Nim- eguen, and was afterwards ambassador at Amsterdam, London, and Stockholm. He died in 1709, aged sixty-nine. His Nego- tiations in Holland were published, in six volumes, by the Abbe Mallet. AVELLANEDA, Alphonso Ferdi- nand D',a Spanish author of the sixteenth century, was a native of Tordesillas. He continued Don Quixote, to the great dis- pleasure of Cervantes, who, in his second part, does not spare the interloper. Avel- Vineda's work, though far inferior to the Driiliant original, is not without merit. It jas been translated into English. AVERANI, Benedict, a native of Florence, born in 1645, was so fond of learning that, even in childhood, he prefer- red reading to boyish amusements, and made an extraordinary progress in his studies. Arithmetic, astronomy, mathe- matics, and Greek, he acquired without the aid of a master; the latter so perfect- ly in tlie short space of six months, as to AVI be able to teach it. His memory was pro* digious, and he could pour forth poetry ex- temporaneously in tlie Latin and Italian languages. He died, in 1707, at Pisa, nf which university he was one of the pro- fessors. AVERROES, or ABN ROSCH, h^n Arabian philosopher and physician of the twelfth century, was the son of the chief magistrate of Cordoba, whom he succeeded in his oflSce. He was invited to Morocco, to superintend the administration of justice in that city; but this honour brought on him many enemies, and much persecution, by which his life was endangered. Juris- prudence, mathematics, and medicine- were among his studies ; but he was rather a theoretical than a practical physician, as is proved by his work intitled CoUyget, in seven books. Averroes was the first translator of Aristotle, and was also a voluminous commentator on that philoso- pher's works. He died, at Morocco, in the year 1198. AVICENNA, or ABU-EBN-SINA, a celebrated physician and philosopher, was born in the neighbourhood of Bokhara, in the year 980, and before he was ten vears old knew tlie Koran by heart, and was acquainted with the principles of law and literature ; after which he acquired every science tlien known, but made medicine the particular object of his study. Though his fame was widely spread, and though he was vizier and physician to several princes, he lived an agitated life, and died at last, in 1037, at Hamadan, a victim to his own excesses, and to poison, which was given him by a slave. Avicenna was a voluminous author, on a variety of sub- jects, and his Medical Canons were long exclusively followed in the European medi- cal schools; but bis works are now en- tirely neglected. AVIEnUS, Rtjfus Festus, a Latin poet, who lived at the beginning of tlie fiftli century, translated into nis own language the Phenomena of Aratus, the Description of the Earth by Dionysius, and forty-two of JEsop*s Fables. He also wrote a poem in iambic verse, Ora Marit'ma, which is supposed to have been borrowed from Car- thaginian writers: only one book of it is extant. The version of the fables has, by some critics, been attributed to Flavius Avienus, who lived two hundred and forty years before Rufiis. AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louis d', born at Placentia, in Spain, distinguished him- self as a diplomatist, warrior, and historian, under Charles V. He acted as ambassa- dor from his sovereign to the council or Trent, commanded tlie cavalry at the siege of Metz, and recorded the events of the period in which he flourished. He is the author of Commentaries on the War car- AYA ried on in Germany, by Charles, in 1546 and 1547 ; and also on the war which tliat monarch waged in Africa. The last of tliese works was never printed, and is now lost. Charles V. so much admired d'Avila's writings, that he deemed himself more for- tunate than Alexander, in having such an historian. AVILA, John d', a Spanish priest, "was born in New Castle, airaut tlie year - 1500. At the age of thirty, he began to journey through tlie Andalusian mountains and forests, enforcing the doctrines of the gospel, botli by precept and example. This course of conduct he pursued for forty years, till he died, in 1569, and it gained him die appellation of the Apostle of Andalusia. He was also the audior of several dieolo- gical works. AVISON, Charles, a musical com- poser, is believed to have been born at or near Newcastle, in which town he was organist, first to St. John's church, and afterwards to St. Nicholas's. In his youtli he travelled into Italy, and received in- structions fi*om Gemmiani. He died at Newcastle, in 1770. He is the author of an Essay on Musical Expression, in which, not much to tlie credit of his judgment, he endeavours to depreciate Handel. AVOGADRO, Lucia, an Ifilian poetess, flourished about tlie year 1360, displayed early poetical talents, and won the praise rfevenTasso. Of her compositions only a few lyric pieces are extant; but they justify the applause which was bestowed upon her. She died in 1568. AVOGRADO, Jeeome, who flourished at Brescia, in 1486, was tlie son of a civi- lian, of a noble &mily. He cultivated literature, and was the Mecaenas of men of letters. He is said to have been the first editor of the collected works of Vitruvius. AVRIGNY, Hyacinth Robillard d', a Jesuit and historian, was born at Caen in 1675, and died in 1719. During his life time he lived in obscurity, but he achieved posthumous fame by two excel- lent historical works which he left behind him. These are Memoirs relating to General and .to Ecclesiastical History, from 1600 to 1716, each work consisting of four rolumes. D'Avigny is said to have died if chagrin, occasioned by tlie extensive vlterations which were made in his manu- Bcripts by Father Lallemant, to" whose revision the superiors of tile Jesuits had compelled him to submit them. A V ALA, Peter Lopkz d', a Spanish statesman, historian, and general, was born in Murcia, in 1832, and se:-\ed under four Castilian mutiavchs, o;>th in the coun- cil and the field, and with ecjnal n{jplaase in both. Fond of leavni'ig, he was nt unce the most brave, ehMjueiit, a-id erudite in m in Spain. He t^an^l.lIed Livy, and other AYS 6S authors, anrl wrote a Chronicle of the 'Kin|s of Castile. He died in 1407. AYESHA, the second and most beloved of all Mahomet's wiv'es, was the daughter of Abubeker. She accompanied her hus- band in all his expeditions. After his death she made an obstinate opposition to AM, but was at length defeated by him in a pitched battle. She died at Mecca, in the year 677. Her memory i§ venerated by the Mussulmans, who give her the title of Prophetess, and consider her as one of tlie four incomparable women who have appeared on eartli. AYLMER, John, an English prelate, bom at Aylmer Hall, in Norfolk, in 1521, was educated at Cambridge. Lady Jane Grey was subsequently under his tuition. Having rendered himself obnoxious by his protestant zeal, he retired to Zurich, on the accession of Mary.' On Elizabeth ascending the throne he returned, and, in 1576, was made bishop of London. The rigour with which he persecuted the Puri- tans was little in accordance with tlie spirit of Christianity. He was, in truth, of an arrogant and arbitrary disposition. He died exceedingly rich, in 1594, though, at the age of forty, he had declaimed against the superfluous wealth of churchmen. Ayl- mer is the author of an answer to Knox's attack upon female sovereigns. AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, of Fram- field, Sussex, an antiquary, was born about 1708, and educated at Winchester and Ox- ford. He was keeper of the state papers, in the Paper Oflice, and a fellow of tlie Royal and Antiquarian Societies. Leland's Collectanea, the Liber Niger, and other works of the kind, were edited by him ; he contributed to the Arcliaeoiogia ; and he published the Universal Librarian, and Calendars of the ancient Charters, &c. in the Tower. He died in 1783. AYOLAS, John de, a Spaniard, governor of Buenos Ayres, in 1536, ob- tained great advantages over the Indians, and founded the city of Assumption ; but, in an attempt to open a communication by land with Peru, he and his troops were destroyed by the savages. AYRENHOFF, C. Von, an officer of high rank in the imperial service. He produced, with great success, a consider- able number of tragedies and comedies, of the former, his Aurellus, Antiope, and Cleopatra, and ot the latter, the Noble Passions, are considered as the best. He died towards the latter end of the eighteenth century. AYSCOUGH, Samuel, the son of a tradesman in Nottingham, was, in early life, in cun.se'.]nenee of his father's bank- ruptcy, compelled to fill several menial siCMHtio:is. On coming to town, he ob- tained a place of tlie same kind in tiia 56 BAB British Museum, where he displayed so much diligence, and desire of gaining knon'ledge, ihat he was raised to be assist- ant librarian. He afterwards took orders, and had respectable church preferment. A variety of laborious indexes and cata- logues were compiled by him, of which the most important are an Index to Shakspeare, and a Catalogue of the British Mufaeuix He died in 1804, at the age of fifty-nine. AYSCOUGH, George Edward, a military officer, was the son of the dean of Bristol, and nephe\r of Lord Lyttleton. He is tlie author of Semiramis, a tragedy, for which Sheridan wrote a prologue, and of Letters from an Officer in tlie Guards, giving an account of France and Italy. Ayscough died, in 1779, of a consump- tion. AYSCUE, Sir George, an admiral, was a descendant of a good Lincolnshire family, entered tlie naval service in his youtli, and was knighted by Charles I. In the struggle between the parliament and t\w king, however, he adhered to the former, reduced Sicily, Barbadoes, and Virginia to obedience, and acted widi spirit in the war against Holland, In 1666, while en- gaged witli the Dutch, his ship struck on a Hand bank, and, in spite of all his efforts, he was obliged to surrender. His subse- quent life was spent in retirement. AZARA, Don Joseph Nicholas d% a native of Arragon, was born in 1731, BAG arid studied at Salamanca, wl^ere he highly distinguished himself. He manifested also a taste for the fine arts, and contracted a friendship with Mengs, the painter. In 1765 he entered on the diplomatic career, and was sent to Rome, as 'agent for eccle- siastical affairs. On the death of the ambassador there, Azara was appointed to succeed him. He continued at Rome till he was driven from thence by the French' invasion. Subsequently, he was named ambassador to Paris. Azara died in 1804. He wrote a Life of Mengs, and a Funeral Eulogiura on Charles III., and translated Middleton's Life of Cicero, and various other works. AZNAR, Count of Gascony, was sent, in 824, by Pepin, king of Aquitaine, to put down a revolt of the Navarrese Gas- cons, a task which he accomplished. Pepin, however, having subsequently given him cause for discontent, Aznar put himself at the head of the same Gascons, passed the Pyrenees, in 831, seized on a part of Na- varre, and became the founder of the king- dom of that name. He died in 836. AZUNI, DoHiNic Albert, an Ital- ian civilian, was bom in Sardinia in 1760, and died in that island in 1827. Among his works, all of which are much esteemed, are a History of Sardinia; a Dictionary of Mercantile Jurisprudence; and a Sys- tem of the Principles of the Maritime Law of Europe. DABA, a Turkish sectary, who made bis first appearance in the city of Amasia, in the year 1240, pretended to be sent by God, and succeeded in raising a numerous army, with which he ravaged Anatolia. It required the united forces of the Franks and the Mussulmans to vanquish this im- postor. BABEK, KHOREMr, or Harrami, a celebrated Pers'an impostor, denominated the Libertine, and the Impious, appeared as the apostle of a new religion in the early part of the ninth century. His doctrines are said to have been a compound of the errors of various sects. For twenty years he foiled all the caliph*s generals, and struck terror even into Bagdad; but he was at length taken, a. d, 837, and put to a barbarous death. BABRIUS, or BABRIAS, a Greek po- et, the period of who!!e existence is un- known. It appears certain, however, that ne lived prior to Plisednis. Tyiwhitt thinks tliathe flourished a little before the and Moschus. He made an elegant ver- sion of i£sop*8 Fables, in Gre^ iambic verse, which, with the exception of some fira^gments, is unfortunately lost. BABUR, or BABR, Mohammed, the great grandson of Tamerlane, was born in 1483, and in 1494 was proclaimed sovereign of the Mogul empire in western Tartary and Kliorassan. Some years were spent in struggles for the throne with various ri- vals ; after which he subdued Candaliar and Cabulistan. In 1525 he invaded Hindos- tan, defeated the Indians at the battle of Panniput, and made himself master of the country. He died in 1530. His posterity reigned over India for two centuries and a half. Babur wrote a history of his own life. BACCALAR Y SANNA, Vincent, Marquis of San Felipe, a Spanisn general and statesman, under Charles II. and Philip v., was a native of Sardinia, born about 1650, and died in 1726. He is tlie author of a History of the Hebrew Mon- feign of Augustus, and Coray imagines archy, and of Memoirs of the History of aim to have been a coutemporarv of B^iw^hilULi«.&om 1690 to 1725, BAG BACCHVLIDES, a Greek lyric poet, (he nepliew ofSimonides, a native of Cos, was the rival of Pindar, and flourislted about 450years b. c. Hieroprefen'ed him to Pindar, and Horace imitated him. Only a few fragments of his works are extant. BACCTCf. The real name of the art- ist tluis called was John Baptist Gaux.- LI. He was a native of Genoa, born ir 1639, and died in 1709. In portraits and historical paintings he acquired ?reat rep- utation; he particularly excellca In fore- shortening his figures, and giving force aiul relief to them. To give animation to his portraits, he made diose who sat to him talk and gesticulate; he did not, lie said, want to paint statues. Gaulli was of a vi- olent temper, which caused him the loss of his 3on, who drowned himself, in conse- quence of having received a blow from^is fatlier before a large company. BACCIO DELLA PORTA, better known under the name of Fra.Baktolo- MEO Di San Marco, an eminent paint- er, was born, in 1469, at Savi^ano, in Tuscany. For a while he abandoned tlie Eencil, to become a Dominican monk, but e resumed it, and was more successful than ever. Many of his productions are excellent; but his St. Mark, St. Sebastian, and Marriage of St. Catharine, are mas- terpieces of art. He was the first who painted drapery in a finished style, and made use of the jointed lay figure. He died in 1517. BACELLAR, AnthonyBarbosa, a ^lebrated Portuguese civilian, historian, and lyric poet, was bom at Lisbon, in 1610. His defence of the right of the house of Bra- ganza to the throne, gained him the favour of the court, and opened his way to hon- ours and fortune; but it diverted his at- tention from poetry, in which he had early acquired reputation. He is the author oi an historical* work on the War of Brazil, and of another on the Campaign of 1659 in Portn^l. He died in 1663. BACH, John Sebastian, one of the most eminent of German musicians, was born at Eisenach, in 1685, and died at Leipsic, in 1754. He was an inimitable performer on the organ, and left many com- positions of high scientific merit. Bach had eleven sons, all musicians, four of whom attained celebrity ; namely, Willia m Frederic; Charles Philip Eman- uel; John Christopher Frederic; and John Christian: of these the sec- ond and the fourth were the most famous. Haydn is supposed by Dr. Burney to have, m some degree, taken Charles Philip as his model. BACHAUMONT, Francis le Coig- NEDX DE, a native of the French metro-| polls, born in 1624, was the son of a pres- ident of the parliament of Paris. He took I 3J BAG 67 a part in the proceedings of the Action of the Fronde, and it was to him that the fac- tion owed its name. In conjunction with his friend Chapelle, he wrote the celebra- ted Journey to l^ontpellier, in alternate prose and verse, which is considered as a masterpiece of the kind. He died in 1702. (See Chapelle.) BACHELIER, J. J., a French painter, born in 1724, who died in 1805, was di- rector of the royal manufactory of Sevres, The lost process of encaustic painting, and the composition which the ancients used to preserve marble, fi'om being injured by the air, were rediscovered by him. He gener- ously devoted sixty thousand francs (two thousand five hundred pounds) to the estab- lishment of a school for gratuitously teach- ing to artisans the principles of drawing. BACLER D'ALBE, Baron Aubert Loais, a French painter and geographical engineer, was born at St. Pol, in 1761, and died at Paris, in 1824. He was con- stantly employed by Napoleon, was in great favour witli him, and was director of his topographical cabinet. His map of the theatre of war in Italy is on an exten- sive scale, and of beautiful execution. He also published several picturesque works. BACON, Roger, an English monk, born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire, in 1214, was educated at Oxford and at Paris, en- tered the Franciscan order in his twentf- fifUi year, and returned to Oxford. His lectures and experiments, in which he dis- played talent and knowledge far transcen- ding- what was possessed by his contempo- raries, soon excited wonder and envy. His admirers gave him the deserved title of " the wonderful doctor ; " his stupid and ma- lignant enemies accused him of m^ic. The latter prevailed. His lectures weA, interdicted, and he was confined to his cell. His seclusion lasted ten years, dur- ing which he composed many excellent works. He himself coUected several of his writings, and gave to the collection the title of Opus Majus. After having obtained his liberty, he died in 1292. Gunpowder, the camera ol»cura, the burning glass, and the telescopic properties of convex and concave glasses, seem to have been known to him; and his acquirements in every science were truly surprising. He wrote about eighty treatises. BACON, Sir Nicholas, father of tha celebrated Lord Verulam, was bom at Chis- e'hurst, in Kent, in 1510, and studied at Cambridge and Gray's Inn. Henry VIII. gave him various manors in Suffolk, be- longing to the dissolved monastery of St. Edmundsburv: and Elizabeth, with whom -also he was a favourite, made him a privv cimnsnUor and keeper of the great seal. The latter oifice he retained for twenty veais. till his death, which took place in SB BAG 1579. He was a good epeaker, a prudent statesman, and an equitable judge. Sev- eral of his MSS on law, politics, and the- ology are extant BACON, Anne, second wife of Sir Nicholas, and mother of Lord Verulam, was the daughter of Sir Anthony Cook, tu- tor of Edward VI., she was born about 1528, and died about 1600. Lady Bacon was a woman of talent and acquirements. She understood^ the ancient and modern languages; and translated from the Italian the Sermons of Achinus, and from the Latin, Bishop Jewel's Apology for the Church of England. BACON, SiK Nathaniel, the son of Sir Nicholas, by his first wife, was a paint- er of no mean merit. Be travelled and studied in Italy, but belongs to the Flem- ish school. Several of his pictures are, or recently were, extant. He died about 1615. BACON, Nathaniel, a leader of in- surgents in Virginia while under the royal government, was an Englishman of fine talents, commanding person, and singular eloquence. He was educated to the pro- fession of the law, and came to Virginia about the year 1675 with a high reputation for ability and legal knowledge, which soon rendered him conspicuous, and obtained him a seat in the provincial Council. Va- rious obnoxious measures of the British government had at that time exasperated the people of the colony, and induced tliem to take up arms. Bacon was elected their leader, and after keeping the colony in a state of anarchy and continual alarm for several months, he died suddenly in the year 1677, and tranquillity was soon re- stored. This rebellion cost the colony one himdred thousand pounds. BACON, Sir Francis, Viscount of St. Albans, whom Pope, in one emphatic line, has truly characterized as " the wisest, brightest, mea-nest of mankind," was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and was born January 22, 1561. Tlie promise of hia future talents was so early displayed, that Q,ueen Elizabeth was accustomed to call him her " young lord keeper." Trinity College, Cambridge, had the hon- BAC our of his education; and, while thersj before he was sixteen, he began to dissent from the Aristotelian philosophy. On hia return to England, after having accompa- nied Sir Amius Pautet to France, he en- tered of Gray's Inn, and, at the age of eight and twenty, became one of tlie queen's counsellors. Being the friend of Essex, to whom Cecil was hostile. Bacon was shut out from preferment. For this, how- ever, Essex generously compensated him, by the gift of a considerable estate. The reward which Essex received was, that Bacon pleaded against him on his trial, and, afterwards, wrote a pamphlet to blast the memory of his benefactor. Having, previously to the accession of James I., contrived to obtain the good graces of the Scottish party, that monarch, as soon a£ he ascended the throne, knighted him, and gave him pensions to tlie amount of one hundred pounds per annum. But it was not till 1607 that hcrobtained the long coveted post of solicitor general. In 1611, he was appointed a judge of the marshal's court; and in 1613, attorney general. As a crown lawyer, he was slavishly obse- quious to the sovereign, and a dangerous enemy of freedom. At length* he attained the summit of his ambition. In 1617, he was made lord keeper; in 1619, lord high chancellor, with the title of Baron Veru- lam; and, in 1620, he was created Vis- count St. Albans. Fortunately for posterity, the mind of Bacon was not wholly engrossed by am- bition ; philosophy and science held a large place in it. His great labour, the Novum Organon, was given to the world in 1620. He had already published his Essays; the Advancement of Learning; the treatise on tlie Wisdom of the Ancients; and some other works. But, at the very moment when the tri- umph of his genius was completed, his political downfal was near at hand. In 1621, he was accused in parliament of gross bribery and corruption. He pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to pay a fine of forty thousand pounds; to be imprisoned during tlie royal pleasure ; and to be rendered in- capable of filling any c*i!ice, sitting among the peers, and coming within the verge of the court. The fine and imprisonment, however, were soon remitted, and a pension was even granted to him. The remainder of his life was spent in retirement, and iw the ardent pursuit of literature and sci- ence ; often embittered by the embarrass- ments which arose from his habits of lavish expenditure. He died at Highgate,on the 9lh of April, 1626, As a courtier and a politician, he merits no small severity of ■ensure ; as a man of genius and a philoso- j.'her, no language can be too lofty for hia ]>raise BAD BACON, JoHir, an eminent sculptor, I m in Southwark, in 1740, was originally a sainter of porcelain, and a modeller of ci ina figures. Having, however, a genius fur scuiplure, he applied himself to the stady of the art with such diligence as to acquire great proHcienf^y in it. It was about the year 1763 that he began to work in marble; and, from that period he yearly increased in skill and reputation. His statue of Mars first brought him into public notice. He died in 1799, respected as an artist and a man Among his principal works may be reckoned tlie statues of Judge Blackstone, Johnson, and Howard; a bust of George III. ; and tlie monuments of Lord Chatham, Mrs. Draper, and Guy, the founder of the hospital. BADCOCK, Sam a£L,an English divine and writer, was bom, in 1747, at South Moultoa, in Devonshire, and was, for some years, a dissenting minister, but at length conformed to the church, and became as- sistant preacher at the Octagon Chapel, Bath. He died in London, in 1788. As a pulpit orator, he viras much admired; and as a literary man, he displayed talents far above mediocrity. He was one of the best writers in the Monthly Review; was a correspondent of several magazines; and contributed largely to Dr. White's Bamp- ton Lectures: but published nothing sepa- rately, except a Sermon, and a pamphlet on Dr* Priestley, BADEIV, James, a Dane, born in 1735, IB considered as one of the founders of Danish literature. In 1760, on his return from his travels, he gave, at Copenhagen, the first course of lectures on the belles • lettres that had ever been delivered iu the language of the country. He was profes- sor of eloquence and Latin in the university of Copenhagen, and held other offices con- nected With pubii ; instruction. His Critical Journal, from 1768 to 1779, contributed much to improve the Danish taste. He translated Tacitus, and other classics, and pubh'shed a Latin and Danish Dictionary, and several grammars. BADGER, Louis, a native of Lyons, has irainortalized his memory by an heroic instance of fraternal affection. To save his brother, who had assisted in defending Lyons against the republicans, and who was consequently exposed to the penalty of death after the surrender, he assumed his name, and cheerfully suffered for him. BADIA Y LEBLICH, Domingo, a Spaniard, was born in 1766, and educated at Valencia. Being well skilled in Arabic, he resolved to travel in the East; and, ac- corAngly, after having been personally qualifiea to pass as a Mahometan, he as- (iumr>d the name of Ali Bey. Under his dib^ise he visited Tripoli, Egypt, Mecca, and Syria undiscovered, and wai every! BAI 69 where received with ' favour, as a true be^ liever. On his return to Spain, he espoused the cause of Joseph Bonaparte, and, after the battle of Vittoria, he took refugo in France. He died in 1824. His Travels in Africa and Asia were published in two quarto volumes. BAFFIN, William, an able English navigator, was born in 1584, and acted as pilot to several of tlie voyagers to the arctic regions. Geographers have given his name to the vast bay which he explored, and which commences at Davis's Straits. Its existence has been doubted, but has re- cently been verified. Baffin proposed to attempt a passage round Northern and Eastern Asia, but could not obtain sup- port. He was killed at the siege of Or- muz, in 1622. BAGE, Robert, a novel writer, was born, in 1728, at Darley, in Deibyshire, was nearly self-educated, and for many years cai^ied on the business of a paper maker, at Tamworth, where he died in ISOl. As a writer, he is much above mediocrity. Hie first publication, which appeared in 1781, was Mount Kenneth. It was succeeded by Barham Downs, the Fair Syrian, James Wallace, Hermsprong, and other productions of Uie same spe- cies. BAGLIVI, George, an eminent phy- sician, was born at Raglisa, in 1668, and was educated at Naples and Padua. Cle- ment XIV., on the ground of his great mej-it appointed him, while yet young, professor of sijrgery and anatomy in the college of Sapienza, at Rome. Baglivi is entitled to the praise of having contributed to bring back medical scielice to proper principles. He died in 1706. His works have been collected into a quarto volume. BAGOLINO, Sebastian, a native of Alcamo, in Sicily, born in 1560, was re- markable for the variety of his talents ; he being at once poet, painter, and musi- cian, and speaking witli equal facility and eloquence in Latin, Spanish, and Italian He was a fertile writer, but only a few of his works were published, iie died in 1604. BAGRATION, Prince, a Russian gene- ral, senator, and counsellor of the emperor, signalized himself in the Polish campaigns of 1793 and 1794, and the Italian cam- paign of 1799; in the latter of which Su- varoff gave him the tide of " his right arm." In 1805, 1806, and 1807, he en- hanced his reputation in the field. The command of the second Russian army was entrusted to him in 1812; and, t&nugh closelv pre.ised by a superior force, he ef- fected his jun'-tinn with the other itrniies. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Bonxiino. BAIF, JoHK Anthony i>£,the son of 09 BAl Lnzartifl Baif, who was himself a man of talent and learning, was born al Venice, xvhere his father was ambassador, in 1532. At an early age he became the friend of Ronsard, and published a volume of poems. Poetry was, thenceforth, his occupation, and no important event took place without his celebrating it; but he was scantily rc- war'*'*i and complained heavily of in- sratitud4> and ill fortune. He died poor, in 1570. He was the first who founded in France an academy of poetry and music, but the institution was short lived. (BAILEY, Nathan, a grammarian and Inxico^rapher, died in 1742, at Stepney, where he kept a school. He edit'^d sever- al scliool books, and compiled a Household Dictionary, and Antiquities ofLondon and Westminster; but his best known work IS an English Etymological Dictionary, which, ^\ith successive enlargements, pas- sed thrnugli many editions. BA1L1.£T, Adrian, a laborious and learned French writer, was born, of poor parents, at Neuville, in Picardy, in 1649. He took orders, obtained a small living, and was afterwards made librarian to M. Lamoignon. He wrote various theological, historical, and other works ; amon^ which are Lives of the Saints, 3 vols, folio ; the Life of Descartes, 2 vols. 4to. ; a History of Holland, 4 vols. 12mo. ; and lives of celebrated Children, 2 vols. 12mo. The work, however, by which he is best known, is his ^ugemeus des Savans, 9 vols. 12mo. He died in 1706. BAILLIE, WiLLiAAT, an English ama- teur artist, was born about 1736, and was originally a captain of cavalry; but quit- ted the army, in order to devote himself to engraving. He displayed mucli talent, and produced about a hundred plates, sev- eral of which are from Rembrandt. He died at tlie beginning of the nineteenth centurv'. BAILLIE, Matthew, the son of a di- vinity professor at Glasgow, was born in 1760, and was educatecT at his native city and at Oxford, at wliich latter place he took his degree of M. D. Being a nep- hew of Dr. William Hunter, he was so fortunatn as to receive the valuable instruc- titms of tnat celebrated man. Aided by this advantage, and his own great talents, he soon obtained an extensive m^dica practice in the metropolis, and accumulat- ed a larl^e fortune. Dr. Baillie died in 1S24. He is the author of the Morbid An- atomy of the Human Body: a work of su- perior excellence. BAILLOU, William de, a physician, called the French Sydenham, was born at Paris, in 1538, and died in 1616. He was one of those who contributed to eman- cipate the medical art in France from the ■hackles of the Arabian school, and to BAR bring it back to natural principlefl. Tha disease called croup, which has, in lhes^ times, been supposed to be a new disease, appears to have been observed bv him. His works form four volumes in quarto. BAILLV, JoKN SiLVAiN, a French astronomer and literary character of emi- nence, was born at Paris, Jn 1736, and at an early period manifested an indefatiga- ble ardour in the pursuit of science and philosophy. The reputation which he ac- quired was commensurate with his exer- tions. Politics, however, at last fatally interfered with his scientific occupations. After the breaking out of the revolution, he was an active member of the national assembly, and was next chosen mayor of Paris. In the latter capacity, he excited the inextinguishable hatred of the jaco- bins, by using military force to disperse one of their insurrectionary meetings. They avenged tliemselves when they had seized the reins of government; and, on the 11th of November, 1793, Bailly was sent to the scaffold with circumstances of tlie most disgusting barbarity. Of his works, the most celebrated are, his Histories of Ancient, of Modern, and oL Oriental As- tronomy; Letters on Plato's Atlantis; and Letters on the Origin of the Sciences. BAINBRIDGE, John, a physician and astronomer, Avas born, in 1582, at Ashby de la Zouch, and was educated at Eman- uel College, Cambridge. So hieh a repu- tation did he acquire for scientinc knowl- edge, tliat Sir Henry Savile chose him to be his first astronomical professor at Ox- ford. He died in that city, in 1643. He published a Description of the late Comet; Canicularia; and an edition of Proclus on the Sphere ; and 1**V. many manuscript ob- servations. BAKER, Sir Richard, was born at Sissinghurst, in Kent, in 1568, was knight- ed by James I., and in 1620 was high sher- iff ef Oxfordshire. An unfortunate mar- riage ruined him, and he was incarcerat- ed in the Fleet, where he wrote his Chro- nicles of the Kings of England, and other works. He died, a prisoner, in 1645. BAKER, Thomas, an eminent mathe- matician, was born at Ilton, in Somerset- shire, in 1625, was educated at Oxford, and became minister of Bishop's Nymmet, in Devonshire. He died in 1690. He is the author of the Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations Unlocked. BAKER, Thomas, an antiquary, born at Lanchester, Durham, in 1656, became a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, and obtained the living of Long Newton. The living he resigned, because he would not take the oaths to William III.; from the fellowship he was expelled for refusing to take them to George I. He'dicd in 1740, witli the character of an amiable, BAL worthy, and learned man His Reflections on Learning went through several edi- tions ; but the work has long ceased to be valued. His manuscript conecCions on the antiquities of Cambridge form tliirty-nine folio volumes, and were intended as the basis of a history similar to that of Antho- ny Wood. BAKER, Henrt, a naturalist, was born at London, in 1698, and made a con- siderable fortune by instructing the deaf and dumb. He was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and of the So- ciety of Arts; and left to. the first of these an annuity of* a hundred pounds, for a yearly oration on experimental philosophy or natural history. He published the Mi- croscope made easy; die Universe, a po- em; the Universal Spectator; and other works. # BAKER, Sir George, Bart., was born in Devonshire, i.i 1722, educated at Eton and Cambridge, rose to hi^h practice as a physician m London, and was ap- pointed physician to the kmg and queen. He was also -president of the College of Physicians, and a fellow of the Royal So- ciety. He died in 1819. He published some medical tracts, which he afterwards collected under the title of Opuscula, and was a contributor to the Philosophical and Medical Transactions BAKEWELL, Robert, a grazier, was born in 1726, at-Dishley,. in Leicester- sliire, on the estate of his father, and ob- tained celebrity by his strenuous efforts to improve the breed of cattle. In further- ance of this object, he travelled over Eng- land, Ireland, and Holland. His efl^brts were eminently successful. His rams were let at enormous prices; a single ram hav- ing brought eight hundred guineas in one reason. He died in 1795. BALBI^^US', Decimus C(Elids, was elected Roman emperor, in conjunction with Maximus, afler the death of the Gor- dians, a. d. 237. After a little more than a year, he, as well as his colleague, was murdered by the Praetorian guards. BALBOA, Vasco Nunez ce, was born in Spain, about 1475, and, having dissipated his property, sought to amend his fortune by his exploits in the New World. After having distinguished him- self greatly on the coast of Darien, he pen- etrd,ted into tlie interior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and obtained information respectmg the empire of Peru. Jealous of Itts talents and success, his enemies at length accused him of treason, and he was beheaded m 1517. BALDl, Bernardin, an Italian, of almost universal genius, was born at Ur- bino, in 1553, and was made abbot of Guastalla, by tlie sovereign of that state. He wi» at once a theologian, matheinati- BAL 61 cian, philosopher, historian, geoerapher, antiquary, orator, and poet; understood the ancient and oriental languages, and al- most all the European; had a prodigious memory, a sound judgment, and indefati- gable application. Baldi is the luthor of several poems and scientific works. He died in 1617, BALDINUCCI, Philip, a native of Florence, born in 1624, was a painter, sculptor, and writer. Though he display- ed talents in the first two of mese puisuits, he owes his permanent fame to his literary labours. He is the author of Lives of the Painters, from 1260 to 1670; and the Lives of celebrated Engravers. To the first of these works the finishing hand was put by. his son. He died in 1696. BALDWIN, Abraham, eminent as a statesman, and president of the university of Georgia, was graduated at Yale College in 1772. He was a member of the Con- vention which formed the constitution of the United States in 1787, and held a seat successively in botli houses of Congress. He died at Washington in 1807. BALE, John, an English divine, waa born, in 1495, at Cove, in Suffolk, was educated at N«.i'wich and Cambridge, and became a zealous convert from popery to protestantism. Un^?*ir Edward VI. he was made bishop of Ossoiy, and excited the hatred of the Irish catholics by his reform* ing zeal. When Micry ascended the throne, he fied to Basil, but returned on tlie acces- sion of Elizabeth, and was appointed a prebend of Canterbury. He died in 1563. His works are numerous; but chiefly con- troversial; and his* writings of this class, some of which were published under the name of Harrison, are abundantly acri- monious. He appears to have been thtf last writer of thoae religious dramas called Mysteries. The work by which principal- ly he is remembered is his Latin Account of the Lives of eminent British Authors. BALES, Henry Van, an eminent Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp, studied in Itady, dnd rose to high reputa- tion. His death took place in 1632 Vandyke received his first instructioni from him. BALES, Peter, a great master of pen- manship, was born in 1547, and died, in indigence, about the year 1610. Some of his performances were astonishing tor their minuteness and perfect legibility. Bales taught his art at Oxford and London, and was employed by Walaingham, m coun- terfeiting hand writings^ for the purpose of detecting treasonable, correspondence. He is the autlior of the Writing School* master. BALGUY, John, an eminent divine, was burn at Sheffield, in 1686, and educa- ted at Cambridge. He entered the church ■ 68 BAL but, though an excellent writer and minis- ter, he never had any other preferment tlian tlie vicarage of North Allerton, and a prebend in the church of Salisbury In tlie Bangorian controversy he drew tlie pen on the side o< Bishop Hoadley; and, in reply to Lord Shaftesbury, he published Two Letters to a deip*; and the Founda- tion of Moral Virtue. Of his other works, the principal is two volumes of Sermons. He died in 1748.— His son, Thomas, who was born in 1716, and died in 1795, was archdeacon of Winchester, and printed his Sermons and Charges, and some other the- ological pieces. BALLARD, Georgk, born at Camp- den, in Gloucestershire, was originally a stay and habit maker; but devoted his leisure hours to study, and made himself master of the Saxon language. A subscrip- tion was raised to educate him at Oxford, and he ultimately became beadle of the university, whicfi post he held till his death, in 1755. In 1752, he published his Memoirs of British Ladies. Many of his m inuscript collections are in the Bodleian library. BALSHAM, BKDESALE, or BELE- SALE, HuGHDE, who, in 1247, was cho- sen bishop of Ely, is believed to have been a native of Balsham, in Cambridgeshiie. He died in 1286, and was buried in Ely Cathedral. St. Peter's College, Cam. bridge, was founded by him in 1280. BALUE, John la, a French prelate and statesman, was a native of Poitou, of an obscure family, and was born in 1421. At his outset in life, he signalized himself by fraudulently appropriating property, of which he was left the executor. Having obtained the confidence of Louis XL, he was loaded with preferments by that mo- narch, and was hia prime minister in all but tlie name. He, however, betrayed his royal patron, and was punished by eleven years incarceration in an iron cage, only eight feet square. While in the height oi power, he had been created a cardinal; and papal influence at length obtained his release from imprisonment. He settled in Italy, and died, m 1491 , bishop of Preneste. BALZAC, John Louis Guez DE,wlto is considered as one of the restorers of the French language, was born at Angoul6me, in 1594. He was in the service of the duke of Epernon ; and, afterwards, in that of cardinal la Valette, whom he accom- panied to Rome. On his return, he retired to his estate. Richelieu gavehiin a pension, and appointed him a counsellor of state, and. historiographer of Fiance. He died in 1655. Among Ins principal works may be mentioned his .Letters; the Prince; the Christian Socrates; and Aristippiis. It was he who first gave precision, elegance, uid correctness to French prose. BAN BANCROFT, Richard, an English prelate, was born at Farneworth, in Lan- cashire, in 1544, and was educated at Christ College, Cambridge. In 1584, he obtained the living of St. Andrew's, Hol- bom, and thenceforward continued risins in his profession, till, in 1597, he obtained the bishopric of London, and in 1604, the archbishopric of Canterbury. Bancroft was a violent assertor of the privileges of his order, and an intolerant assailant of tliose who dissented from the church. His lite- rary exertions seem to have been confined to a sermon and, two tracts against the Puritans, and an unpublished letter on pluralities. He died in 1610. BANDELLO, Matthew, an Italian dominican, was born at Castelnuovo di Scrivia, in 1480. Though belon^in^ to a religious order, the greater part c nis life was spent in secular pursuits. He was preceptor to the celebrated Lucretia Gon- zaga, was employed in negotiations by Italian princes, and resided with various noble personages. In 1550, he was made bishop of Agen, in France. His death occurred subsequently to 1561. His great work is his Tales, which is reckoned among the classical productions of modern Italy. BANDINELLI, Baccio, a celebrated scu^tor, the son of a goldsmith, was bom at Florence, in 1487. He gave the first indication of nis talent in boyhood, by making a gigantic figure out of snow. In manhood, lie realized the promise of his early vears, and his productions were much admired. Among nis best works a i e, a copy of the Laocoon ; an Orpheus ; and a Hercules binding Cacus. Fainting, also, he attempted, but did not succeed. Ban- dinelli was vain, proud, and envious. He died in 1559. BANIER, or BANNER, John Gus- TAFFSON, a celebrated Swedish field mar- shal, was born at Diursholm, in Upland, in 1596. He began his career in Livonia, in 1625, served with distinction in the Polish campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus, and obtained the rank of general. At the battle of Leipsic, in 1630, that heroic ma* narch confessed that, " next to God, he owed the victory to Banier.** But it was afler the death of Gustavus that the geniue of Banier shone forth witii full lustre. After the loss of the battle of Nordlingen, he upheld the sinking fortunes of the Swedes, baffled all the efforts of the ene- my, and gained several victories, and was known by tlie glorious title of the Second Gustavus. He died in 1641. BA.MER, Anthony, a native of Au- vergie, born in 1673, was educated in the Jesuit college of Clermont, took orders, herdine an abb-^, and was employed by president Dumetz as jireceptor to hia suiu BAN HiB xna a Member of the Academy of Inscriptinns and Belles Lettrcs, to the Transactions of which body he cuntributed largely. His priucipat work, which is a valuable one, is Mythology and Fable ex- plained by History. He died In 1741. BANKS, John, a dramatist, was orig- inally a lawyer, but relinquished his pro- fession to write for the stage. Between 1677 and 1696, he produced seven trage- dies, of which the best known is 1 he Unhappy Favourite. The time of his birth and of his death is equally unascertained. He was buried in St. James*s Church, Westminster. His style and versification are bad, but he has considerable patlios. BANKS, Thomas, an eminent sculptor, was born, in 1735, in Gloucestershire, and was brought up under Kent, the architect. His genius, however, led him to sculptune. Havmg gained prizes from tlie Royal Academy, he was sent by tliat body to study in Italy. After having completed his stud- ies, he resided two years in Russia, and tlie empress purchased his statue of Cupid. On his return home, be attained high repu- tation, and was much employed till his death, in 1805. BANKS, Sir Joseph, was born, in 1743, at Revesby Abbeys in Leicestershire, and educated at Ktoh and Oxford. His love o{ travelling, and of natural histo- ry, prompted him to explore fnreign coun- tries; and, accordingly, in 1763, he made a voyage to Labrador and Newfoundland; in 1768, accompanied the great navigator Cook; and, in 1772, visited Iceland and the Western Isles of Scotland. While with Captain Cook, he nearly lost his life by the intense cold, at Terra del Fuego. On his refurn, the university of Oxford conferred on him tlie degree of doctor of lawp. In 1778, he obtained the order of the Bath, and the presidency of the Royal Society; but, after having held the latter about five years, his conduct so deeply offended many scientific members, that a schism was on the point of taking place. The differences were, however, arranged, and he held his seat till he died, on the 9tb of MaVf 1820. He wrote some papers BAA CS in the Philosophical Transactions, and a tract on the Rust in Wheat. His collec- tion of books on natural history was the most complete in E^irope. BANNAKER, Benjamin, a ne^ro of Maryland, who died in 1807. By^mnt of talents, without any other assistance tlian Ferguson's works and Mayer's Tables, he acquired, in his leisure hours, a complete knowledge of mathematics, and for many years calculated and publi^ed the Mary- land Ephemerides. BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a Spanish physician and poet, a native of Luceria, in Andalusia, continued, under the title of the Tears of Angelica, the ro- mance of Ariosto, and executed his task in such a manner as to gain the applause of Cervantes. He is also the author of some eclogues, stanzas, and sonnets. BARATIER, John Philip, a yfautli of uncommonly premature talents, was bom in 1721, at Schwabach, in the margraviate of Anspach. At four years of age, he spoke in Latin, German, and French; at six, he mastered the Greek; and at eight, he became a proficient iu Hebrew. Mathe- matics' and astronomy he learned in three ihonths. The law of nations, ancient and modern literature, architecture, medals and inscriptions, Greek, Roman, and oriental antiquities, and the deciphering of hiero- glyphics were all objects of his studies He died at the age of nineteen. He trans* luted, from the Hebrew, Benjamin of T-u dela's Travels, and published Anti-Art* monius, and odier works. BARBAULD, Anna Letitia, wa» born at Kibworth, in Leicestershire, in 1743, and received an excellent education from her father, the Rev. Dr. Aikin. In 1772, she publii^hed a volume of poems, which gave her a high place among her poetical contemporaries ; and, in the fol- lowing year, she joined her brother in ^ving to the press a volume of Miscella- nies. Her marriage took place in 1774. For the last forty years of her life, she resided in the vicinity of the metropolis; first at H'ampstead, and next : t Stoke Newington, at which latter place she died. 64 BAR on the 9t1i of April, 1825. Her literary productions arn numerous. Among the most prominent of them may be named, Early Lessons and Hymns, in prose; a poetical Epistle to Mr. Wilberforce ; Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, a poem; and Biographical and Critical Essays, prefixed to a aeler^tion from the Tatler, Spectator, and Guardian, to Richardson's Correspondence, and to an edition of the best^English novels. BARBAZAN, Aemold William, a valiant and noble minded French general, who lived under the reigns of Charles VI. and, VII. His strict probity, and eminent cervices to the crown, gained for him tiie glorious appellations of " the Trreproacha- ole Knight," and " the Restorer of the Kingdom." After a victorious career, he died, in 1432, of the wounds which he re- ceived at the battle of Bullegneville. He was interred in tbe royal cemetery of St. Dennis, and with regal honours. BARBAROSSA, Aruch, a Turkish pirate, who murdered the prince of Algiers, whom he had been invited to succour, and usurped his throne. He afterwards sub- dued Tunis and Tremecen ; but was ulti- mately slain, in 151S, in an engagement with the Spaniards. ■ BARBAROSSA, Heyraddin, Khair-Eddin, ilie brotlier of Aruch, succeeded to him in the sovereignty of Algiers, and put his kingdom under tlie protection of the Force. Soliman II. gave him the command of the Turkisli marine, and he subjugated Tunis, but was driven from it by the Spaniards, under Cliarles V. He afterwards ravaged Italy, reduced Yemen to the Turkish dominion, and performed various naval exploits. He died in 1547. BARBEYRAC, John, a native of Be- ziers, in France, was born in 1674, and quitted his country with liia parents, on tiie revocation of the edict of Nantz. He was successively professor of belles lettres, law, and history, at Berlin, Lausanne, and Groningen; and died in 1729. Barbeyrac translated, among other works, the writ- ings of Puffendorf, Grotius, and Cumber- land, on tlie law of nations, and published a History of Ancient Treatises ; a Treatise on Gaming ; and a Treatise on the Mo- raliry of the Fathers. BARBIE DU BOCAGE, John Denis, a geograplier, the only pupil of d'Anville, and not unwortliy of his master, was born at Paris, in 1760, became geographer for Ibieign affairs to Napoleon, ana was a member of the Institute, and of other sci- entific bodies. He died in 1825. HIm productions are numerous and valuable. Among them are the maps to the Voyage of Anacharsis; a fine map of the Murea; and the maps and various geographical BAR notices in Choiseul Guufiier's Picturesque Journey in Greece. BARBIER, Anthony AlexandeRj born in 1765, at Colommiers, in France, was educated for the church, but quitted it, and was successively librarian to tlie Di- rectory, to Napoleon, and to Louis XVIII, From tlie service of Louis, however, ho was dismissed In 1822, and this circum- stance preyed upon his spirits, and proba- bly aggravated the disease, an aneurism, of which he died in 1825. Of his biblio- graphical works, all of which are esteem- ed, the principal is a Dictionary of Anony* mous and Pseudonymous Worlts, 4 vob Svo. BARBIER D*AUCQUR, John, a French literary character, was burn at Lan- gres, about 1641 , and qualified hiu^ielf to act as-counsel; but having, in his first speech, been unable to proceed furtlier than a few sentences, he tlienceforth confined himself to chamber practice. He lived and died in poverty. His death took place in 1694. Of his works, chiefly critical, tlie Senti- ments of Cleanthe!?, which is an excellent examination of Bouliour's Conversations of Aristus and Eugenius, is tlie only one tliU is now read. BARBOUR, John, a Scotch poet, born about 1316, and died in 1396, was cliap- lain to David Bruce, who employed him in several embassies. He is the author of a verse history of the Life and Actions ol Robert Bruce, BARCLAY, or BERCLAY, Alexan- der, a viriter of the sixteenth century, but whether a native of England or of Scotland is not known, was educated at Oriel College, Oxford; subsequently trav- elled into Germany, Italy, and France; and died, in 1552, minister of AUhallows, Lombard Street. Of his various works, the principal is the Shyp of Folis, partly translated from Brandt, and printed by Pynson in 1509. BARCLAY, William, bom in Aber- deenshire, in 1541, emigrated to France, and became counsellor of state to the duke of Lorraine, and afterwards professor of civil law at Angers, where he died in 1606. Barclay was one of the most emi- nent civilians of his time. Of his works, the principal are, a Treatise against Re- publican Doctrines, and. another against the Power assumed over Princes by (iie Pope. BARCLAY, John, son of the preceding, was born, in 1582, at Pont k Mousson, and, after the death of his father, visited England, where he was patronised by James I., and resided for ten years He then removed to Rome, where he died in 1621. He wrote several works, of which the best known are, Euphormion, a satire; and Argenis, a romance: both in Latin BAR The Argenis has been four times transla- ted into English. BARCIjAY, Robe£vT, the celebrated vindicator of the Quakers, was born, in 1648, at Gordonsto^fn, ia Scotland, and was the son of a colonel. By his uncle, tlie principal of the Scotch'CoUege at Paris, to whom he was entrusted at an early age, he was brought up a catholic ; but. hearing of this, hrs father took him home, and having himself become a quaker, he pre- vailed on his son to follow his example. At the age of two and twenty the convert began to distinguish himself as a defender of the Society of Friends, by the publish- ing of a tract intitL^d Truth cleared of Calumnies; which was followed by other works of a similar kind. His ^i>eat w^ik, however, which appeared in 1676, is his justly celebrated Apology for liie Quakers, the English transkttion of which he dedicated to Charles II. Barclay vis- ited a considerable part of England, Hol- land, and Germany, in company witli Wil- liam Penn ; and died on liis estate of Urie, in Scotland, in 1690. BARCLAY DE TOLLY, a Russian field marshal, and minister of war, distin- guished himself in the German and Polish campaigns of 1806 and 1807, and succeed- ed Kutusow as commander in chief. At the battle of Leipsic, he headed the Rus- flian troops. In 1814 he commanded them in Champa^e, and in the following year he again led them into France, with the title of prince. He died in 1818. BARCOCHEBAS, BARCHOCHE- BAS, or BARCOCHAB, a Jewish delu- der, who, in the reign of Adrian, declared himself to be the Alessiah. His original name, a very appropriate one, is said to have been Bar Coziba (the son of ly- ing), which he changed into Barcochebas (the son of a star). Having, by audacity and some juggling tricks, cheated multi- tudes of the Jews into a belief of his divinity, they revolted against the Romans. After the war had lasted for two years, Ju- lius Severus besieged them in Bether, took the city by assault, and the pseudo messiah and fifty thousand of his followers were slain. Though, in a religious point of view, Barcochebas was an impostor, it must be allowed that he possessed patriot- ism, courage and talents. BARDESANES, a heretic of the sec- ond century, born in Syria, was a man of great genius and learning, and had trav- elled into India to acquire knowledge. He adopted the doctrine of two principles, and taught that Christ descended from heaven not with a real but an aerial body, to recover mankind froA the corruptinn into which they bad been plunged by the prince of darkness. BARETTI, Joseph, a native of Tu- BAR 69 nn. born about 1716, came to England, in 1750, after having spent his paternal pro- perty; he acted as a teacher of languages, and acquired the friendship of Dr. Jolm- son, wlio ultimately introduced him as tutor, to the family of Mr. Thrale. In 1760 he revisited Italy, and commenced a paper, called the Literary Scourge, which did not succeed. He returned to Eri^land, and was appointed foreign secretaiy to the Royal Academy, and pensioned by gov- erment. He died in 1789. Baret'i was a man of integrity, and of considerable pow- ers. Besides an Italian Dictionary, and various school books, and minor works, he published Travels through France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, in four octavo volumes. BARKER, ROBERT, inventor of the panorama, was born at Kells, iu Ireland, about 1740; and, having failed in business, became a miniature and portrait painter: He settled at Edinburgh, in that capacity ; and, while viewing the landscape ij'om the Calton Hill, was first struck with the idea of representing similar scenes in a circular picture. Eminent artists treated the project as chimerical ; but he persisted, and ulti- mately succeeded in accomplishing what may be considered as the triumph of picto- rial illusion. It was in 1787 that his first attempt was exhibited; and liis exhibition soon became so popular that he gained a considerable fortune. He died, in Saint George's Fields, in 1806. BARLAAM, a Greek monk, who, in 1339, was sent in to the west, by the younger Andronicus, the Greek emperor, to solicit assistance against the Turks, and to nego- tiate an union between the Latin and Greek church. On his return, he was censured, as heterodox, by a council ; upon which he went back to Italy,* and obtained the bish- opric of Hieracium, in Calabria. He died about 1348. Barlaam introduced the study of Grecian literature into Italy; and Petrarch and Boccacio were his disciples. BARLOW ,Thom A s,an English prelate, was born, in 1607, at Langhill, in West- moreland, and educated at Oxford. He was raised to the bishopric of Lincoln, in 1675, and held it till his death, in 1691. His principles were anything but inflexi- ble. He wrote against popery during the reign of Charles II.; vindicated tlie regal power of dispensing with tbe -laws, under James II. ; and, finally gave his allegiance to William III. Nor did he properly ful- fill his episcopal duties. He was, however, a learned and a tolerant man. His woiks consist of some tracts; a Collection of Cases of Conscience Resolved; aud Genu- ine Remains. BARLOW, J0£ L, an American poet and diplomatist, was born at Reading, in Con- necticut, about the year 1755. His father 66 BAR died while he was yet a lad at school, and left him little more than sufficient to defray the expenses of a liberal education. He was first placed at Dartmouth College, New-Hamps'iire, then in its infancy, and after a very short residence there removed to Yale College, New-Haven. From this inai'.i;ution*he received a degree in 1778, when he first came before the public in his poetical character, by reciting an original fioem which was soon after published. On eaving College he was successively a chap- lain in the revolutionary army, an editor, a bookseller, a lawyer, and a merchant. He next visited England, and published in London the first part of Advice to the priv- ileged Orders; and in the succeeding year a poem called The Conspiracy of Kings. In the latter part of 1792, he was appoint- ed one of the deputies from the London Constitutional Society to present an address to the National Convention of France. Information of the notice which the Brit- ish government had taken of this mission, led him to think that it would be unsafe to return to Cngland, and he continued to re- side in Paris for about three years. It was about this time that he composed his most popular poem, entitled Hasty Pudding. He was subsequently appointed Consul for the United States at Algiers, > with powers to negotiate a p^ace willi tlie Dey, and to redeem all American citizens held m slavery on the Coast of Barbary. After discharg- ing these duties he returned to Paris, and again engaging in trade, amassed a consid- rable fortune. In 1805 he returned to his na- tive country and fixed his residence atWash- ington, where he displayed a liberal hos- pitality, and lived on terms of intimacy with most of our distinguished statesmen. He now devoted himself to the publication ofthe Columbiad, which was based upon a poem written while he was in tlie army, and published soon after the close of tlie war, under the title of The Vision of Columbus. This was issued in a style of elegance which few works, either American or European, haveever equalled. In 1811, he was appointed Minister to France, and in October of the following year was in- vited to a conference with the emperor Napoleon at Wilna. He immediately set olT on this mission, travelling day and night; but sinking under the tatigue, and ■ want of food and sleep to which he was obliged to submit, he fell into a state of debility and torpor from which he never recovered. He died In December, 1812, at Zarnawica, a village in Poland near Cracow. BARLOWE, William, son of William Barluwe, bishop of Chichester, was born in Fenibrukeshire, educated at Oxford, rose to be archdeacon of Salisbury, and died in 1625. Barlowe was the first who BAR displayed a thorough knowledge of tha properties of the loadstone; taught tho proper mode of making comps^ses, touch- ing magnetic needles, and cementing load- stones; ^and discovered the difi'erence be- tween iron and steel for magnetic purposes. He is the author of the Navigator's Sup- ply; Magnetical Advertisement; and an Answer to Dr. Ridley. BARNARD, Sir John, born at Read- ing, in Berkshire, in 1685, was brought up a quaker, but conformed to the church when he was nineteen. He was a wine merchant by trade ; and, in his thirty-sixth year, havmg distinguished himself by ably pleading at the bar of the lords the cause of the wine merchants, he was elected one of the city members, and sat in parliament for forty years. He also filled the ofinces of sherifi* and lord mayor. Barnard was so universally respected for sound sense and integrity, that, long before his death, which took place in 1764, hi.s fellow citi- zens erected his statue in tlie Royal Ex- change. BARNAVE,AnthonyPetebJoseph, a native of Grenoble, was born in 1761, practiced in his native city as a barrister, was elected a member of the states general in 1789, and had a seat in die two succeed- ing legislative bodies. Possessed of splen- did talents, and extraordinary eloquence, he became very popular. His popularity, however, declined on his adopting moderate principles. He retired from public life, but his political enemien did not forget him, and he was condemned to tlie guillotine ia October, 1793. BARNES, Joshua, an eminent Greek scholar, born at London, in 1654,. was educated at Christ's Hospital and Cam- bridge, at which latter seminary he became professor of Greek, in 1695. In 1700, he married a widow of great fortune, and died in 1712. Barnes was said by his enemies to have a good memory and a de- fective judgment; and, accordingly, they proposed as his epitaph, " Joshua Barnes, Felicis Memoriae, Judicium Expeclann " Besides editions of Em ipides, Anacreon, and Homer, he published a History of Ed- ward IlL; SacredPoems; and other works. BARNEVELDT, John d'Olden, a celebrated Dutch statesman, was born about 1549, and filled many high offices, with great integrity and patriotism ; amrmg them was tliat of grand pensionary uf the states of Hollancf. Being, hoMCver,. a strenuous opponent of the ambitious pro. jects of Prince Maurice, that prince suc- ceeded in procuring him to be condemne-J to death, on the shamelessly false pretence of having betrayed his country to the Span- iards. The sentence wns executed in 1619 BARNEY, Joshua, a distinguished naval commander in tlie service of the BAR United States, was born at Baltimore, Ma- Tylvd, in 1759. He went to sea at a very early age, and when the war commenced Detwsen Great Britain and the colonies, Barney offered his services to the latter, and obtained the situation of master's mate in the sloop of war Hornet. During the war he was several times taken pris- oner by the enemy, -and displayed on nu- merous occasions great valour and enter- prise. In 1795 he received tlie commission of Captain in the French service, but in 1800 resigned his command and returned to America. In 1812, when war was de- clared against Great Britain, he offered his services to the general government, and was appointed to the command of the flo- tilla for the defence of the Chesapeake. While in this situation, during tlie summer of 1814^ he kept up an active warfare witli the enemy; aad in the latter part of July, he was severely wounded in a land engage- ment near Bladensburg. In the following year he was sent on a mission to Europe. He died at Pittsburg in 1818, in the eiKti- eth year of 'his age. BAROCCIO, Frederic, an Italian painter, was Irarn at Urbinp, in 1528. Raphael and Correggio were his models in d^ign and colouring, and he was no un- worthy follower of those great masters. He died in 1612, after having suffered severely for the major part of his life, from the effects of poison given to him by some of his base rivals, who envied his suc- cess. BARON, Michael (whose real name ■was BovKON), was bom at Issoudun, in 1653, and was the son of an actor, who had been brpught np to trade. He had a fine person, and displayed such admirable talents, that he was considered as the Ros- cius of France. His vanity was at least equal to his talents. Baron, however, was not wi^out other c'^ms to respect than those derived from his theatrical pow- ers. He is the author of seven comedies, which are above mediocrity. He died in 1729. BARONIUS, C£SAR, an ecclesiastical historian, was born, in 1538, at Sora, in the Neapolitan Territory, entered the church, and, in 1598, rose to the dignity of cardi- nal But for tlie opposition of the Span- ish court he would have filled the papal chair. His death took place in 1607. He wrote several works; but the production on which his fame rests is the Ecclesiasti- cal Annals, from tlie first to the twelfth century. BARRALIER, H. F. N. D.. a youth of precocious talents, was born at Mar- leilles, in 1805, acquired a knowledge of languages with extraordinary facility, and, Defore he was e xteen, wrote a Discourse on the Immerta lity of the Soul ; a Trea- BAR 67 tiae on Morally ; and some poems. He died in 1821. BARRAS,Padl John FRANCis,Count de, a prominent character of the French revolution, was born, in 1755, at Fox, in the department of tlie Var, and was of so ancient a family that it was proverbially said to be '' as old as the rocks of Pro- vence." Afler having served with applause in India, he returned to Pai-is, where he wasted his patrimony in dissipation. When tlie revolution broke out he espoused its principles, and he subsequently s^sisted in dethroning the monarch, and, as a member of the Convention, voted for bis death. To tlie overthrow of the Girondist party he also contributed. The Jacobins, bow- ever, regarded him with suspicion, and their fears were Justified by his lending his strenuous aid to effect the downfall of Robespierre. When the directorial gov- ernment was established, Barras became one of tlie five directors, and he held this high oflice tilt 1799. While, in tlie latter year, he was secretly negotiating the resto- ration of the Bourbons, the directory was dissolved by Napoleon, and Barras retired to Brussels. After having been foiled iii some political intrigues in 1813 and 1814, he lived in privacy till his decease, which took place on the 29th of January, 1829. BARREAUX, James Vallee des, born at Paris, in 1602, was famous as an epicurean, a man of wjt, and a writer of songs and pleasant verses. He was a man of fortune, and his whole life was sjient in tlie pursuit of pleasure. He died in 1673. Of his works nothing is extint, but a re- pentant Sonnet, composed during illness; and even this is denied to him by Voltaire, who ascribes it to the abbe de Lavau. BARRET,' George, an eminent land- scape painter, was born in Dublin, alwut 1728; and, witli little or no instruction, acquired reputation as an artist. He gained prizes from the Dublin Society, and from the London Society of Arts. The estab- lishment of the Royal Academy was, in a great degree, brought about by his exer- tions. He died in 1784. BARRINGTON, John Shote, the first viscount Barrington, bom in 1678, was the son of a merchant, named Shute, but changed his name on a fortune being left him. He was a member of parliament, held various offices under government, was created an Irish baron and viscount in 1720, and died in 1734. He is die author of Miscellanea Sacra, 2 vols. 8vo., and other works. — His eldest son, William WiLDMAW, who was born in 1717, and died in 1795, held several high offices, among which were tliose of secretary at war, and chancellor of the exchequer. BARRINGTON, Daines, fourth son of Viscount Barringfton, was born in 1727, 68 BAR and died in ISOO. He was educated at Oxford and the Inner Temple, and rope to be second justice of Chester, His prin- cipal works Hre Observations on the Sta- tutes; tiie Naturalists* Calendar; Miscel- lanies; and Tracts on the Possibility of reaching the North Pole. It was at his suggestion tliat die arctic voyage of Captain Phipps was undertaken. HARRINGTON, Samuei-j fifth son of Lord Barrington, was born in 1729, en- tered early into the navy, distinguished hiniself in the wars tliat ended in 1748 and 1762, was made rear-admiral in 1778, took St. Lucia, in the face of a superior force, was wounded in the engagement of tlie 1st of July, 1779, and died in 1800. BARKOS, John dos, one of the /best 3f the Portuguese historians, was born at Viseu, in 1496, held various highly im- portant offices in the colonies, and died in 1570. Barros is the author, among other tilings, of a Romance; Moral Dialogues; and the first Portuguese Grammar tliat was published. But his great 'work is a His- tory of Portuguese Asia, in four decades, which is looked upon as a classical pro- duction. BARROW, Isaac, a divine and mathe- matician, born in 1630, was the son of a linendraper ef Loudon, and was educated at tlie Chaitei'house and at Cambridge. After his education was completed, he tra- velled in France", Italy, and the Levant, and resided for a year at Constantinople. In his voyage to Smyrna, the ship was attacked l)y an Algerine, and Barrow dis- played an undaunted courage which much contributed to the success of the engage- ment. In 1659, he returned to England, successively filled several professorships, was made master of Trinity College in 1672, vice chancellor in 1675, and died in 1677. In wit, in learning, in scientific knowledge, in versatile talent, Barrow had few rivals. His numerous mathematical productions attest his excellence as a geo- meter; and his theological works, which fill tlirce volumes, are equally honourable to hini as a divine. BARRUEL, Abbk Augcstin. BAR French Jesuit, born in 1741, at TilleneuT* de Berg, was conductor of the Ecclesias- tical Journal, fi-om 1787 to 1792, but was obliged to fly to England after the deposi- tion of Louis XVI. When the consulate was established, he returned to France. His best known work is. Memoirs for a History of Jacobinism, 5 vols. 8vo. ; a production which blends some facts with much fiction, and proves either the credu- lity or the bad faith of the author. BARRY, GiRALD, usually known by the appellation of Giraldus Cahbrem- sis, was born in 1146, in Pembrokeshire, and descended of a noble family, allied to the princes of the country. He received an excellent education, obtained several preferments in the church, and was ap- pointed chaplain to Henry II., but though more than once chosen bishop of St. Da- vid's, he could never obtain the papal con.- firmation of his digni^. He died in re- tirement about 1220. He was a msm of varied talents, and his writings are vo- luminous. His principal works are his Irish Topography, and his Itinerary of Wales. BARRY, Spr ANGER, an eminent actor, was born at Dublin, in 1719, on the stage of which city he first appeared, in 1744, with great success. In 1746, he came forward in London, and was long con- sidered as no unworthy rival of Garrick ^ He died in 1774 BARRY, James, a painter, born at Cork, in 1741, displayed an early taste for drawing, and before he was twenty-two produced a picture which gained him Hit patronage of Edmund Btirke, who fiir- nished him with the means of studying in Italy. Barry returned to England in 1771, and in 1777 began his series of pictures at the house of the Society of Arts. He be- came a royal academician, and in 1782 was chosen professor of painting; but from both these situations he was expelled in 1799, in consequence of his political opin- ions having given offence. His death took place in 1806. Barry was a man of genius, but eccentric, misantliropic, and negligent of tlie decorums of life. His literary works have been published in two volumes quarto. BARRY, John, a distinguished naval officer in the service of the United Stales, was born in Ireland in 1745. He arrived in America when only 14 or 15 years old, and obtained employment from some of the most respectable merchants of the day, until the commencement of hustilities be- tween the colonies and the mother country. Embracing the cause of the colonies, hu reputation for skill and experience pro- cured for him one of the -first nava. coni- missions from congress During the war, he served with great benefit to his couDtry BAR and credit to himself, and after the cessa- tion of hostilities he was appointed to . superintend the building of the frigate United States in Philadelphia, which was designed for his command. He was highly respected in private life, and died much lamented and honoured in IS03. BARTAS, William df, Sallust du, a French poet, warrior, and statesman, was born at Mo.itfort, in 1544. Durin? the. reign of Henry IV. he displayed equal talents as a negotiator and a soldier. He negotiated with success in Kngland, Scot- land, and Denmark; and he fought gal- lantly .on various occasions, particularly at the battle of Ivry. He died in 1590. He was a voluminous writer, but his works, though of^en poetical, are in such a barba- rous taste, that they are now entirely neglected. His Weeks, and several 4ther of Ills poems, were translated into English by Sylvef^ter. 'BARTH, John, a celebrated French naval officer, was born at Dunkirk, in 1651, and was the son of a fisherman. By his extraordinary bravery and success he acquired a distinguished reputation. Des- perate courage, however, not consummate skill, seems to have been his chief quality; and, though he rose to high rank in his profession, he retained the manners of his original station. He died in 1702. BARTHE, Nicholas Thomas, a French dramatist, was born at MarseiUes, in 1734, and, when very young, ^vent to Paris, where he died in 1785. He is the author of the Selfish Man ; the Jealous ' Mother ; and other dramas ; and of vari- ous poems and fugitive pieces. When Colardeau, the poet, was on his deathbed, Barthe persisted in reading to him the whole of the Sejfish Man. As soon as tlte author had concluded, Colardeau said to him, " You have forgotten one essential trait in your leading character; that of a man who comes to re'^d a five act comedy to a dying friend." BARTHELEMY, John James, was born in 1716, at Cassis, in Provence, edu- cated at the Jesuit's College at Marseilles, and, with some knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, acquired a proficiency in the an?ient and oriental languages, and in antiquitie;^ In 1753 he was made keeper of the royal cabinet of medals, and in 1755 he visited Italy, and explored the treasures of Herculaneum. On his return, he was patronised by the duke de Choiseul, who gave him a pension and two valuable ofiices. In 17SS, appeared his Travels of Ana- charsis, on which he had been thirty years employed, and which^as stamped his fame. He died in 1795. Besides the Travels of Anacharsis, he is the author of the romance of Carite and Polydore; Travels in Italy; And various erudite works. He was a BAR 69 member of the French Academy, and of the most celebrated foreign societies. BARTHES, Paul Joseph, a celcbra- ted French medical practitioner and writer, was horn at Montpellier, in 1734, and died in 1806. He was one of the physicians of Napoleon. Though it has been &aid of him, that he destroyed more old errors than he discovered new truths, the French consider him as the regenerator of physi- ology and medical philosophy. Among his principal works may be mentioned, New Elements of the Science of Man; and New Mechanism of the Motions of Men and Animals. BARTHOLINE, Gasp ar, a celebrated physician, was born at Malmoe, in Scania, in 1585, and was long professor of medi- cine in the university of Copenliagen ; but, late in life, relinquished medicine for the- ology, and became theological professor. He died in 1629. His principal work is, Institutiones Anatomicae, which was en- larged by his son. BARTHOLINE, Thomas, second son of Gaspar, was born at Copenhagen, in 1616, studied at Leyden, Padua, and Ba- sil, and acquired extensive erudition and knowledge of languages. For fourteen years he was professor ofanatomy in his native city. His works are numerous, and of great merit; and to him is attributed the discovery of the lymphatic vessels. He had two sons — Gaspar, born at Copen- hagen, in 1650, an -eminent anatomist and physician, author of several excellent trea- tises; — and Thomas, professor of history and civil law, and keeper of the roysu archives, in the Danish metropolis, who, among other things, published Antiquitates Danicse; and De Causis Mortis a Dan'ii gentilibus contempts. BARTHOLOMEW OF THE MAR- TYRS, a Portuguese prelate, so called from the church, at Lisbon, in which he was baptised, was born, in 1514. In spite of his own opposition, his virtues raised him to be archbishop of Braga. Eight years before his death, which took place in 1590, he resigned his see. Bartholomew was hostile to the pride and luxuir of church- men, and distmguished himself by his zeal and charity, during a famine and plague which desolated the city of Braga. He wrote some religious works. BARTLETT, Josiah, governor of New-tHampshire, was bom in Massachu- setts in 1729. Without the advantagesof a preparatory liberal education, he began the study of medicine at a very early age, and commenced the practice of his profession at Kingston N.H. in the year 1750. He soon obtained very considerable reputation, and was elected a member of the legislatur* of his province. When the troubles com- menced between the colonies and the moth 70 BAR er country, Dr. Bartlett espoused the pop- ular cause, and in 1775 was elected to the continental Congress. He was re-elected in tlie ensuing year, and had the honour of being the first to vote for, and the first af- ter tlie president, to sign the declaration of independence. In 1779 Dr. Bartlett was appointed chief-justice of tlie court of common pleas, and in 1788 he was ad- vanced to the head of tlie bench. In 1793 he was elected first governor of the State, and filled the ofiice with his accustomed fidelity until the infiim state of his health obliged him to retire wholly from public U«^"iness. He died-in 1795, much res- pected for his ability and integrity. BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, one of the most celebrated civilians of the middle age, was born at Sasso Ferrato, in Italy, about Jie year 1313, and died at Perugia, in 1356. He was law professor in several of ihe Italian universities, and contributed more than any other person to aggrandize and elucidate the science of jurisprudence. Accordingly, he was denominated the Cori- pheus of law expounders, the lantlieru of equity, the star of lawyers, and tlie master of truth. His commentaries on the Roman Law, and his Treatises, were prifited at Venice, in 1590. BARTOLI, Daniel, a learned Jesuit, esteemed one of the purest and most per- Epicuoui of the Italian writers, was born at Ferrara, in 1608, and died at Rome, in 1685. His principal work, in six volumes folio, is a history of the society to which he belonged. His other »vritings ha been collected in three quano volumes. BARTOLOZZI, Francis, an engraver of great merit, was boi'n at Florence, in 1728, and was taught painting by Hugford, after which he applied to engraving. In 1764 he came to England, and five years subsequent to his arrival was admitted a member of the Royal Academy. The pro- ductions of his graver were numerous and highly esteemed. Poverty, however, com- pelled him, in 1S02, to accept an invitation from the p 'nee regent of Portugal, who gave him a pension, and he died at Lisbon in 1815. BARTON, Elizabeth, a religious impostor, known, in the reign of Henry Vin., by the denomination of the Holy Maid of Rent, was originally a servant at AUington ; but was taught by the priests to throw her face and limbs into contortions, to pretend to prophetical powers, and to denounce divine vengeance upon heretics. Venturing, however, to aim her predictions against the king, she and her associates were executed at Tyburn, for high treason, in 1534. BARTON, Benjamin S., professor in the university of Pennsylvania,'was born at L!uicaft&7| Pennsylvania, in 1766. His BAS mother was the sister of the celebrated Rit* tenhouse. In 1786 he went to Great Brit- ain and pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh and London. He afterwards visited Gottingen, and there obtained the degree of Doctor in Medicine. ' On his return from Europe in 1789, he established himself as a physician ia Philadelphia, and soon obtained an extensi e practice. In the same year he was appointed professoi of natural history and botany in the college of Philadelphia. On the resignation of Dr. Griffiths he was appointed professor of materia medica; and succeeded Dr. Rush in the department of the theory and prac- tice of medicine. He died in 1815. His chief publication is Elements of Zoology and Botany. BARTRAM, John, one of the most dis- tinguished of American botanists, was bom in Pennsylvania, in 1701. He was a simple farmer, self taught in the science of botany, and in the rudiments of the learned lan- guages, medicine, and surgery. So gi-eat was his progress in his favourite pursuit, that Linn^us pronounced him the " great- est natural botanist in the world.'' He contributed much to the gardens of Europe, and received honours from several for-eign societies and academies. At the time of his death, which happened in 1777, he held the ofi&ce of American botanist to George III. of England. BARTRAM, William, a celebrated naturalist, son of the preceding, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1739. In early life he was occupied witli mercantile pursuits, but an attachhient to natural science induced him to relinquish them, and in 1773 he embarked for Charleston, with the inten- tion to visit the Floridas and the western parts of Georgia and Carolina, to examine their natural productions. In this employ- ment he was engaged nearly five years ; and iu 1790 he published an account of his travels and discoveries in one volume octavo. Afler his return from his travels, he devoted himself to science, and was elected a member of several learned socie- ties both at home and in Europe. His contributions to the natural history of our country have been highly valuame. He died suddenly, in 1823. . BARUFFALDI, Jekome, an Italian poet and literary character, was born at Ferrara, in 1675, and died in 1753. His works, in his native language and iu Latin, amount to more than an hundred, among which are five dramatic pieces. His poem intitled II Canapaja, the subject of which is the culture of hemp, is considered as his best production, and ranks among tlie most esteemed specimens of Italian didactic poetry. BASEDOW, John Baptist, a Ger- man theologian and writer, was born at BAS Hamburgn, in 1723, and died at Magde- ourgn, in 1790. His works are numer- ous ; and some of his theological produc- tions drew on him vehement persecution for their alleged heterodoxy. One of the great objects of Basedow's life was to in- troduce a reform into the system of educa- tion, and he pursued it with indefatigable Real. In manners he was unpolished ; and he was too fond of wine; but he was a man of talent, learning, and good inten- tions. BASIL, St., surnamed the Great, a celebrated father of the Greek church, was born, in 326, at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, and, after having studied at Athens, he for a while taught rhetoric and practised at the bar. These occupations, however, he relinquished for a monastic life, and became the founder of a convent in Poiltus. In 370, he was chosen bishop of Caesarea ; filled the episcopal seat with much piety and courage; and died in 379. His works compose tliree folio volumes. BASINGE, John i>e, or BASING- STOCHIUS, so called from Basingstoke, the place of his birth, was educated at Oxford and Paris; travelled to Athens, and became an excellent Greek scholar ; and, on his return, obtained the arch dea- conries of London and Leicester. He died in 1252. Basinge brought many JVfSS. from Greece, and contributed much to spread in his own country a knowledge of the Greek language. BASKERVILLE, John, one of the most celebrated English printers and type founders, was born, in 17G6, at Wolverley, in Worcestershire, and was originally a writing master, and next a japanner. In 1750, he turned his attention to letter- founding, and at length produced types which were long unrivalled. To the busi- ness of a letter-founder he added that of a printer, and editions of many classic and standard authors issued from his press. He died in 1775. Baskerville was not withe 'It a portion of tliat singularity which is supposed to be a concomitant of talent. BASNAGE, BenjamiNj a French pro- testant minister, was born, in 1580, at Carentan, in Normandy, and died in 1652. His Treatise on the Church was once held in much estimation. BASNAGE DE BEAUVAL, James, an eminent protestant divine, was born at Rouen, in 1653, and educated at Saumur and Geneva. When the edict of Nantz was revoked, he retired to Rotterdam, and^ in 1709, was chosen one of the Walloon pastors at the Hague. Being in favour with the grand pensionary Heinsius, and sii!l preserving his attachment to France, he rendered such services to his country, in facilitating the treaty of alliance with Holland, that lie was rewav ^ed with hig BAS 71 recall and the restoration of his property. He died in 1723. Basnage was a man of erudition, sincerity, and virtue; and of such enlarged political views and talents, tliat Voltaire declared him to be more fit for a minister of state than of a parish. Among his principal works are, a History of the Church ; a History of the Jews ; a History of the Religion of the Reformed Church; and Annals of the United Pro- vinces. BASNAGE DE BEAUVAL, Henrt, brotlier of James, was born, in 1656, al Rouen, became an advocate in 1679, and in 1689 retired to HoHand, where he died in 1710. He succeeded Bayle in writing the History of the Works oi the Learned; and he performed his task in a manner which did honour to his candour and tal- ents. BASSI, Ladra Maria Catherine (by marriage Vekatti,) a learned Italian lady, was bom at Bologna, in 1711, and her talents were carefully cultivated by education. At the age of twenty-one she publicly sustained a philosophical thesis, and received a doctor's degree. The sen- ate of her native place conferred on her the professorial chair of philosophy, and she continued to teach till her decease, in 1778. She was well versed in Greek, metaphysics, geometry, algebra, and natu- ral philosophy; is said to have written an epic poem on the Italian wars ; and was an unaffected, amiable, and virtuous woman. BASSOMPIERRE, Francis de, a French marshal, of a noble family, was born, in 1579, in Lorraine; served againn the duke of Savoy and the Turki, in 1602 and 1603; and was patronised by Henry IV. Louis XIII. made him a marshal, and employed him, as a general and as an ambassador. Having, however, given of- fence to tlie despotic Richelieu, he was thrown into the Bastile, where he was de- tained fdr twelve years. He died in 1646. Bassompierre was an accomplished and handsome man; and was so much the fa- vourite of the court ladies, that he is said to have destroyed more than six thousand tender letters from the most eminent of them, when he heard that he was to be imprisoned. He is the author of his own Memoirs ; of an Account of his Embassies ; and of Remarks on Dupleix'* Live* of Heniy IV. and Louis XIII. BASTWICK, John, a physician, bom at Writtle, in Essex, in 1-593, was educat- ed at Cambridge, and took hii degree at Padua. Having ofiended the beadii of tba church by his publications, be was tv/i''A prosecuted by the tyrannical high »)iniiiif< sion court. The first time, he wa* liettvily : fined and imprisoned; tlie second, lie wm ! sentenced to pay five thousand pound)*, (o los« his ears to the pillory, and to tuid«r|(i n BAT pel^)etua] imprisonment. In 1640, how- ever, the house of commons released and indemnifind him. He died, it ia supposed, about 1650. BATE, Geokge, was born, in 160S, at Maid's Morton, in Buckinghamshire, and was educated at Oxford. Such was his happy fiexibilitv of principle, that he was successively physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and ChaiJes II. He was one of the 6rst members of the Royal Society. Bate died in 1669. His chief work IB a narrative, in Latin, of the civil war, which bears the title of Elenchus Motuum, &c. The Royal Apology is also attributed to him. ^ BATH, William PULTENEY, Earl of, a descendant of an ancient family, was born in 16S2, and educated at Westmin- ster, and Christ Church, Oxford. On his return from hia travels, he was elected to the house of commons, and became one of the most celebrated of the whig party. At -first he was the friend of Walpole, but at length was converted into one of his most determined and formidable oppo- nents, both in Parliament and in the paper called the Crafbman. In revenge, he was struck out of the list of privy counsellors and tlie commission of tlie peace. When, however, his party came into power, in 1741, he was created Earl of Bath. In this instance, as it has been in many others, the title was an extinguisher of popularity. He died on the 8th of June, 1764. BATHURST, Ralph, born in 1620, at Howtliorpe, in Northamptonshire, was educated at Coventry school and Oxford, and studied for the church, but, during the civil wars, acted as a physician. He re- sumed his clerical character on the resto- ration, and became dean of Wells and vice chancellor of Oxford. He died in 1704. Bathurst was one of the founders of- the Royal Society. As a Latin orator and poet lie stands deservedly high. BATHURST, Alleit. Earl, the son of a baronet, was born in 1684, educated at Oxford, and, in 1705, was chosen member for Cirencester. His Tory principles were rewarded by hia becoming one of the twelve peers whom Q,ueen Anne so uncon- stitutionally created in 1711. Walpole's administration he warmly opposed, and, on its downfall, he was made a privy counsellor. On the accession of George III. Batliurst obtained a pension, and, in 1772, an earldom, He died in 1775. With Pope, Bolingbroke, and, indeed, all the celebrated men of the age, he was on terms of intimate friendship; he was a man of parts, wit, ind tasle ; and he pre- served his spirits unbroken, and his temper onsoured, till bis decease in his ninety -^fjrst yeu BAU BATHURST, Hewry, Earl, the sob of the nbove, was bom in 1714, brought up to the law, and rose rapidly in his pro- fession. In 1754, he became chief justice of the common pleas; and in 17T1 was created baron ^psley^ and made lord -chan- cellor. In 1778 be resigned the seals, and died in 1794. He is author of the Theory of Evidence; and a pamphlet called tlie Case of Miss Swor.dfeger. BATHYLLUS, one of the most cele- brated pantomimists of antiquity, was born at Alexandiia, and was a slave of Maece- nas, who, however, enfranchised him. He was the rival of Pylades, and the Roman veople took a warm part in the jealousies And disputes of these stage heroes. Tlie time of his death is uncertain. BATONI, POMPET, an Italian painter, was born at Lucca, in 1708, and early manifested a high degree of talent and a passionate fondness for his art. Nature, the antique, and the works of Raffaelle, were the objects of bis study; and hia success was such as might be expected from his choice of models. He is con- sidered as the restorer of the modern Roman school. He died at Rome, in 1787. BATTEUX, Charles, a member of the French Academy, and of the Academy of Inscriptions, was born in 1713, and was a professor of rhetoric at the age of twenty. He died in 1780. His principal works, besides translations from the clas- sics, ar9 a Course of Belles Lettres, in 5 vols.; Elementary Course for the use of the Military School, in 45 vols.; and Memoirs on the History, Sciences, &c- of the Chinese, in 15 vols, quarto. BATTISHILL, Jonathan, an emi- nent musician, was born in London, ir. 1738, and died at Islington, in 1801. His anthems and hymns, and his catches and glees, are highly esteemed. The most popular of his songs is Kate of Aberdeen. BAUDELOQUE, John Locis, au eminent French surgeon and man midwife, was born in Picardy, in 1746, and died lo 1810. Such was his reputation that Napo- leon appointed him principal midwife to the impress Maria Louisa. He had the merit of simplifying his art, and discard- ing the onnecessary use of instruments His Principles of IViidwifery, and Art of Midwifery, are considered as standard works. The first was reprinted at the ex- pense of the government, for tlie instruc- tion of country female practitioners. BAUHIN,"J0HN, a celebrated botan- ist, was born at Basil, in 1541, and made such progress in botany, that, before lie was eighieen, he corresponded with, and was higlily \alued by Conrad Gesner. The whole of his life, was devoted to botanical pursuits. In 1570, he was appointed phy- sician to the duke of Wirtemberg, m mm which office he died, at Montbelliard, in 1613. riia principa] work is a General History of Plants, which was not publish- ed till nearly forty years after his death. BAUHLN, Caspar, born at Basil, ir 1560, was the brother of John, and, like hira, an excellent botanist. In 1596, he was chosen one of the physicians of tiie duke of Wirteraoerg ; and, in 1614, first medical professor at Basil. He died in 1624. His anatomical works are numer- ous. Of his botanical works, tlie princi pai are Phytopinax; and Pinax. Hi; •on, John Gaspar, who was also a man of talent and a botanist, published the first volume of theTheatrum Butanicuni which his father left in manuscript. BAUME, Nicholas Augustus de LA, Marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal of France, was born in 1636, and distin- fuished himself from his earliest youtli by is darinfr valour. Yet, after having re- peatedly braved death in the field of bat tie, he died, in 1716, of fright, occasioned by the most ridiculous superstition. The contents of a saltcellar having been acci- dentally thrown on hira, he turned pale, exclaimed that he was a dead man, and expired in four days. BAUME, Anthony, a French apothe cary, who acquired considerable liepiitation as a chemist, was born at Senlis, in 1728, and died in the vicinity of Paris, in 1804. His whole life and fortune were devoted to the improvement of chemistry. Among other works, he is the author of Experi- mental and Analytical Chemistry; Manual of Chemistry; and Elements of Phar macy. BAUSSET, Cardinal Lotris Francis DE, an eminent French prelate,, born at Pondicherry, in 1748, was educated in France, and was made bishop of Alais before the revolution. That bishopric he resigned in 1802. Napoleon patronised him ; and Louis XVIII. made him a peer, and obtained for him the cardinal's hat. He died in 1824. He is the author of a History of Fenelon, 4 vols, ; and of a History of Bossuet, 4 vols.; both works of merit, but of which the first is far su- perior to the second. BAUTRU, William, Count de Seran a French academician, was born, in 1558, at Angers, and filled several important diplomatic missions. Bautru had the rep- utation of a man of wit and repartee, and for this reason was a favourite at coiu't ; but many of his jokes were abortions, and his character was not unstained. He died in 1665. Among his best things may be reckoned the followinf^. Having found an exceedingly igno»':*nt librarian at the Escu- rial, he advi'><;d the Spanish monai'ch to make hirA his minister of finance ; and when uked why, he replied, " because he BA^ 7a never meddles with what is entrusted to him." BAXTER, Richard, an eminent non- conformist divine, was born at Rowton, in Shropshire, in 1615, and for many years was a school-master, first at Wroxeter, and then at Dudley; but, in 1640, he became minister of Kidderminster. Though he acted as chaplain in the parliamentary armies, he was hostile to Cromwell's usur- pation, and even defended monarchy in his presence. At the restoration he was made one of the king's chaplains, and was offered the bishopric of Hereford, which he declined. He was, however, soon in- volved in, and suffered much by, the gene- ral persecution of the non-conformists ; and in 1685 he was tried before the brutal Jefleries, grossly insulted by him, and sen- tenced to fine and imprisonment; but the punishment was shortly after remitted by the king. Baxter died in 1691. No less than a hundred and forty-five treatises were produced by his pen; some of which were extremely popular. In his theolo- gical doctrines he held a course between Calvinism qind Arminianism, and gave rise to a sect bearing the name of Baxterians. BAXTER, William, a nephew of Richard, was born, in 1650, at Lanlugan, in Shropshire, and died in 1723. Though at the age of eighteen he was unable to read, he subsequently attained a high de- gree of learning. Among his works are, editions of Anacreon and Horace ; a Latin Grammar; and a Dictionary of British Antiquities BAXTER, Andrew, an eminent meta- physician, was born, in 1686 or 1687, at Aberdeen, and educated at King's College, in that city; after which he gained a sub- sistence by teaching private pupils. He died at Whittington, in East Lothian, in 1750. His works are, an Inquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul, a production which Warburton higiily praised; and Malho, sive Cosniutheoria Puerilis, which the author afterwards translated and en- larged. In his Inquiry, he maintains the doctrine that dreams are caused by tlie agency of separate immaterial beings. n BAY BAYARD, Petek du Terrail dk, a French military commander, born of a Hoble family, in the valley of Gresivaudan, in Dauphiny, in 1476, whose valour, virtue, generuBity, and courtesy, gained him the glorious appellation of " the fearless and irreproachable knight.'* Such was the reverence felt for his character, that Fran- cis I. chose to receive tlie order of knight- hood from his handi In numerous battles and si&g»s, particularly at the bridge of Garig iano, at Agnadel, Ravenna, Marig- nano, and Mezieres, he displayed admi- rable bravery and talents. He was mor- tally wounded, in 1524, at Romagnano, in the Milanese, while covering the retreat of the French army. Finding that his end was approaching, he refused to be carried away. " I will not, on the point of death," said he, " turn my back to the enemy for the first time. Place me so that I may face them.*' The constable of Bourbon having expressed his sorrow for him, he replied, " It is not I who am to be pitied, but you,'who are fighting against your king and your country.** As his corse passed through the states of the duke of Savoy, in its way to Grenoble, that prince paid to it the same funeral honours as were destined to the remains of princes of his own family. BAYER, John, a native of Augsburg, born about the end of the sixteenth cen- tury, was a minister of the gospel, but ov^es his fame to his astronomical talents, which also caused him ft be ennobled by the emperor. In 1603, he published his Uranometria, containing ToUo charts of all the constellations, with i numenalature; fhe stars being denoted, acci^rdjy^ *^ their magnitude, by Greek fetters ihis work he subsequently enlargea and inin*-oved. The time of his death is unknown BAYER, Theophilus sSigfried, supposed to be a grandson oi tne astrono- mer, was born, in 1694, at Koinigsberg, and died in 1738. Of the oriental lan- guages, especially the Chinese, he had an extraordinary knowledge. His produc- tions, on chronology, history, and philo- logy, are nllmerous. Among the principal are, the Museum Siuicum; and the His- toria Asrhoena. BAYLE, Peter, one of the most emi- nent of modern philosophers and critics^ was the son of. a pl'otestant minister, and was born in 1647, at Carlat, in France. In his youth he manifested uncommon talents, and studied so intensely as to do pel inanent injury to his health. For a while hg was seduced to the catholicreli- gion, but he soon abandoned it. In 1675, after having for some time subsisted by privftte tuition, he became professor of philosophy at Sedan ; and when, six years Aubsequeiitly, the college of Sedan was BAY suppressed, he obtained the same profeeflor- ship at Rotterdam. The latter, however, he was deprived of, in 1696, by the calum- nies and exertions of his quondam friend Jurieu, who never ceased to persecute him. Bayle died at Rotterdam, in 1706, of a disease in the chest. His works are nu- merous; they compose eight folio volumes, of which four are occupied by his justly celebrated Critical Dictionary. Among tb? principal of his minor productions may be mentioned his Thoughts on Comets; Reply to the Questions of a Provincial ; and Intelligence of the Republic of Letters. The latter, which is an excellent review, was commenced in 1684, and continued for three years. ^ BAYARD, James A., an eminent American lawyer and politician, was born in Philadelphia, in 1767, and educated at Princeton college. In the year 1784 lie engaged in the study of the law, and on admission to the bar settled in tlie state of Delaw^are, where he soon acquired prac- ,tice and consideration. He was elected to a seat in congress towards the close df the administration of Mr. Adams, and first particularly distin^ished himself in con- ducting die impeachment of senator Blount. In 1804 he was elected to the senate of the United States by the legislature of Delaware, and remained for^ several years a conspicuous member of that assembly. In 1813 he was appointed by President Madison one of the ministers to conclude a treaty of peace with Great Britain, and assisted in the successful negociatious at Ghent, in the following year. He then' received the appointment of minister to the court of St. Petersburgh^ but an alarm- ing illness induced him to return immedi- ately to the United States. He died soon after hia arrival home, in July 1815. BAYLEY, Richard, an eminent phy- sician, was born at Fairfield, Connecticut, in the year 1745. Having completed his medicarstudies, and attended the lectures and hospitals in London for more than a year, he commenced practice in New York in 1772. In the autumn of 1775, he re- visited London, and in the following spring returned to New- York, in the capacity of surgeon in the English army under Lord Howe. This post he resigned ■ in 1777, and during the rest of his life continued the practice of his profession in the same city. In 1792 he was appointed professor of anatomy in Columbia college, and m 1793 became professor of surgery, which. was his favourite subject. He published a treatise on the Croup, and \ work on the Yellow Fever. He died in 1801. BAYLY, Lewis, a native of Caermar- then, was educated at Oxford, and, in 1616, was consecrated bishop of Bangor. He died in 1684. The Practice of Piety, a work which was lon^ popular, and went through sixty English eaitions, besides seve- ral .in Welsh, was written by this prelate. BEATON, or BETHUNE, Cardinal David, primate of Scotland, was born in 1494, filled several high offices', was made cardinal in 1538, and the next year suc- ceeded his uncle as archbishop of Saint Andrew's. An attempt which ne made to share in the regency, after the death of James, at Solway Moss, occasioned his imprisonment; but lie was liberated by Hie earl of Arran, and appointed high chancellor. The reformers he persecuted fiercely, and is said to have witnessed the burning of George Wishait. He was as- sassinated in May, 1546. BEATTIE, James, LL. D., was born, in 1735, at Laurencekirk, in Kincardine- shire, and educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen. After having for some time acted as a country parochial schoolmaster^ he was, in 1761, chosen professor of moral philosophy at Marischil Colleee. In the same year he made his first pumic appear- ance as a poet, in a volume of original Poems and Translations. With tliese poems he was afterwai-ds dissatisfied, and he endeavoured to suppress them. His Essay on Truth, published in 1770, became highly popular, and procured him the de- gree of LL. D., from the university of Ox- ford, and a private interview and a pension from George HI. Solicitations were also made to him to enter the church of Eng- land; but he declined, in the fear that his motives might be misrepresented. 'In the same year, he gave to the world the first book of the Minstrel; and the second book in 1774. This work sealed his feme as a poet. He subsequently produced Disserta- tions ; Evidences of the Christian Religion ; Elements of Moral Science; and an Ac- count of the Life and Writings of his eldest Son. After having languished for some time in a melancholy state, and suffered two paralytic strokes, he expired at Aber- deen, in August, 1803. BEATTIE, J AHES Hat, the eldest son of the above, was born in 1768, assisted his father in the professorship at the age of nineteen, and died in 1790. His poems and miscellaneous pieces were published by his father. 'BEAUCHAMP, Joseph, was born, in 1752, at Vesoul, in France, and blended his theological studies with the astronomi- ca. lessons of Lalande. Being employed in tlie Levant, first as vicar general, by his uncle, a bishop; next, as consul, by the government ; he made numerous astro- nomical observations, constructed a map of the Tigris and Euphrates, and surveyed the Black Sea. Bonaparte invited him to Egypt; but he was taken on his passage, ana imprisoned for three years as a spy. He was released in 1801, but his health was ruined, and he died in the same year BEAUCHATEAU, Francis Mat- THIAS Ch ATE LET DE, a precocious genius, borii at Paris, in 1645, was the son of an actbr. At seven years of age he spoke several languages, and wrote versoa almost extempore upon a given subjeri., and at twelve he published a volume of poems, under tlte tide of tne Young Apol- lo's Lyre, for which pensions were given to him by cardinal Richelieu and chancellor Seguier. After having visited England, he went to Persia, in 1661, and his subse- quent fate is unknown. BEAUFORT, Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, daughter of the duke of Somerset, was bom, in 1441, at Bletsoe, in Bedfordshire, and died in 1509. She was thrice married — to the earl of Richmond, to Sir Henry Stafford, and to Lord Stanley. Her son by her first hus- band was afterwards Henry VII. Christ's and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge, and the divinity professorship, were founded by her. She wrote the Mirroure of Golde for a sinful Soul; and translated the first book of Thomas h Kempis. BEAUHARNOIS, Eugene, son of the Empress Josephine, by her first hus- band, was born in 1780. When his mother married Bonaparte, Eugene entered the army, and was his father in law's aid-de- camp in Italy and Egypt. In 1804, he was created a French prince, and vice- chancellor of state. In 1805 he was ap- pointed viceroy of Italy, which office he held till 1814. He governed with mild- ness and equity. In the campaigns of 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814, he acquired distinguished reputation; particularly at Raab, Wagram, Borodino, and Viazma, and in defending Italy against a far supe- rior force. On the downfall of his patron, he retired into the states of the Bavarian monarch, whose daughter he had married, and who now made him duke of Leuchten- berg. He died February 21, 1824. BEAUMARCHAIS, Peter Awgus- TiN Caron DE, an eminent French dra- matic writer, born at Paris, in 1732, was the son of a watchmaker, and, when young, invented a new kind of escapement. His talents, however, and his proficiency in mu- sic, soon raised him above the sphere of his profession. Having made some im- provements on tlt£ harp, he was introduced to the daughters of Louis XV. They en- gaged him to teach them the harp and gui- tar, and admitted him on the footing of friendship to their private concerts and parties. Here he became acquainted with the rich financier, Paris Duverney, aided by whom he engaged in speculations from which he derived an ample fortune. While thus occupied he did nut neglect literature. 76 BEA In 1767, he produced the drama of JSugenia, and in 1770, that of the Two Friends. But it was to a lawsuit that he was first in- debted for his astonishing popularity as an author. The memorials and pleadings wliich he drew up were at once so full of sound reasonings and of exquisite wit, satire, and comic spirit, that all France admired them. He sustained his reputation by the Barber of Seville, in 1775, and the Marriage of Figaro, in 1784. Subsequently he brought out the opera of Tarare, and the drama of the Guilty Mother, which were inferior to his former pieces. His latter days were not fortunate. He nearly exhausted his property by unlucky specu- lations, among which was an expensive edition of VolULire, and he was imprisoned during the reign of terror. He died of apoplexy, in 1799. His collected works form seven volumes octavo. BEAUMELLE, Laurence Angli- VIEL. DE LA, a French critic and writer, was born at Vallaragues, in Languedoc, in 1727, and was for some time professor of belles lettres in Denmark, in which coun- try his health, however, did not permit him to remain. At Berlin he met and quarrelled with Voltaire, and the quarrel was contin- ued through life. Voltaire, nevertheless, could not deny that his antagonist was a man of wit. In France La Beaumelle was twice imprisoned in the Bastile, for speak- ing trutli too boldly. He died in 1773. His chief works are, a Defence of the Spirit of Laws; My. Thoughts; Lettera to Vol- taire; and a Commentary on the Hen- riade. BEAUMONT, Sir John, son of a judge, an elder brother of the dramatist, was born, in 1582, at Grace Dieu, in Lei- cester, was made a baronet in 1626, and died in 1628. He is the author of Bos- worth Field, a poem; and of other poems and translations ; which have considerable merit. BEAUMONT, Francis, a dramatic writer, eminent in an age which was fer- tile in such characters, was born at Grace Dieu, in 1585, He was educated at Ox- ford, and became a student of the Inner Temple. In 1612 his Mask of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn was acted and publi^ed. He had already formed a dra- matic connection with Fletcher; for. their first joint play was produced in 1607. That connection continued till the death of Beaumont, in 1616. So close, indeed, was their friendship, that they lived toge- ther, and seemed almost to be animated oy one mind. Besides his plays and mask, Beaumont wrote some poems which entitle him to an honourable place among British poets- BEAUMONT, Joseph, an ecclesiastic ftnd poet, born in 1615, at Hadleigh, in BEC Suffolk, was educated at Cambridge. Ha was expelled from his fellowship during the civil wars; but, after the restoration, was made master of Jesus College, and afterwards of Peter-house, and, divinity professor. He died in 1699. He is the author of Psyche, a poem; Poems in English and Latin, with Remarks on Si Paul*s Epistle to the Colossians. BEAUSOBRE,IsAAC,aprotestant the- ologian, bom in 1659, at Niort, in Poitou, was compelled to quit France by the revo- cation of the edict of Nantz, and took ref^ uge in Holland, and subsequently in Prus- sia. In the latter country he became king's chaplain, and held various ecclesiastical o£5ces. He died in 1738. His principal works are, a Critical History of Maniche- ism; a History of the Reformation, from 1517 to 1630; and Sermons. His two sons, Charles Louis, and Louis, were men of talent and authors. The latter was educated at the expense of f'rederic the Great, who continued his patronage to him throughout his life. BEAUZEE, Nicholas, an eminent French grammarian, was born at Verdun, in 1714, and died at Paris, in 1789. On the death of Dumarsais, Beauzee was en- gaged to write the grammati^l articles in the Encyclopedia. He produced, besides other works, excellent translations of Sal lust and QuintuB Curtius ; an enlarged edi- tion of Girard's Synonymes; an abridged Exposition of the Historical Proofs of Religion; and a General Grammar, or Ana^tical Exposition of the Elements of Languages. BECCAHIA, John Baptist, an eccle- siastic, and a philosopher of great merit, was born, in 1716, at Mondovi, in Pied- mont, filled professorships at Palermo and Rome, and was recalled to Turin, to be- come professor of experimental philosophy, and tutor to the princess of Savoy. All his hours were devoted to scientific pur- suits. His knowledge extended to all branches of philosophy ; but he is princi- pally celebrated for his researches into the nature of the electrical fluid ; on which subject he published Letters on Electricity ; and other works. He died at Turin, in 1781. BECCARIA, Marquis Cssar Bon*,- SANA, an eminent Italian, was born at Milan, in 1735. About 1763 he formed a literary-society in that city, the members of which produced a periodical work inti- tled the Cofifee House. Beccaria con- tributed largely. In 1764, appeared hig Treatise on Crimes and Punishments, which was translated into several langua- ges, and universally admired. In 1768 the Austrian government established a profes- sorship of political economy at Milan, and appointed Beccaria the professor. He died i^ 1793. His Lectures were publbhed in 1804. BECIIER, or BECCHER, Johh Joa- CHIU] a celebrated German chemist, was born, in 1645, at Spire. At various periods he held the offices of medical professor at Mentz, aulic coimsellor at Vienna, and principal physician to the elector of Bava- ria. But his life was a wandering and troubled one, and he often quarrelled with his patrons. Becher had great mechanical knowledge, but was still more eminent as a chemist; he was, itideed, one of the first who studied chemistry on philosophical principles. He died at London, in 1685. His principal work is intitled Physica Subterranen. BECKET, Thomas h, a celebrated En- flish prelate, the son of a merchant, was oni at London, in 1119, studied at Oxford, Paris, and Bologna, and, on bis return home, entered the church. Henry II. made him liigh chancellor and preceptor to prince Henry, in 1158, admitted him to the closest intimacy and confidence, and, in 1162, raised him to the archbishopric of Canter- bury. Becket now entirely gave up his courtier habits, assumed a rigid austerity of manners, and became a stubborn cham- pion of the exorbitant privileges of- the clergy. A violent contest ensued between tlie sovereign and the prelate, and the lat- ter was at length obliged to fly from the kingdom. In 1170, however, he was re- stored, and he instantly recommenced his resistance to the monarch. Irritated by this fi-esh disobedience, Henry uttered a hasty speech, which three of his knj^ts, not unnaturally, construed into a command to rid him of. the pertinacious archbishop. They accordingly hastened to England, and murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral, on the 22d of December, 1170. He was canonized two years afterwards. BECKMANN, John Anthony, a na- tive of Hoya, in Hanover, was bom in 1739, travelled m Russia and Sweden, and, iu 1766, was chosen professor at Guttingen, where, for nearly half a century, he lec- tured, with great applause, on subjects connected with niral an.: political econo- my and technology. He died in ISll. His works are numerous. Among ibe Frincipal are a History of Discoveries and nventions; History of the earliest Voya- ges m^de in Modern Times ; and Elements of Rural Economy. BECLARD, Peter Augustus, one of the most eminent of modern anatomists, was born at Angers, in 1785. At a very early period he obtained tlie first anatomi- cal, physiological, philosophical, and che- mical prizes; and from 1818 to 1825, in whicli latter year he died, he was cele- brated as a lecturer on physiology and inatomy. He is the author of Anatomical BED T7 Memoirs; and he published an edition of Bichat's Treatise of General Anatomy, with additions. BEDA, or BEDE, usually denominated the Venerable Bede, one of the most eminent ecclesiastics and writers of the time in which he lived, was born, in 672 or 673, in the vicinity of Wearmouth, in the county of Durham. His fame was so great, that Pope Sergius invited him to Rome, but he never quitted his native countiT- His greatest work is his English Ecclesiastical History; but he wrote on a variety of subjects, and with high talent. His last labour was the translation of Saint John's Gospel into Sax6n. A few minutes after he had dictated the concluding sen- tence of it he expired, in May, 735. BEDDOES, Thomas, a physician, born at Shifnal, in Shropshire, in 1760, was educated at Oxford and Edinburgh. He obtained tlie chemical professorship at Oxford, but lost it by his political princi- ples. He afterwards setded at Clifton, near Bristol, where he died in ISOS. His chemical, scientific, and other works, are numerous, and display considerable talent. BEDELL, WiLLiAU, a divine, emi- nent for pietv, learning, and benevolence, was born at Black Notley, in Essex, edu- cated at Cambridge, and travelled into Italy, where he became the friend of the celebrated Father Paul. After his return he obtained church preferment, and, in 1629, was made bishop of Kihuore, iu Ireland. He held that see till the breaking out of the rebellion, when he was ejected, but was not injured, his virtues having acquired universal esteem. He died Tn 1641. The rebels fired a volley over his grave, in honour of him, and exclaimed, " May the last of the English rest in peace !'* BEDFORD, John, Duke of, third son of Henry IV., distinguished himself in early youth at the battle of Shrewsbuiy, was appointed regent of France, by the will of Henry v., in 1422, and sustained the glory of the English arms till his- death, in 1435. He died at Rouen. It ia to bs regretted, that tlie memory-of this re BEL brave and able man, who aUo loved the arts, is ntained by the death of Joan of Arc. BEETHOVEN, Lddwig Von, a cele- brated composer, tlie son of a tenor singer in the elector of Cologne's chapel, was born, in 1770, at Bonn. His early ^nius induced the electpr to send^him to Vienna, to Btudy under Haydn, and he settled in the Austrian capital. His compositions, whicn are numerous, rank him very high among musical composers. He died in 1827. BEHAIM, or BEHEM, Martin, a cosmographer and navigator, vvas born, of a noble family, at Nuremberg, about 14S0, and died at Lisbon in 1506. . Behaim was employed by tlie Portuguese monarch, and either discovered Fayal, or settled a cciony of Flemings there. The discovery of Bra- zil, and the straits of Magellan, in 1484, are even claimed for him, which would make him the first discoverer of the west- ern world ; and it must be owned tliat the evidence in his favour is not wilJiout weight. BEHN, Aphra, known by the poet- ical name of Astrea, a dramatist and mis- cellaneous writer, was born in the reign of Charles I., and went, when young, with her family to Surinam, where she became acquainted with the African prince Oroo- nooko, on whose story she founded a novel, which Soutlierne dramatized. On her coming back to England, she married Mr. Behn. Charles 11. employed her to gain intelligence on the continent, for which purpose she resided at Antwerp; and is said to have furnished, as to Uie intended Dutch attack on Chatham, infor- mation which was unfortunately disre- garded. After her return to her native country, the rest of her life was spent in literary labour, and in the company of wits and men of talent. She died in 1689. Her works consist of novels, poems, and seventeen plays. Pope, in language which might safely have been stronger, alludes to the gross licentiousness which disgraces her dramas. BEKKER, Balthazar, a Dutch di- vine and writer, was born, in 1634, at Warthuisen, in the province of Groningen, and was, in 1660, appointed minister of Franeker, in the same province, which situation, however, he was compelled to quit, on account of his being persecuted on a charge of heterodoxy. In 1679, he set- tled at Amsterdam, where, in 1691, he published his World Bewitched, a work which denies the possibility of demoniacal influence and which raised against hiai a furious clamour, and caused his deposition from the pastoral office. He died in 1698. His Researches concerning Comets is one of his best productions. BELIDOK, Bernarp Forest ue, a BEL native of Catalonia, bom in 1697, dis- played such an early proriciency in the mathematical sciences, that, when quite young, he was appointed royal- professor at the artillery school of La Fere. Other situations of the same kind were after- wards conferred on him, and he was in- spector of artillery when he died, in 1761, at Paris. Of his works, the most celebra- ted are his Treatise on Fortifications; Science of Engineers; Hydraulic Archi- tecture; and French Bombardier.. BELISARIUS, a Roman general, one of the most celebrated of his age, first ser ved with distinction in the guards of Jus- tinian, and subsequently rose ^ military e^ninence under that emperor. He defeat-^ ed Cabades, and subsequently Cosroes, king of Persia, dethroned Geliiner, king of the Vandals, routed the Gotlis in Sicily and Italy, and performed other glorious actions. Justinian, however, confiscated his estates, but at length restored them, and took him again into favour. He died A. D. 565. The story of his blindness and being reduced to beg is a fiction, BELKNAP, Jeremy, an American historian and divine, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1744, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1762. He was first settled in the Christian ministry at Dover, New Hampshire, and afterwards in his na- tive town. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and devoted much of his time to the pro- motion of its objects and interests. His published works are the History of New Hampshire, American Biography, and a number of political, literary and religious tracts. His writings are characterized by great research, clear arrangement, and per- spicuity of style. He died at Boston in 1798. Bei.i.3 John, an eminent surgeon of Edinburgh, and a man of very considera- ble literary talents, died at Rome, in 1820. He is the author of the Anatomy of the Human Body; Principles of Surgery and other anatomical and surgical worli^; and of excellent Observations on Italy. BELLA, Stefano della, an "emi- nent Florentine engraver, born in 1610, was for a considerable time employed by Cardinal Richelieu, to engrave the con- quests of Louis XIII.; and, after his re- turn home, was liberally patronised by the liouse of Medici. His death took place in 1684. The number of his plates is said to amount to one thousand four hundred. BELLARMIN, Cardinal Robert, the great champion of the Roman catholic church, was born, in 1542, at Monte-PuU ciano, in Tuscany, and entered the Jesuits' college at the n^e of eighteen. Such an idea was entertamed of his learning, that he was sent into the Low Countries to check BEL the prngresB of the Reformers, and he resi- ded there some years. In 1599, he was created cardinal, and in 1602, archbishop af Capua. He died in 162L. His great work is intitled a Body of Controversy, and is the arsenal from which the catholic theologians generally supply themselves vith tlieir polemical weapons. BELLAY, Cardinal John do, a French prelate and statesman, was born in 1492. Francis I. employed him in several nego> tiations, raised iiim to the archbishopric of Bordeaux, and entrusted him with the defence of Paris, when Charles V. invaded France. Yet, though in all tliese offices he displayed high talents, he was slighted after the death of Francis ; and he accord- ingly retired to Rome, where, in 1560, he died bishop of Ostia. He obtaii^d the cardinal's hat in 1535. Bellay was scholar and a lover of learning. He in- duced die king to found the Royal College at Paris ; he patronised Rabelais ; and he HTote prose and verse, in Latin and French, with great elegance. BELLAY, Joachim du, who was call- ed the French Ovid and Catullus, was born at Lire, in Anjou, about 1524, and died in 1560. He was a nephew of the cardinal, but lost his &vour, in consequence of being charged with immorality and irreligion. Among the poeta of that day he was considered as holding the next place to Ronsard. BELLEAU, Rehi, a French poet, so celebrated in his day as to be one of the seven poets who were called the Pleiads, was born at Nogent le Rotrou, in 1528, served under the Marquis of Elbeuf, in Italy, and was appointed tutor to his son He died in 1577. His most curious pro- duction is a macaronic poem on the war against the Huguenots. BELLEISLE, Charles Louis Au GUSTUS FouquET, Count de, a French marshal, was V»rn in 1684, entered early into the army, and distinguished himself on various occasions. In 1742, he com- manded in Bohemia, and acquired high reputation by his masterly retreat from Prague. In 1757, he was appointed war minister, and .till his decease, which hap- pened in 1761, he possessed great influence in the 'viuncil. BELLENDEN, or BELLENDENUS, William, a Scottish writer, born in the latter end of tlie sixteenth century, was educated at Paris, and was professor of belles lettres there, in 1602. The time of his death is unknown. He is the author of three Latin tracts, elegantly written, which he collected into a volume in 1616, and published under the title of Bcllen- denus de Statu. To this work Dr. Mid- dleton is supposed tp be considerably in- debted It was republished, in 1787, witji BEL 7ft a Latin preface by Dr. Parr, which ex- cited much attention, from ita reference to the political characters of that period. BELLOY, Peter Laurence Bur- ette DE, a French dramatic writer, and member of the Acadamy, was born at St. Flour, in 1727. Being destined by his uncle to the profession of the law, which he detested, he eloped, and for some years was an actor in the theati-es of the north of Europe. This step made his uncle a determined enemv. After the death of that relative, he returned to France, and acquired reputation as a writer of tragedy. He produced the Siege of Calais, which was extremely popular; Titus; Zelmira; Gaston and Bayard ; Gabrielle de Vergy ; and Peter the Cruel. The failure of the latter play is said to have brought on an illness, of which he died in 1775. BELOE, William, a divine and critic, was born at Norwich, in 1756 and educa- ted at Cambridge. Aliter having been as- sistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head master of Norwich school,' he took orders, and obtained church preferment. He was, finally, rector of Allhallows, a prebendary of St. Paul's, and librarian of the British Museum. The latter situation, however, he lost, in consequence of a visitor to the Museum having purloined some valuable prints. In conjunction with Dr. Nares, he established the British Critic. He is the autlior of Anecdotes of Literature anH Scarce Books; the Sexagenarian; and other works; and the translator of Hero- dotus and Aulus Gellius. He died in 1817. BELON, Peter, an eminent French naturalist and physician of the sixteenth century, was born in Maine, about 1518, travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia, and England; published, in 1553, a very interesting account of his travels ; and was assassinated in 1564. He is the author of several valuable works on natural history, particularly on fishes. Belon is considered as the inventor of comparative anatomy, and one of the founders of natural history. BELSHAM, William, an historical, political, and miscellaneous writer, was bom in 1752, and died in 1827. He is the author of many productions, of which the principal are Essays, Philosophical, Historical,and Literary, published in 1 785 ; and a history of Great Britain, firom the Revolution to the Peace of Amiens. Little can be said in favour of him as an historian. BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MORON, Henrt Francis Xavier de, a virtu- ous and humane French prelate, was born in 1671, at the castle of La Force, in Per- igord. In 1709, he was made bishop of Marseilles, and when that city was visited by the plague, in 1720, instead of desert- ing his flock, he hourly hazarded his life to alford them succour and consolation. A§ 80 BEW a reward, hewaa offered the rich bishopric of Laon, which conferred the title of duke ; out he replied, that "he would not quit a church to which he had devoted his life." A collie was founded by him in hie epis- copal city. This exemplary pastor, who died in 1765, wrote a History of the Bish- ops of his Diocese ; Pastoral Instructions ; and the Life of Mademoiselle de Foix. BELZONI, John Baptist, one of the most eminent travellers in Egypt, was born at Padua, in Italy, came to England in 1803, and resided in this country for nine years. Being involved in pecuniary difficulties, he for a while obtained a sub- sistence by displaying feats of strength and activity at Astley's Amphitheatre; for which his colossal stature and muscular powers particularly qualified him. From 1816 to 1819 he was incessantly occupieJ in exploring and bringing to light the an- tiquities of Egypt. The talent which he displayed, and the success which he met with, in this pursuit, are extraordinary. Fewmefl, indeed, could have accompliBhed as much as Belzoni. In 1820, he published a Narrative of his Operations, quarto, with forty-four illustrative plates; and, in' the~ following year, he exhibited a model of a splendid tomb which he had discovered near Thebes. In 1823, he sailed to the coast of Guinea, with the intention of pene- trating to Housea and Timbuctoo ; but, on the third of December, his career was, un- fortunately, arrested by the hand of death. He died, of the dysentery, at Benin. BEMBO, Peter, a cardinal and noble Venetian, one of the restorers of literature, was born at Venice in 1470, studied under Urticio and La&caris, and completed his education at Padua. In his twenty-eighth year he published his poem of Azalini, which gamed much popularity. After hav- ing lived six years at the-court of Urbino, he went to Rome in 1512. Leo X. made him bis secretary; and Paul III. created him a cardinal and bishop of Gubbio. He died in 1547. His works form four folio Volumes; the principal of them is his His- ionr of Venice BENBOW, John, a gallant English BEN admiral, was bom at Shrewsbury, aSwat 1650, began his career in the merchants' service, and was promoted to a sloop of war, hy James II., for his conduct in ac action with an Algerine rover. During the reign of William III. he was actively employed, and raised to the rank of vice admiral. In 1702, he brought the French admiral Ducasse to action in the West Indies, displayed admirable bravery and skill, and would have obtained a complete victory, but for the cowardice or disaflec- tion of some of his captains. One of his legs was shot away in the engagement ; but he would probably have recovered, had not his wounded feelings aggravatenAaiB bodily sufferings. He died at Jamaica. BENEDICT, St., one of the origina- tors of monastic institutions in the west, was bom at Nursia, in Italy, in 480. Early in life, he retired into a desert, and spent three years in a cavern. Being discovered, his sanctity drew to him such numbers of people, that he founded twelve convents In 529, he went to Monte Cassino, built a monastery on the site of the temple of Apollo, gave rise to the Benedictine order, and died in 543 or 547. BENEDICT Xin., Pope, a eon of the duke of Gravina, a Neapolitan nobleman, was bora in 1649, and was raised to the papal chair in 1724. He was pious, vir- tuous, and liberal; but, unfortunately, placed too- much confidence in Cardinal Coscia, his minister, who shamefully op- pressed the people. A fraitless attempt which he made to reconcile the Romisn, Greek, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, bears honourable testimony to his tolerant spirit. His theological works form three folio volumes. He died in 1730. BENEDICT XIV., Pope, whose name was Prosper Lambertini, was of an illustrious family at Bologna, in which city he was bom, in 1675. After having been bishop of Ancona, and archbishop of Bo- logna, he was elected pope in 1740. He protected the arts and sciences, endeavour- ed to heal the dissentions and reform the discipline of the church; and displayed such a liberal spirit, that he was sometimes call- ed the Protestant Pope. In private life he was extremely amiable. He died in 1758. His works fill sixteen volumes in folio. BENEZET, St., or Little Benedict, so called on account of his shortness, was a native ofVivarais, bora in the twelfth cen- tury, and is said to have been originally a shepherd. Many accidents occurring at the passage of the Rhone, at Avignon, he meditated on them till he imagined himself inspired by Heaven to procure the erection of a bridge tliere; and he succeeded in ac- complishing his project. The bridge waa begUn in 1177, and he superintended the ex- BEN 81 BEN KUtion of it till his death in 1IS4 ; for which good work he was sainted. BENEZET, Ahthokt, a philanthro- pist, was born in 1713, at St. Quentin, in Picardy, of protestant parents, who first settled in London, and afterwards at Phil- adelphia. He was intended for a mer- chant, but apprenticed himself to a cooper, and subsequently became a schoolmaster, and a member of the society of Friends. His whole life was spent in acts of benevo- lence, and he was one of the earliest oppo- nents of the atrocious slave ti'ade. A few hours before his death, he rose from his bed, to give, from his bureau, six dollars to a poor widow. His funeral was attend- ed by thousands; and at the grave, an American officer exclaimed, " 1 would rather be Anthony Benezet in that £offin, than George Washington with all his fame." Benezet died at Philadelphia in 1784. He is the author of a Caution to Great Britain and her colonies; and an Historical Ac- count of Guinea. BEPfGER, Elizabeth Ogiltt, was born at Welles, in 1778, and had to strug- gle with many difficulties in early life. So few books could she procure, that she used to read the open pages of tlie new publica- tions in the window of the only booksel- Ier*s shop in the little town which she in- habited, in Wiltshire, and return, day after day, in the hope of finding another page turned over. She, nevertheless, ac- 2uired a respectable portion of learning, kn her removal to London, she obtained reputable literary fi'iends and patronage, and was generally esteemed for ner virtues, manners, and talents. She died January the 9th, 1827. Besides a drama, two novels, and poems, she wrote Memoirs of Mrs. Hamilton,Tobin, and Kiopstock ; and Lives of Anne Boleyn, Mary Queen of Scots, the Queen of Bohemia, and Henry IV. of France. BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, a Jewish "abbi, was born about the middle of the welfth century, at Tudela, in Navarre. Little more is known of his life tlian that he travelled with the design of visiting all the European synagogues. His Itinerary, written in Hebrew, did not see tlie light till 1543, when it appeared at Constanti- nople. Baratier translated it iuto French, and wrote a dissertation to prove that it is a compilation, and not the narrative of a real journey. BfcNNITSKI, Alexander Petbo- TtTSCH, a Russian poet, who died in 1808, at the age of twenty-eight, is the author of a variety of tales, rabies, and other pieces ; among which may be mentioned Ibrahim, or the Generous Man, a tale; Komala, a poem; and a translation of Ossian. BEJNTLEY, Rtchaet^, oneof themofft BENSERADE, Isaac, a French wit eminent of Kiiglish cutics and scholars, ■od poet, a member of the French Acad- 1 was horn, in 1662, at Oulton, near Wake- emy, was bom in 1612, at liiyons )e For^l, in Normandy. He was patronised first by Richelieu, and afterwards by Mazarine ana Louis XIV., and was a great favourite at court, in consequence of his conversational powers, his readiness of repartee, and the facility witli which he composed verses for the court ballets. In his later years his popularity declined. He died in 1691. His works consist of poems, theatrical pieces, and Ovid's Metamorphoses* put into Ron- deaux. His famous Sonnet on Job, and that of Voiture on Urania, divided tlie courtiers into two parties, under the titia of Jobelins and Uranians. BENTHAM, James, an antiquary, was born at Ely, in 1706, was educated at Cambridge, and obtiined several church preferments ; the last of which were a pre- bend of Ely and tlie rectory of Bow-Bnck- hill. In 1771, he published the History and Antiquities of Ely Cathedral, a work which displays great knowledge of ancient architecture^ He died in 1794. BENTIVOGLIO, HERcnLES, born at Bologna, in 1506, was patronised by the duke of Ferrara, and was eminent as a ne- gotiator and a poet. He died in 1583. His works consist of poems and two comedies. BENTIVOGLIO, Cardinal Got, was bom at Ferrara, in 1579, was successively legate in Flanders and in France, obtained the cardinal's hat in 1621, and would pro- bably have been pope, in 1644, had he not died while the conclave was sitting. He is the author of several works of merit; the principal of which is a History of the War in Flanders. BENTIVOGLIO,HiPP0iTTDS, born at Ferrara, in the latter end of the sixteenth century, was a man of varied accomptish- menfe, and eminent as a dramatic and lyric poet. Among his dramas may be mentioned, Annibal at Capua, and Achilles at Scyros. His son Coknelids, who was born in 1668, and died in 1739, was also a poet, and attained the dignity of cardinal. He translated Statins. 02 BEN field, in Yorkshire, and was educated at St. John's ColIege,Cainbridge. He took his decree of M. A. at that university in 16S4, and at Oxford in 1689. Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, to whose son lie had been tutor, made him his chaplain, and, in 1692, gave him a prebend in his cathedral. In 1693, he was appoin^d keeper of the royal library at St. James's, and in 1694, he published his Discourses against Atheism, which he had delivered as preacher of the lectures instituted by Boyle. Having de- nied the genuineness of the Epistles of Phalaris, he was engaged in a warm con- troversy w^ith all the leading wits of the age. His antagonists claimed a triumph, but ppsterily has decreed in his favour. Tn 17d0, he was appointed master of Trin- ity College, Cambridge; but this prefer- ment was not a bed of roses: it involved him in disputes with the vice-master and some of tiie fellows, which ended in a law- suit of twenty years' duration. In 1717, a demand which he made of fees, brought on him anotlier litigation, and he was even degraded from his ofiices in the university. After a struggle of eleven years, however, the court of King's bench decreed in his favour. Thenceforth, he enjoyed his col- lege honours and emoluments in quiet, till lis death, in 1742. His editions of Horace, Terence, and Phaedrus; his Annotations on Aristophanes; his Notes on Menander ; and his Dissertation on the Epistles of Phaiaris, establish his character as a pro- found scholar. His edition of Paradise Lost, with conjectural emendations, is, on the contrary, a decided failure. BENTLEY, Richard, the only son of Dr. Bentley, was educated at Trinity Col- lege, by his father. He was a man of ele- gant talents, but imprudent, and conse- quently often embarrassed. At length, he obtained a small place and a pension, which ^ye comfort to his latter days. He died m 1782. Bentley is the author of three plays, Fhilodamus, the Prophet, and the Wishes; and of Patriotism, a satirical poem. BENYOWSKY, Maurice Augus- tus, Count de, a native of Hungary, born in 1741, was a nobleman of that kingdom and of Poland. Having joined the Polish confederacy against the infamous ambition of Russia, he was taken prisoner, and bau- ished to Kamtschatka. The governor there employed him as tutor to iiis daughters, ana Benyowsky gained the affection of one of them. By meansof a conspiracy among the exiles, he overpowered tlie military, and made his escape in a vessel witli his companions and his mistress. After many romantic adventures, lie was at last slain by the French, in 1786, while lie was en- deavouring to establish an independent lovercignty in the island of Madagascar. BER BERAUD, Laubxwce, a native of 1*^ ons, born in 1703, belonged to the society of Jesuits, and was eminent as an astrono- mer, meteorologist, and natural philoso- pher. Lalande, Montucla, and other cele- brated men, were his pupils. He died in 1777. BERENGER, or, BERENGARIUS, archdeacon of Angers, was born at Tours, at tlie beginning of the eleventh century, and was a disciple of Pulbert of Chartres. He died in 1088. His disbelief of the doc- trine of transub^tantiation drew down upon him much persecution; he was excommu- nicated, and deprived of his benefices; but he at length conformed to the tenets of the church BERENGER, James, a physician and anatomist of tlie sixteenth century, was bom at Carpi, in Italy, and is often called by the name of his birthplace. He was one of the first who practised dissection to a considerable extent, and be made several important anatomical discoveries. Beren- ger was almost among the earliest of those who employed mercury in cases of lues. He died, in 1550, at Ferrara. BERENICE. The name of several fe- males, most of them Egyptian princesses. The most celebrated of them was the daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus,- wha married her brother Euergetes. Being passionately attached to him, she made a vow to consecrate her beautiful Jocks to Venus, in case of his safe return from a dangerous expedition. He came home un- hurt, and she perfoimed her vow. Conon, tlie astronomer, published that they had been placed among the stars, and he gave to a constellation the name of Berenice's hair, which it still retains. She w^ put to death, by her own son, b. c. 221. BERENICIUS, a strange character, whose name and country are unknown. lie appeared in Holland in 1670, and gain- ed a livelihood by sweeping chimneys and grinding knives. But, notwithstanding the fowness of his occupation, he was a man of genius and extensive learning. He could turn a Flemish conversation into extempore Latin verse, and a newspaper into Latin or Greek. He was at last smothered in a bog while drunk. The Georgarchonioma- chia is attributed to him. BERGERAC, Savinian Cyrano DE, wa.s born about 1620, at the castle of Bergerac, in Perigord, received but an in- different education, and obtained a com- mission in the army. He was equally brave and quarrelsome ; being perpetually engaged in duels, either as principal or second. His nose was exceedingly deform- ed, and whoever looked at it was sure to be called into tlie field. Having received two severe wounds in war, he retired fjtim the army, and amused himself with Utera BER ti*Te. He is the author of Agrippina, a ti-agedy; the Pedant Tricked, a comedy ; a Journey in the Moon; and a Comic His- tory' of the States and Empires of the Sun. Moliere, Fontenelle, Swift, and Voltaire, are supposed to have borrowed some ideas from him. He died in 1655. BERGHEM, or BERCHEM, Nicho- 'As, one of the most celebrated Flemish indscape painters, was bom at Haarlem, -1 1624, and died in 1683. It has justly .'>cen obfierved of him, that he painted •very part of his subjects so extremely well, a>i to render it difficult to deteruiine in which he excelled. Of so cheerful a tem- per was he that he always sang when he worked; and he was an indefatigable art- ist. Berzhem also executed some etchings. BERGiMANN, Sir Torbern, $ na- tive of S'-veden, was born in West Goth- land, in 17S5, and died in 1784. He was professor of chemistry at Upsal, and' a member of nearly all die learned societies in Europe. His knowledge was extensive in mathematics, natural history, and vari- ous branches of science ; but it is to his chemical labours that he is indebted for his fame. The laws of elective attraction, or chemical afiinity, formed a prominent ob- ject of his successful researches ; in analy- sis he particularly excelled ; and some of the mineral acids were discovered by him. BERING, BEERING, or BEHRING, Vitus, a Danish navigator, who, in 1704. entered into the service of Russia, under Peter the Great, and distinguished himself against the Swedes. In 1728, 1729, and 1741, he was employed in voyages of dis- coveiT on the coast of Asia apd America and m his last voyage was shipvn-ecked, and died on an island which has been named from him. The name of Bering was given by Captain Cook to the strait which divides Asia from America. BERKELEY, George, an eminent prelate and metaphysical philosopher, to whom Pope, with little of poetical exagger- ation, has attributed " every virtue under heaven," was born at Kiterin, near Thom- as Townt in Ireland, in 1684. He was eilucated at Kilkenny school and at Trinity College, Dublin. In England, he became acquainted with, and beloved by, Pope, Swift, Addison, and all the other wits and great men of the age. The duke of Graf- ton, on being appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, made him one of his chaplains, and in 1724 Berkeley obtained the deauery of Derry. In 1728 he sailed to America, for the purpose of establishing a missiona- ry college, for the conversion of the In- dians; but, after he had resided two years there, the scheme was frustrated, by Sir Robert Walpole withholding the funds which were necessary. In 17S3, Berkeley was promoted to the bisboprip of Cloyne, ^ER 88 and though he was subseciuently offeree a see of twine the value, he refused to give up his dock. He died suddenly, in Janu- ary, 1753. His works have been collected in three quarto volumes. It is in tlie Prin- ciples of Human Knowledge, and the Dia- logues between Hylas and Fhilonous, that he developes his curious theory of the non- existence of matter. BERKLEY, Sir Wih,tam, a native of London, educated at Mertnn College, Oxford, and for ruuny years governor of the province of Virginia. He made a col- lection of the laws of the provinces ; pub- lished, an account of the country, in folio; and was also the author of a tragi-comedy called The Lost Lady. He returned to England and died in 1677. BERKENHOUT, John, a physician and literary character, born at Leeds, was the son of a Dutch merchant, and, after having served in the Prussian and English military service, studied physic at Edin- burgh, and took his degree at Leyden. He went to America with the British commis- sioners in 1778, and on his return received a pension. He died, aged about sixty, in 1791. He is the author of various works, among which may be mentioned Biographia Literaria; a continuation of Campbell's Lives of the Admirals; and outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ire- land. BERNARD OF MENTHON, arch- deacon of Aosta, was born in 923, near Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated among his contemporaries for his learning and piety; but his claims to tlic notice of later ages rest on his having been the be- nevolent founder of the two admirable in- stitutions on the Great and Little Saint Bernard, by means of which the lives of so many travellers have been saved. He died in 1008. BERNARD OF THURINGIA, u fa- natical hermit of the tenth century, whu threw almost all Europe into consternation, by preaching that the end of the world was at hand. Multitudes relinquished their oc- cupations, and became pilgrims; and oth- ers were so frightened at an eclipse of the sun, which then occurred, that they hid themselves in caverns and holes in the rocks. The terror spread by this man was not wholly removed till towards the end of the eleventh century. BERNARD, St., the first abbot of Clairvaux, was born at Fontaine, in Bur- gundy, in 1091, of noble parents. All ecclesiastical dignities he constantly refus- ed; but his virtues and talents gained him a higher influence in the christian world than was possessed even by the pope him- self, and the disputes of the church were often referred to bis arbitration. His elo- quence was powerfully displayed iii Uw 84 BER muUitndee that he induced to assume the characters of crusaders. He died in 1153. Tliere are editions of his works in six vol- umes, and in two volumes, folio. BERNARD, Claude, a nati\? of Di- jon, born in 15SS, wlio assumed the title of ** the poor priest," is worthy of com- memoration for his ardent and persevering charity. His whole life was devoted to assisting the poor, attending tlie sick in the hospitals, and preparing criminals for death For these purposes he not only soli- cited benefactions from the rich, but sold his own inheritance, which was worth nearly twenty thousand pounds. He died inl641. BERNARD, Edward, a^ivine and mathematician, was born, in 1638, at Paul- er's Ferry, in Northamptonshire, and was educated at Merchant Tailors School and at Oxford. In 1673, he succeeded Sir Christopher Wren, as Savilian professor of astronomy. He died in 1696. Among his works are, some astronomical papers in the Philosophical Transactions; a Treat- ise of the Ancient Weights and Measures Private Devotions ; and Etymologicum Britannicum. BERNARD, James, was born at Ny- ons, in Dauphine, and educated at Geneva. He afterwards settled in Holland. He con- tinued Le Clerc'a Universal Library, and Bayle*s Intelligence of the Republic of Letters, and published several works, one jf which was a Supplement to Moreri. He died at Leyden, in 1718, at the age of sixty. BERNARD, John Frederic, abook- seller of Amsterdam, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, was a man of t^ent and learning, and the author and editor of several works, among which may be men- tioned a Collection of Voyages to tlie North; Memoirs of Count de Brienne; Reh'gious Ceremonies and Customs of all Nations, in nine folio volumes; and An- cient and Modem Superstitions, in two vol- umes folio. He died about 1751. BERNARD^ Peter Joseph, a French poet, the son of a sculptor, was bom, in 1710, at Grenoble, was taken into Italy, by the marquis de Pezay, in 1734, and fought at the battles of Parma and Guas- talla, and was subsequently patronised by the marshal de Coigny, on the express con- dition of his not makiuft verses. On the death of die marshal, .Bernard devoted himijelf to society and to the Muses. His conversation being delightful, his company was eagerly sought. In the latter part of his life, he sunk into a state of mental im- becility. His poems are elegant but vo- luptuous. Among his principal works are the Art of Love; Phrosine and Melidor; and the opera of Castor and Pollux. Vol- taire fityled him le gentil Bernard, and the epithet remains attached to his name. He died in 1775. HER BERNARD, Sir Thomas, a philan- thropiBt and scholar, was born at Lincoln, in 1759. He received his education at Harvard College in ^ew-£ngland, and on his return to bis native country became a student of Lincoln's Inn. He was the pro- jector of the Society foi* bettering the Con- dition of the Poor, and an active promoter of many other charities. He died at Lea- mington Spa, in 1818. Besides varioiu pamphlets, he is the author of Spurina, or the Comforts of Old Age. BERNARDEZ, Diego, a poet, born in the province of Entre Minho e Douro, who died in 1596, is denLininated tlie Por- tuguese Theocritus by his countrymen. HiB pastoral poems, under the title of the L^a (the name of a river), appeared at Lisbon on the year of his decease, and have passed through numerous editions. He succeeded also in other kinds of poe- try. Beraardez was a warrior as well as a poet ; and, after having fought with chiv- alric bravery, was taken prisoner by the Moors at the fatal battle of Alcazarquivir. BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PTERRE, James Hexrt, was bom at Havre, in 1737, and is said to have been a descendant of the celebrated Eustace de St. Pierre, the patriotic mayor of Calais. At the age of twenty he entered into the engineer ser- vice; and he successively servea at Malta, in Russia, and in Poland. On his revisit- ing his native country, he obtained a cap- tarn's commission in the engine^ corps, and was sent to the Isle of France, from whence, however, after a residence of Uiree years, lie returned, with no other fortune tlian a collection of shells and insects, and a narrative of his voyage. The latter, which was his first literary effort, was published in 1773; and he, thenceforth, devoted himslf to literature. His Studies of Nature appeared in 17S4, and passiid rapidly through several editions. Paul and Virginia was published in 1788, and this delightful tale accjulred an luiprece- dented popularity, and set the seal on his reputation. During the reign of terror, he narrowly escaped the scaffold. From Na- poleon and his brother Joseph he received BER fMiuioiM, which ^ve comfort to his latter days, lie died in 1814. His Harmonies of Nature was given to the press after his dentil. The best edition of his works is in twelve octavo volumes. The philosophy of St. Pierre is occasionally eccentric; but the purity of his morality, and the beauty of his style, deserve the liighest '^raise. BERNERS, or BARNES, Juliana, a sister of Lord Beruers, is supposed to have been born about the year 1388, and was a native of Essex. She vras prioress of Sopewell Nunnery, and wrote the Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, which was one of the first works that issued from the English press. BERNl, Francis, one of the most eminent Italian poets of the sixteentli^ cen- tury, was bom at Lamporecchio, in Tus- cany, and died of poison, in 1536. He remodelled Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato. His Rime Burlesche, and his Latin poems, are to be found in various* collections. BERNI, Count Francis, a civilian, orator, and poet, was born at Ferrara, in 1610, and died in 1673. He was greatly in favour with Pope Innocent X., Alex- ander VII., and Clement IX., and with twO' successive dukes of Mantua. He ex- celled in dramatic pieces, of which he wrote eleven. A volume of his miscella- nies was published with the title of Aca- demia. BEJINIER, Francts, a physician and traveller, was born at Angers. In 1655, after having passed through Syria and Egypt, he visited India, where he resided for some years, as physician to Aurun^- zebe. On his return to France he puB- lisbed his Travels, a work of great interest and authenticity. He died at Paris, in 1688. Bernier was universally admired for the places of his mind and person. His pridcipar work, besides his Travels, is an Abridgment of Gassendi's Philosophy, in e^bt volumes. BERNINI, John Lacrenck, who was at once a painter, a sculptor, and an archi- tect, and whom his contemporaries de- n'bminated the modern Michael An^lo, was born at Naples, in 1598. At the early age of eight years, he manifested his genius by sculpturing the head of a child in marble. Some of his finest works were produced before he was twenty. He ivas patCQsized by popes Urban VIII., Alex- ander VII., and Innocent X., and was invited to France by Louis XIV. -His finest productions are at Rome. He died in that city in 1680. Bernini had a fine, genius; but he is accused of mannerism, and of having often violated the principles of true ta^tc. DERMIS, Cardinal Francis Joachih D£ Pii;br£S D£. a French poet and BER 8B statesman, was bom at St. Marcel da TArdcche, in 1715. In early life, he pub- lished some light poetry, which gained him the patronage of Madame de Pompadour, through whose influence he was pensioned, and received into the Academy; he was subsequently employed to negotiate in Italy, Spain, and Austria, promoted to be minis* ter for foreign affairs, and gratified with the dignity of cardinal. In 1764, he was made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769 was sent ambassador to Rome. The revolution deprived him of his revenues; but he ob- tained a pGUbion from Spain. He died at Rome in 1794. He left behind him a poem, witli the title of Religion Averted. BERNOUILLT, James, an eminent mathematician, was born at Basil, in 1654, and died in 1705. He was originally in- tended for the church, but studied geome- try and astronomy in secret, contrary to the wishes of his father, which made him take for his device Phaeton conducting the car of the sun, with the motto Invito patre sidera verso. He was professor of matlie- matics at Basil, and a member of many learned societies. His works were pub- lished complete in 1744. BERNOUILLI, John, brother of the E receding, was born at Basil, in 1667, ecame professor of mathematics .at Gro- ningen, and succeeded his brother at Basil. He died in 1748. His works form four quarto volumes; and his correspondence with Leibnitz occupies two. more. He was the master of Euler. His eldest son, Nicholas, was also a mathematician of talent. He died in 1726, at Petersburgn, where he was professor of mathematics. He was, however, far exceeded l^ his brother. BERNOUILLI, Daniel, was born at Groningen, in-1700, and died in 1782. He was one of the most eminent of an eminent family, and his manners were aa modest as his science was extensive. He is the author of the first published treatiie on Hydrodinamics; and of many ntlier valuable works. — Several other members of this family excelled in the abstract sci- BERNOUILLI, John, grandson of the abovementioned John, was born at Basil, in 1744, and died, in 1807, at Berlin, where he was director of mathematics in the Royal Academy. He was also a vo- luminous writer. Among his principal works are,. Travels in Germany, Switzer- land, &c. 3 vols.; and in Prussia, Russia, and Poland, 6 vols. ; a Collection of Voy- ages and Travels, 16 vols. ; and Archives of History and Geography, 8 vols. BERNSTORF, John Hartwig Er- nest, Count de, a native uf Hanover, born in 1712, settled in Denmark, where he became prime minister, and distin* S6 BER giiished hiixiflelf by his successful adminis- tration, and his encouragement of manu- factures, commerce, arts and sciences. He enfranchise! his peasants, and they ex- firessed their gratitude Ijy erecting an obe- isk in honour of him. In 1770 lie was removed from his ofBce, and he died at Hamburgh, in 1772. BERNSTORF, Andrew Petek, Count de, the nephew of John, was, like his uncle, a native of Hanover, where he was born in 1735. Like him, lie filled tlie office of Danish prime minister; and like him, too, he governed with wisdom, and introduced numerous reforms of the utmost importance. He procured tlie enfranchise- ment of the peasants, improved the crimi- nal code, abolished monopoly, and estab- lished a new system of finances. This able statesman died in 1797. BEROSUS, a priest of Belus, at Baby- lon, in tlie, time of Alexander, wrote a History of Chaldea, which is now lost; and is said to have opened a school of astronomy at Cos, and invented a new sun dial. Some, however, believe the historian and the astronomer to have been different persons. BERQUEN.orBERKEN, Lewis de, a native of Bruges, was the first who in- vented, in 1456, the art of cutting and polishing diamonds, by means of a wheel and diamond powder. His grandson, Robert, published the Wonders of the East Indies, or a Treatise on trecious Stones. BERQUIN, Arnold, an elegant and amiable writer, who devoted his pen to the instruction of youth, was born at Bor- deaux, in 1749, and died at Paris, in 1791. His works, consisting of Idylls; the Children's Friend; the Youth's Friend; the Little Grandisun; the Family Book; and several similar productions, form twenty volumes. The Children's Friend is, in part, imitated from the German of Weiss; BERRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a Jesuit, was born at Rouen, in 1682, and died at Paris, in 1758. He acquired a sinister kind of celebrity by his History of the People of God, in eleven quarto volumes ; a work founded on the Bible, and written with some degree of elegance; but the events in which are tricked out in all the meretricious ornaments of romance, and are sometimes even indecently described. The reading of it was prohibited by seve- ral French prelates ; two popes condemned it; and toe parliament of Paris summoned the author before them; all which, of course, only procured for it an accession of readers. BERTAUl , if OHN, a French poet, was born at Caen, in 1552, and died_ in 1611. Ha was bishop of Seez, and aimuDer to BER Mary de Medicis. Though occasionaJIj deformed by the defects of tile age, hii poems have a considerable degree of feel- ing, sweetness, and elegance. His Stan- zas, l>eginning " Felicite passee," are stil popular. BERTHIER, Alexander, a distin- guished officer, was born at Versailles, in 1753, served in America,during tlie war of independence, and attained the rank of major-general in 1792. After having fought gallantly in Vendee, he was made general of di\'ision, and was placed at the head of Bonaparte's staff in Italy. He afterwards acted in tlie same capacity with him in Egypt. In both countrie& he signalized his talents and bravery. Un tlie establishment of the consulate, he be- came minister of the war department. He was subsequently raised to be a marfilial, vice constable of tlie empire, and prince of Neufchatel and Wagram. Unlimited confidence was reposed in him l>y Napo- leon. On the first restoration uf Louis XVIII. Berthier immediately recognized his authority, and was created a peer ; but when Napoleon returned, his old com- panion and confidant withdrew to Bam- berg, where, in a fit of frenzy or remorse, he threw himself from a wlniMw, and died, on the 1st of June, 1815. BERTHOLLET, Claude Louis, ao eminent chemist, was born at Talluire, in Savoy, in 1748, and studied medicine at Turin. Having been appointed physician to tfi^ duke of Orleans, he settled at Paris, and became a member of the Academy of Sciences. His chemical researches were extensive, and the results highly important. In 1799 he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt; and, under the empire, he was made a senator and an offiper of the legion of honour. He was, however, one or tlie first to desert Napoleon, and was rewarded with the title of count. He died in 1822. Among his principal works are, Elements of the Art of Dyeing ; Essay on Chemical Statics ; and Inquiry into the Laws of Af- finity. B'ERTHOUD, FERDiSAND,one of the moat eminent mechanics and mskrrs of BES dii onometers, was bom at Plancemont, in Neiifchatel, in 1727, and settled at Paris, in tlie neighbourhood of which city he died, in 1807. He is the author of a History of the Measuring of Time by means of Clocks, two volumes quarto; and of several other valuable works relative to his art. His nephew, Louis, inherited his talents. BERTIN, Anthony, one of the most elegant of the French amatory poets, was born in 1752, in tlie isle of Bourbon, and educated in France. He died at St. Do- mingo, in 1790. His elegies, in four books, published in 1782, under the titia of the Loves, are his principal productions, and do honour to his poetical talents. BERTIN AZZI, Charles Anthony, better known under the name of Carlini, was born at Turin, in 1713, and was at first an ensign, but exchanged a miUfary for a theatrical life. For more than forty years he was one of the most distinguished comic actors at Paris. He was also cele- brated for his gaiety and wit. He died in 1783. BERTRANDI, John Ambrose Ma- ria, an eminent Italian anatomist and sur- geon, was bom at Turin, in 1723, and died in 1765. He was professor of surgery and chemistry in his native city, and head sur- geon to the king. His works form thir- teen vols. 8vo. The principal of them is a Treatise on Surgical Operations. BERWICK, James Fitzjames, Duke of, a natural son of James II., was born, in 1671, at Moulins, in France, and served with distinction in Hungary, Ireland, and Flanders. In 1704, he commanded in chief, the French troops in Spain; in the folloMring year, he was opposed to the Lan- guedocian insurgents; and^in 1706, being then a field marshal, was again at the head of the army in Spain, and gained the battle of Almanza. In four subseqiKiit cam- paigns, he successfully defended^ Dauphine ajfamst tm attempts of the duke of Savoy. His last service in the succession war was the reduction of Barcelona. In 1734, he was placed at the head of the French ar- my on the Rhine, and was killed on the I^th of June, at the siege of Pliilipshurg. He is the author of his own Memoirs. By Lord Bolingbroke he is considered as the best great man that ever lived. BESSARION, Cardinal John, a native of T'*flbizond, born in 1395, was made bishup fit iVicaea, by John Faleolo^us, and sent by him into Italy, to negotiate the union of the Greek and Roman churches. Pope Eugene IV. gave him a cardinal's hat. Bessarion's efforts, however, gave such offence to those of his own cpmmun- 'on, that he thought it prudent to remain at Rome; and Pius II. gave him the title of patriarch of Constantinople. He was very near being elected pope on the death of BET. 87 Nicholas. His death took place at Ra- venna, in 1472. Bessarion was a man of talent, and a promoter of literature. The work by wliich he is best known is his Defence of Plato. BESSIERES, John Baptist, Duke of Istria, a French marshal, was born in Poitou, in 1769, and entered the army in 1792. He distinguished himself in ftaly and in Egypt, and at Austerlitz, Jena, and Eyiau; commanded a corps in Spain; and the cavalry of the imperial guard in 1812 and 1813. He was killed in the combat that preceded the battle of Lutzen ; and his loss was greatly regretted by Napoleon. Bessieres was a general of talent, and an honourable man. BETHENCOURT, John de, a cele- brated adventurer, of a noble family, born in Normandy, in the fourteenth century, was chamberlain to Charles VI. Wishing to avoid bearing a part in the dissensions by which France was desolated, he resolved to undertake the conquest of the Canaries This purpose he accomplished at the head of a band of resolute men, and received the investiture of the islands, as sovereign, from Henry III. ofAragon. He died, in J.425, on his estate in Normandy. BETHLEM-GABOR, the son of a poor Transylvanian calvinist gentleman, was patronised by Gabriel Battori, then de- throned him, and, in 1613, proclaimed himielf prince of Transylvania. In 1618, he reduced Hungary, assumed the title of king, and invaded Austria and Moravia; whence, however, he was expelled by Til- ly. A treatv ensued, and he relinquished his Hungarian conquests; but remained sovereign of Transylvania till his death, in 1629. BETTERTON, Thomas, a celebrated actor, was born, in 1635, at Westminster, and began life as an apprentice to a book- binder. At the age of twenty, however, he went upon the stage, and ultimately ac- quired a high degree of reputation as a tragic actor; especially in some of Shak- speare's principal characters. In 1695, he opened a new theatre in Lincoln*s Inn Fields; but this speculation was unsuccess- ful. He died in 1710. Several pieces were altered by bini f(mi\\e stage. BETTINELLI, xJvier, an elegant Italian writer, was born at Mantua, in 1718, and became a member of the society of Jesuits. For some years he had the di- rection of the college of nobles at Parma, and aderwards was professor of eloquence at Mudeua. He continued his literary ca- reer till his death, which took place at Venice, in 1808. His works occupy 24 vols. 12mo., of which two are occupied b^ tragedies, and three by poems. Of Ins prose works, one of the most celebrated ii Letters of Virgil. Bettinelli was an ele- 88 BEZ gant minded, an amiable, and a pioos man. BEUCKELS, William, a fisherman, a native of Dutch Flanders, is one of those men who have a claim to be considered as benefactors of their country. About the beginning of the fifteenth century, he dis- covered the art of curing and barrelling .lerrings; a discovery which proved in the highest degree beneficial to his native land. His countrymen erected a statue to his memory, and his tomb was visited by Charles V. BeuckeU died in 1449. BEURNONVILLE, Peter Riel, Count de Beurnonville, a French marshal, was born in Burgundy, in 1752, served in the East Indies, and under Dumourier, and was m-ide minister of war in 1793. He was one of the republican commissioners whom Dumourier gave up to the Austrians, and was imprisoned, at Olmutz, till 1795. On his return to France, he was appointed to the command of the armies of the Sam- bre and the Meuse, and of Holland. During the consulate he was ambassador at Berlin and Madrid; and, under the empire, was grand officer of the legion of honour, sena- tor and count. He voted for the deposi- tion of Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent, was rewarded with the title of marshal, and died in April, 1S21. BEVERIDGE, William, an English prelate, and an eminent orientalist and theologian, was born at Barrow, in Leices- tershire, in 1636, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. Before he was twenty, he acquired a critical knowledge of the oriental languages. He was offered the see of Bath and Wells in 1691, but declined it, on conscientious motives. In 1704, however, he was made bishop of St. Asaph. He died in 1707. Of his volu- minous works, part posthumous, his Ser- mons, above one hundred and fifty in num- ber, and his Private Thoughts on Religion, are, perhaps, the best known. BEWICK, John and Thomas, reviv- ers of the art of wood engraving, which, till their time, was sunk to the loweststate, resided at Newcastle upon Tyne, where, in 1790, tliey published a History of Quadru- peds, which was succeeded, in 1797, by a History of BritisligBirds. John Bewick died in 1795, and ms brother Thomas in 1828. BEZA, or BEZE, Theodore, one of the mosteminent of the reformers, was born at Vezelai, in the Nivernois, in 1519, and was originally a catholic, and intended for the law. At the age of twenty, he gained an unenviable reputation, by the composi- tion of Latin poetry which was at onre ele- gant and licentious, ana which, some years afterwards, he published under the title of Juvenile Poems. Though not in orders, he possessed benefices of considerable valuc< BIA These, however, he abandoned in 1548, and retired to Geneva, where be publicKy abjured popery. To this he was induced by his having meditated, during illness, upon the doctrines which he hal heard from his protestnnt tutor, Melchior Wol- mar; and, perhaps, also, in some measure, by his ittachment to a lady, whom he carried with him to Geneva, and married. He now accepted the Greek professorship at Lausanne, which he held for ten years It was while he was thus occupied thai he produced his tragedy of Abraham's Sacrifice, his version of the New Testa- ment, and his hateful defence of the right of the magistrate to pnnish heritics. In 1559 he removed to Geneva, and became the colleague of Calvin,- through whom he was appointed rector of the academy, and theological professor. Two years after this, be took a prominent part in the conference at Poissy, and was present at the battle of Dreux. He returned to Ge- neva, in 1563, succeeded Calvin in bis offices and influence, and was thence- forward considered as the head of the cal- vinistic church. After an exceedingly ac- tive life, he died on the 13th of October, 1605. His theological works are numer- ous, but are now nearly forgotton. BEZOUT, Stephen, a celebrated mathematician, and mathematical exam- iner of the naval and artillery schools, wsu born at Nemours, in 1730, and died in the Gatinois, in 1783. He is the author of a General Theory of Algebraic Equations; and two Courses of Mathematics, the one in four volumes, the other in six, for the use of the royal marine and artillery schools. One anecdote proves the kind- ness and courage of Bezout. Though he had never had the small pox, he ventured to the bedside of two youths of the naval academy, who were labouring under it, and who would have been thrown back a year in their promotion, had he not ex amined them. BIANCHI, John Baptist, a cele- brated Italian naturalist, was born at Tu- rin, in 1681, took his doctor's degree at the early age of seventeen, ^nd was pro* 610 lessor at Turin till his death, in 1761. His anatomical works are numerous; among them may be mentioned Ductus Lacrymalis Novi; De Lacteorum Vaso- rum; LetterasuU'insensibilit^; and Histo- ria Hepatica. BIANCHI, John an Italian naturalist, better known under tlie Latin name of Janus Plancus, was boru at Rimini, in 1693, and died there in 1775. He was eminent as a naturalist, physician, and an- atomist; collected in his travels a fine cabi- net of natural history ; and wastlie reviver of the Academy of the Leincei. BIA.NCHIJNI, Francis, an eminent Italian mathematician and antiquary, was born at Verona, in 1662, and died in 1729. He was patronised by three popes, enno- bled by the Roman senate, corresponded witli the most celebrated men of his time, and displayed the most persevering activity and talent in mathematical and antiquarian pursuits. His works are numerous, and distinguished by erudition; among them are Memoirs on the Comets of 1684 and 1702; tlie first part of a Universal His- tory; and Miscellaneous Pieces. — His nephew Joseph was also a man of learu' ing and an author. BIAS, one of the seven sages of Greece, who flourished about B.C. 565, was a na- tive of Priene, one of the principal cities of Ionia. He was equally remarkable for his virtues and his knowledge. When the cause of his friends was just, he would plead for them befure the tribunals; but he would never lend his talents to injus- tice ; whence the phrase, '^ a cause of tlie Prienian orator," was used to signify a good cause. He died at an advanced age BIBBIENA, Cardinal Bernard whose name was DovizzE, was born at Bibbiena, in 1479, rose to the dignity of cardinal in 1513, and died suddenly in 1520, supposed to have been poisoned. Bibbiena ranks among the restorers of the Italian theatre; his comedy, iutitled La Calandria, being the first that was written according to the rules of tlie ancients, BICHAT, Marie Francis Xavier, a French physician and physiologist, was born at Tlioisette, in Bresse, in 1771, and was a pupil of Petit and of Dus^ault. He succeeded Dassault as medical professor at the Hotel Dieu, and retained the situa- tion till his decease, in 1802. His talents were of a-high order, and his countrymen look upon him as the man who raised pathological anatomy to the digniw of a science. He is the autfior of a Ti'eatise on the Membranes; Physiological Re- searches on Life and DeatJi ; and Anatumy in general, as applied to Fhysiulugy and Medicine. This last work, which is in four volumes, is regarded as his inaster- oiece I BID 89 BIDDLE, Nicholas, an American naval officer, was bom in Philadelphia, in 1750. He entered the British fleet in 1770, having previously served several years as a seaman on board merchant ships. On the commencement of hostili- ties between the colonies and the modier country, he returned to Philadelphia, and received from Congress the captaincy of the Andrew Doria, a brig of 14 guns, employed in tlie expedition against New* Providence. Towards tlie close of 1776, he received command of the Randolph^ a new frigate of 32 guns, with which he soon captured a Jamaica fleet of four sail richly laden. This prize he carried into Charleston, and was soon after furnished by the government of tliat town with four additional vessels, to attack several Brit- ish cruisers, at that time harassing the commerce of the vicinity. He felLin with the royal line of battle ship Yarmouth, of 64 guns, on the 7th of March, 1778, and after an action of twenty minutes, perish- ed with all his crew except four, by tlie blowing up of the thip. BIDDLE, JoHK, an eminent Socinian writer and preacher, was born at Wootton under Edge, in 1615, was educated at Ox- ford, and, in 1641, became master of Gloucester Free School. From this office, however, he was expelled, in consequence of his havii^ oppugned the doctrine of the Trinity. For the same cause he was twice imprisoned, was in peril of his life, and was banished to Sicily. Cromwell liberated him in 1658, and he became pas- tor of an independent congregation. In 1662, he was again apprehended, fined a hundred pounds, and committed to prison, where he died of the gaol fever, in Sep- tember. Biddie was a virtuous and be- nevolent man. He is regarded as the fa- ther of tlie modern unitarians. BIDLAKE, John, born at Plymouth, in 1755, was a divine, who attained some reputation as a poet. He took his degree ut Christ Church, Oxford, and was ap- pointed master of Plynioudi school. In 1811, while delivering a Bampton lecture, he w:is eeized with an epileptic fit, which bniught on total blindness. He died in 1814. He published three volumes of sermons and lectures; Eugenie, a tale; Virginia, a tragedy; tlie poems of the Sea, the Country Parson, the Summer's Eve, and Youth; and a volume of minor poetry. BIDbOO, Godfrey, an eminent ana- tomist, born in 1649, at Amsterdam, was successively anatomical professor at the Hague ana at Leyden. He quitted his situation at the latter place to be physician to Kin{? William, but resumed it on tlie monan-h'e death. He is tlie author j>f va- rious works all meritoriotu but bis 'Ume 90 BIL rests chiefly on the Anatomy of the Human Body, in Latin, which is ilfuBtrated by one hundred and fourteen p.^tos. He died in 1713. BIELFELD, James Frederic, Bar- on de, was born at Hamburgh, in 1716, and was tutor to the king of Fr^ssia*s brother, and afterwards curator of the universities^ and a privy counsellor. He died in 1770. Two of his best works, Political Institutions, and Elements nf Universal Erudition, have been translated into English. BIEVRE, Marechal, Marquis de, a son of the king's head surgeon, was born at Paris, in 1747, and acquired a reputa- tion by his ("epartees, and, especially, by his pertinailous spirit of punning; no word or expression escaped him on which he could make a pun. He was, however, capable of better things ; for, among other works, he produced two comedies, the Seducer^ and the Reputations, the first of which ha£ considersible merit. He died in 1789. Even on the brink of the grave he persisted to pun. His decease took place at Spa, and just before it he said to a friend, " Je pars de Spa (de ce pas)." His jests have been collected into a vol- ume, called Bievriana. BILFINGER, George Bernard, a man of almost universal learning, was born at Canstadt, in Wurtemberg, in 1693. In 1725, being then professor of logic and metaphysics at Petersburgh, his Disserta- tion, on the cause of the weight of bodies, gained the prize offered by the Prussian Academy of Sciences. His reputation caused him to be recalled to Wurtemberg, where the duke appointed him a privy counsellor, and placed unbounded confi- dence in him. Bilfinger did much for the advancement of education, agriculture, and commerce, in his native country. He died in 1750. Among his works may be mentioned Dilucidationes Philosophicse ; and De Harmonia Anima et Corporis Hu- man!. BILLINGTON, Elizabeth, the most celebrated English singer of her day, was born in England in 1770, being the daugh- ter of Mr. Weichsell, a German. At the age of fourteen she made her first appear- ance as a singer, at Oxford, and two years afterwards married Mr. Billington, whom Bhe accompanied to Dublin. Here she made her debut in the opera of Orpheus and Kuridice. On returning to London, ehe appeared at Covent Garden with great success, and rapidly acquired a high reputation. She afterwards visited the continent to avail herself of the instruc- tions of the masters of the art in Paris and Italy. In 1796 she appeared at Venice and at Rome, receiving every where the loudest expressions of applause. In 1801 BIR she returned to^ the London stage, and as- tonished the whole world by her tVIandane, a performance tha: has never since been equalled in English opera. In 1817 she quitted England for ever, and died aftf r a short illness at an estate she had pur- chased in the Venetian territories. BILSON, Thomas, a prelate, born at Winchester, in 1536, where, and at Ox- ford, he was educated. The Ferjtetual Government of Christ's Church, which ne published In 1593, led to his obtaining the see of Worcester, whence he was transla- ted to that of Winchester. In tlie Hamp- ton Court conference he bore a prominent part; and, in conjunction with Bishop Smith, had the revision of the new trans- lation of the Bible. He died in 1616. He produced various controversial works and sermons. BINGHAM, Joseph, an eminent di- vine, was born at Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1668, and educate^ at Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship, which he resign- ed, in consequence of being censured for heterodox opinions concerning the Trinity. He then retired to his living of Head- bourne Worthy, in Hampshire. In 1712, he obtained the rectory of Havant; in 1720, he was nearly ruined by the South Sea bubble; and be died in 1723. His Ori^ines Ecclesiastics is a valuable work. BION, a Greek pastoral poet, a native of Smyrna, was a contemporary of Theo- critus, and the friend of Moschus; and is said to have died by poison, about b. c. 300. Some, however, roaintai ', that he lived a century later than Theocritus. His Idyllia are remarkable for elegance and pastoral sweetness. BION, a Greek philosopher, of Borys- thenes, in Scythia, died about b. c. 240. He was first a cynic, then a disciple of Theodorus, the atheist, and lastly of Theo- phrastus. Bion was skilled in music and poetry, and had a talent for repartee. BIRAGUE, Clement, an engraver ot precious stones, was a native of Milan, and flourished in Spain, about the middle of the sixteenth century. He was the in* ventor of eUCTaving on the diamond, and his first work of that kind was a portrait of the unfortunate Don Carlos. BIRCH, Thomas, a miscellaneous wri- ter, of more research than elegance, wus born in Clerkenwell, in 1705, and was orig- inally a quaker. He took orders, obtained various church preferments, and was made D. D. and one of the secretaries of the Royal Society. He was killed by a fall from his horse, in 1766. Among his numerous works are a History of tlie Royal Society; Lives to Houbraken and Ver'tue's heads; Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth; Lives of Bfiyle, Tiiiotson, Greaves, Ward, Raleigh^ and Henry Prince of Wales. BIR BIRD, W11.LIAM, an eminent musician, who flourished in Queen Elizabeth's reign, died in 1623, at the age of eighty. He composed a great number of pieces of sa- cred music ; and " Noa nobis, Domine," is ge n era llv attributed to him. BIRD, Edward, R. A. a painter of considerable merit, especially in comic sub- jects. He was patronised by the marquis of Stafford, and was appointed historical painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. He died at Bristol, in 1819. BIREN, John Eenkst de, Duke of Courland and Semigallki, was born in 1687, and is said to have been the son of a Courland peasant. He, however, was well educated, and had a handsome person; and by these means he obtained an un- bounded influence over Anne, duchess of Courland, the daughter of Peter I. Whc^ she ascended the throne of Russia, she committed the reins of government to Biren, who ruled tyrannically, but with talent. In 1737 she made him duke of Courland, and on her death, in 1740, left him the regency of Russia. A revolution banished him to Siberia; but he was afterwards allowed to reside at Yaraslof. He was recalled by Peter III., and his duchy was restored to him by Catherine. . After having reigned six years with great mildness, he resigned the throne to his son, and died in 1772, at Mittau. BIRKENHEAD, Sir John, an active political writer, was born in 1615, and was the son of a saddler at Northwich, in Cheshire. He was educated at Oxford, and became amanuensis to Laud, who pro- cured him a fellowship at All Souls. Du- ring the civil wars he conducted the Mer- curius Aulicus, and wrote many pieces on the king's side, for which he was often imprisoned. At the restoration, he was rewarded by knighthood, and by various offices, ancT was chosen a member of par- liament. He died in 1679. BIRON, Abmand de Gontaut, Ba- ron de, a celebrated French marshal, was bom about 1524, in Perigord, began his military career in Piedmont, and continued it in France, during the civil wars. He fought at Dreux, St. Denis, and Montcon- tour. In 1560, he concluded the peace between the protestante and catholics. Bi- ron was one of the first who recognised the title of Henry IV., and was highly valued by him. He was killed at the siege of Epemay, in 1592. BIRON, Charles de Gontaot, Duke of, son of Armand, was born in 1561. He acquired great glory at the battles of Arques and Ivry, the combat of Aumale, and the sieges of Paris and Rouen. Hen- ry IV. loaded him with honours, consider- ed him as one of his bosom friends, and ■ppointed him his ambassador to England, BLA 91 the Netherlands, and Switzerland He even exposed himself to save his life, at the skirmish of Fontaine-Francaise. Biron, nevertheless, conspired with Spain and Savoy against his sovereign, and was con- sequently beheaded in 1602. BISHOP, Samuel, a divine, born at London, in 1731, was educated at Merchant Tailors* and at Oxford, and became mas- ter of Merchant Tailors* school^ and rector of St. Martin Outwich, and Ditton, in Kent. He died in 1795. His poems, many of which have considerable merit, form two quarto volumes. < BISSET, BoBERT, a native of Scot- laud, was bred at Edinburgh, for the church, but took the degree of D. C. L., and be- came a schoolmaster, at Chelsea, in which profession, however, he failed. He then devoted himself to literature. He died in 1805, at the age of 46 years. Among other things, he is the author of a History of the Reign of George HI. ; a Life of Burke ; a Sketch of Den ocracy ; Douglas, a novel; and Lives appended to an edition of the Spectator. BITAUBE, Paul Jeremiah, a na- tive of Konigsberg, in Prussia, the son of French refugee parents, was bom in 1732, educated as a protestant divine, and became a member of the Royal Academy of Berlin, He settled at Paris, was incarcerated dur- ing, the revolution, and was subsequently admitted into the Institute, and made one of the first members of the legion of hon- our. He died in 1808. His works have been collected in nine volumes octavo. The principal of them are, Joseph, a poem; the Batavians, a poem; and a translation of Homer. BIVAR, Don Rodrigo Diaz de, a Spanish hero, known 'a history and ro- mance under the name of the Cid, was born at Burgos, about 1040. In'numerous encounters with the Moors he displayed astonishing valour ; and though he was twice unjustly banished, he still fought in behalf of his country. He died, in 1099, at Valencia, which city he had conquered at the head of a few knights who followed his fortunes. BLACK, Joseph, an emfnent modern chemist, was bom at Bordeaux, in 1728, of British parents, was educated at Bel- fast, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, and studied chemistry under Dr. Cullen, He took his doctor's degree in 1754, and in 1765 ob- tained the chemical professorship at Edin- burgh. His death took place December 6, 1799. His various discoveries, particularly with respect to fixed air and latent heat, have immortalized his name in the records of philosophy. His Lectures on Chemistry were published in 1803, by Professor Rot)- inson. BLACKBURNE, Francis, a theolo- 93 BLA gian, was born at Richmond, in Yorkshire, n 1705, and was educated at Cambridge. In 1750, he was made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was a friend to religious liberty, and hostile to confessions of faitli. On this subject he v.as deeply involved in controversy. The most celebrated of his performances on it is the Confessional, which appeared in 1776. His works have been collected in six volumes octavo. He died in 1787. BLACKLOCK, Thomas, a divine and poet, was born at Annan, in Dumfries, in 1721, and lost his sight by the t-mall pox, when he was only six months old. To au.use and instruct him, his father and friend used to read to him, and by this means he acquired a fund of information, and even some knowledge of Latin. At the age of twelve he began to versify, and his devotion to the Muses was continued through life. Considering his circumstan- ces, his poems have great merit. He studi- ed at the university of Edinburgii for ten years, and his progress in the sciences was very considerable. He was ordained min- ister of Kircudbright, but, being opposed by the parishioners, he retired on an annu- ity, and. received students at Edinburgh as boarders, and assisted tliem in tlieir studies. Besides bis poems, he is the author of some theological works, and an article on the education of the blind: the latter was printed in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. He died in July, 1791, regretted by ail his friends. BLACKMORE, SirRicHAKD, a poet and physician, was born in Wiltshire, ed- ucated at Oxford, took his degree at Padua, and was knighted by William III. who also appointed him his physician. He was afterwards physician to Queen Anne. In 1696, he published his first poem. Prince Arthur, which was rapidly succeeded by other works; nor was he deterred from pursuing his career by the ridicule which was heaped upon him by Dryden, Pope, and nearly all the wits of the age, whose dislike of him was sharpened by his whig princip^s. He is the author of nearly tliirty works, in verse and prose; of the latter many are on medical subjects. His best poem is intitled Creation. Blackmore was an indifferent poet, but he was un- doifbtedly possessed of considerable talent, and was a pious and worthy man. He died in 1729. BLACKSTONE, Sir Willi AM, an em inent llawyer, was the third son of a silk mercer, and was born in London, in 1723. After having-been for several years at the Charter House, he completed his education at Pembroke College, Oxford, and at bulh ■eminaries displayed superior talent. When he was only twenty, be composed, for his •WD uaei m Treatise on the Elements of BLA Architecture. Having chosen the |)ro» feiiision of the law, and entered the Middls Temple, in 1741, he wrote hie elegant val- edictory poem, the Lawyer's Farewell to his Muse. In 1743, he was elected a fellow of All Souls, and in 1746, he was called to the bar, and went tlie circuit, but obtained little practice. He remained in compara- tive oDscurity till 1753, when he began to deliver, at Oxford, his lectures on the En- glish laws; which, in 1765 and the four fol- lowing years, he published, with the title of Commentaries on the Laws of England. In consequence of these lectiii'es, he was elected Vinerian professor of law in tlie university, and obtained a great accession of business. In 1761, he sat in parliament as member for Hindon, and was made king's counsel, and solicitor-general to the queen. In 1770, he was ofiered the place of solicitor-general, but declined it, and was made a judge of the king's bench, whence he was soon after transferred to the common pleas. He died in 1780. His Law Tracts were published in 1762, and his Reports, two volumes folio, aft^r his death. Blackstone was tlie first who wrote on the dry and repulsive Subject of En- glish law in such a manner as not to excite disgust in a reader of taste Like almost all lawyers, he leans to the side of prero-* gative; nor is there much more of en- largement in his principles of religious liberty. For this reason he was exposed to attack from Priestley, Bentliam, f.ud Junius^ BLACKWELL, Elizabeth, a wo- man of considerable talent, who, to provide subsistence for her husband, who vras in prison for debt, published, in two volumes folio, 1737 and 1739, a Herbal, containing five hundred plates, drawn, engraved, and coloured by herself. Her husband, Alex- ander, was born at Aberdeen, brought up as a physician, and went to Sweden, about 1740, where he was beheaded on a charge of being cuncerued in Count Tes- sin's plot. BLACKWELL, Thomas, brother of Alexander, was born at Aberdeen, in 1701, and at the age of twenty-une becamf* Gred BIJL professor at Marischal College, of which, in 1748, he was appointed principal. He died in 1757. He is the author of an Inquiry into the Life and Writings of Humor ; Letters concerning Mythology ; and Memoirs of the Court ol Augustus. The bad taste which marked the style of the latter work, drew down upon its au- thor the caustic criticism of Johnson. BLAEU, William, a printer and geo- grapher of Amsterdam, the scholar and friend of Tycho Brahe, was born at Am- sterdam, in 1571, and died in 163S. His great work is his Theatrum Mundi, three volumes folio, which was republished in fourteen volume, by his sons John and Cornelius; the former of whom pro- duced valuable geographical works on Bel- gium, Italy, and Piedmont. BLAIR, Robert, a divine and p9et, was born at Edinburgh, in 1699, and edu- cated at that university. He was minister of Athelstaneford, in East Lothian, where he died in 1747. His poem of the Grave is popular, and deservedly so, and has obtain- ed him a place among our standard poets. BLAIR, John, a chronologist, was a native of Edinburgh, and a near relation of Dr. Hugh Blair, who materially assisted him in the composition of bis principal work, the Chronology and History of the World, which was published in 1754, and to which be afterwards added maps of ancient and modern geography. This work procured him considerable church pi^ferment. He died in 1782. BLAIR, Dr. Hugh, was born at Edin- burgh, in 1718, and was the son of a mer- chant. He was educated at the university of his native city, and was licensed to preach in 1741, when he became minister of Colessie, in Fife. In 1743 he was apr pointed minister of the Canongate, Edin- burgh; in 1754 be was removed to Lady Tester's ; and in 1759 to the High Church, where he continued during the remainder of his life. A professorship of rhetoric and belles lettres having been founded by his majesty, in 1762, Dr. Blair was ap- pointed professor; and here originated bis 'iectures on Composition, which he pub- BLA M lished in 1783. The first volume of hia Sermons was published in 1777, and ac- quired such a rapid popidarity, that he not only obtained a large sum of money for tlie succeeding volumes, but was rewarded with a pension of two hundred pounds per annum. Dr. Blair died at Edinburgh, in 1800. In his Sei*mons his style k elegant, and he enforces the moral duties with great felicity of language and argument. His lectures still remain a standard work. BLAKE, Robert, one of the most celebrated of British admirals, was born at Brid'gewater, in 1599, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford. By the interest of the puritans, he was electea member for Bridgewater, in 1640. In the struggle between Charles I. and his people, he espoused the cause of liberty, and distin- guished himself by his gallant defence of Taunton, and other exploits. In 1649 he was put in command of the ileet. His first achievement was tlie destruction of Prince Rupert's squadron, at Malaga. In 1652 and 1653 he fought. four desperate engage- ments with the Dutch fleet, under Van Tromp, in two of which the enemy were defeated with great loss. The next theatre of Blake's gloiy was the Mediterranean, to which he sailed in 1654, and where he destroyed the Tunisian castles of Goletta and Porto Ferino, and intercepted the Spanish plate fleet. Haying received in- telligence that anotherplate fleet was lying at Santa Cruz, in Tenerifle, he sailed thither, forced his way into the harbour, burned the ships, and came out without having suffered any loss. His health was now entirely broken, and he bent his course homeward, but expired Aug At 27, 1657, while the fleet was entering Plymouth Sound. His body was interred by a pub- lic funeral, in Henry the Seventh's Chapel ; but on the restoration of Charles II. it was torn from its resting place, and buried in a pit in St. Margaret's churchyard ; a base act, well worthy of a monarch who became a traitor to his country and a pen- sioner of France. Blake was not merely a man of courage and talent ; he was pious, just, and singularly disinterested. BLAKE, Joachim, a Spanish general, was born at Velez Malaga, and served, first as captain, and next as major, in the war, from 1793 to 1795, between France and Spain. When Napoleon seized the crown of Spain, Blake espoused the cause of his country; but with more valour and zeal than success. Though defeated at Rio Seco and Espiilosa, he still sustained his military character. In 1810 he was appointed one of the regency, from whicn rank he was transferred to that^^f captain general. Having been defeateu at Mur- viedro, he shut himself up with his army in Valencia, but was at length compelled 94 BLA BLO to surrender In 1820, on the establish- BLETTERIE, John Philip Ren* * " ... jj^ ^^^ ^^j^g born at Rennes, in 1696, and died in 1772, He was professor of elo- quence at the Royal College, and a mem- ber of the Academy of Belles Lettres. He wrote Lives of Julian and Jovian; and translated part of Tacitus. Gibbon highly praises the Lives, and his countrymen ment of the constitution, he was admitted into the council of slate; and his attach- ment to tiiat constitution subseriuently ex- posed him to danger. He died at Valla- dolid. in 1827 BLAKGLY, Johnston, a captam in the United States' navy during the Jate war, was born in Ireland in 1781. Two consider them as models of impartiality, years after, his father emigrated to the precision, elegance, and judgment. United States and settled in North Caro- ! BLIN DE SAINMORE, Andrew Una. Young Blakely was placed, in 1796, M ichael Hyacinth, was born at Paris, at 'the university of North Carolina, but circumstances having deprived him of the means of adequate support, he Jeft college, uud in 1800 obtained a midshipman's war- rant. In 1813 he was appointed to the command of the Wasp, and in this vessel ook his Britannic Majesty's ship Reindeer, after an action of nineteen minutes. The Wasp afterwards put into L'Onent; from {heroic epistles and fiigftive poems of which port she sailed August 27. On the common merit, in 1733. At the very outset of his career he iost all his fortune, but his literary talents procured hiin friends, and he suc- cessively filled several honourable offices connected with literature, the last of which was that of conservator of the library of the arsenal. He died in 1807 He is the author of Orpheus, a tragedy, and of many evening of the first of September, 1814, she fell in with four sail, at considerable distances from each other. One of these was the brig-of-war Avon, which struck after a severe action ; but captain B. was prevented from taking possession by the approach of another vessel. The enemy reported that th&y had sunk the Wasp by the first broadside, but she was afterwards spoken by a vessel off the Western Isles. After this we hear of her no more. Cap- tain Blakely was considered a man of un- comniu*! courage and intellect. BLANCHARD, James, an eminent painter, who bears the honourable denomi- nation of the French Titian, was born in 1600, and died in 1638. He was an inde- fatiirable artist, and left many pictures. His finest work is the Descent of the Holy Ghost, which is considered as one of the best productions of the French school. BLANCHET, Francis, the son of pa- rents in humble life, was born in 1707, at Angervitle, and educated at the college of Louis XIV. He was first a professor in two provincial colleges, next employed himself in private tuition, and, lastly, ob- tained an office in the k'ing's library and cabinet. He died in 1784, after a painful illness of many years. Blanchet was one of the most amiable ot men, and the most affectionately paternal of tutor's. As an author he has great merit. His Apologues and Tales are told with spirit and grace. BLAYNEY, Benjamin, a divinp and biblical ciitic, was educated at Oxford, where he became M . A. in 1753, and D. D. in 1787. He was professor of Hebrew at that university* canon of Christ Church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts. He died in 1801. He translated Jeremiah, the La- mentationo, and Zechariah ; edited the Oxford Bible in 1769; and wrote a Dis- •ertation on Daniel's Seventy Weeks. BLOCH, Mark Eleazar, a Jewish physician emd ichthyologist, was born, in 1723, at Anspach, in Franconia, of parents so poor that they could give him no edu- cation; and, accordingly, at the age of nineteen, he was Ignorant even of Ger- man. By dint of application, however, he acquired Latin, and a knowledge of anatomy and surgery, and obtained a doc- tor's degree. His great work is a Natural History of Fishes, in twelve quarto vol- umes, with four hundred and thirty-two plates. He died in 1799. BLOCK, Joanna Koerten, an artist of a singular kind, was born at Amster- dam, in 1650, and died in 1715. She ex- celled in cutting landscapes, sea pieces, flowers, and even portraits, out of paper, with the most perfect resemblance to na- ture. Her productions sold at enormous prices, and she was patronised by several sovereigns. BLONDEL, D ATiD, a protestant writer and minister, was born, in 1591, at Chalons Bur Marne. In 1650 he was invited to Amsterdam, to succeed Vasoriua, as pro- fessor of history, and he died there in 1655, after having lust his sight in consequence of the humidity of the climate. Blondel was a man of learning, had a minute ac- quaintance with history, -and was a fluent speaker. Among his works, one of the most curious is his refutation of the silly story of Pope Joan. He has the merit of having written in favour of liberty of con- science. BLONDEL, Francis, an eminent French architect and diplomatist, was born, in 1617, at Ribemont, in Picardy. After having been sent as envoy to Con- stantinople, he was appointed counsellor of state, one of the dauphin's prece^torB, pro* fessor of the royal college, and member of the Academy of Sciences. The noble tri- BLO ■mpbal arch of St. Denis was erected by bim. lie wrote various works, on literary, architectural and military subjects. His death took place in 1686. BLONDEL, James Francis, was born at Rouenj in 1705, and, like his un- cle, was au architect of great talent. The merit of a course of architectural lectures, which he delivered at Paris, obtained him the appointment of professor at the acade- my. In his final illness, he had himself removed to his school at the Louvre, that he might yield up his last breath where he had taught his art. He died in 1775. J. F. Blondel is the author of French Archi- tecture, four volumes folio; a Course of Civil Architecture, nine volumes octavo.j and other works of a similar kind. BLOOD, Thomas, a singular despera- do, was originally an officer in Cromw^l's army. His first remarkable enterprise was an attempt to surprise the castle of Dublin, which was frustrated by the duke of Ormond. He subsequently seized the duke in the streets of London, with the intention of hanging him at Tyburn, and was very near accomplishing his purpose. His last exploit was an attempt to carry away the crown and regalia from the Tuwer. For some inexplicable reason, Charles II. not only pardoned him, but gave him an estate of five hundred pounds per annum. He died in 1680. BLOOMFIELD, Robe rt, a poet, born at Honin^ton, in Suffolk, in 1766, was the son of^a tailor, and was early left feth- erleas. He was taught to read by his mother, who kept a village school, and this was, in fact, his only education. At the age of eleven he was employed in such husbandry labour as he could perform; but, his constitution being delicate, he was subsequently apprenticed to the trade of sboemaking, at which he worked as a journeyman for many years* His leisure -^hours were spent in reading and in the composition of verses. His poem of the Farmer's Boy was at length brought be- fore the public, by the benevolent exertions of Capel Loft, and it procured the author both fame and profit. He subsequently published other poems, among which may be mentioned Wild Flowers, and the Banks of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune clouded the latter years of this modest and meritorious writer, and he died in 1823, whe.i he was almost on the verge of insanity. BLOUNT, Sir Henry, was born at Tittenhangher, in Hertfordshire, in 1602; travelled in the East in 1634, 1635, and 1636; fought under the banner ofXIharles at Edgehill; was, nevertheless, employed by Cromwell; and di^ed in 1682. He is tae author of a Voyage to the Levant; the Exchange Walk, a satire ; and other warks. BLU 95 BLOUNT, Sir Thomas Pope, eldest son of Sir Henry, was bom in 1649 and died in 1697. He produced Censura Cele- briorum Auctorum ; De Re Poetica; Es- says on several subjects; and Natural His- tory. BLOUNT, Charles, the youngest son of Sir Henry, was born in 1654, and made himself conspicuous by his deistical opin- ions, and by considerable talent. His An- ima Mundi was suppressed, and publicly burnt. This work he followed up by three of the same kind. The Life of Apolloniufl Tyaneus ; Great is Diana of the Ephes- ians; and Religio Laici. Of the Revolu> tions of 1688 he was a warm friend; but he acted little in consonance v/ith its prin- ciples, when he published his King Will- iam aud Queen Mary Conquerors, to assert their right to the crown by conquest. The commons ordered this tract to be burnt by the hangman. He shot himself, in 1693, . in consequence of the sister of his deceased wife having refused to marry him. BLOUNT, Thomas, was born at Bar- desley, in Worcestershire, in 1618, and died in 1679. He published Glossograph- ia; a Law Dictionary; and various other works; the most curious and valuable of which is, Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or An- cient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Cus- toms of Manors. BLOW, John, a musician, was bom, in 1648, at North Caliingham, in Notting- hamshire, received a doctor's degree from Archbishop Sancroft; and, on the death of Purcell, became organist of Westmin- ster Abbey. He died in 1708. His secu- lar compositions, were collected, in 1700, under the title of Amphion Anglicus. Hit church music receives qualified praise from Dr. Burney. BLUCHER, Gebaral Lebrecht Von, a celebrated general, was born at Rostock, in 1,742, entered the Swedish service at the age of fourteen, and ^vaa made prisoner by the Prussians. He join- ed the banners of Frederic the Great, served during the seven years war, and rose to the rank of captain ; but, being disgusted at some real or imagined elightt 96 BLU he demanded his dismission in such a haughty manner, that Frederic granted it in the following pithy terms — ** Captain Blucher has permission to quit the service, and to go to the devil, if he pleases." Foi- many years Blucher lived in retireme:it, engaged in agricultural piu*suit5; but, in 1786, he was recalled to the army, with the rank of major. In the campaigns of 1792, 1793, and 1794, he bore an active part, and rose to be major-general. It was not till 1806 that he had an opportunity ofagain displaying his miKtary talents. In that year he commanded the advanced guard at Auerstadt, and also distinguished himself by his obstinate defence or Lubeck, where he was taken prisoner. He was, however, speedily exchanged for the duke of Belluno, In 1S13, he ^as once more called into the field, and displayed astonishing ardour and activity. He signalized himself at Lutzen, utterly defeated Macdonald on the Katz- bach, and contributed greatly to the victory of Leipsic. His unintermitting exertions gained him the rank of field marshal, and, from the allied troops, the appellation of " Marshal Forward." In tlie campaign of 1814, he was alternately victorious and defeated; he sustained heavy losses at Champ Aubert, Montmirail, and Vaux- champs, but triumphed at Dienville and Laon, and in the attack upon Paris. At the conclusion of the contest he visited England, and was received with enthusi- asm. When the war again broke out, he was once more entrusted with the com- mand of the Prussian troops. On the six- teenth of June, 1815, he was defeated at Ligny, by Napoleon, and narrowly escaped with his life, he being thrown from his horse, and charged over by both the French and Prussian cavalry. He, nevertheless, brought up his army m time to render the battle of Waterloo decisive. His subse- quent conduct at Paris was not that of a generous enemy. For his service he re- ceived the title of Prince of Wahlstadt. He died at Krilowitz, September 12, 1819, Blucher was intrepid, indefatigable, prompt in his movements, and undismayed by re- verses ; but he did not belong to the higher class of military leaders; he is believed to have been but an indifferent strategist, and to have been indebted to general Gniesenau for his most successful plans of operation. BLUM, Joachim Christian, a Ger- man poet and literary character, was born at Rathenau, in Brandeburg, in 1739. His works consist of lyric poems, idvlls, epi- grams, a drama, My Walks, and a Dic- tionary of German Proverbs. Blum, who was much esteemed, died in 1790. BLUM AUKR, Aloys, an Austrian, was born at Steyer, in 1755, and in his youth belonged to the society of Jesuits. He acquired reputation as a satirical and bur- BOC lesque poet. Of bis productions, which exteni to eight volumes, the Printm* House; the Eulogium of the Ass; an a£ dress to the Devil; and the Eneid Tra- vestied, are the most popular. He died in 1798. BOADICEA, BOUDICEA, or BON- DUCA, a British heroine, the widow of Prasutagus, and queen of thelceni. Hav- ing been basely treated by the Romans, she raised the Britons in arms against them, and obtained several advantages; but was at length utterly defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, a. d. 61, and died of grief, or by poison. BOBROFF, Simon SERGiEViTSCH,a Itussian poet, who died, in 1810, at Saint Petersburgh, enjoyed considerable reputa tion. His best poem is said to be the Chersonide, or a Summer's Day in the Crimea. His lyrical works have been col- lected in four volumes. BOCCACCIO, John, one of the classic writers of modern Italy, was the son of a Florentine merchant, and was born at Paris, in 1313. He early devoted himself to poetry, but he was discouraged by the superior merit of his friend Petrarch, and committed to the flames many of his ovni lyrical and amatory verses. As a prose writer, however, he deservedly acquired fame. His principal work is the Decame- ron, a collection of tales, many of which, unfortunately, are deformed by licentious- ness. The Valdarfer edition of the Deca- meron, published in 1471, was sold at the Roxburgh sale for the enormous sum of two thousand two hundred and sixty pounds. Boccaccio first introduced the works of Homer and other Greek writers into Tus- cany. He died in 1375, at Certaldo. BOCCAGE, Mart Anne le Page i>u, a French poetess of considerable merit, and possessed of great accomplishments and benevolence, was born at Rouea, in 1710, and died in 1802. Her principal works are, an imitation of Paradise Lost ; the Colombiad, an epic poem; and the Amazons, a tragedy; BOCCALINI, Trajan, an Italian sat- irist, the son of an architect, was born, in 1556, at Loretto. He successively held various governments in the pope's domin- ions; but his satirical writings having ren- dered him obnoxious, and complaints hav- ing also been made of his administration, he retiredto Venice, where he died in 1613. It has been asserted that he was beaten to death with sand bags, by four hired ruffians, but this story is a fiction. His chief work is intitled News firom Parnas- s. BOCH, John, a Flemish poet, denomi- nated the Belgic Virgil, was bom at Brusr sels, in 1555. He accompanied Cardinal Radzivil to Rome, studied theology then BOD under BeUarmin, and afterwards, travelled into Poland, Livonia, and Russia. The duke of Parma appointed hira secretary to the town house of Antwerp, He died in 1609, and his poems were collected by his son Ascanius, who was himself a poet. BOCHART, Samuel, an eminent di- vine and oriental scholar, the son of a protestant clergyman, was bom at Rouen, m 1599, educated at Paris, Oxford, and Leyden, and became minister at Caen. He died of apoplexy, in 1667. His principal works are Phaleg and Canaan, seu Geo- graphia Sacra; and Hierozoicon. BOCK, JxROME, a German botanist, '^tter known under his Latin name of Tragus, was born at Heidesbach, in 1498, vas a schoolmaster, and then a physician. Old died at Hornbach, in 1554. Bock nay be considered as one of the founders of modern botany; he was the first who endeavoured to form a natural botanical arrangement. He is the author of a Her- bal of German Plants. BODE, Christopher Augustus, a learned German orientalist, was bom at Wemigerode, in 1723, and acquired, by Ala own exertions, the Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, Samaritan, Ethiopian, rabbinical Hebrew, Armenian, Turkish, and Coptic languages. He was professor of philosophy in the university of Helmstadt. He died in 1796. His principal works consist of translations of the Scriptures from the ori- ental languages. BODIN, JoHK, a French lawyer and literary character, was bom at Angers, about 1530, and was brouglit up to the bar, but retired from it for want of success. For awhile he enjoyed the favour of Henry HI., which, however, he lost by his patri- otic conduct. He died, in 1596, at Laon, where he was chief magistrate. Among his works, the most remarkable are, a treatise on governmentj intitled Dc la Republique, and another, called Demon- omania, in which he asserts the existence of witchcraft. BODLEY, Sir Thomas, a native of Exeter, born in 1544, was educated at Geneva and Oxford, and was employed by Queen Elizabetli in various embassies. In 1597 he retired from public business. His noble foundation of the Bodleian library at Oxford, for which he spared no expanse to procure books and manuscripts, and to which he bequeathed nearly all his property, has immortalized his name. He was knighted at the accession of James I,, and died January the 18th, 1612. BODMER, John Jacob, a Swiss poet, was born at Griefenberg, near Zurich, in 1698, and, after having declined the church, and made a brief trial of a mercantile situ- ation, he obtained a college tutorship at Zurich, and devoted himself to literature. BOE 91 He wrote an epic poem cajed Noah, translated the Iliad, the Paradise Lost, and other works, and, in conjunction with his friend Breitinger, published apaper on the model of the Spectator. He died in 1783. BODONI, John Baptist, a celebrated Italian printer, was born in 1740, at Sa- luzzo, in Piedmont. He had at first tlie direction of the ducal press at Parma, at which many of hisbest works were printed, a d afterwards established a printing office of his own, which soon became famous throughout Europe for Its splendid produc- tions. Napoleon gave him a pension of three thousand francs, and a present of eighteen thousand. Bodoni is the author of a Letter on Printing ; and a Typograph- ical Manual: the latter was a posthumous publication. He died in 1813. BOECE, or BOETHIUS, Hector, a Scottish historian, was born at Dundee, about 1470, and educated at Perth and Paris. He was the first person appointed principal of King's College, Aberdeen. He wrote in Latin, a Life of Elphinstone, the founder of the college ; and also a His- tory of Scotland, elegant in style, but filled with fictions. He died about 1550 BOEHM, BOEHMEN, or BEHME> Jacob, a German fanatic, was born, in 1575, in a small village, near Goerlitz, in Lusatia, and was by trade a shoemaker. Insanely believing, or artfully affecting to believe, that he was favoured with revela- tions and inspirations from the Deity, he published numerous works, and gained many followers. Mosheim justly charac- terizes his productions as " a strange mix- ture of chemical terms, mystical jargoti, and absurd visions." They also at l£ast verge on spinosism and manicheism. Yet the pious Law became the English editor of them. Boehm died in 1624. BOERHAAVE, Herman, one of the most eminent of modern physicians, was born, in 1668, at Voorhout, near Leyden. His father, the minister of Voorhout, edu- cated him for his own profession, and he made an honourable progress in his studies. But, on the death of his parent, who left him slenderly provided for, h« obtained 98 BOG a subsistence by mathematical lectures, and at length devoted himself to the medi- cal profession. For that profession he had imbibed an early liking, by Uie circum- stance of his having cured himself of an ulcer in the thigh, which had foiled the faculty for six years. He took the decree of M. D. at the .university of Harderwick, in 1693. At first his success was limited, but at length he became professor of physi- cal botany at Leyden, and liJs lectures at once enhanced the fame of the university and established his own. In 1714 ne'be- came rector of the university. Patients thronged to him from all quarters, wealtli consequently flowed in upon him, and he confessedly stood at the head of modern physicians. From his multifarious knowl- edsf^e, Boerhaave has been called the Vol- taire of science. He died September the 23d, 1738. His works are numerous; among the principal may be mentioned, Institutiones Medicae; Aphorrsmi de Cog- noscendis eC Curandis Morbis; Index Plantarnm; and Klementa Chiming. BOETHIUS, Anicius ManliusTor- Qu ATOS Sevehtnus, a Latin statesman, philosopher, and writer, was of a noble i Rdman family, and was born in 455. He! WIS thrice consul, and was for many years a favourite of Theodoric, king of the Goths. His zeal for orthodoxy, however, at length excited the anger of Theodoric, who was an Arian. Bonthius was unjustly charged with treason, his property was confiscated, and he was thrown into prison, where he was beheaded in 526. While a captive, he wrote his famous Consolations of Phi- losophy; a work which has been transla- ted by two of the moat illustrious of the Britiflh goverei^ns, Alfred and Elizabeth. The whole of his compositions occupy two folio volumes. BOETTCHER, John Frederic, a native of Brandenberg, was burn about the end of the seventeenth century ; he lived with an apothecary at Berlin, where he studied alchemy, and was obliged to fly from that city, in coneeqnence of a report that he had discovered the philosopher's stone. On Boettclier's taking -refuge in Saxony, the electors shut him up in Ko- nigstein, and insisted j^n his prosecuting his search for the long sought stone. The alchemist failed of course, but he was in- demnified by the discovery of the mode of making tliat beautiful species of porce- lain which is now known as the Saxon or Dresden. For this he was ennobled by the elector. He died in 1719. BOGDANOVITSCH, Hippolytus Theodorovitsch, one of the most dis- tinguished Russian literary characters of the reign of Catherine, was born in Little Russia, in 1743, was employed as a diplo-| datist, and in other official Bituatiuns. and ' BOl died ni 1803. He is the author of vario ■ works; among wnich may be mentioned Douschenka, a romantic poem; Russian Proverbs; the Slavi, a drama; and an Historical Picture of Russia, He also edited two journals, intitled Innocent Amusement, and the St. Petersburgh Courier. BOHEMOND, Mark, a Norman ad- venturer, son of the celebrated Robert Guiscard, was distinguished in his youth, by deeds of arms, in Italv and the eastern empire, which he surpassed in Palestine during the first crusade. He made himself master of Antioch, in 1097, and founded a principality which existed for nearly two centuries. He was taken prisoner in Mesopotamia, but succeeded in citaining his liberty afler a captivity of two years. While taking measures to renew his at- tempts against the Greek empire, he died, in 1111, m Apulia. BOIARDO, Matteo Maria, Count of Scandiano, an Italian poet, was born, about 1434, at Scandiano, in th6 duchy of Modena, was educated at Ferrara, and held several honourable ofhces, among whicii was that of governor of Reggio. He died at Reggio, in 1494. 3oiarao is the author of several productions of merit, but his fame rests on his poem of Orlando Innamorato, which was the first example of epic romance, and led the way to the Orlando of Ariosto. BOILEAU, James, an elder bro3ier of the celebf'ated poet, born at Paris, in 1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a canon, and dean and grand vicar of Sens. He died in 1716. He is the author of several theological and other woiks in the Latin language, the most celebrated of which is the Historia Flagellantium. James Boileau, like his brother, was caustic and witty. Being asked why he always wrote in Latin, he replied, '^ for fear the bishops should read me, in which case I should be persecuted." The Jesuits he designated as men " who lengthened the creed, and abridged the decalogue." BOILEAU-DRSPREAUX, Nicho- LAS, one of the most eminent of French satirists and poets, was born, in 1636, at Crone, near Paris. In his youth he labour- ed under ill health, was considered as good natured but dull, and seems to have been slighted by his relatives. He was educated for the bar, and received as an advocate; but soon deserted the profession, to llie great annoyance of his kindred, particu- larly of his brother in law, Dongois, who declared that Nicholas would be notliing but a fool ail his life. In the study of divinity he was not more successful. At length he devoted himself to literature; and, at the a»e of thirty, astonished his friends, and delighted France, by his fint BOI Satires. His tame was at once established. The reputation which he had tiius acquired, he supported by the pubii- eation of additional Satires, the Art of Poetry, Kpistles, in the manner of Horace, and the mock, heroic poem of the Lutrin. The latter appeared in 1674. His talents gained him the favour of Louis XIV., who gave him a pension, and made him royal historiographer, in conjunction with Ra- cine. In 1684 he became a member of the French Academy. Till the close of his days Boileau continued in habits of close friendship with the most eminent of his contemporaries; and though, during his life, and since his decease, many attacks have been made on him, he still retains his lofty station on the Freuch Parnassus. Boileau is to France that which Pope is to England. He died, 'on the 13th of March, 1711, of a dropsy in the chest. BOISROBERT,FBANt:TSMETELDE, a French wit and comic writer, was born at Caen, about 1592, and was a favourite of Cardinal Richelieu, who, among other bene6ces, gave him the abbey of Chatillon sur Seine. Boisrobert, however, was more attentive to gaming, good living, and the- atrical amusements, than to clerical duties. He died in 1662. His poems and other works, including eighteen plays, are now forgotten. It was on the suggestion of Boisrobert that Richelieu founded the French Academy. BOISSY, Louis de, a native of Vic, in Auvergue, was born in 1694, and com- menced his literary career as a satirist; but soon relinquished satire, and became a writer of comedies. Though many of bis pieces, which are forty in number, were eminently successful, he sank into such poverty, that he an^ his wife shut themselves up, and resolved to perish of hunger ; and they were saved only by the chance entrance of a friend. Hearing of this circumstance. Madam de Pompadour patronised the unfortunate author, and ob- tained for him the editorship of the Gazette de France and of the Mercure. Boissy died in 1758. His comedies form nine volumes. BOISSY D'ANGLAS, Francis An- THONy, Count de, an eminent French legislator and literary character, was born in tiie vicinity of Annonay, in 1756, and originally held a considerable situation in the household of Monsieur, brother of Louis XVI, He sat in the national assem- bly, and in the convention, and uniformly displayed a pure and enlightened love of liberty. Few irien passed through the revolution with a character so unstained as Boissy d*Anglas. When, in 1795, an infuriated jacobin mob broke into the hall of the convention, while he was sitting as BOL M president, and a hundred muskets were pointed at him, and the bleeding head of one of Ills colleagues was raised to his face, he preserved an immovable courage and dignity. In 1797, he was elected a member of the council of five hundred; and, in September, he was sentenced to banishment, but succeeded in escaping. Napoleon made him a senator and com- mander of the legion of Honour. Louis XVIII. created him a peer, in 1814; but Boissy having subsequently recognised the authority of Napoleon, he was deprived of his title. It was, however, soon restored. He died at Paris, in 1826. He was the author of various tracts and published speeches ; an Essay on the Life of Males- herbes; and the Literary and Poetical Studies of an Old Man, or Miscellany oi Verse and Prose, 6 vols. 12mo. BOLEN, or BOLEYN, Anne,- daugh- ter of Sir Thomas Bolen, was born in 1507, attended, when only seven years old, the Princess Mary to France, returned thence in 1527, and was appointed maid of honour to Catherine of Arragon. The lustful tyrant Henry VIII. became enamoured of her, and, after having obtained a divorce, married Anne in 1533. In September she gave birth to a princess, afterwards Queen Elizabeth. Having transferred his affec- tions to Jane Seymour, Henry accused the unfortunate Anne of violating the marriage vow, and, on this pretext, she was be- headed, May the 19th, 1536. BOLINGBROKE, Henry St. Johf, Lord Viscount, son of Sir Heni^ St. Johr, was born at Battersea, in 1672, and edu- cated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He obtained a seat in parliament in 1700, and in 1704 was appointed secretary of war and the marines, but resigned the secretaryship in 1707. In 1710, he, again formed a part, of the ministry, as secretary of state, and had a principal share in the peace of Utrecht. In 1712 he was created Viscount Bolingbroke; but, dissatisfied with not having obtained an narldom, and with other circumstanceSf he became the enenwof his colleague Harley, of whom he had tong been tlie friend. On iiie accession 100 BOL of George I. an impeachment of Boling- broke being meditated, he fled to France, and, at length, accepted the oifice of secre- tary to the pretender. He was soon, how- ever, dismissed from this new service, and, in the meanwhile, had been impeached and attainted in England. After a resi denee in France till 1723, he was par doned, and his estates were restored, but he was not allowed to sit in the house of peers. More indignant at tliis exclusion than gratified by his pardon, he became one oftlie chief opponents of Sir R. Wal- Eole, and by the power of his pen contri- uted greatly to the overthrow of that minister. In 1735, he again withdrew to France, and remained there till the death of his father, after which event he settled at Battersea, where he resided till 1751, when he died of a cancer in the face. Bolingbroke was intimate with and be- loved by Pope, Swift, and the most emi- nent men of his age ; his talents were of the first order; he possessed great elo- - quence ; and, in point of style, his writings rank among the beat in the Engbsh lan- fuage. His compositions were published y Mallet in five quarto volumes. BOLIVAR, Simon, the ^reat captain ot South America, was born in the city of Caracas in 1783. Afler acquiring the first elements of a liberal education at home, he repaired to Europe to complete his stu- dies at Madrid. From Spain he passed into France, and resided for a considerable period at Paris, where he was a witness of some of the later events of the revolu- tion. He returned to Madrid in 1802, where he married the daughter of Don B. Tore, and' embarked with her for America in 1809. He lived for a while in a retired manner on his estates at Caracas, but the premature death of his wife induced him again to visit Europe as a relief to bis sorrow for her loss. On his return, he was one of the cliief promoters of the revo- lutionary movements in Caracas in 1810, and received a colonel's commission from the new patriotic government. He gradu- ally rose by the weight of his talents and services to higher offices, and in 1814, a convention of the principal civil and military officers at Caracas confirmed the dictatorial powers that circumstances had already thrown upon him. After va- rious reverses of fortune in the patriotic cause, Bolivar, in 1816, was recognized as supreme chief, and before tlie close of the ensuing year had fixed his head-quarters at Angostura. The campaign of 1819 was distinguished by several splendid victories, and Bolivar was universally hailed as tlie liberator and fether of his country. Taking advantage of the favourable moment, he obtained the passage of a law, by which the republics of New Grenada and Vene- BOL zuela were united in a single slate uniler the title of the Republic of Colombia. The present constitution was adopted in 1821, and Bolivar was chosen the first president In 1825 he was declared perpetual pro- tector of the republic of Bolivia, a state which had detached itself from the govern- ment of Buenos Ayres, and been named in honour of the liberator. For this republic he was requested to prepare a constitution ; which he accordingly completed, and pre- sented to the congress of Bolivia in May, 1826. This famous code was accompanied by an address expressive of his sentiments in respect to the. form of government ne- cessary for the new republics of the South. Some of the provisions of this code were considered anti -republican, and excited the liveliest apprehensions among the friends of liberty. A rebellion now de- manded his immediate return to Colombia, where all signs of insurrection vanished at his approach. Bolivar had been re-elected to the office of president, and should have been qualified anew as such in January 1827. But in February he addressed a letter to the president of the senate, re- nouncing the presidency of the republic, and declaring his intention to repel the accusations that had been made against him, by a voluntary retirement. Notwith- standing the distrust of Bolivar entertained by the friends of the republic, he was re- appointed to the presidency, and again accepted It, taking the oaths prescribed by the constitution, in the September follow- ing, at Bogota. In 1828 he assumed the chief power in Colombia, by a decree, dated Bogota, Aug. 27, which invested him with almost unlimited autliorily, but provided that he was to be assisted m the exercise of . executive powers by the coim- cil of ministers. In January, 1830, Boli- var issued a pfoclamation resigning his militar}' and political offices ; and in May the constituent congress of Colombia elected Joaquin Mosquera president. In the September following, having been re- appointed, Bolivar accepted the presidency, and on the seventeenth of December died at San Pedro Alejandrino, a country seat about a league from Santa Martha. His body was embalmed and laid in state for tliree days; the people flocking in crowns to look upon the remains of their liberator Four days previous to his death, he issued a decree to the citizens of Colombia, which concluded in the following words: "Co lombians — I leave you — but my last prayers are offered up for the tranquillity of Colom- bia — and if my death will contribute to this desirable en^, by a discontinuance of party feeling, and consolidate tlie union, I shall descend with feelings of contentment into the tomb whidh will soon be prepared for me,'* BON BOLLANDUS, John, a Jesuit, born m the Netherlands, in 1596, was chosen by his fraternity to carry into effect Ross- weide's plan of the Acta Sanctomin, or Lives of the Saints. He completed five folio volumes, the first part of which he published in 1643. Since his decease, in 1663, the work has been continued, by Henschenius and othprs, to the extent of fiftv-three volumes, anj is still incomplete. BOLTON, Edward, an English anti- quary, the time of whose birth and death is unKnown. He was a catholic, and a retainer of the first duke of Buckingham. Of his productions, the principal is Nero Ca;sar, or Monarchy Depraved ; a curious work, which was published in 1624, and dedicated to his patron. BOMBELLI, Raphael, one of tlie most celebrated Italian algebraists of the sixteenth century. He was , the'first who invented a uniform method of resolving equations. His Treatise of Algebra was printed at Bologna, in 1572 and 1579. BONA, or BONNA, a shepherdess of the Valteline, was first the mistress, and subsequently the wife, of Peter Brunoro, an Italian warrior. She gave numerous proofs of heroic courage. In the wars of the Venetians she greatly distinguished herself, particularly in taking by assault the castle of Favona. She assisted her husband in defending Negropont, and, afler his death, expelled the Turks from the island. She died in 1466. BONAPARTE. See Napoleon. BONARELLI DELLA ROVERE, Guy Ubaldo, an Italian diplomatist and literary character, was bom at Urbino, in 1963, was employed in many important begotiations by the dukes of Modena and Ferrara, and died in 1608. His pastoral of Fhtllis of Scyros, which is considered as standing next in merit to the Aminta and the Faithful Shepherd, is his princi- pal work. BONARELLI DELLA ROVERE, Prosper, brother of Guy Ubaldo, died at Ancona, in 1659. He is the author of Suliman, a tragedy, nine musical dramas, and various comedies, letters, and miscel- laneous poems. BONCHAMP, Arthcr de, a cele- brated general of the Vendean royalists, was born in Anjou, in 1759, and served with distinction in the army, during the Amorican war. In 1793, he was chosen one of the principal Vendean leaders, and he distinguished himself by his talents and valour in numerous combats. On the 17th of October, 1793, he was mortally wounded at the battle of ChoUet. Bonchamp was. a man of abilities and humanity. The last act of his life was the saving of five thou- sand prisoners, whom the exasperated royalists were about to ipasaacre. BON lOI BOND, John, a critic and grammarian, was born in Somersetshire, in 15S0, was educated at Winchester and Oxford, be- came master of Taunton grammar school, and afterwards a physician, and died in 1612. He wrote Annotations on Horace and Fersius. BONER, a German fabulist, who lived in the thirteenth and fourteenth century, of M'hose life no particulars are recorded. His Fables, partly borrowed from the Latin, form a valuable portion of what has been handed down to us of the poems of the Minnesinger. The first edition of them appeared in 1461, and is one of the earliest printed books. BONIFACE, St., whose real name was Wilfrid, was born at Crediton, in De- vonshire, about A. D. 680; travelled, about 716, tlirough many parts of Germany (of which he is called the apostle)', to con- vert the heathens; was consecrated a bishop, at Rome, by Gregory II. in 723; returned to Germany, and reclaimed the Bavarians from paganism ; and was, finally, massacred in Friesland, in 755. BONINGTON, Richard Farees, a painter, who died, in 1802, at the early age of twenty-six, was bom in London, was first a pupil of Gros, at Paris, and afterwards studied in Italy. Bonington was a man of genius, and liia premature death was a heavy loss to the pictorial art. He excelled in various departments of painting. Among his finest pictures is a view on the great canal of Venice. BONNEFONS, or BONNEFONIUS, John, a Latin erotic poet, was born, in 1554, at Clermont, in Auvergne; studied civil law, under Cujas; practised as a barrister ; was made lieutenant-general of the bailiwick of Bar-sur-Seine; and died Jn4614. His collection of amatory poems under the title of Pancharis, ranks him among the best modem writers in the Ro- man lan^age. BONNER, Edmund, a prelate, " damn- ed to everlasting fame," under die appel- lation of "bloody bishop Bonner," was the son of a peasant, at Hanley, in Wor- cestershire, and was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford. Henry VIII. made him his chaplain, bishop of Hereford, and then of London, and employed him on embas- sies to France, Germany, and the pope. He was imprisoned and deprived of his bishopric, in the reien of Edward VI. ; but was restored by Mary, and signalised himself by his vindictive and persecuting spirit. Queen Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Marshalsea, and he died there, in 1569, after ten years' confinement. Bonner was a man of learning and talent; bnt so san- guinary, that, in allusion to his excessive corpulence, he was said to have abundance of guts, but no bov«l». IW BON BONNET, or BONET, Theophiltjs, a pliysician, was born at Geneva, in 1620, nhere he died in 1689. His fame princi- pally rests on his having been tlie first pathologicM. anatomist. The work which gives him this claim is named Sepulchr«- tum, sen Anatomia Practica. He also wrote Pharos Medicorum, and compiled various medical treatises. BONNET, Charles, a celebrated na- turalist, was born at Geneva, in 1720, and was designed for the law, but was inspired with an irrepressible love of natural his- tory, by chancing to peruse a book on that science. His wliole subsequent life was devoted to natural history and physiology, and his discoveries were numerous. He died of a dropsy in tlie chest. May the 20lh, 1793, His works form nine vol- umes In quarto, and many of them have been translated into various languages. The Contemplation of Nature, two volumes octavo, is one of his most popular produc- tions. BONNEVAL, Claude Alexander, Count de, born in 1675, of a noble Limou- sin family, signalized his valour under Tourville, Catinat, and Vend^rae; quitted his country in consequence of a dispute with the minister Chamillard; entered the Austrian service; andbore a distinguished part in many achievements, particularly in forcing the lines before Turin, and de- feating Uie Turks at Pelerwaradin. In 1720, his haughty and intractable dispo- Eition involved him in a quarrel with the court of Vienna, and he was compelled to fly. He took refuge in Turkey, where he became a Mahometan, under the name of Achmet Pacha, and was made master of the ordnance. He died In 1747, at the moment when he was said to be intending to escape from the Turkish dominions. BONNIVET, William Gouffier DE, admiral of France, distinguished him- self at the siese of Genoa, in 1507, and at the battle of Spurs, in' 1513. Francis I. also employed him as a negotiator in En^- lanc^ and Germany. Bonnivet afterwards commanded in Spain ^d the Milanese, opposed peace, committed many military faults, and fell, at last, at the battle of Pa- via, in 1525, which was fought by his ad- vice. It was mainly by his intrigues that the constable of Bourbon was driven into rebellion BONNYCASTLE, John, was a native of Whitchurch, in Bucks, and, after hav- ing been tutor to the sons of the earl of Pom- fret, was appointed one of the matliemati- cal masters at Woolwich. He resided there for forty years, and became professor of mathematics to the Royal Military Academy. He died in 1821. As a man of science he enjoys a deserved reputation. Among his various works m-iy .be men-] BOO -tioned his Treatises on Geometry, Triipi' nometry. Algebra, and Astronomy; and his contributions to Rees's Cyclopaedia. BONOMI, Joseph, an architect, was a native of Italy, but spent a great part of his life in England, and was one of the associates of the Royal Academy. Hia iirchitectural talents were of a high order. He died in March, 1808, at the age of sixty-nine. BOONE, Daniel, one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and was from infancy addicted to hunting in the woods. He set out on an expedi- tion to explore the region of Kentucky, in May, 1769, with 6ve companions. Af- ter meeting with a variety of adventures, Boone was left with his brother, the only white men in the wilderness. They passed tlie winter in a cabin, and in tlie summer of 1770 traversed the country to the Cum- berland river. In September, 1773, Boone commenced his removal to Kentucky with his own and five other families. He was joined by forty men, who put themselves under his direction ; but being attacked by tlie Indians, the whole party returned to the settlements on Clinch river. Boone was afterwards employed by a company of North Carolina, to buy, frnm tlie Indians, lands on the south side of the Kentucky river. In April, 1775, he built a fort at salt- spring, where Boonesborough is now situ- ated. Here he sustained several sieges from the Indians, and was once taken pris- oner by them while hunting with a number of his men. In 1782 the depredations of the savages increased to an alarming ex- tent, and Boone, with other militia officers, collected 176 men, and went In pursuit of a large body, who had marched beyond the Blue Licks, forty miles from Lexington. From that time till 1798, he resided alter- nately in Kentucky and Virginia. In that year, having received a grant of 2000 acres of land from the Spanish autliorities, he .removed to Upper Louisiana, with his children and followers, who were presented with 800 acres each. He settled with them at Charette, on the Missouri river, where he followed his usual course of life, — hunting and trapping bears, — till Sep- tember, 1822, when he died in the cigni^' fifth year of his age. He expired while on his knees, taking aim at some object, and was found in that position, with his gun resting on the trunk of a tree. BOOTH, Barton, a celebrated actor in the reigns of Anne and George I., was born, in 1681, in Lancashire, and was edu- cated at Westminster school, under Dr Busby. At the age of seventeen, how-i ever, he joined a strolling company of players; his talents, at length, gained him a footing on the regu||^ theatre; hispopu* larity continually increased; and hit per BOR Ibrmance of Cato, in 1712, set the seal upon his histrionic reputation. Ifi 1715 ne became one of the joint patentees and manageri^ of Drury Lane theatre. He di- ed in 1738. Booth was the author of a mask called Dido and Eneas, and of some songs and minor pieces. BORDA, John Charles, a celebra- ted mathematician and astronomer, was born at Dax, in Gascony, in 1733; served as an engineer in the French army in 1757; then became a naval officer; acmmpanied Pingre, in 1771, on a voyage to the Suutli Sea, to make experiments on timekeepers; was captain of the Solitaire, in 1781, and displayed great gallswtry in an action with the English ; was employed with Delam- bfe and Mechain in measuring an arc of the meridian; and died in March, 1799. He invented the reflecting circle, anfl a mensuration rod, and made many improve- ments in hydraulics, and exp>eriments to determine the lengtli of the pendulum. BORDE, or BOORDE, Andrew, a physician, born at Fevensey, about 1500, was educated ^it Oxford, and travelled all over Christendom, and a part of Africa. Hfi settled at Winchester, and afterwards at London, at which latter city he died in the Fleet, in 1549. He is the author of various works, among which are a- Book of the Introduction of Knowledge; the Breviary of Health ; and Merrye Tales of the Madmen of Gotham. BORDELON, Laurence, a volumin- ous writer of novels, dramas, and miscel- laneous . works, was born at Bourges, in 1653, and died at Paris, in 1730. Of his works the best known are, Curious Varie- ties; the Extravagant Fancies of M. OufSe; and Dialogues of the Living. In company one day, Bordelon said, " my works are my deadly sins;" to which a bj'stander replied, " the public does pen- .a,nce for- them." BORELLI, John Alphonso, a phi- losopher and mathematician, was born in 1608, studied at Rome, and became pro- fessor of natural philosophy, and mathe- matics at Pisa and Florence. From the latter city he went to Messina, where he had once held a professorship; but, in 1674, he was banished from it for political reasons. He settled at Rome, and died there in 1679, He was the first who ap- plied mathematical calculation and me- chanical principles to explain muscular action. Among his numerous produc- tions, his posthumous work, De Slotu Ani- malium, is tiic only one which is remem- bered, BORGHESE, Marie Pauline, prin- cess, originally Bonaparte, sister Of Na- poleon, was born in 1780, at Ajaccio. Her first husband was general Leclerc, mild, after his death in lo02, she married BOR 103 the prince Camillo Borghese. With Na- poleon, who loved her tenderly, she had many disputes, and as many reconcilia- tions; for if he was capricious, she was also proud. Before the battle of Water- loo she placed alt her diamonds, which were of great value, at his disposal; and they were in his carriage, which was ta- ken in that battle, and exhibited in Lon- don. She lived, afterwards, separated from her husband, at Rome; where her house was the centre of refined and fash- ionable society. She died at Florence, in June, 1825. BORGIA, C^SAR, the wicked oflBpring of a wicked paren. was the natural son of Pope Alexander \ 1. His father made him an archbishop and cardinal; but he was afterwards secularized, and the French king created him duke of ValentinDlg. He is said to have caused his brother, and several other persons, to be assassinated. After having performed many splendid military af^ions, and sustained Qiany re- verses of fortune, he was slain, in 1507, at the siege of Viana. BORJA, or BORGIA, Fkancis DE,a Spanisli poet and statesman, a descendant from Pope Alexander VI., was appointed viceroy of Peru, in 1614, and governed that province in a manner which was honourable to him. He returned to Spain in 1623, and cultivated literature till his decease, which occurred in 1638. As a poet, he is most esteemed for his lyrical compositions. BORLACE, Edmund, the son of one of the lords justices of Ireland, was educated at Dublin, and settled as a physician at Ch^ter, where he died in 1682. His principal work is a History of the Irish Reb^lion. BORLASE, William, an antiquary and topographer, was born, in 1695, at Pendeen, in Cornwall, was educated, at Oxford, and, till the end of his days, was rector of Ludgvan and vicar of St. Just, in his native country. The first of theses preferments he obtamed in 1722. In 1749 he was made F, R. S. and, in 1766, LL. D, He died in 1772. His chief works are, the Antiquities of Cornwall ; Observat ions on the Scilly Islands; and a Natural His- torv of Cornwall, fiORN, Ignatius, Baron, a mineralo- gist and niiscellaneous writer, was born, in 1742, at Calrsburg, in Transylvania, and, in 1772, obtained an appointment in the department of the mines at Pra^ie. His mineralogical talents induced the Em- press Maria Theresa, to fix him at Vienna, and he was in 'high favour with her suc- cessor Joseph II. He died in August, 1791. Born was a zealous member of the lUuminati, and poignantly ridiculed thfl monks in his Monachologia. His wcrka 104 BOS principally relate to mineralogy and min- ing, and are much valued. The process of amalgamation was greatly improved by him. _ BORROMEO, Charles, a cardinal, justly celebrated for his virtues, was of an illustrious Lombard family, and was bom, in 1538, at the castle of Arona, in the Mi- lanese. He. was created a cardinal and archbishop of Milan, by his uncle Fope. Pius IV. He was a model of piety and of charity, and a munificent patron of learn- ing. Hi^ efforts ,to reform the monastic orders^drew on him the vengeance of a fanatical monk, who attempted, but, hap- Sily, -without success, to assassinate him. lorromeo died in 1584; in 1610, he was canonized ; and in 1697 a colossal bronze statue of him, sixty-six feet high, was erected at Arona. His theological works occu[^ five folio volumes. BORROMEO, Frederic, cousin german of Cardinal Charles, was also a cardinal, created in 1587, and' archbishop of Milan in 1595. He died in 1631, at the age of sixty-eight. He founded the famous Ambrosian library, and two Acad- emies, at Milan; is the author of various theological works ; and emulated his cousin in piety and virtue. BORROMINI, FRANcrs, an Italian architect, was bom at Bissona, in the Milanese, in 1599, was a pupil of Mademo, and succeeded him as architect at St. Peter's at Rome. His public works are numerous ; but, though he was of undoubt- ed talent, his taste was faulty. Jealousy of his rival Bernini's success is said to have rendered him insane, and, in a fit of frenzy, he put an end to his own existence, m 1667. B03, Lambert, an eminent phllologer and scholar, was born, in 1670-, at Wor- cnm, in Friesland ; became a Greek pro- fessor at Franeker, in 1704; and died, of consumption, in 1717. His most popular production is an excellent work on Greek ellipses. He published an edition of the Septuagint, with a prolegomena and vari- ous readings. BOSC, Loots AtTGUSTus William, a French naturalist and agricultural writer, was born, in 1759, at Paris, and died there in 1828. In 1784 he was appointed secretary of the post office, and was sub- 8eque;3tly promoted to a still higher sta- tion in that office. In 1793 he was driven from his place by the jacobins, and he took upj^is residence in the forest of Montmo- renci, where he lived for three years in eolitude, and devoted himself to the Study of natural history, to which he had always been partial. His latter years were wholly devoted to science. Among his numerous works are a History of shells. Worms, &c. ; two Dictionaries of Agriculture: and ■ New Dictionary of Natural History BOS BOSCAN-ALMOGAVER, JoHit, ■ celebrated Spanish poet, was born at Bar- celona, in 1494, served in the army when young, and was admitted • to the court of Charles V., who valued him much. He was also entrusted with the education o! the duke of Alba. The use of hendeca- syllabic verse was introduced by him into the Spanish language, or. at least, was rendered popular. His poems wei-e print- ed in conjunction with those of his friend Garcilasso. B03CAWEP;, Edward, a brave and skilful admiral, second son of Viscount Falmouth, was born, in 1711, in Corn- wall, entered the navy early, and in 1740 obtained the command of the Shoreham, whence, in 1744, he was removed to the Dreadnought. He distinguished himself at Porto-Bello and Cartbagena, and, under Anson, in tne battle off Cape Finisterre. Being made rear-admiral, and sent with a squadron to the East Indies, he &i]ed in an attempt on Pondicherry, but took Ma- dras. On his return, he was appointed one of the admiralty board. In 1755, he captured two sail of the line; in 1758, as- sisted in reducing Louisbourg; andin 1759, completely defeated a French fleet ofi' Cape Lagos. A pension, the thanks of parliament, and the rank of general of the marines, were the rewards of these servi- ces. He died m January, 1761. BOSCAWEN, William, a nephew of tlie admiral, was born in 1752, and edu- cated at Eton, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; became a commissioner sf bank- rupts and of the victualling board; and died in 1811. He published a Translation of Horace ; the Progress of Satire ; and a Treatise of Convictions on Penal Statutes. BOSCOVICH, Roger Joseph, a na- tive of Ragusa, born in 1711, was educa- ted by the Jesuits, at Rome, entered their order, and displayed such early talents, that, even before be had completed his studies, he was appointed professor of mathematics and philosophy at the Roman College. He was employed by Pius VI. on various public undertakings; among otiiers, the draining of the Pontine marshes ; and was afterwards patronised by the grand duke of Tuscany, and the king of France, tlie latter of whom gave him 3ie place of director of optics for the navy. Bosco vich died at Milan, in 1787. His collective philosophical works R>rm five quarto vol- umes. Among them is a very elegant Latin poem on ecliples. , BOSSU, Rene le, a French critic, born at Paris, in 1631, died in 1680, sub- prior of the abbey of St, John of Chartres. His principal work is a Treatise on Epic Poetry, which was once popular, but il i now almost forgotten. I BOSSUET, James Behioncs. one of BOS die most eloquent of French preachers, and Rente of controversialists, was born, in 1627, at Dijon, and after having studied at the college of Navarre, he became canon of Metz. From Metz his reputation spread to the capital, and he was invited to Paris, to preach before the queen mother and the king. There his fame soon eclipsed that of all his predecessors and contemporaries. In 1669 he was made bishop of Condom ; in 1670 preceptor to the dauphin ; and, in 16S1, bishop of Meaux. He died in 1704. His Funerad Orations are masterpieces of eloquence; and in his controversy with the protestants be displays admirable learning and skill. Of his works, which form twenty quarto volumes, the principal 'are his Sermons; Discourse onUniversiaJ His- tory; Exposition of the Catholic Fa t^; and History of the Variations of the Pro- testant Churches. BOSSUT, Chakles, an eminent ma- thematician, was born in the Lyonese, in 1730, studied in the Jesuits' college at Ly- ons, was tau^t mathematics by d'Alem- bert, and at the a^ of twenty-two was professor of the engmeers' school at Metz. He died in 1814, univerrally regretted, both as an individual and as a man of sci- ence. His chief works are, a History of Mathematics ; and, a Course of Mathema- tics ; the last of which is highly popular. BOSTON, Thomas, a Scotch divine, was born at Dunse, in 1676, and died min- ister of Ettrick, in 1732. He is chiefly remembered by his Human Nature in its Fourfold State ; a work which has gone through numerous editions. HOT lOB BOSWELL, James, the biographer of Dr. Johnson, was the son of a Scotch i'udge, and was bom at Edinburgh, in 1740. n 1763 he began his travels, in the course of which he visited Corsica. Of that island he afterwards gave an account, with Memoirs of General Paoli. Having been admitted an advocate of the Scottish courts, he took a prominent part in the celebrated Douglas cause, and also wrote a camphlet on the subject. In 1773 he attended John- son to the Hebrides; an excursion uf which he published a journal in 1785. He 5t was called to the English bar, but had little practice, and never obtained any other legal preferment than the recorder- ship of Carlisle. Of Johnson be was for more than twenty years the intimate friend, and his Life of that eminent character, which appeared in 17S0, deservedly ranks him among the most amusing and interest- ing of biographers. Boswell likewise pro- duced the Hypochondriac, a series of pa- pers in the London Magazine, and some fugitive pieces. He died May the 19ih, 1795. BOTELLO, Don NuNO Altabez de, one of the mos celebrated Portuguese vice- roys of India. He sailed from Lisbon in 1624, and gained several victories over the Dutch. In 1628, he assumed the gov- ernment of the Portuguese possessions in Hindostan, succoured Malacca, and de- stroyed the besieging Achenese army and fleet ; for which he received the title of father of the country. After having ob- tained other successes, he was unfortunately killed, in 1629, by being crushed between his own and an enemy's vessel. BOTH, JoHK and AsDnEW, Dutch painters, natives of Utrecht, and pupik of Blomaert, were as remarkable for their fraternal affection as for their talents. They studied, lived, and painted together, and seemed to have but one mind. John excelled in landscapes, Andrew in figures. Andrew was drowned at Venice, in 1650, and his brother pined with grief for his loss, and died at Utrecht, in 1656. BOTT, John de, an engineer, bom at Florence, in 1670, of French parents, served successively tlie prince of Orange (William IIL), the elector of Brandenmrg, and the elector of Saxony. He fortified Wesel, and erected the arsenal at Berlin, and sev- eral fine edifices at Dresden. He died in 1745. BOTTAKI, John Gaetano, a learned' Italian prelate, was bom at Florence, in 1689, and died at Rome, in 1775. The Crusca Academy intrusted to him the su- perintendence of the new edition of its Dic- tionary; the grand duke of Tuscany placed him at the head of his printing establish- ment; and Pope Benedict XIV. made him librarian of the Vatican, his almoner, and a canon. Bottari is the author of various works, relative to literature and the arts. BOTZARIS, Make, one of the gallant defenders of liberty in modern Greece, was born in Albania, in 1780, and is said to have been, at an early period of his life, in the French service. When the Greeks rose to throw o£f the- Ottoman yoke, he ar- dently espoused the cause of his country, and was chosen stratarch of Western Greece. The Turks having invaded Eto- lia with a large army, he, at the head of two hundred and fifty volunteers. 108 BOU nocturna attack on the enemy's camp, and put great numbers of them to the sword ; but, towards the close of the contest, be received a mortal wound. His compan- ions in arms, by a desperate effort, suc- ceeded in bearing him from the field, and ne expired atJVIissolonghi on the following day, August 23, 1823. BOUCHARDON, Edme, a celebrated French sculptor, was bom, in 1698, at Chaumont in Bassigni, and died in 1762, Among his principal works are, a part of the figures of the fountai.] of Neptune at Ver- eailled; the monument of the duchess of Lauraguais;-and the fountain of Grenelle Street. He designed also, particularly in red chalk, with ^mirable spirit and taste. BOUDTIVOT^ Glias, a descendant of one of the Huguenots, was bom in Phila- delphia, in 1740. He received a liberal education, and entered into the practice of the law in New-Jersey, where he soon rose to considerable eminence. In 1777 he was chosen a member of Congress, and in 1782 was elected pre&ident of that body. On the return of peace he resumed his profes- sion, but in 1789, was elected to a seat in thehoase of repres^tatives of the United States, which he continued to occupy for six years.* He was then appointed by Washington Director of the National Mint, ■n which oflice he remained for about twelve years. Resigning this office he re- ijired to private life, and resided from that time in Burlington, New-Jersey. Here he passed his time in literary pursuits, lib- ei*al hospitality, and in discharging all the duties of an expansive and ever active be- nevolence. Being possessed of an ample fortune, he made munificent donations w various charitable and theological institu- tions, and was one of the earliest and most efficient friends of the American Bible So- ciety. Of this institution he was the first president, and it was particularly the ob- ject of his princely bounty. He died in October, 1821. BOUCICAUT, John le Maingre D£, a marshal of France, one nf the bravest and best of his countrymen, was born at Tours, ill 1364 ; served at the a^e of twelve years under Duguesclin ; acquired distin- guished honour at the battle of Nicopolis, in 1396, where, however, he was taken prisoner; governed the city of Genoa for nine years with humanity and integrity; was made captive at tlie battle of Azincour, which was fought against his advice; and died in England, in 1421, after a captivity of six vears. BO0FFLERS,Loois Francis, Duke of, an eminent French marshal, was born in 1644; served with distinction under Creer. Of the latter office he was de prived in 1672. The period of his deatll is uncertain. He is the author of Conver- BRI ■nces; being Select Precedents of deeds and inBtrnments. BRIDGEWATER, Francis Eger- TON, Duke of, who deserves to be com- memorated as the individual who first de- monstrated to his country the benefits of canal navigation, was born in 1736, and succeeded to the title in 1748. Seconded by the genius of Brindlet, he expended large sums in forming canals, and was at lengtli amply repaid. His first canal, from Worsley to Manchester, was opened in 1760. He died in 1803. BRIDP0RT,ALEXANDERH00D,Ad- miral Lord, the youngest brdther of Vis- count Hood, like his relative, entered the navy early, and, like him, distinguished himself on many occasions, SiS an able and gallant seaman. He bore a part in tlie ac- tion of the first of June, 1794, and, in June, 1795, defeated a French squadron, and captured three sail of the line. He was created an Irisli peer in 1794, an English peer in 1796, and dieil in 1S14. BRIGGS, Henrt, a mathematician, born near Halifax, in 1536, was educated at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first professor of geometry at Gresham College, and afterwards at Oxford. He resided at Oxford till his decease,- in 1630. Brig?s was a friend of Lor4 Napier, and mainly contributed to improve and difiuse the valuable invention of logaritlims. To him also, in fiict, belongs the discovery of the binomial tlieorem, the differential method, and otlier things, which have been attri- buted to a later period. Among his works are, Arithmetica Logaritlimica; Trigono- metria Britannica (completed by (jlelli- braud) ; and Tables for the Improvement of Navigation. BRILLAT-SAVARIN, Anthelme, was born at Belley, on tlie Savoy frontier of France, in 1755, and at the time of his death, in 1826, filled a place in one of tlie higher French tribunals. He produced various works; but is best known by his Physiology of Taste, or Meditations of transcendental Gastronomy, which has passed through several editions. BRINDLEY, James, born in 1716, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, received but a ■lender education, and was originally a millwright. His mechanical genius, how- ever, soon manifested itself, and he com- menced business as an engineer, in which he acquired considerable practice and repu- tation. But tlie circumstance which first raised him into eminence was his being employed by the duke of Bridgewater, in 1759, to form the canal from Worsley to Manchester. When Brindley first pro- Eosed to carry this canal over the naviga- te river Irwell, by means of an aqueduct, an eminent engineer sneeringly remarked^ that " ba had befors heard of castles iu BRI 115 the air, but had never till then been shown where one was to be built." The bold ' projector, however, was completely suc- cessful. Thenceforth he was fully occu- pied in canals and other hydraulic works. Among these canals may be mentioned the Grand Trunk, Birmingham, Droitwich, and Chesterfield. Brindley died in 1772. So impressed was he with the superiority of canals over rivers, that he is said to have told a committee of the house of com- mons, that the latter were created only for the purpose of feeding the former. BRINVILLIERS,MaryMargaret, Marchioness dc, a woman whose crimes have gained her a niche in the temple of infamy, was the wife of the marquis de Brinvilliers, whom she married in 1651 Having entered into an illicit connexion with St. Croix, a young Gascon officer, who had been taught tlie art of compound- ing the most subtle poisons by the cele- brated Italian Exili, she became a deter- mined poisoner, and her father, sister, two brothers, and many other persons, fell victims to her diabolical skill. She was at length detected, put, to the torture, beheaded, and burned, in 1676. At her execution she displayed extraordinary cour- age, and the stupid mob aflerwards sought for her bones, in the belief that she was a saint ! BRIOT, Nicholas, a French engra- ver of the mint, under the reign of Louia XIII., for whom his countrymen claim the invention of the balance press, which su- perseded the hammer in coining. That machine, however, appears to have been kivented, long before, by Bruchet, and to nave bean used, both in England and France ; though it had, undoubtedly, fallen into disuse, till reintroduced by Briot, fii^t in England, and next in his own country. BRISSON, Mathurin James, a French naturalist, was bom at Fontenay le Compte, in 1723, and died in 1806. Among his numerous works, which possess considerable merit, are his Ornithology; Specific Gravity of Bodies; an,d Fhysico- Chemical Elements or Principles. BRISSOT, John Peter, one of the most active of the French revolutionists, and firom whom a faction was denomina- ted, was born near Chartres, in 1757, and was originally brought up to the law. He, however, abandoned that pursuit, and be- came a literary character, and editor of the Courier de TEurope. His first works of any importance were a Theory of Criminal Law, and a Philosophical Library of Criminal Law. After having visited England, he returned to Paris, was patron- ised by the duke of Orleans, and was sent to the Bastile for an alleged' libel. A sec- ond time he was on the point of being imprisonedi but he made .bis escape* Ir 116 BRO BRO 1788 he went to America; but he did not [the crown. He also wrote the Ctumins long remain there. He came back to Lovers, a comedy; translated part of France in 1789, published his Travels, and Horace; and puhfish?4 an edition of ten bacame an active political writer, par- of Richard Brome's plays. Hisowncom- ticularly in the journal called the French To royalty he was decidedly In 1791 he was elected a member Patriot- hostile. of the legislative assembly, and he bore a prominent part in it, as wefU as in its successor, the convention. The war be- tween France and Austria and Great Britain was brought about chiefly by his exertions and intrigues. After the death of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction gained the ascendanc}r^ and Brissot was at length sent to tlie scartbld, on the 31st of October, 1793. BRITTON, Thomas, a native of Hig- ham Ferrers, was born in 1654, iind, from his trade andhis musical taste, was known as " the musical small coal man." Though he cried hic small coal-about the streets, he gave concerts at his humble dwelling, at which some of the most eminent pro- fessors and persons of fashion attended. He was also a proficient in chemistry, and a collector of books and curiosities. Brit- ton was at last frightened to death, in 1714, by a brutal ventriloquist, who pre- dicted to. him his' approaching end. The terrified votary of music took to his bed, and died in a few days. BROCKLESBY, Richard, a physi- cian, was born at Minehead, in 1722, took his degree at Leyden^ in 1745, and, after having been physician to the army in Ger^ many, settled in London, where he became popular. He died in 1797. Brocklesby was a liberal ^minded man, and was iil habits of friendship with the most eminent of his contemporaries. Some medical tracts, and a Dissertation on the Music of the Ancients, are his only productions, BROGLIE, Victor Francis, Duke de, a French general, was born in 1718, and bore, with considerable reputation, a part in the wars carried on by his country during the last century, between 1734, and 1761. From 1759 to 1761, he commanded in chief in Germany. In 1789 he emigra- ted, and in 1792 he was at the head of a corps of emigrants in Champaigne. He died, in 1804, at Munster. BROME, Richard, a dramatist, who died in 1652, was originally a servant of Ben Jonson, but nothing further is known of his life. His plays, which are fifteen in number, possess considerable merit The Jovial Crew was revived with ap- plauf;e at Covent Garden, in the middfle of the last century. BROME, Alexander, who was born positions fOrm an octavo volume. BROMFIELD, William, an eminent surgeon, the pupil of Ranby, was born at London, in 1712. In conjunction with the Rev. H. Madan, he founded the Lock Hospital, of which he became first surgeon. He was also surgeon to the St. George's Hospital, and to the queen's household He died in 1792. His principal work is Chirurgical Cases and Observations, 2 vols, octavo. BRONGNIART, Augustus Locii, apothecary to Louis XVI., was one of those who earliest and most sedulously contri- buted, by his lectures, to difilise a know- ledge of physics and chemistry in France. He died at Paris, in 1S04. Besides many scientific essays, he is the author of an An- alytical Description- of the Combinations and Decompositions of various Substances. BROOKE, Henry, a wTiter of consid- erable merit, was born in 1706, at Ranta- van, in Ireland, and was bred to the bar. Ill his youth he was the friend of Swift and Pope, the latter of whom is said to have assisted him in his poem called Universal Beauty, which appeared in 1732. Dar- win appears to have made the versifica- tion of this poem the model of his own. Brooke's next production was the tragedy ofGustavus Vasa, which, in consequence of its supposed political tendency, the li- censer would not allow to be acted. The author, however, published It by .subscrip- tion, and gained a thousand pounds. Re- turning to Ireland, he obtainedjthe post of barracK master, and resided in his native land till his decease, in 1783. In his lat- ter days, his intellectual faculties were much weakened. One of the most popu- lar of his works is the Fool of Quality, in five volumes. His dramatic and miscella- neuus works form four volumes octavo, BROOKE, Frances, whose maiden name was MooRE, was the daughter of a clergyman. T!ie time of her birth is un- known ; she died in 1769., Her first liter- ary production was a periodical work, cal- led the Old Maid, which came out in 1755 and 1756. She wrote the tragedies of Virginia and the Siege of Sinope; the musical dramas of Rosina and Marian; the novels of Lady Julia Mandeville, Emi- ly Montague, the Excursion, and the Me- moirs of the Marquis de St. Forlaix; and translated Lady Catesby's Letters, and Millot's History of England. BROOKS, John, the sen of a respect- in 1620, and died in 1666, was a spirited able farmer, was born in Medford, Massa- and fertile writer of satires, songs, and chusetts, in the year 1752. After receiv- epigrains against the parliament party, ing a common schnol e'luration, he wm during the struggle between the people and placed with Dr. TuHs to study the prufes BRO «iou of medicine. On completing his stud- ies, he commenced practice in the neigh- bouring town of Reading, a short time be- fore the commencement of the revolulion. When this event occurred, he was appoint- ed to command a company of minute men, and was soon ailer raised to the rank of major in the Continental service. He was distinguished for his knowledge of military tactics, and acquired the confidence of Washington. In 1777, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and took a conspicuous part in the capture of Burgoyne at Sara- toga. On the disbanding of the army, Colonel Brooks resumed the practice of medicine in Medford and the vicinity, and was soon after elected a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was for many years major-general of the mili tia of his county, and his division render- ed efficient service to the government in the insurrection of 1786. General Brooks also represented his town in the general court, and was a delegate to the State convention for the adoption of the federal constitution. In the late war with England, he was the adjutant-general of governor Strong, whom, on his retirement from office, he was chos- en to succeed. He discharged the duties of chief-magistrate with much ability for seven successive years, when he retired to private life. His remaining years were passed in the town of Medford, where he died in 1825. BROOME, William, was the son of hnmble parents in Cheshire, and received his education at Eton and Cambridge. Pope employed him in making notes from Eustathius, for the Iliad, and, afterwards, made him one of his associates in trans' lating the Odyssey. Broome complained of his scanty remuneration, and Pope, in revenge, gave him a place in the Dunciad. He died vicar of Eye, in Suffolk, in 1745. Besides his share in tlie Odyssey, he pro- duced a volume u ' poems, and translated part of Anacreon, BROSSES, Charles de, born in 1709, died in 1779, was first president of the parliament of Burgundy; but devoted his leisure hours to literature. He was the schoolfellow, and, through life, the attach- ed friend of Bufibn. Of hin works the principal are Letters on Herculaneum; History of Voyages to the Southern Re- gions; and a History of Rome, partly from Sallust. He was also a liberal contributor to the Encyclopedia. BROTIER, Gabriel, a French Jesuit, born at Tannay, in 1723, was libiarian to the college of Lewis the Great; and, after his order was suppre5sed,^e spent the last twenty-six years of his life with a friend. He died at Paris, in 1789. Brotier was an excellent classical scholar, and publish- BRO 117 ed editions of various classics, among which his Tacitus stands preeminent BROTIER, Andrew Charles, a nephew of Gabriel, was born at Tannay, in 1751, and became professor of naathe- matics at the Paris military school In 1797, he was deeply implicated in a royal- ist conspiracy, for which he was transport- ed to Guiana, where he died in 1798. He published some posthumous works of his uncle, and translated Aristophanes and Plautus. BROUGHTON, Thomas, a divine and literary character, was born in London, in 1704, studied at Eton and Cambridge, and died, vicar of Bedminster, St. Mary Red- clifTe, Bristol, and a prebendary of Salis- bury, in 1774. He was one of tlie princi- pal contributors to the Biographia Brit- annica; and also wrote several works, among which is a Dictionary of all Reli- gions, two volumes folio. BROUSSONET, Peter Augustus Mari&, a French naturalist, was born at Montpelier, in 1761, became a member of- the Academy of Sciences and of the Royal Society, consul at Teneriffe, and, lastly, professor of botany at his native place, where he died in 1807. Among his prin- cipal works are his Ichthyologia ; and a kind of Farmer's Journal, whicn extended to eight volumes quarto. Broussonct was the first who introduced merino sheep and Angora goats into France. During the last months of his life, in consequence of a fall, he entirely lost the power of remem- bering proper names and nouns ; while, on the contrary, French and Latin adjectives crowded into his memory, and he used them to designate tJbose objects of which he wished to speak. BUOWN, Robert, the founder of the sect of Brownists, was born at Northamp- ton, and was related to Lord Burleigh. He pursued his studies at Cambridge. About 1580, he began to attack the gov- ernment and liturgy of the church, had many followers, and was soon imprisoned by the ecclesiastical commissions, but was liberated by the interest of Lord Burleigh. He then settled at Middleburgh, in Hol- land, collected a congregation, and ^rote a book, intitled a Treatise of Reforma- tion virithout tarrying for any Man. In 1585, however, he returned to England, became engaged in contests with the bish- ops, was disowned by his father, and was, at length, excommunicated. Conviction, or, perhaps, policy, now induced him to conform, and, in 1590, he obtained a living in Nortbampton shire. His end was in unison with his life.' At the age of more than eighty, he was committed to gaol, for sti'iking a constable and abuiing a ma* gistrate, and he died, in 1630, shordy after 118 BRQ his committal. He used to boast, "tliat be had been incarcerated in thirty-two Erisons, ill some of which he could not see is hand at noonday." His sect long survived him. In the civil wars it bore the name of the Independents. BROWN, Thomas, a writer of talent and of considerable though coarse wit, was the son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, but quitted college on account. of his irregular- ities. For a while he was a school-master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting this sit- uation, however, he settled in London, as an author by profession, and gained noto- riety by his lampoons, his humour, and his conversational powers. He died in 1704. His works form 4 vols. 12 mo. BROWN, Ulysses Matcimiltan, an Austrian field -marshal, the son of an expa- triated Irish officer, was born at Basil, in 1703; served with distinction against the Turks, and at the battles of Parma and Guastalla; was made field-marshal in 1739; signalized his talents in Italy, from 1744 to 1746, particularly at the battle of Placentia; and died in the Bohemian cap- ital in 1757, of the wounds which he receiv- ed at the battle of Prague. BROWN, John, D. D., a man of mul- tifarious talents, some of whose works once enjoyed great popularity, was born at Rothbury, in Northumberland, in 1715, and was educated at Su John's College, Cambridge. He took orders, but In the year 1745, he acted with much spirit as a volunteer against the rebels. In the church he obtained considerable preferment, and ae was indefatigable as a writer. He put tin end to his existence, in a fit of insanity, .n 1766. His poems and tragedies have merit. But the work by which he most attracted public notice was his Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times, published in 1757, in which his countrymen are represented as being sunk into a state of utter degeneracy. It ran through seven editions in one year. Splen- did British victories soon, however, proved the falsehood of its assertions. Of his oth- er productions, one of the best is. Essays on Lord Shaftesbury's Characteristics. BROWN, Lancelot, a landscape gar dener (commoily known by the designation of Capability Brown, from his frequent use of the phrased' this spot has great capabil- ities*'), was born at Kirharle, in Northum- berland, in 1715; attained high reputation in laying out grounds; made a large for- tune, and was nigh sheriff for Huntingdon- shire; and died in 1782. BROWN, John, i self educated Scotch divine, was born, in 1722, at Kerpoo, in Perthshire, became a minister and school- ■uuter, and died in 1787. Hi^ principal BRO works are, the Self Interpreting Bib«, % volf). 4to. ; and a Dictionary of the Bible, 2 vols. Svo. BROWN, John, celebrated as the pa rent of tlie Brunonian svstem of medicine, was born, in 1735, at fiuncle, in Berwick- shire, and originally studied with a view to the church, but .afterwards commenced the study of physic. For a while he was patronised by Dr. Cullen. He, however, quarrelled with tl.at gentleman, and be came his active opponent. After many struggles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon- don, in 1786, and died there in October, 1788, leaving a numerous family in want. His misfortunes principally arose from hii habits of intemperance. -His medical sys- tem is developed in his Elementa Medi- cinx, and has, at least, the merit of simpli- city, as it classes all diseases under 'wo heads — those of deficient and^those of le- dundant excitement. BROWN, John, an eminent landscape engraver, was a fellow pupil of Woollet, and for some time worked in conjunction with him. Their teacher's name was Tin- ney. Brown acquired considerable repu* tation for the taste and spirit of his burin, and became an associate of the Royal Academy. He died, at the age of sixty, in October, 1801. BROWN, William, a celebrated gem engraver, was born, in 1748. At the com- mencement of his career he was patronised by Catherine of Russia, and subsequently by Louis XVI, The French revolution drove him from Paris, and he settled in London, where he. produced many excel- lent works. He died in 1825. BROWN, John, a painter, was born at Edinburgh, In 1752, resided ten years in Italy, and acquired there a knowledge of all the elegant arts. On his return, be settled at Edinburgh, in which city he died in 1787. He was the intimate friend of Lord Monboddo, to whom he addressed his Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera. They were published by the learned judge in 1789. BROWN, Charles Bbockden, an American novelist and man of letteni, was born in Philadelphia in January 1771. Afler a good school education, he com- menced the study of the law in the office of an eminent member of the bar. Dur- ing the preparatory term, his mind was much engaged in literary pursuits, and when the time approached for his admis- sion into the courts, he resolved to aban- don the profession altogether. His pasaion for letters, and tlie weakness of his physi- cal constitution, disqualified him for the bustle of business. His first publication was Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Righte of Women, written in uie autumn ana wintH BRO •f 1797. The first of liis novela, issaed in 1798, was Wieland, a powerrul and original romance, which soon acquired rep- atation. After this, followed Ormond, Arthiur Mervyn, Edgar Huntley and Clara Howard, in rapid succession, the last being published in 1801. The last of his novels, Jane Talbot, was originally published in London, in 1804, and is much inferior to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown publish- •«i the 6rs*t number of tiie Monthly Maga- zine and American Review ; a work which he continued for about a ye:ir and a half with much industry and ability. In 1805 he commenced anotlicr journal with the title of the Literary Magazine and Amer- ican Register; and in this undertaking he persevered for five years. During the same interval he found time to write three large political pamphlets, on the Cession of Louisiana, on -ihe British Treaty, and on Commercial Restrictions. In 1806, he commenced a semi-annual Americ]i he afiectingly expatiated on his soulless state. His friends suppressed thi.^ melan- choly proof of his singular insanity; but it is preserved in the Adventurer. He died in 1732. He is the author of hymns, sermons, and various .controversial and theological pieces. BROWNE, Sib WiLLiAM.aphysicIan; an eccentric but amiable character, was born in 1692, studied at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn, whence he removed to London, where he died in 1774. In dress, style, and manners, he was a complete oddity; a circumstance which exposed him to the shafts of satire. He had, how- ever, the good sense and dignity of mind to smile at such attacks! At Lynn, he nailed to his house door a pamphlet which was written against him ; and when Foote caricatured him, in the Devil on Two Sticks, Browne sent him a note, praising the accuracy of the mimic's personation, and sending him his own muff, to complete the picture. Browne left three gold medals to be yearly given to Cambridge under- graduates, for Greek and Latin compo- sitions; and founded a scholarship at Peterhouse, where he was educated. He translated Gregory's Elements of Diop- trics ; and collected, under the title of Opuscula, his own light pieces. BROWNE, George, Count de, an Irish catholic, born in 1693, entered into the Russian service. He saved the Empress Anna Ivanovna from tlie conspiracy of the fuards, and served with distinction under ,ascy, Munich, and Keith. On the banks of the Volga he stopped with only three thousand men the whole Turkish array. He was, however, taken prisoner by the Turks and sold as a slave, but escaped. In the seven years war, he distinmiished himself at the battles of Pra"ue, Kollin, Jaegendurf, and Zorndorff, His services were rewarded with the government of Livonia. After having held it thirty years, he wislied to retire, but Catherine II. replied, " death alone shall part us." He died in 1792. BROWNE, Moses, a divine and poet, BRU was born in 1703, and was originally a pencuttar; but, through the interest of Harvey, he obtained orders, and the living of Ohiey, in Buckinghamshire. He died in 1787, at Morden College, of which he was chaplain. He is the author of several works, the principal of wliich are Piscatory Eclogues ; and Sunday Thoughts. Browne was a great lover of angling, and published an edition' of -Walton's Angler. BROWNE, Isaac Hawkins, a native of Burton upon Trent, was born in- 1706, studied at Westminster, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn ; was called to the bar ; and became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a man of infinite wit, he was mute in par- liament. He is the author-of an excellent Latin poem, on tlie Immortality of die Soul, which has been more tlian once translated; and also of P6enis. Of his minor poems, the Pipe of Tobacco, in which he admirably imitates six poets of that period, is the best known, and is de- servedly popular. He died in 1766. BROWNE, Patrick, a botanist and physician, was born at Crossfaoyne, in Iceland, in 1720, alid studied physic at Paris and Leyden. He ' tlien went to the West Indies, which he had visited in bit youth, and finally took up his abode at Jamaica. Returning at length to Ireland, he died in 172^, at Rusbrook, in the county of Mayo. His chief work is the Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. BROWNE, William George, an English traveller, a man of fortune, who penetrated into the interior of Africa, and was the first who gave an accoTmt of the African kingdoms of Darfiir and Bomou. His Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792 to 1798, were published in 1799. About the year 1814 he was murdered, in Persia, while on his way to explore the re- gions south of the Caspian. BRUCE, Robert, the deliverer of Scotland from the English yoke, was a de- scendant, by the female side, from David, brother of William I. Like his father, who was a competitor for the crown wiUi Baliol, he at first fought under the English banners. He, however, at lengdi, assorted his right to the sovereignty, and was crowned at Scone, in 1306. After many reverses, he totally defeated Edn-ard II., in 1314, at Bannockburn, and thus estab- lished himself firmly on the throne. He died in 1329. Tradition says that, after one of the defeats which he sustained at the outset of his career, when Bruce vm hiding from his enemies, and almost dis- posed to relinquish his enterprise in des- pair, he was animated to perseierance" by the example of a spider, whidi ne saw foiled in nine attempts to reach a certain point, but which persisted, and succceeJeo in the tenth. BRU BRUCE, James, a celebrated traveller, wa8 hoi. I in 1730, at Kinnaird House, in Stiilingshire. He was educated at Harrow and Edinburgh. After having been, for a short time, in the wine ti'ade, he relin- quished it,- and, in 1763, was appointed consul at Algiers. While holding this of- fice, he explored a part of Northern Afri- ca, proceeded to CypriKi, Syria, and Asia Minor, and made drawings of Palmyra and Balbeck. In 1768, he began his famous expedition to Abyssinia, to discover the sources of the Nile, and he reached the Abyssinian '^pital in February, 1770, where he soon acquired considerable influ- ence at court, by bis manners, courage, multifarious knowledge, and personal ap- pearance. That be reached what some have considered as the source of the Nile i% certain ; but it is at least doubtful whether the springs which he visited form the real head of the Nile. He did not return to his ^native country till 1778, and the narrative of his Travels did not appear till 1790, when it came forth in four quarto volumes. That narrative excited infinite criticism and cavil, and has, in fact, been treated with disgracefiil illiberality. Bruce wag killed by a fall down stairs, in April, 1794. BRUCE, Michael, a poet, bom at Kinneswood, in Scotland, in 1746, was a village schoolmaster, and died at the early age of twenty-one, after having long con- tended with poverty and sickness. His poems have much merit. One of them, on his approaching end, is truly pathetic. BRUCKER, John James, a learned Lutheran clergyman, was born at Augs- jurg, in 1696, and died minister of Saint Ulric's, in his native city, in 1770. Of his works, the most valuable and the best known is the History of Philosophy, in 6 vols. 4to., of which Dr. Enfield published an English abridgment. Brucker was nearly fifty years employed on it; and it displays a degree of erudition, judgment, and impartiality, which is highly honour- able to its author. BRUEYS, David Augustiw, a French dramatic writer, was bom at Aix, in 1640, and died at Montpelier, in 1723. The comedies of Bmeys, two of which were written in conjunction with Palaprat, are fiill of comic spirit. He also viTote tnr-^e tragedies. At his outset in life he was a protestani, but was converted by Boesuet, and obtained ecclesiastical pre- ferments. Like most apostates, he be- came violently hostile to the church which he had deserted. BRUEYS, Francis Paui,, a French naval officer, bora about 1750, became an admiral during the revolution, and was entrusted with the command of the squa- dron which conveyed the army of Bona- parte to Egypt. He waa Icrlled, at the bat- 6 BRU in tie of the Nile, in 1798. Wlien mortally wounded, he refused to go below. ** A French Admiral," said he, '* ought to die on his quarter deck.'* BRUGNATELLI, Louis, a chemist and physician, was born at Pavia, in 1761, was medical and clicmica! professor in tliat university, and died In 1818. Sci- ence is indebted to him for r.^merous ex- periments, and also for discoveries with respect to the gastric juice and to combus- tion. He is the author of Elements of Chemistry; and was the editor of several scientific Journals. BRUMOY, Peter, a Jesuit and au- thor, was born at Rouen, in 1688; dis- tin^ui^ihed himself as a theologian, critic, and teacher of mathematics; and died in 1742. He continued the History of the Gallican Church, and produced other works; but his reputation chiefly rests on his Greek Theatre, in 3 vols. 4to. His Latin Poems, especially those on the Pas- sions and on Glass Making, are much above mediocrity. BRUNCK, Richard Francis Fred- erick, an eminent critic, was born at Strasburg, in 1729, and died there in 1803. The learned world is indebted to him for the Greek Anthology, and for excellent editions of Apollonius Rhodius, Aristopha- nes, Sophocles, Virgil, Plautus, and Te- rence. His latter days were clouded with pecuniary difficulties, which compelled him to sell a considerable part of his library. BRUNE, William Mary Ann, a French marshal, was born at Brive la Gaillarde, in 1763; espoused warmly the cause of the revolution ; and, after having been a printer and an editor of a paper, he entered the army in 1793. In 1796 and 1797 he served under Bonaparte, and his distinguished merit gained him rapid pro- motion. In 1799, he was commander in chief of the united French and Dutch fofc- es, and displayed high military talents in the de fence oi North Holland against the duke of York, whom he reduced to a mor- tifying capitulation. Under tlie consular government, he bad a prominent share in the pacification of the royalist provinces. From 1 803 to 1805, he was ambassador to Constantinople; and, during his abseqce, was made a nrarshal. Having, in 1807, been appointed governor of the Hanseatic cities, he gave dissatisfaction to Napoleon, who, during the remainder of his first reign, did not employ him. Brune submitted to the Bourbons; but, being slighted by them, he joined Napoleon on bis return from Elba, who gave him a command in the soufh of France. After the second abdica- tion of the emperor, Brune was assassinated at Avignon, August 2, 1815, by a bind of royalist murderers, who were allow«J to remain unpunished. 122 BKU BRUNELLESCHI, Philip, the son ofl a notary, was born at Floreoce, in 1377, | and was originally apprentice to a gold- smith ; but a journey to Rome inspired him with a love of architecture. He sedulously studied the principles of the art, and be- came the classical restorer of it in Italy. He erected many grand structures ; partic- ularly the admirable dome of the cathedral, the churches of the Holy Ghost and of St. Lorenzo, and the.Pitti Palace, at Florence, and the monastery of Fiesole. Srunelleschi was also a sculptor, an engineer, and a poet. He died in 1444. BRUNO, St., the founder of the Car- thusian order, was born at Cologne, in 1030; established the first house of his order, in 10S4, at the Chartreuse, in Dau- phine; was invited into Italy, by Pope Urban IK; refused the archbishopric of Reggio; founded a second monastery in the mountains of Calabria; died in 1101; and was canonized in 1514. BRUNO, JoRDANO, was born at Nola, in the kingdom of Naples, about the mid- dle of the sixteenth century, and was orig- inally a Dominican, but quitted his convent, fled to Geneva, and embraced the protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, ex- pelled him from that city. After having visited France, En^and, and Germany, he settled at Padua. There he was arrested, and was sent to Rome, vrherc, after two years imprisonment, his was burnt, in 1600. Of hjs numerous philosophical works the most^elebr^ted is the Demolition of the Triumphant Beast, a satire on superstition, which has unjustly been charged with athe- istical principles. BRUNSWlCK,FERDiNAND,Dukeof, was born in 1721, and, after his return from his travels, entered into tlie Prussian service, and distinguished himself in the Silesian war. In the seven years' war, he was placed at the head of the combined British and Hanoverian forces, manifested talenta of the first order, and defeated the French on many occasions, especially at Creveldt and Minden. The peace of 1763 terminated his military career; and he died at Brunswick, July 3, 1792. BRUNSWICK LUNENBURG, Charles William F£RDiNANr,Duke ftfThephew of Ferdinand, was born in 1735, studied the art of war under his uncle and Frederic of Prussia, and gained great repu- tation in tlie seven years' war, and in the war of 1778 with Austria. In 1780, he succeeded to the duchy, and proved himself the friend of internal improvement and of literature. He resumed his military career in 1787, when, at the head of the Prussian army, he restored the authority of the stadt- hitlder in Holland. In his next enterprise he was unsuccessful. Having "'ivaded Fnace, at the bead of a powerful Au^triau BRU and Prussian force, and published a violenl and impolitic manifesto, he was compelled to retreat, by an inferior army under Du- mourier. In 1794 he resigned the com- mand. Till 1806, he was occupied with the peaceful labours of government ; but in that year he was appointed leader of the Prussian army, and was mortally wounded at the fatal battle of Auerstadt. He ex- pired at Altona, on the 10th of December. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL OELS, Frederic Augustus, Prince of, a younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1740, and gained^pplause as a general flicer 'n The Prussian service; but his highest fame is derived from his literary talents. He is the author of several works, among which are. Critical Remarks on the Character of Alexander the Great; and a Military Life of Prince Frederic Augustus of Brunswick Lunenburg. He died at WeJmar, in 1805. BRUNSWICK WOLFENBUTTEL, Maximilian Julius Leopold, Prince of, a brother of the preceding, was born in 1791, and commanded a regiment in garrii- son at Frankfurt on tlie Oder, where he was universally beloved for his benevo- lence, and his charity to the poor. In 1785, a terrible inundation of the Oder spread destruction in the neighbourhoud cf Frankfurt. To save the life of a family surrounded by the waters, tlie prince hero- ically put off in a boat, but he was swept away by the torrent, and perished, to the deep regret of every friend of humanity. BRUNTON, Mary, the daughter of Colonel Balfour, was born in Barra island, one of the Orkneys, in 1776, married a minister of the Scotch church in 1796, and died in 1818, equally admired for her tal- ents and beloved for her disposition and virtues. She Is tlie author of Discipline, and of. Self Control, two excellent novels; and she left an unfinished tale called Em- meline, and some minor pieces, which her hui^band published. BRUTUSjLocius Junius, the founder of the republican government in Rome, was a grandson of 1 arquin the Elder, by Tarquinia. His father and elder brother having been murdered by Tarquin the Proud, Brutus, for several years, simula- ted insanity to save his own life; but, on the violation of Lucretia, by Tarquin, he threw off the mask, and animated the Ro- mans to become free. His sons hovin" conspired against the republic, he himself sentenced them to deatli. He was slain B. c. 505, in a single combat with Aruns, who also fell at the same moment. BRUTUS, Marcus Junius, a de- sceiidiuit uf Lucius Junius, and nephew of C;tt 1, espoused the cause of Pompey; but, after the battle of Pharsalia, he was rfr cched intu favuur by the conqueror^ at BRT flroflted with the govemroent of Cisalpine Gaul, and made praetor of Rome. He, nevertheless, joined in the conspiracy of Cassius and others, and assisted in putting Caesar to death. Being finally vanquished, at the battle of Philippi, b. c. 42, he ter- minated his own existence, in the forty- third year of his age. Of all the conspi- rators, Brutus alone is believed to liave been actuated by purely patriotic motives. BRUYERE, John de la, a celebrated Frencli writer, was bom, in 1644, at Dourdan, in the Isle of France; was ap- pointed historical tutor to the duke of Burgundy, who subsequently pensioned and retained him about his person ; was admit- ted into the French Academy, in 1693; and died, of apoplexy, in 1697. His ad- mirable Characters appeared in 1687. Delitle justly observes, that *' he who would describe La Bniyere ought to pos- sess his genius, and that inimitable tal- ent which comprises so much sense in a phrase, so many ideas in a word, and ex- presses in so novel a manner that which has before been said, and in so pointed a manner that which has never been said before." La Bruyere also translated the Characters of Theophrastus; and wrote Dialogues on Quietism; BRUYiV, Cornelius le, a native of the Hague, where he was born in 1652, acquired reputation both as a painter and a traveller; but particularly in the latter capacity. In two voyages, which lasted several years, he visited Italy, Asia Mi- nor, Egypt, the Archipelago, Russia, Per- sia, and the Indian continent and isles. He returned to his native country in 1708. The time of his death is unknown. His Voyages form 2 vols, folio. BRUYN, Nicholas, a Dutch poet, who was born at Amsterdam, in 1671, is the author of seven tragedies, and of many poems, which have been collected in eleven volumes. His tragedies still keep pos- session of the stage. Among Ins best po- ems are three descriptive pieces, illustra- tive of the beauties of North and South Holland, and of the river Vecht, BRUYS, Peter de, a native of Dau- phin", who was burnt, as a heretic, at St. Gille?, in Languedoc, in 1130, was the founder of a sect called Petrobnissians. He opposed transubstantiation, infant bap- tism, and the use of churches, crucifixes, and prayers for the dead. BRYAN, Michael, an eminent con- noisseur in the fine a/ts, who was at one period a picture dealer, was born in 1757, and died in 1821. He is the author of a valuable Biograpliical and Critical Dic- tionary of Painters and Engravers, 2 vols. 4to. BRYANT, Jacob, a philologist and antiquai'y, was born at Plyrooutli, ip 1715. BUC 2S and received his education at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. The duke of Marlbcrough) to whom he had been tutor, gave him a place in the ordnance depart- ment. He settled at Cypenham,- in Berk- shire, and died November 14, 1804, of a raorti6cation in the leg, occasioned by bruising the skin against a chair. Bryant was an indefatigable and a learned writer, but fond of paradox. He wrote one work to maintain the authenticity of the pseudo Rowley's poems, and another to prove that Troy never existed. His principal production is a New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology, in three volumes quarto, which was published in 1774 and 1776. It is ingenious and erudite; but often fanciful and erroneous. Among his other compositions are. Observations rela- tive to Ancient History; a Treatise on the authenticity of the Scriptures ; Obser- vations on the Plagues of Egypt; and Dis- sertations on the Prophecy ot iJalaam, &c. BRYDONE, Patrick, a native of Scotland, was born in 1741, and travelled in Italy^ as companion to Mr. BeckCord and other gentlemen. He was appointed comptroller of the stamp office, which situ- ation he held till his decease, in 1819. The publication of his Travels in Sicily and Malta, gained him admission to the Royal Society, to the Transactions of which bod}- he ?;ontributed several papers. The narrative of his travels is well writ- ten; but much dissatisfaction was excited by some of his statements, which militiito against the Mosaic account of the creation. BUACHE, Philip, a |eo^apher,. the pupil and son in law of William Delisle, was born at Paris, in 1700, and died in 1773. Buache published many charts and maps, and some geographical works. He maintained the existence of a southern continent, and framed a system of physi- cal and natural geography, which has been overturned by subsequent discoveries. BUAT NANCAY, Louis Gabriel, Count du, a leaiued French writer, was born at Livarot, in Normandy, in 1732, was a pupil of Folard, became envoy at Dresden and Ratisbon, and died in 1787. His principal works are, the Ancient His- tory of tlie European nations; tlie Origins, or the Ancient Government of France, Germany, &c. ; and the Maxims of Mo- narchical Government. BUC, George, an historian and anti- qi)iry, a native of Lincolnshire, was one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to James I., who made him master of the revels, and knighted him. He wrote the Art of Revels; the Third Universitie of England; and a Life of Richard IIL The 'attcr, in which he vindicates the character of that monarch, is the best known of his works Malone attributes it to Sir 124 BUC George's son, but Ritson mvintains the cVAim of the father. BUCER, Martin, one of the fathers of the Reformation, was born, in 1491, at Schleo^adt, in Alijace. HewasaDorai- nican, but was converted to protestantism by Luther. The new doctrines were in- troduced by him at Strasburgh, where he was minister and professor of theology for twenty years. Bucer. laboured, but in Tain, tO' reconcile tlie disputes of Luther and Zuingle. In 1548 he went to Augs- burgh to sign the Interim ; after which he was invited to England by Cranmer. He died, in 1551, at Cambridge, where. he was theological professor. During the reign of the persecuting Mary, his bones were disinterred and committed to tlie flames. His works are numerous. BUCHAN, William, a Scotch physi- cian, was born at Ancram, in 1729, educa- ted at Edinburgh, and became physician to the Foundling Hospital at Ackworth, in Yorkshire. He afterwards practised in London with tolerable success. Buchan, however, was too fond of society to attend diligently: to his profession. He was first brought into repute by his Domestic Medi- cine, which was published in 1770, and acquired!' extensive popularity. His book, though it is creditable to the author's tal- ent and knowledge, has done no small mis- chief, by its effect on tlie hypocondriacal, and by its inducing many ignoraqt persons to tamper with ^eir maladies. Buchan died in 1805. Besides his Domestic Medi- cine, he wrote a Treatise on Lues; and Advice to Mothers. BUCHAN, Elizabeth, a Scotch fanatic, the wife of a maker of delft at Glasgow, began, about 1779, to prophecy the approaching end of tlie world, and to exhort her hearers to abandon worldly connections and pursuits, in .order to be ready to receive Christ. This insane wo- man gained a considerable number of fol* lowers, who were called Buchanists. She died in 1791; and on her deathbed is said to have declared lierself to be tlie Virgin Mary, and promised to return to life. BUCHANAN, George, one of the boasts of Scottish literature, was born, in 1506, at Killairn, in Dumbartonshire, and, after having pursued his studies at Paris and St. Andrew*s, and served for a while in tlie army, he was appointed tutor to the earl of Cassilis, with whom he remained in France during five years. Returning from Paris witli the earl, he was made tutor to the natural son of James V. Two satires which he wrote on the monks soon drew down tlieir vengeance upon hlmt and he was imprisoned, but was fortunate enough to escupc. Once more visiting the continent, he successively taught at Paris, « Bordeaux, and at Coimbra, at which BUC latter city the freedom of his opinioiM again caused his imprisonment. He uexl spent four years at Paris, ag tutor to the marshal de Brissac's ^on. During thiS continental residence, he composed his Bap- tistes and Jepthes, translated the Medea and Alcestes of Euripides, and began his Latin version of the Psalms. In 1560 he returned' to his native land, and em- braced protestantism. Yet he had the favour of the court, obtained a pension from Mary, was made principal of St. Leo- nard's College, at St. Andrew's, and was chosen as preceptor to James VI, When subsequently reproached with having made his royal pupil a pedant, Buchanan is said to have replied, that ** It was the best he could make of him." After having accom- panied Murray to England, to prefer chai*^ ^es against the unfortunate Mary, he f^ub^ jshed, in 1571, his virulent Detectio Marise Regni. The prevailing Action made him one of the lords of the council, and lord privy seal, and Elizabeth gave him an annual pension of one hundred pounds. In 1579, however, he forfeited all royal favour, by his ' bold and masterly work, De Jure Regni, which asserts the rights of the people. The closing years of his life were spent in tlie composition of his History of Scotland; a work of which the style, but not the matter, is worthy of praise. Buchanan died poor, in 1582. As a Latin poet, he ranks among the highest of the modems ; as an historian he is elegant and vigorous, but partial and deficient in judgment; as a man he was unamiable; and as a politician, he was unscrupulous and violent. BUCHANAN, Claodids, D. D., adi- vine, was born, in 1766, at Cambuslang, near Glasgow, and, after having been a tutor, and an attorney's clerk in London, was patronised by Mr. Thornton, who enabled him to complete his education at Cambridge. He was appointed one of the East Indian company's chaplains in Bengal ; and was the first vice-provost and classical professor of ti.e college at Fort William. During his Yice-provostshii),he gave prizes to me Oxfortl, Cambnd|«i BUG mvA Glasgow untT'3r8iti>:&, for sermons and essays, on tlie propagation of religion in llie ea.st. He returned to England in 1806, and died in 1815, while superintending an edition of the Syriac Testament, for tlie use of eastern christians. He is the author of Christian Researches in Asia; and of various works connected with the saine subject. BUCHOZ,P. Joseph, a naturalist and botanist, one of the most industrious and multifarious of compilers, was born at Metz, in 1737, and died at Paris, in 1807. His labours form more tlian three hundred volumes, of which ninety-five are folios; and, as may well be expected, they are crude, and disfigured by many errors. Among them are, a Histoi^ of the Plants of Lorraine, in 13 vols. ; a Natural History of France, in 14 vols. ; and a Unirersai History of the Vegetable Kingdom, with more than one thousand two hundred plates. BUCKHOLD, or BOCCOLD, John, known as John of Leyden, from the place of his birth, was a fanatic of the sixteenth century. Headed by Buckhold, and by. Matthias, a baker, the anabaptists made themselves masters of Munster; in which city, however, they were soon besieged by the bishop. Matthias leing killed in a sally, Buckhold succeeded him, assumed the titles of king* and prophet, married fourteen wives, and committed numerous enormities. After the surrender of the ci^, in 1536, he was put to death by the most horrible tonnent£^ in the twenty-sixth year of his age. BUCKINCK, Arivold, a German, the places and dates of whose birth and death are unknown, was the first person who engraved maps upon copper; and he at Gnce brought the art to considerable per- fection. The only work which he appears to have illustrated is an edition of Ptolemy, published at Rome, in 1478. BUCKINGHAM, George VJLL- lERS, Duke of, the unworthy favourite of James I. and Charles I., was born, in 1592, at Brookesby, in Leicestershire, and was tlic son of Sir George Vilbers. Having attracted the notice of James I. in 1615, that monarch appointed him iiis cupbearer, became his tutor, and rapidly and succes- sively raised him to be gentleman of the bedchamber, lord admiral of England, war- den of the cinque ports, master of the horse, baron, earl, marquis, and duke. More a sovereign than the sovereign himself, the dispensLition of all graces and favours was in his hand, and his insolence and tyranny excited general di.«giist in the nation. His strange expedition to Madrid, and his con- duct there, is said to have weakened the infatuation of James I. for him, and had that monarch lived, Viiliera might, per- BUC 125 naps, have lost his power. But the acces- sion of Charles I., in 1625, rendered the favourite still more potent. In vain the parh'anient attacked him ; it was dissolved, and he enjoyed a complete triumph. He next ; tunged the nation into a war with France ; and being entrusted with the cou.mand of an army, he lost the flower of it in an ill conducted attack on the isle of lUio. He returned to England to refit his shattered armament, and was again about to sail when he was assassinated at Portsmoutli, on the 23d of August, 1628, by a lieutenant by the name of Felton. BUCKINGHAM, George VILL- lERS, Duke of, son of the preceding duke, was born in 1627, studied at Cam- bridge, served the king zealously in the civil wars, and was present at the battle of Worcester. By marrying a daughter of Lord Fairfax, he recovered a considerabUe part of his forfeited estates; and, at the Restoration, he was made a lord of the bed- chamber, masiter of the horse, and lord lieutenant of Yorkshire. These honours, however, he lost in 1666, for being engaged in a conspiracy against the king; but hr recovered the royal favour, was once more " the life of pleasure and ihe soul of whim" at court, and was employed as ambassador to France. Villiers was one of the mos versatile, projecting, and profligate of mankind. Dryden has drawn his charac* ter admirably, under the name of Zimri This witty and unprincipled nobleman died, at Kirby Moorside, in Yorkshire) April 16, 1688, of a fever caught in fox- hunting. Of his works, the most celebra- ted is the comedy of the Rehearsal, which, undoubtedly, affords a decisive proof that his talents were of a superior order. BUCKTNGHAMSHIRE,John shef- FIELD, Duke of, tlie son of the earl of Mulgrave, was born in 1649 ; served under Turenne; relieved Tangier; took a part in the revolution of 1688; was created marquis of Normandy and duke of Buck- inghamshire ; and died in 1720. Bucking- ham House was erected by him. His poetical and prose works form two vol- umes. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, a celebrated pulpit orator, was born in Ports- mouth, New-Hampshire, in 1784. His male ancestors, on both sides, for several generations, were clergymen, and some of them of considerable eminence. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1800, with much distinction; and spent the ensu- ing four years in the study of theology and general literature He was ordained min- ister over the cnurch In Brattle-street, Boston, in January, 1805. In the ensuing year he embarked for Europe with the hopes of repairing his constitution, which had suflered much frofii attacks ofepilepsv 1» BUD ITe returned m the autumn of 1807, and resumed the exercise of his profession ; his sermons placing hirn in the first rank of pDpiilar preaciiers. In 1810 he superinten- ded an American edition of Griesbach's Greek Testament, and wrote much in vindi- cation of tliig author's erudition, fidelity and accuracy. In ISII, he was appointed tlie first lecturer on Biblical Criticism at the university of Cambridge, on tlie foundation established by Samuel Dexter. He imme- diately began a course of laborious and extensive preparation for tlie duties of this office, but was interrupted by a violent attack of his old disease, which prostrated his intellect, and gave a shock to his frame which he survived but a few days. He died in 1812, at tlie completion of his twenty-eighth year. Two volumes of his sermons have been collected and published since his decease; one in 1814, the other in 1829. The first was prefaced with a well-written biographical sketch. BUCQUOI, Charles Bonaventdre DE LoNGUEVAL, Count de, an eminent general, was born in 1551, entered early into the Spanish service, and signalized his valour in the Low Countries. In 1620, in conjunction with the Duke of Bavaria, he entirely defeated the protestant army near Prague; but he stained his laurels by his subsequent cruelties. After having reduc- ed Moravia, he was killed, in 1621, at the sieee of , Neuhausel. BUDE, or BUD^.US, WiLi.iAM,born at Paris', in 1467, where he died in 1540, spent a youth of dissipation, but at lengtli applied himself so closely to study, that his classical acquirements gained for him the title of the Prodigy of France. He was employed on embassies by Louis XII. and Francis I., to the latter of whom he was secretary and librarian. Bude trans- lated some ti'eatises from Plutarch, and wrote several works, the chief of which are, his Tractatus de Asse; and Commen- tarii Linguie Grecie. BUDGELL, Eustace, was bom at St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 1685, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. 'Addi- son, who was related to him, took him to Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that country Budgell rose to ofiices of gi'eat trust and profit, and to be a member of the Irish parliament. While filling those offices with diligence and honour, he con- tributed to the SpectiUor and Guardian, translated the Characters of Theophrastus, and wrote various pieces in verte. The tide of fortune, however, at length turned against him. He was dismissed from liis oRice of accomptaut and comptroller gene- ral in Ireland, for satirising tlie lord lieu- tenan., who had treated him ill; he lost twenty ihousand pounds in the South Sea Duobie ; Ua spent five tliousand pounds BUT more in vain attempts to obtain a seat ib the house of commons ; and at last he liC' came involved in lawsuits and embarrai^n- ments. The finisliing stroke was put to his fate, by the setting aside the will of Dr. Matthew Tindall, in which appeared a bequest of two thousand pounds to Budgell. His difiiculties, and tlie digrace of having a forgery attributed to him, stung him to the heart, and he ended his exist- ence by throwing himself into the Thames, May 4, 1737. Besides the works already mentioned, he established a periodical called the Bee ; assisted in the Craftsman ; and wrote the History of Clcomenes; and Memoirs of the Family of tlie Boyles. BUFFIER, Claude, a Jesuit, was Lorn in Poland, of French parents, in 1661, and studied at the college of Rouen, where he afterwards held the situation of theological professor. He died in 1737. Bufilier was employed in the Memoires de Trevoux, and likewise produced a great num1>er of theological, metaphysical, biographical, and geographical works. Several «f tliem were collected in a folio volume, with the title of ^a Course of Sciences on new and simple Principles. Though sometimes su- perficial, he is, on the whole, an elegant and instructive writer. BUFFON, George Louis le Clerc, Count de, the Pliny of Fjance, was the son of a counsellor of the parliament of Dijon, and was born September 7, 1707, at Montbard, in Burgundy. He studied the law at Dijon, but never practised it; his inclinations leading him to mathemati- cal and physical science, and Euclid being his constant pocket companion. After having travelled into Italy and England, he succeeded to his paternal estate at ^lont- bard, between whicn and Paris his time was spent. In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the royal garden and cabinet at Paris, the treasures of which he greatly increased. His patent of nobility he ob"- tained in 1771. He was also a member of the French Academy, and of the Acad- emy of Sciences. Buffoii died April the 16th, 1788. As a man, he was fond of dress and display, lax in bit morals, and BCL immeasurably rain. Newton, Bacon, Leib- nitz, Montesquieit, and himself, were the only persons whom he would allow to be great geniuses! His first literary woiks \tere, Ti*anslations of Hales's Vegetable Statics, and Newton's Fluxions. But for his fiime he 4s indebted to his Natural History, in thirty-six volumes, which has been naturalized in almost every European langiKige, Though always immethodicHl, Uioiigh often inaccurate, and though full of the wildest theories, it is undoubtedly an astonishin? work, whether we consider the extent of its information, the spirit of its descriptions, or the eloquence of its style. BULL, John, a doctor of music, was born in Somersetshire, about 1563, and died at Liibeck, in 1622. He was organist to Queen Elizabeth, tlie first musical .pro- fessor at Gresham College, and chambet* musician to James I. More than two hundred pieces, chiefly for the organ and virginals, were composed by him; and it seems to be now fully established, tliat we are indebted to him for the national an- tliem of God save ttie King. BULL, Geokge, an eminent prelate and theologian, born at the city of Wells, in 1634, w;is educated at Tiverton and Oxford, and was ordained at the ^ age of twenty-one. Having jiassed through the minor dignities of the church, he was inad^ bisho]} of St. David's in 1705, and dieil in 1709. Hid Harmonia Apostulicii was pub- lished in 1669, to the great annoyance of the Calvinists; his main work, l)efensio Fidei Nicense, appeared in 1685; and his Judicium Ecclesiie Catholicuui, in 1694. For the latter production he received tlie tlianks of Bossuet and various French di- vines. He likewise produced other pieces of less note, and many sermons. BULL, William, M.X>. was the firs; white person born in South Carolina, atid is supposed to Ije the first American who obtained a degree in medicine. He was a pupil of the great Boerliaave, and accpiired eome literary and professional distinction. In 1734 he defended and published at the university of Leyden, his inatigui'al thesis Dc ^lica Pictonum. After returning from Europe 'to his native state, he was suc- cessively a member of the Council, sjieaker of the House of Representatives, and Lieu- tenant Governor. When tlie BritistJi troops removed from South Carolina in 1782, he accompanied them to England, and died in London, in 1791, in the eighty-second year of his age. BULLET, Peter, an eminent French architect, the pupil of F. Blondel, wa» bom alwut the middle of the seventeenth century, and constructed several ni;iguifi- cent edifices, particuhirly the gjite of St. Manui) and the churcfi of St. Thuina:) Aquinas, at Paris. He also wrote a Trea- Bl/N 127 tise on Practical Architecture; q Treatise on Levelling; and other works. Thedate of his death is not recorded. BULLET, John Baptist, born in 1699, at Besan^on, was professor of theo- logy in tlie university of that city, and died in 1775. He is die author of several theo- logical works, among which is a History of the Establishment of Christianity' ; but his principal production is Memoirs on the Celtic Language, in 3 vols, folio. BULLIARD, Peter, a native o' Jie Barrois, in France, where he was born about 1742, combined tlie talent of an artist with that of an eminent botanist. He himself designed and engraved tlie plates which embellish his works. He die^ in 1703. He is the author of a Parisian Flora; a History of the Poisonous PlanU of France ; a History of French Champig- nons; and other productions. BULLINGER, Henry, one of the early reformers, was l^nrn in die canton of Zurich, at Baumgarten, in 1504. The works of Melancthon converted him to protestantism, and he became closely con- nected widi Zuingle, to whom he suc- ceeded as pastor of Zurich. He was one of the authors of the Hebetic Confession, and assisted Calvin in drawing up the Formulai'y of 1549. Bullinger was a mod- erate and conscientious man; and it is much to his honoiu* that, on the ground of it being inconsistent with Christianity for any one to hire himself out to slaughter tiiose who had never injured him, he suc- cessfully opposed a treaty for supplying France with a body of Swiss mercenaries. He died in 1575. His printed works form ten folio volumes. BULOW, Henry William, a native of Prussia, born at Falkenberg, adopted the military profession, and bore a part in the ephemeral insurrection of the Nether- lands against die Emperor Joseph; after which he visited America on an abortive commercial speculation ; and next became a Swedenborgian preacher in tliat country. On his return to Europe, he resorted to his pen for subsistence, and wrote various military works. Of these, die most cele- brated is, Principles of Modern War, in which he j^roposes a new stratagetical sys- tem, that has excited much controversy. His History of the Campaign of 18d9 having gi^en offence to Russia, he was in carcerated, and he died in prison, at Riga, in July, 1807. BUNYAN, John, tlie author of the Pilgrim's Progress, an admirable allegory, which enjoys an unexamiiled but deserved popularity, was of huinble birth, being ihe son of a ti'avelling tinker, and was burn, in 1628, at Elstnw, in Bedfordshire. For suiiie time he lullowed his father's orcupa tion, and led a wauderiug dissipated lU^ 128 BUO after which he served in the parliament annj, and was at tlie siege of Leicester Religion having^ now made an impression on his mina, he joined the anabaptists, and, about 1655, became a teacher among them at Bedford. Subsequent to the restoration, his preaching brought him within the gripe of the law, and he was for nearly thirteen years immured in Bedford gaol, where he supported himself and his family by tagging laces. His leisure hours were spent in writing the Pilgrim's Progress, and other worfes, similar in kind, l>ut inferior in merit. He was at last released, throuj;h die interposition of Bishop Barlow of Lm- coin, and he resumed his ministry at Bed- ford. His death took place at London, in 1688. His works form two folio vo- lumes. Bunyan had a talent for repartee. A Quaker visited him in Bedford gaol, and declared that, b^ order of tlie Lord, he had sought for him m half the prisons of Eng- land. ** If the Lord had sent you," re- plied Bunyan, " you need not have taken so much trouble to find me out; for tlie Lord knows that I have been a prisoner in Bedford gaol for the last twelve years." BUOiVAMICI, Castruccio, a native of Lucca, born in 1710, at which city be died in 1761, after having been in the military service of the king of Naples, is. considered as one of the most elegant of modern Latin writers. His principal work is, his Commentaries on the War in Italv: it gained him the title of count from tlie duke or Parma, and a present from the Genoese republic, and was translated into English and French. BUONAROTTI, Michael Angelo, more generally known under the name of Michael Angelo, was at once preeminent as painter, sculptor, and architect, and nns no mean poet. He was born at Arezzo, in 1474, of a noble but- poor family, and his love of tlie arts is supposed to have been first inspired by his being nursed in a village which contained many carvers and sculptors in stone. Ghirlandaio was his tutor in painting; and while under that master, he amused himself with mo- delling figures ID clay, from the antiques BUO in the gardens of Lorenzo d« Medieis. One of these productions obtained him the patronage of Lorenzo, who received him into his family. Here, among other works, he executed an admirable basso relievo, the Battle of the Centaurs. After the death of his patron, Buonaroiti pursued his career at Bologna, and then again at Flo- rence. In the latter city he sculptured his David and Goliath, and nainted a battle piece fur the ducal palace. His repuiaiion now caused him to be invited to Rome by the pope, and that reputation was en- hanced by the works he performed there, both in sculpture and painting; among ~ them was the statue of Moses, the pic- ture of the Holy Family, and the car- toon of the War of Pisa. Having taken umbrage at the manner in which he was treated by Julius II. he suddenly departed from Rome; but the pontiff, not without difficulty, induced him to return, and then employed bim in casting his statue in bronze, and in painting the dome of the Sistine chapel. The latter task he accom- plished in twenty months. It was not» however, till several years later, that he ex- ecuted his noble composition of the Last Judgment, in the same chapel. Under tlie pontificate of Leo X. the talents of Michael Angelo were wasted in opening marble quarries and constructing roads. Under that of Adrian VI. he was chiefly occupied on the monument of Julius II. In the years 1529 and 1530, he was engaged in toils which have nothing in common with the fine arts. He was chosen engineer and superintendant of their fortifications by the Florentines, during their brief struggle for their liberty, and in this new capacity he acquitted himself with honour. After the restoration of peace, Clement VII. recal- led him to Rome, and confided to him, on the death of San Gallo, the glorious labour of carrying on the building of St. Peter's. For seventeen years, till the time of his death, February 17, 1563, Michael An- gelo continued his exertions to make tliat magnificent structure one of the wonders of tlie world ; nor would he accept of any re- muneration whatever. The other works which he executed during his last resi" deuce at Rome are too numerous to be de- scribed within our narrow limits. *• Sub- limity of conception, grandeur of form, and breadth of manner," says Fuseli, " are tlie elements of Michael Angelo's s^le; and by these principles he selected or re- jected the objects of imitation. As painter, scplptor, or architect, he attempted, and beyond any other man succeeded, to unite magnificence of plan, and endless variety of subordinate parts, with the utmost sim- plicity and breadth." The poetry of tliis great man is stamped with the same fea- tures as the creations of his hand. Ul* BUR personal character is well dcRcribed by Qualremere de Quincy: " In his yutitfa, he knew no other w^t tlian time uf occupying hh mind, no other pleasure than that of cultivating the arts. When at a more ad- vanced age he became rich, he despised luxury, and was careless of even the con- veniences of life. To sleep in his clothes, to live oflen upon bread and water alone, and to pass the nights in toil, or in solitary rambles, are among the least of the traits which may characterize his habits of liv- hig. Had he lived among the Greeks, he would have been admired as a philosopher oefore he had been praised as an artist ; but, indisputably, he would have been of the Beet of Zeno. Economy, frugality, dis- interestedness, austerity of morals, inflex- ibility of purpose, contempt of fortune, and even of glory; such were the stoical virtues which he always professed. Michael An- gelo was beloved and sought after by the great; but he shunned them.** Yet with these severe virtues he was kind hearted, and was sometimes singularly indulgent to tlie weakness or vanity of others. BUONAROTTI, ^ichael Angelo, the Yomiger, a nephew of the great Mi- chael Angelo, was bom at Florence, in 1558, and died in 1646. He was a patron of literature and the arts; a member of the Florentine and Crusca Academies ; wrote two comedies, la Tancia, and la Fiera, and two mythological scenic representations; and published an edition of his uncle's po- ems. His comedy, as it is called, of la Fiera, is, in feet, a sepies of five comedies on the same subject. BURCH, Edwaud, one of the most eminent of modern ^em engravers, whose productions almost rival those of antiquity, was bom about 1740; was chosen librarian of the Royal Academy on the death of Wilson; and held that situatioa till his death in 1814. BURCHIELLO, an Italian poet, whose real name was Pohinxco, was born at Florence, in 1380, and died at Rome, in 1448. Burchieilo was a barber, and his shop was tlie resort of all the wits of the city. Such celebrity did this humble abode ob^ih, that the representation of it was painted in the Medicis orallery. With much wit and elegance, his poems are in style the most eccentric, and often unintel- ligible, that can be imagiiied. BURCKHARDT, John Charles, was born at Leipsic, in 1773, and began to study mathematics even in his childhood. Reading Lalande's works decided him to become an astronomer, and he learned al- most all modern languages, to read astro- domical books. His ardour for calculation was indefatigable. Baron Zach, with wnom he resided for two years, recommen- ded hUa to Lalande, who treated him like 6* BUR 129 a son. Burckhardt was naturalized ni France, in 1799; succeeded Lalande at the observatory of tlie Military School; and died in June, 1815. He wrotevarious sci- entific works, and translated Laplace's Celestial Mechanism into German. BURCKHARDT. John Lewis, the son of a Swiss colonel, was born at Lau- sanne, in 1784, aiid studied at Leipsic and Gottingen. Being of an enterprising dis- position, he offered his services to the A& rican Association, to explore Africa. They were accepted ; and^ after he ha Cceur de Lion ; some pamphlets in his own defence; and a Probationary Ode. BURIDAN, John, a native of Betlmne, in Flanders, born in the fourteenth century, « nominalist philosopher, was rector of the university of Paris; and has, but errone Qualy, been deemed tlie foundei' of the uui- BUR versity of Vienna. He is believed to have died about 1358. His memory has been perpetuated by his dilemma of the ass be- tween two bundles of hay, which lie used to illustrate the doctrine of free will, and which has grown into a proverb. BURIGNY, John Leves^ue, a French writer, member of the Academy of Inscrip- tions, was bom at Rheims, in 1691, and died at Paris, in 1785. He wrote Histo- ries of Pagan Philosophy; Sicily; and the Constantlnopolitan empire; Lives of Gro- tius, Erasmus, Bossuet,- and Cardinal du Perron ; a Treatise on the Papal Authori- ty; and numerous other productions. BURKE, Edmund, whose name fills so large a space in our political and literary annals, was the son of an eminent attorney, and was born at Dublin, January!, 1730. After having received his early education from Abraliam Sliackleton, a quaker school- master of Ballytore, he went to Trinity College, Dublin, in 1746, where he re- mained three years, and pursued an exten- sive course of study, on a plan of , his own. In 1753, he entered as a law student at the Temple, but applied himself almost wholly to literature; his unremitting atten- tion to which at length injured his health. During his illness he became an inmate in the house of Dr. Nugent, a physiciauj to whose daughter he was afterwards united. This union he always described as the chief blessing of his life. His first acknowledged work, which was of course published anony- mously, was his Vindication of N'-.tural " Society; an admirable imitation cf Lord Bolingbroke's st^le and manner of i eason- ing, which deceived even some of tlie best judges. This was followed, in the ensuing year, by his Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful. It completely established his reputation as a man of genius and a fine writer, and brought him acquainted witli some of the most eminent personages of llift age. His political career did not com- mence till 1761, when he accompanied the Irish secretary, William Gerard Hamilton, to Ireland. Nor can he be said to hava entered fully on that career till 1765, when he became the private secretary and frioud BUR of the mArquis of Rockingham, then the first loid of the treasury, who brought him into parliament, as member for Wendover. Pheiicefortli he took a prominent part in the debates of tlie house of comntons. In 1774, without any solicitation on liis part, he was elected for Bristol; but this seat he lost at the next election, in consequence of his having displayed too much liberality of principle, with respect to the catholics and to Ireland. He subsequently sat for Mal- ton. In the mean while he gave to the public his Observations on Grenvi]le''s State of the Nation; a Short Account of a late short Administration; Thoughts on the Causes of the present Discontents ; and his speeches on American Affairs. To the impolitic contest with America he made a strenuous and eloquent resistance as a sen- ator. On tlte downfall of Lord North*s ministry, Burke obtained the office of pay- master-general, and a seat in the council; and he availed himself of this opportunity to carry bis celebrated reform bill, which he had previously brought forward in vain. The expulsion of the coalition ministry of course deprived him of his office. The prosecution of Mr. Hastings, and the op- position to Mr. Pitt's regency bill, were among his next and greatest parliamentary efforts. Though the former of these has irawn down upon him much censure, and even calumny, there can be no doubt that 'le undertook it as a sacred and imperative duty. This is irrefragably proved by his recently published letters to Dr. Lawrence. When the French revolution took place, he early foresaw the result, and, m 1790, he promiced his celebrated Reflections on that event. A breach between him and Mr. Fox was also occasioned by their diffi°rence of opinion on this important subject. In 1794, he retired from parliament, and a pension of one thousand two hundred pounds a year was bestowed on him by the government. From the time when his Re- flections were published, till his decease, his literary hostility to the doctrines of revolutionary France was continued with unabated vigour. The last work which be gave to the press was Two Letters on a Regicide Peace: tlie concluding two were posthumous. He died on the 8th of July, 1 797. His compositions have been collected in sixteen volumes octavo. In private life Burke was amiable and benevolent; in public, indefatigable, ardent, and abhorrent of meanness and injustice. It was this latter quality which rendered him a perse- vering advocate of the Irish catliolics. As an orator he ranks among tlie fit^t of mod- ern times; and as a writer, whether we consider Uie splendour of bis diction, the richness and variety of his imagery, or the boundless stores of knowledge which he diiplays. It must be acknowledged that BtTR 131 there are few who equal, and none who Iranscena him. BURKITT, William, a divine, born in 1650, at Hitcham, in Suffolk, was edu- cated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and became vicar of Dedham, in Essex, in 1692, where he died io 1703. His Prac- tical Exposition of the New Testament hae gone through many editions, and still con- tinues to be popular. BURLAMAQUI, John James, born at Geneva, in 1694, and who died there in 1748, was at first professor of law jii his native city ; resided for some years at Hesse Cassel, with tlie prince, who had been his pupil; and then returned to Ge- neva, where he became a member of the sovereign council. His great works are, the Principles of Natural Law ; the Prin- ciples of Political Law; and the Princi- ples of the Law of Nature and Nations. BURLEIGH, William CECIL, Lord, whom one of his early biographers charac- terizes as " the oldest, the gravest, and the greatest ptateaman in Christendom,'' was born, in 1520, at Bourne, in-Lincolnshire, was educated at St. John's College, Cam- bridge, and studied the law at Gray*s Inn. In the reign of Edward VI. he was patronised by the protector Somerset, was knighted, and became a privy counsellor, master of requests, and secretary, Witli Elizabeth he was in still higher favour which, indeed, he earned by his political sagacity and his devotion to her. Leicester endeavoured, but in vain, to overthrow him, and is even said to have aimed a^inst his life. In 1571,he was created Lord Burleigh, and, in the following year, he was appointed lord high treasurer, .and received the order of the Garter. To Burleigh must, in a great measure, be attributed the suflerings and death of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He died in 1598. Burleigh, though not a man of genius, was a man of great parts and prudence, whose state pol- icy was not always reconcilable with the principles of morality. Of literary merit he was, to say die least, no patron; and, accordingly, he is alluded to with much bitterness by many of his contemporary poets. BURLINGTON and CORKE, Rich- ard BOYLE, Earl of, was born in 1695, was made a knight of the garter, in 1730, and died in 1753, when the title of Bur- lington became extinct. Lord Burlington was a man of a liberal mind, and possessed an admirable taste in architecture. He was the first patron of bishop Berkeley, and Pope dedicated to him his fuuith epistle. His residence at Chiswick, the dormitory at Westminster ^clioul, and otiier buildings, were designed by him, and he imnntved the mansion built, in PiccadiUy> Vy hag father. isa BUR BURMAN', Peter, an eminent critic, A'as born at Utrecht, in 1668, and was professor of hi.story, eloquence, and Greek, .first at Utrecht, and afterwards at Leyden. lie Eubsequeiitiy became professor- of his- tor}' and chiet librarian to the United Provinces. He died in 1741. Besides publishing valuable editions of many of the Latin classics, and an edition of Bu- chanan's works, he wrote Latin poems, and various critical and philulogical disser- tations, discourses, and epistles. BURMAN, John, a physician and bot- anist, the pupil of Boerhaave, and nephew of tlie celebrated critic, was born in 1707, a'ld died in 1780. He was professor of bot- any at Amsterdam. Burman, among other things, published a Catalogue of Ceyionian Plants, in which Linnaeus assisted him and Descriptions of rare African and American Plants ; and translated into Latin Rumphius's Herbal of Ambuyna. BURMAN, Peter, brother of the bot- anist, was barn at Amsterdam, in 1714, and was brought up by his uncle, whom he agisted in his critical labours, and of whom he was no unworthy rival in eru- dition. He was professor of eloquence at Franeker, and afterwards, professor of poetry, librarian, and keeper of the gym- nasium, at Amsterdam, where he died of an apoplexy in 1778. He wrote a volume of Latm pocnls, and edited Aristophanes, Claudius, Propertius, and other classical writers. Like' his uncle, he was irascible, and was frequently engaged in violent literary quarrels: BURN, RiCHART>, a native of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, was educated at Oxford, and became vicar of Orton, in his native county, a magistrate, and chan- cellor of Carlisle. He died in 1789. He is the author uf the useful book known as Burn's Justice ; a similar work on Eccle- siastical Law ; a History of the Poor Laws ; and, in conjunction with Nicholson, a His- tory of Westmoreland and Cumberland. BURNET, Gilbert, the son of a Scotch lawyer, was burn at Edinburgh, in 1643, and was educated at Aberdeen. After having travelled in Holland, and visited BUR London, where be was made a fellow of the Royal Society, he took orders, and was presented to the living of Saltonn. While he held this living, his honest zeal, in drawing up a memorial against the abuses committed by the Scottish bishops, excited the indignation of Archbishop Sharpe, who would fain have punished his boldness by depriving and excommu- nicating him. Between 1665 and 1673, Burnet was made professor of divinity at Glasgow, and chaplain in ordinary to the king ; twice declined a Scottish bishopric ; and wrote, among other productions. Me- moirs of the Duke of Hamilton, and a work, of which, no doubt, he soon repen- ted, in defence of the reg^l prerogatives of the crown of Scotland The court favour which he had thus gained, >ie, how- ever, soon lost, by his opposition to popery, and he was sti'uck out of the list of chap- lains. Settling in London, he was appoin- ted preacher at the Rolls Chapel, and lectu- rer of St. Clement's, and became popular. His literary labours were indefatigably continued. The most important of these was the History of the Reformation, the first volume of which came forth in 1679. For this he received the thanks of both houses of parliament. His known hostility to the designs of tlie court, his having attended Lord Russel on the scaffold, and having preached, on the 5th of November, an obnoxious sermon, at length occasioned faim to be deprived of his lectureship and the office of preacher at the Rolls. On the death of Charles, Burnet travelled through France, Italy, and Switzerland, and, in 1687, settled at the Ha^e, where he was high in the confidence ofthe Prince of Orange, and assisted in forming the plans for the liberation of his country. A prosecution for treason was set on foot against him at home, and James required the States to deliver him up. But Burnet had now married a Dutch lady of fortune, and the States refused to give up one who was thus become a naturalized subject. In 1688 he attended the Prince of Orange to England as chaplain ; and, in die follow- ing year, was made bishop of Salisbury. A pastoral Letter, which he addressed to the clergy of his diocese, asserting the right of William and Mary to the crown by conquest, excited the anger of parlia- ment, and was burnt by the common executioner. In 1698 he' was appointed preceptor to the duke of Gloucester; in 1704 he had the satisfac*Jon of seeing carried into effect his scheme for the aug- mentation of small livings; and in March, 1714-15, he died, in his seventy-second year. He left a History of his own Times, which was published by his son Thomai Burnet. Burnet's character has been tlt€ theme of invective and ridicule to torie«i BUR but he was an honest, benevolent, and pious man, and a sincere friend to the liberties of his country. BURJVET, Thomas, a philosopher and divine, born at Croft, in Yorkshire, about .1635, was educated at Cambridge; was travelling tutor to the sons of several noblemen ; was appointed master of the Charterhouse, in 1685; became chaplain and clerk of the closet to King William; and died in 1715. As master of the Char- terhouse, he distinguished himself by boldly resisting the attempts of James II. to make a Roman catholic a pensioner of the estab- lishment. As a literary character, he ac- quired reputation by various works of merit, but particularly by his Telluris sacra Theoria, which he subsequently translated into English, with the title of the Sacred Theory of the Earth, and which, though its philosophy is i^dically defective, will always he admired, for the sublimity of its imagery and tlie eloquence of its style. BURNET, William, tlte son of Bishop Burnet, was born at the Hague in 168S. After having held the oflSce of comptroller of the customs in England, he was in 1720 appointed governor of New-York and New- Jersey. In 1728 he was appointed to the government of Massachusetts and New- Hampshire; where his administration was rendered unpleasant by a controversy with the assembly. He died at Boston in 1729. He was a man of learning, and published several works on theological and philosoph- ical subjects. BURNET, James. See Monboddo. BURNEY, Charles, a doctor of mu- lic, and literary character, was born at Shrewsbury, in 1726-, and studied music under Dr Ame. In 1749, he produced, at Drury Lane, the musical piec^ of Alfred, Robin Hood, and Queen Mab. He then setded at Lynn, where he resided nine years, during which period he was employ- ed on his General History of Music, the first volume of which^ however, he did not give- to the press tiU 1776. In 1760 he returned to the capital, and in 1766 brought out, at Drury Lane, an English version of the Devin du Village. «i 1770 and 1772, he travelled through France and Italy, and Germany and the Netherlands ; of which tours he published interesting narratives. He became a member of tlie Royal Society after his second return, and contributed to their Transactions an Ac- count of young Crotch. He died in 1814, at Chelsea Hospital, of which he was organist. Besides the productions already mentioned, and many musical compositions, he produced peveral works, one of'the chief of which is, a Life of Metastasio, in llnee vohunes. ., BUKNEY,Charles, second son of the musical composer, wa» 'boro at Lynn, in BUR US 1757, and educated at the Charter House* Caius College, Cambridge, and Aberdeen. Afler having been an assistant to an acade my at Highgate, and, afterwards, to Dr. Rose, of Chiswick, whose daughter he married, he established a school at Ham- mersmith, which at asubseqvient period he removed to Greenwich. He obtained the livings of Deptford and of Cliffe, and a prebend at Lincoln, and was appointed one of the king's chaplains. He died Decem- ber 28, 1817. Dr. Burney was one of the most consummate Greek scholars in Europe. His classical acauirements were first dis- played in his criticisms in the Monthly Review. He published an Appendix to Scapula ; an edition of the Choral Odes of iEschylus; and other erudite works. Hie valuable library was purchased foi the British Museum. BURNEY,Rear Admiral Jam ES, a son of the historian of music, was born in 1739; accompanied Captain Cook in two of his voyages ; was much beloved by Johnson ; ana displayed a respectable por- tion of tlie literary talentof his family, in a History of Voyages of Discovery, 5 vols. 4to; an Account of the Russian Easteni Voyages; and some philosophical tracts. He died of apoplexy in 1820. BURNS, Robert, a poet of whom Scotland has reason to be proud, though her scanty pationage of him ought to make her blush, was the son of a small farpier and gardener, and was born near Ayr, ii 1759. Some education he received, ana he acquired the French language and prac- tical mathematics. Reading was his delight, and every leisure moment was devoted to it. The perusal of some of the best English potts gave him a taste for poetry, and. love ins, ired him to pour forth his feelings in versi'. At his outset in life. Bums was engaged in the labours of agriculture. He then became a flax dresser, at Irvine; but his premises were destroyed by fire In conjunction with hJs younger brotlier,. he next took a small farm, and in this also he was unsucceasful- Fortune now seemed resolved to thwart all his wishes; for a female whom he lf>ved, and who It4 Bxm waa pregnant by hinn, was refused m him by her parents, and he waa at once in dan^r ft'um the kirk, and the magistrate. In (Jiis situation, he resolved to print his poems, for the purpose of raising some money, and tlien to seek his fortune in tlie West Indies, as an assistant overseer. His passage was actually engaged when a letter from Dr. Blacklock, recommend- ing a visit to Edinburgh, put an end to his scheme of emigration. In the Scottish capital his poems had excited universal admiration. Brighter prospects thus open- (d upon him. For more than twelve nonths he remained in Edinburgh, invited, lasted, praised, and caressed. By the fair (And the great : at length, with the sum wf five hundred pounds, the produce of his poems, he withdrew to the country, mar- ried the object of his aflection, took a farm, and also obtained the ofhce of an exciseman. Of all the offices which could have been given to him, this was the most unpoetical and the most unsuitable. It is marvellous that none of his professing and powerful friends saw the disgrace and ridicuJe of suffering their favourite bard to be thus degraded. Among the numerous places, either sinecures or of little labour, which are so lavishly distributed, one might sure)v have bev>n conferred on him whom the 'Scotch delighted to honour ! No effort, however, appears to have been made in his behalf. For tbrec years and a half he strove to derive a subsistence from his farm. B^t his confirmed habits of intemperate conviviality, and other cir- cumstances, forbad success; and he was at length compelled to give up his lease, remove to Dumfries, and depend upon his profession of an exciseman. While he was occupied in watching stills and hunt- in? smugglers, and, at the same time, labouring under disease and dejection, he wrote his admirable songs, for Thompson's Collection. Worn out with vexation, and the consequences of his love of inebriating Uquors, he died on the 26tli of July, 1796, leaving his wife and family in an unprn- vided state. A subscription made by his friends, and the profits arising from an edition of his works, raised his family above want; and a splendid monument has, within liiese few years, been erected to his memory. Humour, pathos, vivid imagery, energy, and no small share of elegance, distinguish the poems of Burns. His prose, though sometimes overstrained, is flowing and full of spirit. In convei - sation, too, which is not always the cuse with men of genius, he~fully sustained the • chtiracter which he had acquired by his writings. BHRRILL, James, an eminent lawyer and statesman, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1772t and received his BUR education at Brown univerfiity, where m graduated in I7SS. He studied the pro. fession of law, and soon acquired high reputation in its practice. In 1797 ne was appointed attorney-general of the state, and continued to discharge the duties of thisx>ffice for over sixteen years, with un- common ability. In 1813 the decline of his health induced him to retire from the bar. He was immediately elected to a seat in the state legislature, and in the following year was chosen speaker pf tlie house of npresentatives. . In 1816 he was appointed chief justice of tlie supreme court, and in the next year was elected to a seat in the Senate of the United States. Of this body he continued a conspicuous and highly esteemed member till his death in IS20. BURROUGHS, George, who suffered death for the alleged crime of witchcraft, during tlie mournful delusion on that sub- ject, was a graduate of Harvard college, and settled in the ministry at Salem in 1681. In 1692 he vras arraigned at Salem for having, by tlie arts of witchcraft, ** tor- tured, afflicted, pined, consumed, wasted, and tormented" one Mary Wolcott, and also for having performed several feats which required wonderful strength. He was convicted upon these accusations, and executed on the nineteenth of August. BURROW, Sir James, a lawyer, mas- ter of the crown office, was appointed pro tempore, president of the Koyal Society, in 1772, on the death of Mr. West. He died in 1782. His works consist of four volumes of Reports; a volume of Ring's Bench Decisions; an Essay on Punctua- tion ; and Anecdotes of Cromwell and his Family. BURROW, Reuben, a mathemo*- cian, born at Hoberly, in Yorkshire, waa originally a clerk to a merchant, then an usher, and next a schoolmaster. He was employed by Dr. Maskelyne in the obser- vations on Schehallien, and was made drawing master at the Tower; after vuich he went to Bengal, where he died, in 1791, while engaged in a trigonometrical survey. He was a member oi the Asiatic Society. While in England, he edited tlie Gentleman's and Lady^s Diaries. His chief work is a Restitution of Apolloniiu on Inclinations. BURTON, Robert, an original and learned writer, was born at Lindlev, in Leicestershire, in 1676, and received bis education at Brazenose and Christ Church Colleges, Oxford ; afler which he obtained the living of St. Thomas, Oxford, and, subsequently, that of Segrave, in Leices- tershire. He died in 1639-40. Burton was subject to fits of hypochondria, and iis said to have written his celebrated Anatumy of Melancholy with the view of diverting BUS his mind fironi his b^etting maladyi, His work has great and diversified merit; and later writers, especially Sterne, have been indebtad to it for mtico that has been ad- mired in t'eir volumes. BURTON, Henry, bom at Birdsall, in Yorkshire, about 1579, was educated at Oxford ; was clerk of the closet to Prince Henry; and, afterwards, rector of Saiut Matthew's, Friday Street. Two sermons, in a coarse and puritanical style, reflecting oil the bishops, which, in 1636, he preached to his parishioners, drew on him the ven- geance of the detestable star chamber. Every principle of justice was violated in the course of tiie proceedings against him; and he was condemned to pay a fine of Jive thousand pounds, to be degraded from the ministry and from his degrees, to have his ears cut off in the pillory, and to be perpetually imprisoned, without the use of pen, ink, and paper, and without seeing any one but his keeper. The mutilation of his ears, which was executed with ex- traordinary cruelty, he bore with the ut- most fortitude. In 1640 he was liberated by the parliament, and he died in 1648. He wrote many theological tracts, which have sunk into oblivion. BUSBECQ, or BUSBEQUIUS, Au- GiER Ghislen, a natural son of the lord of Busbecq, was born at Commines, in Flanders, in 1522 ; received letters of legit- imation on account of his genius; and was employed on various embassies, par- ticularly on a mission to the Emperor SolimanI[.,during which he remained sev- eral years at Constantinople. Maximilian II. entrusted to him the education of his sons. Busbecq died in France, in 1592. Among other works, he wrote an Account of his Travels in the East. BUSBY, Dr. Richard, was born at Lutton, in Leicestershire, in 1606, and educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1640, he was ap- pointed master of Westminster school; which situation he retained more than fifty-five years, till his decease in 1695. He also held various churcii preferments. Busby was an excellent classical teacher, but a severe disciplinarian. None of his pupils were spoiled by a sparing use of the rod. BUSCH, John George, a native of Luneburg, who was bom in 1728, and died in 1800, was director of the Commercial Ai'ademy at Hamburgh, and is the author of several standard woiks on commerce and political economy. Among them may be mentioned, the Theory of Commerce ; Essavs on Commerce ; on Bank^ ; and on the Circulation of Money. Busche under- rtnod all tlie European languages; was vertied in the mathematics; and was a truly pauiotic citizen. His Encyclopaedia BUT 13B of Mathematics proves his scientific knowl' edge. BUSCHING, Anthony Frederic, one of tlie creators of statistics and mod- ern geography, was born, in 1724, at Stadthagen, in Westphalia, and studied at Halle. Afler having been tutor to the son of Count Lynar, he settled for a while at Copenhagen, where he^ commenced bis geographical labours. In 1754, he was chosen extraordinary professor of philoso- phy at Gottingen; and, in 1761, he was invited to Petersburgh, to be pastor of the German Lutheran church. At Petersburgh he established a public school, which soon became one of the most flourishing in the north; but tlie persecution which he expe- rienced from Marshal Munich, to whom he would not implicitly submit, compelled him to quit Russia. He finally settled at Berlin, where he was patronised and highly esteemed by the king and the royal family, and where he died in 1793. His works, philosophical and .geographical, extend to more than a hundred volumes. Two of the principal are, a System of Geography, 6 vols. 4to.; and an Historical and Geo- graphical Magazine of modern Times, 22 vols. 4to. BUSSY-RABUTIN, Roger, Count de, a French writer and courtier, was born in 1618, and served with reputation in the army for some years. He shone as a courtier till his scandalous chronicle, called the Amorous History of the Gauls, and his lampoons on the king's connection with Mademoiselle de la Valiere, occasioned him to be imprisoned in the Bastile for twelve months, and banished from court for fifteen years. By dint of mean solicitations he was recalled ; but was so coldly treated by the monarch, that he again withdrew to bis estate, wbere he died in 1693. He had wit, courage, and personal accom- plishments ; but was inordinately vain, splenetic, and malignant. Besides tlie work already mentioned, he is the author of Letters; Memoirs; and an Abridged History of Louis the Great BUTE, John §TUART, Eatl of, of an ancient Scotch family, was born early in the eighteenth century, and, in 1738, was appointed one of the lords of the bed- chamber to Frederic, prince of Wales, the father of George III. He possessed the entire confidence of the princess of Wales, and is said to have exercised a prejudicial influence in the political education of the future sovereign, of whom, however, he became a favourite. On his accession, George III. made him groom of tiie stole, and one of the privy council, and, in_1761, appointed him one of the secretaries of state, in the room of Lord Holderness In the following year Bute became first lord of the treasury. Under his autpices, 136 BUT a treaty^ which disappointed the hopes of the nation, was concluded with France and Spain. He, soon after, apparently retired from public business; but he is believed to have long influenced the meas- ures of the monarch. He died in 1792. In his private life, Bute was an amiable and worthy man, and a lover of science. ,To botany he was particularly partial, and had an extensive knowledge of it. BUTLER, Charles, an 'English di- vine, born in 1559, at High Wycombe, Bucks, was educated at Oxford, and, about 1600, became vicar of Lawrence Wotton, Hants, where he died in 1647. Of his works, the chief are, the Feminine Mon- archy, or a Treatise on Bees, a curious and clever production ; and the Principles of Music, which has been highly praised uy Dr. Burney, a judge whose competence to decide on such a subject admits of no appeal. BUTLER, Samuel, the wittiest of English poets, was born in 1612, and was the son of a former at Strensham, in Wor- cestershire. The first part of his educa- tion he obtained at Worcester school ; but whether he completed it at Oxford or Cambridge is a point in dispute, though the weight of evidence and opinion is in favour of the latter university. After he left college, he was successively clerk to a justice of peace named Jeffreys, and an inmate in the families of the countess of Kent, and of Sir Samuel Luke, a Bed- fordshire gentleman, who was a commander under Cromwell. While he was in this last situation he is believed to have written his Hudibras, the hero of which is Sir Samuel Luke himself. The first part of Hudibras was publi.^hed in 1663, and im- mediately became popular. Lord Dorset culled the attention of^ the court to it, but tlie author benefited little by this circum- stance. A gratuity of three hundred pounds is said to have been the only reward which was bestowed on him by the worthless BovRreig'i. By the earl of Carbery he was appointed steward of Ludlow Castle; and he married Mrs. Herbert, a woman of ■ome fortune; which fortune, however, is BXJT afBrmeid to have been lost, by beinff put out upon bad security. The second and third parts of Hudibras appeared in 1664 and 1678. The remainder of his works was not given to the world till long after his decease. The poet died, in compara- tive obscurity, in 1680, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Paurs, Covent Gar- den. In originality, wit, and felicity of illustration and allusion, Hudibras remains without a rival, and seems likely to remain so. Even the change of customs and habits, which time has produced, has not destroyed its attractions; and no poem in our lan- guage, perhaps, affords so fertile or so frequent a source of ludicrous quotation. BUTLER, Joseph, an eminent pro- late and theological writer, was born, in 1692, at Wantage, in Berkshire, and was originally a dissenter, but confornaed to the church, and studied at Oriel College, Oxford. He was successively preacher at the Rolls College, rector of Houghton and of Stanhope, a prebend of Rochester, and clerk of the closet to Queen Caroline. In 1736 he published his celebrated Analogy of Religion ; in 1738 he was made bishop of Bristol ; and in 1750 bishop of Durham He died in 1752. Besides the Analogy, he printed a volume of Sermons, and a Charge to his Clergy, on the subject of external religion. BUTLER, Alban, a catholic divine, of great learning, was born at Appletree, in Northamptonshire, in 1710; was edu- cated at Douay; became tutor to the duke of Norfolk's nephew; and died, in 1773, president of the English College at St. Omers. Of his -works, the principal is, the Lives of the Saints, in 5 vols. 4to. BUTLER. See Ormond. BUTTNER, Christian William, a German naturalist and philologist, born at Wolfenbuttle, in 1716, was originally an apothecary, but relinquished that profession to study the primitive history of nations, and the filiation of their languages. In pursuit of tliis object, and of natural nistory, he restricted himself to what was barely necessary to support life, making only one frugal meal a day, and expending his savings upon books. For a quarter of a century he was professor at Gottingen, and contributed greatly to spread a love of philological studies. He died in 1801. His published works are, unfortunately, few in number: among them is. Compara- tive Tables of the Alphabets of Ancient and Modern Nations. He left in MS. a Prodromus Linguarum. BUTTON, Sir Thomas, a navigator, who was in the service of Prince Henry, son of James 1. In 1612, he sailed wiih two vessels, to follow up the discoveries of Henry Hudson. He wintered in Nel- son's river, which was discovered by hict; BYL ami returned to England in the autnmn of 1613. Button was tlie first who, on tlie w&^teni side of Hudson's Bay, reached the eastern coast of America. In tliis expedi- tion lie displayed much ability and sound sense BUXBAUM, John Christian, a German botanist^ born at Merseburg, in 1694, was one cf the foreigners whom the Cxar Peter invited intoHussia. Heformed tile botanic garden at Petersburgli ; was professor of the imperial college in that city; and was sent to travel, for botanical purposes, in Turkey, in Siberia, and on the Persian frontier. His chief work is one on the plants of Turkey. Linnteus gave the name of Buxbaumia to one division of the family of tlie mosses. BIjXTON, Jedadiah, an exti-aor4i- nary calcnlatnr, was born at Elmton, in Ucrbyslnre, about 1704; and, though the son of a schoolmaster, he received no edu- cation whatever He pos«iessed, however, uncommon powers of calculation and ab- straction — for, in the midst of a crowd, he could solve the most difficult arithmetical questions. But he had no ideas beyond the mental use of figures. In 1754, he walked to London, and was presented to the Royal Society. While he was in the metropolis, he was taken to the theatre, where he em- ployed himself solely in counting the steps of the dancers, and the words which Gar- rick uttered. He died at the age of about Beventy, BUXTORF, John, the first of a family, the members of which, during two centu- ries, were famous for a profound knowledge of Hebrew and Chaldee, was born at Ca- men, in Westphalia, in 1564, and became professor at Basil, where he died in 1629. Among his vv^orks are, a Cbaldaic, Talmn- dic, and Rabbinic Lexicon; a Hebrew and Cbaldaic Dictionary; and a Hebrew Bible, with the Rabbinical and Chaldaic Paraphrases. BUXTORF, John, a son of the pre- ceding, was born at Basil, in 1599 ; suc- ceeded his father, as professor, in 1630; and died in 1664. He compiled a Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon; translated Maimo- nides into Latin; and produced several philological and other works. At the early .age of four years, he is said to have been able to read German, Latin, and Hebrew. — ^JoHN, his soHi and, John, his nephew, were also consummate Hebraists. BYLES, Mather, a congregational minister, was born in Boston, Massachu- Hetta, in 1706. He was educated at Har- vard university, and after completing his theological studies, was ordained the first pastor of the church in HoIP" street, Bos- ton, in 1732. Byles contrfbuted many essays to the New England Weekly Jour- nal, and wrote severe occasional poems. BYR 187 which were afterwards collected in a vol- ume. He obtained considerable literary reputation, and corresponded with Pope, Lansduwne, and Watts. Though in his day a popular preacher, and a ptet of some merit, lie is now chiefly remembered by his reputation for a ready and powerful wit. In 1776 his connection with his congrega- tion was dissolved on account of his tory- ism, and in the following year he was de- nounced publicly as an enemy to his country, and afterwards tried before a special court. He passed the last twelve years of his Iif« in retirement, and died in 1738. BYNG, tlie Hon. John, fourth son of Viscount Torrington, was born in 1704; and, having manifested an early inclina- tion to the sea sen'ice, he, at the age of tliirteen, accompanied his ^ther. During the war which ended in 1748, he acquired the reputation of a good officer, and rose to be vice-admiral of the red. Tn 1756, he was sent, with an inadequate ibrce, to relieve Minorca, in which he failed. His indecisive engagement witli the French excited public clamour, and a despicable ministry resolved to save themselves by making him the victim. He was sentenced to be shot, a sentence which, in utter con- tempt of justice, was executed on the 14th of March, 1757. He met death with a firmness which amply refuted the calum- nies of his persecutors. BYNG. See Torrington. BYNKERSHOEK, Cornelius Van, a celebrated publicist, was born at Middle- burgh, in Zealand, in 1673, and died, at the Hague, in 1743, at which period he was president of the council in Holland. In 1699 he established the Hague New Mercury, which was soon suppressed as beiu^ too satirical. His observations on the Roman Laws, and other works of the same kind, are of high, authority. BYRNE, WiLLiAW, was born at I-on- don, in 1742, and was originally an en- graver of ciphers and, arms; but, display- ing superior talents, he was sent to Pans, to study the higher, branches cf the art, under Aliamet and Wille. On his return to England he soon acquired reputation. Among his principal works are, the Anti- quities of Britain, and Smith's Italian Scenery. He died in 1805. BYROM, John, a poet, and the in- ventor of an excellent system of stenog- raphy, was born, in 1691, at Kersall, near Manchester, and educated at Merchant Tailors' School and Cambridge. His pas- toral of Colin and Phnebe, and Essays on Dreaming, printed in the Spectator, gained him the patronage of Dr. Bentley, through whose interest he obtained a fellowsliip This, of course, he forfeited by his mar riage ; and he then taught short hand for a subsistence, till he came into possession 1S8 BYR of the family estate by the decease of bis elder brotber. Byrom was a member of the Royal Society. He died in 1763. His metrical compositions have been admitted into the British Poets. BYRON, liie Hon. John, grandfather of the celebrated peer, was born at New- stead Abbey, in 1723; entered the navy at an early age; and was wrecked, on a desert island near Chiloe, in the Wa^er, one of the flquadron which Anson led to the South Seas. After suffering in the most dreadful manner by famine, the re- mains of the crew surrendered to the Span- iards, and were captives during 6ve years. Of these calamitous adventures Byron after- wards published a good Narrative. From 1764 to 1766, he was employed, with the rank of captain, in a circumnavigatory voyage of discovery. He rose to oe an admiral, and commanded in the West In- dies, during the American war. His de- cease took place in 1786. BYRON, George Gordon, Lord Byron, the son of Captain Byron, who was notorious for his dissipated conduct, and of Miss Gordon, was born at Dover, Janu- ary the 23d, 1788. Deserted by her hus- band, who had squandered hei fortune, and who died not long after his desertion of her, Mrs. Byron retired with her son to Aberdeen, where, possessed of a very connned income, -she lived in perfect seclusion. The youthful Byron was of delicate health, in consequence of which his studies were oflen interrupted, and he was treated with an indulgence that, per^ haps, went beyond the bounds of prudence. By the death of his great uncle, in 1798, ne succeeded to the family title and estates, and became a ward of his relative, the earl of Carlisle, by whom he was placed at Harrow School. At the age of sixteen he was removed to Trinity College, Cam- bridge. At neither of these seminaries did he particularly distmguish himself ; and his contempt ersonal exertions and his generous pecuniary aid, when he was at- tacked by a fever, which terminated fatal- ly on the 20lh of April, 1824. He expired at Missolonghi, at tlie early age of thirty- seven, leaving behind him a name thatwiU be as imiierisiinble as language itself. His luss wvds mourned by the Greeks as that of a public benefactor, and almost regal hon- ours wei-e ordered by the provisional gov- ernment, to be paid to his memory and his remains. Of tlie poetry of Byron little CAB 139 need be said: it is of the highest order. Few have ever called from the lyre, with equal skill, such varied and f=eemingly in- compatible tones. He is by turns miblime, pathetic, tender, satirical, and sporti\e; aud in each of these dissimilar styles, he displays an equal degree of excellence. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a Polish dominican, was born at Prosc- zovie, in 1567, and settled at Rome, where he died in 1637. He wrote various works, of which the principal is, a Continuation, in nine volumes, of the Annals of Baronius. Bzovius having, in this production, spoken unfavourably of tlie Emperor Louis TV, of Uavaria, several Bavarian writers drew their jiens against him, and the elector in- stituted a suit, the result of which was, that Bzovius was compelled to retract hu assertions. c CABANIS, Peter John George, a French pliysician and literary character, tlie son of an agriculturist of talent, \mis born at Conac, in 1757, and in early life visited Poland, where the political ser- vility and coiruption, which he witnessed on a great occasion, inspired him, as he tells us, with a precocious contempt cf man- kind, and a disposition to melancholy. This, however, did not prevent him from manifesting infinite kindness and benevo- lence in his subsequent career. On his re- turn to his native country, he chose the medical profession, and attained high rep- utation. In politics he also bore a part. He was the bosom friend of Mirabeau, and sat in the council of five hundred, and in the serate of Napoleon. He died in 1807. His collected medical and other works have been publi^ied in seven oc^vo vol- urnev. CABESTAN. or CABESTAING, William, a ProvenQal troubadour of the thiiteenth cenUu-y, is celebrated for his tal- ents and misfortunes. A lady, of whom he was enamoured, rendered him insane by alovepot'on; and after he recovered his senses a severer fate awaited him. Ca- bestan having entered into the service of the wife of Raymond de Seillans, Ray- mond became jealous of him, put him to dtath, about 1213, and served up the heart of the poet, dressed, to his wife, who died of grief on hearing what she bad eaten, or, as some say, threw herself from a window. Some of Cabestan's poems are still in ex- istence. " CABOT, Sebastiak, a celebrated nav- gator (the son of John Cnbot a Venetian, who was alao eminent ivt nautical knowl^ edge), was born at Bristol, in 1477. In 1497, tlie Cabot family ^ing then in the service of Henry VU., ne bore a part in the voyages in which his father discovered Newfoundland and the American continent. In 1517 Sebastian made a fruitless attempt to reach the East Indies by a new tracl^. He soon after entered into the Spanish ser- vice,^ in which he remained for some years^ and explored the Rio de la Plata and part of the coast of South America. Under the reign of Edward VI. however, he returned to this country, and was pensioned, made grand pilot of England, and consulted on all maritime and commercial affairs. He died in 1557. Sebastian Cabot was tlie first who noticed the variation of the com-- pass. He published an account of his V^oy- ages in'the Northern Regions. CABOT, George, was bom inSalem, Massachusetts, in the year 1752, and spent the early part of his life in the employment pf a shipmaster. He possessed a vigorous and inquisitive mind, aud took advantage of every opportunity of improvement and acquisition, even amid tlie restlessness and danger of a seafaring life. Before he was twenty-six years of age, he was elected a member of the provincial Congress of Mas- sachusetts, which met with the visionary project of establishing a maximum in the prices of provision. There he displayed that sound sense, and that acquaintance with tlie true principles of political econo- my, for which he afterwards became so much distinguished- Mr. Cabot was a member of the State Convention assem- bled to deliberate on the adoption -of tlie federal constitution, and in 1790 was elect- ed to a seat in the senate of tli« Unittd 140 CAD States. Of this' lif>dy he became one of ilip most distinguished inemberF, and en- '(ive'l the uiiliiuiteii confidence and friend- ship of Haniikon and Washington. I lS(iS he heciiinc a member of the council of Massachusetts, and in 1814 was ap- pointed a delegate to the convention which mnt at Hartford, and was chosen to pre- side over its deliberations. He died at Hoston in 1823, at the age of 72 years. He possessed a mind of great energy and nnietration, and in private life was much lo\e.l and esteemed. As a public man he WHS pure and disititerested, an high sagaci- ty and i>crsuasive eloquence. His favour- ite t^tudie;; were political ecouomy and the science of government. CABRAL, Pedro Alvakez, a Por- tuguese, commanded a fleetwhtch, in 1500, was fitted out for tho East Indies, by Emanuel of Portugal. To avoid the calms of the African coast, Cabral steered so far westward lllat he reached the American shore, where lie discovered Brazil: so that tlie new world would have been revealed even had Columbus not succeeded in his attempt. Cabrai afterwards sailed to the East; reduced th#Zamorin of Calicut to Bue for peace; and, in 1501, returned home richly laden. He died in Portugal. His Accdunt of his Voyage was translated and published at Venice. CACAULT, Francis, a French diplo- matist and literary character, was born at Nantz, in 1742, and became mathematical Krotessor of the military school ; afTer which e travelled in Italy for six years, whence he returned in 1775. In^ 1-785, he was ap- pointed secretary of embassy at Naples, and he subsequently was ambassador at Rome and Genoa. He signed the treaty of Tolentino, and 6'pened the negotiation for the Concordat. In France, he was thrice one of the rejiresentatives of the people. He died a senator in 1805. Cacault trans- lated the Lyric Poems of Ramler, and the Dramaturgia of Lesslng. CADALSO, Jose, one ofthe late wri- ters of Spain, was born of a noble family,* at Cadiz, in 1741. He was educated m Paris, wliere he obtained an acquaintance with the principal languages of modern Europe, and afterwards travelled through England, France, Portugal, Germany and Italy. At the ageof 20'he returned home and joined the arihy, wliere he remained tJll his death, attentive to his military du- ties, though devoted to literature. He was kille.d at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782. He is the author of Cartas Alarrueciis, a series of letters possessing much merit; a game called Eruditos a^Ia Violeta; a tra- gedy ; aiid several poetical pieces under the tiile of Ocios dti mi Juventud. CADAMOSTA, Louis da, a Venetian ■avigatur, who. in 1454, was taken Into CiEC the service of Prince, 'ifcnry of Portugal ; and, in the following year, explored the African coa^t as far as the Gambia. In 1456, he discovered the Cape Verd i^landi. Cadamosta returned to Venii:e on the death of Prince Henrv, and drew up an excellent Narrative of hfs Voyages, which was pub- lished at Vicenza, in 1507. CADET DE VAUX, Anthony Alex- is, the son of a chemist and apothecary of considerable talent, was born, in 1743, at Paris, and died in 1828. He was a member of various learned societies; es- tablished the Journal de Paris; edited and contributed to some other journa's; and wrote various works of merit, chiefly on agriculture, among which are Treatises en the Cultivation of Potatoes and Tobacco, and the Manufacture of Wine. CADET DE GASS1COURT,Charles Louis, (brother of Cadet de Vaux), was born at Paris, in 1769, and, after the death of his father in 1799, quitted the bar to devote himself to chemistry and philoso- phy. He died in 1821. His works, in various departments, are numerous and meritorious. Among them may be men- tioned his Dictionary of Chemistry, in 4 vols.; Travels in Austria, Moravia, and Bavaria; Letters on London and the Eng- lish Nation; Travels in Normandy, and the Supper of Moliere. He likewise was a liberal contributor to all the scientific journals. CADOGAN, William, first earl of Cadogan, was the son of a counsellor, and entered the army early in life^' In 1703 he was made a brigadier-general, and next year he distinguished himself at the battle of Blenheim. He was the friend of Marl- borough, and the companion of that great general in all his victories; and was also employed as plenipotentiai^ in the Lovr Countries and at the Hague. In 1716, he was created a baron, and in 171S an earl, and he succeeded Marlborongh as com- mander in chief and master general of the ordnance. He died in 1727. CADWALADER, John, was born in Philadelphia, and rose to the rank of brig- adier-general in the American army during the revolutionary war. He was a man of inflexible courage, and possessed in a high degree the esteem and confidence of Wasn- ington. In 1778, he was appointed by Congress general of cavalry, an appoint- ment which he declined on the score of being more useful in the situation he then occupied. After the war he was a member of the assembly of Maryland, and died in 1786, in the 44th vear of his age. C.-eCILlUS »STAT1US, a jative of Milan, who died at Rome, B. c. 168, was originally a slave, but was emancipated in conseq\ience of his talent as a dramatic writer He wrote forty comedies, of which only a few fragments remain Caecitiu8 has the nine merit of Imving been generoiiH to a rival. When Tcienre was ytunig, and as yet tniknnwn, his first piece was lil)erally praised, and recommended to public notice, by Csecilius. C^LJUS AURELIANUS, a Latin pliysician, tlie founder, or at least the first writer, of the medical sect of the Metho- dists, is said by some to have been born at Aria in Asia, and by others, at Sicca in Numidia. Some fix his existencejn the fifth century; while otliers make him' contemporary of Galen. Two of his works, on acute and chronic disorders, are still extant, and possess considerable merit. The system of the Methodists seems to have given rise to that of Brown. C^ESALPIIVUS, Andkew, an Italian physician and botanist, was born at Arezzo, m 1519; became chief physician to Pope Clement VIII. ; and died at Rome in 1603. Ceesalpiniis appears to have had an idea of the circulation of tlie blood, and was the''< first who invented a regular system of Elants. He is the author of an excellent latin Treatise on Plants, and of various medical and philosophical works. CiESAR, Caius Julius, the first Ro man emperor, the son of Lucius Caesar and Aurelia, the daughter of Cotta, was born at Rome, b. c. 100, and lost his father at the age of sixteen. Being connected, by his own marriage and that of his aunt, with the tacfixii of Marios, his destruction was resolved upon by Sylla. By the inter- cession of friends, however, the dictator was induced to spare him; but he at tlie same time told the intercessors tliat they would repent of their interference, for that in the youth who was the object of their solicitude he foresaw many Mariuses. After having made a campaign in Asia Minor, and at- tended the lectures of Apollonius Molo at Rhodes, Cuesar returned to Rome, and let slip no opportunity of winning the affection of the people. He filled the olfices of chief pontiff and praetor, and then obtained the government of Spain, in which he acquired money sufficient to pay his debts, though they amounted to the enormous sum of ' one CJES 14 million six hundred thousand potnds. Ii was while he was passing ttii'ougvith twenty-three wounds, on the 15th of 142 CAI March, b. c. 44. Transcendent as were his military talents, Caesar was not eminent for military talents alone. He was a con- summate orator, and an admirable writer. Unfortunately, of his compositions, only his Commentaries are extant. Science is also indebted to him for the reformation of the calendar. His placability and clemency, rare virtues as they are in an ambitious man and a conqueror, are entitled to no Bcanly share of praise. To subvert the liberties of our country is, indisputably, a crime of the deepest dye, and of this Caesar is accused ; but it may, perhaps, admit of a doubt, whether, at the period in which he lived, liberty, in tlie true sense of the word, had any existence at Rome, and whether the interests of the human race would have been benefited by the triumph of Pompey over his illustrious antagonist. C^STUS BA>SSUS, a Roman lyric poet and grammarian, of the reisn of Nero, was buried in his country house by an erup- tion of Vesuvius, a, d. 79. Q,uintilian and Pliny praise his lyric poetry, and Persius addressed one of his satires to him ; but, with the exception of a few fragments, his works have perished. CAGLIARI, or CALIARI, Paul, a celebrated painter, generally known by the name of Papl Veronese, was born at Verona, in 1532, and was instructed in painting by his uncle Badile^ Having ac- companied an embassy to Rome, be profit- ed from studying the works of Michael Angelo and Raphael. His pictures are numerous, and in high estimation. The Marriage of Cana is the finest of them. Cagliari excels in colouring and composi- tion; but is defective in drawing and cos- tume. He died at Venice, in 1588. His sons, Carletto and Gabriel, and his brother Benedict, were all painters. CAGLIOSTRO, Count Alexander, an adventurer, whose real name is said to havebeen Joseph Balsamo, was born at Palermo, in 1743. Under various names, and ostensibly in the character of a chemist and physician, but, as some affirm, really in that of a swindler, he wandered through Greece, Egypt, Arabia, Persia, and other countries. In 1780, he visited France, where he lived in a style of great splen- dour, and was much admired for his medi- cal skill, and his liberality. He was, however, involved with the cardinal de Rohan, in the mysterious aSair of the diamond necklace, and confined in the Bastile; but was finally pronounced inno- cent. He was tried at Rome, in 1789, as being guilty of freemasonry, and he died in 1795, a prisoner in the castle of Saint Angelo. CAILLE, NicHOLvs Louis de la, a French mathematician and astronomer, wu born^ in 1713, at Riumgny, andbetnin CAL by studying theology; but soon devoted himself to astronomy. Cassini obtained for him a place in the observatory; and he assisted the younger Cassini in verify ing the meridian throughout France. Being appointed professor of mathematics at the Mazarine college, he delivered there ^a series of highly valuable lectures. In 1750 he went to the Cape, to examine the stars of the southern hemisphere; and, during his residence there of two years, he ascer- tained the position of nine thousand eight hundred. Astronomy also owes to him many other important services. He died in 1762. Besides his Elementary Lessons, the substance of his lectures, he published Elements of Optics, and various otlier works. CAILLET, William, a French peas- ant, born at Mello, in tlie Beauvaisis, was the leader of the famous insurrection called the Jacquerie, which broke out in the north of France, in 1358, extended its ravages to several provinces, and caused the slaughter of many noblemen and gentle- men, and the burning of more than two hundred castles. The insurgents were at length subdued, and Caillet was beheaded in 1359. CAILLY, James de, a French poet, better known under the name of d'Aceilly, was born at Orleans, in 1604; and died in 1673, one of the king's household. He is the author of a great number of epi- grams, many of which are pointed and witty. CAIUSi orKAYE, John^ a physician, was born in 1510, at Norwich; was edu- cated at Gonville Hall, Cambridge; took his degree at Bologna; and became suc- cessively physician to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. He endowed Gonrille Hall with several estates, and converted it into a college, by the name of Cains College, of which he was the first master, and where he died in 1573. His epitaph is truly laconic . "FuiCaius." He wrote various works on medicine and natural philosophy; and a History of Cambridge. CAJETAN, Cardinal, so denominated from Cajeta, or Gaeta, where he was born in 1469, but whose real name was Thomas DE Vio, was sent by Leo X. into Ger- many, to incite the emperor against the Turks, and to stop the progress of Luther's doctrines. By his haughtiness to the re- former, however, in Ike conferences which he hold with him, he only augmented the evil. He died in 1534. Though all his life ^ he was actively engaged in public affairs, he never failed to devote some hours daily to study. He wrote various works, of which the chief are. Commen- taries on the Bible ; and a-Treatise on the Papal Authority. CALABER, QuiNTUs, or QuiHTVf CAL SMYRN^US, a Greek poet, is supposed to hare been a native of Smyrna, in the Jiird century. He wrote a supplement to the Iliad, which, in the fifteenth century, was discovered in a Calabrian monastery, by Cardinal Bessarion. This supplement is in fourteen books, and possesses much poetical merit. The best edition is that of Tychaen, published in 1807. CALAMY, Edhumd, a celebrated non- conformist divine, was born at London, in 1600, and studied at Cambridge. Having embraced presbyterianism, he took an ac- tive part in the religious disputes of the age, and was one ot the authors of the treatise which bore the title of Smectym- nus, and was directed against episcopacy. He was a member of the assembly of di- vines at Westminster; but he strenuously opposed the trial of the king, and the usurpation of Cromwell, and had a' share in enecting the restoration of Charles the Second. The restored monarch offered him the bishopric of Litchfield, but he re- fiised it, and he was subsequently expelled from his living by the act of imiformity. Such was his grief in consequence of the fire of London, that he is said to have died of it, in 1666. He produced many sermons and controversial writings. CALAMY, Edhdkd, grandson of the g receding, was born in 1671, succeeded [r. Alsop, in Westminster, as presbyte- rian preacher, and died in 1732. He abridged Baxter's Life and Times; pub- lishetfsome tracts and sermons ; and wrote An Historical Account of my own Life, with some reflections on the Times I have lived in, which has recently been printed. CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, of the sect of gymnosophists, accompanied Alexander in his Indian expedition. He was then in his eighty-third year; and being taken sick, be voluntarily burned himself to death on a pile, B. c. 325, in presence of the whole Greek army, CALAS, John, an unfortunate merchant of Toulouse, of the protestant religion. When his son. Marc Antoine, who had embraced the tenets of the catholics, had strangled himself in a fit of melancholy, the rather was seized by the suspicious government, as guilty of the murder. No proof could be offered against him, and self-evident as it was that a weak old man could not execute such a deed of violence on a youtj full of strength, in a bouse where the family was then resident, even if the feelings of a parent were put out of the question, yet he was condemned and broken upon the wheel in 1762, in the eixty-fifth year of his age. The family of the unhappy man retired to Geneva, and Voltaire subsequently undertook to defend his memory. He succeeded in drawing J public attention towards the circumstances I CAL 14* of the case, and a revision of the tria; wai granted. Fifty judges once more examined the facts, and declared Calas altogethet innocent. CALASIO, Marius, a Franciscan firi- ar, was born at Calasio, near Aquila, in the Neapolitan territory, about 1S50. He died in 1620, just as he was on the point of publishing his Concordance of 'the Bible, in four folio volumes ; an excellent work, which forms a complete Hebrew Lexicon, and on which he had spent forty years of incessant labour. Hebrew was as familiar to Calasio as his native lan- guage. His Concordance appeared in 1621, and was republished by Romaine, in 1747. CALDARA, PoLJDORE, a celebrated painter, called also Cabavagoio, from his native place, in the Milanese, was born in 1495, and went to Rome as a common labourer. From observing Giovanni da Udina and other painters, while they were employed on their productions, he acquired, however, such a Knowledge of painting, that Raphael gave him lessons, and en- trusted him to paint the friezes' for his works in the Vatican. Caldar.i resided for many years in Naples and in Sicily, where his works were much esteemed. Most of his compositions were in fresco ; and, unfortunately, many of them have perished. He was murdered in his bed, by his servant, in 1543. CALDERON DE LA BARCA, Don Pedro, one of the most famous of the Spanish dramatists, was born in 1600, and produced his first piece at the age of four- teen. Like Cervantes, he became a sol- dier, and he served several campaigns in Italy and the Netherlands. Philip IV., however, who was fond of the theatre, in- vited hirfi to Madrid, knighted, and patron- ised him. In 1652 Calderon took orders, and became a canon of Toledo. He died 1687. His printed plays form ten quarto volumes; but he is said to have produced the astonishing number of more than fifteen hundred pieces. It may easily be imagined tliat, tho.ugh displaving bril- liant talent,,his dramas are often disfigured by absurdity and extravagance. CALDERWOOD, Datid, a Scotch presbyterian divine, was born in 1575, and strenuously opposed the plan of James VI. to establish conformity between the English and Scotch churches; for which opposition he was banished. Retiring to Holland, he published, in 1625, his work entitled Altare Damascenum; a severe attack on episcopacy. He returned to Scotland; contributed greatly to therestab lishment of presbyterianism; and died in 1651. Calderwood left a voluminous His- tory of the Church of Scotland, of which only a portion has been printed. CALEPINO, or DA CALEPIO, An- 144 CAL BROSE, an AngUBtine friar, was born at Calepio, near Bergamo, in Italy, in 1435, and died blind in 1511. He is the compi- ler of a Lexicon in eleven languages, which haa been repeatedly enlarged and reprinted. CALIDASA, an Indian dramatic poet, IS supposed by Sir William Jones to have flourished a century B. c; bat Bentley fixes the period of his existence as late as the tenth century. He is considered to be the principal ot the nine poets who bear the title of the Nine PeaHs. His drama of Sacontala has been translated by Sir William Jones. Other works of his are extant. CALIGULA, Caids CarsAii, so called from his wearing the caliga, was a Roman emperor, the son of Germanicus and 4grip- pina; succeeded Tiberius, A. D. 37; and for some months reigned worthily. He soon, however, gave way to all kinds of debauchery, cruelty, and tyranny; acted on many occasions as if insane ; and was at last assassinated, after a reign of three years and ten months. CALIPPUS, a Greek astronomer and mathematician, a native of Cyzicus, who flourished about 330 years E. c, is the in- ventor of a new cycle of seventy-six years, called the Calippic period, formed to rem- edy the incorrectness of the cycle invented oy Melon. CALIXTUS, George, a Lutheran theologian, was born, in 1586, at Medel- bui, in Holstein; became professor of divinity at Helmstadt ; and bore a promi- nent part in the conference at Thorn, which was convoked in 1645. Calixtus strove, with all his eloquence and zeal, to bring about a union between the Lutherans and the other protestaot sects; but bis well intended efforts were repaid only by re- proach and calumny from all parties. The few who espoused his opinions were called Syncretists and Calixtios; and, as well as their leader, were considered as little if at all better than heretics. Bossuet, how- ever, denominates him " the most able Lutheran of our times, and the one who has written the most learnedly against us." Calixtus died in 1656. His Uieological works are numerous. CALLCOTT, John Wali., Doctor of Music, was born at Kensington, in 1766. He was intended for the medical profes- sion ; but, having been disgusted by wit- nessing an operation, he turned his attention to music. At tlie same time he acquired a considerable knowledge of classical and oriental literature. He assisted Dr. Arnold in forming the G'.ee Club; in which club, and in the Nobleman's Catch Club, of which he was an honorary member, he obtained numerous prizes. He died in 1826, afler having lone been in a melaa CAL s:ate ol intellect. He is the author of a Musical Grammar. The most celebrated of his admirable catche.s, glees, and canoin have been published, in two volumes, bj his son in law Mr. Horsley. CALLICRATES, a Greek architect, who lived at Athens in the eighty-fourti Olympiad, was, in conjunction with leti- nus, tie artist who constructed tlie famous Partlienon, of which tlie sculptures and decorations were the work of Phidias. CALLIMACHUS, a native of Corinth, flourished about the year b. c. 540, and was celebrated as an architect, sculptor, and painter. To him is ascribed the in- vention of the Corinthian order; the idea of which is said to have been suggested to him by seeing the foliage of an acanthus encircling a basket, on the top of which was a tile. CALLUVfACHUS, a Greek poet, a na- tive of Cyrene, flourished at Alexandria, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote many works, but only his Hymns, which have twice been translated into English, are extant. Apollonius Rhodius was his pupil, and having acted ungrate- fully towards him, Callimachus avenged himself by a satirical poem, which was entitled Ibis. CALLINICUS, an architect, was bom at Heliopolis, in Egypt, in the seventh cen'ury, and discovered the Greek fire, which was so long one of the most effective defences of the eastern empire. With this powerful means of attack, he destroyed the whole of the Saracen fleet off Cy- zicus. CALLINUS, or CALLINOUS,a Greek poet and .orator, a native of Ephesus, flourished in the eighth century B. c. The invention of elegiac poetry is attributed to him. A few fragments, preserved in Brunck's Analecta, are all that time hsu spared of his works. CALLISTHENES, a Greek philoBO- pher and historian, who, recommended by his friend and master Aristotle, accompa- nied Alexander on his expedition. Too honest to flatter, he refused to pay divine honours to the monarch. For this, he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated, and sus- pended in an iron cage, till Lysimachns, in pity, gave him poison to end his tor.* ments, B. c. 328. None of bis.works are extant. CALLOT, jAMES,an eminent engraver, born at Nancy, in Lorraine, in 1593, was taught drawing at Rome by Parigi, and engraving by Thomassin. On the artist'a return to Lorraine, the duke became his natron, and gave him a pension. In this happy situation, Callot woiked with inrie- fatigable ardour, and executed no less than one thousand six hundred plates. Wlien *^""'° XIIIii r"miii'rf d Lorraine, he wialwd CAL 'o employ Callot to perpetuate his triumph ; out the artist nobly replied, " I will sooner cut off my thumb than do any thing derog- atory to the honour of my prince and my country." He died in 1635. The en- gravings of Callot are remarkable for spirit, and his drawings are even more so. CALMET, Adgostine, an erudite divine and critic, and a monk of the Bene- dictine order, was bom near Commercy, in Lorraine, in 1672; became abbot of St. Leopold near Nancy, and, afterwards, of Senones ; and died in 1757. Calmet is a voluminous author, and bis works abound in information, but they are exceedingly proliK, and written in an ungracefiil style. The most popular of his numerous pro- ductions is, a Commentary on the Bible, in twenty-six volumes quarto, which, in a compressed form, has been naturalized in the English and other languages. CALOGERA, Akgelo, a learned na- tive of Fadua, and a Camaldulian monk, was born in 1699, and commenced, in 1729, an Italian scientific and philological peri- odical, which be continued to the extent of nearly sixty volumes. He also published ' eighteen volumes of a kind of review ; con- tributed to the Minerva; and translated Telemachus into Italian. He died in 1768. CALONNE, Chakles Alexasdek UE, a French minister of state, was born at Douay, in 1734; was brought up to the bar, and, after having filled several im- portant offices, was raised, in 1783, to be comptroller general of the ■ finances. The nuances, however, were in such a shattered state, that it was impossible to restore them. In order to obtain the means of filling up the deficiency, Cajonne advised the king to convoke the notables ; and to that body he proposed measures which would have obliged the privileged orders to bear a part of the public burtliens. These orders were immediately in arms against him, and, in 1787, they succeeded in having him exiled to Lorraine. He emigrated in 1791 ; and for four years his fortune and all his faculties were devoted to the supporting of the royal cause. In 1796, however, he retired from public life, and he resided in England till 1802, when Iv returned to France, where he died, in the October of the same year. Calonne was an elegant and animated writer, and produced several works, the most remark- able of which is an octavo volume, on the Present and Future State of France. His taste in the fine arts was also conspicuous. CALPRENEDE, Gadtier de COS- TES, Sieur de la, one of the gentlemen of the king of France's bedchamber, was born at Toulgon, in Perigord, in 1612, and ob- tained high favour at court for his plea- wntry an a talent. ,. He was killed, in 1663, note CAL 145 tragedies and romances, the latter of which, though prolix beyond measure, and full of bad taste, were in that age universally read and admired. His Cleopatra occu- pies twenty-three octavo volumes, and liia Cassandra ten. The whole of his works are now completely forgotten. CALPURNIUS, or CALPHURNIUS, Titus Julius, a pastoral poet, a native of Sicily, is supposed to have been born in the reign of Diocletian. He was a con- temporary of Nemesianus, to whom he dedicated his eleven Eclogues, seven of which are extant. CALVERT, Geobg E, descended fi-om a noble family, was born at Kipling, in York- shire, 1585. He was educated at Oxford, and after his return from the tour of E'l- rope, he became secretary to Robert Cecil. In 1605 he attended James I. on his visit to the university of Oxford, and was there made M. A., and afterwards he was made clerk to the privy council, was knighted by the king in 1617, in 1619 made secre- tary of state, and the next year honoured with a pension of £.1,000 out of tlie cus- toms. He was created Lord Baltimore in 1625. He twice visited Newfoundland, where the king bad granted him a large tract of land, out abandoned his property in this part for the neighbourhood of Vir- ginia, when Charles 1. granted him a patent for Maryland. He died at London in 1632. His son, who inherited his en- terprising spirit, planted in Maryland a colony of about two hundred families, which bore the name of Baltimore. CALVERT, Frederic, Baron of Baltimore, and proprietor, of Maryland, succeeded Charles, lord Baltimore, in 1761. He corresponded with Linnxus, was a man of learning and talent, and a fellow of the Royal Society. He published a Tour in the East, and a volume of prose and poet- ical works, entitled Gaudia Poetica, La- tina, Anglica, et Gallica lingua Composita He died at Naples in 1771. CALVIN, John, one of the apostle* ol the reformation, and the founder of the sect of the Calvinists, was bom at Noyon, in Ficurdy, in 1509. His family nauM .46 CAM was Cauvin, which he latinized into Cal- vinuB. He was rirst intended for the church, and, subsequently, for the profession of civil law. Having embraced the princi- ples of protestantism, he was under the necessity of quitting France ; and he settled at Basil, where he published his celebrated Institutions of the Christian Religion. After having visited Italy, he was returning by the way of Qeneva, in 1536, when Farel and other reformers induced him to take up his abode in that city. He was chosen one of the ministers of the gospel, and pro- fissor of divinity. A dispute with the city authorities soon compelled him to leave Geneva, and he withdrew to Stras- burg; whence he was recalled in 1541v From the time of his recall, he possessed almost absolute power at Geneva; and he exerted himself vigorously in establishing the presbyterian form of church govern- ment. He died in 1564. The most re- markable of his tenets is, that of predes- tination to eternal happiness or misery by the absolute decree of God! Calvin was a learned and pious man, of eminent talents, but of an arrogant and persecuting spirit; and his conduct to Servetus, whom he brought to the stake, has fixed an indelible stain upon his character. The theological and controversial works of Calvin form nine volumes folio. CALVO, John Sauveor de, known by the name of the brave Calvo, was born at Barcelona, in 1625; entered the service of Louis XIV. ; and was made governor of Mastrecht, which he successfully de- fended against the prince of Orange. When pressed by his engineers to capitulate, on the ground of the place being no longer tenable, he replied, ** Gentlemen, I know nothing of the regular mode of defending a fortress; all I know is, that I will not sur- render.** He was made a lieutenant general; distinguished himself in Catalo- nia in 1688 and 1689; and died in 1690. CAMBACERES, John James Regis, one of those individuals whom the French revolution raised to high station, was born at Montpellier, in 17S3, and brought up to the law; and, in 1791, was appoMited Sresidi^nt of the criminal tribunal of the epartment of the Herault. . As a member of the convention', he gave a modified vote for the death of the king; bore a promi- nent part in all judicial questions in the committees; and, after the-downiall of Robespierre, had for awhile the manage- ment of foreign affairs. He was also a member of the council of five hundred Subsequently he was minister of justice ; and was next chosen by Bonaparte to be second consul. When "Napoleon became emperor, he created him arch-chancellor, grand ofHcer of the legion of honour, a prince, and duke uf Parma, and confided CAM to him the organization of the judicial system. He joined Napoleon after his return from Elba; was banished by Loui«, but soon recalled; and died in 1824. CAMBIASQ, Lucas, sometimes incor rectly called Cangiangi,an eminent painter^ was born at Genoa, in 1527; was em- ployed by Pope Gregory 7^11. and by Philip II. of Spain; and died in 1585. He painted with great rapidity, and equal- ly well with both hands. CAMBRIDGE, Richard Owen, the son of an opulent Turkey merchant was born at London, in 1717, and was educated at Eton and St. John's College, Oxford. He studied the law at Lincoln's Inn; but his fortune placed him above the necessity of practising it. Hedied in 1802. Cambridge is the audior of the Scribleriad, a poem of great merit; a History of the War on the Coromandel Coast ; and twenty-one papers in the World. " You look very serious, my dear," said his wife to him one day. " Well I may," replied he, " for I am thinking upon the next world." - CAMDEN, William, an eminent ant|.> quary and historian, was bom in London, in 1551, and educated at Christ's Hospi- tal, St. Paul's School, and Oxford. In 1575, he was appointed second master of Westminster School ; in 1593, head mas- ter; and, in 1597, Clarencieux king at arms. The first edition of his Britannia, an octavo volume, appeared in 1586. It was subsequently enlarged to a quarto, firom information which he had obtained by travelling in Wales and the west of Eng- land. He died, November the 9th, 1623. Among his other works, the most celebra- ted is, the Annals of Q.ueen Elizabeth. Camden founded a professorship of history at Oxford. CAMDEN. See Pratt. CAMERARIUS, RoDOLi-H James, a physician and botanist, was born at Tu- bingen, in Germany, in 1665, and became professor of botany and medicine in his na- tive place, where he died in 1721. He was one of the earliest assertors oC the ex- istence of sexes in plants. — His son, Al- exander, who was born in 1695, and died in 1736, was also an eminent botanist. . CAMILLUS, Marcos FtfRins, a dis- tinguished Roman, of the Furii- family, wIh) flourished in the fourth century of Rome. He was five times dictator, and enjoyed four triumphs. He overcame the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, Etruscans, and other tribes, and compelled Veii to surren- der. His ungrateful countrymen, however, banished him, on an accusation of having embezzled some of the spoils of Veii;. but they were compelled to recall him to inake head against Brennus. He diedi aged eighty, B. c. 365. CAMOENS, Losis, themostcelebraWd CAM c^ the Portuguese poets, a man who may De considered as at once " the glory and the shame" of Portugal, was of a noble family, and was born at Lisbon. By some, the time of his birth is fixed in 1517; by others, about 1524. His education he re- ceived at Coimbra. By his poetical tal- ent and his gallantries he soon made him- self conspicuous at court ; and the latter occasioned his exile to Santarem. Weary of inactivity, he served as a volunteer in the fleet which was sent to succour Ceuta, and in this service he lost an eye by a mus- ket shot. On his return to court, he found that neither his courage nor his genius could procure his advancement; and, in disgust, he left his country, in 1553, and sai^ to India. In the East, his life was chequered by numerous adventures. He bore a part in an expedition' to Cochin; made a voyage to the Bed Sea ; and was banished from Goa to Macao, in conse- quence of his having written a satire on ihe viceroy's maladministration. At Macao lie resided for five years, and there he fin- ished the Lusiad. At length, he was re- called to Goa ; but, on his way thither, he was shipwrecked off the mouth of the Me- con. The Lusiad alone he saved , by hold- ing it above the waves as he swam ashore. New persecutions assailed him at Goa. He wafl charged-with malversation at Ma- cao, and when cleared of that chav^ was arrested for debt. As soon as he ^^ lib- woivd, he accompanied Pedro de Barreto as a volunteer to Sofala. But he now be- gan to languish for his native land; and, accordingly, in 1569, he returned to Lis- bon. The Lusiad came forth in 1572, and was universally applauded. The laurel of Camoens was, however, a barren one. King Sebastian accepted the dedication, but rewarded the poet with such a contemp- tible pension that it was utterly inadequate to furnish him with the means of subsist- ence. Even this despicable pittance was withdrawn by the inglorious Henry, who succeeded Sebastian; and Camoens was reduced to exist on die alms which were nightly begged for him in the streets, by a faithful slave whom he had brought from India. Worn out by povert3j and sorrow, he expired in an almshouse, in 1579; for- tunate, at least, in not living to seethesub- ju^tion of his country, which so speedily followed his death. A splendid monument was erected to him fifteen years afler his decease. The minor poems of Camoens are animated and harmonious. It is, however, on the Lusiad that his fame principally rests. In spite of some incongruities, this epic will always delight the lover of true poetry. The truth and spirit of its descriptions, the grandeur of some of its personifications, and the melody of its verse, must command admiration. With respect to his English CAM 147 translators, the fate of Camoens is some- what curious. The version by Fan^an hardly reaches mediocrity. Mickle hat given a paraphrase — beautiful, indeed, but still a paraphrase — of the Lusiad ; and sev- eral of the smaller poems of the Portuguese bard have undergone a similar transforma- tion under the hands of Lord Strangford. CAMPANELLA, Thomas, a Domini- can monk, born at Stillo, in Calabria, in 1568, is celebrated for his talents and mis- fortunes. Having, in his Philosophia Sen- sibus demonstrata, published at Naples in 1591, attacked the philosophy of Aristotle, he became an object of inveterate hatred to all the Aristotelians. An old profeesor, whom he had overcome in a dispute^ ac- cused him of magic, and he was compelled to fly. Returning, however, to his native country, he was arrested on the charge of in- tending to make himself kingof Calabria. He was seven times put to the torture, and was imprisoned for twenty-seven years.. Pope Urban VIII. at length obtained his re- lease, and he retired into France, where he was pensioned by Louis XJII. He died at Paris, in 1639. His works are numerous. Campanella is said to have possessed the extraordinary power of abstracting his at- sention from bodily suffering, and that to such a degree, as to be able to endure the rack without feeling much pain. CAMPBELL, Colin, an eminent ar- chitect, who flourished early in the last cen- tury, built various edifices, among which was Wanstead House, which was pulled down a few years since. He also publish- ed, in three folio volumes, in 1715, 1717, and 1725, Vitruvius Britannicus, a collec- tion of architectural designs, which has since been completed by Gandon and Wolfe. CAMPBELL, the Hon. Archibald, of the Argyle family, a nonjuror, was elec- ted bishop of Aberdeen, in 1721; resigned that office three years afterward? ; and died in 1744. He is the author of a learned and curious work, called the Doctrine of the Middle State between Death and the Res- urrection. CAMPBELL, Geokge, a learned Scotch divine, was born at Aberdeen in 1709 ; he studied at Marischal College ; and was articled to an attorney, but relinquish- ed law for divinity. He became one of the ministers of his native city. In 1759, he was appointed principal of Marischal Col- lege; and, in .1771, professor of divinity. The professorship, however, he resigned some years before his death, andieceived a pension from the king. He dU< in 1796. His Dissertation on Miracles; Piiilnsophy of Rhetoric; Translation of the Gospels; and other works, are deservedly held in - high e^limation. CAMPBELL, John, D. D., a muhifa- 148 CAM rious writer, was a native of Edinburgh, born in 1709, and came to England at the age of five years. He was brought up Co the law, but relinquished it for literature. His first work was the Military History of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlbor- ough, in two folio volumes; and it was so successful, that he was thenceforth con- stantly employed by tlie booksellers. Among his numerous works dre, a considerable part of the Universal History; four vol- umes of the first edition of the Biographia Britannica; the Lives of the Admirals; Hermippus Redivivus; and a Political Sur- vey of Great Britain. A pamphlet which he wrote, in defence of the peace of Paris was rewarded by Lord Bute with the agen- cy of the colony of Georgia. Campbell was a worthy and amiable character; he was industrious, extensively informed, and possessed of respectable talent; but his judgment is sometimes questionable, and his style is never elegant. CAMPER, Peter, an eminent natur- alist and physician, born at Leyden, ir 1722, was a pupil of Boerhaave, and suc- cessively filled professorships of the medi- cal sciences at Franeker, Amsterdam, and Groningen. Being appointed a mem- ber of the council of state, he removed to the Hague, where he died in 1789. His principal worl^ are, Demonstrationum An- atomicQ-pathologicarum, two volumes fo- lio; a Treatise on the Difiisrence of Human Features; and a Dissertation on the Vari- eties of the Human Race. His writings have been collected in eight octavo vol- umes. CAMPlSTROiV, John Gualbert DE, a French dramatist, and member of the Academy, was born at Toulouse, in 1656, of a good family, and was so fortu- nate as to enjoy the friendship and dramatic instruction of Racine, who also introduced him to the duke of Vendjme. Vendome made him his secretary, obtained for him an Italian marquisate, and was accompanied by him in all his campaigns. Campistron was indolent, and especially detested letter writing. ** He is answering his correspon- dents," said the duke, who, one day, saw him throw into the fire several unopened epistles. He died, of apoplexy, in 1723. His dramas, principally tragic, form three volumes. The most popular of his tragedies were, Virginia, Andronicus, Alcibiades, and Tiridates. CAMPOMANES, Pedro Rodri- guez, Count de, a learned and enlightened Spanish statesman, was born in the Astu- rias, in 1710 ; entered the council of Castile in 1763; and, in 1788, became minister of state. His administration was beneficial to his country, but it was short; for he was deprived of all his offices when Florida Blanca became prime minister. He retired, CAN without repining, into private life, and died early in the nineteenth century. His works on political economy, history, antiquities, and other subjects are numerous. He also wrote a Complete History of the Spanish Marine, which remains unpublished. CAMUS, JOHH Petek, a French pre- late, was born at Paris, in 1582, and was made bishop of Belley by Henry IV. After having held his see for twenty years, he resigned it to live in retirement; but his virtues and piety soon occasiot>ed him to be drawn from his retreat. He was appointed vicar-general to the archbishop of Rouen ; and, subsequently, bishop of Arras. He died in his seventietli year, when on the point of going to his new diocese. His works, which are said to amount to more than two hundred volumes, have fallen into oblivion. Of the mendicant monks he was a determined and persevering enemy, and he incessantly attacked them with tlie keenest raillery and satire. CAMUS, Cardinal Stephen LE, bom at Paris, in 1632, was in his youth one o^ the most dissipated personages of the Court ; but, at length, he gave up the pursuit of pleasure, and, in 1671, was appointed bishop of Grenoble. In his new cOaracter he distinguished himself by his unaffected piety, charity, and self denial. He was, in truth, tlie father of his flock, and his memory is still venerated in the diocese. He di^, at Grenoble, in 1707; bequeath- ing his property to the poor. He is the Jththor of some theological works. CAMUS, Armand Gaston, bom at Paris, in 1740, was brought up to the law. He was one of the deputies from Paris to the States General in 1789; bore a promi- nent part in the labours of t&e constituent assembly ; and was elected a member of the convention, in which capacity he voted for the death of the king. Camus was one of the conventional commissioners, whom Du- mourier put into the hands of the Austrians, when they came to arrest him. After his liber^ion, he became a member of the council of five hundred, and he opposed the establishment of the consular governmenr. He was, nevertheless, confirmed by Bona- parte, in his office of archivist, which he had held for some years. He died in 1804. Ca mus produced many works. Among them are, the Matrimonial Code; Travels in tlie recently united Departments; and transla- tions of Aristotle's Animals and the Manual of Epictetus. CATVALETTO, CANALETTI, or CA- NALl, Anthony, a Venetian painter, was born at Venice, in 1697. His father was a scene painter, and brought him up to that branch of the arts. Afler having studied at Rome, however, Canaletto dedicated him- self to landscape, in which he attained a higli degree of excellence. Hit views id CAN Venice are admirable works. In 1746, he visited England, and, during a residence of two years, produced many fine pictures. Canaletto was the first who made the ca- mera obscura useful in painting. He died in 1768. CANANl, or CANNANI, John Bap- tist, an Italian anatomist, of the sixteenth century, was born at Ferrara, in the uni- versity of which city he became professor of medicine and anatomy- He died in 1578. The discovery of me valves in the veins is attributed to him. He is the author of a scarce book, with plates, the Description of the Muscles. CANDIAC, John Louis de Mont- calm , a child of wonderfully precocious tal- ents, was a brother of the Marquis de Mont- calm, who was killed at the battle of Que- bec. He was bora in 1719, and died of hydrocephalus, in 1726 ; but in the brief iipace of seven years he learned French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, arithmetic, herald- I'y, geography, and much of fabulous, and sacred and profiuie history. At three years old he read French and Latin fluently. His extraordinai-y acquirements were 9 theme of panegyric to many literary characters of the age. CANGE, Charles DUFRESNE, Sieur Du, a justly celebrated glossarist and historian, was born at Amiens, in 1610. After having been at the bar for some years, he retired from it, to devote himself to his historical studies. He died in 1688. Du Caoge was one of tlie most ' indefatigable of writers. Rocquefort observes, that in the productions of Du Cange are combined the qualities of a consummate historian, an accurate geographer, a profound civilian, an enlightened genealogist, and a learned antiquary, thoroughly versed in the knowl- edge of medals and inscriptions. Among his many works may be noticed, a History of the Empire of Constantmople, folio ; a Glossary of lower Latinity, 3 vols, folio; and a Glossary of the Greek Language of the Middle Age, 2 vols, folio. He also left many valuable manuscripts. CAN 149 CANNING, the Right Hon. George, Dom in London, April 11, 1770, was the son of an Irish barrister^ who was a man of talent and a poet, but who died in such embarrassed circumstances that he left his family wholly unprovided for. The future prime minister was placed at Eton by his fathei 's relations, at which seminary he distinguished himself as a classical scholar, and one of tlie principal authors of the Mi- crocosm. From Eton he removed to Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained several prizes; after which, he entered himself a member of Lincoln's Inn, intending to make the law his profession. The exhortations of his friend Sheridan, ho>vcver, induced him to relinquish that intention, and to en- ter on the career of politics. In 1793, there- fore » he obtained a seat in the house of commons, as member for Newport, in the Isle of Wight, and in 1796 he was appoint- ed under secretary of state, and returned for the treasury borough of Wendover. In 1798 he contributed some brilliant satirical pieces, among which are New Morality, and parodies on Darwin and Sonthey, to the Anti-Jacobin weekly paper. In 1799, he married Miss Scott, the sister of the duchess of Portland, and this marriage put him in possession of an ample fortune. He resigned with Mr. Pitt; proved a severe scourge to the Addington adminis- tration; returned again to office with Mr. Pitt, as treasurer of the navy; and held that situation till the death of the premier. After having been once more in'opposition for a short time, he again formed a part of the ministry, as secretary of state for foreign affairs. Bfet, in 1809, the Walcheren ex- pedition produced a quarrel between him and Lord Castlereagh. The result was a diiei, in which he was severely wounded in the thigh, and his resignation of the secre- taryship. In 1812, he was elected one of the members for Liverpool, and was subse- quently thrice returned, though never with- out a strenuous contest. In 1816, he was sent ambassador to Lisbon, and on his re- turn, in 1818, be became president of the board of controul; but he relinquished that place, and went abroad, in order to avoid taking part in the proceedings against the queen. He was appointed governor gen- eral of India, in 1822, and was on the point of embarking, when tiie death of Lord Lon- donderry opened to him the post of secre- tary for forei^ affairs. This he held ti . the sudden illness of the earl of Liverpoo. broke up the cabinet, when he was raised to the dignity of prime minister. He did not, however, long retain this splendid prize of his talents and exertions; for, worn out by mental and bodily toil, he died on the 8th of August, 1827, to the deep regret of the majority of his country- men, who had hailed with gratitude and delight the energy and liberal spirit which he displayed in his system of government IM CAN As an orator, Canning has never been ex- celled for finished elegance, classical taste and allusions, and the powers of wit, sar- casm, and satire. His writing are char- acterised by the same qualities. As a ftatesman, especiallyin the latter period of his existence, he ranks among the most distinguished which his country has pro- duced. CANO, James, a Portuguese navigator, was dispatched to the East Indies, in 1484, by King John of Portugal; discovered, on his passage, the kingdom of Congo; and returned to give an account of his dis- covery. He was sent back, on an embassy to the chiefs of the newly found country, and he explored the coast for two hundred leagues beyond the Zaire. He died about the close of the fifteenth century. CANO, John Sebastian del, a na- tive of Biscay, born at Guetaria, late in the fifteenth century^ is commemorated as the first circumnavigator of the globe. He sailed with Magellan, and, after the death of that officer, he conducted the ex- pedition to a successful end. His ship, the Victory, was lone preserved with care by the Spaniards. He died in 1526, while on a voyage to the Soutli Sea. CANO, Alonzo, a painter, considered as the Michael Angelo of Spain, firom his excelling in painting, sculpture, and architecture, was born at Grenada, in 1600. Architecture he learned from his father, painting from Pacheco and Juan del Castillo, and sculpture he acquired without a master. Removing to Madrid, he was patronised by the duke of Olivarez, and appointed king's painter and archi- tect. His good fortune was, however, soon clouded. Being suspected of having mur- dered his wife, he was put to the torture ; his right arm being exempted, in consider- ation of his talent. As no confession could be extorted from him, be obtained his re- lease. He now entered into orders, and was admitted one of the chapter of Gre- nada ; but be still continued in the sedulous practice of his art. He died in 1676. Many of his pictures are in the churches of Grenada and Malaga; and one of the finest of them, a weeping Magdalen, adorns ^ church at Madrid. CANOVA, Antonio, one of the great- est df modern sculptors, was born, in 1757, at Passagno, a village in the Venetian states. The first indication of hie talent he is said to have given when he was twelve years old, by modelling a lion in butter, to be sent up to the table of Falieri, the seigneur of the village. Struck with the genius that A'as thus displayed, Falieri took him under his protection, and com- mitted him to the tuition of Torretti. At the age of Hatue CAN Torretti, Canova commenced sculptor on his own account at Venice. In 1779, be ted to Rome, by the Venetian ambassador to the pope, and tfiere Sir William Hamilton introduced him to alt his friends. The pontiff and the nobility also vied in finding occupation for him. Pius VII. knighted him, and appointed him inspector general of the fine arts. In 1802, at the desire of the first consul, he visited Paris, was received with respect, and chosen a foreign associate of the In- stitute. When, however, he next went to Paris, in 1815, his presence excited only feelings of anger and hatred. He then appeared as ambassador from the pope, to superintend the sending back to Italy ita plundered works of art. Sarcasms and witticisms were lavished on him; and it was said that he ought to be called the pope's packer instead of his ambassador For this, however, he was amply indemni- fied by his reception in England, where he was treated as a brother by all lovers of art, and was presented with a brilliant snuflf box by the prince regent. On his return to Rome, the Academy of St. Luke went in a body to meet him ; and the pope gave him a pension of three thousand crowns, created him Marquis of Ischia, and inscribed his name in the Book of the Capitol. The pension Canova dedicated entirely to the benefit of the arts and art- ists. Nor was he a scanty dispenser of his private fortune. He established prizes, endowed academies, and relieved the aged and unfortunate. He died at Venice, October 22, 1822. Exquisite grace is one of the most distinguishing characteristic's of Canova's sculpture. Among his principal works are, several sepulchral monuments; and statues and groups of Psyche, Cupid and Pysche, Venus and Adonis, a repent- ant Magdalen, Perseus, Hebe, the Graces, several Venuses, and a crowned Religion of colossal size. The last of these statues is erected in a church built by Canova a* his birthplace. CANTACUZENUS, John, an empe. s of seventeen, he produced his ' ror of the east in the fourteenth century of Eur}dice. On die death of i He originally held one of the highest office* CAN •f the eonrt, and distingnished himself at a statesman and a warrior. Andronicns III. left him regent, during the minority of John Paleologus; but he was persecuted by the empress queen and her party, and was ultimately compelled, by the nobles and the army, to assume the purple in self defence. He reigned eight years in con- junction with John Paleologus; and then, to prevent a civil war, volimtarily abdica- ted, and retired into a monastery, where he died in 1410, at the age of more than a hundred. In his retreat, be wrote vari- ous works, among which are a Byzantine History, from 1320 to 1357; Four Apolo- gies for the Christian Religion; and Four Discourses against Mahometanism. Can- tacuzenus was one of the most eminent characters that lived during the decline of the eastern empire. ' CANTEMIR, Demetrids, son of the vaiwode of Moldavia, was born at Jassy, in 1673 ; and, after having in the first in- stance been disappointed by a rival, was raised to the government of the princi- Sality. With the hope of transmitting loldavia in sovereignty to his descend- ants, he revolted to the czar Peter, in 1710; and was consequently obliged to take refuge in Russia, where he was crea- ted a prince. He died in 1723. Cantemir was a man of learning, understood eleven languages, and wrote several works. His principal production is, a History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Em- pire. CANTEMIR, COKSTANTINE Deme- TRins (or, according to some biographers, AnTioeaos), the youngest son of Deme- trius, was born at Cfonstantinople, in 1707; was Russian ambassador at the courts of England and France ; and died at Paris, in 1744. Like his father, he was highly informed and accomplished, and attached to literary pursuits. He produced the Petreid, a poem, Satires, Odes, Fables, and other poems, in Russian ; and trans- lations from Anacrcon, Horace, Montes- quieu, Fontenelle, and Algarotti. CANTON, John, a native of Stroud in Gloucestershire, born in 1718, was the eon of a cloth weaver; devoted his leisure moments to mathematics; and first mani fested hie talent, and obtained patronage, by cutting out a sundial upon stone with a common knife. He was sent to London, and articled to the master of an academy in Spital Square, of whom he became the partner, and ultimately the successor. His experiments on the Leyden phial made him a member of the Royal Society, and obtained for him their gold medal. His communications to the Transactions were many and important. Among them^ is^ a valuable paper on the making of artificial Biagneti. He died in 1772. CAP ISl CAPEL, Arthdr, Lord, the son of Sir Henry Capel, was elected itniglit of the shire for Hertford, in 1640, and at first voted with the reforming party; but, find- ing that they were going farther than he deemed proper, he espoused tlie cause of the king, and was created Lord Capel. During the civil war,he fought for dharles ; and, in 1649, conjointly with .Lucas and Lisle, he gall-antly defended Colchester against Fairfax. He was beheaded the same year. He is the author of Daily Observations, or Meditations ; and of some beautiful verses, written while he was n the Tower. CAPELL, Edward, a dramatic critic, was bom in 1713, at Troston, near Bury, in Suffolk; obtained the office of deputy licenser of plays; and died in 1781. He published an edition of Shakspeare, in ten volumes; the notes and various readings to which, were given to the world after his decease. He abo edited a volume of an- cient poetry, under the title of Prolusions ; and adapted Antony and Cleopatra to the stage. CAPELLO, BiAircA, a Venetian lady, who, after marrying a person of inferior rank, retired to Florence, where she be- came the mistress of Francis, son of tb« grand duke Cosmo. After the death of ner husband, she artftilly prevailed upon her lover to marry her, and she was formally recognized, in consequence of an embassy to the Venetian states, as a true daughter of Venice. Though possessed of a pow- erful mind, and much energy of character, she showed herself odious and tyrannical at Florence, so that her memory is still held there in abhorrence. The sudden death of her husband and of herself, within a few days of each other, in October, 1587, was attributed to poison administer- ed, it is said, by cardinal Ferdinand, their brother^ CAPMANY, Don Astonio, a cele- brated Spanish writer, was born in Cata- lonia, in 1754, and died in Andalusia, in 1810. He is the author of several esteemed works, among which are, the Philosophy of Eloquence, 8vo. ; History of the Ma- rine, Commerce, and Arts of Barcelona, 4 vdls. 4ta. ; and Historical and Critical Theatre of Spanish Eloquence, 5 vols. 4to. CAPO D'lSTRIA, John, Count of, president of Greece, the son of a physician of Corfu, was born in 1780, and studied medicine at Venice. He entered into the service of the Russian government, and was sent as ambassador to Vienna. In 1812 he conducted tlie diplomatic affairs of the army of the Danube, and subse- quently of the whole Russian army, under the immediate direction of the emperor, who admitted him to his entire confidence. Soon afterwards, he was engaged in publio IBS CAR neguciations of the highest importance, was appointed secretary of state for tne department of foreign affairs, and received several orders of nobility. In 1813, he was Russian ambassador to Switzerland, and in the ensuing year he was present as Russian plenipotentiary at the congress of Vienna. The downfall of Napoleon recalled him to the head-quarters of the allies at Paris, where he subscribed the treaty of November '20, 1815, and returned with his monarch to St. Peters- burg. Here he for some years look an active part in the affiiirs of the council of state; and in 1819 visited his native isl- and and formed a connection with the He- taria. In 1822, when the Russian minister returned from Constantinople, Count D'ls- tria left the Russian service and retired as a private man to Germany and Switzer- land, where he resided till 1827, when he was appointed to the presidency of the Greek republic. In this station, he re- mained till his assassination in October. 1831. CAPRARA, Albert, a .Count of the Roman empire', and nephew of the cele- brated Piccolomini, was bom at Bologna, in 1631, and died in 1707. He served with distinction in forty-four campaigns; was one of the negociators at the congress of Nimeguen; and was twice Austrian ambassador to the Porte. Even amidst the din of arms, he found time for literary purs-'ts. He translated various works from the Latin, Spanish, and French ; and wrote some miscellaneous pieces. CARACALLA, Marcos Acrelius Antonihos, a Roman emperor, the son of Septimus Severus, was born at Lyons, A. D. 188; and, in conjunction with his brother Geta, succeeded his father in the year 2U. He was a monster of cruelty- stabbed his brother in their mother's arms ; slaughtered thousands of the Alexandrians for having offended him by a jest; and committed various other enormities; but was at length assassinated, A. D. 217. CARACCI, Loois, the founder of the school of the Caracci, was born at Bologna, ' in 1555, and was a pupil of Fontana and Tintoretto. On his first initiation into the art of painting, he made so little progress that his teachers despaired of him, and his fellow students nicknamed him the Ox. He soon, however, displayed talents of the first order, and though envy and ignorance carped at his novel style, his productions were widely sought for and admired. He died, at his n-ative place, in 1619. Louis Caracci was no less amiable as a man than eminent as an artist, and was entirely free from that jealous spirit with which the .character of men of genius has too often been blemished. CARACCI, AuGUSTiN, a cousin of CAR Louis, was bom at Bologna, in 1558,,and was intended to be a goldsmith, but became a pupil of Louis and of Fontana, and speed- ily proved himself an admirable painter He also excelled in engraving, his principal master in which, was Cornelius Cort. Au- gustin assisted Annibal in the Faraese Gallery, but the jealousy which the latter felt of his brother's talents soon produced a separation. He died in 1602. CARACCI, ANNrBAL, a brother of Au- gustin, was born at Bologna, in 1560. In early life he worked with bis father, who was a tailor ; but he was taken as a pu{)il by his cousin Louis, and made a rapid progress. His reputation induced Cardinal Farnese to invite him to Rome to jjaint the gallery of the Farnese palace. This admi- rable work cost Annibal the labour of eight years, and his mean employer rewarded him with the beggarly sum of five hundred golden crowns. Vexation at being thus treated, threw him into a desponding state, which, aided by an irregular course of life, brought him to the grave, in 1609. He was buried by the side of Raphael. Of all the Caracci, Annibal was the most largely endowed with genius. In his private char- acter he was the least an.iable of them. His pupil Anthony, a natural son of Aur gustin, born at Venice, in 1583, was strong- ly attached to his master, and was a painter of high talent. One of his most celebrated productions is a picture of the Deluge. He died at Rome, in 1618.' CARACCIOLI, Loots Anthony, a native of Paris, was born in 1721, and died in the French capital, in 1803. Of his many works, the best known is. Let- ters of Clement XIV., which were long believed to be really the composition of that pontiff. CARACTACUS, whose real name was Caradoo, was a British prince of the Silures, who for a while resisted the Roman power, but was at length defeated by Ob- torius, a. d. 75. Cartismundua, queen of the Brigantes, with whom he had sought an asylum, treacherously gave him up, and he was sent a prisoner to Rome. His firm and dignified behaviour, however, procluced such an effect on Claudius, that he set him at liberty. Mason has made CaractacuB the subject of a drama. CARAMUEL DE LOBKOWITZ, John, a Spanish theologian, was born at Madrid, in 1606, and studied at Salamanca and Aicala. He was successively abbot of Melrose and of Disemburg, and bishop of Missy, Koningsgratz, Campana, and Vige- vano. The sword, however, seems to have had in his eyes at least equal claims with the crosier; for he fought in the Nether- lands, and assisted in defending Prague against the Swedes. He died in 1KI2 Caramuel wrote nearly three huadred CAR irorkfl oil a variety of siibjecta. It was ■aid of him, that he had eight parts of genius, five of eloquence, and only two of judgment. CARAUSIUS, Marcos Aurelius Valerius, a native of Belgic Gaul, born in the third century, was entrusted by Maximian with a fleet for the defence of the Armorican and British coasts. The emperor, however, became jealous of his wealth, and meditated his death; upon which Carausius landed in Britain, and, in A. D. 287, assumed the imperial title. The Romans were obliged to acknowledge his independence, and be reigned till a. d. 293, when he was assassinated by Allectus, one of his domestics. , CARAVAGGIO, Michaei, Angelo Aherigi de, a native of Caravaggio, in the Milanese, the son of a masoa, was born in 1569; acquired the art of painting with- out a master ; and rose to high excellence. He died in 1609. In bis private character Caravaggio deserved little praise. He was quarrelsome, envious, and unjust. His paintings are true to nature, and striking in efi'ect, but are deficient in grace and dignity. ' CARDAN, Jeroh, a philosopher, mathematician, and physician, born at Pa- via, in 1501, was the illegitimate son of a physician and civilian of Milan, and his mother endeavoured to destroy him before his entrance into the world. He was care- fiilly educated by his father at Milan, and completed his studies at Pavia. His medical skill was in such high repute, that he was invited to Scotland, to restore to health the archbishop of St. Andrew's. He visited London, on his way homeward, and was introduced to Edward VI. Cardan pre- dicted length of days to the young sove- reign, who, however, died in the following year. This was not the only occasion on wb ich the predictions of Cardan were &lsi- fied ; yet be obstinately persisted in main- taining the truth of astrology. He died, in 1576, at Rome, where he was a member of the college of physicians, and had a pension from the pope. It is said by some, that he starved himself, in order that he might not belie his astrological calculation relative to the period of his own death. Cardan wag- unfortunate in his offspring; both of his sons havin? proved thoroughly worthless, and one ot them being a murderer. He was himself, even from his own showing, in his autobiography, an unamiable and unprincipled character. He has absurdly been accused of atheism, but be was, in (ruth, weakly superstitious. His talents and erudition were of a high order. In algebra he made some discoveries, which have indissolubly connected his name with that science. His works form ten folio volamcs. 7t CAR IM CAROON, Anthony, an engraver, was born at Brussels, in 1772 ; t-aine over to England, in 1792; and died, m London, in 1813. Cardon was an artist of much taste and talent. His Woman taken in Adultery, after Rubens, and his Marriage of Catlierine of France with Henry V. are among his mostprominent works. CARDONNE, Dennis Dohiric, an eminent orientalist, was born at Paris, in 1720, and at nine years of age went to Constantinople, where he remained twenty years, and acquired a thorough knowledge of oriental languages, customs, and man- ners. After bis return home, he became interpreting secretary to the king, royal censor and librarian, and professor of the Persian and Turkish languages at the Royal College. He died in 1783. Cardonne published, a History of Africa and Spain under the Arabian dominion; and Miscel- lanies of Oriental Literature ; and contin- ued the translation, which Galland began, of Ancient Tales and Fables, from Bidpay. CAREW, Richard, an antiquary, was bom at Anthony, in Cornwall, in 1S55, and educated at Oxford and the Temple. After having travelled, he settled in Corn- wall, and was high sheriff in 1596. He died in 1620. He translated Tasso's Jeru- salem and Huarte's Examination of Men'g Wits; but is principally known by his Survey of Cornwall. CAREW, Thomas, a poet, supposed to have been born in 1589, was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford; and, after returning ftom his travels, was ap- pointed a gentleman of the bedchamber, and sewer in ordinary to Charles I. His early life was dissipated ; but he became thoroughly reformed before his death in 1639. As a poet, he has all the elegance of Waller, with less affectation, and pow- ers of d higher order. His Masque, inti- tled Ccelum Britannicum, contains many fine passages; and bis epitaph on Lady Mary Villiers, bag a degree of simplicity and pathos which is almost unrivalled in English Epitaphs. CAREY, Henrt, Earl of Monmouth, was born in 1S96; educated at Exeter College, Oxford; and died in 1661. In the number of bis translations he rivalled the untirable Philemon Holland. He trans- lated Bentivoglio's United Provinces ; Boc- calini's Parnassus; Paruta's Venice; Bi- ondi's Civil Wars of England ; and several other works ; and died while engaged upon a version of Prjorato's History of France. CAREY, Henrt, a composer and poet, the period of whose birth is unknown, was an illegitimate son of the marquis of Halifax. His poems were printed by subucription in 1737, and his dramatis works in 1743. In the latter year he put his own existence. Of his dra 184 CAR mas, Chroianhotonthologos, the Contrivan- ces, Thomas and Sally, and the Dragon of Wantley, are best known. Of his musical compositions, Sally in our Alley, the words of winch are also his own, deservedly con- tinues popular. Carey was an amiable man, and is said to have been the projector of the Musical Fund.— His son, Geokge Satile, gained a livelihood by his lec- tures on heads, and similar entertainments; wrote some farces; and died in 1807. CAREY, Felix, son of Dr. William Carey^ the missionary, was born in' 1786; assisted his father in his pious labours in Bengal ; and died at Serampore, in 1822. Among bis works are, a Grammar and Dictionary of the Burman Lan^age; a Fall Grammar; and other philological productions. CARINUS, Marcus Aitkelivs, a Roman emperor, succeeded his father Ca- rus, A. D. 283, conjointly with Numerian, his brother. Effeminate, cruel, and coarse minded, before his accession, he displayed his vices still more prominently on the throne While engaged in a contest for empire with Diocletian, he was assassinated A D. 285, by a tribune, whose wife he had seduced. CARISSIMI, James, a celebrated Italian composer, considered as the re- former of music in Italy, was born at Venice, in 1600. He was chapel master to the pope, and to the German college at Rome ; and was living in 1672, but the year of his death is unknown. His Motets and Cantatas are much esteemed; par- ticularly the cantatas of Jeptha's Sacrifice, and the Judgment of Solomon. CARLETON, Sir Got, Earl of Dor- chester, was born, in 1724, at Strabane, in Ireland; distinguished himself at the eieges of Quebec and the Havannah ; was made governor of Quebec in 1772 ; success- fully defended Canada against the Ameri- cans; succeeded Clinton, in 1781, as com- mander in chief; was, in 1786, created a jeer, and appointed governor of Nova Sco- tia, New Brunswick, and Canada; and died in 1S08. 'CARLI, John Rinaldo, Count de, an Italian vvriter on political economy and antiquities, was born at Capo d'lstria, in 1720 ; became president of tlie council of commerce apd finance at Milan ; and died in 1795. His excellent Treatise on Italian Coinage and money extends to six volumes ; and his American Letters, in which he refutes Pauw, form three volumes. His Italian Antiquities are in five volumes ouarto, and are highly esteemed. CARLYLE, Joseeh Dacre, a divine and poet, was born at Carlisle, in 1759, and educated at Cambridge, at which uni- versity he became Arabic professor in 1794. He accompanied Lord Elgin on his embassy CAR to Constantinople ; visited many parts of the Levant; and, at his return, ob-ained the rectory of Newcastle upon Tyne. He died in 1804. His productions are. Spe- cimens of Arabian Poetry; Poems sug- gested by scenes in Asia Minor, &c. ; and a Latin translation of Jemaleddin's Egyo tian Annals. CARMATH, Ham DAN, was, in the ninth century, the founder of an Arabian sect, which was hostile to Mahometanism ; and, indeed, to the existence of society itself. He taught a community of property and of women; rejected revelation, prayer, fasting, and alms; and allowed free scope to the exercise of the worst passions. The time and mode of his death are unknown' but the former is supposed to have been about A. D. 900. CARMONTELLE, M., a French wri- ter, born at Paris, in 1717, where he died in 1806, is the author of varions works, but is celebrated fiir his Dramatic Proverbs, short pieces, which have great comic merit. Carmontelle also painted with the same facility that he wrote ; and had a particu- lar talent for drawing transparencies, which contained a series «f scenes, and were from one hundred to one hundred and sixty feet in length. CARNEADES, a celebrated Greek philosopher, a native of Cyrene, supposed to have been bom about b. c. 218, was the founder of the third or new Academy. His doctrine was a mitigated pyrrhonism. The Athenians sent him to Iu>me, with Diogenes and Critolaus, to obtain the re- mission of a fine ; during which embassy Carneades displayed such eloquence in maintaining botli sides nf a question, that he captivated the people, and Cato the censor induced the senate to send back tlie philosophers, to prevent the morals of the Roman youth from being injured. He died at the age of ninety ; yet had inces- santly complained of tlie brevity of life. CARNOT, Lazaros Nicholas, one of the most prominent actors in the Flench revolution, was born in Knigjindy, in 1753; entered the pngineer corps^ at the age of eishteen: auil Uxamie so distinguished foi CAR lalent that Prince Henry 'invited him, bnt in vain, into the Prussian service. In 1791, the department of the Pas de Calais eiiose him one of its representatives to the legislative assembly; by which assembly he was nominated ^ member of the military committee. In both capacities he was active, and his principles were decidedly republican. He was reelected to the con- vention, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. Of the too celebrated committee of public safety he was a member. The mili- tary operations of the French armies were under his superintendence, and, though Napoleon depreciates his abilities, there can be little doubt that the plans of Carnot contributed largely to the triimiph of France. When the directorial govern- ment was established, he was chosen one of the five directors; but, in September, 1797, he was proscribed with his colleague Barthelemy, and nearly seventy members of the councils, as a royalist, and he took refuge in Germany, to avoid transporta- tion. When Bonaparte became first con- sul, he recalled him, and made him war minister ; an office, however, which Carnot retained only for a few months. Thoroughly republican m his feelings, he saw with in- finite displeasure the strides which Bona- parte was making towards the throne; and, as a member of the tribunate, he entered his protest against the establish- ment of the imperial government. He lived in retirement, and in somewhat nar- row circumstances, for several years after the accession of Napoleon, but at length a pension was given to him. In 1813, when the star of the French emperor was on the wane, Carnot came forward to ofier his services ; he was entrusted with the defence of Antwerp ; and he amply justified the confidence which was reposed in him. Disgusted with the impolitic conduct of the Bourbons, he drew op, early in 1815, a Memorial to the King, which became public, and produced an extraordinary ef^t. When Napoleon returned from Ein', he appointed him minister of the home department, and gave him the title of count ; and, after the downfall of the emperor, Carnot was chosen one of the temporary government, in which character he laboured strenuously to prevent a sove- reign from being forced upon his country by the allies. He was exiled in 1816, and died at Magdeburgh in August, 1823. Notwithstanding he had held so many high offices, he lived and died poor; for he was rigidly disinterested and incorrupt. He is Jie author of various mathematical and military works, among which are the Geo- metry of Position ; and a volume on the Defence of Fortresses. CARO, Ankibal, a distinguished lite ary Italian, was born, in 1M)7, at Citla CAR 165 Nova, in the March of Alcona. After having been secretary to Prince Pico Louis Farnese, and to cardinals Ranuccio and Alexander Farnese, by whom he was liber- aljy rewarded, he died in 1566. Of his works, several of which are translations, the principal are a version of the Eneid, in blank verse ; a volume of Poems ; and a comedy. CARPI, Hugh di, a designer and en- graver on wood, born at Rome, about 1486, was one of the first who introduced into Italy the use of three plates to produce one print; one for the outline, another fi>r the half-tints, and the third for the shadows The invention itself is of German origin. CARPOCRATES, a heresiarch of the second century, was a native of Alexan- dria, and lived under the reign of Adrian He believed Jesus Christ to have been merelv the son of Joseph and Mary, but more richly endowed by the Creator than other men. He is also accused of having denied the resurrection, and of having taught various doctrines subversive of morality. CARR, John, was bom atMuggles- wick, in the coun^ of Durham, in 1732; was educated at St. Paul's School; be- came usher and subsequently master of Hertford School ; received the degree of doctor of laws from Marischal College; and died in 1807. He translated Lucian, in 5 vols. 8vo. ; and wrote some poems. CARR, Sir John, a native of Devon shire, was brought up to the law; but seems to have abandoned his profession, to become a tourist. His first work was the Stranger in France, published in 1803. It was succeeded by a Tour round the Baltic ; and that was followed by others in Holland, Ireland, Scotland, ana Spain. His Stranger in Ireland procured for him the honour of knighthood, and drew down upon him the ridicule of an unraercifiil satirist, for whose attack the knight ab* Burdly and vainly sought redress in a court of justice. He died :U)out 1822. Sir John Carr is a lively but superficial writer. Besides his tours, he produced some very indifferent / poems. CARRE, Louis, a French geometri* cian, and member of the Academy of Sci- ences, was the son of a husbandman in the province of Brie. He was bom in 1663, and died in 1711. From Mallebranche, to whom he was an amanuensis, he learned mathematics. He wrote a Treatise on Music I another, on the Application of the Integral Calculus; and various papers in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences, and in the Journal des Savnnts. CARRIER, John Baptist, one of the most infainuus of the French revolutionists, was born near AuriUac, in 1756, and waa an obscure lawyer when the revoUition 166 CAR commenced. Being elected a member of the convention, he was one of the foremost in all sanguinary measures. He declared that one third of the inhabitants of France ought to be got rid of. He was sent on a mission into Vendee; and, acting up to his infernal system, he there committed the most horrible cruelties. Thousands of victims, among whom were great numbers of women and children, were drowned, shot, or beheaded. After the fall of Ro- bespierre, justice overtook Carrier, and he perished on the scaffold in 1795. CARRION, Emanuel Ramirez de, a learned Spaniard, who lived towards tlie latter end of the sixteenth century, was one of the first persons who undertook to teach the deaf and dumb. He had great success. Among his pupils were the Mar- quis de Priego and Don Louis de Velasco. He is the author of a work called the Wonders of Nature. CARROLL, John, first Catholic bishop of the United States, was born in Mary- land, in the year 1734. He was sent at the age of thirteen to the College of St. Oiner's, in Flanders, where he remained for six years, when he was transferred to the colleges of Liege and Bruges. In 1769 he was ordained a priest; and soon after became a Jesuit. He returned to America in 1775, and when the Roman Catholic clergy in the United States re- quested from the pope the establishment of a hierarchy, Mr. Carroll was appointed vicar-general, and fixed his residence at Baltimore. In 1789 he was named bishop, and in the ensuing year was consecrated In England. In the same year he returned to his native country^ and, from the seat of his episcopal see, assumed the tiile of Bishop of Baltimore. A few years before bis death he was raised to the dignity of arch-bishop. He died in 1815, much es- teemed and regretted. CARSTARES, William, a native of Scotland, eminent as a divine and a politi- cian, was born, in 1649, at Cathcart, near Glasgow, and completed his studies at the universities of London and Utrecht. While in Holland, he was introduced to the prince of Orange, who honoured him with his confidence. After his return to England, he became connected witli the party which strove to exclude James from the throne, and^ on suspicion of being one of the Rye- house conspirators, he was put to the tor- ture, which he bore with unshrinking firmness. On his liberatiun, he went back to Holland, and became one of the prince of Orange's chaplains. He accompanied William to England in 1688; was appoint- ed king*s chaplain for Scotland ; ami, till the death uf the monarch, was consulted with on all Scotch affairs. Q,i\een Anne made fcim principal of the university of Edin- CAR burgh. In fevour of the union, and of the establishment of the house of Hanover, ho took an active part. He died in 1715 Carstares was an honest, enlightened, and putriotic man, and of such benevolent feelings, that he delighted in succouring even those who professed principles dia- metrically opposite to his own. Nor was his charity the child of ostentation ; for much of the good which he did was done by stealtht ^ CARSTENS,AsMus Jacob, a Danish painter, was born at Schleswick, in 1754, and was the son of a miller. At the age of nine years, he manifested a love of drawing, and was taught the rudiments by his moL'ier. la 1783, he made a vain at- tempt to reach the papal capital, in order to study, but poverty obliged him to desist after baving^proceeded to Milan. In 1792, however, he took up his residence at Rome, and he died there in 1798. Among his best works are his Fall of the Angels ; Megapontum; CEdipus; and Visit of the Argonauts to Chiron. CARTE, Thomas, an historian, was born at Dunsmoor, in Warwickshire, in 3686, and educated at Oxford and Cam- bridge; and, after making the tour of Europe as^ tutor, he took orders; but he subsequently assumed the lay habit, in con- sequence of his Jacobite principles not allowing him to swear allegiance to the house of Hanover. He was secretary to Bishop Atterbury, and being more than once suspected of taking part in the plots against tlie government, he was compelled to fly to France, where he resided for sev- eral years. On his return to his native counti^, he engaged in literary pursuits. His History of England was, at the outset, extensively patronised; but, on tlie publi- cation of the first volume, many of the subscribers, particularly the corporation of London, withdrew their support; he hav- ing disgusted them by inserting a silly story of a man being cured of the king's evil by the touch of the pretender. De- fective in style and many historical qu^> ties, and disfigured by tory prejudices, his work is, nevertheless, valuable for the industrious research which it displays. He died in 1754. Besides his History, which comes down to 1654, he wrote a Life of James Duke of Ormond, and othei works. CARTER, Elizabeth, a female of extensive learning, was the daughter of a clergyman, and was born at Deal, in Kent, December 16, 1717. She was educated by her father, and acquiied the Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and German languages Before she was seventeen, many of her poetical attempts appeared in the Geittle- man*s Magazine, and were highly appmud- CAR n In iier twenty-second year, she trans- jited Ci'ouzas*s Remarks un the Essay on Man, and Algarotti's Explanation of New- ton's Philosophy for the Ladies. Her translation of Epictetus appeared in 1758 ; and a volume of her poems in 1762. Mrs. Carter was in habits of friendship with Johnson, Dr. Seeker, the earl oi^ Bath, Mrs. Montague, and nearly all the eminent literal^ characters of the age; and hud interviews with the queen and other mem- bers of the royal family. She died Febru ary 19, 1806. As an erudite female she has seldom been equalled ; as a poetess she takes no lofty flights, but is pleasing and elegant. CARTER, Nathaniel H., was born in Concord, New Hampshire, and graduated at Dartmouth college in ISll. In 1816 he was chosen professor of lan- guages at the college where he was educa- ted, and was subsequently editor of the New York Statesman. He is the author of a few occasional poems, and of Travels in Europe, in two vols. Svo. He died in Marseilles, where he had gone on account of his health, in January, 1830. CARTER, John, an architect, anti- quiry, and draughtsman, was born in Pic- cadillY, in 1747, and was brought up as a builder. The Sessions House, on Clerk- enwcll Green, was designed by him. He died, September 8, 1817. Carter was an entliusiastic admirer of Gothic architec- ture, and was thoroughly versed in all its details. Any modern artists who deviated from its true principles were sure to en- counter his severest censure. He is the author of Specimens of Ancient Sculpture and Painting in England, 2 vols, folio; Ancient Architecture of England, folio; Views in England, 7 vols. 12mo. ; and Letters, in the Gentleman's Magazine, under the signature of an Architect. CARTERET. See Granville. CARTIER, James, a French naviga- tor of the sixteenth century, was a native of St. Maloes. His offer to explore the coast of northern America was accepted by Francis 1., who entrusted him with the command of two small vessels, each ol^ about sixty tons burthen. With these Cartier sailed in April, 1S84. In his first voyage he coasted a part of Labrador, and discovered the mouth of the St. Laurence; in his second, in 1585, he penetrated up the river as far as where Montreal now standi He was dispatched to Canada a third time, in 1640 The date of his death is uncertain. CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, an emi- ncnt divine, was born in Hertfordshire, about 1535, and was educated at St. John's and Trinity Cdllejje, Cambridge Hewasj f reatljr adiiiired as a preacher; but, beings •i" puritan principles, he was repealedly| CAR 1S7 persecuted by Whitgifl, Ghndall, and Ayl- mer, was more than once imprisoned, and was conopelied to reside abroad for two years. He died in 1603. Besides con- troversial tracts, he wrote a Latin Harmony of the Gospels; a Commentary on the Proverbs; a Confutation of the Rhemish Testament ; and other works. CARTWRIGHT, William, a divine and poet, was born, in 1611, near Tewks- hury, in Gloucestershire, and educated at Westminster and Christ Church, Oxford. As a preacher lie was hi'hiy popular ; and as a man of talents and a poet, he won the lavish praise of many of bis emin- ent contemporaries. Posterity, however, though not denying considerable merit to him, has not ratified the lofty panegyrics bestowed on him by his friends. He died at Oxford, in 1643, and Charles I., who was then at that city, wore black on the day of his funeral. He is the autlior of poems; four dramas; and a sermon. CARTWRIGHT, Major John, a na- tive of Nottinghamshire, distinguished as a steady partizan of parliamentary reform, was born 'n 1710, served in the army and navy in early life, and was present at the taking of Clierfaourg, and the battle be- tween Hawke and Conflans. He left the sea service previously to 1774, and became a warm advocate for the American colo- nists. About this time he obtained a ma- jor's commission in the Notts militia, and he held it for seventeen years till he wag superseded. In 1780 he joined^with r>r. Jebb and Granville Sharpe in establishing the Society for Constitutional Information. For nearly half a century he incessantly continued his exertions, both personally and with his pen, to effect a reform in the house of commons. In 1821, he was tried with others, for a conspiracy, in conse- quence of his having Uttenited a public meeting at Birmingham, on the subject of the Manchester massacre. He was sen- tenced to pay a fine of one hundred pounds. He died September the 23d, 1824. His integrity and patriotic intentions were acknowledged by all parties. He is the - author of the Aiig\B of Britain; the Com- monwealth in Danger; and various other works; the style of u Inch is not such as can be honestly praised bv a reader of taste. CARTWRfGHT, Euwaru, a younger brother of Major Carlwright, was educated for tile church, and obtained preferment His reputation, however, is derived from his poetical and mechanical talent. As a poet, he IS honourably kno%vn by his Armyne and Elvira, and other poems; as a mechanician, by his weaving machine, by his methods of combing wool, and ma- king- ropes, and by various - agricultural improvements. He also contributed to tlie Monthly Review. He died in 1824. 158 CAR CARUS, MAitcus AuRELira, a Ro- man emperor, the successor of ProbuB, was born at Narbonne, about A. D. 230. After having defeated the Sarmatians, he marched against the Persians, and had made himself master of the cities of Seleu- cia and Ctesiphon, when he was killed by lightning, in the latter city, A. D. 283. CARVER, JoHATHAN, a North Amer- ican, born in Connecticut, in 1732, was a grandson of the governor of that province. He was educated for the medical profes- sion, but embraced a military life, and served with reputation till the peace of 1763. The jears 1766, 1767, and 1768, he spent in exploring the interior of North America, and he added considerably to our knowledge of that country. He visited England, in 1769, hoping for the patronage of government, but he was disappointed. In 1778, he published his Travels, while in the situation of clerk of a lottery, in Boston; and, subsequently, a Treatise on the Cultivation Qf Tobacco. After having long contended with poverty, he died, in 1780, of disease which is believed to have been produced by want. CARVER, John, the first governor of the colony of Plymouth, New-England, was a native of England, and belonged to the church of Mr. Robinson, which emigra- ted to Leyden. Having obtained a patent from the Virginia Company, he sailed from Plymouth, in 1620, with one hundred emigrants, and striking the coast of Amer- ica in the vicinity of Cape Cod, he landed and commenced the settlement of New- England. The place selected for this pur- pose was called.Plymouth, and Mr. Carver was chosen first governor of the new col- ony. He died in the April of the next year. GARY. See Falkland. CARYL, Joseph, a nonconformist divine, born at London, in 1602, and educa- ted at Oxford, was an active minister, and bore some part in political aSairs, under the commonwealth. Being ejected from his living in 1662, he collected a congrega- tion, to which he preached till his decease, in 1673. He wrote a Commentary on Job, which forms twelve quarto or two large folio volumes. The subject and the enor- mous magnitude of it have afforded to the wits an abundant source of ludicrous allusion. CARYSFORT, John Joshoa PRO- BY, Earl of, the son of the first baron Carysfort, was born in August, 1751 ; was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; obtained an Irish earldom in 1789, and an English peerage in 1801; held various state employments, among which were lliose of envoy to Berlin, and ambassador to St. Petersourgh ; and died Ml the 7th of April, 1828. His lordship CAS was a man of taste, talent, and leamtuCj great amenity of manners; and a trdlj benevolent heart. His Poems and Uniuias, 2 vols. 8vo., contain many fine passages He was also the author of two pulitica pamphlets. CASA, John della, an eminent ora- tor, poet, and prelate, was born at Mugello, near Florence, in 1503, and is believed to have studied at Bologna and Padua. Being patronised by the Cardinals Farnese, one of whom became Pope Paul III., he filled various impoi 'ant oflices, and was made archbishop of Benevento. He died in 1S56. His best works are, his Galateo, or Art of Living in the World; and his Lyrical Poems. CASAS, Baktholohevt DE las, a Spanish prelate, of a noble &mily, was born at Seville, in 1474, and, at the age of nineteen, visited the new world with his father. On his return to Spain he em- braced the ecclesiastical profession, that he might act as a missionary in the western hemisphere. Having settled in St. Domin- go, " he spent his days there in preaching the gospel to the Indians, and humanity to their oppressors." In truth, his whole existence, for half a century, wels devoted to struggling with the Spanish tyrants, and consoling the persecuted natives. Twehw times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the foot of the Spanish throne the cause of the wretched Indians. Las Casas was bishop of Chiapa, but he resigned his see in 1551, and returned to his native country, where he died, at Madrid, in 1566. It has been asserted that he gave rise to the horrible traiiic in African staves, in order to save the American Indians from slavery ; but this calumny is refuted by Gregoire, and by passages in his own writings. Of his works, which form five quarto parts, the most celebrated is his Short Narrative of the Destruction of the Indies. CASAUBON, Isaac, a celebrated critic and calvinist theologian, was born at Ge- neva, in 1559, and made an early and extraordinary progress in his classical studies. After having held the chair of Greek professor at Geneva for fourteen years, he removed to Montpellier, and thence to Paris, where Henry IV. appointed him royal librarian. On the death of Henry, Casaubon settled in England, where James I. made him a prebend of West- minster and Canterbury, and gave him a pension. He died in 1614, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His liberality of feeling induced many to accuse him wrong- fully of leaning towards popery. He pub lished editions of Strabo, i'ulyiEnuB, Aria- totle, Theophrastus, Polybius, and several other ancient authors ; and produced some original works, among which are uenrli one thousand two hundred letters. CAS CASAUBON, Meric, the son of Isaac, was born at Geneva, in 1599 ; he studied at Sedan, and Christ Church, Oxford; obtained a prebend of Canterbury, and two livings, from which he was ejected dnrin? tne civil war ; refused a liberal gift, offerea by Cromwell; was restored to his livings on the return of Charles II.; and died in 1671. Meric was a man of piety and erudition. He produced several works, the best of which is, a Treatise on En- thusiasm. CASLON, William, a celebrated type founder, was born, in 1692, at Hales Owen, in Shropshire, and served his apprentice- ship to an engraver of ornaments on gun barrels. He also made tools for book- binders ; and Bowyer, the printer, was so much pleased with the elegance ^ his tools for lettering, that he, and two other prin- ters, encouraged him to attempt type foun- ding. Caslon succeeded so admirably in this art, that his types became famous all over Europe, and he acquired a handsome fortune. He died in 1766. The business is stiil carried on by his descendants. CASSAS, Louis Francis, a French pai.iter and architect, born m 1756, at Azay le Feron, a pupil of Vien arid the younger Lagrenee, was inspector general and professor of drawing at the Gobelin manu^ctory. He explored Istria, Dal- matia, Syria, and Palestine ; and published tlie result of his observations in two splen- did works, folio, with numerous plates, under the titles of Picturesque Travels in Istria and Dahnatia, and Picturesque Tra- vels in Phenicia and Palestine. He died in 1827 CASSERIO,orCASSERIUS,Joi.ius, an eminent anatomist, was born, in 1545, of humble parents, at Placentia, in Italy. From being servant to Fabricius, he be- came his pupil and assistant, and eventu- ally, in 1609, his coadjutor. He died in 1616. Casserio made the most generous exertions to advance the science of anat- omy. Almost all that he gained by teaching, he expended in purchasing sub- jects for dissection, and in paying artists and engravers to make and engrave de- signs. He is tlie author of De Vocis Auditusque Organis; and of other valuable works. CASSINI, John Domikic, a native of Nice, was born in 1625. His attention was first turned to the study of the heavenly bodies by the chance perusal of a 'work on astrology, and he soon became so consum- mate an astronomer that, at the age of twenty-five, he was chosen to fill the astro- nomical chair in tlie university of Bolcgna. He held this office for many years, and, while at Bologna, traced a new meridian line, in the church of St. Petronlus. The pope also employed him as inspector of CAS 16> the fortifications of fort Urbino, and the senate of Bologna placed under his super- intendance the navigation of the Po. In 1669 Colbert invited him to France, where he intended to remain only six years, but he was ultimately prevailed upon to take up his permanent residence there. He died in 1712, having been blind for some years. Cassini stands high as an astronomer. Among other things, he solved a problem by which, Kepler had been foiled; ascer- tained the true nature of comets ; continued the French meridian line; made valuable observations on the sun. Mars, Venus, and Jupiter; and discovered the zodiacal light and four of the satellites of Saturn. CASSINI, James,, born at Paris, in 1667, succeeded bis father as royal astron- omer, and proved himself the worthy heir of his parent's situation and abilities. He, made various important discoveries, and proceeded with the meridian line which his father had continued. He died in 1756. In his work On the Magnitude and Figure of the Earth, he erroneously maintained, in opposition to Newton, that the form of the globe is an oblate spheroid. . This gave rise to the scientific expeditions for mea- suring a degree in the polar circle and at the equator. Among his other productions is, fjlements of Astronomy. CASSINI DE THURY, CiESAR Fran- cis, a son of James, was bom, in 1714, at Paris, and died, of small pox, in 1784. He was director of the French Observatory, and a member of various scientific societies. In talent he proved himself no degenerate scion of his race. Even when he was only ten years old, he possessed extensive astro- nomical knowledge. His great labour is his Map of France, in 182 sheets, which has served as a model for all subsequent works of the same kind. He is also the author of various productions on astronom- ical subjects, or connected with them. CASSIODORUS, Marcus Aureli- us, a statesman and historian of the fifth and sixth centuries, was born at Squillace, in Italy, about a. d. 470, was minister to Theodoric, king of the Goths, and preto- rian prefect under three subsequent sove- reigns. Some years before his death, he retired to a monastery, where he died about A. D. 516. Several of- the most valuable of his works are lost, among which is a history of the Goths. Such of his theological and other works as have escaped the ravages of time form two folio volumes CASSIUS LONGINUS, Caius, one of the murderers of Csesar, originally dis- tinguished .himself in the Parthian war, when he was quaestor to Crassus. In the struggle between Csesar and Pompey, lie espoused the cause of the latter ; but sub- mitted to Csbar after the battle of Phar- leo CAS ■alia, and was kindly'received. He, how- ever, was the prime mover of thai Mantua. In early youth he servpi. the duke of Milan, and subsequently was em- ployed on important embassies by the duka of Urbino, Leo X., and Clement VII. Charles V. nominated him bishop of Avila, but he did not long enjoy this dignity He died at Toledo in 1529. Of his works, The Courtier, which the Italians call " tha golden book," is the principal; it hat been often reprinted, as have also hii Poems. CASTILLO, Bernai. Diaz del, a native of Medina del Campo, born towards the close of the sixteenth century, was one of tlie adventurers who accompanied Cor- tes to Mexico. After the conquest, he settled in that country, where he died about 1560. His History of the Expedi- tion of Cortes is written in an unpolished style, but is highly interesting, from the minute and vivid pictures which it pre- sents of the difficulties and the daring spirit of the Spanish invaders. It has been translated into English by Keating. CASTILLO Y SAAVEDRA, Astho- NY, an eminent Spanish painter, the son of a painter, was born at Cordova, in 1603; in the cathedral and churches of which art many of his best pieces. He studied undei his father and Zurbaran. The cause of his death is singular. In 1666, he returned tc Seville, where he had been educated. Some pictures by Murillo were there shown liiin. It was the first time he had beheld the works of that great painter. He looked at them with astonishment: at length, he exclaimed, with a sigh, " Castillo is no more!" He died of grief in less than a year. It was not envy ihat thus consumed him — for he wag a liberal and ainiabio man— -but an overpowering feeling of hu- miliation at his inferiority, and o? regi-el CAT CAT lei CATHERINE II. empress of Rusaia, bom in 1729, was a daughter of the Princ* that, at hi& age, he could not hope to attain perfection in his art. CASTRO, John de, a celebrated Por- tuguese general, was born at Lisbon, in 1500, ana was of an ancient family. AfVer having attended Charles V. in the expedi- tion against Tunis, and served in the Red Sea, he was appointed governor of India in 1545, and was subsequently named vice- roy. He died at Goa, in 1548; having, in the course of his three years' adminis- tration, gained immortal honour by his numerous victories. Castro was intrepid, disinterested, afTable, and well versed in languages and mathematics. Such was his contempt of riches, tlijit, after his death, only three rials were found in his coffers! CASTLEREAGH. SeeLoNDONDER- of AnhaltZerbst, and was originally named CASTRO, GuiLHEN DE, * Spanish poet, a contemporary of Lopez de Vega, by whom he is highly praised. His Dra- matic Works form two volumes 4to. Among them is a tragi-comedy on the subject of the Cid; from which, and from Diamante's play on the same theme, Corneille borrowed many ideas. CASTRUCCI-CASTRACANI, a na- tive of Lucca, born in 1281, early embraced a military life ; served in England, France, and various parts of Italy; and, after many vicissitudes, became duke of Lucca. He held his dignity for fifteen years, de- feated the Florentines and Pisans in many engagements, and displayed great military abilities. He died in 1328. Castrucci was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the Ghibelline party. CATESBY, Mark, an English natural- ist, was born in 16S0: went to Virginia in 1712; and remained there for seven years. On his return, he was encouraged, by Sir Hans Sloane and others, to revisit Ameri- ca, for the purpose of describing and de- lineating the natural productions of that country. The result was,' The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Ba- hama Islands, 2 volumes fulio, the numerous plates of which were etched by himself. The Royal Society elected him a fellow. He died in 1749. CATHELINEAU, James, a French royalist chief, almost the first who roused the Vendeans to insurrection, was born in 1758, and was a weaver at Pin-en-Mauge, in the department of the Maine and Loire. In 1793, he incited the young men of tlie canton of St. Florent to resist by force the conscription ; gained several victories over the republicans; was made generalissimo of the royalists; but was at last mortally wounded in attacking Nantz, and dierf on the 10th of July. Catiieltneau was brave and disinterested, and had such a reputa- tion for piety that he was called the Saint tf Aigori. Sophia Augusta, but changcu ner name in 1745, on being married to Peter, the grand duke of Russia. After her husband^s ac- cession to the throne, in 1761, he is said to have intended to divorce her. To pre- vent him from carrying his intentions into effect, he was first dethroned, and then murdered. Catherine was crowned at Moscow in 1762. In 1768 she engaged in a war with Turkey, which terminated suc- cessfully in 1774. While this was pro- ceeding, she concluded, in 1772, with the king of Prussia and the emperor of Ger- many, the infamous partition treaty, by which the first blow was given to the exist- ence of Poland. Still pursuing her scheme of expelling the Turks from Europe, and reigning at Constantinople, she, in 1783, seized on the Crimea, and a part of the Kuban, and annexed them to her empire. In 1787, the Porte declared war against her, and hostilities were continued till 1792, when the dread of a coalition against her compelled her to consent to a peace. For her disappointment on the side of Turkey, however, she indemnified herself by dis- membering Poland, in the years 1793 and 1795, in which latter year that unfortunate kingdom was annihilated. She was on the point of turning her arms against republi- can France, when she died, of apoplexy, on the 9th of November, 1796. In some respects the character of Catherine is open to severe censure; in others it is worthy of admiration. Her animal passions she indulged in a manner which may be called shameless; and her grasping ambition was restrained by no feelings of justice or com- punction. But, on the other hand, she was a mild and beneficent ruler of her subjects. She herself drew up a code of laws ; ame- liorated the various branches of the admin- istration; introduced many valuable im- provements among the people; patronised literature, arts, and sciences; and encour- aged education and the diffusion of knowl- edge. She corresponded with learned men in all countries; and enrolled herself in tha 16S CAT list of autliors, by producing several Dra- matic Pieces, Tales, and other works. CATILINE, Ldch;s Sergius, a Ro- man noble, descended from one of tbe first patrician familieSj was of the party of Sylla, and through his influence obtained eome high offices. Endowed with eminent talents, ne was also eminently vicious and profligate. In conjunction with others of his own stamp, he formed a conspiracy to destroy the coif&uls and senators, and as- sume the govermnent ; but it was frustrated by the vigilance of Cicero. Catiline then broke out into open rebellion, and was at length sl^in, fighting with desperate bra- very, in a battle in Tuscany, B. c. 62. CATINAT, Nicholas, one of the most celebrated of the French generals, was born at Paris, in 1637. He was brought up to the bar, but relinquished the gown, in con- sequence of his losing a just cause. En- tering the army, he distinguished himself on innumerable occasions, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant general in 1688. The victories of Stafiarda and Marsaglia over the duke of Savoy gained for mm the dignity of marshal; and that well earned dignity excited the envy and hatred of many of his unworthy rivals. In 1701, from causes over which he had no control,' be was unsuccessful against Prince Eugene in Italy. He died in 1712'. Catinat was as remarkable for his virtues as for his military talents. He was disinterested, modest, sincere, and pious. CATO, Marcus Portius, called the Censor, was a native of Tusculum, born B. c. 232. At the age of seventeen he served in the army, and displayed great valour. Through the influence of Valerius Flaccus, he was made a military tribune in Sicily, and he successively filled the stations of qusestor under Scipio, aedile, and praetor in Sardinia. He was elected one of the consuls B. c. 195; and ten years subse- quently he was chosen censor. The latter office he exercised with unsparing severity. He died B..C. 147. Carthage was the ob- ject of his bitter hatred, and all his speech- es were closed with *< Carthage must be destroyed.*' Scipio was scarcely less an object of his hatred. Cato has been praised at least as much as he deserves. He had, undoubtedly, great qualities ind talents; but he was vainglorious, by no means free from absurd prejudices, sometimes incon- sistent, and not quite so immaculate in his own conduct as a man ought to have been who was so rigid a judge of the conduct of others. Of his works, only a Treatise on Husbandry is extant. CATO, Mabcds Portids, known as Cato of Utica, was the great-grandson of the Censor, and was born B. c. 95, At the early age of fourteen, he manifested his hatred of tyrants, by desiring his tutor to CAU give him a sword, that he might slay Sylla, and deliver his country from op- Eression. From Antipater of Tyre he im- ibed the stoical philosophy. He served with distinction a^inst Spartacus; was tribune in Macedonia ; filled the office of quaestor with general applause; and was afterwards tribune and praetor. He vigor- ously seconded Cicero, in defeating the conspiracy of Catiline. In tbe civil war, he gave his support toPompey; and, after the death of that general, he fortified him- self in Utica. Hopeless, however, of re- sistance, he stabbed himself on the approach of ^Caesar, B. c. 46. Before he struck the fatal blow, which, deprived liberty of one of its most ardent friends, he is said to have twice read Plato's Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul. CATROU, Francis, a Jesuit, cniic, and historian, was bom at Paris, in 1659, and died in 1737. He contributed largely to the Trevoux Journal ; translated 'Virgil ; and wrote a History of tlie Mogul Empire, and a History of the Fanaticism of the Protestant Religions. But his great work, which was translated into English by Bundy, is a History of Rome, 20 volumes quarto, with annotations by Rouille. CATS, jAHES,a Dutch poet and states- man of a distinguished family, was born, in 1577, at Brouwershaven, in Zealand. After having acquired great reputation as an advocate, he held various eminent offi- ces. He was twice sent ambassador to England, and, for fifteen years, filled the high station of Pensionary of Holland. His last years were spent in the retirement which he- loved. He died in 1660. Cats holds a considerable rank among tlie poets of his country, and has been called the La Fontaine of Holland. CATULLUS, Caius Valerids, a Latin poet, was born at Verona, or; accord- ing to others, at Sirmium, B. c. 86; was of a family distinguished for rank and for- tune; and was intimate with the most eminent of his contemporaries. He is said to have died at the early age of thirty; though some affirm that he lived ten or fif- teen years longer. His verses breathe the very soul of poetry; and would be nearly faultless, were they not often stained bj gross indecency. CAULAINCOURT, Arsand Aiigds- TiN Louis de, duke of Vicenza, was of an ancient family, and was born at Caulain- court, in Picardy, in 1773. At the age of fifteen he entered the army, and served for several campaigns. He was aid-de-camp to the first consul, who, when he became emperor, made hini grand equerry, a supe- rior officer of the legion of honour, and duke of Vicenza. Caulaincourt fo.lowed Napoleon in nearly all Ins rampaigns; but was, nevertheless,Detter known a* a diplo< CAV matirt than as a warrior. After having been intrusted with minor missions, he resided for four years as ambassador at St. Petersburgh. He was subsequently employed as a negotiator at Pleswitz, Prague, Frankfort, and Chatillon, and in the treaty which led to the abdication of the emperor; and he was minister for the home department during Napoleon's second reign. The accusation that he participa- tecfin the seizure of the duke of Enghein appears to be groundless. He died at Paris, in 1828. CAUSSIN, Nicholas, a Jesuit, born at Troves, in 1583, was for a while confes- sor to Louis XIII. ; but was displaced in consequence of having intrigued against Cardinal Richelieu. He died at Paris in 1651 . A number of devotional works were written by him, of which the principal is The Holy Court. It has been translated into several languages. Its popularity in duced the wits to say, that Caussin had managed matters better at The Holy Court than at the French court. CAVALCANTI, Guy, a Florentine poet and philosopher, the friend of Pante, was an active Ghibelline, and was, in con- sequence, banished by the Guelfs ; but wa? permitted to return to .Florence, where he died in 1300. Cavalcanti was one of the first Italian poets who paid attention to elegance of style. His Canzone on the nature of love is one of the best of his productions. CAVALIER, John, the son of a French peasant, and himself originally only a jour- neyman baker, was born in a village of the Cevennes, in 1679, and acquired lasting fame as the leader of the Camisards, or protestants of Languedoc, when an attempt was made to exterminate them by Louis XIV. By his courage and talents, Cava- lier foiled all the efforts of Marshal Mon- trevel; and the successor of Montrevel, Marslral Villars, deemed it more eligible to conclude a treaty with the Calvinist chief than to continue the contest. Cava- lier entered into the English service ; commanded a French refugee corps, at the battle of Almaoza; was appointed gover- nor of Jersey; and died, at Chelsea, in 1740. CAVALIERI, Bon ATESTURE,an Ital. ian ft iar, eminent as a mathematician, was bora at Milan, in 1598; was a pupil of Galileo; aud became professor of mathe- matics at Bologna; where he died in 1647. He was the inventor of the Geometry of Indivisibles, which approaches nearly to the Infinitesimal Calculus. He wrote a work on this subject, and others on Conic Sections and Trigonometry. CAVALLO, TiBEBIDS, a native of Na- ples, the son of a physician, was born in I749i and came over to England, in 1771, CAV 168 to be initiated in commerce. Sciencet however, had more charms for \iim ; and to that he wholly and successfully devoted himself. The Royal Society admitted him one of its members, and he contributed largely to its Transactions. He is the author of various Treatises on Electricity, Magnetism, Gases, and Aerostation. CAVANILLES, Ahthony Joseph, a Spanish botanist, was born, at Valencia, in 1743 ; took orders ; and was appointed preceptor to the duke of Infantado's chil- dren, whom he accompanied into France. He resided at Paris twelve years, and was an intimate friend of Bernard de Jussieu. He died, in 1801, at Madrid, where he was director of the royal garden. Of his works the principal are, a Description of Native and Foreign Plants, six volumes folio, with 601 plates, designed and engraved by him self; and Observations on the Natural His tory. Agriculture, &c. of Valencia, two volumes folio. CAVE, William, a divine and ecclesi- astical historian, the son of a clergyman, was born at Fickwell, in Leicestershire, in 1637; was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; and died in 1713, canon of Windsor, and vicar of Isleworth. His prin- cipal works are, Scriptorum Ecclesiastico- rum, two volumes folio ; Primitive Christi- anity; Antiquitates Apoctolici ; Apostolici ; andEcclesiastici. Dr. Cave paid such a blind deference to tlie authority of the early Christian fathers and writers, that Jortin denominates him " the whitewasher of the ancients." CAVE, Edward, a native of War- wickshire, was born at Newton, in 1691, and educated at Rugby School. After hav- ing been a clerk to a collector of the excise, he learned the trade of a printer, and oc- casionally wrote for the newspapers. He obtained the situation of clerk of the franks to the post office, but was dismissed in con- sequence of his having too rigidly performed his duty. In 1731, he established the Gen- tleman's Magazine, the parent of modern periodicals, and had the happiness to suc- ceed to the fullest extent of his wishes. He died in 1754. CAVEDONE, Jaues, an Italian paint- er, was born at Sassuolo, near Modena, in 1577, and died in 1660. The Caracci and Guide were his masters. In fresco he par- ticularly excelled. In his latter days, a fall from a scaffold, grief for the loss of a beloved and talented son, and other cir- cumstances, almost extinguished his intel- lectual and pictorial powers : the unfortu- nate artist became a beggar, and at length breathed his last in a stable. CAVENDISH, Sir William, a native of Suffolk, was born about 1505, and be- came usher to Cardinal Wolsey, to whom, unlike some dependents, he remained at- 164 CAX tached after his fall. Henry VTTI. knighted hini;, made liim a privy counsellor, and conicrred various offices upon him. He was also in favour with Edward VI. and Mary. He died in 1 557. Cavendish wrote a Life of Cardinal Wolsey. One of his s*. os was the first earl of Devonshire. CAVENDISH, Thomas, an English navigator, in the reign of Elizabetli, was a native of Suffolk, and inherited an estate at Trimley St. J^artin, which he injured by living at court. To retrieve his fortune, he fitted out three ships, in July, 1586, with which he laid under contribution the west- ern coast of America, and took a rich Spanish vessel. In September, 15S8, he returned to England, having effected a shorter circumnavigation of the globe than any previous adventurer. In a second voy- age he was unsuccessful : he was baffled by tempests, sickness, and other circumstan- ces, and died, in 1591, on the coast of Brazil. CAVENDISH, Henry, the third son of Lord Charles Cavendish, was born at Nice, October 10, 1731^ and educated at Cambridge, where he entered deeply into the study of chemistry and natural philoso- phy. His whole life, after he quitted col- lege,, was devoted to scientific inquiries, and his success was commensurate to his assiduity. In his temper he was more than commonly reserved, and he took no part whatever in public affairs. He died Feb. 14, ISIO ; leaving the immense fortune of £1,200,000. Cavendish, among other things, explained the theory of animal elec- tricity; ascertained the levity of hydrogen gas ; discovered the composition of water, and of nitrous acid; improved the eudiom- eter; and invented an apparatus for deter- mining the density of the earth. CAVENDISH. See Devonshire and Newcastle.. CAWTHORN, James, a poet, was born at Sheffield, in 1719; was educated at Cambridge; took orders; and became master ufTunbridge School. He died, by a fall from his horse, in 1761. His Po- ems, which have been admitted into the collection of British Poe'.A, are above me- diocritv. CAXTON, William, a man worthy to be held in immortal memory, as the first who ^ave to England the means for the diffusion of knowledge, was born in the weald of Kent, about 1410. Having been brought up a mercer, he was employed by the Mercers* Company as their agent in the Netherlands; a situation which he filled during twenty-three years. He also nego- tiated a commercial treaty between Ed- ward JV. and the duke of Burgundy, and was subsequently in the service of Lady Margaret, the duke's wife. He had learned tlie art of printing, and, at the request uf CEB ^ the duchess, he translated The Recuvell of tlie Historyes of Troye, from the French, and printed it, in 3471, at Cologne. This is the earliest typographical production in English, and is now so scarce that, at the Roxburgh sale, a copy of it sold for JC1060. He returned. to England, but in what year is uncertain. It mufst, however, have been previous to 1474, as he then had a press in Westminster Abbey. The first book exe- cuted in this country, was the Game and Playe of the Chesse. Caxton continued his labours for nearly twenty years, and is supposed to have died about 1492. CAYLUS, Anne Claude Philip, Count de, was born at Paris in 1720, and served with distinction in Catalonia and Germany, after which he travelled through Turkey, Greece, and Asia Minoi. and, lastly, in Germany, Holland, and Eni4and The remainder of his life was spent In the study of antiquities, and in tlie cultivation of literature and the arts. His talents gained admission for him into numerous learned bodies. He died, at Paris, in 1765. He rediscovered the ancient art of encaustic painting, and published spvera^ works, of which the principal are, A Col- lection of Eg}7)tiau, (A-eek, Roman, and Gaulish Antiquities, seven 'clumes 4to; and twelve volumes of his Romances and miscellaneous pieces. CAZALES, James Anthony Maria D£, one of the most eloquent of modern French orators, was born, in 1752, at Gre- nade sur la Garonne ; and served for some time as a captain of cavalry. In the States Geieral, and in the National Assembly, he was one of the most active and most highly lifted of the defenders of the monarchy. The talent of extempore speaking he pos- sessed in an extraordinary degree ; and in eloquence he was the rival of Mirateau. After having twice emigrated, and fought in the carapaign of 1702, he returned to France in 1801, and died in 1805. In private life he was one of the most hon- ourable and amiable of men. By Burke he was held in high estimation. CAZOTTE, James, a French literary character, was born, in 1720, at Dijon; was appointed a naval commissioner in 1747; and retired in 1760. The hours of his leisure were devoted to literature and society, and he was much admired for his wit, gaiety, and conversational powers. During the horrible massacres of Septem- ber, 1792,- at the abbey prison, he was saved by the heroism of nis daughter; but he was guillotintd soon after. He is the author of Olivier, a poein in twelve cantos, and of several volumes of tales and mii^ccl- laneous pieces, of considerable merit. CEBES, a philosopher of the fourth century, B.C., was a native of "^'hcbea, and a disciple of Socrates, at whu«« ^8t mo* CEL ments lie was present. Of his works, only that known by the name of the Picture of Human Life has descended to posterity. It is a production which does honour to its author. Some have doubted the claim of Cebes to it ; but their doubts appear to be unfounded. CECIL, William. See Salisbory. CELLARIUS, Christopher, an eru- dite writer, bom, in 1638, at Smalcalde, in Franconia, was chosen, in 1668, professor of ethics and oriental languages at Weis- senfels; and died, in 1707, professor of rhetoric and history at Halle. He publish- ed editions of several classics ; and various works on history, and the Latin, Hebrew, and Syriac lan^ages. The production, however, by which he is remembered, is an Adcient Geography, in two ouartA vol- umes, with maps, which has been more than once reprinted. CELLINI, Benvenuto, a celebrated sculptor, engraver, and goldsmith, was born at Florence in 1500, and was apprenticed to a goldsmith. He was employed by Pope Clement VII., the grand duke of Florence, and Francis I. the French monarch; and executed many admirable works. He died in 1570, in his native city. Cellini was a man of high talent and acquirements ; but vain, singular in manner, irascible, and quarrelsome. He wrote two Treatises on tlie arts in which he excelled. His most valuable literary production, however, is a Biography of himself. If Cellini may be credited, he fired the shot by which the constable de Bourbon was slain. CELSIUS, Olaus, a Swedish orien- talist and naturalist, was born in 1670, and died in 1756. He was the founder of natu- ral history in Sweden, and has the merit of having extended the most liberal patron- age to Linnaeus, when _that distinguished character was young and poor. Celsius twice refused the archbishopric of Upsal. Besides various theological and antiquarian disE^ertations, he published, with the title of riierobotanicon, a learned work on the plants mentioned in the Bible. CELSUS, Adrelius Cornelius, a celebrated Roman physician of the Corneli- an family, who lived under the reigns of Au- gustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, was born either at Rome or Verona. He wrote va- rious works, but his Treatise on Medicine, in eight books, of which the style is ex- tremely elegant, is his chief production. Celsus has been denominated the Roman Hippocrates. CELSUS, an Epicurean philosopher of the second century, is famous for having been one of the most inveterate and acute assailants of the Christian religion. His woik, called A True Discourse, is lost; but some fr-%gments which remain bear wiiuesfi to the talent it displayed. It was CER 16i answered by Origen. Celsus was a friend of Lucian, who dedicated to him his Pseu domantis. CENSORINUS, a critic and gramma- rian, who lived in the third century, is the author of a work, written about A. D. 238, to which he gave the name of De Die Natalio, in consequence of his having com- posed it on occasion of the birthday of a friend. It treat's on the natural history of man, religious rites, music, astronomy, and various other matters; and has been of great use in enabling chronologers to fix the date cf remarkable events. CENTLIVRE, Susanna, a dramatic writer, was born about 1667, in 'reland, where her father, Mr. Freeman, a Lincoln- shire gentleman,, and a partisan of the Commonwealth, had deemed it prudent to settle, on the restoration of Charles II. At the age of twelve years, she was left an orphan, by the death of her mother. Un- kind treatment from those who had the care of her induced her to adopt the wild resolution of proceeding to London. While travelling hither on foot, she is said to have met with Anthony Hammond, father to the author of the Love Elegies, who gained her affection, and induced her to accompany him to Cambridge, and live with him for some months, disguised as a boy. When only sixteen, she married a nephew of Sir Stephen Fox. He died in little more than twelve months, and she became the wife of an officer named Car- rol, who, at the end of eighteen months,' was killed in a duel. Distress drove her to write for the stage, and, in 1700, she produced a tragedvj called the Perjured Husband. This play she followed up by several comedies, many of which were successful. Her dramatic pieces are nine* teen in number. Some of them, among which are, The Busy-Body, The Wonder, and A Bold Stroke for a Wife, still keep possession of the stage. For a while she was an actress, and, in this capacity, she captivated her last husband, Mr. Centlivre, yeoman of the mouth to Queen Anne. She died in 1723. As a dramatist, she excels in plot, incident, and character; her dia- logue, though by no means contemptible, is of an inferior order, and it partakes of the licentiousness which stained the theatrical productions of that period. CERCEAU, John Anthony du, a Jesuit, dramatist, and poet, was born at Paris, in 1676, and was accidentally shot, in 1730, by the prince of Conti, to whom he was tutor. He produced a volume of Latin poems, and another of French* se- veral comedies, one of the best of which is the Inconveniences of Greatness; and various prose works. CERDA, Donna Bernarda Fsrrei- RA DE LA, a Portuguese lady of uncom* 166 CER mon talents, was bom at Oporto, in the beginning of the seyenteeiith century, and died abuut 1650. She produced several poems and comedies of great merit ; was the best musician of the age; played upon all kinds of instruments ; spoke several languages; and was versed in rhetoric, mathematics, and philosophy. Philip III. of Spain invited her to his court, to initi- ate his sons, Charles and Ferdinand, into Latin literature. CEATNI, Joseph, an Italian poet, born in 1738, at Solferii^o, in the duchy of Man- tua, was brought up to the bar. . Having married a portionless female, his parents discontinued a small pension, on which he had subsisted. He removed to Milan, and, after suffering much misery, he died in 1779, at a period when fortune was begin- ning to smiJe upon him. He is author of the successful comedies of Clary, and the Bad Mother* iu'Law; and of a volume of elegant Anacreontic poems. CERINTHUS, an heresiarch of the first century, was born at Antioch,-of a Jewish family, and studied at Alexandria. He is said to have been a disciple of Simon Magus. He taught various heterodox doc- trines, among which was, that Jesus was a meffe man, on whom Christ, the Son of God, descended at the period of baptism, and that, at the crucifixion, Jesus alone suffered, Christ quitting liis body, and re- turning to his Father in heaven. CERRETTI, Louis, a native of Mo- ^ena, born in 1738, filled the offices of secretary, and afterwards of professor of history and eloquence, at the university of Padua. Having been employed under the Cisalpine republic, he was compelled to fly in 1799. In 1801, however, he return- ed. He died in 1808. His Lyric Poems are esteemed. CERVANTES, Saavedr A Michael, 3ne of the most distinguished literary cha- racters of Spain, was born at Alcala de Henares, in 1547, of a good but not rich fiimily, and was well educated. At an early age he began to sacrifice to the Mu> ses. In 1569 he visited Italy, and became puge to Cardinal Aquaviva. The hope of CK9 _, , however, and perhaps of {brtinw, led fiim to serve as a volunteer under Mark Anthony Colonna, duke of Paliano, who commanded the pope's galleys. He fought bravely at the battle of Lepanto, and re- ceived a wound in his lefi arm, which crippled him for life. Notwithstanding his lameness he continued in the service till 1575, when, as he was returning to Spaio, he was taken prisoner by an Alge- rine corsair. At Algiers he continued a captive for six years, during which period he distinguished himself by his indomitable coui'age, nis daring plans to bring about an insurrection, and his magnanimity in taking on himself the whole responsibility wheniiis schemes were discovered. Be- ing at length ransomed, he ivturned to Spain in 1581. In 1584, he published hia Galatea, and married Donna Catalina Sa- lazar. Of the subsequent life of Cervante's the memorials are but scanty. We know little more than that he seems to have reli- ed upon his pen for subsistence; that he obtained the patronage, such as it was, of the Count de Lemos ; that he suffered much fironi poverty, adversity, and the ha- tred of rivals; and that he was even im- prisoned for debt. Yet it would appear that he was once in good circumstances; for, in the Journey to Parnassus, Apollo upbraids him with having ruined his for- tune by want of economy. Cervantes died at Madrid, on the 23d of April, 1617. Among hie works are about thirty dramas; twelve Tales; a poem, in eight cantos, called A Journey to Parnassus ; and the romance of Persiles and Sigismunda, which was his last production, and published posthumously. But these are all eclipsed by that masterpiece of Spanish literature, Don Quixote. The first part of this was given to the world in 1605. The conclu- sion was delayed for ten years. In the mean while a writer, under the name of Avellenada, not only published a second part, but also heaped abuse upon the orig- inal author. Of this surreptitious sequel, though it is not utterly contemptible, we may say what a critic once said of a simi- lar attempt to carry on the Sentimental Joum^, that " it is much such a continua- tion of the genuine work as the dead wall in Pimlico is of Buckingham House." Don Quixote, as a biographer of Cer- vantes has justly remarked, had no model, and still remains without a rival; and though ffanners have changed, and other follies have succeeded to those which the writer wished to destroy, the hero of La Mancha still interests men of all countries, of all ranks, and of all ages. CESAROTTI, Mklchiok, a volumin- ous and eminent Italian author, ws^ bom at Padua in 1730 ; was [irofesaor of rheti>- ric there, at the age of aineteen, and nb- CHA seijuently of Greek and Hebrew; was admired and pensioned by Napoleon , and died, at his native place, in 1808. His works, including translations, amount to for^-two volumes ; ~ he produced versions of Homer, Demosthenes, Juvenal, and Os- smn ; a Course of Greek Literature ; and various original compositions, both in verse and prose. CESSART, Louis Alexander de a civil engineer, was born at Paris, in 1719; and was originally an officer in the army. Ill health, however, obliged him to q^uit the military service, and he then studi- ed civil engineering, and at length became inspector-general of roads and bridges. Among his works are the bridge at Sau- mur, and the quay at Ronen. But die in- vention of the cones to form the- harbour of Cherbourg is considered as his greatest effort of talent. He died in 1806. CEZELLI, Constance, a heroine of the sixteenth century, was a native of MontpelUer. In 1590, her husband, Barri de St. Annez, who was governor of Leu- cate, for Henry IV., fell into the hands of Che Spaniards. They threatened Constance that they would put him to deadi, if she did not surrender the fortress. She re- fused, but offered all her property to ran- som him. After having been foiled in two assaults, the Spaniards' raised the siege, but barbarously murdered their prisoner. Constance magnanimously prevented her garrison from retaliating upon a Spanish officer of rank. As a reward for her pa- triotism, Henry IV. allowed her to retain the government of Leucate till her son came of age. CHALMERS, George, a native of Scotland, was bom in 1744 ; was educated at Aberdeen; and settled in America as a barrister; but returned to England when the colonies assumed independence. He was for many years Chief Clerk of the Board of Trade; and died in January, 1826. His productions, in antiquities, criticism, biography, and political econo- my, are very numerous. Among them is Caledonia, or a Topographical History of North Britain, 3 vols. 4to. ; an Estimate of the Comparative Strength 'of Great Britain ; and an Apology for the Believers in the Shakspeare Papers. His works display considerable research ; but his style is heavy and monotonous. CHALONER, Sir Thomas, a states- man, soldier, and writer, was born in Lon- don, about 1515; was in the expedition of Charles V. to Algiers^ and narrowly escaped drowning; fought a£ the battle of Musselburgh, and was knighted; was sub- sequently ambassador to Gcrmauy and Spain; and died in 1565. His principal work is. On the right ordering of tlie Eng- ish Commonw0aJil£« CHA le*) CHALONER, Sir Thomas, a son of the above, was born in 1559; received an excellent education ; aiid improved himself by travelling in foreign countries. In 1591 he was knighted. lie discovered, on his estate near Gisborough, the first aium mine that was worked in Great Britian. Under pretence, however, that it was a mine royal, he was deprived of it by the crown; but the Long Parliament restored it to his sons. He died in 1603. He is the author of a tract on the Virtue of Nitre. CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, was born at Odington, in Gloucestershire, in 1616; educated at Oxford; became a mem- ber of the Royal Society, and tutor to the duke of Grafton and Prince George of Denmark ; and died in 1703. He wrote and translated various works, now all for- gotten, of which The Present State of England was the most popular. Yet, such an overweening opinion had he of his own literary merits, that he directed some of his publications to be covered with wax, and buried with him to bene6t posterity! CHAMBERLEN, Hugh, a physician and man-midwife, was born in 1664; edu- cated at Trinity College, Cambridge; and died in 1728. He translated Mauriceau's Treatise on Midwifery; and invented an improved kind of forceps for assisting delivery. CHAMBERS, Ephraim, the compiler of a well known dictionary of arts and sciences, was born at Milton, in West- moreland ; educated at Kendal School ; and afterwards .apprenticed to Senex, the mathematical instrument and globe maker. While he was in the service of Senex, Chambers projected his Dictionary, and some of the articles were written behind the counter. It came forth in 1728, in two folio volumes, and the next year he was chosen a member of the Royal Society. Five editions of his work appeared in the course of eighteen years. He translated the Jesuit's Perspective from the French ; and joined with Martyn in translating and abridging the Memoirs of the Royal Acade- my at Paris. He died in 1740. It is not, as some have supposed, to Chambers that we are indebted for the first Cyclopaedia; but to Dr. John Harris, who published his Lexicon Technicum in 1708. CHAMBERS, Sir William, an archi- tect, born at Stockholm, but descended from a Scotch family, was brought to England when two years old, and was edu- cated at Rippon. After having visited China, as supercargo of a Swedish vessel, he settled in LondoUy as a draughtsman ; became, through the ii:terest of Lord Bute, architectural drawing master to George III. ; and was subseque.'s^ly appointed royal architect and surveyor e^ -iRrai of the board jof works. Lord BeBbu.vn^'E villa at 168 CHA Rodiampton was fais first work of import- ance. In laying- out the royal wardens at Kew, his introduction of the Chinese style exposed him to the pungent ridicule of the author of the celebrated Heroic Bpif tie to Sir William Chambers. In 1775, the building of Somerset House was intrusted to him; and, with all its faults, the struc- ture does honour to his talents. He died in 1796. Sir WiUiam, who was a Swedish knight, and a member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, is the author of various professional works, the principal of which is A Treatise on Civil Arehi- tecture. CHAMFORT, Sebastian Roche Nicholas, a French writer, the natural son of an unknown father, was born in 1741, near Clermont, in Auvergne. He was educated atGrassin's College, at Paris,. where he gained several prizes. He ap- plied to literature for his subsistence, and soon acquired considerable reputation. In 1781 Chamfort was admitted a member of the French Academy, on the death of St. Palaye. His principal titles to this honour were his Eulogy on La Fontaine, comedy of the Young Indian, and tragedy of Mus- tapha and Zieangir. The latter also ob- tained for him the place of secretary to the Prince of Conde. Chamfort espoused the cause of the revolution, and fell a victim to it. After having been once imprisoned and released, he put an end to his exist- ence, in April, 1794, on being a second time arrested. His works have been col- lected in four volumes Svo. CHAMPAGNE, Philip de, a painter of the Flemish school, was born at Brus- sels, in 1602, and, after having acquired the rudiments of his art, completed his studies at Paris, under Poussin. He died in 1674. Champagne was indefatigably active ; had a wonderful readiness of exe- cution; and possessed talents of a high order. Among his best pictures are. The Nuns; the Vow of Louis XIII.; a Lord's Supper; and a Magdalen at the Feet of Christ. CHAMPE, John, a soldier in the American revolution, was born in Loudon county, Virginia. In the year 1776 he was appointed a sergeant-major in Lee's regiment of cavalry, and afler the discovery of Arnold's treason was employed by Washington in a service of much danger and difficulty; this was, to visit the British army as a deserter, in order to ascertain if any other American officers vpere en- ^ged in that conspiracy, and to secure if possible the person of Arnold. In the latter object of his enterprise he imfortu- nately failed, but he eflected his own es- cape in safety, and returned to his com- panions. Washington tifeated him munifi- cently, and presented him with his discharge CHA from further service, lest, in the vidfsitudea of war, he should fall into the hands of the enemy, and perish upon a gibbet. Uedied in Kentucky about the year 1797. CHAMPLAIN, Samuel, a French naval officer, was born in the sixteenth century, at Brouage, ^n the province of Saintonge. He pursu»i, in 1603, the dis* coveries of Cartier in Canada, and was governor of the province from 1608 to 1635, ui which latter year he died. To his ex- ertions France was indebted for the estab- lishment of the colony. Quebec was founded by bim, and one of the American lakes still bears bis name. CHANCELLOR, Richard, an Eng^ lish navigator, acx»>rapanied Sir Hugh Willoughby, in 1553, in one of the vessel which was £tted out to seek a north-east passage to the East Indies. Chancellor was separated from Willoughby by tem- pests, and discov«*ed the White Sea. Hearing of his arrival, the Russian grand duke invited him to Moscow, and there Chancellor succeeded in laying-tfae founda- tion of the commercial intercourse between England and Russia. After having made two subsequent voyages to Archangel, he was imfbrtunately shipwrecl^d in a third, towards the end of the year 1556. CHANDLER, Edward, a native of Dublin, was educated at Cambri^e;. be- came bishop of Litchfield in 1717, aod of Durham in 1730; and died in 1750. He is tlie author of A Defence of Christianity, in answer to Collins; A Vindication of the Defence; Eight Sermons; and some productions of minor consequence. CHANDLER, Samuel, a disseDter,of great talente, was born at Malmesbury in 1693, and completed his studies at Leyden. Afler having been minister to a congrega- tion at Peckham, during which period he was also a bookseller, he was chosen lec- turer at the Old Jewiy, and, about 1726, gastor at th& latter place : this last office e held during forty vearg. In 1748, the universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow gave him the degree of D« D. He died in 1766. Dr. Chandler is the author of nu merous wodcs ; among which are. Sermons in 4 volumes; A Review of Annettes His^ tory of David; A Critical History of David; and a Vindication of the Christian Religion. Dr. Chandler possessed exten- sive influence among the dissenters, and was highly, respected by the clergy of the established church. CHANDLER, Richard a divine and antiquary, was born in 173S received his education and doctor's degree at Oxford; travelled, in 1764, through Asia Minor and Greece, at tlie expense of the Dille- tanti Society, and died, in isiO, at hu living of Tilehurst, in Berkshire. He if the author, among other works, of Mar- CHA mora Oxoniensia; Ionian Antiquities; Travels in Asia Minor ; Travels in Greece ; and tlie History of Ilium. GHANDOS, John, an English warrior, of the fourteenth century, distin^ished himself greatly, on numerous occasions, in France; particularly at the battle of Au- ray, in I3iB4, in which he took prisoner the celebrated Bertrand du Guesclin. In 1366, he ^ined equal honour at the battle of Najara, against Henry of Transtamare. He was killed, in 1369, at the- bridge of Leusac, near Poitiers. Cbandos was ad- mired and esteemed, even by the French, for his generosity and moderation ; and as a general he was second in fame only to the Black Prince. CHAPELAIN, John, a French poet, was born at Paris, in 1595. After having been tutor to the children of a nobleman, and afterwards his steward, he obtained the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu. His undoubted learning, the influence which he Sosseesed, and some minor poems, rendered im for a while " tlie oracle of all vraiters, and specially of all poets." He was, in- deed, considered as at the head of French literature. The puUication of his Pucelle, a poem on the subject of the Maid of Orleans, the composition of which had occupied thirty years of his life, at once destroyed his reputation. It was covered with ridicule by Boileau, and the other satirical wits of the age. Chapelain died in 1674. . Though avaricious in the high- est degree, he was a kind, disinterested, and honourable man. CHAPELLE, Claude Emanuei, Lc- IZ.LIER, was born in 1626, at La Chapelle, near Paris, and numbered Gassendi among his preceptors. He was intimate with all liie eminent literary characters of the period, and was much admired for his convivial qualities, his wit, and his verses. He died in 1686. Brides his poems, he wrote, in conjunction with Bachaumont, the sprightly Journey to Montpelier, which Voltaire justly describes as a masterpiece of its kind. CHAPMAN, George, one of the ear- liest poetical translators, was bom in Kent, in 1557; was educated at Trinity College, Oxford; and died in 1634. , He was inti- mate with Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, Mars- ton, Spencer, and others of his celebrated contemporaries. He is the author of several dramatic pieces. The first seven books o( his version of the Iliad appeared in 1596; the remainder was completed four or five years afterwards; and the Odyssey was published in 1614. He also translated the Battle of the Frogs and' Mice; and the works of Hesiod and Musaeue. Q^APONE, Hester, was the daugh- ter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twywell, in North- ■mptonahii^, and was bam at that place. CHA 160 in 1727. When only nine years old, she is said to have written a romance. Her mother, however, who seems to have been actuated by jealoupy of her daughter's talents, endeavoured to obstruct her stud- ies. Hester Mulso, nevertheless, succeeded in making herself mistress of Italian and French. The story of Fidelia, in the Adventurer, an Ode to Peace, and some verses prefixed to her fiiend Miss Carter's Epictetus, were among her earliest printed efforts. In 1760 she married Mr* Chapone, but he was snatched from her by death in less than ten months. In 1770 she.accom- pa^ied Mrs. Montague on a tour in Scot- land; in 1773 she published her Letters on the Improvement of the Mind; &.nd in 1775, her Miscellanies in Prose and Verse. After having lived happily for many years in the society of those who loved her, her latter days were heavily overclouded by the loss of friends and rela- tions, by impaired Intellect, and by bodily debility. She died at Hadley, neajr Bar- net, December 25, 1801. Her verses are elegant, and her prose writings are pure in style and fraught with good sense and sound morality. CHAPPE D*AUTEROCHE, John, a French astronomer and mathematician, was born at Mauriac, in Auvergne, in 1722, of a noble family, and w^ brought up to the church. Mathematics, astro- nomy, and designing, were early and siic- cessfnl objects of his study. In 1759 he succeeded Lalande as assistant astronomer, and in the following year the Royal Acad- emy, of which be was a member, sent him to Tobolsk, in Siberia, to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disk. On his return, he published his Travels in Siberia, in two vols. 4to. His account of the Russians was so unfavourable, that the Empress Catherine was provoked to write a refiitation of it, Chappe d'Auteroche died in Calefornia, in 1761, which country he had visited to observe another transit of Venus. His Voyage was published afler his death. CHAPPE, Cladde, a nephew of the astronomer, born in 1763, at Brulon, in Maine, was the person who first brought the telegraph to perfection in France. He drowned himself, in 1805, in a fit of in- sanity, brought on by the perpetual attempts which his rivals were making to depreciate his merit as an inventor. CHARDIN, Sir John, a celebrated traveller, was the son of a jeweller, and was born at- Paris, in 1643. He journeyed twice into Persia and the East Indies, and each time spent several years there. In 1681 he settled in England, where he was knighted, married, and published his Trav- els. He died at Cliiswick, in 1713. Hli Travels, the best edition of which is thai 170 CHA by Langles, in ten vols, 8vb. are of hign value. Chardin also wrote an Account of the Coronation of Soliman II. of Persia; Observations on Passages of tiie Scripture explained by Eastern Customs (tlie MS. of wliich was lost for many years) ; and contributed to the Philosophical Transac- tions. CHARES, a Greek statuary, born at Lindus, was a pupil of Lysippus, and flourished about the I21st Olympiad. He is said to have'made the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Pliny also ascribes to him a fine colossal head, which was placed in the Capitol by the consul P. Lentidus. CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE, Francis Athanasius, one of the most celebrated of the French royalist chiefs, was born in 1763, near Ancenis, in Bri- tanny, and was brought up to the naval service. In March, 1793, the insurgent peasants of Lower Britanny chose him as their leader, and he justified their choice by his galhntry in numberless combats againit me republieans. In 1795, he con- eluded a treaty ; which, however, he broke before the^ close of the year. He was taken prisoner, and shot, in March, 1796. Charette was brave, enterprising, active, and possessed of considerable talents; but he was sanguinary, and his inordinate am- bition was exceedingly prejudicial to the royal cause by inducing him to intrigue for th-? supreme command, and to refuse to co- operate with the other Vendean chiefs on many important occasions. CHARLEMAGNE, or CHARLES 1. emperor of the west, and king of France, was born, in 742, at the castle of Saltz- burg, in Upper Bavaria, aird was the son of Pepin the Short, and the grandson of Charles Martel. In conjunction with his brother Carloman, he succeeded to the crown in 76S, and became sole monarch, by the death of his brother, in 771. He was crowned emperor in 800. He over- threw the kingdom of the Lombards; re- duced the Saxons to obedience, after a gallant struggle on their part; and made an irruption into Spain, which was at first successful, but at the close of which his rear-euard was routed by the Gascons, at the iamous battle of Roncesvalles. He died at Aix la Chapelle, his capital, in 814. Charlemagne was brave; endowed with grsat talents for war and for govern- ment; encouraged commerce ; and patron- ised literature and the arts; but his virtues were deeply shaded by faults, especially by the shameful barbarity which he exercised upon the vanquished Saxons. His Capitu- laries, or Laws, were chiefly issued in 805 and 806; and were collected, in 822, by Ansegise, abbot of St Wandrille, and Benedict, deacon of Mentz. > CHARLEMONT. James CAUL- CHA FIELD, earl of, was born in Dublin, is 1728. After having travelled, for some years, in France, Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, be returned to his native country, and, in 1763, was created earl of Cbarle- mont. From that period till his decease he took an active and enlightened part in politics, and was acquainted with, and es- teemed by, Burke, Flood, and many other eminent characters. He commanded the Irish volunteers; and this delicate task he performed with no common share of pru- dence and dignity. Lord Charlemont was fond of and successfully tultivated litera- ture; and to him Ireland is mainly indebt- ed for the establishment of the Royal Irish Academy. Of that institution he was annually chosen president. He~ died in 1799. CHARLES MARTEL, a natural son of Pepin' d'Heristal, succeeded in obtain- ing the dukedom of Austrasia, after the death of his father. Under the title uf mayor of the palace, he was, in fact, sove- reign of France for more than twenty-five years, during the nominal reigns of the last of the >Ierovingians. He repeatedly vanquished the Suevians, Frisons, AUe- mans, and Saxons. But his most splendid exploit was his overthrow of the Saracens at the terrible battle of Poitiers, by which he probably saved Europe from the infidel yoke. The surname of Martel, or the Hammer, he acquired by tliis victory. He died in 741, at Ciuercy sin- 0:se. CHARLES XIT. king of Sweden, was born at StocklioUn, .June 26, 1682, and succeeded his father in 1697. In his earli est years he gave indications of that indo mitable spirit which became the terror of his foes. Availing themselves of the oppor tunity which they supposed to be affordec by his youtli, the czar, and the kings of Denmark and Sweden, formed an alliance against him. Charles, however, attackec Denmark with the rapidity of lightning and compelled her sovereign to sue for peace. Russia next felt the force of his arms. He landed in Livonia, and (Nov. 30, 1700), with about eight thousand Swedes, utterly routed eighty thousand Russians who were intrenched under tlie walls of Narva. In the two following campaigns he expelled Augustus king of Poland, and raised Stanislaus to the throne. The de- posed monarch he pursued into Saxony, and forced to sign a treaty. He now re- solved to achieve the conquest of Russia and for that purpose directed his march upon Moscow. But, after havine obtained some pucpesses, he was entirely defeated at the battle of Pultowa, on the 27th of Ju y, 1709. Cliai les sought refuge in Turkey, where he was at fii-st honourably received. Peane between Turkey and Russia, how. ever, rendered his presence embarraiiiug CHA in the Turkish dominions, and he was re- quested to leave them. As he refused to comply, orders were given to expel him by force. Charles defended himself with des- perate bravery, in his house at Bender, till the building was set on fire. He then sallied forth, fell into the hands of the assailants, and was kept prisoner for some time. At length he departed, and after encountering manv difficulties and dangers reached Slral- Bund, which was soon besieged by his ene- mies. During the siege he displayed his accustomed talent and valour, but he was finally compelled to abandon the city, and sail to Sweden. His death took place on the 30th of November, 1718, from a shot, while he was besieging Fredericshall, in Norway ; and there seems reason to suspect that he fell by the hand of a Swedish assas- sin, and not by that of an honourable ene- my. Charles had many virtues, but they were partly neutralized by his faults ; his firmness too often degenerated into obsti- nacy, and his courage into rashness. Yet there are circumstances which authorize a belief that, had he lived, he would have reformed his errors, and, perhaps, ulti- mately have contributed as much to the happiness of Sweden, as he had already to its glory. CHARLEVAL, Charles Faucon de RIS, lord of, was born, in Normandy, in 1612 or 1613, and though originally sup- posed to be too weakly to live, he reached the age of eighty by dint of regimen. Scar- ron said of him, that '^ the Muses fed him on nothing but chicken broth and blanc- mange." He died in 1693. Charleval was an elegant writer both in prose and verse, and was a liberal firiend to literary men who were in narrow circum^taDCes. CHARLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xavter de, a Jesuit, bom at St. Q.uen- tin, in 1682, was sent on a mission to North America in 1720, and remained there for two years; conducted the Tre- voux Journal for twenty years after his return ; and died in 1761. He is the au- thor of various works, of which the prin- cipal are, A History and Description of Japan, two vols. 4to. ; A General History of New France, three vols. 4to.; and A General History of Paraguay, six vols. 12mo. CHARNOCK, John, was born in 1756; was educated at Winchester, and Merton College, Oxford ; served as a volunteer in the navy; subsequently became an author; and at length died in the King's Bench, in 1807. . His chief works are, A History of Naval Architecture, three vols. 4to.; Bio- l^raphia Navalis, six vols. 8vo.; and The Life of Nelson, 8vo. CHARONDAS, a Greek legfislator and philosopher, was born at Catania, in Sicily, and is -supposed to have fiourished about CHA m the middle of the fiflh century b. c. He* gave laws to the Catanians and other Eu- Dcean colonies. To one of those laws he is said to have fallen an honourable victim He had enacted that no one should enter the public assenablies armed, under pain of death. On his return from an expedition, he inadvertently hurried to a meeting of the people without taking off his sword. " You break the law," exclaimed a spectator. "No," replied he, instantly plunging the weapon into his own body, " on the con- trary, I confirm it." CHARRON, Peter, a French moral- ist and divine, was born at Paris, in 1541, and died there, suddenly, in 1603. As a preacher he enjoyed great celebrity. He was the friend of Montague, who esteemed him so much that he bequeathed to him permission to assume his family arms. His first work, which bore the title of the Three Truths, was published in 1594; his Christian Discourses, in 1600; and his Treatise on Wisdom, in 1 601 . The last of these was violently attacked by Chanet, Garasse, and others, as the dangerous pro- duction of one who was an enemy to relig- ion. The Treatise on Wisdom survives ; the attacks upon it have sunk into oblivion. CHARTIER, Alan, a French poet and writer, of great reputation in the fifteenth century, was born at Bayeux, in Norman dy, in 1386, and is supposed to have died aoout 1457 or 1458. His works are now sunk into oblivion. Yet, in such esteen* was he held, that Pasquier tells us, the wife of the Dauphin once kissed the lips of Char- tier when she found him asleep ; and, on her attendants seeming astonished, she declared that it was not the man she kissed, but the mouth whence so much eloquence had flow- ed. CHARTIER, Renatus, a native of Vendome, born in 1572, was eminent as a physician, and published ten folio volumes of an edition of the works of Hippocrates and Galen ; the remaining three were prints ed after his death. By this work he bene- fited medical science, but ruined his for- tune. He also wrote some Latin tragedies and poems. He died in 1654. CHASE, Samuel, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was born in Somerset county, Maryland, in 1741. He was educated by his father, a learned clergyman; and after studying for two years the profession of law, he was admit- ted to the bar, at Annapolis, at the age of twenty. In 1774, he was sent to the con- gress of Philadelphia as a delegate from Maryland, and he continued an active, bold, eloquent, and efficient member of this body throughout tiie war, when he returned to the practice of his profession. In 1791, he accepted the appointment of chief jus- tice of the general court of Maryland; and 172 CHA in 1796 president Washington made him an associate judge of the supreme court of the United States. He remained upon the bench for fifteen years, and appeared with ability and dignity. It was his ill fortune, however, to have his latter days embittered by an impeachment by the house of repre- sentatives at Washington. This impeach- ment originated in political animosities, from the offence which, his conduct in the circuit court had given to tlie democratic party. The trial of the judge before tlie senate is memorable on account of the ex- citement which it occasioned, the ability of the defence, E^nd the nature of the ac- quittal. Judge Chase continued to exercise his judicial functions till 1811, when his health failed him, and he expired on the nineteenth of June, in that year. He was a sincere patriot, and a man of high intel- lect and undaunted courage. CHASTELET, Gabrielle Emilia LE TONNELIER DE BRETEUIL, mar- chioness of, one of the most learned and accomplished of modern females, was born at Paris, in 1706, and died at Luneville, in 1749. She was a proficient in Latin, Ital- ian, and English ; and possessed considera- ble knowledge of geometry, astronomy, and natural philosophy. She published Insti- tutes of rhysics, with an Analysis of Leib- nitz's Philosophy, and translated Newton's Principia. Though Madame du Chastelet was married, chastity does not appear to have been one of her virtues. Among her ardent admirers was Voltaire. CHATHAM. William PITT, earl of, one of the most able and successful min- isters thatEngfand ever possessed, was born November 15, 1708, and was the son of Robert Pitt, Esq. of Boconnock, in Corn- wall. His education he received at Eton, and at Trinity College, Oxford. His en- trance into public life was as a cornet of horse ; and m 1735, throu|h the influence of the duchess dowager of Marlborough, he was returned to parliament as member for OldSarum. He subsequently sat for Sea- ford, Aldboroiigh, and Bath. As a senator he soon rendered himself so obnoxious to WalpoUi that the minister, with equal ini> CHA justice and impolicy, deprived him of liu commission. TThis unconstitutional act on- ly enhanced his popularity and sharpened his resentment. After having been ten years in opposition, he was, early in 1746, appointed joint vice-treasurer of Ireland, and, in the same year, treasurer and pay- master general of the army, and a privy counseUor. During his treasurership, he invariably refused to benefit by the large balances of money which necessarily re- mained in his hands. In 1755, he was dis- missed ; in 1756, he obtained a brief rein- statement in power as secretary of state, and was again dismissed; but, in 1757, de- feat and disgrace having fallen on the coun- try, the unanimous voice of the people com- pelled the sovereign to place him at the head of the administration. Under his auspices Britain was, during four years, triumphant in every quarter of the globe. Thwarted in his measures, after the acces- sion of George III., he resigned, in Octo- ber, 1761, an office which he could no longer hold with honour to himself or advantage to the nation. A pension was granted to him, and his wife was created a baroness. On the downfall of the Rock- ingham administration, Pitt was appointed lord privy seal, and was raised to the peer- age with the title of earl of Chatham. He acquired no glory as one of the new and ill assorted ministry, and he withdrew from it in November, 1768. Though suf- fering severely from gout, he- continued to speak in parliament upon all important questions. The American war, in particu- lar, he opposed with all his wontea vigour and talent. On the 8th of April, 1778, while rising to speak in the House of Lords, he fell into a convulsive fit, and he expired on the 11th of the following May. He was interred, and a monument raised to him, in Westminster Abbey, at the public expense ; and a perpetual annuity of £.4000 was granted to his heirs. Some short poems, and a volume of letters to his nephew, have appeared in print. The character of Lord Chatham is thus ably summed up by Grattan: — ^^* There was in this man something that could create, sub- vert, or reform ; an understanding, a spirit, and an eloquence, to summon mankind to society, or to break tlie bonds of slavery asunder, and to rule the wilderness of free minds with unbounded authority; some- thing that . could establish or overwhelm empire, and strike a blow in the world that should resound through the universe.*' CHATTERTON, Thomas the most remarkable instance that perxtaps ever appeared of precocious talent, was the posthumous son of the master of the Free School in Pyle Street, Bristol, and was born November 20, 1752. The rudimeati of education he received at Coliton's Char* CHA it^ School, in his native city ; and, about Km tenth year, he acquired a taste for reading. In his general disposition he was grave and pensive, tliough at times exceed- ingly cheerful. In 1767, he was bound apprentice to an attorney, with wliom he remained nearly three years. It was dur- ing this period that he seems to have pro- duced many of his acknowledged works, and also those which he attributed to Row- ley. He sought the patronage of Horace Walpole, but was treated with neglect. Encouraged by promises from booksellers, he visited London in April, 1770, and for a while was a frequent writer in the Town and Country Masazine, and several other publications. Distress, however, soon overtook him, and on the 24th of August, 1770, the unhappy youth terminated his existence by swadlowing arsenic. The number and variety of his compositions are astonishing; the genius which they display is still more so. Imagination, pathos, caustic satire, vivid description, and sublime imagery, are all to be found in the productions of this highly gifted stripling. The poems ascribed to Rowley gave rise to a vehement controversy among antiquaries, but they are now generally admitted to belong to Chatterton- CHA ITS CHAUCER, GEOFrKET, wno has been called the day-star and the father of English poetry, is believed to have been bom in London, in 1328, to have been educated both at Oxford and Cambridge, and to have studied law in the Temple. He was pat- ronised by John of Gaunt, the sister of whose mistress he married He was ap- pointed to various lucrative offices, and more than once was sent upon missions to foreign countries. Having, however, im- bibed tbe doctrines of Wickliffe, he was compelled to fly to Zealand, whence want of resources soon obliged him to return. Imprisonmec t awaited him at home, and he regained his liberty only by disclosures which drew down upon him the indigna- tion of his party. At length, he recovered the pensions of which he had been deprived, and tlie remainder of his life was spent in istirement, first at Woodstock, and next at Donnington Castle. He died, in 1400, in London, to which city he had journeyed upon business. Considered merely with reference to his own merits, Chaucer ranks high among poets; compared with his pre- dece5<:cjrs, his contemporaries,^ and many of his successors, he is aosolutely unrivalled. Hid great work. The Canterbury Tales, was not begun till he was far advanced in years, but it displays all the fireslmess, vigour, and variety of youth. CHAUDET, Anthomy Dennis, an eminent French sculptor, was born at Paris, in 1763, and was a pupil of StouC At the age of nineteen he gained the high- est prize of the Academy, for a basso relievo of Joseph sold by his Brethren. He died in 1810, professor of the schools of sculpture and painting. His statues and groups are numerous, and he excelled widi the pencil no less than with the chisel. CHAUDON, LoDis Mayedl, an an- ther, was bom, in 1737, at Valensoles, in Provence, and died iu 1817. He was a Benedictine monk of the order of Cluny. Of his numerous original works and com- pilations, the best known is The New Historical Dictionary, which was first fublished in only four volumes, in 1766. t was enlarged, in successive editions, till it reached mirty volumes ; but the eighth edition, in thirteen volumes, was the last which Chaudon superintended. CHAUFFEPIE, Jaues George de, the author of several works, among which is a continuation of Bayle, in four folio volumes, was born at Lenwarden, in Fries- land, in 1702, and was the son of a French protestant refugee. Like his father, he was an ecclesiastic, and was successively pastor at Flushing, Delft, and Rotterdam, at which latter city he died in 1786. His supplement to Bayle,^more than one half of which is translated from the English, is far inferior to the learned and acute pro- duction of his ^eat predecessor. CHAULIEU, William Amfrte de, a French poet, was bom, in 1639, at Fon- tenai, and died in 1720. Being a man of considerable fortune, fond of good'eheer, and devoid of ambition, his whole life was spent in enjoying the pleasures of society. He resided at the Temple in Paris, of which he was called the Anacreon. His poems, though often incorrect, are distm- guished by gaiety, voluptuousness, and un- studied elegance. They have gone through many editions, and are still popular. CHAUNCY, Charles, second presi- dent of Harvard College, was born in England in 1589. He received his gram- mar education at Westminster, and took the degree of M. D. at the university of Cambridge. He emigrated to New Eng- land in 1638, and after serving for a num- ber of years in the ministry at Scituals, 174 CHE was appointed in 1654, president of ha.r- vard College. In this office he remained till his death in 1671, performing all its duties with industrious fidelity. He was eminent as a physician, and was of opinion that there ought to be no distinction be- tween physic and divinity. CHAUNCEY, Sir Henry, was bom tn Hertfordshire, in 1632 ; studied at Cains College, Cambridge, and the Middle Tem- ple; was knighted in 16S1, and made a Welsh judge in 1688; and died in 1700. He is tlie author of Historical Antiquities of Hertfordshire, in folio; a work of con- siderable merit. CHAUSSARD, Peter, a poet and miscellaneous author, was bom at Paris, in 1766. He was one of tlie partisans of the French revolution, and filled some sub- ordinate offices during the early part of it. He died in 1823. Of his numerous works the chief are, a Translation of Arrian; The Festivals and Courtisans of Greece; Heliogabalus; and some Poems. CEIAUSSEE, Peter Claode NI- VELLE DE I.&, a dramatist, the father of sentimental comedy in France, was bom at Paris, in 1692, and died in 1754. He was past the age of fortv when he be^n to write for the stage. The species of drama which he introduced has been severely criticised, and as entliusiastically praised. Fashionable Prejudice, Melanide, The School for Mothers, Love for Love, and the Governess are among his most popular pieces. His works form five volumes. CHAUSSIER, Francis, a French physician, was' born at Dijon, in 1746, and died at Paris, in 1828. He was equally celebrated as a practitioner and a lecturer ; was looked up to as the head of his profession in the capital ; and contri- IrJted much to the progress of physiological science. He is the author of various medi- cal tracts and dissertations. CHAZELLES, John Matthew, i French astronomer and hydrographer, was born at Lyons in 1657, and was a pupil of Cassini, whom he assisted in forming his great planisphere at the Observatory, and drawing the meridian line. He was ap- pointed hydrographical profe&sor at Mar- seilles, in 1685. Chazelles visited Greece^ Turkey, and Egypt, in the latter of which countries he measured the pyramids. Ihiring the last nine jears of his life, he was employed in coUecting materials for a description of the Mediterranean coasts. He died in 1>10. Sevenu of his charts are in the French Neptune. CHEKE, Sir John, a statesman and classical scholar, was born at Cambridge, in 1514, and educated at St. John's Ck)l- lege. After having travelled on the con- tinent, he was made regius professor of Greek at Cambridge. In this capaci^ he [ CHE introduced some changes in the prommcni tion of the language, which produced dis- putes with the chancellor. Bishop Gardiner. In 1544, he was appointed ^tor to the young p.lnce, aflerwards Edward VI., who, on oecoming king, loaded him with favours, among which were the honour of knighthood, and the posts of secretary of state and privy counsellor. Having es- poused the cause of Lady Jane Grey, Cheke was imprisoned by Queen Mary, but was liberated in a few months, and allowed to travel. While he was absent his property was confiscated, and he was at length sent home a captive. To save bis life, though with infinite reluctance, he abjured the protestant faith ; inconsequence of which he is said to have died of grief, in 1557 He is the author of various works, some of which have been printed. Among these are. The Hurt of Sedition; and a tiansla- tion of six of St. Chrysostora's Homilies. CHEMNITZER, Ivan Ivanotitch, a Russian fabulist, of a German family, was born at Petersburg, in 1744; commenced his career in the army; and was subse- quently consul general at Smynm, where he died in 1784. Chemnitzer is considered as the Russian La Fontaine; and in his character, as well as in his writings, he resembled tlie French writer. Like La Fontaine he was subject to fits of absence, which sometimes produced ludicrous scenes. CHENIER, Mary Andrew de, a French poet, bom, in 1762, at Constanti- nople, where his father was consul general, distinguished himself early by his love of learning and his poetical talents. He es- poused the principles of the revolution; but, being a friend of v .oderate measures, he was arrested in 1793, and was brought to the scaffold in July, 1794. His poems, which are few in number, possess consider- able merit. CHENIER, Mart Joseph, a French poet and dramatist, was born at Constan- tinople in 1754, studied at Paris, and en- tered the army in 1781, but quitted it in 1783, to devote himself to literature. In 1786, he produced, unsuccessfslly, his tra- gedy of Azemire. In 1789, however, partly in consequence of its political tendency, his Charles IX. was more fortunate. It was succeeded by Henry VIII., John Ga- las, Caius Gracchus, Fenelon, and Timo- leon. Besides his dramas, he wrote many works of merit in verse and prose. His collected works, to which are added his brother's, form nine volumes. He was a member of all the legislative bodies be- tween 1792 and 1802; voted for the death of Louis XVI.; and, from his numerous patriotic hymns and songs, may be consid- ered as the poet laureat of republicanism. Chenier died in 1811 CHERSIPHRON, CTESIPHON. CHE ARCHIPHRON, or CRESIPHON (for he iB thtu rarioDsIy denominated by differ- ent writei^,) was bom at Gnossus, in the island of Crete. It was he who, about 6S4 B. c, drew the plan and commenced the building of the famous temple of Diana at Ephesus. In concert with Metagenes, his son, who continued the construction of the temple, he also determined the proportions of the Ionic order. CHESELDEN, William, an eminent anatomist and surgeon, was born, in 1688, at Bnrrow on the Hill, in Leicestershire. Anatomy he studied under Cowper, and surgery at Sc Thomas's Hospital. In 1713 appeared his first work. The Anatomy of the Human Body. He subsequently pub- lished a Treatise on the high operation for the atone; Osteography; a translation of Le Dran's Surgery ; and varions papers in the Philosophical Transactions. Of these the firat two involved him in a controversy with Dr. Douglas. He was surgeon to St. Thomas's, St. George's, and Chelsea Hos- pitals, and to the Westminster Infirmary. He died in 1752. Cheselden had consid- erable architectural knowledge : Surgeon's Hall, in the Old Bailey, was designed by him. CHI m CHESTERFIELD, Philip Dormer STANHOPE, earl of, was born in London, in 1^4, and was educated at Cambridge. Before he was of age, he sat in parliament as member for Lostwithiel, and spoke with so mnch violence as to provoke from his antagonists a hint, that his minority might possibly be taken advantage of to move £»r his exclusion. In 1726, he succeeded to de earldom of Chesterfield. The ac- cession of George II. opened to Stanhope the Foad to political honours. He was sworn a privy connseQor; was appointed, in 1728, ambassador extraordinary to Hol- land; received the Garter in 1730; and was nominated steward of the household. The latter office he resigned in 1733; and £ar many years he continued in strenuous 0|H3oaition to the measures of Sir Robert Walpole. Among the anti -ministerial peer? he stood conspicuous for activity and elo- (^uence. At the same time hid pen was) frequently employed, with powerful efiect, in the CrafUman and other papers. It was not till January, 174d, that the govern- ment once more availed itself of his tal- ents. In that month he was sent to Hol- land, as ambassador extraordinary ; and on his return, in May, he went over to Ireland as lord lieutenant. The viceregal power he held rather less than twelve montiis, but the eqnity and beneficence of his sway is still remembered with gratitude. Iq October, 1746, he was nominated secretary of stale, and this office be held till tlie beginning of 1748, when the state of his health induced him to resign it. In the senate he continaed to speak till increasing deafness incapacitated him for oratorical exertions. But his pen did not remain idle. He contribnted largely to The World ; among his contributions were the two pa- pers which drew forth the celebrated letter addre^ed to him by Dr. Johnson. He died March 24, 1773. Chesterfield was a man of highly polished manners, extensive acquirements, and versatile talents. He held no mean place among diplomatists, statesmen, wits, writers, and ordtors; in the latter capacity he has been called the British Cicero. His works consist of his Letters to his Son, in four volnmes, and Miscellaneous Pieces, in four volumes. He has been severely and justly censored foi the lax morality of several passages in hia Letters to his Son. CHEYNE, George, an eminent phy- sician and mathematician, bom in 1671, was a native of Scotland, and was origi- nally intended for the church, but subse- quently studied medicine under Pitcairue, and settled in London. He died at Baih, in 1743. Having rendered himself corpo- lent-and exceedingly^ asthmatic by. free living, he recovered his health and activity by a milk and vegetable diet. He is the author of a Treatise on the Goat; an Es- say on Health; a New Theory of Fevers; The English Malady ; The Natural Method of curing Diseases ; Philosophical Princi- ples of Religion ; and Fluxionnm Metho- If dus In versa. CHIABRERA, Gabriei., who bears the lofty title of the Italian Pindar, was bom at Savona, in 1552, and did not manifest his poetical talent till be wad of a mature age. As soon, however, as his productions b^^me known, his fame spread widely and rapidly. It is not alone in the style of the Theban bard that he excels; for he often proves himself the worthy rivaJ of Anacreon and Horace. Besides his Odea, he is the author of several dramas, and of four epic poems. He died in 1637. CHIARI, Peter, an Italian di-amatist and novelist nf t!ic eighteenth century, u'as born at Brescia, where he ilso diedy 17IS CHO in 1787 or 1788, at aa advanced age. He is the author of more' than sixty comedies, four tragedies, and several romances. Cbi- ari was the rival of Goldoni, and had considerable theatrical success; but be is inferior to the writer whom he strove to outvie. CHICHLEY,or CHICHELE,Henrt, eminent for learning and munificence, was born at Higham Ferrers, in Northampton- shire, in 1362, and was educated at Oxford. After having held various hi^ ecclesiasti- cal dignities, he rose, in 1414, to the arch- bishopric of Canterbury, which elevated station he filled with becoming digni^ for nearly thirty years. He died in 1443. He fouoded and endowed All Souls Col- lege, Oxford, and a college and hospital at his native place; built the west tower of Canterbury cathedral ; and improved the archiepiscopal palace at Lambeth. CHILLINGWORTH, William, a di- vine and controversial theologian, was bom at Oxford, in 162^2, and educated at Trin- ity College, of which he became a fellow in 1628 ; viras for a while a convert to the catholic church, but returned to protestant- ism; obtained.the chancellorship of Salis- bury, the prebend of Brixworth, and the mastership of Wigston's Hcspital; espous- ed the royal cause, and acted as engineer at the siege of Gloucester; was taken prisoner at Arundel; and died, a captive, in 1644, His principal production is. The Religion of Protestants a safe Way to Salvation. His works, including his Ser- mons, form a folio vohiine. CHILO, one of the Seven wise men of Greece, was an ephorus of Sparta, about 600 B. c. One of his most celebrated maxims is, Know thyself. He died of joy, B. c. 597, while embracing his son, who bad been a victor in the Olympic games, Chile was remarkable for bis upright con- duct as a magistrate. CHISHULL, Edmund, a divine and antiquary, was bom at Eyworth, in Bed- fordshire, and educated at Corpus Christ! College, Oxford. After having been chap- lain at Smyrna, he obtained the livings of WalUiamstow and South Church, in Essex, and was made chaplain to the queen. He died in 1733. _ His- princip^ works are. Travels in Turkey; and Antiquitat^ Asi- Bticae Christianam aeram antecedentes. CHOJSEUL, Stephen Francis di, duke of Choiaeul and Amhoise, was born in 1714, and, after having been ambassa- dor at Rome and Vienna, was raised to be, in fact, prime minister of France, through the influence of Madam de Pompadour. In 1770, he was dismissed from office, and exiled to one of his estates. He died in 1785. Choiseul brought about the Family Compact, inade many reforms in tlie ai-my, increased the naval force, contributed to the CHR downfall of the jesnits, and addea Coraiea to France. CHOISEUL GOUFFIER, Count Ma- RY GABRIEt AUOOSTDS LAURENCE, a member of the French Academy, was born in 1752, and visited Greece in 1776. Sub- sequently to his return, he published, in 1779, the first vt^ume of his Journ^ in Greece. He was appointed ambassador to Constantinople, which station he held till a republic was established in France, when he settled in Russia. Tn 1802 he revisited hie native country; and he died, at Aix la Chapelle, in 1817. Besides his splendid Journey in Greece, in three volumes folio, he is the author of several learned disser- tations in the Transactions of the French Academy. i CHRISTIAN, Chari.es, whose real name was Charles Christian Riesen, was the son of a Dane, and was bom in the British metropolis towards the close of the seventeenth century. He is one of the most celebrated modem gem engravers. One of his best works is a portrait of Charles XII. of Sweden. He died, in London, in 1725. CHRISTIAN, Edward, chief justice of the Isle of Ely, and law professor of Dovniing College, Cambridge, was educa- ted at St. John's College, Cambridge. He died, at Downing College, in 1823. He Is the author of various works, among which are. Treatises on the Bankmpt Laws, and on the Game Laws. He also edited an edition of Blackstone, to which he added numerous notes. To him belongs the de- merit of having been the originator of the iniquitous law which extorts from everr author eleven copies of any work that he may publish. CHRISTINA DI PISANI, an accom- plished female of the fourteenth century, was bom at Venice, in 1363, and was taken to France at the age of five years by her father, whom Cbailes V. had ap- pointed bis astronomer, or rather astrolo- ger. She became celebrated for her beautf and talente, and was pensioned by Charles VI. The period of her death is unknown. Her poems and prose works zre numerous ; many of them are still in manuscript. CHRISTINA, qneen of Sweden, the only child of the great Gustavus Adolphus, was IxHH in 1626, succeeded to the throne at the ap^e of five years, and assumed the reins of government at eighteen. She seems to have been naturally of a mas- culine character, and that character was strengthened by the manner in which she was educated. For some years she govern- ed in a manner which did honour to her. She likewise invited eminent men to her court, and corresponded with others in va- rious parts of Europe. During the latter portion of her reign there was a changw in CHU ■er coBdnct. At leo^, in 1654, she ab- dicated the crown in &voar of Prince Charles Gostavus, and quitted Sweden. Her next step wa^ to adopt the Catholic religion. For a while she resided iu France, where she drew on herself the hatred of mankind by her murder of Mo- naldeschi, her master of the horse. She died at Rome, in 1689. Christina no doubt possessed talents, and some of the elements of greatness, but Uiey were de- graded by meanness, caprice, and vindic- tive passions. CHRISTOPHE, Hehrt, king of Hayti, was a black slave, born iu 1767, in Grenada. He served during the war in America, and was subsequently taken to St. Domingo. His activity against the whites gained for him, from Toussaint Louverture, the rank of brigadier-general, and his subsequent conduct raised him, on the death of De^alines, to the dignity of pr^ident and generalissimo of Hayti. In 1811 he was crowned king of Hayti, and he reigned till Octoberr^820, when, in consequence of a general insurrection against him, he put an end to his own existence. CHRYSIPPUS, an eminent Stoic phi- losopher, was bom at Soils, in Cilicia, about 280 or 290 b. c. and died 207 B. c. He was a subtle logician, but fond of deal- ing in paradoxes. Of several hundred treatises which he wrote, only a few frag- ments remain. CHRYSOSTOM, St. Johf, was bom at Aatioch, about a. d. 344. He was of a noble family, and his father, whose name was Secandos, was a genera! of cavaliy. The name of Chrysostom, which sJgnifi^ golden mouth, he acquired by his eh>- qnence. He has also been called die Homer of orators, and compared to the 0an. Successful at the bar, for which he was educated, he quitted it, to becoo^e, .or six .years, an ascetic. When- he eiiiei^;ed from his retirement, he became a preacher, and gained snch high repu- tation for his piety and oratorical talents, that he was raised to be patriarch of Con stantinople, A. i>. 398. At length he in- curred the hatred of the Empress Eudoxia, and was sent into exile, in which he died, A. D. 407. There are three editions of his works in eight, ten, and thirteen folio Tolnmes. CHUBB, Thomas, a controversial de- ist, was born, in 1679, at East Hamham, near Salisbury, was successively a glover, a tallow-chandler, and a sort of humble companion or dependent in the &mi]y of Sir Joseph Jekyll. He died in 1747. His first work, which appeared in 1715, was intitled. The Supremacy of the Father asserted] and this was followed by several others. His posthumous pieces were pub- 8t CHU 177 llshed in two volumes in 1748. However erroneous his opinions may be, Chubb was a well meaning and modest man, with a respectable share of talent and information. CHURCH, Benjamin, a physician of some eminence, and an able writer, was graduated at Harvard college in 1754, and, after goiu^ through the preparatory stud- ies, established himself la the practice of medicine in Boston. For several years before the Revolution, he was a leading character among the whigs and patriots; and on the commencement of the war he was appointed physician general to the army. While in the performance of the duties assigned him in this capacity, he was suspected of a treacherous correspond- ence with the enemy, and immediate^ ar- reted and imprisoned. After remaming some time in prison, he obtained permission to depart for the West Indies. The vessel in which he sailed was never heard from afterwards. He is the author of a number of occasional poems, serious, pathetic, and satirical, which possess considerable merit ; and au oration, delivered on the fifth of March, 1773. CHURCHILL, Sir Winston, vras bora in 1620, at Wootton Glanville, in Dorset- shire, and educated at St. John's College, Oxford ; fought iu the canse of Charles 1. and was consequently deprived of his estate ; was r^tored to his property and knighted by Charles II.; published, in 1675, under the title of t)ivi Britannici, Remarks on the Lives of the British Mon- archs; and died in 1688. The great duke of Marlborough was his son. " CHURCHILL. See Marlborough. CHURCHILL, Charles, who has sometimes been called the British Juvenal, was bom io Westminster, in 1731, and educated at Westminster School, where he neglected his studies so much that, on the gronnd of his insufficiency, he was refused admission at Oxford. In 1756 he entered into orders, and became a curate, but he soon ceased to consider the clerical pro- fusion as his sphere of action. He be gan his poetical career, in 1761, by The Rosciad, which at once bronght him into Cnblic notice. It was rapid^ succeeded y The Apol^, Night, The Ghost, The Prophecy of Famine, and many other po- ems, most of them political, and all, though often carel^s, abounding with keen satire and splendid passages. Of Wilkes he was the bosom friend and ardent partisan. While he was 'thus acquiring popularity as , a writer, he was injuring his health and his character by dissipation. His friends, however, could nqt but love him for his generous feelings, and the warmth of his attachment to them. He died November 4, 1764. Though (ime has rendered the productions of Cliiircbill lees intereeCmg 178 CIC than ther originally were, tliey are too thoroughly inibued with the true spirit of poetry to be ever consigned to oblivion. GIBBER, Caids Gabriel, a sculptor, was a native of Holstein, born at Flens- burg, and settled in London a short time before the restoration of the Stewarts. He died in England, in 1700. The two figures, representing melancholy and raving mad- ness, which were formerly over tBe gate of Bedlam in Moorfields, and are now pre- served in the new hospital, bear testimony to his talents. The basso relievo on the pedestal of the Monument is also'his work. GIBBER, CoLLEY, a son of the pre- ceding, was born in London, in 1671. He was educated at Grantham school, and was for a short time in the army, which, how- ever, he quitted for the Drury Lane stage before he was eighteen. For some years he acted subordinate parts, till, at length, his personation of the character of Fondle- wife brought him forward, and his reputa- tion as a comic actor continued thenceforth to increase. In tragedy also he had con- siderable merit. His Brst dramatic effort. Love's Last Shift, appeared in 1695, and it was followed by Woman's Wit, The Gareless Husband, The Nonjuror, and other comedies and tragedies, to the num- ber of twenty-five, some of which remain stock pieces. In 1711 he became one of the joint patentees of Dmry Lane; in 1730 he was appointed Poet Laureat, an office which he rendered ridiculous, for he was not, a poet; and in 1757 he died. Besides his Plays, five volumes, he is the author of a most amusing Apology for my own Life; and an Essay on the Conduct and Gharacter of Gicero. Having given some offence to Pope, the irritable poet substituted him, in tii^e place of Theobald^ as the hero of The Dunciad; an act ot vengeance hy which the poem was injured, without the desired effect being produced of inflicting injury on Gibber. GIBBER, Susanna Maria, one of the most celebrated of our tragic actresses, was a sister of Dr. Arne, and was born about 1716. Before she was twenty she was so unfortunate as to be married to tlie dissipated Theophilus Gibber, the son of Golley Gibber. He was accessary to her adulterous intercourse with a gentle- man, and then sued him for heavy damages, but was defeated. After her separation from him her conduct was decorous. She died in 1766. St. Foix's drama of The *OracIe was translated by her. CIGCI, Maria Louisa, an accomplish- ed Italian lady,'was born at Pisa, in 1760. Wnen she was seven years old her father placed her in a convent, oi-dered her to be instructed merely in domestic duties, and forbade her even to he taught to write. By ■tealth, however, she read some of the beet etc poets, Acquired the rudiments of writing, and supplied the want of pen and ink by grape juice and bits of wood. With these rude materials her first verses were written in her tenth year. At a more mature age, she made herself mistress of natural philos- ophy, and of the English and French lan- guages, and studied the works of Locke and Newton. Her Anacreontic verses were distinguished by their graceful ease and their spirit. In private life she was virtu- ous and amiable. She died in 1794. GIGERO, Marcus Tdllids, erne of the greatest orators of antiquity, was of an ancient family, and was born at Arpinum, B. c. 105. His talents were manifested at an early age, and they were cultivated by the most eminent masters. His first ap- pearance at tlie bar as an advocate was in his twenty-sixth year, and his success against' a freed man of Sylla rendered it prudent for him- to quit Rome for a while. He, tlierefore, retired to Athens, and pur- sued his studies. On his return to Rome he rapidly rose to distinction as a pleader. After having served the offices ot quaestor in Sicily, and of aedile and praetor in the Roman capital, he attained the dignity of consul. While he held this high station he gained the glorious title of father of his country, and second founder of the republic, by frustrating the conspiracy of Gatiline. It was not wn^, however, before he was driven into exfle l:^,the intrigues of bia enemv Clodius, and he took refuge at Thes- salonica. But he was soon unanimously recalled by the senate and people, in a man^ ner which was highly honourable to him. In his fifty-sixth year he w^ proconsul in Gilicia, and made a successful campaif^ against the Partliians. He espoused Uie cause of Pompey against Gsesar, but was reconciled to the latter after the battle of Pharsalia. He at length fell a victim to tlie resentment of Antony, to whom he was ungratefully sacrificed by Octavius, and his head and hands were placed upon the ros- trum of Rome, B. c. 43. As an orator, Gicero has but one rival ; as a writer he fiossesses transcendent merits. In privuL« ife, with some few exceptions, such as di- Toreinff his wife for gain, his condnct was entitled to praise; but be was deficient in poHtical courage; and even hb wondrous powers are inadequate to afford a palliation for his inordinate vani^, CIMABUE, JoHir, who bears the hoi>- Dorable title of the Father of Modem Paint- ers, was bom at Florence, in 1240; dis- played an early fondness for drawino^; and, with no other masters than some indiA'^rent Greek artists, soon became the first painter of his age. His works were regarded n itb enthusiasm by his fellow citizens, and sov- ereigns visited him in his painting room. He died in 1300. CIMAROSA, Doxiivic, was bom at Naples, in 1754, and studied under Aprile and Fenaroli. He soon acquired &me as a dramatic composer, and was invited* to PeterslHirgh by the Empress Catherine. He was subsequently conductor of the Italian opera at Vienna; after which he returned to his native country. Being a partisan of reform in Italy, he very nar- rowly escaped from being punished with death, on the expulsion of the French from Naples in 1799. He died at Vienna, in 1801. More than a hundred excellent operas were composed hy him, of which one of the most popular is 11 Matrimonio Seoreto. His modesty was equal to his talent. CIMON, an Athenian general, was dis- sipated in his youth ; but became virtuous as he attained riper years. At the battle of Salamis he greatly distinguished him- self; and, as amnii^l of the Grecian fieet, he subsequently obtained many splendid victories over the Persians. Among bis exploits was the recovery of the Chersone- sus. He was, however, bacished through the influence of his enemi^; but was soon recalled, and began a new career of glory. He died b. c. 449, aged fifl^-one, while besieging Citiura, in Cyprus. CLXCHON, The Countess of. This lady, the wife of the viceroy of Peru, was the first person who brought the Peruvian bark to Europe, and made known its virtues. This took place in 1632. In honour of her, Linmeus gave the name of Cinchona to the genus of plants by which the bark is produced. CINCINNATUS, Lucius QuiircTiua, one of the most illustrious of the Romans, flourished in the fifth century B. c. The payoaent of a heavy fine for his sen reduced him Co cultivate a small ^na with his own hands. From Uiis situation, however, be wag thrice ^led by his countrymen, once as consul, and twice as dictator, when they were in circumstances of danger, and be overcame the Volscis, Equii, and Preiies- lines. He lived to the age of between eighty and ninety, V>AyIiUCi0S CoajrELiU5,a Roman CLA 1^ general, of the Cornelian &mi1y, was one of the most active and sanguinary partisans of Marius. By his means Marius was restor- ed to power. Cinna was fiiur times consul He was, at length, slain in a mutiny by a centurion, a. u. c. 668. CINO DA PISTOIA.an Italian civil- ian and poet, was born at Pi^toia, in 1270; was successively professor of law at Trevi so, Perujia, and Florence; and died in 1337. Hid Commentary on the Code was highly esteemed, and his poems are, per- haps, amoi^ the best of the age in nhlcb he lived. 'Dante was his friend. CIPRIANI, JoH 5 Baptist, a painter; was bom at Pistoia, in Tnscaiw, in 1727; came to England in 1755, with Sir W. r^iaiulxrra and Mr. Wilton; was one of the orignml members of the Royal Acade- say ; and died, at Chelsea, in 1785, leaving behind him a high character for probity, simpli'Jty, and benevolence. His draw- ing, many of which were engraved by Bartolozzi, were admired for grace, cor- rectness, and fertility of invention. CIRILLO, DosMvic, an eminent bo- tanist and physician, was bom, in 1734, at Gni^o, in the kingdom of Naples, and displayed an early fondness for the study of botany and medicine. Daring his trav- els, he attended the lectures of William Hunter, and was chosen a member of the Royal Society. On his return to his own country, he became deservedly popular for his talents and benevolence. He was put to death in 1799, for having taken a part in the establishment of the Neapolitan re- public. Among bis productions are. The Philosophy of Botany; a Flora of rare Neapolitan Plants; a work on Prisons and Hospitals ; and another on Neapolitan En- tomology. CLAXRAUT, Alexis Claitde, an eminent ge*jmetrician, was bom at Paris, in 1713, and acquired such an early profi- ciency in geometry, that when little more than twelve years old he presented to the Academy of Sciences a scientific paper on four remarkable kinds of curves. At eighteen he became a member of the Acad- emy. He was one of the mathematicians sent to Lapland, to measure a d^ree of the meridian. He died in 1765. Among his works, all of which are valuable, are. Ele- ments of Geometry; Elements of Algebra; a Theory of the Moon; and a Th^ry of the Nature of Comets. CLAIRON, Clara, Josxpha dz la TuDE, one of the most celebrated actresses of France, was born, in 1723, near Conde, and went upon the stage when only twelve ypars old. Phedra was the character in which she first displayed all her theatrical talents. In 1765 she quitted the stage, after which the was for many years the miiitress of the margrave of Anspacb. She ISO CLA died in 1803. Clairon was insufferably arrogant, and her private life was licen- cious. She wrote her own Memoirs. CLAPPERTON, Hugh, was born at Annan, in Scotland, in 1788, and was apprenticed to the sea-serv\ce. Havinj^* inadvertently violated tlie excise laws, by c»>nveying ashore a few pounds of rock salt, he was sent on board of a man of war, where he was speedily promoted to the rank of midshipman. His zeal and activ- itv, his useful and amusing talents, made him a general favourite; and, in 1814, he was raised to the rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Confiance fichooner, on Lake Erie. In 1S17, he re- turned to England, and remained on half- pay till 1822, when he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oudney and Lieutenant Denhani, on an expedition to penetrate into tlie heart of Africa. In this expedi- tion Oudney died, but Clapperton and his companion greatly extended our knowledge of African geography. After having been at home less than six months, he was a second time dispatched to Africa, in No- vember, 1825. He succeeded in again reaching Sackatoo, but there his career was closed by disease, April 13, 1827. CLARENDON, Edward HYDE,earl of, wtu born, in 1608, at Dinton, in Wilt- shire; studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; and was called to the bar His first appearance in the Commons was in 1640, as member for Woutton Bassett, and he sat for Saltash in the Long Parliament. At the outset he was desirous to see a redress of grievances, but he soon became convinced that the pre- vailing party designed to overthrow tlie kingly and ecclesiastical establishment, and he consequently threw his weight into the scale of tlie king. He joined Charles I. at York, who knighted him, and ap- pointed him chancellor of the exchequer, and a privy counsellor. In 1644 he was one of tlie royal commissioners at Ux- bridge. When the king's cause vras ru- ined, Hyde retired to Jersey, where he resided for nearly three ^ars, and wrote a considerable part of his History of the Rebellion. From 1648 till the Restora- tion le was employed by Charles II. on the comment, at Paris, Antwerp, Madrid, and other places, and suffered severely from in- digence. W'fti the Restoration, brighter prospects dawned on him. He had, in 1657, obtained the then barren honour of being made lord chancellor; he was now elected chancellor of the University of Ox- ford, created Lord Hyde, and soon aOer, enri of Clarendon, and received some grants from the crown. In his judicial capacity his conduct was ii repronchable ; but some of his political measures it is impossible aot to condemn. It was not long before CLA he became unpopular, and the kindnem ol his master began to cool. At last,- in Au- gust, 1667, he was removed from all hii employments. Not satisfied with tliiB,the Commons proceeded to impeach him, and Clarendon found it prudent to go into vol- untary exile. After having resided seven years in France, whence he more than once vainly solicited to be recalled, he died at Rouen, December 7, 1674. Be- sides his History of the Civil War, which, in spite of some defects in the style, and some erroneous principles, is an admirable work, he is the author of an Account of his own Life; and of a folio volume of Miscellaneous Pieces. His daughter, Anne, married James, duke of York, afterwards James II. CLARENDON, Hehbt, earl of, the son of tlie chancellor, was born in 1638; opposed the Exclusion bill witli great ve- hemence; was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland W James II., but soon recalled ; was for a while imprisoned in the Tower at the revolution; and died in retirement, in 1709. He wrote a History of the Irish Rebellion; and his Diary and State Let- ters were published in 1763^ CLARKE, Abraham, a signer of the declaration of independence, was born iu New Jersey in 1726. He was a delegate to the continental congress, a member of the general convention which framed the constitution, and a representative in tlie second Congress of the United States. He died in 1794. He was a man of exempla- ry piety and unsullied integrity. CLARKE, Geokge Rogers, colonel in tlie service of Virginia against the In- dians in the revolutionary war, distin- guished himself greatly in that post, and rendered efiicient service to the inhabitants of the frontiers. In 1779 he descended the Ohio and built fort Jeflferson on the eastern bank of the Mississippi; in 1781 he received a generars commission. He died in 1817 at his seat near Louisville, Kentucky. CLARKE, SAMtTEl., a native of Brack- ley, in Northamptonshire, was born in 1623, educated at Merton College, Oxford, and died, in 1669, superior beadle of law and architypo^aphus to the university He is the author of Septimum Bibliorun Polyglottura, Varipe Lectiones; and Sci entia Metrica et Rythmica; and he gave assistance to Walton's Polyglott. CLARKE, Dr. Samuel, eminent as a tlieologian and a philosopher, was the son of an alderman of Norwich, at which city he was born, in 1675. At Caius Col- lege, Cambridge, he w;is Cvinspicuous for talent, published a new trai.slation of Ro- liault, and contributed grcitly t& rlifi[usc the philusophica! prin^^pl^s of Newton. Clarke having take.i orders, KTure, biih- CLA tp flC Norwich, appointed him his doniM- dc chaplain, and gare him the rectoiy of Ihraytott, and a parish in Norwich. At a later period, he introduced him to Qoeen 4nDe, wtio mnde him one of her chaplains, and preaented him to the rectory of St. James's, on which occasion he took his doctor's degree at Cambrid|^, and sup- Ssrted a thesis with univereal applause. J this time he had acquired extensive reputation both as a learned man and a preacher. He had twice preached the Bovle lecture, entered into controversy with Toland and Dodwell, translated Newton's Optica into Latin, and published a Para- phrase of St. Matthew, and other works. Between 1712 and 1729, he gave to the •world an edition of Caen's Conunentaries, a Latin version of Homer's Iliad, a Coia- troversy with Leilmitz, Remarks on Col- linses Inquiry', a volume of Se^nons, and the Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity ; of whidi the last drew upon him the censure of die Convocation. The mastership of the Mint was offered to him on the death of Newton, but he declined it ; the master- ship of WigBtoQ*s Hospital, at Leicester, he accepted. Dr. Clarke died of pleurisy. May 11, 1729. . Ten volumes, of his Ser- mons, and an "Expoahion of the Catechism, were published after his death. Clarke was a man of profound learning, an acute reasoner, amiahle in his disposition, and nnimpeadiable in his conduct. CLARKE, Edward Dabtiei., a son of the audior of Letters on the Spanish Nation, was bom in 1767, and educated at Jesus Collie, Gunbridee. In 1794, he accompanied Lord Berwick to Italy, and, in 1799, he set out, vrith Mr. Oipps, on a tocT which extended over the whole of Scandinavia, and through Russia, Circas- aia, Tuikey, Asia Minor, Syria, Pales- tine, Egypt, and Greece, and was not ter- minated till 1602. By his exertions the library of C^nbridge was enridied with nearly a hundred volumes of manuscripts, and the colosszd statue of the Eleusinian Cerea, He was rewarded with the degree of LL. D. by the University. He also ob- tained for tms country the sarcophagus of Alexando', on which be published a Dis- sertation. His Travels form five volumes, ^o. Shortly ^Xter his return he was in- stituted to the rectory of Harlton, in Cam- bridgeshire, lo 1806 he began, at the imiversity, a series o{ minenuogical lec- tures, and, in 1808, a~ professorship of mineralogy being founded, he was ap- ■pointed to the chair. The fectnres which be delivered in that capacity were highly popular, and his experiments with the oxy- hydrogen blowpipe were productive of im- portant scientific residts. Dr. Clarke died in PaU Mall, Mar^h 9, 1821. CLAUDE LORRAiAK, whose reall CLA liSl was CZ.AODE GELEErwasbom,.iB 1600, in the diocese of TouL His parents were poor, ^|d he was apprentice to a pastry-cook. Escaping from this unpoeti- cal occupation, he obtained some instruc- tions in drawing, and made his way to Rome, where he learned the rudiments of painting from Tassi. By the time that he vras thirty he had acquired a high reputa- tion. His fame continued to spread more widely till his decease, which took place at Rcone, in 1682. Nature was the con- stant object of his study, and Uie result of his observations he transferred to the can- vass with unrivalled felicity. CLAUDE, John, a celebrated French Calvinist minister, was bom at Sanvetat, in 1619, studied at Mont»iban, and was ordain^ in 1645. He w£u considered as the most able £uid eloquCTt protestant the- ologian of the age, and distinguished as a preacher, and in controversy against Bos- suet, Nicole, and Amauld, all of them for- midable antagonists. The revocation of the edict of Nantz euielled him from his country, and he diea ^ the Hague, in 1687. His polranical and other works are numerous. CLAUDIANUS, C^AiTDiirs, was a na- tive of Alexandria, in Egypt, uid flonrkh- ed under the reigns of Jlkeodosins, Arca- dius, and Honorius. He was patronised by Stilicho, and, after the lall of his pro- tector, Claudian spent the rest of his life in retirement. The time of his death is not known. Among the secondary Roman poets he is entitled to a distmguhhed place. CLAUDIUS, TiBEBius Drusus, em- peror of Rome, uncle of Caligula, was bom B. c. 9. at Lyons, and was originally called Germanicns After having passed fifty years of physical and moral weakness, he was raised to the throne on the death of Caligula. At first be performed some praiseworthy acts, but be soon became contemptible, and was finally poisoned by his wife Agrippina, A. D. 54. CLAUDIUS II., Makcus Aubelius Flavius, sumamed Gothicus, emperor of Rome, was a native of lUyria, bom a. D 214, and served with distinction under Decius, Valerius, and Gallienus. On the assassination of the latter, Claudius was placed on the throne; and, by bis virtues and his victories, he proved himself worthy of empire. He defeated Aureolos, who had assumed the puijile, and be then marched against the Goths. At Naissa, (now Nisea, in Servia), he overthrew them in a sanguinary battle; and be followed up his success with such vigour that he ex- terminated the invading army of more thai> 300,000 men. He died shortly after, a Sirir.iura, a. d. 270. CLAVIGERO, Fbarcis Xatiek, i, 182 CLE native of Vera Cruz, in Mexico, born about 1720, was a Jesuit, and resided in that country for thirty-six years.|POn the ex- pulsion of his order from America, he settled at Cesena, in Italy, and employed his leisure in writing a History of Mexico, which was published, in 1780 and 1781, in four volumes, 8vo.; and which, though defective in some points, contains much valuable information. ClfAYTON, Robert, a son of the dean oT Killala, was born at Dublin, in 1695; was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublin; and rose succes- jsively to the bishoprics of Killala, Cork, and Clogher. Having rendered his ortho- doxy doubtful, he was on the eve of being deprived of his bishopric, when he died, of a nervous disorder, in 1758. Among his works are. An Introduction to the History of the Jews; A Dissertation on Prophecy; An Essay on Spirit; and A Vindication of the Old and New Testa- ment. CLEANTHES, a stoic philosopher, born at Aesus, in Lydia, was originally a wrestler, but went to Athens, and studied philosophy, first under Crates, and lastly under Zeno; maintaining himself, mean- while, by performing the most laborious offices. When Zeno died, Cleanthes was deemed worthy of supplying his place. He starved himself to 'death at a vei^^ advanced age. Cleanthes flourished about 260 B. c. CLEAVER, William, a critic and di- vine, was bom at Ti^ford j Berks, in 1742 ; was educated at Oxford ; became principal of Brazenose College, in 1785 ; successively filled the bishoprics of Chester, Bangor, and St. Asaph; and died in 1815. He wrote Sermons ; Observations on Herbert Marsh's Dissertation; and Directions to the Clergy on the Choice of Books ; and edited the Grenville Homer. CLEGHORN, George, a phyaici-an, was born near Edinburgh, in 1716; was educated in that city ; became a pupil of Dr. Alex. Mnnro; and was one of the founders of the Royal Medical Society of the Scottish Metropolis. After having re- sided for thirteen years at Minorca, as army surgeon, be settled at Dublin, where he acquired a well merited reputation. He died m 1789. His Treatise on ^e Dis- eases of Minorca is honourable to his skill and talent. Cleghom is considered as one of the first who employed vegetable acids in putrid and intermittent fevers. CLEMENS, Titos Flatius, known afl Clemens Alexandrinus, or Clement of A lexandr ia, one of the fathers of the church , mid distinguished for learning and elo- |uence, was born about a. d. 217; was converted to Christianity; and succeeded Pantsenus in the catechetical school of CLE Alexandria. The time and place of hit death are unknown. The best edition of his theological works is that by Potter, in two folio volumes. CLEMENT XIV. Pope, whose name was Laurence Ganganelli, was bom at St. Arcangelo, near Rimini, in 1705; obtained the cardinal's hat in 1759; was raised to the pontificate in 1764; and died in 1775. The Jesuits were suppressed by him in 1773. Clement was one of the most enlightened, benevolent, and disin- terested men that ever wore the tiara. He founded the Museum which is now called the Pio-Clementine. The Letters attribut- ed to him are spurious. CLEMENT, John Mart Bernard, a critic, to whom Voltaire gave the name of Inclement, was born at Dijon, in 1742, and died at Paris, in 1812. He is the author of Medea, a tragedy; Satires, translations from Achilles Tatius, Cicero, and Tasso ; and various severe criticisms ou Voltaire, Laharpe, and other eminent writers. CLEOBULUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was the son of Evagoras, of Lindus, m the isle of ^odes ; mou^h some declare him to have been bom m Caria. He died, B. c. 564, at the age of seventy. His daughter, Cleobnlina, was celebrated for her talents. CLEOMENES, an Athenian sculptor, is said to have lived about 180, B. c. To him is attributed the inimitable statue of the Medicean Venus. He also, as Pliny tells us, produced an admirable group, representing The Muses, which was called The Thespiades. CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. She was successively the, mistress of Jnlins Caesar and of Anthony, by the former of whom she bad a son. She put an end to her existence by means of an asp, b. c. 30, to avoid being exhibited in the triumph of Augustus at Rome. With her ended the kingdom of E^pt. CLERFAYT, Francis Sebastian Charles Joseph de CROIX, Count de, an able officer, was born, in 1733, at Binch, in Hainault, and served with so much distinction in the seven years' war, that he was one of the first who received the cross of Maria Theresa. From the conclusion of that war till 1788 Clerfayt lived in the bosom of bis family, cultivat* ing his estate, and gaining universal es- teem. During that year and the followmg he took an active part in the contest wittf the Turks. In 1792, he commanded the Austrian corps in Champagne ; and iu the campaigns of 1793 and 1794 he sustained his reputation, though in the latter he was overborne by a superior forne. In 1795 lie was made field-mariiiutl, and commander* cu m-ctii^ on the Bhine, and he then closed his military career h^ completely foiling the republicans. He died at Vienna, in 1798, and that city erected a splendid monument to his memory. CLEVELAND, or CLIEVELAND, John, the son of a clergyman, was born at Loughborough, in Leicestershire, in 1613, aud was educated at Christ's College, Cam- bridge. Previously to and during the war between Charles I. and his parliament, he was an active satirist of the republicans, and his productions enjoyed great popular- ity among his own party. The Rebel Scot was his first satire. He was taken prison- er at Newark, but Cromwell released him. He died in 1659. His poems went through many editions, but are now seldom read. CLIFTON, WiLi-iAM, was the son of a wealthy quaker in {Philadelphia, and was born io 17T2. He is said to have mani- fested an eager love of literature at a very early age, and as his health was very feeble, he WH3 not educated with a view to any particular profession. His earliest per- formances were various satirical effusions in prose and verse upon the most prominent political topics of the day. The best of his productions is the Epistle to Mr. Gif- forJ, published anonymously in the Brst American edition of Mr. Gifford's poems. He died in December 1799. CLIFFORD. See Comberlafd. CLINTON, Sir Henry, an English general, served in the Hanoverian war, and was sent to America in 1775, with the rank of major-general. He distinguished him- self at the battle of Bunker hill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charleston in 1780; for this last service he was thank- ed by the house of commons. He returned to England in 1782, and soon after published an account of the campaign in 1781 — 83, which lord Cornwallis answered, and to ^vhich sir Henry made a reply. He was governor of Gibraltar in 1795, and also member for Newark, and died soon after. He was the autiior of Observations on Stedman's History of the American War. CLINTON, James, was bom, in 1736, at the residence of bis &ther iir Ulster county. New York. He displayed an early inclination for a military life, and held suc- cessively several offices in the militia and provincial troops. During the French war he exhibited many proofs of courage, and received the appointment of captain-com- mandant of the four regiments levied for the protection of the western frontiers of the counties Ulster and Orange. In 1775 he was appointed colonel of the third regi- ment of New York forces, and in the same year marched with Montgomery to Quebec. Dnring tlie war he rendered eminent pervi- ces to his country, and on the conclusion of it retired to enjoy repose on his amj^le CLl 18!i He was, however, frequently call- ed from retirement by the unsolicited voice of his fellow^diiizens ; and was a membvT of the convention for the adoption of thi3 present Constitution of the United States. He died in 1812. CLINTON, Georg £, vice-president of the United States, was born in the county of Ulster, New York, in 1739, and was educated to the profession of the law. In 1768 he was chosen to a seat in the colonial assembly, and was elected a dele- gate to the Continental Congress in 1775. In 1776, he was' appointed brigadier gen- eral of the militia of Ulster County, and some time after a brigadier in the army of the United States, and continued during the progress of the war to gender impor- tant services to the military department. In April 1777, he was elected both govern- or, and lieutenant governor of New York, and was continued in the former office for eighteen years. He was unanimously cho- sen president of the convention which assembled at Foughkeepsie, in 1788, to de- liberate on the new federal constitution. In 1801 he again accepted the office of governor, and .after continuing in that capacity for three years, he was elevated to the vice-presidency of the United States; a dignity which he retained till his death at Washington in 1812. In private he was kind and amiable, and as a public man he is entitled to respectftil remembrance. CLINTON, De Witt, was born in 1769, at Little Britain, in Orange county. New York. He was educated at Colum- bia college, commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar, but was never much engaged in professional practice. He early imbibed a predilection for political life, and was appointed the private secretary of his uncle, George Clinton, then governor of the state. In 1797, he was sent to the legislature from the city of New York; and two years after was chosen a member of the State Senate. In 1801 he was appointed a senator of the United States, and contin- ued in that capacity for two sessions. He retired from the Senate in 1803, in conse- quence of his election to the mayoralty of New York; an office to which he was annually reelected with the intermission of but two years, till 1815, when he was obliged to retire by the violence of party politico. In 1817, he was elected, almost unanimously, governor of the state, was again chosen in 1820, but in 1822 declined being a candidate for reelection. In 1810, Mr. Clinton had been appointed, by the se late of his state, one of the board of canal commissioners, but the displeasure of hi.s political opponents, having been bxcit- ed, he was removed from this office in 1823, by a vote of both branches of the legisU' 184 CLI lore. This insult created a strci.g reaction in popular feeling', and Mr. Clinton was immediately nominated for governor, and elected by an unprecedented majority. In 1826 he was again elected, but he died before the completioD of his term. He expired very suddenly, whilst sitting in his library after dinner, Feb. 11, 1828. Mr. Clinton was not only eminent as a states- man, but he occupiea a conspicuous rank as a man of learning. He was a member of a large part of the benevolent, literary and scientific societies of the United States, and an honorary member of several foreign societies. His productions are numerous, consisting of his speeches and messages to the state legislature; his dis- courses before various institutions; his speeches in the senate of the Union; his addresses to the army during the late war; his communications concerning the canal; his judicial opinions; and various fugitive pieces. His national services were of the highest importance; and the Erie Canal. especially, though the honour of projecting it may telong to another, will remain a perpetual monument of the patriotism and perseverance of Clinton. CLIVE, Robert, lord, was born at S^che, in Shropshire, of a good family^ in 1725, and in his nineteenth year was sent as a writer to Madras. In 1747, how- ever, he passed from the civil to the military service, and soon displayed those talents which induced Lord Chatham to call him "a heaven-born genei-al." The first occasion on which he distinguiihed himself was at the storming of Devicottah. In 1751 he put the seal to his reputation by his capture and subsequent defence of Arcot. Having visited Eugland, in 1753, he was gratefully received by the East India Company, and he returned to India with the ran^ of lieutenant-colonel, and the governorship of Fort St. David^s. After having reduced the pirate Angria, he sailed to Bengal, where he recovered Calcntta, defeated Surajah Doulah, at the battle of Flassey, dethroned him, and es- tablished Meer Jaffier in his place. He also destroyed a considerable Dutch force.lern Geography. By these exploits he gained tlie title of an COBB, James, a dramatic writer, was omraU of the Mogul empire, an Irish peer- born in 1756, and became secretary to the age, and enormous wealth. In 1764 he [East India Company, which office beheld wa? made governor of Bengal, whence, in till his death. In 1818. He is the author 1767, he finally returned to England. A of The Haunted Tower; The Siege ot severe attack-was made upon him, in 1773, 1 Belgrade; Love in the East; and sevcra in tlie House of Commons, respecting his [other comic operas. political conduct in India ; but the motion ' COBOURG, Frederic Josiah, was rejected, and a vote was passed do-; Prince of SAXE, an Austrian general, claratory of his services. His death took commanded in 17^ the imperial army on place, by his own hand, in the November the Danube, and fuught with varied success of the fallowing year. Clive must be con- against the Tufk*-. In 1793 he gained the sideredas the founder of the British empire tattle of Nerwindc, expelleJ the French in Hindostan ; but it is more than doubtful from the \eiherl..nds, and invaded France; whether the measures which he adopted to but in the following year he was defeated, COB accomplish his purposes were alwayi in accordance with strict morality. CLOUET, M. a French chemist and mathematician, was born near Mezieres, in 1751. France is indebted to him for having perfected the manufacture of cast steel, and for an imitation of the Damas- cus scymitar blades. He died at Cayenne, in 1801. Clouet was no less remarkable for eccentric!^ than for talent. He slept lut little, and upon straw, made his own clothes, and cooked his own victuals, which were of the coarsest kind. CLVMER, George, one of the sign- ers of the declaration of independence, was born in Philadelphia in 1739. He was left an orphan at the age of seven years, and after the completion of his studies, he entered the ccmting house of his uncle. When the difficulties commen- ced between Great Britain and the colo- nies, Mr. Clymer was among the first to raise his voice in opposition to the arbitrary acts of the mother country, and was chosen a member of the council of safety. In 1775 he was appointed one of the first continental treasurers, but resigned this office soon after his first election to Con- gress in the ensuing year In 1780 he was again elected to congress, and strongly advocated 'there the establishment of a national bank. In 1796, he wa gical professor at Leyden, in 1649, and held that office till his death, in 1669. His biblical commentaries and writings on divinity fill no less than twelve folio volumes. He was a believer in the Mil- lenium, and also held that the words and phrases of scripture ought to be understood in every sf^nse of which they were suscep- tible ; that, in fact, they did mean all that t was possible for them to mean. He gave ris^ to a sect denominated Cocceians. COGKBURiV, Catherine, whose naiden name was Trotter, iras bom in London, in 1679, and died in X '49. She was a woman of learning and talent. At liie age of seventeen, she wrote her tragedy of Agnes de Castro, and she aul^equently produced three other tragedies and a com- edy. In her twenty-second year she printed a Defence of Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, and, at a much later period, she twice resumed the pen on the same subject. Her last work was Re- marks on Dr. Rutherford's E^ay on Virtue. Her Miscellanies were collected in two volumes, 8vo. CODRINGTON, Christopher, a native of Barbadoes, bom in 166S, was educated at Oxford, entered the army, and became captain-general of the L^ward Islands. He died in 1710. A few of his Latin and English verses are extant. He left £.10,000 and his books to All Soul's College, and his West Indian estates to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. COELLOjAlonzo Sanchez, anative of Portugal, to whom Philip II. gave the name of the Portuguese Titian, was born in 1515, and died in 1590- He was a pupil of Moro. Coello was in high favour with several of his contemporary sovereigns. Many of his works are in the Escnrial ; but his best piece, a St. Sebastian, is in the church of San Geronimo at Madrid. COGAN, Thomas, a physician, was bom, in 1736, at Kibworth, in Leicester- shire, and was educated under Dr. Aikin. In conjunction with Dr. Hawes he founded the Humane Society. A considerable [rart of his life was spent in Holland. He died in 1818. He translated the works of Camper, and published some original works; among which are. The Rhine, or A Journey from Utrecht to Frankfort; 4 Philosophical Treatise on the Passions; Ethical Questions; and Theological Dis- quisitions. COHORN, Baron Menno, who is called the Dutch Vauban, was born near Leeu- warden, in Friesland, in 1641, entered tV COK 185 army at the a^ of sixteen, and, after greatly distin^ishing himself in numerous battles and sieges, rose to the rank of lieutenant-general and chief engineer. He died in 1704. Bergen op Zoom is his mas- terpfece in fortification. He is the author of A New Method of fortifying Places. COKE, Sir Edward, a celebrated judge, was born at Mileham, in Norfolk, in 1549. His studies were pursued at Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Inner Temple. In 1578 he pleaded his first canse, and was appointed reader of I 'ons Inn, where he acquired great reputation by his lectures. The fortune which he gained by an extensive practice he increased by two advantageous marriages, the last of which being with the sister of Burleigh gave him also political influence. In 1592 and 1593 he was made solicitor and attor- ney general, and in the latter office dis- graced himself by the manner in which he conducted the prosecution of the earl of Essex. This fault he repeated in his prceecution of Raleigh. In 1603 he was knighted ; in 1606 appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas; 'and in 1615 was raised to be chief justice of the King's Bench, and a privy counsellor. As a judge his conduct was honourable to him. In 1616, however, ^ling into disfavour with James I. he was dismissed from his high office, and from the council, in a manner which was more disgraceful to the monarch than to the jndge. It is to be regretted that Coke endeavoured, though vainly, to recover his places by mean concession to the minion Buckingham. To the council be was, indeed, at length restored, but was soon expelled again, and committed to the Tower for his spirited and patriotic cteha- viour in parliament. The hatred which he had thus excited he continued to merit during tlie remainder of his senatorial career, fi-om 1623 to 1628, and he had a principal share in framing the celebrated Petition of Ri^ht. He died at Stoke Pogies, in Buckinghamshire, in 1634. Pre eminent in legal knowledge, acute, and of a solid judgment. Coke had none of those fine intellectual qualities which slied a 188 COL lustre round their possessor. It is only as a judge and as a senator that he caii be re- garded witli satisfaction. His works may be considered as law classics. Among the most celebrated of them are his Reports; Book of Entries; and Institutes of the Laws of England. COKE, Dr. Thomas, an active mis- sionary, was bom at Brecon, in South Wales, in 1747; was educated at Oxford.; and, about 1775, became acquainted with Wesley, whose opinions he imbibed. In 1784, he sailed on a mission to America, to which country he made eight subsequent voyages, and h'« eiTorts were crowned with much success. He died in 1814. Dr. Coke is the author of A Commentary on the Bible; A History of the West Indies; and other works. COLARDEAU, Charles Peter, a French poet, was born at Janville, in Beauce, in 1732, and commenced his lite- rary career by a spirited imitation of Pope's Eloisa. He subsequently produced the tragedies of Astarbe and Calista, a comedy, and several poems. These procured his election to the French Academy, but he died, in 1776, the day before he was to take his seat. The great charm of his works is the beauty of the versification. Colardeau was modest, friendly, and ab- horred the idia of giving pain. COLBERT, John Baptist, a French minister of state, was born at Reims, in 1619, and is said to have been the sod of a woollen and wine merchant of that city. He himself, however, claimed descent from a noble Scotch family, a younger branch of which settled in France about 1281. But, if not illustrious by birth, he was in- disputably illustrious by talent. Mazarin, whom he had served with equal ability and zeal, as his confidential agent, recom- mended him to Louis XIV. as worthy of being implicitly trusted; and, after the ial' of Fouquet, the sole management of tn£ finances was * committed to Colbert, with the title of controller-general. This office he held till 1683, when he died, worn out with incessant toil, and the incessant anxiety and vexation arising from the in- trigues of his enemies. During his ad- ministration France made a rapid progress in power, internal prosperity, and tlie cul- tivation of manuBictures, literature, the sciences, and the arts. It has been justly remarked, tliat if Louis XIV. gained tlie name of The Great, it is to Colbert that he is indebted for that glorious appellation. COLBERT, JoHH Baptist, Marquis de Torcy, a nephew of the minister, was born in 1665 at Paris, and, after having been employed as.a negotiator in Portugal, Denmark, and England, filled successively llie posts of secretary and high treasurer of stite, minister for foreign afiairs, and COL superintendent general of posts. It vai he who, in the privy council, led the way in advising that the will of the king of Spain should be accepted; and he contri- buted, by his negotiations, to put an end to the war which was caused by that accept- ance. Torcy was deprived of his offices by the regent, duke of Orleans. He died in 1746. His Diplomatic Memoirs have been published in three volumes. COLDEN, Cadwallader, was bom in Dunse, Scotland, in 1688. .After study- ing at tlie university of Edinburgh, he turned his attention to medicine and mathe- matical science until the year 1708, when he emigrated to Pennsylvania, and prac- tised physic with much reputation till 1715. He then returned to England, and attracted some attention by a paper on Animal Se- cretion, which was read by Dr. Halley before the Royal Society. Again repair- ing to America, he settled, in 1718, in the city of New York, and relinquishing the practice of physic, turned his attention to public affiiirs, and became successively surveyor general of the province, master in chancery, member of the council, and lieu- tenant-governor. His* political character was rendered very conspicuous by the firm- ness of his conduct during the violent com- motions which preceded the revolution. In 1775 he retired to a seat on Long Island, where he died in September of the follow- ing year, a few hours before nearly one fourth part of the city of New York was reduced to ashes. His productions were numerous, consisting of botanical and medical essays. Among them were trea- tises on the Cure of Cancer, and on the Virtues of the Great Water Dock. Hia descriptions of between three and four hundred American plants were printed in the Acta Upsaliensia. He also published the History of the Five Indian Natious, and a work on the Cause of Gravitation, afterwards republished by Dodsley under the title of The Principles of Action in Matter. Heleft many valusdsle manuscripts on a variety of subjects. COLET, Dr. John, was bom in Lon- don, in 1466; was educated at Oxford; travelled on the continent for seven years; and obtained church preferment when very young. In 1502, he was made dean of 'St. Paul's; in which capacity his endea- vours to restore discipline brought on him, though happily without efiect, a charge of heresy. In 1512^ he founded and endowed the noble institution of St. Paul's School, for 153 scholars. He died in 1519. COLIGNI, Caspar de, admiral of France, son of marshal de Coligni, waa born at ChatHlon sur Loing, in 1517. Entering in early youth on the career of arms, he distinguished himself at Cerisoles, Carignan, Renti, St. Quentin. and on man* OOL otoer oecarions. Placed at the head of tlie protestant party, he fought gallantly at Dreax, Jarirac, and Montcontoar, and suc- ceeded in obtaining an advantageous peace. After having so often braved death in the field, be perished by the daggers of assas- sins, in die horrible massacre of St. Bar- tholomew, Aagnst 24, 1572. COLLE, Charles, secretarv and reader to the duke of Orleans, was bom at Paris, in 1709, and died there, in 1783. His comic pieces are lively and witty. The Hnnting Party of Henry IV. is one of the most popular of them. As a song writer he was id such high repute as to be called the Anacreon of the age. He is also the author of an Historical Journal, published twenty years after his death, which con- tains much bitto* criticism on many au^ thors his contemporaries. COLLIER, Jereht, an eminent non- juring divine, was bom, in 1630, at Stow Qaif in Cambridgeshire. He took his d^ree at Caius College, Cambridge, in 1676, and obtained a living, which be resigned for the lectureship of Gray's Inn. At the Revolution, he not only refused the oaths, but was active in behalf of the dethroned monarch. For nearly ten years he continued inveterately hostile to the TOvernment, during which period he pnb- Dshed several bitter pamphlets, was twice imprisoned, and at length outlawed. His most indecorous act was, in concert with two others, his attending Friend and Per- kins on the scaffold, and giving them public absolution. At last he turned his talents to better ends, and made war on the licentiousness of the theatre. His first work on this subject was A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the Stage. The wits in vain opposed him, for virtue was on his side;, and, after a ten years struggle, he accomplished his object. The rest of his life was spent in various literary labours, among which were Essays; a translation of Moreri; an Ecclesiastical History of England ; and Discourses on Practi^ Subjects. He died in 1726. Collier was a man of talents; and, how- ever we may be inclined to censure bis political principles, it would be unjust to deny him the praise of having been an honest and disinterested man. COLLIN, Henry de, a German poet, one of the aulic counsellors belonging to die financial department, was born, ^boot 1772, at Vienna, where he died in 1811. Among the German tr^ic dramatists he holds a distinguished place. His War Songs are full of animation. Collin left unfinished an epic, called The Rodolphiad. COLLIN D'HARLEVILLE, Johk Francis, a French dramatist and poet, was born. In 1755, at Maintenon, in the department of the Eure and Loire, and COL 187 died at Paris in 1806. The Inconstant, a comedy, acted in 1786, was his first piece, and it was followed by the Optimist, Castles in Ibe Air, and twelve or thirteen others, some of which retain possession of the stage. His works have been collected in four volumes 8vo. COLLINGWOOD, Cothbert, lord, was bom at Newcastle in 1748, and en- tered the naval service in his thirteenth year. In the action of the 1st of June, 1794, he commanded the Prince, admiral Bowyer's fla^-ship; and in the action off Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, he. gallantly seconed his friend Nelson, as captain of the Excellent. In 1799, 1801, and 1804, he rose to be rear-admiral of the white, of the red, and of the blue; and he bore a part in the latigning blockade of Brest. At the battle of Trafalgar he was second in command, and he carried his ship into action in such a manner as to call forth from Nelson an exclamation of delist. His services were rewarded with a peer- age, the rank of vice-admiral, and the command of the Mediterranean fleet. He died, off Minorca, March 7, 1810. Com- bining bravery with prudence, inde&tiga- ble in his duty, full of resources, strictly preserving discipline, yet winning the love of his men by justice and kindness. Col- lingwood may be safely held up as a model to every officer who aspires to be honour- ably remembered in the annals of his country. His Correspondence, which has been published since his death, places in a striking light his virtues and his talents. COLLINS, Anthony, a controversial dei.st, of no mean talents, was bom at Heston, near Hounslow, in 1676; was educated at Eton, and Ring's College, Cambridge ; and, being a man of property, spent hi^ life in literary pursuits, and in performing the duties of a magistrate. He died in 1729. His religious principles brought him into violent collision with Bentley, Chandler, and many others. Among his works may be mentioned. Priestcraft in Perfection ; A Discourse on Freethinking ; A Philosophical Inquiry concerning Human Liberty; and A Dis- 18S COL course on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion. COLLINS, Arthur, a genealogist, was born at Exeter in 1682, and died at Battersea in 1760. His principal works are, a Peerage, in four volumes; a Baron- etage, in five volumes; and Lives of Lord Burleigh and Edward the Black Prince. COLLINS, W11.T.TAH, the son of a hat- ter at Chichester, was born in 1720 or 1721, and received his education at Winchester, and at Magdalen College, Oxford. AVhile at Oxford, be published his Oriental Eclogues. In 1744 he quitted the uni- versity, and took up his abode in London as an author. His projects were numer- .ous, but want of patronage or want of diligence, or both, prevented them from being executed. He published, however, his Odes, which, to the disgrace of the tge, were utterly neglected. From the pecuniary distress which he sufiered, he was at length relieved by a legacy of £2000, but fortune came too^ late; he sank into a state of nervous imbecility, and died at Chichester, in 1756. His Odes, those pearls which he cast before swine, have given him a place among thegreatest lyrical wTiters of his country. Tiiey re- main unsurpassed in vivid imagination, and high poetical feeling and diction. COLLINSON, Peter, F. R. S. was bom near Kendal, in We^tiflorelarid, in 1694, and died in 1768. Many valuable trees and shrubs in our gardens were in- troduced by Collinson, who carried dh a eorrespondence in every part of the world. Linoxns, with whom he was intimate, ^ve the name of Colling onia to a genus of plants. He was the first also to whom Franklin communicated hjs discoveries in electricity. COLLOT D'HERBOIS, John Mart, one of the most sangnioary characters of the French revolution, was bom at Marin- tenon, near Chartres. Originally he was a provincial actor, and a dramatist ; and, though he gained little praise in those ca< pacities, he was esteemed for the correct* nesB of his conduct. In that conduct, how< ever, a woefiil change took place, partly produced, it would seem, by falling into habits of drunkenness. He became one of the most violently Jacobinical members of the Convention, and being sent on a mission to Lyons, after the surrender of that city, he committed the most horrible atrocities. He, however, contributed to the fall of Robespierre. In 1795 he was tr.andported to Cayenne, and he died there in 1796. COLLYER, Joseph, tie son of parents both of whom displayed .*t*Tary talents, was born in London, in 1745, and died Uiere in 1827. lie was ir^tructed in en- graving by Anthony and W' Hum Walker, attained to eminence, an„ was elected COL Associate Engraver of the Royal Academy. Among his best works are, Tlie Flemish Wake of Teniers, The Venus of Sir Joshaa Reynolds, and portraits of George IV., Queen Charlotte, and Sir William Young. COLMAN, George, bom at Florence, in 1733, was a son of the British resident to the Tuscan court, and of a sister of the coOntess of Bath. His education he re- ceived at Westminster School, and at Christ Cburcb, Oxford; and, while he was at tollege, he published The Conncti- seur, conjointly with Bonnel Thornton. Law he studied at Lincoln's Inn, but never practised. In 1760 he made his first attempt as a dramatist, by bringing out at Drury Lane his lively farce of roiVf Honeycombe, which met with great suc- cess. The Jealous Wife, in the following year, established his character as a comic writer. In the whole, he produced thirW- five pieces, a few of which continue to ue acted. His fortune being increased l^ legacies from Lord Bath and General Pulteney, he ^urcha83d a share in Covent Garden Theatre; bat ultimately sold it, and became the proprietor of the Hay- market Theatre. In 1780, a derangement of his intellects took place, which gradually increas^., and he died, in 1784, in a tuna- tfc asylum. Colman wrote 'Fhe Genins, and many other pieces, in the St. James's Clironicle, Which' 'wias his property; and translated Terence and Horace's Art of Poeti^, to the latter of which be added a valuab^ commentary. COLOMA, Doir Carlos, marquis of Espina, was bom at Alicant, in Spain, in 1573; served with distinction id the Low Countries ; was governor at Cambray and in the Milanese, and ambassador in Ger- many and England; held some of tlie high^t offices at court ; and died in 1637. He wrote the Wars of the Netherlands; and translated Tacitus. COLONNA, Victoria, wife of Don Ferdinand Francis d*Avalos, marquis of 9escara, was born in 1490. She was one of the most accomplished females of Italy; equally remarkable for virtue and talents. After the death of her husband, she refused the hand of several princes. She died in 1547. Her poems rank among the most happy imitations of Petrarch. COLQUHOUN, Patrick, a native of Dumbarton, in Scotland, bom in 1745, was brought up to commerce, and, after a residence of five years in America, set- tled as a merchant at Glasgow. In 1789, he took up his abode m London, and in 1792 was appointed a police magistrate. He resigned in 1813, and died in 1820. His best known wtirkr* are treatises On the Police of ti.e Metropolis, and On the Police of the Rher Thames. He is also the author of vajious tiarr^ .l nf > COL New System of Education for the Poor ; a Treatise oa Indigence ; and a Treatise od tlie Population, &c., of the British Empire. COISTON, Edward, a munificent and philanthropic merchant, was born at Bris- tol in 1636, and acquired a splendid fortune in the Spanish trade. He died in 1721. The whole life of Colston seems to have been devoted to doing good. In private and public chariti^, while he lived, he is supposed to have spent more tlian £150,000. He founded and endowed St. Au^tine's School, for a hundred boys, at Bristol; and various almshouses and benevolent institutions in other places. COM 189 COLUMBUS, Christopher, the dis- coverer of the new world, whose real name was Colombo, was bom in the Genoese territory in 1441, but whether at Genoa, Savona, Nervi, or Cogoreo, was long a matter in dispute. That it was at Genoa is no longer a matter of doubt. ^ It has been asserted that his origin was humble. This is of the least possible cons^uence, or it would not be difficult to produce evidence that he was well descended. He studied a while at Favia, but quitted the uni- versity at an early period to follow a mari- time life. Between thirty and forty years were .spent by him in voyages to various parts of the world, during which geometry, astronomy, and cosfnography, occupied much of his attention. At lengdi he settled at Lii^bon, where he married the orphan daughter of Palestrello, an Italian naviga- tor. His geogTriphical investigations, sup- ported by the evidence of pieces of carved wood, trunks of trees, and canes, drifted across the Atlantic, induced him to believe that, by stretching across the ocean in a westerly direction, the shores of Eastern Asia might be reached, and he resolved to obtain from some sovereign the means of making the attempt. Years of solicitation were spent in- vain ; his proposals were not listened to at Genoa, Lisbon, or London. At length they were tardily accepted by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. On the 2nd of August,, 1492, Columbus with three small vessels sailed on his daring adventure from the port of Paios. He stopped at the Canaries, whence he departed on the 6th of September, and continued his onward course for thirty-five days, seeing nothing around him but tlie billows and the sky. Already daunted by the terrors of unknown seas, the variation of the compass, which was now first observed, qverpowered the courage of the sailors, and they were more than once on the point of breaking into open mutiny, and steering back to Spain. The long sought land at last appeared, on the night of the 11th of October, 1492. It was Guanahani, one of the Bahamas, to which he gave the name of San Salvador. After havmg bnilt a fort, and left in ic thirty-eight men, he returned to Europe, and anchored at Palos on the 15th of March, 1493. The people received him with enthusiasm, the court heaped honours upon him Columbus made three more voyages to the western world; one in the autumn of 1493, another in 1498, and the last in 1504; and considerably enlarged the sphere of his discoveriefi. His latter years were imbittered by insult and injury. Complaints of his conduct at Hispaniola, in 1499, having been made to the court, Bovadilla was dispatched to the island to investigate the charges, and that brutal commissioner sent Columbus to Europe in irons. For this shameful indignity he re- ceived but an imperfect reparation. He died May 20, 1506. COLUMELLA, Lucius Junius Mod- ERATUS, a Latin writer, one of the best agriculturists of antiquity, was a native of Gades, in Spain, and resided at Rome in the reiff»-of Claudius. He is the author of a Treatise on Agriculture^' in twelve books, which is sttll extant. COLUTHUS, a Greek poet, who flourr ished in the reign of Anasta$ius about A. D. 491, was a native of Lvcopolis, in Egypt. He wrote the Calydonics, and the Persies; but they are lost. His only extant poem is the Rape of Helen, the manuscript of which was found, by Cardi- nal Bessarion, in the monastery of Casoli, near Otranto, COMINES,Phxi-ip DE,lordof Argen- ton, was born, in 1445, at Comines, in Flanders. The early part of his life was passed at the court of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, from whose service he passed into tliat of Louis XI. of Fraive, who employed him in various negotiations. Comines, having taken a part iu tlie in- trigues of the di^e of Orleans, was impris- oned fol* some months in 1485, but was at length pardoned, and again trusted as a negotiator. He died in 1509. His Me- moirs, which are written in a pleasing style, abound with valuable information and judicious reflections. COMMELIN, John, a botanist, was bom at Amsterdam in 1629, and died ia 190 CON 1692. He had the direction of the botanic garden of bis native city, and he spared neither labour nor expense to improve it. He pnblished The Hesperides of tlie Low Countries, and other works. His nephew, G&SFAR, is the author of Flora Malaba- rica, and various botanical productions COMMERSON.Philibert, a French physician and botanist, was born, in 1727, at Chatillon les Dombes, and died, in 1773, at the Isle of France, wbither he had ac- companied Bougainville, in his voyage round the world. Before he set out on his voyage, he composed a Martyrology of Botany, which is a history of botanists who have fallen victims to their botanical labours. The name of Commersonia was gi\ en by Forster to a genus of Polynesian plants. COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, emperor of Rome, the son of Marcus Aurelius, was bom a. d. 161, and succeeded his fatlier A. d. 180. Cruel and licentious in the extreme, without a single virtue, he disgraced the throne and Ecoui^d the people for twelve years. He was at length poisoned by his concubine Martia, and, the poison acting too slowly, his death was completed by strangulation* CONDAMINE, Charles Mart la, a mathematician and philosopher, who joined ardour and perseverance w^ith an insatiable thirst of knowledge, and who was also a man of wit and a writer of verses, was born at Paris in 1701, and died in 1774. He travelled much in his youth, and, in 1736, was one of those who were sent to Peru to measure a de- gree of the meridian. Condamine was remarkable for boundless curiosity, some ludicrous instances of which are recorded. His principal works are, A Journal of a Voyage to Uie Equator ; and Observations in a Voyage t on the River Amazons. CONDE, - Louis II. of Bourbon, prince of, surnamed the Great, was born at Paris in 1621. When only twenty-two, he was intrusted with the command of an army against the Spaniards, and he utterly defeated them at Rocroi. In 1645, 1646, and 1648, he gained the victories of Fri- bourg, Nordliugen, and Lens, and reduced Dunkirk; but he was foiled in the siege of Lerida. During tne war of the Fronde, he at first joined the court, but afterwards broke with it, and was punished by an imprisonment of thirteen months. Burn- ing with a thirst for revenge, he took up arms against the government; had a dei CON Franche Comt6, in 1663; the passage of tlie Rhine, in 1672; and the battle of Se- neff, in 1674. He died, in 1686, at Fon- tainebleau. Conde was active, daring, fiill of resources, and inflexibly persever- ing in spite of obstacles; but it is impos- siule to deny that he was culpably lavish of tlie blood of his soldiers; a fault which some have vainly attempted to palliate by urging that he was equally lavish of his own. CONDILLACjStephenBonnotde, a brother of the Abbe de Mably> was bom, in 1715, at Grenoble, and died, on bin estate near Beau^nci, in 1780. For the use of Prince Ferdinand of ^arma, to whom he was tutor, he drew up % Course of Study, in thirteen volumes. The whole of his works form twenty-three volumes in Svo. Among tliem are. An Essay on Hu- man Knowledge (his first production) ; and a Treatise on Sensations. As a metaphy- sician Condillac has a high reputation, though some have endeavoured to tarnish it, by accusing him of borrowing from Locke, and of advancing principles which tend to materialism. CONDORCET, John Anthont Nicholas Carttat, marquis of, was born at Ribemont, in Picardv, in 1763. Mathematics and natural philosophy, for which he displayed an early fondness, he studied at the college of Navarre, and ac- quired such a mastery of them that, at the age of twenty-two, he published his work On Integral Calculus; which, in the course of three years, was followed by bis Solu- tion of the Problem of the Three Bodies, and tlie first part of the Essay on A nalysis. He was secretary of the French Academvi and of the Academy of Sciences ; and m this capacity composed his celebrated Eu- logies of the deceased members. In 1786 and 1787 he gave to the world Lives of Turgot and of Voltaire. Condorcet was closely connected with Voltaire, D'Alem- bert, and the rest of bis contemporary philosophers, and he lent the aid of his pen and his voice to forward the French revo- lution. He was a member of tlie Legisla- tive Assembly and of the Convention, In the latter body he was one of the Girondist party, and this circumstance sealed his doom. Proscribed by Robespierre, he long remained in concealment, but was at length taken, upon which he put an end to his existence by poison in March, 1794. Con- dorcet was u man of multifarious talents, and possessed many good qualities; but he was a confirmed sceptic, and utterly unfit for a politician. He left some posthumous perate engagement with the royal troops in thesulmrbof St. Antoine; and at length works, among which is a Sketch for an fled from France, and entered the service, Historical Picture of the Progress of the of Spain, in which he fought with alternate I Human Mind. It was written while he good and bad fortune. In 1659 he was was hiding from his enemies, and asierta permitted to return to his countiy. His his favourite doctri*ie of the infinite per- tuBt military acts were, the conquest of ; fectibilitv of tha hmnon i^^*'-^ CON CONFUCIUS, or KON-FU-TSE, a Chinese philosopher, was bom 530 B. c. in the kingdom of La, which is now the province of Shangtung, and died in his seventy-third year. He was the most learned and virtuous man of his age, and laboured strenuously in reforming the man- ners of his conntrymea. His memory and the moral works which he wrote are held in the highest veneration by the Ou- CONGREVE, W11.LIAM, one of the wittiest of British dramatists, was bom at Bardsey Grange, near Leeds, in 1670; was educated at Trini^ College, Dublin ; and studied at the Middle Temple. At seventeen, he wrote the romance of Incog- nita, or Love and Dnty reconciled. His comedy of The Old Bachelor was acted, in 1693, and raised him at once to feme and affluence. Three lucrative offices were given to him by Lord Halifax. Between 1^4 and 1^7 he produced, and with suc- Cffls, Liove for Love, The Double Dealer, and The Monming Bride. Collier cen- snred bis indecency and pro&neness, and the dramatist replied, but was unable to refute the charge. In 1700, his Way of the World was so coldly received that, in disgust, he r^olved to write no more for the stage. He, however, continued to write verses ; but th^ have long ceased to find readers. On the accession of George I. the gift of another sinecure office in- creased the income of Congreve to J&1200 per annum. His latter days w«'e, never- theless, hearilv overclouded. He Was afflicted by total blindo^s and by ike gout ; and at length the latter, and an internal injnry from being overturned, terminated his existence on the 19th of Janoary, 1728-9. CONGREVE, Sir William, F.R.S. the son of a lieutenant-general, entered the military service eatly, and rose to the rank of lieatenant-colonel. He sat in parliament for Gatton, '^nd afterwards for Plymouth. Having unfortunately taken a censurable part in one of the bubble specolations of 1825, he quitted his country; and lie died at Toulouse in 1828. For inventive talents he has seldom been surf^ssed. Among his nnmerons inventions may be mentioned his formidable rockets, a hydro-pneomatic ca- n^ lock, and a new mode of manu&cturing gunpowder. CONON, an Athenian generaJ, the son of Timotfaeus, was defeat^ by Lysander, at the .naval battle of MgoBpotamos, and for a while withdrew into voluntary ban- ishment. Having obtained aid from Ar- taxerxes, he retnmed, and mated and killed the Spartan admiral, Fisander, near Cnidos. Conon then restored the fortifica- tions of Athens. Artaxerxes is said to pave put him to death on a false accwation ; CCN IM but some contend that he died in Cypms B. c. 390. CONSTANS T., Flavius Jolius, bom A. i>. 320, succeeded, on the death of his &ther Constantino the Great, to the sovereignty of Africa, Italy, and w^tern Illyricum. His brother Constantine en- deavoured to wrest it from him, but was defeated and slain; and his dominions fell into the power of Constans. The victor, however, governed so disgracefully, thsu popular discontent encoura^d Magnentius to hoist the standard of revolt, and Con- stans was put to death while trying to escape, a. p. 350. CONSTANTINE, Caids Flavius Valerius Aubelius CLAirDfus, sur- named the Great, emperor of Rome, the son of Constantins Chlorus and Helena, is believed to have been bom at Naissus, in Mtesia, about a. b. 274. Aflsr the death of his &ther, he had a severe struggle for empire with Maxentius, who was at length routed, and drowned in the Tiber, near the Mivian bridge. It was b^ore this ac- tion that Constantine is pretended to have seen a blazing cross in dig heavens, with an inscription importing, " By this thou shalt conquer.'' His next contest was with Licinius, whom also he vanquished He subsequently chastised the Goths. But the two great events of his reign were his embracing the Chtistian religion and ren- dering it the dominant faith, and his remo- ving the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which was thenceforth called Constantinople. He died at Nicomedia, a. d. 337. That Constantine had a large share of talent, and some virtues, is unde- niable, but when we consider his many faults, among which was a cruelty that did not spare even his own children, his claim to the tide of great becomes somewhat more than dubious. CONSTANTINE II., Claudtus Fla- vius Julius, the eldest son of Constan- tine the Great, was bom in 316, and, on the death of bis &ther became sovereign of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. Coveting the dominions of his brother Constans, he attacked him, but was slain in an ambush, D. 340. CONSTANTINE VII., Forphyro- GENiTUS, a Greek emperor, was bora at Constantinople in 905, and died in 959. He was an accomplished and well mining but -weals, prince. His virtues, however, caused him to be regretted by his subjects. Constantine wrote a Description of the Province of the Empire ; a Life of the Emperor Basil, the Macedonian; a Trea- tise on the Government of the Empire ; and another on the Ceremooies of the By- zantine Court. CONSTANTINE, Dracoses or Fa- LfOLOGus, the last of tb? Greek siapt' 192 COO COO rora, was born in 1^3, and sacceeded his brother, John Palaeologus, in 1449. Threat- ened by the Sultan Mahommed II., he vainly endeavoured to obtain aid from Christian Europe. In 1463, Mahomet be- sieged Constantinople with 300,000 men. A gallant defence was made for fifty-three days, but the city was taken by storm on the 29th of May, and Coustautine fell, after having displayed a degree of heroic valour which demands admiration. CONSTANTIUS, Flavids Julids, who from his paleness was called Chlo- Ros, was the son of Eutropius; was born about A. D. 250; and -was ajipointed guv- ernor of Dalmatia, a. d. 282. Ten years afterwards, he was made Caesar, and asso- ciated widi Diocletian and Maximian, having under him Gaul, Spain, and Brit- ain, the last of which provinces he recovered from Allectus. He became sole emperor in 305; fifteen months subsequently to which event he died at York. CONSTANTIUS II., Flavius Ju- lius, second son of Constantine the Great, was born a. d. 317, and was declared Caesar at an early age. On the death of his father, he is said, in violation of a sol- emn oath, to have murdered nine of his relatives. Afler a long and doubtfiil contest with Magnentius, he became sole master of the empire, A. D. 353. His subsequent s^iray was marked by weakness and vio- lence. He died A. D. 361, while march- ing against Julian, who had assumed the purple. CONWAY, Henry Seymour, sec- ond son of Lord Conway, was bom in 1720; and, afler having served with ap- plause in the seven years' war, was a member of the English and Irish House of Commons, and, from 1765 to 1768, joint secretaij of state. In 1782, he was appointed commander-in-chief, and in 1795 he died, being then the senior British field-marshal. He wrote some po- ems, political pamphlets, and the comedy of False Appearances. CONYBEARE, John, a native of De- vonshire, bom at Pinhoe, in 1692, was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, of which he afterwards became the head. In 1732 he published a Defence of Revealed Religion, in answer to Christianity as old as tlie Creation, for- which he was made dean of Christ Church. In 1750 he was consecrated Bishop of Bristol, in which eee he died in 1757. Two volumes of his Sermons were published after his death. COOK, James, an eminent circumnavi- gator, was bom at Marton, in Yorkshire, in 1*!^, of humble parents, and received only the commonest rudiments of education. After having served for some years in tlie mercantile marine, he entered into the navy m 1756, and displayed so much conduct and capacity that he was appointed maiter While thus employed, hie made a chart of the St. Lawrence, and surveys of the har- bour of Placentia, and of the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. He was now pro- moted to be marine surveyor, in which ca- pacity he twice resiided for a considerable perio'd at Newfoundland. It was while resident there tliat he communicated to the Royal SocieW an observation on a solar eclipse ; which, with his well known nautical skill, induced the government to give him the command of the Endeavour, with the rank of lieutenant. That ship was intended to convey to Otaheite the astronomers who were to observe the transit of Venus over the sun's disk. Cook sailed in 1768, and returned in 1771 ; having par- ticularly explored the coasts of New Zea- land and New Holland. He was made master and commander, and, in 1772, he again sailed, in company with Captaio ^raeaux, to solve the problem of the ex- istence of a southern circumpolar continent. They were stopped W the ice,' in the latitude of seventy-one. In mis voyage, which waa not terminated till 1775, Captain Cook took such excellent precautions, that only one man died of scurvy on board of hia ship. For this he was cnoBen F. R. S. and received the Copleyan gold medal; and was appointed a post-captain, and captaia of Greenwich Hospital. In 1776 he de- parted, with two ships, the Resolution and the Discovery, to search for an arctic pas- sage between the Pacific and the Atlantic. In this voyage he perished. On die 14th of February he was slain by the natives of Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich Islands. Foreign countries no less than England lamented his loss, and vied with each other in doing honour to his memory. COOKE, Thomas, a miscellaneoui writer, was bom in 1702, at Braintree, in Essex, and died in 1756. He Avro'te some forgotten poems and dramas; pubUshed editions of Marvell's works, and of Virgil; and translated Terence, Hesiod, and Cicero de Natura Ueomm. His Hesiod, long the only English vereion, is now superseded by the more poetical work of EltoB PopAi coo whom he bad attacked in the Battle of the Poets, §ave him a niche in the Dunciad. COCTKE, WiLLiJkH, a poet and biog- rapher, was bom at Cork, in Ireland He came to England about 1766, and applied himself at first to the law; but, ajfter a brief trial of it, he purchased shares in two newspapers, and gave himself up wholly to literature. He died April 3, 1824. He is the author of The Art of Living in London, d poem; Conversation, a diiuictic poem; biographies of Macklin aod Foote; The Elements of Dramatic Criticism; and a pamphlet on parliamentary reform. COOKE, Geokge Frederic, an em- inent actor, was born in Westminster, in 1756. Printing and the navy, both of which he tried in early life, he abandoned for the stag*!, on which he at length acquired so Hiiich reputation, that he appeared at Co- vent Garden, In 1800, as Richard III. Thenceforth he stood high among perform- ers. Sir Giles Overreach, Shylock, Sir Pertioax M'Sycophant, and many other characters, he personated with consmnmate skill. But habits of intemperance often drew on him the public anger, and eventu- ally shortened his days. He died in Ame- ri«%, in 1812. COOKE, Elisha, a physician of Boston Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard College, in 1657- He distinguished him- self. By his vigorous efforts in advocating popular rights, during the contentions be- tween the legislature of the colony and the royal governors. In 1689 he went to Eng- land as agent of Massachusetts, to procure the restoration of the charter. He was bold and patriotic, and poss^sed much strength of intellect. After holding vari- ous important offices in the province, he died in 1715. Elisha, son of the preced- ing, and also distinguished in the early political contentions of the province, was gradu^ed at Harvard CoU^fe in 1697, held several public office, and died in 1737- COOMBE, William, a writer, of ver- satile talent, is said to have been the son cf a London tradesman, who left him a good fortune, which, however, he dissipated in the circles of fashion. He was educated at Eton and Oxford. Driven to literature for a subsistence, hb first production was a satire, called The Diaboliad, which had an extensive but transient popularly. His novel of The Devil on Two Sticks m Eng- land had the same fate. His numerous political pamphlets are forgotten. Late in life, however, he gained a large share of public attention by his amusing Tours of Dr. Syntax, and other poems of a similar kind. Among his last works, is a History of Westminster Abbey. He died in 1823r COOPER, Samuel, a painter, who so much excelled in miniature that he waa{ COP 193 called the~ Vandyke of that branch of hit art, was bom in London in 1689, and was a pupil of Hoskins, bis uncle. His eminence, however, was attained by study- ing the works of Vandyke. He died m 1676. His brother, Alexander, was a portrait painter. COOPER, Samuel, a fwngregational minister, was born in Boston, Massachu- setts, in 1725. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1743, and, devoting himself to the church, acquired great repu- tation as a preacher, at a very early age. After an usefiil aod popular ministry of thirty-seven years, he died in 1783. He was a sincere and liberal christian, and in his profession perhaps the most distingnifh- ed man of his day, in the United States. 'He was an ardent friend of the cause of liberty, and did much to promote it. With the exception of political e^ays in the jour- nals of tbe day, his productions were exclu- sively sermons. COOPER, JoHM Gilbert, a miscel- laneous writer, a native of Nottingham- shire, received his education at Westmin- ster School, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge. Literature was only his amuse- ment, for he was a man of property. He died in 1769. His poems, containing a translation of Ver Vert, Epistles from Aris- tippus, and other pieces, have been admit- ted into the collected works of the British Poets. They are lively and elegant. He also wrote a Lifo of Socrates ; and Letters on Taste; and contributed to The World. COOPER. See Shaeteseort. COOTE, SirETRE,a native of Ireland, was bom in 1726. In 1745, he fought against the Scotch rebels. In 17^, he went to the East, where he distinguished himself at the si^e of Pondicherry; in 1769, he was for a while commander-in- chief of the Company's forces; and in 1770, be revisited England, whence, in 1780, be was again dispatched to India, with his former rank. Hyder was then ravaging the Camatic with fire and sword. Coote arrested his progress, and, with an army not equal to one-tenth of his antago- nists, be defeated him in several encoun- ters. He died at Madras, in 1783. COPERNICUS, Nicholas, a native of Prussia, was bom, in 1473, at Thorn. Medicine and-phildsophy were the first ob- jects of his study; but he quitted them for mathematics and astronomy. Travelling into Italy, he became a<»itrainted with Re • giomontanus, and was made mathematical professor at Rome. On his return home, he was made canon of Frawenberg, and archdeacon of St. John's Church in Thorn. Aa early as 1507 he had begun to meditate a reform of the Ptolemaic s^tem, but it was not till 1530 that he completed bis labours ; and such was bis dread of o|q)o> 194 COR ntioB that he did not venture to publish (hem till 1543. His deatli took place on die 23d of May in that year, and the printed copy of his book was put into his hand almost at the moment when his eyes were about to close for ever. COPLEY, John Singleton, a dis- tinguished painter, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1738. He began to paint without any instruction at a very early age, and executed pieces unsurpassed by his later productions. He visited Italy in 1774,- and in 1776 went to England, where he determined to remain, in conse- quence of the convulsed state of his native country. He therefore devoted himself to portrait painting in London, and was cho- sen a member of the royal academy. His celebrated picture, styled The Death of Lord Chatham, at once established his fame, and he was enabled to pursue his profession with success and unabated ar' dour, till his sudden death in 1815, Among his most celebrated productions are. Major Pierson's Death on the Island of Jersey ; Charles I. in the bouse of com- mons, demanding of the Speaker Lenthall, the five impeadied members ; tlie Snrren der of Admiral De Winter to Lord Dun- can; Samuel and Eli; and a number of portraits of several members of the royal family. CORAM,Thomas, a man distinguished for liib philanthropy, is believed to have been born about 1668, and was brought up to the sea, in the mercantile service. The greatest part of his life was spent in endea- vours to benefit mankind. Among his be- nevolent plans was the establishment of the Foundling Hospital, for which institution, after seventeen years' exertion, and great sacrifices, he obtained a charter. His char- ity having injured his fortune, a subscrip- tion was raised for him in his old age. He died in 1731. CORBET, Richard, a divine and poet, born, in 1582, at Ewell in Surrey, was edu- cated at Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford. James I., who admired his wit, made him one of his chaplains, and at length gave him the bishopric of Oxford, COR whence he was translated to that of Nor ich. He died in 1635 His poems, first published in 1647, were republished by Mr. Gilchrist, in 1807. They possess consider- able merit. Corbet was " a fellow of infi- nite jest," and sometimes forgot his episco- pal dignity in his love of jocularity and mirth. CORELLI, Arcangelo, an Italian musician, was born at Fusignano in 1653, studied under Simonelli and Giovanni Bas- sani, and acquired ^reat celebrity as a composer and violinist. His Solos are among the most admired of his works. He died in 1713. Geminiani, his pupil, consi- ders a nice ear and a highly delicate taste to have been among tlie principal merits of Corelli. CORINNA, a poetess, to whom the Greeks gave die appellation of the Lyric Muse, was a native of Tanagra, in Bceolia. She flourished in the fifth century B. c, and was a contemporary of Pindar, from whom she five times won the prize in poetical contests. Her fellow citizens hon- oured her memory by erecting a tomb to her in the most frequented part of their city. Only a few fragments of her worki are extant. CORIOLANUS, Caius Marcids, so called from his valour having mainly con- tributed to tlie capture of Corioli, was of the patrician family of tlie Marcii. In tlie contests between tiie patricians and plebi- ans, he took an active part, and treated the latter with the most insolent contempt. Being in consequence banished, he joined tlie Volscians, and made war upon the Ro- mans, whom he reduced to great distress. Yielding at last to the entreaties of his mother and wife, he withdrew his forces; in revenge for which be was murdered by the Volscians, B. c. 488. The murder, however, is denied by some historians. CORK and ORRERY, John BOYLE, earl of, was born in 1707; and, after hav- ing been under the tuition of Fentoa the poet, completed his education at West- minster School, and Christ Church, Ox- ford. In parliament he was an opponent of Walpole. Literature, however, had more charms for him than politics. Be- sides giving to the press the Plays and State Letters of his great grandfather, and the Memoirs of the Earl of Monmoutli, he translated Pliny's Letters; and wrote Re- marks on the Life and Writings of Swift; Letters from Italy; and some papers in The World «ad tlie Connoisseur. He died in 1762. COl^MONTAIGNE, M. a French en- gineer, whom some consider as ranking next to Vauban, was Iwrn towards tlie close of the seventeenth century; entered the engineer corps in 1718; served in al- most all the sieges between that period COR •nd 1748; and died a major-^neral in 1752. His works have beien published, since his death, in three volunies 8vo. Cormontaigne was the constructor of the additional fcH-tifications of Metz and Thi- onvilie. CORNARO, Lewis, a Venetian noble, bom in 1467, is remarkable only for his nell known book on Temperate Livin?, which first appeared at Padua in 15^, and has been translated into many Ian- euases. Having in youth injured his health By dissipation, he restored it, and lived to the age of nine^-eight, by means of a strict regimen in diet. Coroaro also wrote a treatise, which he valued highly, on the best mode of preserving in a navi- gable state the lagunes that surround Yen- ice. CORNEILLE, Peter, one of the most celebrated French dramatic writers, was bom at Ronen, in 1606, and for some time practised as a barrister in his native city. The success of his first piece, a comedy intitled Melite, induced him to persevere in writing for the sta^e. His &me was stamped by the tragecfy of The Cid, and he sustained it nobly hy producing The Horatii, Cinna, Polyeuctes, and numeroos other pieces, of which the French theatre is justly proud, and which have earned for him ^e epithet of the Great. Id 1647, he was chosen a member of the French Acad- emy. Corneille died October 1, 1684. CORNEILLE, Thomas, the brother of Peter, was born at Rouen, in 1625, and died at Andely, in 1709. Like his great relative, he was a fertile and succ^sful dramatist; and, at that period, was second only to him in merit. He is the author of forty-two pieces. He likewise produced a Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, two vol- umes folio; a Universal Geographical and Historical Dictionary ; and other works. CORNHERT,orCOORNHERT,DiE- DERic, horn at Amsterdam, in 1522, was originall^^n eminent engraver, but relin- quished tli^. burin for literature and poli- tics. To Oomhert was intrusted the com- f losing of the first manifesto issued by Wil- iam of Nassau against Spain; and that, and the active part which he subsequently took in behalf of Dutch liberty, rendered him an object of incessant pej^secution to the Spaniards. He died at Gouda, in 1590. His miscellaneous works have been collected in three folio volumes. CORNWALLIS, Charles, marquis, son of the first Earl Comwallis, was born 'n 1738, and entered the army, after hav- ing received his education at Westminster, and St. John's Ckillege, Cambridge. In 1761, he succeeded to the title. During the American war be acted a conspicuous part. He si^alized himself at the battle of Brandywine, and the siege of Charles? COR 1M ton, and obtained advantages at Camden and Guildford ; but, having invaded Vir- ginia, he was surronnded at York Town, aend compelled to capitulate. From 1786 to 1792, he was governor-general and com- mander-in-chief in India; and during that period he vanquished Tippoo Sultaan, and obliged him to accept a humiliating peace. For this service he was cheated a marquis, and appointed master-general of the ord- nance. In 1798 he was sent over to Ire- land as lord-lieutenant, and remained till 1801 ; and, by a system of blended firm- ness and conciliation, he succeeded in re- storing peace to that distracted country. The treaty of Amiens, in 1802, was signed by him. In 1804 he was again made gov- emer-general of India, but he died, in the October of the ensuing year, at Ghazepore, in the province of Benares. Sound prac- tical sense, not splendid talent, was the characteristic of Cornwallie. CORONELLI, Mark Vikcewt, a na- tive of Venice, professor of geography, and cosmographer to the Venetian republic, died in 1718. A geoCTaphical society was founded by him at Venice. In the con- struction of globes he was particularly skilful. He piu»lished more than four hun- dred maps, and is the author of many works, among which are, A History of Rhodes; a D^cription of the Morea; and a History of Venice. CORREA DA SERRA, Joseph Francis, a botanist, bom at Serra, in Portu^, in 1750, was the founder of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon. The In^ qnisition twice compelled him to fiy from his country,' From 1816 to 1819 be was Portuguese envoy to the United States; in the latter year he was recalled, to be a member of the council of finance; and in 1823 he died, shortly after having been elected to the Cortes. He is the author of many papers in the Philosophical Transac- tions, and in other works of the same kind. CX>RREGIO, Amthont, whose real name was Allegri, was bom at Corre- gio, in the Modenese, in 1490 or 1494 Who was his master is not kn )wn. His 196 COR talents, he wever, were transcendent, and he is the founder of the Lombard school. **His colour and mode of finishing," says Sir Joshua Reynolds, " approacli nearer to perfection than those of any other painter; the gliding motion of his outline, and the sweetness with which it melts into the ground; the clearness and transparency of his colouring, which stops at that exact medium in which the purity and perfection of taste lies, leaves nothing to be wished for." Yet, notwithstanding his genius and industry, ** poorly, poor man, he lived; poorly, poor man, he died!" His death took place in 1534. *CORTEREAL, Gaspar, a Portuguese navigator, was born at Lisbon, of a noble family. Eager to rival de Gama and Co- lumbus, he resolved to attempt a north- west passage to the East Indies. In 1500 he explored the mouth of the St. Laurence and the coast of Labrador, as far as Cape Chidley. He made a second voyage, but his vessel never returned. His brother, Miguel, sailed in search of him, and shared the same fate. A third brother, Vasco, was preparing to sail, in the hope of recovering his beloved relatives, when he was prohibited by the king, who de- clared -that, having lost two of his most faithfiil servants and valuable friends, he was resolved to preserve the third. — For their father, John Vaz Costa Corte REAL, the honour of having discovered Newfoundland is claimed by Portuguese writers. CORTEZ, Ferdinand, a descendant of a noble but poor family, was born at Medellin, in Estremadura, in 1485. The law, to which he was bred at Salamanca, he quitted for a military life. In 1504, he went to St. Domingo, and, in 1511, ac- companied Velasquez to Cuba, and re- ceived from him a grant of land, as a re- ward for his services. The conquest of Mexico being resolved upon, VelasquQZ intrusted him with the command of the enterprise. The expedition, which con- Bistea of ten small vessels, and only seven hundred men, sailed on tlie 18th of No- Tember, 1518; and, on hia arrival at Ta-| GOR basco, Cortez set fire to his ships, that his soldiers might have no other resource than tlieir own valour. The Tlascalans ho conquered and converted into allies, and tlien advanced towards Mexico, where he was amicably received. Jealous of his success, Velasquez now sent Narvaez to supersede him, but Cortez marched against the latter, took him prisoner, and gain- ed over the new come troops. The con- duct of Cortez to the natives soon pro- duced hostilities, and he was driven from Mexico. By the decisive victory of Otumba, however, he resumed the ascen- dency, and, after a long siege, in which perished 100,000 Mexicans, he regained possession of the capital, and final^ sub- jugated the whole of the kingdom. In 1536, he commanded in person a fleet which discovered California. Charles V., while under the impulse of gratitude, cre- ated him governor and captain general of Mexico, and marquis of Guaxaca; but he subsequently removed him from the gover- norship. In order to obtain justice, Cor- tez, in 1540, returned, for the second time, to Spain; and he accompanied the empe- ror to Algiers, where he highly distin- guished himself. Yet he was unable to procure even an audience. "Who are youl" exclaimed Charles, when Cortez had, on one occasion, forped his way to the step of the emperor's carriage. *• I am one," replied the undaunted warrior, "who has given you more provinces than yoiu- ancestors left you towns." Cortez died at Seville, in comparative obscurity, on tlie 2d of December, 1654. Wen not the character of Cortez stained by numer- ous acts of horrible barbarity, his valour, talents, and perseverance, would give him a legitimate claim to tlie epithet of great. CORTONA, PiETRO DA, so called from being born at Cortona, in Tuscany, was named Peter Berettini, was born m 1596, and was a pupil of Ciarpi. Though his progress in painting was so slow at the outset Uiat his fellow students nicknamed him ass's head, yet he ultimately rose to a^ high degree of eminence in tlie profes- sion. He was employed in adorning the walls of the Vatican, the Barberint palace, and many other edifices. His 6nest works are in fresco ; but many of bis oil paintings, among which is a Nativity of the Virgm, are much admired. CORVINUS, Matthias, the son of John Humiades, was elected king of Hud- garv, in 1458, at the age of fifteen, ana died in 1490. He was illustrious as a warrior, a legislator, and a patron of learn- ing. Though perpetually engaged in war to protect his country from its surrounding foes, he enacted good laws, gave Uie Huu- gariana a charter, introduced printing, founded a university and library at Buda^ COS and invited learned men into his domia- CORVISART, John Nicholas, a ph^ician of high reputation, was born in Champagne, in 1755, and died at Paris, in 1821. The French attribute to him, in great part, the progress which was made in France, of late year?, in experimental medicine and pathological anatomy. Na- poleon, whose physician he was, created him a baron, and an officer of the legion of honour. He wrote an Essay on Dis- eases of the Heart; ajid translated some medical works. CORY ATE, or CORIATE,- Thomas, a traveller and writer, was the son of the rector of Odcombe, in Somersetshire, at which place he was bom, in 1577. He died at Surat, in 1617. Coryate's life was spent in pedestrian tours through Europe, Turkey, Persia, and the East Indies. Dur- ing one of them be is said to have lived on two pence a day. He had received a good education at Westminster and Oxford, and possessed a great facility of learning languages. His first tour was published with the ludicrous title of Crudities hastily fobbled up in Five Months' Tour, &c. le is the author of other eccentric works, and has the merit of having introduced the use of table forks into England. COSMAS, sumamed Indicopleastes, or the Voyager in India, was a merchant of Alexandria, living in the sixth century, who, after having visited Hindostan, quit- ted commerce and became a monk. He is the author of Christian Topography, which, though abounding with absnrditi^, contains some valuable information. His other works, among which was a Universal Cos- mography, are lost. COSTANZO, AWGELO di, a Neapoli- tan noble, was born at Napl^, in 1507, and was a friend of Sannazaro, who pre- vailed on him to undertake the history of his native country. On this work Costanzo was forty yeara employed. It includes the period from 1250 to 1489. He was also one of the first poets of his age. He died about 1591. COSTER, JoHH Lauiiekce, a native of Haarlem, was bom about 1370. The Dutch claim for him the invention of print- ing. The claim seems, however, to be en- tirely without foundation. A sufficient proof, perhaps, that it Is so, is the circum- stance of his grandsons and heirs havin? made no attempt to support it, in opposi- tion to Guttenberg. COSTER, Si.MVTi., a Dutch dramat- ist, was born towards the end of the six- teenth century, and is considered as tlie creator of the Dutch theatre. He built a playhouse at Amsterdam in 1617. The time of his death is unknown. He wrote ire comedie* and six tragedies. COT MT COSWAY, Richard, one of the oldest members of the Royal Academy, died ia 1821, at more than ninety years of age. In miniature he was without a rival, and his oil paintings and drawings have great merit. I'l his private character he dis- played many harmless eccentricities. Hia wife, Maria, was also an artist of tal- ent. COTES, Roger, a matbematiciaD, bom, in 1682, at Burbage, in Leicester- shire, was educated at Leicester and St. Paul's Schools, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; and, in 1706, was appointed first Plumian professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy. He died in 1716. Newton, of whose Principia Cotes gave a new edition, has, in one fthort sentence, borne decisive testimony to his talents. *' Had Cotes lived," said he, '' we should have known something." The Hannonia Mensuramm of Cotes, and his Hydrosta- tical and Pneumatical Lectures, were pub- lished after his death. COTTIN, Sophia, whose maiden name was Restaud, was bom at Tonneins, on the Garonne, in 1773; was married to a Parisian baidser at seventeen ; and became a widow at twenty, which she continued to be till her decease, in 1807. Her first work, Clara d'Albe, was begun merely for amusement, and was sold to afford to a proscribed plan the means of fiying firom the guillotine. Of all her writings the produce was devoted to benevolent par- poses. Of her subsequent novels, Malvina, Amelia Mansfield, Matilda, ^id Eliiabeth, the last is the most popular. COTTON, Sir Robert Bruce, an antiquary, was a native of Hantiogdoo- shire, bom at Denton, in 1570, and was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He devoted his time and fortune to antiquarian pur- suits, and collected numerous deeds, char- ters, &c. relative to the history of Britain. These form the Cottonian library, which is now in the British Museum. To Cam- den, Speed, and others, he was a liberal Iriend. He died in 1631. He wrote The Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments; and other works. COTTON, Charles, a poet, bom at Ber^ferd, in Staffordshire, in 1630, was educated at Cambridge, travelled on the continent, and then settled on his paternal estate, which his father had so heavily en- cumbered, that Cotton, himself no econo- mist, encountered many pecuniary diffi- cultly, and even imprisonment for debt. He died in 1687. Cotton was no mean poet, especially on ludicrous subjects; but be is, perhaps, best known as the friend of Tzaak Walton, to whose treatise on angling be added a supplement. He wrote a vo£ ume of Poems; Scarronidet, or VufJ 198 COU TmeBtic ; and translated Montaigne's Gs' ■ays. COTTON, John, a congregational min- istpr of Massachusetts, was born in Boston^ in 1638, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1657. He was accurately ac- quainted with the language of the Indians of Martha's Vineyard, and superintended the printing of Elliot's Bihle, in that Ian- guage. He died in Charleston, S. C. where he had formed a church, in 1699. COTTON, Nathaniel, poet and phy- sician, born in 1707, was a pupil of Boer- haavei and practised first at Dunstable, and next at St. Albans. At the latter place he kept an asylum for lunatics, of which Cowper, who always retained an affection for him, was at one time an in- mate. He died in 1788. His Visions in Verse, which are elegant, animated, and fraught with pure morality, are deservedly popular. COULOMB, Charles AtraosTiH DE, an eminent French philosopher, lieu- tenant-colonel of engineers, and a member of the Academy of Sciences and of the Institute, was born at Angoulcme, in 1736, and died in 1806. He was generally versed in the sciences, but particularly cultivated those of electricity and magnetism, in which he made many valuable discoveries. ** He may fairly," it is said, " be ranked in the same class with Franklin, jGjiinus, and Cavendish." COURAYER, Pbter Fraw cis, a na- tive of Normandy, born at Vernon in 1681, was a canon and librarian of St. Gene- vieve, and a professor of theology and phi losophy. Having written a Defence of the Validity of English Ordinations, he was so persecuted that he took refuge in Eng- land, in 1728, where he died in 1776. He translated into French Father Paul's His- tory of the Council of Trent, and Sleidan'i History of the Reformation; and wrote several tracts. COURIER, Paitl Loois, one of the wittiest writers and most profound hel- lenists of France, was born near An- goulcme, in 1774. He was for several years in the corps of artillery, in which he rose to be a major; but at length he resigned in disgust. Every moment of leisure while in the army was devoted by him to the study of Greek authors. He was assassinated in 1825. Courier published various translations from the Greek ; but his chief fame is derived from his political pamphlets, which are remark- able for wit, irony, and pungency of style. COURT DB GEBELIJN, Anthosv, a French antiquary and philosopher, one of the most learned men of the eighteenth century, was born at Nimes in 1725, the •on of a calvinist minister, and died at Paris in 1784. His great work is. The COV Primitive World analyzed and companl with the Modern World. It consists of nine 4to volumes, and, though deformed by some baseless speculations and hypotheses, is richly fraught with erudition. Among his other works is A History of tile Wal of the Cevennes, in tliree volumes. COURTOIS, James, a painter, known by the names of Cortese and II Borgog- none, was born at St. Hyppolite, in Franche Comte, in 1621. He was a pupil of Guido and Albano, and, as some say, of Jerome. In battle pieces he stands almost unrivalled. Being accused of hav- ing poisoned his wife, he entered into the order of the Jesuits, and died in tlieir con- vent at Rome, in 1676. His brother, William, born 1618, died 1679, was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona, and was an eminent historical painter. COUSIN, LoDis, a native of Paris, who was born in 1627, and died in 1707, was president of the mint, and a member of the French Academy. Among his works are, a History of Constantinople; eight volumes 4to. ; A History of the Church, four volumes 4to. ; and A Roman History, two volumes 12mo.; which consist of translations of tlie Byzantine sacred and profane historians. He also conducted the Journal des Savants from 1687 to 1701. As a critic, a translator, and a man. Cousin is deserving of praise. COUSTOU, Nicholas, a French sculptor, was born at Lyons in 1658, and died in 1733. He was a pupil of Coyse^ vox, his uncle, and formed his style on the works of Michael Anselo and Algardi. Among his best productions are, a Hercu- les-Commodus, a group of tritons, and a group of the Seine and the Marne. — Hii brother, William, also a pupil of Coyse- vox, was born at Lyons in 1678, and died in 1746. He was superior to Nicholas. Daphne and Hippomenes, the Ocean and tlie Mediterranean, and a figure of the Rhone, are among his masterpieces. His son William, also, born in 1716, died in 1777, was a celebrated sculptor. COVENTRY, Francis, a native of Cambridgeshire, educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, was perpetual curate of Edgeware when he died, in 1759. He wrote the novel of Pompey the Little; a paper in The World, on the absurdity of modern gardening; and some poems, one of which, Penshurst, is printed in Dodsley's collection.— His cousin, Henry, a fellow of Magdalen College, who died in 1762, contributed to the Athenian Let- ters, and wrote The Letters of Philemon to Hydaspes. COVERDALE, Miles, one of theear- liest English reformers, was born in York shire in 1487, was educated at Cambridge and went abroad on becoming a proteslant CX)W Htt aflsiBted Tyndale in his version of the B^ble, and in 1535 published a complete translation. In 1551, after having beea almoner to Queen Catherine Parr, he was promoted to the see of Exeter, In the reign of Mary he retired to the continent, bnt returned on the accession of Elizabeth. He died in 1568, or, according to'some accounts, in 1580. COVILHAM, Pedro DE, a Portuguese gentleman, who served witli distinction m the wars of Castile, and afterwards traded to Africa. He was sent, along with Alphonso de Payva, in search of Prester John, and also to inquire whether a passage to India could be accomplished round the Cape. On this mission, while Payva proceeded to Abyssinia, Covilham visited India and So&la, obtained the first distinct account of Madagascar, and ascer- tained that the voyage round the Cape might be performed. He then, Payva hav- ing died, journeyed to Abyssinia, where the monarch heaped upon him the high^t honours of the state, and induced him to spend there the remainder of his days. COWELL^ John, a lawyer £md anti- qnary, bom about 1554, at Bmcsborough. in Yorkshire; was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge; and became roaster of Trinity Hall. He died in 1611. He is the author of Institutes of the Laws of England; and of The Interpreter, or Explanation of Law Terms ; the last of which works the Commons ordered to be burnt for its unconstitutional doctrines. With his wonted coarseness of wit. Coke, who hated him, used to call him Dr. Cow- heel. COWLEY, Abraham, the posthumous son of a grocer, was born in London, in 1618. From Westminster School he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he was ejected, in 1643, by the puritanical visiters, upon which he settled at St. John's College, Oxford, and avenged himself by a satire, called the Puritan and the Papist. He had already produced Poetical Blos- Boms, Love's Riddle, a pastoral comedy, and a Latin comedy, intitled Naufragium Joculare: the first two were written while he was at Westminster. He now entered into the king's service, and attended him in several joum^^ and expeditions. When the qaeen left England he accompanied her, obtained a settlement in the family of the evi of St. Albans, and was employed on various missions relative to the i^oyal cause. During his absence appeared The Mistress, and the comedy-of The Guardian. In 1656 he returned to En|fland, and, soon after his arrival, he was imprisoned, but was bailed by Dr. Scarborough. It was of. this period that he gave to the world a complete edition of bis poems. On the iem of Cromwell, Cowley revisited COW 199 France; and he was one of those who came back in the train of the restored sovereign. The triumph of his party was for a while of no benefit to him, but, at length, he obtained a small independence, and withdrew into retirement. He died at the Porch Hot^e, Chertsey, in July, 1667. Cowley, as Johnson observes, is ** undoubtedly die best" of the metaphysi- cal poets; for, though his ideas are often far-fetched, and sometimes absurd or ludi- crous, his faults are redeemed by great beauties. His prose merits almost unal- loyed praise; it is pregnant with thought, and the style is natural and elegant. COWLEY, Hannah, a mamatic wri- ter, whose maiden name was Parkhouse, was born at Tiverton, in Devonshire, in 1743, and died at that place in 1809. She is the author of nine comedies, among which are. The Runaway, The Belle's Stratagem, and More Ways than One; the tragedies of Albina, ana The Fate of Sparta; two farces; and the poems of 1 he Siege of Acre, The Maid of Am^on, and The Scottish Village. Her poems are of that description which Horace depre- cates ; but her comedies have considerable merit. COWPER, William, a poet, was bora at Berkhamstead, in Hertfordshire, Nov 26, 1731, and was the son of the rector of that place. His constitution was highly delicate, and his feelings nervously sus- ceptible. It is no wonder, therefore, that he endured so much from the tyranny of his seniors at Westminster School, as to inspire him with a disgust of all such public. establishments; a disgust which' he afterwards forcibly expressed in his poem of Tirocinium. He was articled for diree yeai^ to an attorney, and subsequently studied at the Temple, but seems to have acquired no great share of legal knowledge. So extreme was his dread of being placed in any conspicuous situation, that being unexpectedly called on to attend at the bar of the House of Lords, as clerk of the journals, his agitation of mind not only jBompelled him to resign his post, but ter- minated in insanity. That disorder wu aoo cox beig;ntened by the gloomy ideas he bad imbibed on the subject of religion, which led him to suppose himself condemned to eternal reprobation. After having been for a considerable time under the care of Dr. Cotton, be recovered, and took up bis residence, in 1765, as an inmate with the Rev. Mr. Unwin of Huntingdon. That gentleman died in 1767, but Cowper con- tinued to reside with his widow, at Olney in Buckinghamshire, and Weston in North- amptonshire, till her death, in 1796. From 1773 to 1778, and from 1794 till his decease, which took place at Dereham in Norfolk, April 25, 1800, he suffered again under the scourge of insanity. In the mean while, however, he gained imperishable fame by his writings. His first appearance as an Butlior, excepting a few papers to the Connoisseur, and some hymne to the Olney collection, was in 1782, when he published the first volume of his Poems. The second^ containing The Task, appeared in 1784. Of his subsequent works, the principal is, a blank verse Translation of Homer, which has not become popular. It is a curious foct, that his humorous ballad of John Gilpin was written while he was a prey to the deepest melancholy. His Letters, wliich are models of that kind of compo- sit'on, have been given to the world since hie death. Cowper is a poet of varied poi ers; he is by turns playfid and pa- thetic, tender and sarcastic; in some instances, he rises to sublimity; and in Eicturesque delineation he has no rival ut Thomson, and he generally surpasses him in elegance. COXE, William, was bom in London in 1747, and educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge. He took orders in I, 1771 ; was for two years tutor to the mar- quis of Blandford ; and, in 1776, accom- ?anied Lord Herbert, afterwards earl of 'embroke, to the continent. He succes- sively obtained the livings of Kington on Thames, Bemerton, Stourton, and Fovant ; and was appointed a canon residentiary of Salisbury, and archdeaconof Wilts. About ten years before his decease he suffered the privation of sight, but he persisted, witli unabated ardour, in his literary labours, He died at Bemerton, in June, 1828. Of his numerous works, the principal are. Travels in, Switzerland ; Travels into Po- land, Russia, &c. ; Russian Discoveries ; Historical Tour in Monmouthshire ; His- tory of the House of Austria; Historical Memoirs of the Kings of Spain ; of the House of Bourbon ; Inemoirs of Sir Robert Walpolej of Horatio Lord Walpole; of the Administration of the Hon. Mr. Pelham ; and of John Duke of Marlboroueh j and Private and Original Correspondence of the Duke of Shiewsburjr. The historical works o{ Coxe are distinguislied by a ful- CRA nesB of research and an adherence to mk which render them highly valuable. CRABBE, George, one of the most popular of modern British poets, was born in 1764, at Aldbordugh, in Suffiilk, where his father held some appointment in the customs. It is said that he was originally intended for the medical profession, and that he served an apprenticeskip to a pro- vincial apothecary. He displayed a taste for poetry at an early age, and was finally induced to give up the study of medicine and devote himself to belles lettres. He went to London at the age of twenty-four, and gained the friendship of Edmund Burke, at whose recommendation he pub- lished, in 1781, his poem of The Library. This was quickly followed by The Villaee, which gained for him the high approbation of Dr. Johnson. In the mean time Crabbe had entered himself at Cambridge, had taken orders, and now accompanied the Duke of Rutland, as chaplain, upon hia appointment to the vice-regal government of Ireland. Through the same patronage he afterwards obtained some small church fireferment. The study of theology for a 00^ time witlidrew Mr. Crabbe almost entirely from his poetic labours. After an interruption of nearly twenty years, he published a collection of poems, which was very successful. This was followed by The Borough, in 1810; Tales, in 1816; and Tales of the Hall, in 1819. He died in 1832. His works have been exceedingly popular, and have gone through many edi- tions. Every tiling about him is simple, and characteristic; and he has been de- scribe4 with much felicity as tlie anatomist of the^uman soul. CRAFTS, William, a lavfyer and miscellaneous writer, was born in Charles- ton, S. C. in 1787. He received his edu- cation at Harvard college, and studied law in his native city, where he acquired some reputation for talent and eloquence. He was a member of the South Carolina legis- lature, and for some time editor of the Charleston Courier. He died at Lebanon Springs, N. Y. in 1826. A collection of his works, comprising poems, essays in prose, and orations, with a biographical memoir, was published in Charleston in 1828. CRAIK, James, was born in Scotland, where he received his education for the medical service of the British army. He came to the colony of Virginia in early life, and accompanied Washington in his expe- ditions against the French and Indians in 1754; and in the following year attended Braddock in his maichthrough the wilder- ness, and assisted in dressing his wounds At the commencement of the revolution, by the aid of his early and fast friend, Generai Washington, he was transferred to thi CRA medical department in the continental ar< my, and rose to the first rank and diBtinc- tion. He continued in the army to the end of the war, and was present at the sur- render of Cornwallis, on the memorable 19th of October, 1781. After the cessation of hostilities, he removed to the neighbour- hood of Mount Vernon, and in 1798 was once more appointed by Washington to his former station in the medical staff. He was present v/ita bis illustrious friend in his last moments, and died in 1814, in the 84th year of his age. He was a skilful and successful physician, and Washington men- tioned him as " my compatriot in arms, my old and intimate friend." CRAMER, Gabriei,, an eminent ^eo- metrician, was born in 1704, and died in 1752. He edited the works of Wolf and the Bernouillis ; and wrote, among other things, an Introduction to the Analysis of Algebraical Curve Lines. CRAMER, John Andrew, a German mineralogist, was bom at Q.uedlinburg, in 1710, and died in 1777. He was the first who reduced to settled principles the art of assaying, and to him Germany is in- debted for her superior progress in metal- lui'gy* Cramer had many singularities, among which was a complete inattention to his personal appearance ; so that he was compared to Diogenes. He is the author of a Latin treatise on the Docimastic art; another, on the Management of Forests ; and Principles of Metallurgy; the last of which he did not complete. CRAMER, John Andrew, a German writer, was bom at Josephstadt, in Saxony, in 1723; and, with the exception of three years, resided in Denmark from 1754 to 1788, in which latter year he died. He was invited to Denmark by the sovereign, and, at the time of his decease, was chan- cellor of the university of Kiel. He trans- lated Bossuet's Universal History, the Homilies of St. Chrysostom, and the Pealms of David in verse ; and wrote The Northern Spectator, three vols. ; Sermons, twenty-two vols. ; and Poems, three vols. Eminent in many ways, it is as a votary of the Muses that he is most famous ; Ger- many ranks him among her best lyric poets. CRANMER, Thomas, a celebrated re- former, the son of a country gentleman, was born at Aslacton, in Nottinghamshire, in 1489, and was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, where, in 1523, he became reader of the divinity lecture. For his rise he was indebted to an opinion which he chanced to give to Gardiner and Fox, that the best way to settle the question relative to the king's divorce would be to refer it to the universities instead of to the pope. Henry instantly made him his chaplain, ordered him to write on the ■ object- and subsequently employed him I CRA 9D1 m negotiations at Rome, and in other parts of the continent. On Cranmer's re- turn, the monarch raised him, in 1533, to the archbishopric of Canterbury. Thus elevated, and invested with powerful in- fiuence, the archbishop pursued with vi^* our the work of religious reformation. His enemies laboured as strenuously to ruin him, but he was always upheld by Henry. Being a member of the council of regency, during the reign of Edward VI., he was enabled to push forward an ecclesiastical reform with still more decisiveefiect. But, unfortunately, he now displayed a perse- cuting spirit which has stained his character with a deep and bloody spot. Besides be- ing guilty of minor acts of tyranny, he consigned to the flames, as heretics, two unhappy beings, one of them a woman ! This WIS Joan Bocher, the warrant for whose execution was in a manner extorted from the youthful monarch, who signed it in tears, and threw on Cranmer the moral r^ponsibility of the barbarous deed. Hav- ing consented to the measures for placing Lady Jane Grey on the throne, he became one of the victims afler the accession of M.ary. Lured by the promise not only of parmm but of royal favour, he was induced to sign six papers, by which he recanted his principles, and avowed his sorrow for having entertained them. In spite, how- ever, of the promises made to him, he was brought to the stake, March 21, 1556, He had by this time recovered his firmness, and he died with the utmost fortitude, holding in the flames till it was consumed the hand which had signed the recantation, and exclaiming, " This unworthy hand ! this unworthy band !" His forgiving dis- position, which led him never to revenge an injury, his extensive liberality, his ser- vices to the cause of ecclesiastical reform, and his courage at the hour of death, have shed a lustre round the memory of Cran- mer; but it must, however reluctantly, be owned, that he displayed an indefensible flexibility of principle, and that he was, in fact, not less a bigot than were the men by whose bigotry, blended witli personal enmit y, he was at Ie>igth sacrificed 198 ORE CRANZ, or KRANZ, Datid, a Mora- vian preacher, -was born in Fomerania in 1723, and resided for some years as a mis- sionary in Greenland, where he was much respected for his virtues. He died, in 1777, minister of Guadenfroy, in Silesia. He is the author of a Taluable History of Greenland ; and of a History of the Mo- ravians. CRASHAW, Richard, a poet, the son of a clergyman, was born at Ijondon, and educated at the Charter House, and at Cambridge. From Cambridge he was ejected in 1644, and then went to France, where he became a Roman Catholic. He died, a canon of Loretto, in 16S0. His poems are frequently meloijious and ani mated. Milton and Pope did not disdain to borrow some of his ideas. CRASSUS, Marcus Licikius, whose opulence obtained him the appellation of the Rich, defeated Spartacus, and put an end to the Servile war. He was subse- quently consul, and then censor; formed one of the first triumvirate with Fompey and. Caesar; and was defeated and slain by the Parthians, B. c. 53. CRATI NUS , an Athenian poet, to whom h attributed the invention of satirical co- medy. The boldness and virulence of his •arcasms is said to have been unequalled. He gained the dramatic prize nine times, Dut of Ilia numerous pieces only a few verses remain. He died B. c. 431, having attained the age of ninety-seven, notwilh- fltanding' he was a determined wine-bibber. CRAWFORD, Adam, a physician and natural philosopher, was born in 1749, and died at Lymington, in 1795. He was physician to St. Iliomas's Hospital, pro- fessor of chemistry at Woolwich, and F. R. S. He is the author of Experiments .ind Observations on Animal Heat, a vatu< able work ; and also of an Inquiry into the Effect of Tonics. Crawford was the first who prescribed muriate of barytes as a remedy for scrofula. CREBILLON, Prosper Jolyot de, a French tragic poet, was born at Dijon, iu 1674 ; and, being intended for the bar, was placed with a solicitor, to acquire the Ereliminary mechanical knowledge. Cre- illon however manifested a decided taste for tlie drama, and the solicitor encouraged him to follow his inclination for dramatic writing. His first successful tragedy, Ido- meneus, came out in 1706. It was fol- lowed by Atreus, Rhadamistns, Electra, and others; after which he paused for more than twenty years, and during that period he lived in a state bordering on poverty. His last labours were the trage- dies of Catiline and The Triumvirate. He died in 1762. Crebillon is denominated the French iEscbylus, and not without In the terrible he excels, and. CRI with all his faults of composition, it is im< possible to deny his claim to a place among the higher class of his country's tragic dramatists. CREBILLON, Claude Frospef JoLTOT DE,son of the foregoiog, wus bon- at Paris in 1707, and died there in 1777. He acquired the name of die French Pe- tronius by his novels. They manifest ta- lent, but much more licentiousness. Among thein are. The Sopha ; Tanzai and Nea- darne; and Les Egaremens du Coeur et de I'Esprit; to the last of which works Sterne alludes in his Sentimental Journey. CREECH, Thomas, a native of Dor- setshire, was born at Blandford, in 1659; was educated at Sherborne School, and Wadham College, Oxford ; and became a fellow of All Souls. In 1700 he put an end to his existence. He 'translated Li> cretins, and parts of Horace, Theocritus, and other authors.. Creech was a good scholar, but an ungraceful translator. CRESCIMBINI, John Marius, a celebrated Italian poet and miBcellaneoua writer, was born at Macerata, in the Papal territory, in 1663 ; received his education in the Jesuit's College there; and wrote a tragedy at the age of thirteen. He was brought^p to the law, but ultimately em- braced the ecclesiastical profession. In 1690, be founded the Academy known by the name of the Arcadian, which soon be- came one of the most popular literal assemblies in Italy. He died in 172S. His works are numerous. The principal of them are. Poems ; A History of Italian Poetry; and Commentaries On tlie History. CREVIER, John Baptist Lewis, a French historian, born at Paris in 1693, was a pupil of RoUin ; became professor at the college of Beauvais ; and died in 1765. His principal works are, A Con- tinuation of Rollin's Roman History, eight vols, quarto ; and a History of the Roman Emperors, eight vols, quarto. CmCHTON, James, known by the name of the admirable Crichton, was bom in 1561 , and was a son of the lord advo- cate of Scotland. He was educated at St. Andrew's, and was such an early proficient in learning as to have obtained tlie degree of M. A. at the age of fourteen. He is said to have excelled in eloquence, to have overcome every opponent in logi- cal and scientific disputation, to have known ten languages, and to have been equally consummate in all military and athletic exerciies. He was murdered, in 1582 or 1SS3, by his pupil, the son of the duke of Mantua. CRILLON, Louis de Balbe, or Balbis de Bkrton de, one of tlie most gallant French warriors of the sixteenth century, was born, in 1541, in Provence, entered the aimy a an early age, and CRO CRO aos clusioD of works. Crisp was remarkable for works of charity, as well as for pietV] purity, and humility. His SermoDS, in three volumes, were published after his d^ith. CROFT, Sir Herbert, was bom in London, in 1751; was educated at Uni- rersity College, Oxford; and studied at Lincoln's Inn; but relinquished the bar and took orders, though without obtaining ecclesiastical preferment. He died at Paris in 1816. . He was a friend of Dr. Johnson, who inserted Croft's Life of Young among his own lives of the poets. But he is best known by his story of Love and Madness. He planned, but never executed, an im- proved edition of Johnson's Dictionary. CROMWELL, Thomas, earl of Essex, a native of Surrey, born about 1490, was the son of a blacksmith at Putney. After having been a clerk to the English factory at Antwerp, he returned home, and became confidential servant to Cardinal Wolsey. On the disgrace of the cardinal, Cromwell defended him in the House of Commons with spirit and effect. He was taken into the service of Henry VIII. and rose till, in 1539, be was made earl of Essex, and lord chamberlain. He had previously taken an active and not always just part, as visiter general, in the suppression of the monas- teries. His parliamentary conduct, too, was often highly criminal. To the Refor- mation, however, he was a warm friend, and he was charitable and grateful. Crom- well having been one of the promoters of the marriage of Henry with Anne of Cleves, the capricious tyrant brought him to the block, m 1540. CROMWELL, Oliver, one of tBe most astnniehing characters in English his- tory, was the grandson of Sir Henry Crona- weil, and was born at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599. His father was a brewer. He was educated at Huntingdon School, Sid- oey Sussex College, Cambridge, and Lin- coln's Inn; and IS said not to have made ray great progress in his studies. For a while he seems to have been entangled in the snares of dissipation, but he soon ■ignalixed his valonr under five French sovereigns. Nor was bis courage msuii- fested only at home. He served as a vol- nnteer at the battle of Lepanto, and was one of the most conspicuous on that glorious occasion. He died in 1615. His courage was carried to an almost romantic height. The soldiery called him " the man without fpar," and Henry IV., who highly esteem- ed him, denominated him *' the bravest of the brave." CRISP, Tobias, a divine, bom at Lon- don in 1600, was educated at Eton, Cam- bridge, and Baliol College, Oxford ; and died, rector of Brinkworth, in 1642-3. He was one of the most celebrated champions of Antinomianisni. Yet, though he taught a doctrine which holds up faith to the ex- ,escaped fi-om them, for, at the a?e of twenty-one, he married and settled in his native town, and, not long aher, became a zealous puritan. His first appearance in parliament was in 1625, as member for Huntingdon. Three years before the meet- ing of the Long Parliament, in which menporable assembly he sat for Cambridge, he meditated emigrating to America, in company with Hampden and other gentle- men of the same principles as himself, but he was prevented by a proclamation of the government. That proclamation the mis- guided monarch had abundant reason to repent. Cromwell was active against him in the House; and, when the Commons resolved on resistance, he raised a troop of horse, which he disciplined in an admi- rable manner. This force he soon enlarged tQ a regiment of a thousand men, at the head of which he became the most con- spicuous of the parliamentary leaders. Between 1642 and 16^, be signalized himself on a great variety of occasions, particularly at Marston Moor, Newbury, Naseby, and Torrington. In the negotia- tions which ensued between the king and the victorious parliament, Cromwell was at first disposed to consent to restoring Charles under certain conditions, but, find- ing that the royal captive was not to be trusted, be resolved to join in bringing him to the block. He was one of the forty persons who, after the death of Char.es, formed the Council of State. Ireland yet remained to be subdued. Cromwell was, therefore, appointed lord governor of that island for three years, and in August, 1649, he sailed to assume the command. Storm- ing Drogheda and Wexford with horrible slaughter of the garrisons, he so terrified the enemy, that in nine months peace was restored. In 1650, he defeated the Scots at Dunbar; and, in the following year, he obtained what he called his " crowning victory" over Charles, at Worcester. One step more sufficed to place him at the summit of power. Having bv force dis- solved the Long Parliament, he assumed ao4 CRO ^e supreme autliority, in 1653, under die tille of lord protector. The title of kiiig he was more than once desirous to obtain, but was deterred from assuming it by the dread of alieuating his partisans. For five years he maintained himself in the perilous station to which he had reached, but his Bway was disturbed by incessant plots, cabals, and other circumstances of formidable annoyance. The glory of his country, however, he nobly sustained, and England was never more respected, and even feared, by foreign states, than it was under his goveniment. At length, nis constitution sank under anxiety and toil, and he expired on the 3d of September, 1658. CROMWELL, RiCHA rd, son of Oliver Cromwell, was born at Huntingdon, in 1626, and succeeded his father, as lord protector, in 1658. Finding himself una- ble to contend with the factions hostile to him, be resigned in the following year, and he went to France on the restoration of Charles II. He returned to EnelancMh 1680, assumed the name of Clarke, %d died at Cheshunt in 1712. CPONEGK, or KRONEGK, John Frederic, baron de, a German poet, was bom at Anspach, in 1731, and died in 1758. He is the author of several trage- dies and comedies, which, with the excep- tion of tlie tragedy of Codrus, are less esteemed than his poems. In his poetic effusions he displays a brilliant imagina- tion, and his diction is energetic. He is called the German Young. CROUSAZ, JoHR Peter de, a phi- losopher and mathematician, was bom at Lausanne, in 1663, and at various periods filled the professor's chair of Greek and pliilosophy, and mathematics and philoso- phy, at Groningen and Lausanne. He was also tutor to Prince Frederic of Hesse Cassel. He died in 1750. Among his numerous works are, a Treatise on the Beautiful; The Geometry of Rectilinear and Curvilinear Lines and Surfaces; and an Examination of Ancient and Modern Pyrrhonism; but he is best known by his Criticism on Pope's Essay on Man, which called forth Warburton as a defender of thepoet. CROWNE, John, a dramatist, the son of a Nova Scotian independent minister, came to England in the reign of Charles II. and was patronised, in opposition to' Dryden, by Rochester. .The king took him into favour, and furnished him with the plot of the comedy of Sir Courtly Nice; but died just as the poet was ex- fiecting from him a post for life. He was iving in 1703; the date of his decease is not recorded. Crowne wrote seventeen comedies and tragedies, a romance, and m burlesque poem. Though far inferior CtTJ genius to Dryden, he Was not without merit. ' CROXALL, Samuei., a divine and poet, was born at Walton upon Thames, and educated at Eton and Cambrid^. It was as a whig writer that he began his lite- rary career. He obtained two livings in the metropolis, various preferments in Here- ford Cathedral, and the archdeaconry of Salop, and was one of the king's chaplains. He died in 1751. He wrote The Fair Circassians, an imitation of Solomon's Song ; several Poems ; Scripture Politics ; published an edition of ^sop; anc trans- lated a part of Ovid's Metamorphoses. CRUDEN, Alexander, a native of Aberdeen, born in 1701, removed to Lon- don in 1722, where he was, in succession, a private tutor, a bookseller, ^and a cor- rector of the press. Early 6}inptoms of insani^ were aggravated by disappointment in love, and throughout life he manifestet^ more or less, a deranged intellect. AmoDg other aberrations, he set up for a genenu reformer, and assumed the title of Alex- ander the Corrector. Cruden was, never- theless, an acute and benevolent man. Ono laborious and valuable work preserves his name from oblivion — ^The Concordance to the Bible. CRUIKSHANK, Willi AH, celebrated as an anatomist, was born, in 1745, at Ed- inburgh ; acquired a knowledge of anatomy and medicine at Glasgow; became libra rian, and afterwards assistant and succesroi to Dr. Wm. Hunter^; was elected F.R.S in 1797; and died in 1809. His principal work is. The Anatomy of the Absorbent V^sels. CTESIBIUS, a mathematician of Alex- andria, who flourished about 125 b. c, was the son of a barber, and a barber him- self. He is said to have invented an hy- draulic organ, the water clock, a kind of air-gun, and the forcing pump. A work on measuring, called Geodesia, is also attributed to him. CUDWORTH, Ralph, was the son of the rector of Aller, in Somersetshire, where he was born in 1617. He com- menced his studies, at the early age of thirteen, at Emanuel College, Cambridge. After having held the livings of North Cadbury and Ashton, the r^ius professor- ship of Hebrew, the masterships of Clare Hall and Christ's College, and a prebend of Gloucester, he died at Cambridge in 1688. His great work, which is tinctured with Alexandrian Platonism, but replete with learning, is, The True Intellectual System of the Universe. CUJAS, or CUJACIUS, James, one of the most eminent of jurists, was bom at Toulouse, in 1520. His real name was Cujaus. A knowledge of Greek and Latin he aquired by his own exertions. CiTll CUM law he studied nnder Ferrier, and he be- came an anriTalled master of it. Cujas was, at various times, professor at several celebrated universities; among them were those of Toulouse and Boorges. He died in the latter city in 1590. His works form ten folio volumes. To his pupils he was a father, and he lost considerable sums by occasionallv supplying their wants. CULLEN, William, a native of Scot- land, bom at Lanark in 1712, was origin- ally apprentice to a surgeon and apothecary at Glasgow; made several voyages as sur- geon to the West Indies; and completed nis medical education at Edinburgh. In 1746 he took his doctor's degree, and was chosen chemii^l teacher at Glasgow, where, in 1751, he became professor of medicine. In 1756, he obtained the chemical chair at Edinburgh; in 1765, was apptointed lec- turer on the Materia Medica; and, in 1766, in conjunction with Dr. Gregory, was made lecturer on the Theory and Practice of Medicine. His Lectures were exceedingly popular. He died in February, 1790. Besides his Lectures, Cullen is the' author of Synopsis Nosologiae Fracticae; and of Institutions of Medicine. CUMBERLAND, George CLIF- FORD, earl of, was born in Westmore- land in 1558, and was under the tuition of Whitgifit, at Peter House, Camlnidge. In 1586, he headed an expedition to South America, and be subsequently engaged in eight more enterprises of ' the same kind; in which, however, he gained more honour than profit. He also fought agaiost the Spanish Armada. His chivalrous char- acter made him a favourite of Elizabeth. He died in 1605. — His daughter and heir- ess,. AivNE, was remarkable for her high spirit. CUMBERLAND, Richarp, a learned divine and archaeologist, was bom in Lon- don, in 1632, and educated at Cambridge. After having filled two subordinate livings, and taken his degree of D. D., he was, in 1691, raised to the see of Peterborough, without any solicitation on his part. He was previously known by his Treatise De Le^ibus Naturae, in answer to Hobbes, and by bis Essay on Jewish Weights and Measures. He was indefatigable in per- Ibrming his episcopal duties till his decease in 1718. Being advised, on account of his age and Infirm state, to relax a little, he replied, "It is better to wear oat than rust out." After his death appeared -his Origines Gentium ; and his Translation of Sanchoniatboo's Phoenician History. CUMBERLAND, William Augus- tus, duke of, third son of George II., was born in 1721. In 1743, he was wounded Kt llie battle of Dettingc.i; in 1745, being Chen commander-in-chief of the Brilish CUM aw troops in Fland^s, be lost, but was very near gaining, the battle of Fontenoy; in the same year he was recalled to oppose Prince Charles Edward; and, in 1746, ne extinguished the Scotch rebellion, by the victory of Culloden, but stained his repu-^ tation by his subsequent cruelty. Returning to the Netherlands, he was defeated at Laufeldt. In 1756, be was placed at the head of the Hanoverian army, was beaten at Hastembeck,and capitulated at Cketer Seven. He died in 1765. CUMBERLAND, Richard, a multi- farious and able writer, was a great-grand- son of Bishop Cumberland, and a grand- son of Dr. Bentley. It was in the master's lodge, at Trinity College, Cambridge, that he was bom, Feb. 19, 1732. He was edu- cated at the schools of Bury St. Edmunds and Westminster, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. His entrance into public life was as private secretary to Lord Halifax, with whom he went to Ireland, on that no- bleman being appointed viceroy. Through the interest of bis lordship he obtained the clerkship of the board of trade, and he was afterwards advanced to the secretaryship. His first literary efforts. An Elegy written on St. Mark's Eve, and The Banishment of Cicero, a drama, obtained for him but little fame. He was more fortunate In his comedy of The Brothers, which he brought out in 1769 ; but it was The West Indian, produced in 1771, that established bis re-. putation. Henceforth, till the time of his' decease, he continued to be one of our most fertile dramatic writers; he having been the author of between fifty and sixty pieces. In 1780 he was employed by the ministry to conduct a secret negotiation with the courts of Madrid and Lisbon. To the eternal disgrace of his emplt^ers, he was refused the reimbursement of his expenses, which amounted to JC5000. This circum- stance, and the suppression of the board of trade, compelled him to sell his beredi- lanr property. Widi a small pension he retired to Tunbridge Wells, and gave him' self np wholly to literary pursuits. In those pursuits few men have displayed more versatility and industry. Subsequently to his retirement, besides some minor pro- ductions, and most of his dramas, he pub- lished The Observer; the novels of Arundel, Henry, and John de Lancaster ; Anecdotes of Spanish Painters; Calvary, a poem; the Exodiad, a poem, in conjunction with Sir James Bland Burgee; and Memoirs of bis own Life. He died May 7,1811. Of tlie numerous productions of Cumberland many are forgotten, but some of them have a principle of vitality which secures them from oblivion. As a dramatist, a no\elist, an essayist, and an autobiograpber, he undoubtedly displays talents considerably 306 CUR Rbove mediocrity As a poeti he is leas «uccessful ; yet tlieve are in the Calvary tiany passages which deserve praise for .?eautv of diction, and energy of thought. CUNHA, Tristan da, a Portuguese navigator, accompanied Alfonso de Albu- iquerque in his voyage to India, in 1506; and was driven so far to the eouth by a tempest that he discovered the islands which bear his name. He distinguished himself in the East ; returned to Portugal in 1515; was sent by King Emanuel with rich presents to the pope; and died about tlie middle of the sixteenth century. CUNNINGHAM, Alexander, the son of a presbyterian minister, was born, in 1654, at Ettrick, in Scotland, and was educated in Hollaud, whence he came over with the Prince of Orange. After having been a travelling tutor, he was for five years British envoy at Venice. He died in 1737. He wrote a Latin History of Great Britain, from the Revolution to the accession of George I.; which was trans- lated by Dr. Thompson. — A'person of the same name, an editor of Horace, died at the Hague in 1730. . CUNNINGHAM, John, a poet, bom at Dublin in 1729. At the a^e of seven- teen he wrote a farce called Love in a Mist; This introduced him among actors and the consequence was, that he himself became a strcnling player. He continued so till his decease, which was occasioned bv a nervous fever, in 1773. Several of his poetical pieces were published sepa- rately as pamphlets. The whole of them have been admitted into the collections of the British Poets. They possess consid- erable sweetness, elegance, and descriptive power. CURRAN, John Philpot, a cele- brated Irish l^rrister, was born, in 1750, of humble parents, at Newcastle, near Cork ; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and studied the law at the Temple. For a while he had to struggle with want of practice, and consequent penury; but at fength he rose to splendid forensic emi- ~ e, and, in 1784, became a member of cus the Irish House of Commons. As a i _ tor, he was a determined and formidable enemy of the government. In 1S06, when the whigs came into power, he was made master of the rolls in Ireland. That office he resigned in 1814; and he died Novem- ber 13, 1817. Cnrran was somewhat mean in face and in person, but when his fine dark eye was lighted Up, in conversa- tion or in controversy, his countenance was striking ind intelligent. Though oc- casionally not regulated by good taste, his eloquence was copious, fervid, and expres- sive; sometimes fraught with bitter sar- casm and overwhelming invective, Bom&- times deeply pathetic, and at other tiuies sparkling with wit, humour, and the most pungent ridicule. CURRIE, James, an eminent physi- cian, a native of Scotland, was born at Kirkpatrick Fleming in 1756, studied physic at Edinburgh, and took his degree at Glasgow, after which he settled at Liv- erpool, where he soon acquired populari^ and fortune. He died in August, 1785. By his Medical Reports on the Efiects of Water in febrile disorders, Currie maiulv contributed to introduce the practice of af- fusion in cases of fe\er. He is the author, under the name of Jasper Wilson, of a Letter, Commercial' and Political, to Mr. Pitt; and he published an edition of the works of Bums, to which he prefixed an excellent Memoir of the deceased poet, and a criticism on his works. CURTIS, William, a botanist, bom in 1746, at Alton, in Hampshire, was brought up as an apothecary, out devoted himself to botany, on which science he de- livered lectures. He established an ex- tensive garden, first at Bermondsey, next at Lambeth, and lastly at Brompton. He died in 1799. Of his works the most cel- ebrated are, his Flora Londinensis; Bo- tanical Magazine; and Botanical Lectures. CURTIUS RUFUS, Qdintos, a Lat- in historian, the date of whose existence is fixed at widely different periods (from the rei^ of Augustus to that of Gordian), by difierent writers, while some even deem the name to be fictitious. He is the au- thor of a History of Alexander the Great, which is more praiseworthy for its style than for its correctness. The first two books of it are lost. CUSHING, Thomas, was bom at Boston in 1725, educated at Cambridge College, where he was graduated in 1744. He engaged early in public life, and i» 1763, was chosen speaker of tlie general court of Massachusetts; and continued in the office for several consecutive years. Though patriotic in his principles, he was b^ no means violent, and by his interven- tion much good was effected between tbt DAC •ontendinff parties. He was a member of the two first coDtinental congresses, and, on bis retura to his state, was chosen a member of the council. He was also ap- pointed judge of the courts of common pleas and of probate ; and on the adop- tion of the present constitution he was elected I'eutenant-governor of the state, and cont nued so until his death in 1788. CUSSAY, M. This honourable man, who died in 1579, was governor of Angers at the time when the inmmous Charles IX, carried*into effect the massacre of St.Bar- tholomew. Like the governors of other towns, he received orders to slaughter the protestants; but, unlike nearly all those to whom the sanguinary orders were given, he refused to obey them. To the duke of Guise he replied, '' I will not stain- fifty {rears of a spotless life by the most coward- y of assassinations.'' CUSTINE, Adam Philip, count de, was born at Metz, in 1740. He entered the army when a mere child, and displayed so much ability, diu'ing the seven years' war, as to gain the notice of Frederic of Prussia. In the American war, he served in one of die regiments which France sent to the succour of the insurgents ; and, on Ills return home, was made major-general and governor of Toulon. Having become a republican, he was placed, in 1792, at the head of the army of the Rhine, and made himself master of Mentz, but was soon compelled to retreat. He was then intrusted with the army of the North; but he had scarcely assumed the command be- fore he was summoned to Paris, where he was guillotined, in August, 1793. Costine was a general of very slender talents, and was addicted to intemperance. CUVELIER DE TRIE, John Wil- liam Augustus, a French dramatist, was born in 1766, at Boulogne. After having been a barrister and a military offi- cer, he began writing for the stage, and he produced no less than a hundred and tea comedies, dramas, pantomimes, and DAO 207 ballets, for the minor theatres. Of thene some were written in conjunction with other persons. He was denominated the Corneille of the Boulevards. Cuvelier died in 1824. CYPRIAN, Thascius Gjeciltus, one of the most eminent of the fathers of the church, is believed to have been bom at Carthage; was converted to Christiani^ about A. Tt. 246; succeeded Donatus, as bishop of Carthage, in 248; and, after having escaped during the persecution of ^Decius, was at length put to death, a, d. 258. His theological works have been translated into English bv Marshall. CYRIL, St. the apostle of the Slavi, in the ninth century, was originally named Constantine, and was called the Philoso- pher. He' converted the Chazares, preach- ed the gospel in Bulgaria, Moravia, and Bohemia, and invented the Sclavonic al- phabet. He died at Rome, in 822. Some Moral Fables, and works on the Sclavonic language, are attributed to him. — ^There were two others of the same name; the one patriarch of Alexandria, the other of Jerusalem. CZERNI-GEORGE,or George the Black, so called from the darkness of hia complexion, was born of an humble family, in the neighbourhood of Belgrade, and his real name was George Petrovitsch. Whol- ly uneducated, he was possessed of natural talents and undaunted courage. At an early age he manifested a deadly hatred of the Turks. Having, at the head of a small troop, defeated them in many encounters, be formed the plan of liberating Servia, his country, from the Ottoman yoke. In 1800, he made himself master of Belgrade; and in 1806, after a severe struggle, he was acknowledged as Prince of Servia. He was, however, at length expelled, and he retired to Russia, where he was made a prince and general. In 1817, having again entered Servia, he was taken pris- oner and beheaded by the pacha of Bel* grade. D DACIER, Andrew, a critic of emi- nence, was born at Castres, in Upper Lan- guedoc, in 1651 ; was made perpetual sec- retary of the Academy in 1713; and died in 1722. Dacier was originally a catholic, but, with his wife, became protestant, in 1685. He translated Horace, Plutarch, Epictetus, and other ancient authors; and was an indefetigable and valuable commen- tator on the literary remains of antiquity. DACIER, Anne, a celebrated classical •cholar, the daughter of TanaquilleFevre, wa« bom at Saumur, in 1651. Her love of ancient lore was early manifested, and her talents were assiduously cultivated bv her father, who was professor at the uni- versity of Saumur. At the age of twenty- two she produced an edition of Callima- chus, which was so highly esteemed that she was intrusted with die editing of sev- eral of the Delphin classics. In 1683, she married M. Dacier, who had been educat- ed by her father. The rest of her life was spent in constant literary labour; often in conjunction with her husband. She died August 17, 1720. Among her aumeroui 208 OAL productions, translationa of Homer, Ana- creon, Sappho, and Terrjnce, are the most prominent. Madame Dacrer was an en- thusiiUtic- admirer of the ancient writers, in whom she could see nothing like a fault. Though deeply learned, she carefully avoid- ed in society the display of learning; and in all tlie relations of private life her con- duct was exemplary. DALECHAMPS, James, a botanist and physician, -was born at Caen, in L513; studied at Montpellier; and practised at Lyons till his decease in 1588. He ttans- lated Athenseus, Galen, Caelus Aurclianus, and other authors ; but the work by which he is best known is one which cost him the labour of many years — it is a History of Plants, in eighteen books. Plumier has given the name of Dalechampia to a genus of the Euphorbia family. DALE, Richard, an American naval commander, was born in Virginia in 1756. At twelve years of age he was sent to sea, and in 1776 he entered as a midshipman on board of the American brig of war Lexington. In the following year he was taken prisoner by a British cruiser, and after a twelve month confinement he es< caped from Mill prison, and succeeded in reaching France. Here he joined, in the character of master's mate, Uie celebrated Paul Jones, then commanding the Ameri- can ship Bon Homme Richard. He was Boon raised to the rank of first lieutenant, and signalized himself in the sanguinary engagement between the Bon Homme Richard and the English frigate Serapis. In 1794, the United States made him a captain in the navy, and in ISOl he took command of the American squadron which Bailed in that year from Hampton roads to the Mediterranean. From the year 1802, he passed his life in Philadelphia in tlie enjoyment of a competent estate, and much esteemed by his fellow citizens. He died in 1826, leaving the reputation of a brave and intelligent seaman. DALIN, Olaos Von, a Swede, Avas bom at Winberga, in Halland, in 1708, and died in 1763. He is called the Father of Swedish poetry. He Js the author of The Argus, on the plan of the Spectator, A General History of Sweden ; The Lib- erty of Sweden, a poem; the tragedy of Brunhilda; and many minor poetical pie- ces. Queen Louisa Ulrica erected a man- Eoleuni to his memory. DALLAS, Alexander James, was born in the island of Jamaica in 1759; and was educated at Edinburgh and West- minster. In 1783 he left Jamaica fur the DAL of the Onion. During this time he pw- pared his Reports, and was engaged ui various literary pursuits, writing^mjch in the periodical journals. He occupied suc- cessively the offices of secretary of Penn- sylvania; district attorney of the United States; secretary of the treasury, and sec- retary of war. On the restoration of peace in 1816, Mr. Dallas resigned his political situation, and resumed the successful prac- tice of his profession. His services as an advocate were called for in almost every part of the union, but in the midst ftf very flattering expectations he died at Treeton in 1817. DALLAS, Robert Charles, was born at Kingston, in Jamaica, and studied at the Inner Temple, but never embraced the legal profession. He died, in 1824, at Havre. He translated many works from the French; and is the author, among other things, of the novels of Perceval, Aubrey, The Morlands,and The. Knights; Miscellaneous Works and Novels; Miscel- laneous Writings ; Not at Home, a comedy ; and Recollections of Lord Byron. DALRYMPLE, Sir Da^ id, a lawyer and antiquary, was bom at Edinburgh in 1726; educated at Eton md Utrecht; called to the Scotch bar in 1748; became a judge of the court of session in 1766, od which occasion he took the title of Lord Hailei-i ; was appointed a judge of the jus- ticiary in 1776; and died in 1792. His knowledge of law and of antiquities was extensive, and he was in habits of friend- ship with the most eminent men of tlie age His principal works are. Annals of Scot- fend, two vols. 4to.; and Memorials, &c. relating to the History of Great Britain. DALRYMPLE, Sir John, a Scotch baronet, was for many years a baron of exchequer in Scotland. He died in 1810, at the age of eighty-four. He wrote vari- ous occasional pamphlets; but his princi- pal work is, Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, in three vols. 4to.; the first of which was published in 1771. It is a pro- duction of considerable merit; but it caused no small outcry against the author, in con- sequence of his having accused Sidney and Russel of having received bribes from the French ambassador. DALRYMPLE, Alexander, a cele- brated hydrographer, the son of Sir James Dalrymple, was born at New Hailes, near Edinburgh, in 1737; went to India, as a writer, in 1752, and remained there till 1763; resided there again from 1775 to 1780; was made hydrographer to tlie Ad- miialty and the India Company in 1795; and died in 1808. He is the author of United States, and settled in Philadelphia ; taking the oath of allejjiance to the PtatCimany works, among which are three Col- of Pennsylvania. In 1785 he was admit- ;lertit)ns of Voyages; The Oriental Repel- led to practise in tne Pupreme court of the tory; and a Memoir of a Map of the I^and ■tate.and id four or five years in the courts : round the North Pole. DAN DALTON, JoHir, a dirine and poet, was bom, in 1709, at Dean, in Cumber- land; was educated at Queen's College, Oxford; obtained a prebend in Worcester Cathedral, and the living of St. Mary Hill, London; and died in 1763. He wrote a volume of Sermons; Remarks on Raphael's Cartoons ; several poems (in Pearch's col- lection) ; and adapted Milton's Comus to the stage. DAMER, Anne Sethoitr, only child of Field-marshal Conway ,waa bom in 1748. Almost in childhood she imbibed a love of literature, and became highly accomplished. An accidental conversation with Hume, respecting some plaster casts, turned her attention to sculpture, and she took lessons from Ceraccbi and Bacon, and studied in Italy. She was also fond of dramatic amusements, and was an excellent amateur actress. She died May 28, 1808. The productions of her chisel are numerous, and do honour to her talent. Among them is a bast of Nelson, in Guildhall, and two co- lossal beads on Henley bridge. DAMM, Christian Tobias, a pro- testant theologian, and an excellent bellen- ist, was born at Letpsic in 1699, and died in 1778. He edited and translated various classical authors, and produced a New Greek Etyraolog^ical I time employed in the English mint, but resigned his office, and went to St. Petersburg. He died at Copenhagen, in 1759, while returning to London. His medals of illustrious men are remarkable not only for the beauty of the workmanship, but also for the correct- ness of the likeness. DAUBENTON, Louis John Mart, a French naturalist and anatomist, a native of Burgundy, was born at Montbar in 1716, and died at Paris in 1800. At the time of his death he was a member of the Senate and of the Institute. He was the friend and coadjutor of Buffon, and con- tributed all the anatomical details to the Natural History of that eloquent writer. He is the anther of Instructions to Shep- herds; A Methodical View of Minerals; and various other works. France is in- debted to him for the naturalization of Merino sheep. DAUBENY, Charles, bom in 1744, was educated at New College, Oxford; obtained a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, in 1784; was appointed archdeacon of Sarum in 1804; and died in 1827. Be- sides numerous Sermons and Charges, be is the author of A Guide to the Church, two vols. ; Vindiciae Ecclesiae Anglicanse; Remarks on the Unitarian Method of in- terpreting the Scriptures; and of' other works: and he contributed many theologi- cal articles to the Anti-Jacobin Review. At North Bradley, of which he was vicar, he built almshouses for twelve poor per- sons, an asylum for four aged and blind individuals, and a school-room; and the church at Rode was erected partly at his expense. DAUN, Leopold Joseph Mart, V Mint de, an Austrian field-marshal, was born at Vienna, in 1705. He served with applause against the Turks, and in the wars of Charles VJ. ; but it was his con- duct when opposed to Frederic of Prussia that raised him to the rank of a great gen- eral As Iicperial commander-in-chief he triun^phed over the Prussian monarch at DAV 211 compelled him to raise the sieges of Prague, Dresden, and Olmutz; not, how ever^ without himself sustaining severs defeats at Leuthen and Torgau lie died in 1766. DAVENANT, Sir William, tlie son of an innkeeper at Oxford, where he was born in 1605, was educated at Lincoln College; and, after having been in the service of the Duchess of Richmond and Lord Brooke, began to write* for the stage, and was employed in getting up masks to entertain the court. He was appointed poet laureat, and governor of the Drury Lane company. He fought -for Charles during the civil virars, and was knighted and made a lieutenant-general. Retiring afterwards into France, hejbecame a Roman catholic. Being taken by a par- liament vessel, while he was proceeding to Virginia, he was imprisoned, and would, it is said, have fallen a victim had he not been saved by Milton; an act of kindness which he returned at a later period. On the restoration of Charles TI. Davenant obtained a patent for a theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He died in 1668. His heroic poem of Gondibert, which he left unfinish- ed, contains much genuine poetry, but is deficient in sustained interest, and is writ- ten in an ill-chosen form of stanza. Talent is displayed in all his other poetical pieces, and in his dramatic works. DAVENANT, Charles, eldest son of the foregoing, was born in 1656; was edu- cated at Baliol College, Oxford ; and was successively joint inspector of plays, com- missioner of excise, and inspector general of exports and imports. Besi(& his works on political economy, which have been collected in five volumes 8vo., and contain much valuable information, he is the author of a tragedy called Circe, writ- ten when he was only nineteen, and acted with applause. DAVID, James Louis, a celel^rated French painter, was born at Paris, in 1750, and was a pupil of Vien. Before the revolution he had already acquired fame as an artist. The course of that event threw disgrace upon him as a man. He not only, as a member of the Convention, voted for the death of the king, but also became one of the blindest and wildest idolaters of Robespierre and Marat. Nor did his Jacobinical feelings cool for some years after the fall of his detestable idols. In 1800, however, Bonaparte appointed him painter to the government, and David seems to have thencefortli manifested no repugnance to seeing supreme power in the hands of a single individual. He was banished from France in 1816, and died at Brussels in December, 1825. His works are numerous, and they attest his splendid Kolliu, Hoc^ircheu, and other places, and I talents. Among them arv The Rape ol 212 DAV the Sabines, The Death of Socrates, The Coronation of Napoleon, and Mars dia- armed by Venus and the Graces. DAVID, George, an impoator, whose real name was John De Coman, was born at Delft, in Holland, in 1501, and was a painter of some eminence on glass. After having rendered himself notorious among the anabaptists, he set up a sect of his own, and pretended to be the Messiah. Absurd as were his pretensions, he had many followers. Being driven from Hol- land, he retired to Basil, where he died in 1556. His Book of Wonders and Book of Perfection have been characterized as " the melancholy monuments of the most absurd fanaticism.*' DAVIDSON, LucRETiA Maria, re- markable for an early display of great genius, was born at Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain, in 1808. When only four years of age, a number of her little books were found filled with rude sketches, and poetical ilhistrations of tliem, in the char- acters of the printed alphabet. She pos- sessed an eager thirst for information, and her frame was rapidly wasted by her con tinued intellectual application. She was of a singularly lovely person, with a pre- vailing expression of melancholy that was deeply interesting. She died before com- pleting her seventeenth year, in August. 1825. A volume of her poems, prefaced by a biographical sketch, was published in New York in 1829. DAVIE, William Richardson, gov- ernor of North Carolina, was born in England in 1756. He was brought to America at the age of six years, and received his education at Princeton, New Jeisey, where he was graduated in 1776. After pursuing for a 'short time the study of tlie law, he entered the army as a lieu- tenant in the legion of Pulaski, and dis- tinguished himself by his efficiency and courage as an officer. On the termination of the war, he devoted himself witli emi- nent success to the practice of the law. In 1787, he was chosen a delegate from South Carolina, to represent that state in the Convention which framed the Conetii tutioD of the United States. Unavoidable absence prevented him from affixing his name to that instrument. In 1790, be was elected Governor of North Carolina, and in 1799 was appointed one of the commis- sioners for negotiating a treaty with France. He died at Camden in 1820. He was a man of a dignified and noble person, cour< age as a soldier, and ability as a lawyer. DAVIES, Samoel, founder of the fimt presbytery in Virginia, was born in Delaware, in 1724. He entered the min- istry at an early a^, and soon distinguished himself by his talents and eloquence. In DAV Hall, but died after holding the office bnt a few months, in 1762. His sermons, in three volumes, 8vo. have been often repub- lished both in Great Britain and the United States. DAVIES, Sir John, a lawyer and poet, a native of Wiltshire, was born in 1570, at Tisbury, and studied at Queen*s Col lege, Oxford, and the middle Temple. From the latter his unruly temper occh- sioned his expulsion , but he was subsequent- ly restored. While he was excluded from the Temple he produced most of his noems, and they met with deserved applause On the accession of James I. Davies was em- ployed in Ireland, and filled the offices of attorney general and speaker of the Com^ mens' House. In 1620 he sat in theEng- lish parliament, and was just raised to the dignity of chief justice of England when he died, in 1626. His poems, particularly his Nosce teipsum, entitle him to hold a respectable station among the poets of his age; his prose work, on the situation of Ireland, proves him to have been a sound politician and an upright man. DAVIES, Dr. Snetd, a poet and di- vine, anativeof Shrewsbury, was educated at Eton, and King's Collie, Cambridge, and became a canon at Litchfield, master of St. John's Hospital in that city, arch- deacon of Derby, and rector of Kingsluw in Herefordshire. Dr. Davies is the au- thor of Vacuna, and other poems of merit, in the collections of Dodsley-and Nicholls. DAVIES, Thomas, a miscellaneous writer, born about 1712, and educated at Edinburgh, was twice an actor and twice a bookseller, in which latter capaci^ Dr. Campbell characterized him as '* a gentle- man who dealt in books." Though much respected by his numerous friends, he was not fortunate in trade. He died in 1785. He is the author of varions works, of which the principal are. The Life of David Garrick; and Dramatic Miscellanies. DAVILA, Henry Catherine, an historian, was born, in 1516, at Pieve del SaccD, in the Paduan territory, and was of an illustrious family. At the age of seven he was taken to France by his feUier, and was brought up there. After havin' been page to the queen mother, and served with reputation in the army, he returned to his native country, and held several high offices under the Venetian government He was assassinated at Crema in 1631. His History of the Civil Wars in France is one of the classical productions of the Italian language. DAVIS, John, an eminent nari^tor.a native of Devonshire, was born in the parit'h of Stoke Gabriel, near Dartmouth. He made three Voyi>ges to find out llw north-west passage, in the first of which, 1759 be was chosen president of Nassau iio 1585, he discovered the Straiu which DAV fltiH neftr hu name. He subsequently went with CaveDclish to |he South Sea, and afterwards niade several voyages to the East Indies, in the last of which he was itiUed, in 1605, off the coast of Malacca. lie is the author of The World's Hydro- graphical Description; and he invented a. quadrant, w^hich was superseded by that of HadlCT. DAVOtrST, Louis Nicholas, duke of Auerstadt, and prince of Eckmahl, was born of a noble ^imily, at Annoux in Bur- gundy, in 1770; studied at Brienne at the same time with Bonaparte; and entered the army in 1785. Having previously distinguished himself on various occasions, he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. He diu not, however, rise to his highest pitch of reputation till the campaigns of 1806 and 1809, in which he won the titles of marshal, duke, and prince. His conduct as governor of Hamburgh, in 1813 and 1814, excited a general liatred of him. In 1815, be was made minister of war by Napoleon; and he commanded the army which capitulated under the walls of Paris. He died in June, 1823. DAW nt DAVY, Sir HaMPHRT, the most emi- nent of chemists, was the son of a man who possessed a small landed property, and also followed the profession of a carver in wood; He was bom at Penzance, in Cornwall, December 17, 1778. The first tendency of his genius seems to have been towards poetry, for he began to write verses when only nine years old ; and, at a later period, he composed various pieces, among which was a spirited poem on the Land's End. Being, however, intended for the medical pn^easion, he was placed with an apothecary to obtain the needful initia- tory knowledge. But he had now given himself up to the study of chemistry, and was generally experimenting in the garret instead of mixing juleps, and on one oc- casion he produced an explosion, which so terrified his master that a separation took place. In his fifteenth year he be- came a pupil of Mr. Barlase of Penzance, to prepare for graduating as a physician at Edinburgh. By the tune that he was eighteen, he acquired the rudiments of botany, anatomy, and physiology: the minor branches of mathematics, metaphys- ics, natural philosophy, and chemistry: but it was to chemistir that his powers were principally directed. He now became acquainted with Mr. Davies Gilbert and Mr. Gregory Watt, and was by them in- troduced to Dr. Beddoes, who prevailed on him to suspend his design of going to Edinburgh, and to accept uie superinten- dence of the Pneumatic Institution at Bristol. It was while he was at Bristol that he made his experiments on Nitrous Oxide, which he published under the title of Researches Chemical and Philosophical. The fame which he thus acquired led to his being elected, in 1800, professor of chemistry at tbe Royal Institution. As a lecturer, his popularity was unbounded. In 1802, he was chosen to fill the profes- sorship to the Board of Agriculture; and the lectures whieh he delivered in this capacity were subsequently embodied in his Elements of Agricultural Chftmistrr. Having at his command all the " appliannoq and means" furnished by the powerful apparatus of the Royal Institution, Davy began and pursued that course of scientific investigation which has immortalized his name. The discovery of the metallic bases of the alkalies and earths, the creation of the science of electro-chemistry, the inven- tion of the safety lamp, and of the mode of preserving the copper sheadiing of ships, form only a part of his labours. In 1818 he was created a baronet, and in 1820 was elected president of the Royal Society. The presidency he resi^^ned in 1827, in consequence of tbe declining state of his health obliging him to travel. Unfortu- nately his constitution was too &r broken to be restored by a milder climate, and he died at Geneva, May 30, 1829. Besides the works already mentioned, Davy is the author of numerous papers in the Philo- sophical Transactions; and of Salinonia, or Days of Fly-fishing; and Consolations in Travel. They were bis last productions. DAVY, JoHV, a composer, was born at Upton Helion, in Devonshire, in 1765; and died in February, 1824. He was a pupil of Jackson, and his musical genius was manifested when he was yet little more than an infant. He composed the opera of What a Blunder; and parts of those of Perouse and the Brazen Mask, besides many songs. DAWES, Richard, a critic, bom in Leicestershire in 1708, received his edu- cation at Market Bosworth School, and Emanuel Hall, Cambridge ; became master of NewcjKtIe upon Tyne grammar sclioul, and df St. Mary's Hospital; and died in 1766. His Miscellanea Critica if a wolk of great erudition. tu DEC DEF DAY, Thomas, a man of a philanthrop- ic but most eccentric character, wa« born at London, in 1748; was educated at llie Charter House and at Corpus Christi Col- lege, Oxford; and was killed by a kick from a. horse, in September, 1789. The Devoted Legions; The Desolation of America ; and The Dying Negro (the last of which was written in conjunction with his friend Bicknell), stamp him a poet. Of his prose works, Sandford and Merton, and The History of Little Jack, have bC' come popular. DEANE, Silas, minister of the United States to the court of France, was born in Connecticut, and educated at Yale College. He was elected member of congress in 1774, and sent two years after as agent to France, but was snperseded, in 1777, and returned. Involved in suspicions from which he could not extricate himself, he lost his reputation, and returning to Europe, died in poverty in England in 1789. DEBURE, William Francis, bookseller and bibliographer, was born at Paris, in 1781, and died in 1782. He is tile author of a well known and useful work, in seven volumes octavo, called In- structive Bibliography, or a Treatise on the Knowledge of scarce and singular Books. DECATUR, Stefhen, a distinguished oAcer in the navy of the United States, was born in Maryland in 1779, and re- ceived his education in Philadelphia. He entered the navy in 1798, and first dis- tinguished himself when in the rank of lieutenant, by the destruction of the Amer- ican frigate Philadelphia, which had run upon a rock in the harbour of Tripoli, and fallen into the hands of the enemy. For this exploit, tlie American congress gave him a vote of thanks and a sword, and the president immediately sent him a captaincy. At the bombardment of Tripoli the next year, he distinguished himself by the cap- ture of two of the enemy's boats, which were moored along tlie month of the har- bour, and immediately under the batteries. When peace was concluded with Tripoli^ Decatur returned home in the Congress, and afterward succeeded commodore Bar- ron in the command of the Chesapeake. In the late war between Great Britain and the United States, his chief exploit was the capture of the British frigate Macedo- nian, commanded by captain Cardeiv In January, ^815, he attempted to sail from New-York, which was then blockaded by four British ships; but tlie frigate under his command was injured in passing the b'iir, and was captured by the whole squad- ron, after a running fight of two or three hou"s. He was restored to his country after the conclusion of peace. In the sum- mc' a the same year, h« w:w sent with a squadron to the Mediterranean, in order la compel tlie Algerines to desist from their depredations on American commerce. He arrived at Algiers on the twenty-eighth of June, and in less than forty-eight hours terrified the regency into -an entire acces- sion to all his terms. Thence he went to Tripoli, where he met with like success. On returning to the United States, he was appointed a member of the Board of Com- missioners for the navy, and held that office till March, 1820, when he was shot in a duel with Commodore Barron. He was a man of an active and powerful frame, and possessed a high degree of energy, sa^city, and courage. DECIUS, Cbeius Messius Quintus Trajands, a Roman einperor, was a native of Pannonia, born at Bubalia. The Emperor Philip gave him the government of Moesia, to put down a sedition in the legior;ti there ; but, either willingly or on compulsion, he joined the revofters, and dethroned his sovereign, A. D. 249. His first act of authority was a severe perse- cution of the Christians. He was slain in battle against the Goths, A, D, 261, aged fifty. DECKER, or DEKKER, Thoh*s, a dramatist of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., of whom nothing is known but that he was a prolific writer, and that he and Ben Jonson were' enemies. Jonson satirized him in his Poetaster, but Decker fully avenged himself by introducing liii antagonist into the comedy of Satiro- Mastix. Decker was, in truth, not an object of contempt. He sometimes wrote in conjunction with Middleton and Web> ster; but he is the sole author of about twenty plays, among which are Old For- tunatus, and The Honest Whore. The Gull's Horn Book, and other tracts, are also from his pen. DEE, John, a mathematician and as- trologer, was born in London, in 1627, studied at Cambridge, and took the de- gree of doctor of civil law at Louvain. On his return to England, he obtained church preferment. Queen Elizabeth used to visit him, and not only resorted to his astrolo- gical powers, but also employed him us a political agent. By the multitude he wai bated and j^ersecuted as a sorcerer. That, in conjunction with a man named Kelly, he professed to evoke spirits, is certain; he was likewise an alchemist. For nearly ten years subsequently to 1683, he resided on the continent; and, on his coming hack to England he was again patronised by Elizabeth. He died in 1608. Dee wrote several mathematical works, and was un- doubtedly a man of talents and learning. DEFFAND, Maria de Vichi Chaic. RODD, Marchioness du, a French lady, eminent for talent, especially in converu DEF lion, and for her intimacy with the literati of the age, was of a noble family, and was born in 1697. In her twentieth year she married the Marquis du Deflfand, from whom, however, she was sood separated. Her moral cohduct, till she was chilled by age and blindness, watr, in fact, highly reprehensible. Her selfishness, too, was ' extieme. Yet her house was the rendez- vous of all the wit and geams of the period in which she lived. At tSfly she lost her sight. She died in 1780. Her Corres- pondence with D'Alembert, Walpole, and others, has been published. DEFOE, Daniel, whose family name was Foe, was the son of a butcher, and was bom in London, in 16G1. He was brought up for the dissenting ministry, i)ut did not complete his clerical i.i*ucation. In 1685 he joined in Monmoutli^s rebellion, yet was fortimate enough to escape the fatal consequences. Previously t'> that event he had preluded as an author by pub- lishing a satirical pamphlet, called specu- lum CVapegownorum, and a Treatise against the Turks. Having secured his head, he entered into business, as a hosier, and also as a tile manuBiclurer, but he was not successful. His pen still continued to be active. To enumerate here even a hun- dredth part of his literary labours would be impracticable, as a mere catalogue of them occupies sixteen pages. Among the most prominent of his verse efforts may be placed his Trueborn Englishman, a satire, published in 1701. In i-ugged metre, but often with forcible thoughts and language, it reprehends the ingratitude which was manifested towards his political idol, Williara III. In 1702, when die high church tory party was displaying ita per- secuting spirit, Defoe brought out his ad- mirable ironical pamphlet. The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. The house of commons voted it a seditious libel, and a court of justice, or rather of injustice, sen- tenced him to be fined, imprisoned, and pilloried. 1o the l&st of these inflictions Pope has alluded in a line which disgraces only its author. Defoe, feeling that it is crime and not the scafibid that makes sham'^, pr^ured forth his feelings in a high spirited Hymn to the Pillory. While he was in confinement, he commenced The Review, a periodical which probably gave rise to the Tatler. At the end of two years he was released by Harley, and was employed on several confidential missions, particularly in contributing to efiect the . union with Scotland. Of the Union he afterwards published an excellent history. Towards the end of the reign of Anne he was again imprisoned for a work similar to The Shortest Way, and was again ex- tricated by Harley. On the accession of George I. Defoe was in ft manner pro- DEL 215 scribed by that very whig par^ c f which he had been one of the most strejiuous and able supporters. Disgusted with politics he turned his genius to other subjects. The first result of his labour was the Fam- ily Instructor. In 1719 he produced the inimitable Robinson Crusoe, which speedily became popular, and must ever remain so. It was succeeded by a crowd of other per- formances, among which stand prominent The Adventures of a Cavalier, A Journal of the Plague in 1665, The Political His- tory of the Devil, and a System of Magic It is a melancholy circumstance that, iii spite of his talents and industry, the latter days of Defoe were darkened not only by the misconduct of a son, but by the evils attendant on penury. He died. Insolvent, in the parish of Cripplegate, in April, 1731. He has been correctly described as " a man of the strongest natural powers, a lively imagination, and solid judgment, joined with an unshaken probity in his moral conduct, and an invincible integrity in his political sphere." DELAMBRE, John Baptist Joseph, an eminent French astronomer, a member of the Academy of Sciences and of the Institute, was born in 1749, at Amiens, and did not begin die study of astronomy till his thirty-sixth year, when he became a pupil of Lalande. He, however, rapidly acquired fame, and, in 1807, lie succeeded his master at the college of France. He died August 18, 1S22. Of his numerous and valuable works the most prominent are, A Complete Treatise of Theoretical and Practical Astronomy, three vols. 4to. ; and a Histo^ of Astronomy, five vols. 4to. DELANY, Patrick, D. D., a divine, was bom in Ireland, in 16S6, and died at Bath, in 176S. He was educated at Trin- ity College, Dublin, and obtained, frdm Lord Carteret, the chancellorship of Christ Clmrch, and a prebend in Saint Patrick's Cathedral. In 1744 he was promoted to be dean of Down. With Swifl he was intimately acquainted. Among his workv are. Sermons; a Life of David; Revela- tion examined with Candour ; Refiections on Polygamy; and Remarks on Orrery's Life of Swift. DELANY, Mary, the daughter of Lord Landsdown, and the widow of Mr Pendarves, was the second wife of Dr Delany, whom she married in 1743. She died in 1788. Mrs. Delany was a favour- ite of 0.ueen Charlotte, and enjoyed a pension of three hundred pounds &om the king. She possessed the talent of cuttmg out flowers from coloured paper with such exquisite art as almost to rival nature. In tliis way she formed a Flora of nearly a thousand subjects. DELI LLE, James, the most celebrated of modern f':%nch poets, was born a* 216 DEL DEM 4igue Perse, in 1738, and was the natiiral PKLOLME, John Louis, a native tA ion of a barrister, who lefl him obiy a' Geneva, was bom in 1745. For manv ^ ann^ty. At his outsel in life, Delille, though he had distinguished him- self at the colleee of Lisieux., was com- pelled to earn his subsistence by teaching children the rudiments of grammar at Beauvais College. His talentf), however, soon bettered his condition. By his trans- years he resided in Ebdland, in wliicu country all bis works wei^, published. lie, however, returned to Switzerland, and died there in 1807. His principal productions are, A History of the Flagellants; and The Constitution of England. The last of these acquired considerable popularity, and. ation of the Georgit^, in 1769, his fame I though by no means free from error, is wais established, and his admission was not undeserving of its reputation. gai'ned to the French Academy. His poem of The Gardens, in 1782, was equally suc- cessful. Delille accompanied Count Choi- seul Gouffier to Greece and to Constanti- nople ; and, on his return, became professor pf Latin poetry at the college of France, and of belles lettres at the university of Paris. In 1794 he emigrated, but went back in ISOl, and was chosen a member of the Institute. In his latter years he was blind. He died in 1813. Among his nu- merous works are,^tlie poems of tlie Three Reigns of Mature; Imagination; Misfor- tune and Pity; and translations of the Eneid, and of Paradise Lost. Delille was a man of talent, and possessed exquisite metrical skill, but he had no large share DELRIO, Martin Anthomt, a Je- suit, was born at Antwerp, in 1551, and rlied in 1608 Before he became a Jesuit, he filled several considerable offices in the Low Countries, and he subsequently taught philosophy, the languages, and theology. He had a knowledge of ten languages. The most remarkable of his works is that on Magic, which is curious, though strong- ly indicative of its author's gross credulity. Duchesne's abridged translation is pre- ferred to tlie original. DELUC, John Andrew, a natural philosopher, was bom at Geneva, in 1726, and came to England at the commence- ment of the reign of George III. Queen Charlotte gave him a pension, and ap- of creative genius: " It must be owned,'' pointed him her reader. He died in 1817. says a French critic,." that Delille, the He is the author of several works, among greatest of our versifiers, was deficient in I which are. Letters on the Origin and For- tbat enthusiasm, that mens divinaj which mation of the Earth; Elements of Geology; alone constitutes the poet." DELISLE, William, an eminent geo- grapher, was born at Paris, in 1675, and died in 1726. In 1711, his works obtain- ed for him admission into the Academy of Sciences; and, in 1718, a pension and the o0ice of chief historioerapher to the king. In the latter capacity he gave lessons to, and constructed various maps for, Louis %e Fifteenth. Besides his numerous maps, he produced several Memoirs, and a Trea- tise on the Course of all Rivers. DELISLE, Joseph Nicholas, a brother of William, was born at Paris, in 1688, and died there in 1768. He was eminent as a mathematiciaa and astrono mer. In 1724 he visited England, and met with a friendly reception from New- ton and Halley. In l'j'27 he was invited to Russia, as royal astronomer. There he resided for twenty-one years, and, while there, he established a nobie observatory, aud made many valuable observations. On his retivn to Paris he was appointed pro- fessor in the Royal College. Lalande and Meesier were among his pupils. Besides various Papers in Transactions, he is the author of Memoirs towards a History of Astronomv, two vols. 4to. and Memoirs on the new liiscoveries in the North Pacific, 4to. — His brother Louis, also an astrono- mer, who died at Kamstchatka, in 1741, is author of an Inquiry into the proper Mo- tion dl" Cin Fixei Stars, and Geological Travels in the North of Europe, &c.' DEMOCRITUS, a celebrated phiUiBO- pher, was the son of a rich citizen of Ah dera, and was born about 460 b. c. Leo- cippus was his master in philosophy; and in the course of his travels in Egypt, CSial- dea and Persia, and, perhaps, in Ethiopia and India, he ^eatl^ enlarged his stora of knowledge. Having spent, by travel- ling, all the fortune left him by his father, he returned to Abdera, poor in purse, hut rich in wisdom. Though at first slighted by his countrymen, he ultimately acquired their affection and reverence. He died in his hundred and sixth year. All his nu- merous works are lost. The atomic sys- tem originated with Democritus. He was also an experimental philosopher, and first taught that the light of the galaxy arisa from a multitude of stars. Many absurd stories are told of him, among which may be reckoned that of his perpetual laughter at human follies. DEMOIVRE, Abraham, was bom m 1677, at Vitri, in Champagne, and, on the revocation of the edict of Nantz, he settled in England, where he subsisted bv teach- ing the mathematics. As a calculator he was so skilful that his name has become almost proverbial. He died in 1754. The Doctrine of Chances is his best known production ; but he wrote also a work oB Annuities; Miscellanea Analytica; and DEM papers in the Philosophical Trans- DEMOSTHENES,whom his great Ro man rival calls " the most perfect of ora- tors," was the son of^a sword blade man- afacturer at Athens, and was born about 381 B. c. Left an orphan at seven years of age, he was ne^ected and cheated by his unworthy guardians. He, however, obtained the lessons of Plato and Euclid of Megara; and, having witnessed the ap- plause bestowed on Calfistratus, he became eager to win the palm of eloquence. With iocessaot care he laboured to rid himself of an impediment in his speech, and other liersonal defects, and to acquire self-confi- dence and grace of action. Isaeus was his preceptor in the rhetorical art. His first trial of his powers was in an action against bis guardians, for their misconduct, and he was completely successfiil. A nobler field was soon opened to him. During the Phocinn and Olynthian wars he opposed with admirable talent and vigour the de- signs of Philip of Macedon. But in the field he was seen to less advantage than in the popular assembly. At the battle uf Cheronsea he displayed a woeful deficiency of personal courage. Still he retained his influence at Athens, and foiled his accuser ^schines, till, at length, being found guil- ty of accepting bribes, he fled to Egina. A new Greek confederacy against Alace- don being, however, projected, he was re- called and triumphantly received at Athens. But the victory of Antipater soon destroyed the new born hope of freedom, and De- m;>athenes became the victim. He sought an asylum in the temple o^ Neptune, at Calauria, and, finding it was intended to force him away, hb took poison, and died at the foot of the altar, B. c. 322. DEMOUStlER, Chari.£s Albert, a French writer, was born at Villers Cote- ret, in 1760, and died there in 1801. By U£ father's side he was descended from Hacine, and by the mother's fr ology of Deurhoff, two volumes quarto, and a first volume of The Metaphysics of. Deurhoff. The latter was published in 1717, in which year he died. DEVEREUX. See Essex. DEVONSHIRE, Georgiaha CAV- ENDISH, Duchess of, a female who was remarkable for talents as well as beauty, was the eldest daughter of Earl Spencer, ' and was born in 1767. In her seventeenth year she married the Duke of Devonshire. "She died March 30, 1806. Of her poeti- cal compositions only a few have seen the light, among which are Zephyr and the Storm, and Verses on the Passage of the St. Gothard. They are elegant and ani- mated. DEWES, Sir Simonds, an antiqnair, born at Coxden, in Dorsetshire, in 1692, was educated at St. John's College, Ox- ford ; and was created a baronet by James the First, but in the Long Parliament he espoused the popular cause. _He died in 1650. His principal production is. The Journals of the Parliaments during the reign of Elizabeth. DE WITT, John, an eminent and en- lightened Dutch statesman, the son of a burgomaster of Dort, was born in 1626. He was educated at his native place, and, in his twenty-third year, published an ex- cellent mathematical work, the Elements of Curve Lines. After having been pen- sionary of his native city, he was chosen pensionary of Holland. In the latter capacity he concluded a peace witlrCroin- well, by one article of which the family of Orange was excluded from the stadt- holdership. This article was afterwards converted into a law under the title of the Perpetual Edict. His death was eventually the result of this measure. For some years he filled his high office with appro- bation, but, in 1672, when Holland was H French dramatic writer, was born at invaded by the French, he and his brother Tours, in 1680, and died at Paris, in 1754. 1 Cornelius were murdered by the populac* DIB in consequence of their having opposed the placing of the supreic.3 authority in the hands of the prince of Orange. DEXTER, Samuel, an eminent Amer- ican lawyer and etatesman, was born in Boston in ITGlr He received his educa- ticAi at Harvard College, where he was graduated with honour in 1781. Engaging in the study of the law, he soon succeeded in obtaining an extensive practice. He enjoyed successively a seat in the state legislature, and in the house of represen- tative* and senate of the United States; and in each of these stations he secured a commanding influence. During the ad- ministration of Mr. Adams, he was appoint- ed secretary of war, and of the treasury^ but on the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the presidency, he resigned his public employments, and returned to the practice of his profession. For many years he was extensively employed in the courts of Mas- sachusetts, and in the supreme court of the United States, where he was almost with- out a rival. He died suddenly at Athens, New-York, in 1816. Mr, Dexter was tall, muscular and well formed. His eloquence was clear, simple and cogent: and his poft'ers were such as would have made him eminent in any age or nation. DIAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese navigator, one of the household of John II. of Portugal, was intrusted with the com- mand of two small vessels, in 1486. With these he succeeded in pushing far beyond his predecessors, and discovering the Cape of Good Hope, which he named the Cape of'Tempests. The king, however, |aTe it the more auspicious name which it still bears. Diaz perished in a storm, off the Cape, in 1500. DIBDIN, Charles, bom about 1748, at Southampton, was the son of a silver- smith, and was educated at Winchester school, with a view of providing for him in the church. The love of music, how- ever, seduced him from clerical pursuits, and, at the age of sixteen, after having failed in obtaining a situation as a village organist, he took up his abode in London, For some years he was at once a com- poser for the stage and an actor, and ic Doth capacities was applauded. His first effort was a comic opera, called the Shep- herd's Artifice, written and set by himself, which was brought out at Covent Garden, in 1765. In the course of thirty years, he produced about fifty pieces of a similar kind. For two seasons he was manager of tlie Circus. He then established an entertainment, in which he was the sole performer; sinking his own songs, accom panying himself on the piano, and con necting the songs by prose. Under various names his entertainment was popular for ft long Mriod. J>ibdin also, for a while. Die 221 enjoyed from government a"* pension of two hundred pounds, but lost it on a change of administration. In the closing years of his life he would have suffered all the ills of poverty, had not a pubscrip- tion been raised to purchase for him an annuity. He died in 1814. Besides his dramatic pieces, he produced many works, among which are three novels; a History of the Sta^; his Professional Life; and A Musical Tour. His songs, of which he wrote thirteen or. fourteen hundred, fona his best title to &me. Of such a number many are of course below mediocrity, but very many are of a superior order. His sea songs, in particular, are unrivalled, and give him a fair claim to be considered as the British naval lyrist. DICKINSON, John, a celebrated po- litical writer, was bom in Mar^and in 1732, and educated in Delaware. He pur- sued the study of law, and practised with success in Philadelphia. He was soon elected to the state legislature, and distin- guished himself as an early and efficient advocate of colonial rights. In 1TC5 he was appointed by Penuff^lyania a delegate tathe first congress, held at New York, and prepared the draft of the bold resolu- tions of that body. His celebrated Farm- er's Letters to the Inhabitants of the Bri- tish Colonies were issued in Philadelphia in 1767; they were reprinted in London with a preface by Dr. Franklin, and a French translation of them was published at Paris. While in congress, he wrote a large number of the most able and eloquent state papers of the time, and as an orator he had few superiors in that assembly. He conscientiously opposed the declaration of independence, and his opinions upon this subject rendered him for a time unpopular, but they did not permanently affect his re- putation and influence. He was afterwards a member of congress and president of Pennsylvania and Delaware, successively. He died at Wilmington in 1808. Mr. Dickinson was a man of a strong mind, great knowledge and eloquence, and much elegance of taste and manners. DICKSON, Adam, a Scotch divine and agriculturist, was a native of East Lo- thian, and was for twenty years minister ■of Dunse, in Berwickshire, whence he re- moved into his native coun^. He died of a fall fi-om his horse in 1776. He is the author of a Treatise on the Agriculture of the Ancients — one of the best works on the subject; and also of a Treatise on Agriculture, in two volumes, DICKSON, J AMES, a botanist, a native of Scotland, died in London, in 1822. He was one of the founders of the Linnaean Society, and a vice-president of the Horti- cultural Society. Dickson commenced life as a working gardener, and rose by his 222 DID own exertions. Besides several papers in Transactions, he is the author of Fasci- culi Quatuor Ftantarum Cryptogamicamm Britanniae. DICaUEMARE, James Frahcis, a naturalist, was born at Havre, in 1733, and died in 1789. He was a man of di versified talent. Besides having thrown so much light on the history of marine in- vertebral animals, as to gain the title of " the Confidant of Nature/' he had con- siderable merit as a painter, furnished some charts to the Oriental Neptune, and possessed a knowledge of astronomical and nautical science. DIDEROT, Denis, born in 1713, at Langres, in Champagne, was the son of a cutler. He was educated by the Jesuits, and was designed for the church, and, sub- sequently, for the law. Both, however, were rejected by him, and he entered on the career of literature at Paris. Trans- lating was his earliest resource, and Stan- jan*s History of Greece was the work with which he began. His Essay on Merit and Virtue was his first original production. It was succeeded, in 1746, by his Philosoph- ical Thoughts, which the parliament of Paris condemned to the flames, and, by so doing, insured its popularity and that of the author. They were reprinted, under the title of A New Year's Gifl ibr Free- thinkers. Long afterwards, he added a second part, in which bis atheistical prin- ciples were less carefiilly concealed. The same principles in bis Letter on the Blind causedhim to be imprisoned for nearly four months at Vincennes. Diderot now formed the plan of that extensive under- taking The Encyclopaedia. On this Dic- tionary, the first two volumes of which appeared in 1751, he was engaged for many years. The department of arts and trades, the history of ancient philosophy, and numerous other articles, were contri- buted by him. While he edited this com- pilation, his pen waa also busily employed on vnrious original compositions, some of which are repugnant to decency. Pover^ would, nevertheless, have embittered his latter days had not Catherine of Russia extended to him an efficient patronage. Diderot visited Saint Petersburgh in 1773, and remained there for some months. He died July 30, 1784. His works form 15 vols. 8vo. Diderot was a man of great talent, and extensive knowledge ; but his style, though sometimes eloquent, has many defects, and his sentiments are too often deserving of the severest reprobation. DIDIUS JULIANUS SEVERUS, an ephemeral imperor of Rome, born A. D. 133, was a man of rank, and of some tal- ent, having been consul general of an Dia bands put up the empire to auction, and tt was purchased by Didius. He, however, enjoyed his new dignity but two month* and five days, for he was slain by the sol* dieryj in order to make their peace widi Severus. DIDOT, Fbascts Ambrose, one of the most celebrated of modern printers, was born at Paris, in 1730, and died there in 1804. He raised the typographical art in France to the highest point of perfection; established a foundry, in which he cast types of great beauty; invented various instruments to give correctness to the letters; improved printing presses and stereotype ; and spared no pains to render wholly free from errors the editions which he published. DIDYMUS, a native of Alexandria, the son of a salt fish seller, was sumamed the Grammarian, and also, from his unremit- ting studies, Chalcentrea, or the Brazen Bowelled. He lived under the reign of Augustus, and was certainly the most fer- tile, probably the weakest, of writers, for the number of his works is variously esti- mated at from three thousand to six thou- sand. They have all perished. DIEMEN, AsTHONT VAN,a son of the burgomaster of Cuylenberg, in Holland, was bom in 1593. Having failed in trade, he went to India as a cadet. There, the beauty of bis handwriting procured him admission into a government office, and, in the course of a lew years, he rose to be governor-general. That high office he filled with honour to himself and advan- tage to bis country. He died in 1646. Tasman, the navigator, whom he sent on a voyage of discovery, in 1642, gave the name of his employer to a part of New Holland. DIEZ, JoHS Martih, commonly known by the name of the Empecinado, was born in 1775, in the province of Valladolid, in Spain, was the son of a peasant, and served in the Spanish army during the war against France from 1792 till 1795. In 1808, he was one of the very first, if not the first, who set on foot the guerrilla warfare against the armies of Napoleon. He was successful in numberless engage- ments, and rose to the rank of brigadier- general. This gallant and patriotic oflicer was desirous to secure tlie freedom as well as the independence of his country, and was, in consequence, put to an ignominious death by his ungrateful sovereign, August 18, 1825. DIGBY, Sir Kekelm, the eldest son of Sir Everard, who suffered for partici- pating in the gunpowder plot, was born, in 1603, at Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, and was educated at Gloucester Hall, Ox- army, and vanquisher of the Catti. Afler ford. On his return from his travela he the murder of Pertmax, the Pr«torian I waa knighted by James I. By Charln L DIN he was appointed to several offices. In 1G28, some disputes having arisen with the Venetians, he sailed with a small squadron to the Levant, defeated their fleet at Scan- deroon, and rescued many prisoners from the Algennes. At the commencement of the civil war he was imprisoned by the parliament, but was released in 1643. Be- tween that period and the Restoration his time was spent partly in France, and partly in England, and mnch of it was devoted to study. When the Royal Society was es- tablished, he was appointed one of its council. He died in 1665. Digby was originally a protestant, but became acatho* ic in 1636. He was brave^ learned, and eloquent, but somewhat of a visionaiy, and was a believer in occult qualities. I^s Krincipal worKs are, A Treatise of the Fature of Bodies; a Treatise declaring the Operations and Nature of Man's Soul ; ind Peri[ratetic Institutions. The corpus- sularphilosophy was that which he adopted. DILLENIUS, John Jahes, an emi- cent botanist, bom at Darmstadt, in 1687, was educated at Giessen as a physician. His first botanical work was A Catalogue of the Plants of Gies^n, with plates. Wil- liam Sherard brought him to England, in 1721, where Dillenius published an en- larged edition of Ray's Synopsis; the Hortus Elthamensis; and HistoriaMusco- rum; all illustrated with plates admirably drawn and engraved by himself. He died in 1747. -Dillenius is considered as the father of cryptogamic botany. DILLON. See Roscommon. DIMSDALE, Baron Thomas, the «)n| of an apothecary at Theydon Gemon, in Essex, was born in 1712, and settled at Hertford as a medical practitioner, and took his degree io 1761. Such waa his superiority as an inocnlator, that the Em- press Catherine invited him to Russia, paid him magnificently for his services, and gave him the title of baron. On his return to England he opened a banking house, and also became a member of par- liament. He died in 1800. He published a Treatise, and Tracts, on Inoculation DINEZ DA CRUZ, Anthony, the most eminent of modern Portiign^^ Ijrric poets, was born at Castelho de Vide, in T730, and died at Rio de Janeiro, about the end of the last century. Pindar was his model. Besides his Odes, Dioez wrote an heroic poem, and a great number of erotic pieces, epistles, sonnets, and idylls. DINOCRATES, or DINOCHARES, a Macedonian architect, who proposed to Alexander to cut Mount Atbos into a statue of that monarch. Alexander em- ployed him more usefully in building Alex- andria. Dinocrates also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus. He died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptolemy. | DIG 223 DIO, or DION CASSIUS, whose real name appears to have been Cassias Dion Cocceianus, was bom at Nicaea, in Bithy- nla, .ibout the end of the second century. He was twice consul, and governed i^irious provinces. Retiring to his native country, he died ac the age of seventy. He wrote, in eight books, a Roman History, of which more than half is unfortunately lost. piO CHRYSOSTOM, a Greek rhetp- rician and philosopher, was bom, in the first '■^ntury, at Prusa, in Bithynia, and resided at Rome for many years. He was, however, obliged to ^ to Thrace, to avoid being put to death by Domitian; but, after the death of the tyrant, be re- turned to Bithynia. He died at an advanced age. His eighty orations, which are extant, ar$ remarkable for purity and simplici^ of style. DIOCLETIAN, Caius Valkrius AuRELios, Emperor of Rome, was bom at Dioclea, or Doclea, in Illyria, of hum- ble parents. After having served with applause under Aurelian, Probus, and Ca- ms, and been consul, he was raised to the liirone by the soldiery, A. D. 284, on the death of Numerian. He reigned giorionsly for eighteen years, excepting his persecu- tion of the Christians ; and then, tired of pomp, he abdicated, and retired toSalona, where he built a palace. He died, a. d. 313 DIODORUS SICULUS, a Greek his- torian, who flourished in the fourth centnry, was bom at Agyrium, in Sicily, and tra- velled into most of the provinces of Europe and Asia, and also into "Bgypt. He after- wards settled at Rome, llie result of his •studies and researches was. An Universal History, in forty books, of which only fifteen are extant. Erroneous in its chro- nology, and often fabulous or trivial in its details, we must, nevertheless, regret that so much of it is lost. DIOGENES, surname^ the Cynic, a Greek philosopher, was bom B. c. 413, at Sinope, in Pontus. He accompanied his father to Athens, and became a pupil of Antisthenes, and appears to have carried to its highest pitch the ^^nical doctrine of his teacher. Even the conveniences of life he held in utter contempt. Some of the stories, however, which are told of him, such as his living in a tub, and his open indecency, are of very doubtful an- tbority. That man^ of his saying and replies were full of*^ point and spirit is certain. At an advanced period of his life he was taken by pirates, and sold to Xeniades, a Corinthian, who intrusted him with the education of his son. This tasK he executed admirably — a circumstance whic^h affords a presumptive proof of the falsehood of many things that are laid to his charge. It was during bis residenoa 224 DIT at Corinth that occurred his famous inter- vl6w with Alexander the Great. He died in that city, in his ninetieth year. None of his writings have been spared by time. DIOGENES, Laertios,so called from his birthplace, Laerta or Laertes, in Cilicia, is believed to have lived under the reigns of Septimius Severua and Caracalla. No- thing of Kis history is known. He is the author of hivea or the Philosophers, in ten books DIONYSIUS of Halicarnassos, an ancient critic and historian, was born at Halicarnassus, in Caria. Of his life no- thing is known, but that he went to Rome, A. D. 30, and spent twenty-two years in that city. He is the author of Koman An^ tiquitiea, of which only a part is extant; and of a Treatise, on the Arrangement of Words; on the Eloquence of Demosthe- nes ; and on other subjects. DIONYSIUS, an ancient geographer, was called Feriegetes^ from his poem in Greek verse, intitled Feriegeses, or Sur- vey of the Worlds was a native of Alex- andria, in Susiana, and is believed to have lived, about a. D. 140. His work was commented upon by Eustathius ; and translated into Latin by Friscianus and others. - pIOFHANTUS, a native of Alexan- dria, the period of whose existence is doubtful, some placing it before and others after the Christian era, was a famous ma- thematician, whom the ancients classed with Fythagoras and Euclid If not the inventer of algebra, he ia at least the au- thor of the oldest extant treatise on it. He is said to have lived to the age of eighty- four. -DIOSCORl^DES, pEDANius, an an- cient physici^an and botanist, was born at Anazarba, in Cilicia. Some suppose him to have lived in the time of Nero; others, in that of Adrian. He is the author of a work, in Greek> on the Materia Medica, in twenty-four books, of which only five have been preserved. DIFPEL, John Conrad, a German chemist and physician, who in some of his writings took the name of Christianus Democritus, was born, in 1672, at Frank- enstein, in Hesse, and was the son of a Lutheran minister. Renouncing the pro- testant religion, he published against it two abusive works. For many years he led a wandering life, was more than once impriijoned, and was expelled from various countries. In pursuing his alchemical re- searches, he discovered Prussian blue, and the animal oil which bears his name. Though he had prophesied that he would not die till 1808, he took leave of the world in 1734. His works form three rolumes qiiarto. DITTON, HoMPHRY, a geometrician. DO0 born in 1675, at Salisbury, was originally a dissenting minister; button the recom- mendation of Sir Isaac Newton, became mathematical master at Christ's Hospital, wlHch situation he held till his decease, in 1715. In conjunction with Whiston, he formed ascheme for discovering the longir tude, and thus brought on himself a filthy and foolish lampoon from Swift; which, poor as it was, is said to have preyed on his mind and caused his death. He pub- lished The Institution of Fluxions, and other works. DODD, Dr. William, a native of Lin- colnshire, was born at Bourne, in 1729, and wa3^ educated at Clare Hall, Cam- bridge. While at college, he produced his version of Callimachus. Having taken orders, he settled in London, became a popular preacher, and obtained valuable church preferment. But Dodd was vain, extravagant, and not nice in hie expedi^ ents to accomplish his purposes. He en- deavoured to procure by bribery the living of St. George's Hanover Square, and for this criminal attempt he was struck ofi^ the list of king's chaplains. Pressed by his necessities, be next ventured on a more dangerous step, which proved fatal. He forged a bond on his former pupil, the earl of Chesterfield, and for this crime he suffered in 1777, notwithstanding the stren- uous efforts which were made to save him. Among his numerous works may be men- tioned. Sermons, 4 vols.; Thoughts in Prison; Sermons to Young Men, 3 vols.; A Commentary on the Bible, 3 vols, folio; Reflections on Death; and The Sisters, a novel. DODD, Ralph, a civil engineer ^of great talents, a native of Northumberland, was the projector of the Vauxhall Bridge, the South Lambeth Waterworks, the Graves- end Tunnel, the, Surrey Canal, and many other public works. He also wrote an Account of the principal Canals ; Reports on the Gravesend Tunnel ; Letters on the Improvement of the Port of London; and Observations on Water. He died, in a state of penury, at Cheltenham, in 1822, in his sixty-second year. DODD, George, a civil engineer, the son of the foregoing, inherited his father's talents, and, like his father, was unfortu- nate. He died . in 1827, at tlie age of forty-four. He was the planner, and for a while the resident engineer, of the Strand Bridge; and was likewise the projector of the steam passage boats from the metro- polis to Margate and Richmond. DODDRIDGE, Sir John, an English judge and writer, was bom, in 1555, at Barnstaple, in Devonshire ; was educated at Exeter College, Oxford ; became one of the judges of the King's Bench in 1613; and died m 1628. Among other works^ DOO fce vinrote A History of the Principality of Wales, Duchy of Corhwall, and Earldom of Chester j the Lawyer's Liglit ; The English Lawyer; and The Law of Nobil- ity and Peerage. DOL S2S DODDRIDGE, Philip, born in the metropolis, in 1702, was the son of a trades- man, who was of the same family as the judge. He was educated for the dissenting ministry, by Mr. John Jennings of Kib- worth. In 1722, he became minister at Kibworth, whence, in 1725, he removed to Market Harborough. At the latter place, in 1729, he opened an academy, but transferred it, in the same year, to Northampton, on being appointed pastor of a congregation at that town. He died at Lisbon, of a pulmonary complaint, in 1756. Doddridge was a pious and bene- volent man, of am^legant and highly gifted mind. His works are numerous; the principal of them are, Sermons ; A Life of Colonel Gardiner ; The Family Exposi- tor, 6 vols. 4to. ; and his Correspondence ; thp. last of which has 'been recently pub- lished. DODINGTON, George Bdbb, a statesman, is said by some to have been the son of an apotliecary, and by others, of a gentleman of fortune. He was born, in 1691, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at New College, Oxford ; and suceeeded to a large «state on the death of a maternal- uncle, whose name he assumed. Being at his outset a supporter of Sir Robert Walpole in parliament, he was appointed a lord of the- treasury j and clerk of the pells in Ire- land. He, however,' deserted the minis- ter, and then deserted his new friends, to become a partisan of the prince of Wales. Iv 1761, he was created Lord Melcombe, and he died in the following- year. Dod- ington was generous, witty, prepossessing in private life, and gifted with no mean talents; but, as a politician, he is " damn- ed to everlasting fame," by his profligate dereliction of all Honourable principles. Irrefragable proof for his conviction is fiimished by his Diary. DODOENS, or DODON^US, Rem- BERT, a botanist and physician, was born lot at Mechlin, in the Netherlands, in 1517j studied at Lonvain ; became physician to Maximilian II. and Rodolph II,; and died professor of physic at Leyden, in 1685; His principal work is a General History of Plants, in thirty books, with the title of Pemptades. DODSLEY, Robert, was born, of humble parents, at Mansfield, in Netting- harashire, in 1703, and, after having been a stocking weaver, became footman to the Hon. Mrs. Lowther. The profits arising from a volume of his poems, published by subscription, under the title of The Muse in Livery, and from the success of a dra- matic piece, called The Toy Shop, which Pope patronised, enabled Dodsley to com- mence business as a bookseller in Pall Mall. By trade he rose to eminence and fortune ; still, however, eontinuihg bis lit- eraiy pursuits. He died in 1764. Dods- ley is the author ofCleone, a tragedy; four dramatic entertainments; mahy po- ems ; and the Economy of Human Life. DODWELL, Henrt, a critic and the- ologian, born at Dublin in 1641, and edu- cated at Trinity Gbllege, was chosen Cam- den professor of -history at Oxford, in 1688 ; but, being a nonjuror, he lost his office at the Revolution. He died in 1711. Dodwell was a learned and a virtuous man, but ^addicted to paradoxes, and such a perfect ascetic that, during three days in the week, he refrained almost wholly from food. Of his mahy works the most curi- ous is. An Epistolary Discourse, in which he labours to prove, firom the Scriptures, ''that the soul -is a principle naturally mortal, but immortalized actually by the pleasure of God." ' DOLCI, Carlo, a painter, born at Florence, in 1616, was a pupil of Vignale, and when only eleven years old he pro- duced' an excellent whole length of St. John. He died in 1686. Dolci delighted in sacred subjects, and his pictures are re- markable for grace, delicsLcy, and high finishing.' His daughter, Agnese, was an artist' of merit, but succeeded best in copying her father's productions. DOLGORUCKI, Prince John Mi- CHAELoriTscH^ a Russian noble, was born at Moscow, in 1764, and died in 1824. In early life he served, with hon- our, several campaigns against the Turks and Swedes ; and at a later period he fiUed several important offices. He was learned and accomplished. - As a poet, he excelled in satires and epistles. The best edition of his works appeared at Moscow in 1819, with the title of The State of my Mind. DOLLOND, John, born atSpita fields, in 1706, was for some years a siikweaver ; but, after having studied mathematics and astronomy, he began business as an opti- cian, along with his eldest soiif Peter. H« 228 DOM died in 1761 Dollond invented the achro- matic object g.ass for telescopes, and the application o the micrometer to reflecting telescopes, and furnished various papers to the Philosophical Transactions. — Peter, born 1730, died 1820, was an improver of tlie telescope and of Hadley's quadrant, and inventor of an equatorial instrument for correcting errors from refraction. DOLOMIEU, Deodatds Gut Stl- VANus Tancred Gbatet de, a French geologist and mineralogist, the son of a noble, was bom in Dauphine in 1760, and entered into the order of Malta. Afler having travelled, for scientific purposes, in various parts of Europe, he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. On his return he fell into the hands of the Neapolitan sove- reign, by whom he was imprisoned for twenty-one months, and treated in the most brutal manner. Sir Joseph Banks obtained the release of Dolomieu in 1801, but the captive's health was mined, and be died in the same year. Among his works are, Mineralogical Philosophy; a Voyage to the Lipari Islands ; a Memoir on the Earthquake in Calabria; and a Voyage to the Fonza Islands. DOMAT, or DAUMET, Johk, an eminent French lavryer, was bora, in 162S, at Clermont, in Auvergne ; in the court of which city he became king's advocate. He died at Paris, in 1695, in humble circum- stances ; his modesty, simplicity, and dis- interestedness, having prevented him fi^om pushing himself forward in the world. His great work. The Civil Laws in their Nat- ural Order, consist of five quarto volumes. DOMENICHINO, a painter, whose real name was Dominic Zampieri, was bom, in 1681, at Bologna, and was a pu- pil of Denis Calvart and of the Caracci. Though his progress at first was so slow that his fellow pupils ridiculed his dul- ness, yet he rose to a high rank among the first class of artists. For expression. Poos- sin declared him to have no superior. By Gregory XV. he was made chief architect of me apostolical palace. He died in 1641. Among his finest works are, The Communion of St. Jerome, The Death of St, Agnes, and The Cure of the Demoniac Boy. DOMINIC DE GUSMAN, a Roman Catholic saint, was born, in 1170, at Cal- ahorra, in Old Castile, and studied at the university of Palencia. After having vain- ly endeavoured to convert the Albigenses, he prompted and took an active part in a sangumary crusade against them. He died in 1221, and was canonized in 1234. Dominic established the order of Domini- can monks, and invented the devotion of the rosary. DOMITIAN, Titus Flavius, a Ro- nan wnpcrur, the second ton of Vespasian, DOR was bom at Rome, a. d. 61, and suceeed ed his brotlier Titus, A. D. 81. In the early part of his reign he governed well, and his arms obtained some success. He soon, however, threw off the mask of vir- tue, and became one of the most cruel and abandoned of the imperial tyrants. He was at length assassinated, in the forty- fifth year of his age. DONATELLO, whose real name was DONATO, was born at Florence in 1383, and died in 1466. He was the best sculp- tor of his age. His principal statues and basso relievos are at Florence, Genoa, and Padua. Among them are statues of St. George, of Judith, and of St. Mark. While looking at the last of these works, Michael Angelo exclaimed, " Mark, why dost thou not speak to mel" Donatello was one of the most liberal of men. His money he put into a basket, which hung in his room, and firom this all his workmen and friends were allowed to supply their wants. DONNE, Dr. John, a divine and poet, the son of a Roman Catholic merchant of London, was born in 1573; studied at Oxford, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn; became a protestant, and was made secre- tary to lord chancellor EUesmere ; but lost his situation, and was imprisoned, for marrying the chancellor's niece. After having long been in confined circumstances, and unable to obtain promotion, he took orders by the advice of James I., who im- mediatefy appointed him "one of his chap- lains. Donne now prospered; for he was chosen preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and had two benefices given to him, and the deane- gof St. Paul's. He died in 1623. By onne was commenced that school of poe- try which Johnson denominates the meta- physical. His poems, though they abound with ideas, which are often beautiful, and often forcible, are so mggedly versified as at times to preserve scarcely the semblance of metre. In prose, Donne is the author of Sermons ; The Pseudo-Martyr ; Biatha- natos; and other works. DORAT, or DAURAT, Johk, a French poet, was born, in 1607, in the Limousin, and died in 1588. He was pro- fessor of Greek at the Royal College, and .has the merit of having done much to re- vive Greek literature in France. Of Greek and Latin verses he is said to have ivritten above fifty thousand ; and his French po- ems procured him a place in what was called the Pleiad, consisting of the seven most celebrated living poets. His verses, however, are but indinerent. Charles IX made him poei laureat. DORAT, Claude Joseph, a poet, was born at Paris in 1734, and died in 1780. His works, consisting of tragedies, comedies, and every species of poeti*y, to- gether with romances, occupy twenty vol DOR imes They were at one time exceeding- ly popular; they are now almost as much neglected. Some of them, however, arc much above mediocrity, particularly a part of his fables, epistles, and fugitive pieces; his tale of Alphonso; and his poem on Declamation. DORIA, Andrew, a Genoese noble and warrior, was born at One^lia, in 1468. After having distinguished himself in the service of various Italian princes, and of his own country, he entered into that of Francis I. of France. In the hope of ameliorating the situation of his native land, Doria aided the French to become masters of Genoa; but, finding that he had failed in his object, he joined with the Imperialists to expel them. When his purpose was effected, he refused to accept the sovereignty, and his grateful fellow cit- izens honoured him with the title of "the Father and Defender of his Country." Af- ter having performed many other exploits, he died in 1560. P'ORLEANS,PETERjosEPH,a French historian, a member of the society of Je- suits, was born at Bourges in 1644, and died in 1698. He was for some years a professor of literature in various colleges, ind subsequently a preacher. His princi- »al works are, A History of the Revolutions jf England, three vols. 4to. ; and a His- iory of the Revolutions of Spain, three fols. 4to. DORSET, Thomas SACKVILLE,earl ^, a son of Sir Richard Sackville, was x>m at Withyam, in Sussex, in 1527; was educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and the Temple ; and was created Lord Buckliurst nfter his return from his travels. He was, mccessively, ambassador to Holland, chan- fsellor of Oxford, and lord treasurer; and received the title of Dorset and the order ftf the garter. He died in 1608. He wrote be highly poetical Induction tc the Mirrour Air Magistrates, and the Complaint of Hen- y Duke of Buckingham; and, in conjunc- aon with Norton, the tragedy of Ferrex ■-nd Porrex, or Gorboduc. DORSET, Chari.es SACKVILLE, ,arl of, a descendant of the foregoing, was oorn in 1637. He was a favourite of Gliarles ll, and was dissipated in bis youth. His courage having led him to act as a volun- teer, under the duke of York, in the Dutch war, he is said to have composed his song, •*To all you ladies now on laud," upon the eve of a battle. He concurred in the Rev- olution, and was made lord chamberlain of the household, and received the garter. He died in 1705-6. Dorset was celebrated for his wit, elegance, and good nature. Some of his verses are lively and pointed. DORSEY, John SYNG, professor of anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, WM born 10 Philadelphia in 1783, and re- DOU 227 ceived an excellent elementary education at a school of the society of Friends. At the age of fifteen he commenced ^ne study of medicine, and pursued it with unusual ar- dour and success. In the spring of 1802, he was graduated doctor in physic, having previously defended with ability an inaugu- ral dissertation On the Powers of the Gas- tric Liquor as a Solvent of the Urinary cal- culi. Soon after he received his degree, the yellow fever reappeared in the city, and a hospital was open (or the exclusive accom- modation of those sick with this disease, to which he was appointed resident physician. At the close of the same season he visited Europe. On his return in 1804, he imme- diately entered on the practice of his pro- fession, and soon acquired by his popular manners, attentiori and talent, a large share of business. In 1807 he was elected ad- junct professor of surgery, and remained in this office till he was raised to the chair of anatomy by .-the death of the lamented Wistar. He opened the session by one of the finest exhibitions of eloquence ever heard within the walls of the university; but on the evening of the same day, be was attack- ed by a fever, which in one week closed his existence. He died in 1818. His Ele- ments of Surgery, in two volumes 8vo., is considered the best work on the. subject. It is used as a text book in the university of Edinburgh, and was the first American work on medicine reprinted in Europe. DOUGLAS, Ga WIN, a Scotch poet, son of the earl of Douglas, was born at Brechin, in 1474; studied at Paris; and was, suc- cessively, provost of St. Giles, abbot of Aberbrothock, and bishop of Dunkeld. He was made archbishop of St. Andrew's, but the pope refused to confirm the appointment. The disturbed state of his country induced him to retire to England, where he was pen- sioned by Henry VIH. He died at Lon- don, in 1521. His translation of the ^Eneid is executed with great animation and ele- gance. He also translated Ovid's Remedy of Love, and wrote some original poems. DOUGLAS, James, an anaiomist, was born in Scotland, in 1675; settled in Lon- don, as an anatomical teacher, and practi- tioner of midwifery ; and died there in 1745. He is the author of A Description of the Muscles; and of other works ; and trans- lator of Winslow's Anatomy. — His brother, John, was surgeon to the Westminster In- firmary, and wrote An Account of Mortifi- cation ; and various medical essays. DOUGLAS, John, an eminent divine and critic, was born in 1721, at Pitten- weem, in Fife; was educated at Baliol Col- lege, Oxford; was present at the battle of Fontenuy, as chaplain of the tliird regiment of foot guards; and, after having been travelling tutor to Lord Pulteney, was re- warded by the earl of Bath with consider* 228 DOW able church preremieut. Having for Bome Sears held tlic minor dignities of canDo inii ean of Windsor, he was made bishop of Carlisle in 1787, and, in 1792, was transfer- red to Salisbury. He died May 18, 1807. Dr. Douglas was intimate with Dr. John- son, and all the most celebrated of his con- temporaries. As a literary character, he distmguished himrelf by castigating Lander for his attack on Milton ; exposing Alexan- der Bower; and entering the lists against Hume, by publishing The Criterion, or a Discourse on Miracles. He also edited Cook's Second Voyage. DOUGLAS. See Glenbertie DOUSA, or VANDER DOES, John, a Dutchman, who wielded with equal spir- it the aword and the pen, was Lord of Noordwick, at which place he was bom, in 1545. Afler Imving been sent as ambassa- dor to Queen Elizabeth, he was appointed, in 1575, governor of Leyden, ana he de- fended his charge with heroic courage when besieged by the Spaniards. Dousa was made the first curator of the university es- tablished at that city, and also keeper of the archives of Hollana. He died in 1604. Of his works, the greatest is tlie Annals of his counti7, in Latin verse. His otlier produc- tions, in criticism and Latin poetry, are numerous. — His sons, John, George, Francis, and Theodore, were eminent classical scliolars. John assisted his father in the Annals. DOUW, Gerard, a Dutch painter, a Supil of Rembrandt, was born at Leyden in 613, and was tlie son of a master glazier. He died in his native city in 1674. The pictures of Douw are distinguished by ex- quisitely high finishing and splendid colour- ing, combined with some of the pictorial merits of his master's compositions. They are justly admired, and fetcli high prices. Among them is a Dropsical Woman, which is considered as a masterpiece, the Young Housewife, the Village Grocer^ and the Gold weigher. DOW, ALEXiiNPER, a native of Scot- land, was born at Oreef, and bred a mer- chant, but entered the East India Compa- ny's service, and rose to the rank of lieu- tenant colonel. To the measures of Lord Clive he was a determined opponent. He died in 1779. Dow translated various works from the Persian, among which are m part of Ferishta's History of Uie Deccan, and of the Bahar Danush, and wrote the un- successful tragedies of Sethona and Zingis. DOWNMAN, HOGH, a physician and poet, was born in 1740 ; studied at Baliol College, Oxford; and, af)ter having been ordAiued for the church, adopted the medi- cal profession. He, settled, and became ttopubir, in his native city, where he died in 1809. He is the author of Infancy, a po- em; the Land of tlie Muses; Poems; Edi DRA tha, a trand^; and various articles in E» sava by a Society of Gentlemen at Exeter DRACO, an Athenian legislator. Dur- ing tlie period of his archoiishlp, b. c. 623j he enacted a code of laws of such sangui- nary severiw that it was said to be written in blood. It was abolished by Solon. He died in the island of Egina, and is believed to have been smothered DRAKE, Sir Francis, an eminent nav igator, was born, of obscure parentage, in 1545, at Tavistock, in Devonshire, and first served at sea under Sir John Hawkins, his relative. From 1570 to 1572, he made three expeditions, as commands, to the West Indies and the Spanish main, in the last of which he gained a large boo^. He next fought with such bravery in Ireland, under Essex, that Sir Christopher Hatton introduced him to Queen Elizabeth. With five small vessels he sailed, in 1577, to at- tack the Spaniards in the South Seas. In this expedition he ravaged the Spanish set- tlements, coasted the North American shore as far as the latitude of forty-eight degrees north, and took possession of uie country under the name of New Albion, and then returned home, by the Moluccas and tlie Cape, after a circumnavigation of nearly three years. Elizabeth dined on board of his ship at Deptford, and knighted him. In 1585, ne successfully attacked the Span- iards in the West Indies; in 1687 he de- stroyed many ships at Cadiz; and in 1688, as vice-admiral, he participated in the de- struction of the Armada. He died at Nom- bre de Dios, January 28, 1596. Plymouth, which he represented in parliament, is in- debted to him for having caused to be brought to the town a supply of water, from a distance of several miles. DRAPER, Sir William, a native of Bristol, born in 1721, was educated at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge. Entering the army, he distinguished him- self in the East Indies, became a colonel in 1760, and acted as brigadier at the capture of BeUisle, in 1761. In 1763, he commanded tlie land forces at the capture of Manilla. But the circumstance which has given him most celebrity is his bavins fStkiired, asAechanmioQofLordGranby,! to contend against Junius. In ITTS, be was appointed lietitenant governor of Mi- Dorra, and, after die surreoder, he preferred charges against gureraor Murray, which be failed to substantiate. He died la Jan- oarv, 1807. DRAYTON, Michael, a poet, born at Adienrtone, in Warwickshire, in 1563, was educated at Oxford ; and was patron- ised by Sir Henry Gondere, Sir Walter Astr>n,the countess of Bedford, and the earl of Dorset. To the first of these person- ages he owns himself indebted for a great Etrt of hid education ; - in die family of the at he lived for a considerable period. He died in 1631. Drayton is the author of the Shepherd's Garland, Baron's Wars, £ng- land's Heroical Epistles, Polyolbion, Nym- pAiidia, and many other poems. Of his works the most fanciful and elegant is the Nymphidia. Headley justly observes of him, that " he wanted neither fire nor im- agination, and poftsessed great command of bis abilitirs.'* DRAYTON, William Hemrt, statesman of the American revolution, was bom in South Carolina in 1742. He re- ceived his education in England, and on its completion returned to his native state. Taking an early and active part in the de- fence of colonial righte, he wrote and pub- lished a pamphlet under the signature of fh'eemant in which he subuitted a ''bill of American Rights'* to the Continental Con- gress. On the commeneemeot of the rev- olution he became an efficient leader; in 1775 was chosen president of the provin- cial congress; and in March of the next year, was elected chief justice of the col- ony. In 1777 Mr. Drayton was appoiateil presicleat of South Carolina, and in 1778 was elected a delegate to the continental c^n^ess, where he took a prominent part, ana distinguished himself by his activity and eloquence. He continued in congre» jntil S^rtember, 1779, when he died sud- denly at Philadelphia. He left a body of raluable materials for histoi^, which bis only son, John Drayton, revi^d and pub- lished at Charleston, in 1821, in two vol- umes 8vo. nnder the title of Memoirs of the American Revolution. DREBBEL, or DREBEL, Corkelius Van, a Dutch chemist and alchemist, was born at Alkmaar in 1572, and died at London in 1634. He was a man of talent, with a large portion of charlatanism in bis imposition. Drebbel pretended to have discovered the perpetual motion, and vari- ous other undiscoverable things; but he has legitimate claims to the indention of the thermometer, and the manner of dye- ing scarlet, and to the improvement of tcKMCopes and microscopes. He is aUo MMrted to have constructed a vessel fori DRY 229 sdmarine navigation, in which the poritf of the air was restored by a liquid, DROZ, Peter JAq.UET, a mechani- cian, was bdm, in 1721, at La Chaux de Fond, in Switzerland, and died at Bienne, in 1790. Among his inventions was a writing automaton, so admirably contrived that every motion of the articulations of the hand and fingers was obvious to the eye, and perfectly similar to those of nature DROZ, Henrt Louis Ja cease, Dryden paid to his memory the tribnte of some spirited and highly lauda- tory Heroic Stanzas. Wlien, however, Charles II. was restored, the poet hastened to pour forth his ^ratulating strains, in the Astrea Redux, and Panegyric on the Coro- nation; and he thenceforth continued true to royal^, in the person of tlie Stuarts. The first play which he wrote was The Duke of Guise, but his first acted piece was The Wild Gallant, which appeared in 1662-3. His subsequent pieces, the last of which. Love Triumphant, came out in 1694, are twenty-six in number. The licentiousness of some of them was repro bated by Collier; the violation of good taste in others was ridiculed by Bucking- ham. In 1667, his Annus Mirabilis was published; and, soon after this, he was appointed poet laureat and historiographer royal. In 1681, he commenced his career of political satire, by writing, at the desire of Charles H., his Absalom and Achito- phel, which he followed up by The Medal. He also hung up Shadwell to derision, in tlie poem of Mack Flecknoe. When James II. ascended the throne, Dryden conformed to the religion of the sovereign, and was rewarded by an addition to his pension. With the warmth of a new convert, he now stepped forth as the defender of cath- olic doctrines, and produced. The Hind and Panther, A poem, supremely absurd in plan, but, in parts, beautifully executed, ^he downfal of James deprived Dryden of all his official emoluments ; and he, who already laboured under embarrassments, was now left, at an advanced age, with no resource but his talents. His powers seemed to rise with tlie depression of his fortune. Between 16S8 and 1700, in which latter vear he died, besides several other works of considerable magnitude, he published his Virgii; that inspired ode, Alexander's Feast; and his admirable Fables. His death was occasioned by a mortification in one of his feet. He left three sons, by hi^ wife Lad) Elizabeth, a daughter of tlie earl of Berksliire. The genius of Dryden j was Dot dramatic, but ma plays contain I DUG of striking beauty. In satire ba transcended all his predecessors and con* temporaries. Of pathos he had none. The spirit, freedom, grace, and melody of his versificationremain almost, if not wholly, without a rival. As a prose writer he excels in criticism, and has a style which possesses more than common merit. DUBOIS, Willi A h , a French cardinal and statesman, who has acquired a sinister fame by his vices, was bom, in 1656, at Brive la Gaillard, in the Limousin, and was the son of an apothecary. Having obtained the situation of preceptor to the duke of .Chartres, afterwards the regent duke of Orleans, he at once cultivated the intellect and depraved the morals of his pupil ; he acted both as tutor and pander. He, however, secured the attachment of the duke, who, on becoming regent, admitted him into the council of state. Having succeeded in negotiating the triple alliance, Dubois was made minister of the foreign department. He was subseqently raised to be archbishop of Cambray, prime mm- ister, and a cardinal. . He died in 1722. DUCAREL, Andrew Coltee, an antiquary, born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1715, was educated at Eton, and ^t. John's College, Oxford; was a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, comnus- sary of the diocese of Canterbury, and one of the commissioners for methodizing the records in the State Paper Office; and died in 1785. His principal works are, Ang;lo-Norman Antiquities; and Histories of Lambeth Palace, and of St. Catherine's Church. DUCHESNE, Andrew, a learned and prolific French writer, was bom, in 1584, at Piste Bouchard, in Touraine, and died at Paris in 1640. He was geographer and historiographer to the king. He left more than a liundred folio volumes of docu- ments, copied by bis own hand; and, be- tween 1602 and 1640, he published twenty- two works, among which are. Histories of England, of the Popes, and of the Dukes of Bur^ndy; and a Collection of French Historians. DUCIS, JOHN Francis, one of the most eminent of modem French tragic dramatists, was born at Versailles in 1733, and did not begin to write for the stage till he was in his thirty-third year. He died in 1817. The majority of his plays are free imitations from Shakspeare, and are honourable to his talents ; but it would not be easy to prove what his countrymen as- sert, that he has embellished the productions of the bard of Avon. His works form three vols. 8vo. DUCKWORTH, Admiral Sir Jchn Thomas, was born at Leatbeihead, ia Surrey, in 174S ; entered the navy in 1769; »id died in 1817. He distinguished him DUO aelf OB many occaBions, partiCTlarly in the action of the 1st of Jane, 1794; the com- plete defeat of the French squadron off St. Domingo in February, 1806; and the daogerous passage of the Dardanelles io 1807. From 1810 to 1813 be was governor of Newfoundland. DUCLOS, Charles Piweau, a French historian and miscellaneous writer, was bom at Dinan, in Britanny, in 1704; became historiogrrapher of France, member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and per- petual secretary of the French Academy; and died at Paris in 1772. Rousseau characterized him as '* un honnne droit et adroit." His cooversatton was lively, witty, and satirical, yet devoid of offeoce. Among his works may be mentioned, A History of Louis XI. ; Secret Memoiis of the Reigns of Louis XIV. and XV. ; and Considerations on the Manners of the Age. DUDLEY. See Leicester. DUDLEY, Sir Hehrt Bate, whose dman, The Rival Candidates, and The Travellers in Switzerland. Late in life he obtained considerable clerical preferment, and a baronetcy, and was a magistrate for no less than eleven English and Irish counties. He died in 1824. DUFRESNOy, Chari-es Alphof- 80, a French painter, a pupil of Perrier and Vouet, was bora at Paris in 1611, and died in 1665. At Rome, where they studied, he and Mignard were known l:^ the name of the Inseparables, Two of his best pieces are in the Museum at Paris. His pictorial works, though meritorious, have contributed l^s to bis fame than his Latin poem on the Art of Painting, which has been translated by Dryden, and also by Mason. DUFRESNY, Chables Rivieke, a poet and comic writer, was bom at Paris in 1648, and died there in 1724. He is ■aid to have been a great-grandson of Henry IV. by a female of Anet, who was kxvjwn as * the handsome gardener.' Du- fresny vras valet de chambre to Louis XIV., who heaped favours upon him, but without being able to enrich him. All was lavished npon women, gaming, and good cheer. He was a man of versatile talent, but is now chiefly remembered as a witty and tpirited dramatist. His works f-Tm six volomes. DUGDALEt Sir Witi-iAK, a cele- DUH t brated antiquary and herald, wns bora, i a 1605, at Shostoke, in Warwickshire; vna educated at St. John's College, Oxford; was appointed Qiester Hersud in 1644; published many valuable works between .that period and the Restoration; was knighted, and made garter principal kii^ at arms, in 1677; and died in 1686. Among his most prominent works aie, Monasticon Anglicannm; Anti(|uitie8 of Warwickshire; The Baronage of England; History of St. Paul's Catbet&al: Orifines Juridical^; and The History of Imbamung and Draining. DUGUAY-TROUIN, Rehe, one of the most &mous of the French naval offi- cers, was born at St. Malo in 1673, and died in 1736. He was intended for the church, bat was allowed to indulge his in- vincible liking for a maritime life. At the age of eighteen he commanded a pri- vateer mounting fenrteen guns ; and in his twenty-first year he defended a forty-sim ship for four hours against six English vessels, but was at length taken. In 1697, he entered the king's service, and he sig- nalized his talents and intrepidity in nu- merous actions. One of his greatest ex- ploits was the redaction of Rio Janeiro in 1711, in the course of a few days, not- withstanding the place was deemed im- pregnable. DUGUES CLIN, Bertrahd, constable of France, and one of her greatest heroes, was of an ancient Breton mmily, and was bom, about 1314, at the castle of La Motte Broone, near Rennes. He died in 1380. Deformed and disagreeable in person, he was in youth of an untractable and quar- relsome spirit ; but he corrected his men- tal defects, and became a model of pra- dence, valour, and honourable principle. " I am very ugly," said he; " I shall never be welcome to the ladi^ ; but I will make myself feared by the enemi^ of my king." In the wars between John of Montfort and Charles of Blois; in the contest between Pedro the Cruel and Henry of Transta- mare; and in the recovery of Normawfy^ Guienne, and Poitou, from the English; be acted the most conspicmous part. He was besieging Randam at the time of his decease; ana the governor insisted upon placing the keys of the fortress on the coffin of the hero, saying that to no other would he yield than up. DUHALDE, JoHif Baptist, a Jesuit, was Iv^rn at Paris in 1674, and died there in 1743. He edited the Edifying and Curious Letters, from the ninth to the six- teenth volume; but the work by which he is generally known is, A Geographical and Historical Description of me Empire of China, and of Chinese Tartary, in tour felio volumes. DUHAMEL DE MONCEAU,HEir»t 2S2 DUM Lonis, a French agr'-cidairal writer, was born at Paris- in l'*09, and died in 1780 To the Acadtiiuy of Sciences, of which he was a member, he fartiiBhed above sixty memoirs on agricii&ture, commerce, ana shipping Besides which, he published numerous works, among which are, A General Treatise on Fisheries ; A Treatise on the CuUure of the Soil; and A Treatise on Trees and Shrubs. DUIGENAN, Patrick, a native of Ireland, born in 1735, was of the humblest parentage, and obtained his education, as a sizer, at Trinity College, Dublin. By diDt^ however, of some talent, and mors industry, he obtained the degree of LL. 1>. He practised with success as a barrister ; was appointed king's advocate general in 1795; and, subsequently, a judge in the prerogative court, and a member of the Irish privy council. He sat in the Irish and English parliaments, and, in both, was one of the most virulent and illiberal op- ponents of catholic emancipation. He died m April, 1816. He is the author of Lach- rymse Academicce, and of some political pamphlets. DUMAMANT, John Andrew, whose real name was Bourlein, an actor and comic writer, was born, in 1754, at Cler- mont, in Auvergne, and died in 1828. During the latter part of his life he was the manager of several provincial theatres. He is the author of more than fifly pieces ; among which are. The French in Huronia; Open War, or Stratagem against Strata- gem; The Night of Adventures; and The Intriguers. He also wrote three novels. DOMARSAIS, Cj:sar Cbesneau, an, eminent grammarian, was born at Mar- seilles in 1676. He was successively a preacher, a barrister, a tutor, and a writer for the Encyclopsdia ; and spent the great- est part of his life in a state bordering upon penury. Dumarsais was not less modest than be was learned, and he disdained to . resort to intrigues to better his condition.. He died in 1756. Among his works, wliich form seven volumes, are, an excel- lent Treatise on Tropes; a Treatise on Logic; and a Method of learning Latin. DUMESNIL, M^arza Frances, a celebrated tragic actreas,-was born at Paris 10 1713; went upon the stage in 1737; and was popular till tlie moment of her re- tirement in 1775, She died in 1803; itAving preserved to the Inst all her intel- lectual faculties. It was in queens and lofty characters, particularly in the parts of IMerope, Clytemnestra, Athaliah. and Af;ri]>i)ina, that she most strikingly dis- played lier talent.^:. When she exeited her full powers, she surpassed all her theatrical contemporaries in exciting the emotions of |)iiy and of terror. DL'MMER, Jeremiah, a native of DUM Boston, was graduated at Harvard Col- ic^ in 1699j and afterwards studied at the university of Levden, with the intention of devoting himself to the ministry. This intention he afterwards abandoned, and turned his attention to politics. In 1710 he was appointed agent of the province of Massachusetts in England ; and wrote an admirable defence of tlie New England charters when tliey were threatened in 1721 . In the same year he was dismissed by his constituents on account of his general licen- tious deportment, and his political and per- sonal connections with the irreligious Bo- lingbroke. He died in retirement, in 1739. DUMONT, John, a publicist, a native of France, born in the seventeenth century, settled in Austria, where he was appointed historiographer to the emperor, and cre- ated baron of Carlscroon. He died at Vienna, in 1726. He is principally known by his voluminous collection of Treaties, in eight folio volumes, under the title of A Universal Diplomatic Code of the Law of Nations; and by his Voyages in France, Italy, Germany, Malta, and Turkey, in four volumes. DUMONT, Stephen, was born at Geneva in 1759, was educated and or- dained to the ministry, was pastor of the French reformed church at St. Peters- burgh, and afterwards tutor to the son of Lord Lansdowne. At the house of this statesman he forced an intimate connec- tion with some of the most eminent poli- ticians of Great Britain. The Frencli revolution brought him to Paris in 1789, and he was there associated with the lead- ing men of the cause, but became disgusted with the display of violence and cruelty, and returned to England in 1791. His intimacy with Jeremy Bentham led to a very singular arrangement in respect to the publication of the works of this extra- ordinary man. Bentham wrote his valuable treatises in an obscure and grotesque style ; and they were entirely remodelled by Du- mont, and made intelligible, before they were given to tlie world. The works thus produced were published in the following order. Treatise on Civil and Penal Legis- lation, in 1802; Theory of Rewards and Punishments, in 1811; Tactics of Legis- lative Assemblies, followed by a Treatise on Political Sophisms, in 1816; a Trea- tise on Judicial Proofs, in 1823; Of the Organization of the Judiciary and Codifi- cation, in 1828. When Geneva recovered her independence, in 1814; Dumont hast- ened hack to his countiy, and succeeded 11 eflectinLj f=ome inipurtant improvements n Iter (institution. He died at Milan in September, 1829. nUMOURlEZ, Chirlks Francis DuPERiER, a French general, was the DUN ion «f a military man of talent, who trans- lated the Ricciardetto, and ivrote some dramatic pieces, and otlier works. He was born at Cambray in 1739, and was carefully educated by his ^her. At the age of nineteen he made his first campaign as a cornet, and before the close of the «even years' war had received twenty-two wounds. After the peace of 1763, he trav- elled in Italy and Portugal. The result of his observations on the mtter country he gave to the world, in a work intitled The Present State, &c. In 1768 and 1769, he served with distinction in Corsica. He was afterwards employed as a secret di- plomatist in Poland and in Sweden. The last of these missions was undertaken by desire of Louis XV. without the knowledge of the minister of foreign affairs, aq4 it conseqaentty brought on Dumouriez a per- secution firom that minister. He was even imprisoned for several months ; but he re- covered his liberty, and obtained satisfac- tion, on the accession of Louis XVI. In 1778, he was appointed commandant of Cherbourg; in 1791, was intrusted with the command of the country between Nantz and Bourdeaux; and, in 1792, was pro- moted to the rank of Ueutenant-general, and made minister of foreign affairs, from which office lie was shortly afterwards removed to the war department. That department, however, he held only for three days, at the end of which he resigned. He was now placed at the bead of the army destined to oppose the Prussian in- vading array under the duke of Brunswick. By a masterly disposition of his troops, in the defiles of Champagne, he completely foiled the enemy, and compelled them to retreat. He then broke into the Nether- lands, gained the battle of Jemapoe, revo- lutionized the whole country, and carried the French arms into Holland. Quitting bis army for a white, he visited Paris, fur the purpose of endeavouring to save the king ; but in that he failed, and rendered himself an object of sospicion. The tide of military success, too, at length began to turn against him. He lost the battle uf Neerwinden, and was forced to abandon the Low Countries. Commissioners were now sent by the Convention to arrest him; and, "after having vainly endeavoored to rally his army on his side, he was com- pelled to seek for safety in flight. . He subsequently resided in Switzerland, at Hamburgh, and in Holstein, and finally settled in England, where he was often consulted by the ministers. In the resto- ration of the Bourbons he took no part; nor did he approve of their conduct. He died March 14, 1823. Besides The Pre- sent State of Portugal, and some other workfl, Dumouriez wrote his own Memoirs m three volumes. DUJV 23S DUNBAR, William, a Scotch poet, is supposed to have been bom about 1469, to have been a native of Lothian, and been educated at Oxford. In his yonth he seems to have been a travelling novi- ciate of the order of St. Francis, and to have returned firom the continent before 1503. Church preferment his works prove him to have eagerly sought, but not to have obtained. He died about 1535. Dunbar was a poet of no inconsiderable powers. Ellis pronounces his style, " whe- ther grave or humorous, whether simple or ornamental, to.be always energetic;" and Warton declares his miaginution to be " not less suited to satirical than to sublime allegory.'' Among his best works are, the Thistle and the Rose; The Golden Terge; and The Freirs of Berwick. DUNCAN, William, was bom at Aberdeen in 1717, and was educated at Mariscbal College, where, in 1752, he be- came profe^or of philosophy. He died in 1760. Duncan is the author of The Ele- ments of Logic, an excellent work, origin- ally written for Dodsley's Preceptor. He likewise translated Caesar's Commentaries, and some of Cicero's Orations. DUNCAN, Adam, viscount, a com- mander who contributed largely to the naval glory of his country, was ^e son of a Scotch gentleman, and was bom, in 1731, at Lundie, in Angussbire. At an early period he entered the sea service; and obtained a lieutenancy in 1755. From that time he gradually rose, till, in 1794, he became vice-admiral of the white. His promotion was earned at the siege of the Havannab, Rodney's victory over the Spaniards, and the relieving of Gibraltar. In 1795, he was appointed to the com- mand of the North Sea fleet. For two years he performed the toilsome duty of watching die Dutch squadron ; but was at length forced to quit die coast by mutiny among his sailors. During that mutiny he displayed undaunted resolution. In his absence the enemy put to sea. Duncan, however, came up with them off Camper- down, totally defeated them, and captured eight sail of the line. For this he was pensioned, and created a viscount. He died in 1804. DUNCOMBE, William, bom in Lon- don in 1690, held a situation in the navy office, which he relinquished in 1725, that he might give himself up to literature. He died in 1769. He wrote Lucius Junius Bmtus, a tragedy; some fugitive poems and prose pieces; and translated Horace DUNCOMBE, JOHW, eon of the fore- going, was born in 1730; was educated at Uenet Culbge, Oxford ; and obtained con- siderable church preferment. He died in 1786. He wrote The Femeneid, and soma other poems; three Simons; some Anti- SSI DUN qoarian essays ; and assisted his &ther in translating Horace. DUNDAS, General DiviD, a native of Scotland, was born at Edinbui^h in 1737, and entered the military service in 1758. He served in Germany, at the Havannah, at Toulon, and in Corsica, Flanders, and Holland. On the resignation of the dnke of York, Dundas was for a while com- mander-in-chief. He died in 1820. As a tactician, he possessed a high reputation, and he contributed much to introduce into the British army the study of tactics. His Principles of Military Movements is a work of considerable merit. DUNDAS. See Melville. DUNNING, John, Lord Asheurton, the son of a lawyer of Ashburton, in De- vonshire, was born in 1731, served his apprenticeship to his father, and studied at the Temple. The circumstance which brought him into practice was his drawing up» for the East India Company, a memo- rial against the claims of the Dutch; and his conduct, as counsel for Wilkes, and on other constitutional occasions, established his reputation. In 1767, he became attor- ney-general, but resigned in 1770. Of the American war he was a decided opponent ' in parliament. In 1782, he was raised to the peerage, and appointed chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. He died in August, 1783. DUNOTS, John, Count of Orleans and Longuevilte, born in 1402, known as the Bastard of Orleans, was an illegitimate son of the duke of Orleans. He was one of the most celebrated generals of the age, and received from Charles VII. the title of ^e Restorer of the Country. He defeated the English at Montargis, gallantly defend- ed Orleans, and bore the most prominent part in the subsequent expulsion of the English from their French conquests. He died in 1468. DUNS, John, usually known as Duns Scotus, and whose acnteness in disputa- tion gained him the appellation of the Subtle Doctor, was born at Dunstance, in Northumberland, late in the thirteenth century; studied at Merton College, Ox- ford ; and became head of the schools at the universi^ at Paris. He died, at Co- logne, about the year 1309. His works, proofe of perverted talent, form twelve folio volumes. He differed from Aquinas on the efficacy of divine grace, and his followers were called Scotists. To him is also attributed the doctrine of the Holy Virgin's immaculate conception. DUNTON, John, a native of Hunting- donshire, born at Graffhara, in 1659, was a bookseller, in London, but failed business. He died in 1733. Dunton pro- jected, and with assistance carried on for •ome years, the Athenian Mercury, a sclec- DUP tion from which was printed, in foiB volumes, under the title of The Athenian Oracle. He was also the author of Athe- nianism ; and of Dunton's Life and Er- rors, DUPERRON, Cardinal James Davy, was bom in the canton of Berne, in 1556, and, after having abjured the protectant faith, was patronised by Henry HI. of France, and, subsequently, by the cardinal of Bourbon. He, however, deserted the interests of the latter,' and was rewarded with the bishopric of Evreux, by Henry IV. At a later period, he was employed in controversy witli the Calvinists, and on .a mission to Rome, and he obtained a car- dinal's hat and the archbishopric of Sens. He died in 1618. His works, literary, diplomatic, and controversial, form three volumes folio. DUPIN, Louis Ellies, an ecclesias- tical historian, was born, in Normandv, in 1637; studied at Harcourt College and, the Sorbonne ; and became professor of divin- ity in the Royal College. The professor- ship, however, he lost, in consequence of his religious moderation; and his papers were seized, because he had corresponded with Wake, archbishop of Canterbury, relative to a project for uniting the English and Gallican churches. He was also per- secuted by Bossuet and De Harlay, for the candour which he displayed in his great work, The Universal Library of Ecclesi- astic^ Authors, in fifty-eight vols. Besides that work, Dupin wrote many otliers, and contributed to the Journal des Savans. He died in 1719. DUPLEIX, Joseph, the son of one of the French farmers general, who was also an East India director, was born towards the end of the seventeenth century, and, in 1720, was sent by the company to Pondicherry, as one of the superior officers of that establishment. He was subse- quently placed at the head of the factory of Chandemagore, which he raised to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in 1742, he was rewarded by being appointed gover- nor of Pondicherry, and director-general of the French factories in India. This high office Dupleix held for twelve years, during which he displayed high talents, both civil and militaiy. He formed alli- ances, made and unmade sovereigns, was himself invested with the title of nabob, and was surrounded by all the splendour of an oriental court. In 1754, however, his enemies procured his recall, and all his prosperity vanished. He who had exer- cised unlimited authority in India, now languished in poverty at Paris for nine years, vainly soliciting justice and the re- payment of the sums which he had ad- vanced, and died, at length, in 1763, tho victim of anxiety and neglect DCR DUPONT DE NEMOURS. Pkter S&MUEi., a French political economist, was bom at Paris, in 1739, and died in America, in 1817. During the revolution he filled several important situations, among which were those of president of the constituent assembly, president of the chamber of commerce, and secretary, in 1814, to die provisional ^vernment. He was also a member of the Institute. Du- pont was moderate ia his politics, and philanthropic in his views. Among his na- 'merous productions are, several works on various branches of political economy ; The Philosophy of the Universe; a variety of Memoirs on natural history and natural phi- losophy ; and a translation of part of Ariosto. DUPUIS, Chakles Francis, a French philosopher, was born at Tr^e, near Gisors, in 1742; was educated at Harcourt College; and was successively professor of eloquence at the college of Li- sieux, and of Latin eloquence at the col- lege of France, a member of the conven- tion, of the council of five hundred, and of the legislative body. Of the latter he be- came pr^ident. He was also a member of the Institnte, and of the l^on of hon- our. He died in 1809. His principal work is The Origin of all Modes of Re- ligions Worship, or Universal Religion, three vols. 4to., with an atlas. DUQUESNE, Abrahab!, one of the bravest and ablest seamen of France, was bom at Dieppe, in 1610, and died at Far- is, in 1688. From the age of seventeen till widiin ten years of his death, he con- tinued to give proo& of his talents and in- tcepidity. Among his exploits are the de- feat of die Danish fleet off Gottenburgh, of. the Dutch off Messina, and the bombard- rjents of Tripoli, Algiers, and Genoa. DURAND, Datid, a protestant min- ister, was bom, in 1^1, at Pargoire, in Lower I^ngoedoc. As chaplain of a reg- iment of r^ogees, he was inresent at the battle of Almanza. Being taken prisoner by the peasants, after the ront of the allies, he narrowly escaped death; and he was, subsequently, in equal danger fi^m the In- quisition. He escaped, however, and be- came a minister in Holland, whence he was invited to be preacher to dieSavoi^, in London. He died in 1763. Among^his works are, Sermons ; a Life of Vanini ; a History of the Sixteenth Century; and a Continuation of Rapin. DUREAU DE LAMALLE, John Baptist Jos£FH Renatus, an eminent translator, was bom in St, Domingo, in 1782, and died, in France, in 1807. He vras a member of the legislative body, and of the Institute. He published eiccellent versions of Tacitus and Sallnst, and of a part of Seneca; and left an unfinished cruulaCion of Livy. DUS 28ft DURER, Albert, an artist of high talent, the son of a goldsmith, at Nurem- berg, was bom in 1471, and was a pupil of Martin Hapse and Michael Wolgemnth. He excelled at once as a painter, engraver, sculptor, and an architect, and wrote sever- al works on geometry-, perspective, and civil and military architecture. He was pat- ronised by the Emperor Maximilian, and other monarchs. He died at Nuremberg, in 1528. DURFEY, Thomas, a comic writer and poet, the son of a French refugee, was bom at Exeter, about 1630» and quitted the law to become a writer for the stage. He died in 1723. Durfey was at one time popular, and was admitted to intercourse with the great; Charles the Second was seen leaning on his shoulder, and he di- verted Queen Anne with catches and songs of humonr; yet in his old age he was in straitened circumstances. His plays, tbir- tj-one in number, are stained by the licen* tiousness of the age in which they were written, and are now forgotten. His songs and ballads were collected, in six volumes, with the title of Wit and Mirdi, or Pills to pnrge Melancholy. DUROC, MicHAEi., Duke of Fricti, and marshal of France, was bora at Pont k Mousson, in 1772, and entered the mili- tary service, in 1792, as a lieutenant of ar- tillery. In 1796 he was appointed aid-de- camp to Bonaparte. He d istinguisbed himself in Italy, Egypt, and Syria. On the ibrmation of ^e imperial court, in 1805, he was cieated grand marshal of the palace. He was subsequently charged with diplomatic missions to Prussia, Rus- sia, Sweden, and Denmark. Resuming his military capacity^ he fought with dis- tinction at Ansterlitz, Wa^ram, and Ess- ling, and, finally, was slain by a cannon bullet, at the battle of Wurtzen, May 23, 1813. Napoleon was warmly attached to Duroc, placed a boundless confidence la him, and deeply r^retted his loss. DUSSAULT, JoHV Joseph, a jour- nalist and critic, was bom at Paris, in 1769, and died in 1824. He contributed largely to the Ontor of the People, the Tmtb-teller, and the Journal of Debates. The critical articles which he had imert- ed in the last of those papers he afterwards pnblishe^in five volumes, with the title of Literary Annals. He also wrote various pamphlets and essays, and several articles in the Unirersal Biography. DUSSEK, John Loqis, an eminent composer, born, in 1762, at Czaslau, in Bohemia, was a pupil of Emanuel Bach. After having resided for some years at the court of the prince of Orange, and trav- elled in the north of Europe, he went to Paris; thence, however, he was driven by the revolution ; and from 1796 to 1799 he 236 EAC lived in London. He died at Paris, in 1812, in the service of the prince of Bene- vento. His compositioDs, more than sixty in number, are honourable to his tal- ents. DUTEXS, Louis, a miscellaneous wri- ter, was born at Tours, in 1730, and died at Lrmdon, in ISI2. In 1758 he became secretary and chaplain to the British min- ister at Turin, who, on his return to Kn^- land, left faim as charge d'affaires. He afterwards obtained the living of Elsdon, in Northumberland, travelled with Lord Algernon Percy, and accompanied Lord Mountstuart to Tnrin, when his lordship was appointed envoy extraordinary. He is the autlior of various works, of which ttie principal are. An Inquiry into the Ori- gin of Discoveries, and bis own memoirs, under the title of Memoirs of a Traveller in Retirement. He also published an edi- tion of Leibnitz, in six vols, qirarto. DUVAL, Valentine Jaimekax, the son of a poor peasant at Artonay, in Champagne, was bom in 1765. Left an orphan at ten years of age, he gained a living by watching shei^, and suffered in- numerable hardships. A hermit taught bim to read, and young Duval thenceforth displayed an ardent loi^ng for knowledge. Fortunately, the duke of Lorraine found him in a forest, stretched out upon and poring over some maps, and took him under his protection. Duval received a good educa- tion, and ultimately became keeper of the books and medals of the imperial cabinet at Vienna. He died, in 1765, beloved and lespected by every one, for his modes^, gratitude, and talents. Brides his mis- cellaneous works, in two volumes, he pub- lished four folio volumes on the coins and medals in the imperial collection. DWIGHT, TiHOTHT, an eminent di- vine and writer, was bom at Northampton, Massachusetts in 1752. At the age of thirteen he entered Yale College ; and af- ter having graduated, took charge of a grammar school at New Haven, where he taught for two ye^-s. In 1771 be became a tutor in Yale College, where he remain- ed for six years. In 1783 he was ordained miniitter of Greenfield, a parish in the town of Fairfield in Connecticut; where he soon opened an academy that acquired EAR great reputation. In 1795 Ur. Dwight was elected president of Yale Colloge, and his character and name soon brought a great accps^ion of students. During his presidency he aho filled the office of the professor of theology. He continued to dischai^ the duties of his station, botli as minister, and president of the f»>Uege, to the age of sixty-five; when, alter a long aod painful illness, he died, in January, 1817. He was endowed by nature with uncommon talents ; and these, enriched by industry and research, and united to ^mia^ bility, and consistency in his private life, entitled Dr. Dwight to rank among the first men of his age. As a preacher, he was distinguished by his originality, sim- plicity and dignity; he was well read in the most eminent fathers and theologians, ancient and modern; he was a good bibli- cal critic; and his sermons should be pos- sessed by every student of divinity. He wrote Travels in New JElngland and New York; Greenfield Hill, a poem; The Con- quest of Canaan, a poem; a collection of dieok^cal lectures; and a pamphlet on The Dangers of the Infidel Philtsophy. DYEI^ Sir James, an English judge, was born, in 1512, at Ronndsfalll, in Som- ersetshire ; studied at Oxford and the Middle Temple; and, after having been speaks of the Hoose <^ Commons, rose to be chief justice of the conunon pleas, a sit- uation which he held for nearly a quarter of a century. He died in 1582. His Book of Reports is much valued by the memb»9 of the leg^ profession, DYER, John, a poet, was bom, in 1700, at AberglasD^, in Ca^marthei^iirc, and was the son of a solicitor. He was educated at Westminster School. Origin- ally intended for the law, he resolved to be a painter, and accordingly put himself nn- der the tuition of Richardson : but he seems to have failed in reaching excel- lence as an artist. He aftowurds took. orders, and obtained respectable church preferment. He died in 1758. Dyer pro- dufxd the poems of Grongar Hill; The Ruins of Rome; and "Hie Fleece. Of these the first is the most popular, and not onjnstly, but they are all wortl^ of the place which they hold in the collective works of the British poets. K EACHARD, JoBH, a divine, a native ot Suffolk, bora in 1636, was educated at Catherine Hall, Cambridge, of which, in 1675, he was chosen master. He died in 1697. Eachard is the author of The Qroands and Occasions of the Contempt of tlie Clergy; and of two Dialogues, in which be attacks the system of Hol^o. In these works he displays a large portion of wit and humour. EARLE, John, a prelate and writer, bom at York, in 1601, was -xrade subtutor EBE to Pnnce Cbarles, after having taken his degree at Merton College, Oxfurd. In 1662 he was made bishop of Winchester, and, next year, was translated to Salis- bury. He died in 1665. He translated into Latin the Eikon Basilike, but his principal work, and it is worthy of peru- bai, IS, Microcosningraphy, or a Piece of Vie World, discovered in Essays and Characters. It has gone through several editions. EARLOM, KiCHARD, an engraver, born in 1740, was the son of the vestry clerk of St. Sepulchre's, London. His at- tention was first attracted to the arts by the paintings on the lord mayor's coach, ind bis father was induced to place him under Cipriani. He was employed by Boydell, to make drawings from the Houghton collection, and those drawings he afterwards engraved in mezzotinto ; an art in which he was his own instructor. He died in 1822. His flower pieces, en- graved from Van Huysum, are highly val- ued. Amonv the odier admired produc- tions from his burin are, Agrippina, from West ; a tiger hunt, and other pieces, from Zofiany ; and . the first and second parts of the Liber Veritatis, from Claude. EATON, William, general in the ser- vice qf the United States, was born in Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1764, and was graduated at Dartmouth college in 1790. In 1792 he received a captain's commission in the army, and served for some time un- der general Wayne, on the Mississippi and in Georgi^. In 1797 he was appointed consul to the kingdom of Tunis, and con- tinued there engaged in a variety of adven- tures, and negociations till 1803, when he returned to the United States. In 1804 he was appointed navy agent for the Bar bary powsrs, for the purpose of cooperating with Hamet bashaw in the war against Tripoli ; but was disappointed by the ca!ii- clusion of a premature peace between the American consul and the Tripolitan ba- shaw. On his return to the United States, he failed in obtaining from the government any compensation fur his pecuniary losses, or any employment corresponding with his merit and services. Under the influence of his disappointments, he fell into habits of inebriety, and died in 1811. His Life, published by one of his friends in Massa- chusetts, is fiiil of interesting adventure. EBELING, Christopher Daniel, was bor^ in 1741, at Garmissen, in Ger- many. He studied theology at Gottingen, but afterwards devoted himself more par- ticularly to geographical pursuits. His great work is entitled Geography and His- tory of North America, published at Ham- borg, in five volumeii, 1793-9. He was afterwards professor of history and the Greek language in the Hamburg gymua-l EDG 237 Biom, and superintendent of the Hamburg library. He died in 1817. His collection of books reliUing to America, amounted to more than 3900 volumes, which were pur- chased in 1818, by Israel Thurndike, of Boston, and presented by him to the library of Harvard College. EBION, a disciple of Cerinthus, was the head of the sect of the Ebionites, which arose in the first age of the church, and denied the divinity of Christ. He is said to have dissemiTutted his heterodox notions in Asia and the isle of Cyprus, and at Rome. Sonie, however, deny that such a person ever existed. ECHARD, Laurence, a native of Suflblk, boru at Cassam, about 1671, was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge ; became archdeacon of Stow, and obtained three livings in Suffolk ; and died suddenly, in 1730. He is a voluminous writer. Among his works are, A General Ecclesi- astical History; a Histoj^ of England; a Roman History; and a Gazetteer. ECKHARD, John George, an anti- quary and historian, was bom In the duchy of Brunswick, in 1674. After having been professor of history at Helmstadt and at Hanover, he abjured the protestant faith^ and was made historiographer and archi- vist at Wurzburgh, where he died iu 1730. Among his principal works are, A Body of History of the Middle Ages, two vols. folio; the Laws of the Franks andRipua- rians, folio ; and The Origin of the Fami* lies of Hapsburgh and Guelph. ECKHEL, Joseph Hilart, an emi- nent antiquary and numismatist, was bom in Upper Austria, in 1736, and died in 1798, director of the medallic cabinet at Vienna. Few men have had so extensive a knowledge of medals as Eckhel. Among his valuable works on this subject are Nummi Veteres Anecdoti, two vols, folio; and Doctrina Vetenim Nummomm, in eight vols. EDEN, Sir Frederic Morton, a diplomatist and writer on political econ- omy, WEis employed as ambassador, from 1792 to 1796, at the courts of Berlin, Madrid, and Vienna. He died in 1809. Of his statistical works the most impoit- ant is. The State of the Poor; or, A History of the Labouring Classes in Eng land, from the Conquest, three vob. quarto The Globe Insurance Company was estab- lished by him. EDGEWORTH, Richard Lovell, an elegant writer, and an ingenious mecha- nician, was born at Bath, in 1744, and studied at Trinity Colle^, Dublin, and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Being a man of fortune, he was not constrained to adopt a profession,, but he amused himself with mechanical inventions, and among other things invented, in 1767, a telegraph. 238 EDW After having travelled on the continent, he settled on his estate in Ireland, where be made many agricultural and manufacturing improvements. He wrote his own Me- moirs ; an Essay on Roads and Carriages ; and, in conjunction with his highly gifted daughter, several works to ameliorate the existing system of education. He died in June, 1817. EDMONDSON, Joseph, originally a barber, became an heraldic painter; and^ in 1764, was appointed Mowbray herald extraordinary. He died in 1786. His principal works are, a Body of Heraldry, two vols, folio ; and Baronagium Geneal- ogicum; or, the Pedigrees of the English Peers, six vols, folio. EDRIDGE, Henry, R. A., an artist, was born at Paddington, in 1768; studied under Pether; and, in 1786, obtained a medal from the Royal Academy. Minia- tures in ivory were his first productions; he next drew his heads on paper in pencil and Indian ink ; and, lastly, he adopted water colours. In all these varieties his works were excellent. In bis latter days, he devoted much of his time to painting landscapes, which equalled his portraits. He died in 1821. EDRISI, Abu Abdallah Moham- med BEN Mohammed, Scherif al, a descendant of the African princes of the race of Edris, was bom at C^uta, in 1099, and studied at Cordova. He settled at the court of Roger, king of Sicily, for whom, about 1153, he framed an immense terres- trial globe of silver, and wrote in Arabic a geographical work to explain the globe. Various parts of this work have been trans- lated. Nothing more is known of Edrisi. EDWARD, Prince of Wales, surnamed the Black Prince, son of Edward III. was born in 1330. In 1345, he attended his father to France, and, in the ensuing year, he took a leading part in fining the glo- rious victory of Crecy. Being invested with the duchy of Guienne, he ravaged the French dominions in 1355 and 1356. It was in the latter year that he won the ereat battle of Poictiera, and distinguished ninuclf by his chivalrous conduct to the EDW captive monarch. He was placed by hii fadier at the head of a large 'part of the Angto-GaJlic dominions, with the title of Prince of Aquitiine, and he took up his residence at Bordeaux. One of his last exploits was the restoration of Pedro the Cruel to the throne of Castile. He died, in England, in 1376. EDWARDS, George, a natural histo rian,was born about 1695, at Westham, in Essex, and was intended for trade, but, after having travelled for some years, he applied himself to natural history;, and subsisted by colouring and drawing birds from nature. From 1733 to 1769, he was librarian of tlie College of Physicians. During that period he published his valu- able Natural History of Birds, and his Gleanings of Natural History, with several hundred coloured plates. The last volume of the History is dedicated to the Deity- He died in 1773. EDWARDS, Thomas, a poet and critic, was born in London in 1699. He studied the law, but, being blessed with a competent fortune, he never practised. His leisure hours were given to literary pur- suits. He died in 1757. Dissatis6ed with Warburton's edition of Shakspeare, Ed- vrards published some keen remarks upon it, which were coarsely noticed by the haughty and petulant editor. This gave rise to the Canons of Criticism, by Ed- wards, a work of great wit and acuteness, in which Warburton is severely handled. Among the productions of Edwards are fifty Sonnets, which dispky much elegance and poetical feeling. EDWARDS, Jonathan, was born at Windsor, in the province of Connecticut in 1703. At the age of twelve years he was admitted into Yale College, and at the age of seventeen received the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He remained nearly two years longer at Yale, preparing for the ministry; and in 1722 went to New York, and preached there with great dis- tinction. In September, 1723, he was elected a tutor' in Yale college, and re mained there till 1726, when ne resided his office in order to become the minister of the people of Northampton, where he vras ordained in February 1727. After more than twenty-three years of service in this place, a rupture took place between him and his congregation, and he wai dis- missed by an ecclesiastical council in 1750. In the following year he accepted a call to serve as missionary among the Indians at Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In 1757 he was chosen president of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, and accepted the invitation. In January, 1758, he repaired to Princeton, where he died of the smtU pox in the March following. His chief works are a Treatise on Religious AjBSbo- EGE Uoaa, an Inqairy ioto the Notion rone in 1558. Her reign was long and glorious; the nation was raised to a high degree oi prosperity > and its enemies were baffled ELL and disgraced. Among the greatest event! of hor rei^n was the defeat of the Spanish nrmada, in 1588. She died March 24, 1C03. Blizal.eth was never marrind, and she was proud of the title of the Virgin Queen, diotigh it must be owned that, in many instances, her conduct was such as to render doubtful her right to the title. With many of the qualities of a great sov- ereign, she had many weaknesses which der- ogated lieavily from her character. As a scholar she has claims to attention. With Greek and Lafln she was familiar; from the former she translated a play of Euri- pides, a dialogtie of Xenophnn, and two orations of Isocrates; from the latter, Sal- lust's Jiigurthine War; part of Horace's Art of Poetry; and Boethius's Consolations of Philosophy. She also wrote a Comment on Plato, a few verses, and various prayers, meditations, and speeches. ELLERY, William, a signer of the dec- laration of independence, was born in Prew- port, in 1727. He was graduated at Har- vard College, and entered upon tlte prac- tice of law in his native town. In 1776, he was elected a delegate to die continent- al Congress,^ and was an active and influ- ential member of tliat body. He was suc- cessively a member of Congress, a commis- sioner of the continental loan office, a chief justice of the superior court of Kiiode Is- land, and collector of the customs of the town of Newport. He died suddenly in 1820, while engaged in reading Cicero de Officiis. ELLIOTT, Stephen, a botanisl and man of letters, was born at Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1771, and received his education at Yale College. On his return home he applied himself to the improve- ment of his paternal estate, devoting hia leisure hours to history and poetry. At the age of 22 he was chosen to the legislature of his native state, where he obtained con- siderable influence, by his knowledge, at- tention, and power of argument. He was chosen president of the state bank, eslablish- ed in 1812, and continued to discharge the duties of this office with ability to tlie time of his deatli. His two volumes of the bot- any of South Carolina are held in high es- timation, and his lectures before several lit- erary and learned societies obtained great applause. His acquisitions in literature and science were extensive, and he left a valuable collection in the several branches of natural history scientiflcally arranged. He was the chief editor of the Southern Review, and tlie authoi- of some of its best articles. He died in 1680. Most of bis prudurtions remain in manuscript. ELLIS, John, a native t f London, burn in 1698,-was by profession a money scriv- ener, and died in 1792, having possessed his faculties to the lart Johnson, who wu EIX Ws freqnent gnest, said, *' The mort litera- ly conversation I ever enjoyed whs at the table of Jack Eliis." Ellis wrote some fu- gitive poerni> : transUited the Sorpriae, or Gentleman Apothecai?; and burlesqued Maplixus's additional book to the ^£neid. He also made a version, which was never publit«hed, of Ovid*a Epistles. ELLIS, William, an agriculturist, was born towards the close of the seven- teenth century, and died after the middle of the eighteenlh. He was a farmer at Great Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoyed con- siderable reputation in his time as an ag- ricultural writer, and an inventor and maker of farming instruments. His principi.1 work is. The Modem Husbandman, in eight vol- umes. ELLIS, John, a naturalist, was bom in London in 1710, and died ia 1776. He held the office of agent for Florida and Do- mioica, and was a member of the Royal Society, to the Transactions of which body he communicated many papers. He is the author of various works, tl^ chief of which are. An Essay towards a Natural History of Britiifh Corallines; and a Natural History of uncommon Zoophytes. Ellis was one of the first writers who ^tablished the smi- mal nature of corallines. ELLIS, George, an ele^nt miscella- neous writer, was a native of London, and r^^ived his education at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Early in life be was connected with the whig0, and took a share in producing the pungent satire called the Rolliad. He, however, was converted to the party of Mr. Pitt, held an office, and was secretary to Lord Malmesbury, on the embassy to Lisle. He died, at the age of seventy, in 1815. His Specimens of early English Poef?, :md Specimens of early English Metrical Ro- mance, bear witness to his taste and re- search. He also added a preface, noteS; and appendix to Way's Fabliaux; and con- tributed to tlie Anti-Jacobin paper. ELI^ WORTH, Oliver, an American judge and statesman, was bom at Windsor, Connecticut, in 1743, and was graduated at the college of Nassau Hall, at Princeton, in 1766. Devoting himself to the practice of the law, he soon rose to distinction by the energy of his mind and his eloquence. From the earliest period of discontent, he joired the cause of the colonies, and in 1777 w'lLd elected a member of the Continental Congr^s. In this body he remained for three years, and in 1784 he was appointed ajudge of the s'lperior court of t^e state. He was a delegate to the convention for framitig the federal constitution, and was a senator in the first congress. In 1796 he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1799 was sent envoy extraordinary to Fraui^. ELS 241 The decline of his health induced him to resign his s^t on the bench, and he retired to his |[amily-r«>sidence at Windsor, where he died in 1807. ELLWOOD, Thomas, a quaker, was born, in 1639, at Crowell, in Oxfordshire. He was an active controversialist, and en- dured considerable persecution. At one time he was amanuensis to Milton, and to this circumstance we are indebted for the Paradise Regained, "Thou hast said much -of Paradise Lost," exclaimed EU- wood, " but what hast thou to say of Para- dise found V* The hint was taken by the immortal bard. EUwood, who died in 1714, wrote his own Life; Darideis, a po- em; Sacred History; and the Foundation of Tithes shaken; brides numerous minor productions. ELMACINUS, orELMAKIN, George, an oriental historian, who is be- lieved to have been a christian, was bom in 1223, and succeeded his father as one of the secretaries to the sultan of Egypt. He died in 1273. Elmacinus is the author of an Arabic chronicle, from the creation down to 1118, which Erpenius translated into Latin. ELPHINSTON, James, a native of Edinburgh, bom in 1721, and educated at the universitvof his native city, was for many years the master of a boarding school in the vicinity of London. He died at Hammersmith in 1809. The translations of the mottos in the Edinburgh edition of the Rambler, in 1750, were made by him. For a considerable part of bis life ne was engaged in a chimerical attempt to remodel English orthography; and on this subject he published several works, among which is a Selection of his Correspondence with emin^ni. persons. He also produced a bad translation of Martial, and an English Grammar. EL3TOB, William, a divine and a Saxon scholar, was bom, in 1673, at New- castle upon Tyne; and was educated at Eton, Cambriflge, and Oxford, in wli^ch litter university be was chosen a fellow of University College. He obtained the rec- tory of St. Swilhin,'Irf)ndon, in which he died, in 1714. In the Saxon language he was well versed, and translated from it the Homily of Lupus. (Jnforbniaiely, he did not carry into effect his design of publish- ing a coljection of the Saxon Laws. ELSTOB, Elizabeth, sister of the foregoing, was born at Newcastle in 1683, and was as good a Saxon scholar as her brother. She translated the Homily of St. Gregory, and published a Saxon Grammar. From Queen Caroline she had a trifling pension, which ceased upon her maj^ty's death ; but she was snatched from poverty, by being taken into the family of the Duchess of Portland. She died in 1796 a42 EMM ELZEVIR. ' The name of a celebrated family of printers, who resided at Amster- dam and Leyden. Louis, the first of them, exercised his profession from 1592 to 1617, and took for his device an eagle holding seven arrows, with the motto, Concordia res parvae crescunt. This he afterwards EN6 fortune much impaired in the conrie of hu political career. After some deliberation between the two professions, for which I14 was equally well qualified, he determined in favour of the bar. Contrary to the usual rules, he was at once admitted to the bar, and in a few years rivalled in extent of excliapged for that of a man standing, with practice and reputation the most eminent the motto, Non solus ; and this wus adopt- ed by his successors. His descendants con- tinued in the profession till the end of the seventeenth century. Their editions are numerous, and highly valued. EMERSON, William, a celebrated mathematician, was born, in 1701, atHur- worth, near' Darlington, and died there in 1782. His father was a schoolmaster, and his son succeeded him, but retired from that occupation, and lived on a small property. In his manners he was eccentric and boor- ish; but his scientific merit is great. Among his works are. The Doctrine of Fluxions; Elements of Optics; Elements of Trigo- nometry ; The Aritlimetic of Infinites ; and Treatises on Algebra, Mechanics, Nav- igation, and other subjects. EMILIANUSi Marcus Julius, a na- tive of Mauritania, of an obscure family, had risen by his courage to be governor of Moesia, when, A. v. 253, his soldiers pro claimed him emperor. He defeated Gal' lus, who was assassinated by his own troops, )ut he enjoyed the throne only four months, le, too, bemg murdered, near Spoleto, by hose whom he commanded. "Obscurissi- .-ni natus, obscurius imperavit," says Eu- tropius, in speaking of him. EMMET, Thouas Adois, was born in the city of Cork, Ireland, in 1764. He was originally intended for the medical profession, and after completing his classi- cal studies at Trinity College, Dublin, com- menced his preparatory professional studies at the university of Edinburgh, where he was graduated in 1784. The deatli of his elder brother, a member of tlie Irish bar, Induced him to relinquish the study of med- icine and commence that of the law. Two years having been spent at London in at- tending terms in the Temple, and the courts at Westminster, he returned to his native land, was admitted to tlie bar in 1791, and commenced the practice of the law in Dub- lin. He' soon rose to distinction and ob- tained an extensive business. In 1798 he was arrested and committed to prison on mcoount of his connection with the associa- tion of United Irishmen, and remained in the custody of the government till 1802 The winter of that year he spent with his wife and family in Brussels, and tjjat of 1803 at Paris. Id October 1804 they sail- ed from Bordeaux for the United States, and arrived in New York on the 11th of the next month. He was then about forty fmn 01° age, with a large familv. and his American lawyers. In 1812 he was ap. pointed attorney general of the state of New York. His death took place very suddenly, in 1827. He was a learned ana laborious lawyer, and an energetic and el- oquent advocate. EMLYN, Thomas, a native of Lin- colnshire, born at Stamford in 1663, was brought up as a dissenting minister, and, in 1691, settled at Dublin, as assistant to the Reverend Joseph Boyce ; but was soon interdicted from his pastoral duties, on suspicion of Arianism. His humble inqui- ry into tlie Scripture Account of Jesus Christ brought on him a prosecution for blasphemy, and he was heavily fined and imprisoned. On his release, he removed to London, where he died, in 1743. Emlyn's character was amiable and unimpeachable, and he was in habits of friendship with Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and otiicr eminent men. His works have been collected in- to two volumes 8vo. .. EMPEDOCLES, a Pythagorean philos- opher, was a native of Agn'gentum, in Si- cily, where he flourished about B. c. 444. He refused the sovereignty, which was of- fered to him by his fellow citizens, and es- tablished a popular government. He was skilled in philosophy and medicine, and had a talent for poetry. Some ascribs to him the Golden Verses, which others at- tribute to Pythagaras. The story that he died by throwing himself into mount Etna is, probably, as fabulous as anotlier story, that he was carried away by a cloud. E.\FIELD, William, a dissenting mi- nister and general writer, was born at Sudbury in 1741, and, after having been pastor to a congregation at Liverpool, be- came resident tutor and lecturer on bellei Jeltres at Warrington Academy ; a situB' tion which he retained till the dissolution of that establishment. He died at Nor- wich, in 1797. He published an abridged translation of Brucker's History of Philos- ophy.; The Speaker ; Exercises on Elocu- tion; Institutions of Natural Philosophy; and various other works : and was one of the principal contributors to Aikin's Bio- graphical Dictionary. ENCJEL, John James, a German wri- ter, a native of Mecklenburgh, was born at Parchau in 1741, and died there in 1802. From 1776 to 1787, he was professor of morals and literature at Berlin, and had, subsequently, along with Ramler,ttie man- airement. till 1794. of the Rurlin tkamM EON Uu woiiu, which are remarkable for per- •picaitjr and correct taste, form twelve vol- wn^. Among them are. Ideas on the Dra- matic Art; Lorenz Stark, a romance; and two excellent comedies. ENGELBRECHT, JoHir, a celebrated German visionary, bom in 1599 at Bruns- wick, was tlie son of a tailor Bad health, misery, and religioos &naticism, combined to orertbrow bis reason. He fasted at times for a fortniorht together, and remain- ed without sleep for a much longer period, and occasional^ fell into trances, durin? which be believed that he was transported to hell and to paradise, and that he receiv- ed the mission of exhorting mankind to re- pentance. He wandered for several years through Germany, published his imaginary revelations, and was not without prose- lytes. At fength, completely worn out, he died in 1642. ENGLEFIELD, Sir Hbkrt Charles, was bom in 1752, and died in 1822. He was a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and contributed largely to their transactions. His scientific knowledge was extensive, and he was an excellent classical scholar. Among his separate works are. Tables of the apparent place of the Comet of 1681; On the Determination of the Or- bits of Comets; A Walk throngh South- ampton ; and a Description of dhe Pictur- esque Beauties and Geological Phenomena of the Isle of Wight. ENNIUS, Q,0iKTDS, an early Latin po- et, bora B. c. 237, was a native of Cala- bria, and served in Sardinia, whence he was brougbt'to Rome by Cato the Censor. He was patronised by that eminent man, to whom he taught Greek, by Scipio Africa- nus, and by oUier eminent characters. He died B. c. 169. Of his Roman annals in verse, poems, tragedies, and other compo- sitions, nothing is extant but a few frag- ments, Virgil sometime imitated him, which he called picking pearls from tbe dunghill of Enniiis. EON DE BEAUMONT, ChevaUer Charles Gewzvieve d', a character over whom hung for many years much mys- tery, was born in 1728 at Tonnerre, in Bur- gundy, was originally at the bar, but left it to become a diplomatist, and was employed on a mission in Russia. During the seven vears' war, he served, with applause, as an officer of dragoons, under Marshal Broglio. He was subsequently minister plenipoten- tiary to the British court, but was superse- ded 1^ the count de Guiche, A quarrel arose between them which rendered it im- pradent for him to return to France- For about fifteeu years lie resided in England, during the latter part of which period doubtF arose respecting his sex. On his return to France, in 1777, he assumed the EPl S43 garb of a female, which he continued to wear till his decease. The revolution d^ prived him of a pension, and compelled him to take refuge in England, where he died in 1810. He was then ascertained to be of the masculine gender ; bat the cause of his appearing as a female has never been as- certained. D'Eon was a man of talent ; his works have been collected in thirteen volumes, under the title of Loisirs. EPAMINONDAS, one of the most il* lustrious of the Thebans, brave, patriotic, and incormptible, was the son of Polymnis. He saved the life of Pelopidas, in a battle against the Arcadians; incited him to lib- erate Thebes from the Lacedemonian yoke ; defeated Cleombrotns, and gained the bat- tle of Lenctra; overcame Alexander, ty- rant of Pheraea; and, at last, fell at Man- tinea, B. c, 363, in the moment of gaining a victory over the Spartans. Cicero con- sidered him as the greatest man that Greece ever produced. EPEE, Charles Michael de z.% a French abbe, the son of an architect, was born at Versailles in 1712, and died in 1789. The greatest part of his life was spent in the philanthropic occupation of teaching tbe deaf and dumb. His estab- lishment, which was the first of the kind, was instituted by his own unaided exer- tions. He possessed a yearly income of somewhat less than three hundred ponndl, almost the whole of which he expended in fading and clothing his unfortunate pupils; rratricting himself to the plainest food and the coarsest apparel, in order to ju'ovide for their wants. EPICHARMUS, an ancient poet and philosopher, who flourished about b, c 440, and is said to have reached his nine- ty^eventh year, was bom in the island of Cos, and was a disciple of Pythagoras. He wrote fifty-two comedies, all of which are lost, and he is supposed to have been one of the first who gave regularity to that species of composition. He also wrote upon medical and philosophical subjects. EPICTETUS, a celebrated Stoic philos- opher, who flourished in the first century, was bom at Hierapolis, in Pbrygia, and was originally a slave to Epaphroditos, one of Nero's freedmen. Having obtained his freedom, he retired to an humble hut, and gave himself up wholly to the study of phi- losophy. His lessons were greatly admir- ed, and his life afibrded an example of un- blemished virtue. Beino; banished from Rome, with the other philosophers, by Do- mitian, he settled at Nicopolis, in Epirus, Whether he ever returned to the Roman capital is unceitain; nor do we know the period at wiiich he died. Ilis memory was so much veueratod that the earthen: lamp which gave him light was sold for inor* 844 ERA than ninety pounds. His admirable En- chiridion, a mnniial of mnrality. wastranB- ated into English by. RUa, Carter EPICURUS, the founder of the F.pirii-- rean sect, was born B.C. 342^, at Gorget- tus, in the vicinity of Athens. Af^er having etudied at Athens, he resided successively at -Colophon, Mitylene, and Lampsacus. At the age of tliirty-six he returned to the Athenian capital, and purchai^ed a garden, in which he expoiindea his system of phi- losophy; whence his followers were de- nominated the philosophers of the garden. His doctrines became popular, and his disciples were remarkable for their mutu- al affection. He died B. c. 271. Of his works only a few, fragments remain. His system is elegantly unfolded in the poem of Lucretius. That its main principles are fiindamentally erroneous, and lead, to dan- gerous consequences, cannot be denied; but it is a gross mistake to suppose tliat Epicurus was a vicious man, or that he recommended vicious practices. On the contrary, his conduct was virtuous, and the pleasure which he taught his pupils to Eursue wa<3 that pleasure which is attaina- le by virtue alone. EFONINA, a Roman female,, who has Dot unaptly been denominated the. heroine of conjugal affection. Julius Sabinus, lier husband, having been defeated in his revolt against Veapaflian, he spread a report of iiis own death, and took shelter in a sub- terranean vault, where he lived concealed with Eponina during nine years. At last the secret was discovered, and Sabinus was led before the emperor. Not being successful in imploring the clemency of Vespasian for her husband, , the noble- minded Eponina refused to survive, and she perished with him, a. d. 78. ERASISTRATUS, a celebrated ancient physician, a pupil of Cbrysippus of Cnidus, was bom in the island of: Ceos, and lived at the court of Seleucus Nicanor, king of Syria, where he aqquired great reputation, by his talents,^ and by his skilful discovery of the concealed love of Antiochus for Stratonice. He was one of the first who dissected human bodies, and accurately described the brain. BIqud-letting he strove to banish wholly from practice, and he di2ap;groved of tapping for the dropsy; but in tumours of tlie liver he did not scruple to cut open the abt^omen in order to apply remedies in contact with the dis- eased organ. In extreme old age, the pain of an ulcer in his foot is said to have u duced him to put an end to his own ex Istence. ERASMUS, Desiderids, one of the greatest scholars of modern times, was born at Rotterdam in 1467. He was the natural son of a person named Gerard. That name signifies amiable in German, ERA and, after his father's decease, he truw' ieatd it into the equivalent Greek ajad Latin words, and assumed them as hu appellation. He was educated at Deventer. Having embezzled his property, his ^ar- dians took him from school, and, by ili usage, drove him to enter into a convent. In 1492 he took priest's ordem. Having completed his studies at Montaign College, Paris, he subsisted by giving lessons to persons of quality. Among his pupils was Lord . Mountjoy, on whose invitation, in 1497, he visited England, where he lie- came intimate with More, Colet, and otiier eminent men. From 1497 till 1610 he spent in France, the Netherlands, and Italy, during which period he published various works, and acquired high reputa- tion. ' In 1510 be again came to England; wrote his Praise of Folly, while residing with Sir Thomas More; and was appointed Margaret professor of divinity, and Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. Returning to the continent in 1514, he vigorously continued his literary labours. Basil waschiefiy the place of his residence. Among the numer- ous works which he now produced, may be mentioned an edition of the works of St. Jerome ; an edition of the New Testa- ment, with a Latin translation ; his dialogue intitled Ciceronianus ; and his celebrated Colloquies, which, attacking superstition and church abuses, gave such offence to bigoted catholics, that he was branded by them as having laid the egg which Luther hatched. With Luther, however, whom he had provoked by his treatise on Free Will, he was in open hostility. Erasmus died July 12, 1536. A complete edition of his works, in ten volumes folio, was published tw Le Clerc. ERASTUS, THOMASj-a native of Ba- den Durlach, was born at Auggenen, in 1523; studied at Basil and Bologna; and became physician to the Elector Palatine, who made him prpfessor of medicine at Heidelberg. His fiunily name was Lieber, or Beloved, which he Grecized into Eras- mus. He died professor at Basil, in 1583. Besides several medical works, he wrote a treatise on Ecclesiastical Excommunica* ERl tiofi, which was not published till after his decease. It denies the authority of the church to censure or to at»olre; and, of course, it was bitterly inveighed against buth by catholics and protestaots. It, Dotvever, made numerous proselytes, who were called Erastians. EaATOSTHE.XES, a native of Gy- rene, bom. B. c. 276, was keeper of the Alexandrian library daring the reigns of Ptolemy the third and fifth. At the age of eighty, he is said to have starred himself to death in consequence of his \o^ of sight. He was at once a geometrician, astrono- mer, geographer, philosopher, graoimariaD, and poet. Delambre considers him as the first founder of genuine astronomy. Of his works only fragments remain. The method of measuring the circumference of the globe was discovered by Eratosthenes. EfJCILLA Y ZUMGA, Don Aloszo, a Spanish poet and soldier, was born, about 1525, at Bermeo, in Biscay; was brought up at the court of Charles V., and was page to Philip II.; and afterwards fjught against the Araucanians in Chili. It was wbile he was serving in Chili that he wrote the first part of his Araucana; sometimes on scraps of paper, and some- times on bits of leather. Tlie first two parts appeared in 1577; the whole 1590. He died about 1595. In point of merit the Araucana ranks with, or near to, the Liisiad. Specimens of it have been translated into English by Hayley, and also by Boyd. The version by Boyd was printed in the Poetical Register, Vol^ IT. ERICEIRA, Ferdibtakd MEIVEZES, count of, a Portuguese statesman and au- thor, bom at Lisbon in 1614, died in 1699, was governor of Peniche and Tangier, and filled several important offices in the state. He is the author of A History of Tangier; A History of Portnpl from 1640 to 1657; A Life of John I. of Portugal; and various poems and miscellaneous productions.— His brother, Lonis, born at Lisbon in 1632, died 1690, was a warrior, a stat^- man, and a writer. He produced A Life of Scanderbe^; and A History of the Restoration of Portu^l. — Francis Xa- TiEB, a son of Louis, who was bom at Lisbon in 1673, and died in 1743, jvas a worthy rival of his father and uncle. He wrote an epic, called the Henriqueada; many smaller poems; and numerous papers in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Lisbon. ERIGEIVA, JoHx ScoTFS, a learned man of the ninth century. The place of his birth is doublfji. Herefordshire,\Vales, Ireland, and Ayrshire, have all been men- tioned, but the latter is the must probable. He studied at Athens. For many years Im lived at the court of Charles the Bald, £RS 245 and was the director of the university (^ Paris. He was subsequently patronised by Al&ed, who appointed him professor of mathematics and astronomy at Oxford. He afterwards established a schuol at Malm&jimry Abbey, where his scholars are said tj have murdered him, on account of hio t>everily. Others state that be died in Fr ince. His Treatise on the Nature of Things was published by Gale iu 1681. ERNESTI, John Augustus, an eau* nent German critic, was born, in 1707, a£ TennstadC, in Thoringia, and studied at Leipsic, where he ultimately became pro- fessor of ancient literature, rhetoric, and theolo£ry. He died in 1781. Among his numerous publications' are editions of Ho- mer, Callimacbns, Pokbius, Xenophon, Cicero, Suetonius, and Tacitus; and a Theological , Library, ten volumes 8vo. — His nephew, Augustus William, who was bora in 1753, and died in 1801, pub- lished Opuscula; and editions of Livy, Quintiliao, Ammianns, and PomponiuB Mela. ERPENIUS, or VAN ERPEN, a na- tive of Holland, bom at Gorcum in 1584, was educated at Leyden, at which place, after having extensively travelled to im- prove himself, he was chosen professor of Arabic and Hebrew. He died in 1624, Erpenios had a consummate knowledge of oriental languages; published Granunars and many other works, to facilitate the study of Arabic and Hebrew; and trans- lated Elmaciniis's History of the Saracens. ERSCH, John Saho£l, an eminent bibliographer, a native of Silesia, was born at Gross Glogao in 1766, and died, in 1823, principal librarian, and professor of geography and statistics, at the univer- sity of Halle. Among his works ^re. Literary France, five vols.; A Catalogue of Anonymous and Pseudonymous German Works; and A Manual of German Litera- ture, two vols. He also edited the Jena Literary Gazette, and, subsequently, the Hamburgh Political Journal. ERSKINE, Thomas, lord, the w eelebrated of modem forensic oKUors* i 24S ERS the third son of the earl of Buchan, ami was born in Scotland in 1760. After having received a good education at Edin- burgjh high school and St. Andrevf's uni- versity, he went to sea as a midshipman, under Sir John Lindsey. His early fond- ness for the sea, however, soon evaporated, and, in 1768, he entered the army, as an ensign of the first regiment of foot. With Ihat regiment, after having married, he went to Minorca, where he resided for three years. The scanty pittance of the rank which he held being but ill calculated to support a family, he was persuaded by his mother to turn liis talents to the law; and accordingly, in his twenty-sixth year, he commenced his le^al studies. Buller and Wood, both of whom became judges, were his instructors. In 1778, he was called to the bar, and he was instantly successful. The splendid powers which he displayed, in the memorable case of Captain Baillie, placed him at once in the first rank of his profession. His sub- sequent efforts more than sustained his fame. Ampng the most prominent of them may be mentioned, his speeches for Carjian, Admiral Keppel, Lord George Gordon, Dean Shipley, Stockdale, Paine, and the persons who were tried for high treason in 1794. In 1783 he was returned to the Commons' House as a member for Portsmouth, and he continued to sit in tliat bouse till he was removed to the other. In principle he was a whig, and be was a strenuous opposer of tlie war against the French republic. On the Causes and Consequences of that war he published a pamphlet, which went through nearly fifty editions. In 1806 he came into office with his friends, as lord chan- cellor, with the title of baron ; and when, in the following year, his party was de- prived of the reins of govemmen , he retired with the usual pension. During the latter years of his life he laboured under considerable pecuniary embarrass- ment, and displayed some of those " follies of the wise** which have been too often witnessed in tlie decline of eminent men. He died November 17, 1823. Besides his tract on the French war, he wrote a polit- ical romance, called Armata, and some pamphlets in favour of the Greeks. But as a writer he has little claim to praise. The pen seems to act on him like a tor- pedo ; his style is lax and spiritless. Nor did he stand high as a parliamentary orator. It was at the bar tliat he was truly in his element. There, his voice, his manner, his rhetorical skill, his copious- ness of language, and his mastery over the feelings and prejudices of his hearers, bore away the palm from all hii rivals, ud, on most occasions, insured to him a complete triumph. ESS ESCOBARY MENDOZA, ArtTHOHT, a celebrated Spanish casuist, born at Vai- ladolid, in 1689; entered the rociety of the Jesuits at the age of fifteen, was for many years a popular preacher; and diea in 1669. He is the author of several works, extending to forty volumes (most of them folio), the' principal of which are, his Moral Theology, and his Cases of Con- science; the last of these, in particular, Pascal has rendered notorious by the severity with which he has treated it in the Provincial Letters. ESMENARDj Joseph Alphonso, a French poet, a member of the Institute, was born, in 1770, at Pelissane, in Prov- ence; was connected with several literary and political journals during the revolu- tion ; travelled Jn various parts of Europe, and accompanied General Leclerc to St. Domingo; and was killed, in 1811, by his horse throwing him down a precipice. He is the anthor of Navigation, a poem; the operas of Trajan and Ferdinand Cor- tez; and some articles in the Universal Biography. ESPER, JoHK Frederic, a German naturalist and astronomer, was born at Drossenfeld, in Bayreuth, in 17S2, and died in 1781. He was the first who ex- amined and described the curious fossil remains in the subterranean caverns of Bayreuth. On this subject he published An Accurate Description of the Zeolites of unknown Animals, with plates. He is also the author of A Method of determining the Orbits of Comets, &c. without instru- ments or mathematical calculation. ESSEX, Robert DEVEREUX, earl of, the son of Walter earl of Essex (a man of courage and talent), was born, in 1567, at Netherwood, in Herefordshire; was left by his father under the guardian- ship of Lord Burleigh ; and was educated by Whitgift at Trinity college, Cambridge. After having, at the age of seventeen, been introduced, and received witli favour, at court, he sought to acquire fame in arms. Between 1586 and 1597, he distinguished himself at the battle of Zutphen ; was ap- pointed to command the cavalry at Tilbury; led four tliousand men to the assistance o'f Henry IV. at the siege of Rouen; and conducted a successful expedition against Cadiz. In 1597, he was created earl marshal of England; and he now held the same place that Leicester had formerly held in the favour of Elizabeth. In 1599, he was chosen to put down the rebellion of Tyrone in Ireland ; and, on this occa- sion, the queen, who lad aiready shown some signs of alienation from him, ex> grossed great dissatisfaction at his conduct Leturning unexpectedly, he tlirew himself at her feet, and was apparently forgiven but her rigour, and his own high spirit, al EST length drove him to resist her authority by violence; and he was in consequence beheaded in 1601. Essex was much and deservedly beloved; for he was liberal handed and warm hearted, intrepid in the field, and a patron of literary talent. ESSEX, Robert DEVEREUX, ear! of, son of the foregoing, born iff 1592, was educated at Merton College, and, in 1603, was restored to his hereditary hon- ours by James I. Twice he was unfor- tunate in marriage; tlie .first time with Lady Frances Howard, the second time with the daughter of Sir William Paulet. A divorce took place in both instances. Essex served in the Palatinate and the Netherlands; was vice-admiral in two maritime expeditions; and lieutenant- gen eral of the army against the Scotch „on 1639. In 1642 he espoused the cause of the parliament, and was placed at the head of the army.' At Edgehill, Reading, Glou- cester, and Newbury, be was successful ; but, in 1644, he was overcome in the west of England. He died in 1646. ESTAING, Charles Henry, Count d', a French admiral, born in Auvergne. He was under Lally in the East Indies, and escaped, from an English prison by breaking his parole. He was commander of the French squadrons in the American war, and distinguished himself at the cap- ture of the island of Grenada. At the revolution he became a member of the aS' sembly of notables, and was guillotined as a counter-revolutionist, in 1793. ESTIENNE, or STEPHEN, the name of a French family which produced many eminent printers. Robert, one of the most celebrated of them, was born at Paris in 1503, and died at Geneva in 1559. He had a perfect knowledge of ancient languages and the belles lettres. Besides his editions of the Bible, and otlier works, he gave to the world a The- saurus of the Latin Language; and the first Latin and French Diqtionarjr which appeared in France. His son, Henrt, the second of that christian name, was bom at Paris in 1528, and died in 1598, at Lyons, to which city he had removed from Geneva, where he had been compelled to take refuge, in consequence of his hav- ing published i satire against the monks. Independent of his other publications and works, among the latter of which is a Latin version of Anacreon, literature is indebted to him for the valuable Thesaurus of the Greek language, in four folio vol- umes. Notwithstanding his talents, learn- ing, and industry, he expired in a hos- pital. ESTRADES, Godfrey, count d', a French warrior and diplomatist, was born at Agen, in 1607; served in the Nether- andfl, under Prince Maurice; and was EUB 247 aflerwards employed as a negotiator by his own sovereign. He concluded the treaty with Charles II. for the purchase of Dunkirk; the treaty of Breda, in 1667; and the treaty of Nimeguen, in 1678. For tliese services he was created marshal of France. He died in 1686. Some details of his Negotiations, extracted from a manuscript in twenty-two folio volumes, have been published in nine volumes, 12mo. ETHEREGE, Sir George, one of the wits and gallants of the court of Charles II., and who was also one of ** the mob uf gentlemen who wrote with ease," was of a good family in Oxfordshire, and was born about 1636. He is believed to have been educated at Cambridge. AlXer his return from his travels, he studied law, but soon abandoned it to join the dissipa- ted throng of fashion and libertinism. Occasionally, however, he gave his mo- ments to poetry and to the drama. Besides some lively poems, tmctured with licen- tiousness, he wrote the comedies of She Wou*d if she Cou'd ; The Comical Revenge ; and The Man of Mode; which are not without merit, though liable to the same censure as his poems. He died about the period of the revolution; but it is not certain;^ whether, when intoxicated, he broke his neck down stairs at Rattisbon, where he was envoy, or whether he fol- lowed James II. to France, and ceased to exist there. ETMULLER, Michael, a physician of great emiuence, was born at Leipsic, in 1644; was educated in his native city; travelled over a considerable part of Eu- rope, to acquire knowledge; became pro- fessor of botany, and extraordinary pro- fessor of surgery and anatomy, at the uni- versity of Leipsic, in 1676; and died in 1683. He wrote many medical works, a complete edition of vi;hich was published by his son, Michael Ernest. ETOTLE, Peter de l% a native of Paris, in tlie chancen^ of which city he held an important orace, was born in 1540, and died in 1611. For many years he kept a diary of events, and even of'^pop- ' ular reports. From this collection, which filled five folio volumes, was subsequently extracted The Journal of Henry III. in five volumes, and The Journal of the Reign of Henry IV. in four volumes. Of these, the first is known to have been edited by Lenglet Dufresnoy, and the sec- ond is suimosed to have been. EUBULUS, an Athenian comic poet, flourished about the 101st Olympiad. Of his pieces, of which only fragments re- main, the number is variously estimated, from twenty-four to sixty-one. He wai fond of enigmatical expressions and p*s>« iQg upon words. 248 EUG EJ/CLI D, a Grecian ' philosopher, a disciple of Socrates, was a native of Me- gara, and flourished about four centuries berore the christian era. . He was the founder of the Me^aric sect, which took Its HRme from his birthplace. EUCLID, an eminent geometrician, is said b^ Pappus and Proclus to have been a native of Alexandria, in which city, during the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, about E. c. 300, he taught mathematics. It was he who first established a mathematical school there. He wrote on Music, Optics, Catoptrics, and other subjects ; but the work which has immortalized his name is The Elements of Geometry. Of the fifteen books which compose those elements,'how- ever, the last two are supposed to be the production of Hypsicles. EUGENE, Francis, prince, a grand- son of the duke of Savoy,* and son of the ccunt of Soissons, was born at Paris . in 1663. He was intended for the church, and was known in his youth by< the famil- iar appellation of the little Abbe. Eugene, however, had no fondness for theology, but much for military glory. . He requested a regiment; was remsed;,'and immediately entered the service of rUie emperor, as a volunteer against the Turks. So greatly did he distinguish himself, that Leopold gave him a regiment of dragoons. Louvois, the minister, now endeavoured to bring back Eugene and the otiier French volun- teers, by a menace of -perpetual exile, in case of disobedience. But the prince 4augh- ed at his threats, and exclaimed, " I will enter France again in spite of hiln."7 Sa- voy was the next theatre of his exploits, whence he was recalled on the duke join- ing the French, and \i>aq placed at the head of the army of Hungary. Louis XIV. who had at length discovered his merit, offered him a marshal's staff, a pension, and the government of Champagne, but they were disdainfully rejected In 1697, he gained, in contempt of orders not to fight, the decisive battle of Zenta, in which the Turks lost thirty thousand men. The war of the Spanish succession raised Us reputation to the highest pitch. H^ EUL participated largely in the victories of Blenheim, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet; defeated La Feuillade, saved Turin, ex- pelled the French from Italy, and invaded Provence; reduced Lisle; and performed many other splendid actions. In 1716, he routed the Turks at Peterwaradin, and, in the follc^ing year, he compelled Belgrade to surrender, after having inflicted on them another ruinous defeat. At the expiration of sixteen years of peace, which he had spent in cultivating and patronising the arts and literature, he was again, in 1733, called into the field, as commander on the Rhine: but no important events occurred. He died, unmarried, April 21, 1736. Ac- tivity, darJngnesB, and promptitude in re- pairing his own faults and profiting by those of his adversaries, were the distin- guishing military qualities of Prince Eu- gene. EULER, Leonard, one of the most illustrious and fertile matliematicians of the eighteenth century, was born at Basil in 1707, and was a pupil of John Bernouil- li. He was one of the learned men whom Catherine the First invited to St. Peters- burgh, and in that capital he resided, as professor, from 1727 to 1741. In 1741, he removed to Berlin, at tlie request of tlie king of Prussia, and he remained there till 1766, when he returned to tlie Russian capital. He died, of apoplexy, at St. Pe- tersburgh, in 1783. For many years pre- vious to his decease he had been blind, but the privation of sight did not put a stop to his labours. Among the works pro- duced while he was in a state of darkness were The Elements of Algebra, and The Theory of the Moon. His writings are so numerous, that a mere catalogue of them fills fifty pages. Many of them are to be found in the Memoirs of the Academies of Saint Petersburgh, Berlin, and Paris, es- pecially in tlie first two. EULER, John Albert, a son of th foregoing, was bom at St. Petersburgh in 1734, and died there, in 1800. Though inferior to his father, he was an able mathematician. He was secretary of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, inspector of the Military Academy, and counsellor of state. Several of his papers, on ast'on- omy, mechanics, optics, &c. were pub- lished in the Transactions of various learn- ed bodies. EULER, Charles, the second son of Leonard, was born, in 1740, at St. Pe- tersburgh, and died there, in 1766, phy- sician to the court, and a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. He pro- duced a paper On the Motions of the Planets, which some, from its excellence, have been disposed to attribute to hi* father. EULER, CHitisTorHXK, the youogesi BUS ■on of Leonard, was born at Berlin, in 1743; manifested early agenius for math- ematics; was first. in the Prussian artillery service, and afterwards in tliat of the em* press of Russia, who placed him at the head of a manufactory of arms, near the Gulf of Finland. H« was an excellent as- tronomer also,^ and was one of the persons selected to observe the transit of Venus in 1769. Tlie year of his decease is not Known EUMENES, one of the most celebrated of Alexander's generals, was a native of Candiopolis, in the Thracian Chersonese. After the death of his sovereign, tlie gov- ernment of Cappadocia and PaphlRgonia was assigned to him. Severe contests en- sued between him and the other generals, which, after he had displayed splen^d talents and gained many victories, ended by his falling into the lu^s of Aotigonus, who put him to deatli, b. c. 315. EORIPIDES, one of the three great tragic bards , of Greece, was the son of Mnesarchus, and was born in die isle of Salamis, abMit b. c. 480. Socrates, Pro- dicus, and Anaxagoras were his instruc- tors in -ethics, eloquence, and philosophy. Dramatic compositiion he began to attempt in his eighteenth, year, i Some, of his finest works are .said to. have been composed in a solitary cave near Salamis. He wrote seventy-five, or, as others say, ninety-two tragedies, of which only nineteen are ex- tant. In two marriages Euripides was unhappy, and this circumstance is supposed to have rendered him hostile to the female sex. He is said to have been torn to pie ces by the king's hounds, in his seventy- fifth year, at the court of Archelaus, king of Macedon ; but some attribute his death to natural decay. In pathos and in moral seniiment Euripides far excels both of his illustrious rivals. EUSEBIUS, Eurnamed Pamphilus from his friendship with the martyr of that name, is supposed to have been born A. D. 267, at Cesaraea, of which city he became bishop in 315. He died in 339 or 3^. He was one of the most learned and eloquent men of the Christian church, As, however, he was hostile to Athahasius, his character has not been spared by the partisans of that personage. St. Jerome calls him the prince of tlie Arians. His works were numerous, but many of tliem are lost. His Ecclesiastical History, which is extant, has gained for him the title of the Father of Ecclesiastical History; and his Evangelical Demont«tration induced Scaliger to apply to him the epithet of Divine. EUSTACE, John ChetwoDe, a ca- tliolic clergyman, of an ancient Lancashire fiunily, was educated at Stoneyhurst; tra- telled on the continent, as a tutor to some EVE 249 young men of rank; and died at Naples, m 1815. Besides a Political Catechism; the Proofs of Christianity ; an Answer to the Bishop of Lincoln's Charge; and a Letter from Paris ; he is the author of an excellent Tour through Italy, in two vol- umes 4to. Eustace was a^o a man of poetical talents. He published an Elegy on the Death of Mr. Burke ; and, at the time of his death, had made considerable progress in a didactic poem on the Culture of the Youthful Mind. EUSTACHI,orEUSTACHIUS,BAR- THOLOMEW, a celebrated anatomist of the sixteenth century, was born at San Seve- rino, in the Papal territory; studied at Rome; was physician to Cardinals Borro- meo and Julius de* la Rovere, and professor of llie Sapienza College; and died in 1574. He first described the renal capsules and the thoraic duct, and he made several important discoveries, among which is the passage, that now bc^s his name, from the tm-oat to the internal ear. Some of his works are unfortunately lost, but others, under the title of Opuscula, are extant. - EUSTATHIUS, an eminent critic of the twelfth century, a native of Constantino- ple, was . archbishop of Thessalonica, in which high station be distinguished him- self by his piety and benevolence. He died about 1200,' His principal work is a Com- mentary on Homer, which is partly a compilation from preceding commentators and scholiasts. . Many of his manuscripts are still existing in libraries. EUTROPIUS, Flavius, a Roman his- torian, who flourished in the fourth century Of his life little is known; but it is certain that he bore arms under Julian, in the Persian expedition. He is also supposed to have been a senator. He is the author of a Compendium of Roman Histoi^, in ten books. The oldest edition of it is tlie folio, published at Rome, in 1471. EUTYCHES, an ecclesiasdc of the fifth centui^, who gave rise to the sect of Eutycnians, was abbot of a monastery near Constantinople, and was a strictly pious and moral man. In combating the doctrines of Nestorius he fell into the op- posite extreme, and denied the human nature of Christ. Violent disputes in the church, and his own excommunication, were the consequences of his heterodoxy. He died soon after, but his sect existed for a long period. EVELYN, John, a native of Surrey, was born at Wotton, in 1620; was edu- cated at Baliol College, Oxford; studied for a while at the Middle Temple ; and then sought refuge on the continent from the storms of civil war, and resided in , France and Italy till 1651. After his return to England, he gave his time tc literary pursuits. The Restoration, t* 350 FAB which he had lent the aid of his pen, in^ troduftd him itto public life. He was appointed one of the co'ttmissioners for lick ajd wounded seamen, and for rebuild- ing St. Paulas Church, and also a member •f the board of trade. When the Royal Society was establishi^d he was one of the first who was nominated a fellow. James II. made him one of the commissioners for the office of lord privy seal, and William HI. gave him the situation of treasurer of Greenwich Hospital. His devotion to literature,' however, continued undiminish- ed, and he produced many valuable works. Among them are, Sylva, or a Discourse on Forest Trees ; Terra, a Philosophical Dis- course of Earth ; Numismata, or a Discourse of Medals ; Sculptura, or the History and Art of dbalcography ; and Acetaria, a Discourse of Sallets. He died in 1706. His DiaiT, Correspondence, and Miscel- laneous Works, have been recently pub- lished. EVELYN, Sir George Augustus William Shuckburgr, whose original name was Shuckburgh, was M. P. for the county of Warwick, and a member of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He died in 1804, in his fifty-fourth year. He was an exceUent mathematician. To the Trans- actions of the Royal Society he contributed various papers, among which are'. Obser- vations made in Savoy, to ascertain the Height of Mountains by the Barometer; on the Temperature of Boiling Water; and an Account of the Endeavounj to ascertain a Standard Weight and Mea- sures. In the endeavours recorded by the last of these papers he took a very active part. ' EVERTS, or EVERARD, Joanses E'/EcuiiDus, best known by his Christian name, was the son of an eminent lawyer, who was president of the council of Hol- land; was born at the Hague, in 1511; studied civil law under Aliciat; became Latin secretary to Charles V., under whom he had served at the siege of Tunis ; and died in 1536. He is the author of The Basia, a collection of amatory poems; eleg.int in their Latinity, but. licentious in principle.. EWALD, JoBir, one of the most emi- nent of the Danish, poets, was born, in 1743, in the duchy of Sleswick. In his early youth tie was of a most romantic disposition. Disliking a clerical life, to FAB which he was destined, he fled from homit and served with great bravery in the Pnw. sian and Austrian armies. After his re. turn to his country, a disappointment in love threw him for a while into alternate melancholy and dissipation. It was not till his twenty-third year that his poetical talent was displayed. He died in 1781 ; having Ion? been the victim of a gouty disorder. Ewald excelled in the drama, and in lyric and elegiac poetry. EWIN6, John, an eminent American divine and mat'nematician, was born in Maryland in 1732. He was graduated at the college in Princeton in 1755, and after wards served as a tutor in that seminary In 1759 he undertook the pastoral charge of the first Presbyterian church of Phila- delphia, which he continued to exercise until 1773. In 1779 he accepted the sta- tion of provost of the university of Phila- delphia, which he filled until his deatli. He was elected vice-president of the American Philosophical Society, and contributed several valuable memoirs to their Transac- tions. His favourite study from an early age was mathematics, and his Lectures on Natural History have obtained considerable reputation. He died in 1802. EXPHXY, John Joseph, a native of France, was born at St. 4lemi, in Pro- vence, in 1719, and died in 1793. He was an abbe, and obtained clerical preferment, after having been secretary of embassy to the Sicilian monarch. He travelled much, and was an acute observer. His works are numerous, and he acquired the reputa- tion of being the most correct, industrious, and usefiil geographer of his time. Among his publications are, A Cosmography, in five parts; A Polychrograpliy, in six parts; an excellent Treatise on the Population of France; and A Geographical, Historical, and Political Dictionary of the Gauls and of France, six volumes folio. The last ot these works reaches only to the letter S. EYCK, John Van, an artist, was born at Maaseyk, in Holland, in 1370, and died in 1441. The invention of painting in oil has been ascribed to him, but it appears certain that it was known before his time. He, however, was undoubtedly tlie first who improved it and brought it into gene- ral use. His brother Hubert, who was born in.lS66, and died in 1426, is regarded as the founder of the Flemish school. They were both eminent in tlieir art. F FABERT, Abraham, a French mar- i tinguished himself greatly in the retreat •hal,waB born at Metz, in 1599, and early from Mentz in 1635, the battle of Marie, •dof ted the military profession. He dis- 1 and a variety of actions and sieges. He FAB died in 1662. Fabert was a man of highly honourable principles. " If Fabert can be sospected," said Mazarine, " there is no man living ia whom we can place confi- dence." Louis XIV. offered him the blue ribbon, but be refused it, because he could not produce the necessary proofs of noble descent. He was told to fiirnish whatever proofs be thought proper, and they should not be scrutinized. '* T will aot,'*^ replied be, ** have ray mantle decorated by a cross, and my name dishonoured by an imposture." FABIUS, Qdintus Maximus Ver RDCOSus, a Roman warrior, was consul fi>r the first time a d. c. 517, and had the honour of a trmmpb for defeating the Ligurians. He was at die head of the eniDassy which was sent to denounce^ war against Carthage. After the battle of Thrasimene he was appointed dictator, and by his prudence he held the victorious Annibal at bay; as be likewise did subse- quently to the disastrous battle of Cannse. He thus acquired the surname of Cuncta- tor, or Delayer. Fabius died b. c. 204. FABRE D'EGLANTINE, Philip FRA5CIS Nazaire, a French dramatic poet, was bom in 1755, at Carcassone, and in ^.rly life was a strolling player. He bad little success on the stage, but he gained friends by his varied talents; for he wrote verses, drew, engraved, and was a tolerable musician and composer. Hav- ing obtained the prize of the eglantine, at the floral games of Toulouse (whence the addition to his name), be went to Paris, to bring out several theatrical pieces. In the revolution he took a violent part; was elected a member of the Convention ; voted for the death of Louis; and, final W* was executed with Danton, in 1794. Ilis Comedies and Poems form two volumes; of the former, the best are, Moliere's Phi- linte; the Epistolary Intrigue; and The Tatora. FABRICIUS, or FABRIZIO, an Ital- ian physician and anatomist, was bom at Acquapendente, in 1537. He was a pupil of FallopiuB, at Padua, and succeeded him in the surgical and anatomical chair of that university. Fabricius was of a noble and disinterested^nature, and was held in high esteem by the Paduans and the Vene- tian government. He died in 1612. The valves of the veins were first accurately described by him. His anatomical works form one volume in folio, and his surgical works another FABRICIUS of HiLDEW, William, a celebrated surgeon, was born at Hilden, near Cologne, in 1560; practised at Berne and Lausanne; and died in 1634. Among his numerous works, forming a folio vol- ume, are Treatises on Grangrene and on Dysentery, and a New Mamiel of Military Medicine and Sm-gery. FAB m FABRICIUS, DAriD, a German cler- gyman and astronomer, who died at Osteria, m East Frieslaod, in 1579,' discovered the changeable star in the constellation of the Whale, and made an attempt to re(X}ncile the Ptolemaic system with the observations of Kepler. He is also the author of a Chronicle of East Frieslhnd. FABRICIUS, John, an astronomer, son of the foregoing, was the first who, by means of refi^cting telescopes, discovered the spots on die sun's disk; or at the least, made the discovery contemporaneous- ly with Galileo. He was born at Osteria, and died in the first half of the seventeenth century. FABRICIUS, John Albert, a Ger- man critic and bibliographer, whom one of his contemporaries called the Librarian of the Republic of Literature, was bom at Leipsic, in 1668, and died, in 1736, at Hamburgh, in which city he was professor of rhetoric. He is said to have produced a hundred and twenty-eight works; among which are, Bibliotneca Graeca, fourteen vols. 4to; Bibliotheca Latina, three vols. 8vo. ; Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica ; Bibli- otheca Latina Mediae et Infimae Latinatis; and Bibliotheca Antiquarian FABRICIUS, John Christiait, the greatest of modern entomologists, was bom, in 1742, at Tundern, in Sleswick. He was the pupil and friend of Linnaeus, ftledicine was the profession which he adopted; but his principal attention was turned to entomology, and, for the purpose of improving that science, he visited all the museums of northern and central Europe. He died at Copenha^n, in 1807. The calamines to which his country was then exposed are said to have been mainly instrumental in causing his death. Fabri- cius was counsellor to tlie Danish monarch, and professor of rural and political econ- omy. He is the author of Systema En- tomologiae ; Fbilosophia Entomoiogia ; Entomologia Systematica; Systema Eleu- theratorum ; and other works, both on his favourite science and on political economy. It is from the organs of the mouth that Fabricius classifies the insect trib^, FABRIS, Nicholas, an Italian mecha- nician, was bom at Cbioggia, in 1731, and died there in 1801. He was of the clerical profession. Among his numerous and ingen- ious inventions were, a pianoforte which, while it played, noted down the music; a barrel which excluded air by contracting in the interior as the liquor was Hraivn off; a wooden hand to beat tin*' , ,. j^'***^ which marked at once the x* »*' — « Ital- ian hours, minutes and ^txjnds, with the equinoxes and solstices ; and a species of clock, of which a magnei was the motive power. F ABRONI, An az Lit, a. learned Italiaa. 252 FAI was born, m 1732, at Marradi, in fh* Tuscan territory; was prior of the church of St. Lorenzo, at Florence; and whs patronised by_ the frand duke of .Tuscany, Popes Benedict XIV. and Clement XIV , and other illustrious characters. He tiav- elled to examine the libraries of England^ France, and Germany, and corresponded with the most eminent of his cootempura- ries.. He died in 1803. His greatest work is. Lives of the principal Italian Scholars of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Cen- tunes, in twenty volnnies. But he puu- lirilied many others; among which are. Lives uf Lorenzo and Cusmo de Medici, and of Leo X. ; and Eulogies of illustrious Italians. He likewise edited a Literary Journal, which extended to a hundred and ten volumes. FAGEL, Gaspar, an eminent Dutch statesman, was born at Haerlem, in 1629^ and died in 1688. He was grand pen- sionnry of Holland, and distinguished him- self on various occasions; particularly by bis firmness when Lonis XIV. invaded the country, and by the activity and spirit with which he seconded the plans of the prince of Orange, for the expulsion of James II. from England. FAGIUOLI,JoHNBAPTiST,an Italian comic and burlesque poet, a member of the Apatisti' Academy, was born at Flor- ence, in 1660, and died in 1742. Early in life he was celebrated for his wit, pleasantry, and facetiousness, and he con- tinued to be so till tlie end of his days. But, though his company was consequently Eougnt by the grand duke, an^ by other elevated characters, he obtained but scanty patronage. He is the autlior of two vol- umes of Burlesque Poetry ; seven volumes of Comedies; and a volume of Miscella- nies in prose. FAHRENHEIT, Gabriel Daniel, an experimental, philosopher, a native of Dantzick, was born in 1686, and died in 1736. He improved the thermometer, by adopting mercury instead of spirit of wine, and formed that scale which is used in England. At the time of his decease lie was enga^d in constructing a machine for draining Ui3 Dutch marshes. He wrote a Dissertation on Thermometers ; and some papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and in the Leipsic Acta Eruditorum. FAIRFAX, Edward, a poet, the son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in York- shire, was a country gentleman, residing at NewliiU, in Knaresborough Forest, and died about 1632. He wrote Eclogues, only one of which is extant, some other lost poems, and a Treatise on Demonolo^y ; but tlie work which ensures his lasting «.ime is a translation of Tasso's Godfrey ot Bulloigne, which first appeared in 1600. Fair&x has executed hia task witli a FAi. felicity which, on the whole, hai »ot yrt tieen surpassed; and, though he sometime* deviates from his autiior, be often adds new beauties to him. FAIRFAX, Thomas, Lord, one of the principal generals in the civil wars, was the eldest son of Lord Fairfax, and was bnrn, in 1611, at Denton, in Yorkshire. The luve of a military life induced bJm to quit St. John's College, Carabridee, to serve as a volunteer, in the Netherlands, under Vere. When the war broke out between Charl*^ I. and tlie Parliament, Fairfax espoused the cause of the latter. In some of his eaii'icst actions he was unsucressful; but he distirguished himself at Marston Moor, and he was appointed general in chief when Essex resigned. After having been victorious at Naseby, he reduced the West to obedience, and compelled Colchester to surrender. To the execution of the detlironed monarch he was hostile. At length, he withdrew from all public employments, and he ulti- mately contributed to tiie restoration of Charles II. He died in 1671. Fairfax wrote his own Memoirs, and a few poems. FALCONER, William, a poet, born about 1730, was tlie son of a barber at Edinburgh; entered the merchant service when young; rose to be second mate; and was cast away in the Levant. He "U'as, aAerwards, a midshipman in the Rnyal George, and, next, purser of the Glory. In 1769, he was appointed purser of the Aurora, in which ship he is supposed to have beeu lost, on her voyage to India. He is the author of The Shipwreck, a pnem; some minor poetical productions; and a Marine DicHonary. His lesser poems, with the exception of The Storm, a song, have little to recommend them; but his Shipwreck is a work which entitles him to hold an honourable place among British poets. FALCONER, William, a physician, was born in 1743, and died in 1824, at Bath, where he was highly popular in his medical capacity. To him belongs the dis- covery of the properties of carbonic acid gas, which has been erroneously attributed to Dr. Priestley. He wrote many works on medical subjects; among which are. On the Influence of Climate; on the Bath Waters; On the Poison of Cojiper; and On the Influence of the Passions. He also translated Arrian's Voyage round the Euxine Sea. FALCONET, Stephek Maurice, a French sculptor, was born at Paris, in 1716, and died in 1791. His parents were in humble circumstances, he received little education, and was apprenticed to a cutter of barber's blocks; but he spent every leisure moment in modelling; obtained tlie patronage of Leraoine, the sculptor; rose FAN to eannence as an aitist; and, by dint of stady, became an excellent scholar. In 1766 he was invited to Russia, to execute Ihe statue of Peter the Great, and he re- sided there for twelve years. Among his best works are, Mile of Cotrona; Pygma- lion; a threatening Ciipid; Moses; David; and St. Ambrose. His writings, on the fine arts, form ?ix volumes 8vo. FALIERO, Marino, a Venetian uuble, after having held several important offices, succeeded Andrew Dandolo, as doge of Venice, in 1354. He was then seventy-six years of age, and had a young and beau- tiful wife. Jealous of Michael Steno, he quarrelled with and was insulted by him at a masquerade. For the insult Steno was c»>ndemned to a month's imprisonment; a punishment which Faliero deemed so in- adequate, that, burning with revenge, he entered into a plot with the plebeians, to overturn the goveminent, and massacre the patricians. The conspiracy was discov- ered on the night before it was to be carried into effect, and Faliero was decapitated, April 17, 1355. This story forms the subject of a tr^edy by Lord Bvron. FALKLAND, ItJcius GARY, vis- count, one of the most virtuous of all who bore a part in the civil war of 1641, was born about 1610; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and St. John's College, Cambridge; and, after having travelled, and married, gave himself up, for ,some years, to the cultivation of literature in elegant retirement. In 1640, he was cho- sen a member of the Hoose of Common?, and, at the outset, he espoused the cause of the parliament. At length, believing that the subversion of the monarchy was in- tended, he joined the king's party, and was made secretary'of state. The restoration of peace was the constant object of his prayers. He fell, acting as a vohmteer, at the battle of Newbury, in 1643. Some of bis Speeches and Controversial Tracts are extant. FALLOPIO, or FALLOPIUS, Gj - BRIEI., an eminent anatomint and physi- cian, v'19 born at Modena, in 1523 (but some erroneously date his birth in 1490) ; studied at Ferrara and Padua; was ana- tomical professor for three years at Pisa; was chosen, in 1551, by the Venetian se- nate, to fill the chair of anatomy and sur- gery at Padua; and died in 1562. Of bis works the chief bears the title of Anatom- ical Observations. Anatomy is indebted to him for many important discoveries in various parts of the body, and for the first correct description of the bones and vessels of the fcetus. The Fallopian tubes in fe- males are named from him. KANSHAW, Sir Richard, a diplo-l matist and p'jet, was horn, in 1607, at Ware Park, Herts; studied at Jesus Col-j FAR 253 lege, Cambridge, and the Inner Temple; was appointed resident at Madrid, in 1635; took an active part on the roya side throughout the civil war; and was imprisoned after the battle of Worcester. Charles II. knighted him; made him mas- ter of requests, and Latin secretary; and thrice employed him as ambassador to Portugd and Spain. Fanshaw died at Madrid, in 1666. He translated the Lu- siad, the Pastor Fido, some Odes of Horace, and the first book of the JEneid ; and wrote a few original pieces, which, though careless, manifest poetical talent- The Memoirs written by his amiable and affectionate wife have been recently pub- lished. FANTIN-DESODOARDS, Anthony Stf.fhen Nicholas, a political writer and historian, was born, in 1738, at Point de Beauvoisin, in Dauphine, and died in 1820. He was originally an ecclesiastic, but adopted revolutionary principles, and was connected wi^ Dant^n, Robespierre, and other demagogues. Among his works are, Continuations of Henault's and of Volley's Histories of France; a Philosoph ical History of the French Revolution; and a History of the Revolutions of Europe subsequent to the Fall of the Roman Re- pnblic. FARE, Charles AocasTUs, mar- quis de ^, a French poet, was born in 1644, at Valgorge, in the Vivarais; served as a volunteer in Hungry, and afterwards in France; was appointed, in 1680, cap- tain in the body guards of the duke of Orleans; and died in 1712. La Fare did not begin to write poetry till he was sixty. His compositions, however, are remarka- ble fur sweetness and elegance. He is also the author ofPenthea, an opera; and of Memoirs of the principal Events in the Reign of Louis XIV. FARIA Y SOUZA, Manuel, a Por- tuguese historian and poet, was born, about 1xS8, at Souto, in Portugal. After having been in the family of the Bishop of Oporto, he became secretary to the marquis of Castel Rodrigo, ambassador at Rome, whom, however, he suddenly left, in con- sequence of a quarrel. For this he was arrested at Barcelona, and for a while imprisoned, through the influence of the marquis. He died at Madrid, in 1647. He wrote seven volumes of poems; Com- mentaries on the Lusiad ; an Epitome Oi the Portuguese History ; and four histori cal works on the Portuguese dominions io the four quarters of the globe. FARMER, Richard, an acute and elegant scholar, a native of Leicester, born in 1735, was educated dt Emanuel College, Cambridge, of which he became master in 1775. In 1776 he was vice- chancellor, and in 1778 was elected libra- «M FAU ian of the aniTersity. He obtained pre- aei.dB at Litchfield and Ganterbnry, the latter of which he exchanged for a canonry of St. Paal's. He died in 1797. His Essay on the learning of Shakspeare, is a critical work of great merit. For the history of bis native town he collected ma- terials, which he gave to Mr. Nichols. FARNABY. orT ARNABIE, Thomas a grammarian, was born in London, ir 1575; was educated at Merton College, Oxford; served under Drake and Haw- kins, and in the Netherlands; and subse- quently acquired much reputation as a schoolmaster. He died in 1646.' He wrote various school books ; and Commen- taries on Juvenal, Persius, and other clas- sical writers. FARQUHAR, George, a dramatist, die son of a clergyman, was born, in 1678, at Londonderry, in Ireland. From Trinity College, Dublin, when he had been there only a year, he either eloped or was ex- pelled. He then went on the Dubfin stage, but soon quitted it in consequence of his having dangerously wounded a bro- ther actor with a sword, which he had nsed by mistake instead of a foH. In his eighteenth year he visited the British metropolis. His manners and talents caused him to be much noticed, and in- duced Lord Orrery to give him a lieute- nant's commission. At the persuasion of his friend Wilks, Farquhar tried his skill in the drama, and produced, in 1690, the comedy of Love and a Bottle. The suc- cess which it obtained he followed up, be- tween 1698 and 1707, by supplying to the theatre The Constant Couple, Sir Harry Wildair, The Inconstant, The Twin Ri- vals, The Stage Coach, The Recruiting Officer, and The Beaux's Stratagem. Some of these still retain possession of the stage. He also published a volume of Miscellanies. In spite of his exertions, Farquhar was poor, and his difficulties were increased by his marriage with a portionless lady, who, being passionately attached to him, had caused herself to tc represented as the possessor of a large fortune. To his honour be it recorded, that he never even reproached her for the deception. He diea in 1707. In the dramas of Farquhar there is much wit and sprightUness, unfortunately tinctured with the licentiousness which was the besetting sin of the drama in those days. FAUJAS DE ST. FOND, Barthol- omew, an eminent French geologist, was born, in 1750, at Montelimart, and died, at Paris, in 1819, professor at the Museum of Natural HisU)ry. He wrote various works, among which are. Inquiries res- pecting the extinguished Volcanos of the vivarais and Velav; the Mineralogy of af Volcanos ; A Natural History of the FEA Mountain of Maestricht; A Natural Urn* tory of Daupkine; and a Journey in Eng- land, Scotland, and the Hebrides. FAVART, Charles Simon, a dra- matist, was born at Paris, in 1710, and died in 1792. He is the author of more than sixty comic pieces, most of whick were successful, and deserved to be so, for their wit, ingenuity, and spri^htlinesa. They have been published in eight vol- umes. Among them may be mentioned, Annette and Lubin, Ninette at Court, and the Three Sultans. — His son, Charles Nicholas Joseph Justin, bom in 1749, and died in 1806, was an actor, and also wrote several dramas and poems. — The elder Favart's wife, Maria Jcsti- na, was a celebrated actress. FAVRAT, Francis Andrew, a na- tive of Prussia, was a Prussian general, and governor of Glatz. He wrote Me- moirs for the History of the War of the Polish Revolution from 1794 to 1796. Favrat was remarkable for his strength. He is said to have once lifted op a horse and its rider, and to have often carried a cannon on his shoulder, seemingly with as much ease as a soldier bears his firelock. FAWKES, Francis, a poet, was born about 1721, in Yorkshire; was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge; and, after having been curate of Bramham and Croy- don, and vicar of Orpin^on and St. Mary Cray, died in 1777, vicar of Hayes, ia Kent. He wrote many miscellaneous po- ems; translated Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, Moschus, Theocritus, Musseus, and Apol- loniuB Rhodius; and edited the Poetical Calendar, in conjunction with Wot^. Though not bearing the stamp of superior talent, his poetir is pleasing and elegant FAYETTE, Mary Magdalen, Countei>s of, whose maiden name was De la Vergne, was born in 1632, and received an excellent education. Latin was taught her by Menage and father Rapin, and in three months she acquired an astonishing knowledge of it. In 1655, she married Count de la Fayette. She we^ in habits of friendship with manv men of talent, and was generally belovea. After suffering much from infirmity, she died in 1^3. She is the author of The Princess o'' Cleves ; Zaida ; and otiier romances , which continue to be admired; and of Me- moirs of the Court of France in 1688 and FEARNE, Charles, a writer on law and metaphysics, was bom in London, i« 1749, and edfucated at Westminster School. Though he studied the law in the Inner Temi^e, he did not make it his profession till the losses which he sustained by vari- ous projects compelled him to do so. He then became eminent as a chambei: counsel and conveyancer. He died in 1794. Hiji FEN p-incipal ttotIu are. An Eesay on Contin- 1 gent Remainders; and An Essay on Con- sciousness. FEITH, Rhthtis, an eminent Dutch poet, was bom at Zwoll, in Overj'ssel, in 17S3, and died in 1824. He wrote five Tolumea of Odes and Miscellaneous Po- ems; four tragedies; Letters on various literal^ subjects ; and other works in prose. FELIBIEN, Andrew, a native of France, bom at Chartres, in 1619, was secretary to tbe French embassy at Rome, in which city he became intimate with Poussin, and his intercourse with that em- inent painter doubtless heightened and matured Felibien's natural taste for the fine arts*. On his return tc France, be was appointed superintendaFit of the royal buildings, and of arts and manii&ctures.'* He was also one of the first eight members of the Academy of Inscriptions and Med- als. He died m 1695. The most consid- erable of his works are. Dialogues on the Life and Works of Painters; and The Principles of Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture. — His eldest son, JoHtr Fran- cis, who died in 1733, wrote, among oth- er things. An Historical Collection of the Lives and Works of celebrated Architects. FELTHAM, Owes, a writer, of whom nothing is known but that he was a native of Suffolk, lived many years in the earl of Thomond's family, and died about 1678. His only work is. Resolves, Divine, Polit- ical, and Moral. It has passed through thirteen editions, and its merit justifies our lamenting that Feltham wrote no more. FER 2BB FENELON, Fbahcis de Salighac DE LA MoTTE, one of the most able of French writers and virtuous of men, was born, in 1651, at the Castle of Fenelon, in Perigord; studied at Cahors and Paris; and entered into holy orders at the age of twenty-four. The archbishop of Pans ap- pointed him superior of the newly con- rerted female catholics, and his success in this office, and the merit of his treatises on Femals Education and on the Ministry of Pastors, induced Louis XIV. to send him on a mission to Poitou to convert the protestants. This post Fenelon accepted only on the express condition dat force should not be employed in aid of his efforts. In 1689 he was selected by M. de Beau- villiers to be tutor to the duke of Burgun- dy and his younger brothers. It was for the use of his royal pupil that be composed bis Telemachus. Ic 1694 he was raised to the archbishopric of Cambray. He did not, however, long enjoy in peace his well merited preferment. Having espoused the cause of Madam Guyon, and published a work. The Maxims of the Saints, which was considered as teaching her doctrine of quietism, he was bitterly attacked by Bossuet, and bis book was ultimately cen- sured by t^e Pope. Fenelon himself read his recantation in his own cathedral. The anger of Louis XIV. was still more roused against him by the appearance of Telema- chus, which was surreptitionsly published by a servant, to whom it had been intiiist- ed for transcription. It was looked upon by the haughty and ambitious monarch as a covert satire upon his own mi^ovem- ment and criminal love of war. Fenelon was, in consequence, kept at a distance fi*om tbe court. But, though discounte- nanced by his own sovereign, a just tribute was paid to bis merit by foreigners. The lands of his diocese were exempted fi-om pillage, and his person was treated with the utmost respect by the duke of Marl- borotigh, and the other generals of the al- lies. He died in 1715; leaving behind him an imperishable reputation, as an elo- quent writer, a conscientious prelate, and an amiable, enlightened, and virtuous man. His productions form nine volumes in quar- to. The principal of them, besides those already mentioned, are. Dialogues on Elo- quence;- Dialogues of the Dead; Demon- stration of the Existence of a God ; and Spiritual Works. FENN, Sir John, an antiquary, was bom at Norwich, in 1739; was educated at Cains College, Cambridge; and died in 1794. He edited an interesting Collec- tion of Letters, in four volumes, written by the Paston &mily, and others, in the reigns of Henry VI., Ed*ard IV., Richard IIL, and Henry VIL - FENTON, Elijah, a poet and divine, was born, in 1683, at Shelton, in Staffijrd- shire; was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge ; was at one period private sec- retary to the earl of Orrery ; assisted Pope in translating the Odyssey ; and died tutor to the son of Lady Truinbull, in 1730. Feu- ton WM an amiable and wortlw man, and an elegant writer of verse. Besides big poems and his share in the Odyssey, he pro- diiced Mariamne, a tragedy ; and the Lives of Milton and V/aller. FEBAUD, JoiiN Francis, a French grammarian, who was born in 1725, was» Jesuit, and professor of rnetoric and philoc 256 PER ophy at Besancon. He died id 1807. He produced two valuable works, A Grammat- ical Dictionary of the French Lan^age, two vols. 8vo. ; and A Critical Dictionary of the French Language, three vols. 4to. FERBER, John James, an eminent minaralogist, was born at Carlscrona, in Sweden, ija 1743; travelled over a consid- erable part of Europe, to inspect the mines ; inl died in 1790, while on a tour in Swit- lEerljiDd. ' Among his principal works are, Letters (rom Ita^; A Mineralogica] His- tory of Bohemia; A Description of thej Quicksilver Mines of Idria; and Inquiries on the Mountains and Mines of Hunga- ry- FERDUSI, Abdl Casem Mansur, one of the most celebrated poets of Persia, was bom', in 916, at Kizvan, in Khorasan. Sultan Mahmoud of Ghazna gave him a distinguished reception at his court, and engaged hun to compose the Shah Nameh,| or History of the Persian Sovereigns. In executing this task, Ferdusi spent tliirty years in retirement, and, during that time, his enemies succeeded in prejudicing Mah- moud against him. Instead of being re- warded for his work, according to promise, with sixty tliousand pieces of gold, merely the same number of pieces of silver were sent to him. Indignant at this conduct, he distributed the paltry boon among the ser- vants and porters, wrote a bitter satire on Che sultan, aod fled to Bagdad. Mahmoud, however, recalled him, but the poet died, »n 1020, soon after his return. FERGUSOIV, James, an astronomer, mechanist, and experimental philosopher, is one of the most remarkable instances on record of a self-educated man. He was born in 1710, and was the son of a labourer in Banffshire. He learned to r^d in in- &ncy by bearing one of his brothers taught. At only eight years of age, an accident led his attention to mechanics, and, without as- sistance, he discovered the fiindamental principles of the lever and the wheel and axle. JVhile serving eis a shepherd he made him^lf master of astronomy, and constnio'- ed models of mills, spinning wheels, and, at length, framed a pair of globes and a watch. He now began to be patronized, and, hav- ing acquir^ a knowledge of drawing, be became a miniature painter, by which pro- fession he supported himself for several years. In 1743 he removed to London, and tlienceforth gained yearly accessions of repu- tation and fortune. He was chosen a mem- ber of the Royal Society, and received a| small pension from George III who had) attended bis lectures on experimental phi-: losophy. His works, too, were numerous and successful. Among Uiem are. Astron- omy explained ; Introduction to A.-Lronuiny ; Lectures on Mechanics, Hydrostatics, &c. ; rite Art of Drawing in Perspective; and PER an Introduction to Electrici^. He dietf in 1776. FERGUSON, Adam, an historian and moral philosopher, was born, in 1724, at Logierait, in Perthshire, of which parish his iather was a minister; was educated at Perth, St. Andrew*s, and Edinburgh; was chaplain to the forty-second regiment, in Flanders, till the peace of Aixla Chapelle; and in 1759, was chosen professor of natu- ral philosophy, which office he subsequent- ly resigiifd for the professorship of moral philosophy, at Edinburgh. In 1773, he accompanied the earl of Chesterfield on his travels ; and, in 1778, as a reward for hav- ing answered Dr. Price's Observations on Civil Liberty, he was appointed secretary to the reconciliatory mission which was sent to America. On hJs return he resum- ed his professorial duties and literary avo- cations. He died in 1816. Ferguson is the author of An Essay on Civil Society; A History of the Roman Republic; A Treatise on Moral and Political Science; and Institutes of Moral Philosophy; and may justly be ranked among the standard writers in the English language. FERGUSSON, Robert, a poet, was born in 1751, at Edinburgh; was educated at Edinburgh, Dundee, and St. Andrew's; was intended for the church, but was oblig- ed to seek other means of subsistence, and obtained an bumble situation in the sher ifTs' clerk's office; and died in 1774, in a lunatic asylum. His English |>oeras arc below mediocrity, but his compositioos in the Scottish dialect manifest talent from which much might have been expected had his days been lengthened. FERISHTA, MaHAHMED Casem, an Indian historian, who flourished at the be- ginning of the eeventeentli century, was bom at Ahmeduagur, in the Deccau. Be- ing neglected by Jehangnire, he accepted the invitation of the sovereign of Visia- • pour, who patronised him in the most lib- eral manner, and raised him to important offices. In 1609, he published his History of India under the Mussulmans; a work which bears a high character for veraci^ and impartiality. Parts of it have been translated by Dow, Scott, Stewart, and Anderson. The time of his decease is not known. FERMAT, Peter, an eminent French iQathematician and civilian, ^vas born at Toulouse, in 1530; was counsellor of the parliament of that city; and died in 1664. He was thoroughly versed in the classics, wrote Latin, French, and Spanish verses; was the friend of most of his philosophical contfmp'traries; and was a profound geo- metrician. He seems to ha\e approached \ery near to the invention of tlie diflcren- tial calculiT^. H is matheinatical worlu were publii=hed after his death. FER ^ FERNANDEZ, JuAW, or Johs. a Spa- nish pilot, who, in 1572, discovered the isl- and which bears his name; in 1574, the islands uf St. FehxaodSt. Ambrose; and, in 1576, an extensive tract of land, sup- posed to be a part of New Zealand. FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NA- TARETTE, JoHif, a celebrated Spanish artist, earnamed El Mudo, because he was deaf and dumb, was born, in 1526, at Lo- groDO ; was a pupil of Titian ; and, after his return from Italy, was appointed painter to Philip II. He died in 1579. Most of his great works are in the Escurial. Among them are, Abraham with the three AngeU; and the Four Evangelists. FERRARI, Louis, an Italian mathe- matician, bom at Bologna, in 1522, was a pupil of Cardan. He became professor of mathematics in his native city; and died there in 1562. He is the discoverer of the method of resolving biquadratic equations. Cardan, while he gives high praise to his talents, represents him as debauched, im- pious, and insufferably violent. FERRARIS, Jt)SEPH, count de, an Austrian general, was born, in 1726, at Luneville; entered the army in 1741; and in 1767 was appointed director general of artillery for the Austrian Low Countries. It was while be held this situation that he[ undertook the map of the Netherlands, in I twenty-five sheets, whiph bears his name. In the campaign of 1793 he dixit iiiguiahed hira^elf on various occasions ; and at the end of it was called to Vienna, to fill the place of vice president of the aulic council of war. He was made a field-marshal in 180S, and died in 1814. FERREIRA, Anthoitt, a poet, whom the Portuguese place among their classics, was bom at Lisbon, in 1528, and died in 1560. Ferreira brought to perfection in his native language the composition of el- egies and epistles, and introduced into it the epithalamium, the epigram, the ode, and tragedy. His tragedy of Inez de Cas- tro is considered by.ths Portuguese to be, one of the noblest works in their literature. | FERRERAS, Johs de, a celebrated Spanish historian, n^s born, in 1652, of^ noble parents, at Labaneza, in the diocese of Astorga, and completed his studies at Salamanca. After having filled various j country livings, he was called to Madrid by Cardinal Portocarrero, who gave himj tne rectory of St. Peter, and appointed him his confessor. Ferreras also held office under th: Inquii^ition, and was ad-' mitted into the state juntos. Twice he refused a bi.thopric. He died in 1735. He contributed to the great Spanish Dic- tionary, and produced several works, of which the most important is, A History of Spain, in sixteen volumes 4to. In elegance mnd spirit he 'a iaferior to Mariana, but he PIC 257 transcends him in the otI»r qoalities of ao historian. FERRIAR, Johs, a physician and writer on elegant literature, was born, in 1764, at Chei^ter; studied medicine, and took his degree at Edinburgh; and settlnd at Manchester, where he acquired an ex- tensive practice, and was choran physician to tlie Infirmary and tlie Lunatic Asylum. Of the Literary and Philosophical Society he was an active and efficient member. He died in 1815. Ferriar is the author of Medical Histories and Reflections; Illus- trations of Sterne, in which he proves the literary larcenies committed by that writer; The Bibliomania, a poetical epistle; An Essay on the Theory, of Apparitioni^; and some smaller pieces in prose and verse. FEYJOO Y MONTENEGRO, Behe- DiCT Jerome, an able Spanish writer, was born at Compostella, in 1701 ; studied at the university of Oviedo; and, in 1714, entered the convent of St. Benedict, in that city. He became professor of theol- ogy, and abbot of the monastery of Saint Vincent. Feyjoo was one of the most indefatigable of human beings. Besides performmg his official duties, and preach- ing freffuently, be acquired a knowledge of several of the sciences, and of the best Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Italian, and French authors, and wrote an astonibli- ing number of volumes. He allowed scarcely f»ur hours to sleep, and seldom mixed with society. His talents were devoted to rooting out prejudices, and promoting the welfare of his country. Of his works the principal are. The Universal Critical Theitre, sixteen vols. ; and Curious and Instnictive Letters, eight vols. He died in 1764. In 1780, a complete edition of Feyjoo's productions was published, in thirtv-three volumes, by Campomanes. FfCHTE, JohsTheophilos, one of the most celebrated German philosophers pf the modern school, was bom, in 1762, at Rammenau, in Lusacia; studied at Wit- temberg and Leipsic ; was successively professor of philosophy at Jena and Erlan- gen, and rector of the university of Berlin ; and died in 1814. He is the author of more than twenty works, in most of which he unfolds the doctrines of transcendental idealism. Schelling was his most formid- able opponent. FICINO, or FICIXUS, Marsilius, a Platonic philosopher, born at Florence, in 1433, was son to the physician of Costzto de Medicjs, and was himself patronised by C.jsmo, Peter, and Lorenzo. At the age of forty-two he entered into the church, and was made a c-anon in 1484. He was an eiithu.si.ii-tic admirer of Plato'e writings, which he descanted upon in an academy^ founded by Cosmo for that purpose, pretched even from the pulpit, and ^leo 258 FIE tramlated into Jjatin, bat in some parts carelessly and erroneously. His original worRs form two folio Tolumes. He died in 1499 FIELDING;, Henkt, the eldest son of Lieutenant-general Fielding, was bom, in 1707, at Sharpham Park, in Somersetshire. He received his education at Eton and Leyden, which latter seminary the scanti- ness of bis remittances from his father compelled Iiim to leave at the end, of two years. On his return home his difficulties were increased by dissipated habits. As a resource, he began to write for the stage. His first piece, which came out in 1727, was Love in several Masques, and its suc- cess induced him to persevere. Between 1728 and 1743, he ^vrote twenty-eight dramas. Some of them, however, were failures; one of these luckless productions he printed " as it was damned at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane." Neitlier wit, humour, nor sprightliness is wanting in bis plays; but though each has merit in parts, It is defective as a whole. At the age of twen^-seven, he married Miss Cradock, who had a fortune of £.1500 ; and at the same time, by his mother's death, he became possessed of a small estate, of two hundred pounds a year, in Dorsetshire. Unfortunately, instead of husbanding these means, be squandered them in !e^ than three years, by main- taining a large establishment, and keepfng open house. He now turned to tlie bar for permanent subsistence, and to his fer- tile pen for the supply of his immediate wants. In the law he would, perhaps, have succeeded, had not his exertions been shackled by violent attacks of the gout. Disease, however, did not stop the labours of his pen. In rapid succession he brought forth four periodical papers, called The Champion,TheTrue Patriot, The Jacobite Journal, and The Covent Garden Journal; Essays on Conversation, and on the Knowl- edge and Characters of Men; A. Journey from this World to tlie next; and tlie nov- els of Jonathan Wild, Joseph An^drews, Tom Jones, and Amelia ; besides some less important works. During tlie rebellion of FIL 1745, he lent the assistance of hu literary talents to the government; and for this d« was rewarded, if reward it may be called, by being appointed a Middlesex, justice! Ill health at lengtJi obliged him to try the milder air of Lisbon, and a Narrative of his Voyage to that place was the last of his works. He died in the Portuguese capital, in October, 1754. More than three fourths of a century have elapsed since his decease, yet, notwithstanding change of manners, and modem rivalry, Uie novels of Fielding are still perused with undimin- ished pl^ifiure. FIELDING, S A RAH, the third sister of Henry Fielding, was bom in 1714, and died, unmarried, at Bath, in 1768. She was a woman of learning and talent. From the Greek she translated Xenophon's Me- moirs of Socrates ; and among b«r ordinal compositions are the novels of David sim- ple; The History of the Countess of Del- wyn ; and The History of Ophelia. FIESCO, John Louis, Count of La- vagna, a Genoese of an illustrious family, was the head of the conspiracv which, id 1547, ^vas formed against Andrew Doria and his ne^diew. Fiesco had succeeded ia luHing his intended victims into a fake secunty, collecting together his partisana without opposition, and seizing varioua posts, when a sudden end was put to his plot and his existence. In passing a plaak, from one valley to another, it slipped, and plunged him into the water, whence, being kept down by tlie weight of his armour, he rose no more. He was only in his twenty- second year. FIGUEROA,Bartholoh£wCaras- cosA D£, a Spanish poet, was born, aboot 1510, at Logrono, and studied at the uni- versity of Salamanca. He died about 1570. Figueroa introduced into the poetry of Spain me species of verse called eM- bruxelos 3 in which the line generall; consists of seven or eleven syllables, with the accent on Uie anti penultimate. FILANGIERI,Gaetano, a celebrated Italian publicist, of an ancieut family, was born at Naples, in 1752. He was placed in the army at the age of fourteen, but soon quitted it that he might- gWe himself up to study. He subsequently, however, held an honorary office at court, and codi- mission in the marines, and, in 1787, was made a member of the supreme council of finance. He died in 1788. His gr«t work, tlie Science of Legislation, gives him a conspicuous place among the writera upon tliat important subject. FILICAJA, ViKCKNT DK, one of the most eminent of the Italian lyric poets, was born at Florence, in 1642, and died in 1707. He was living in retirement when he produced his six nuLle Odes oB the deliverance of Vienna by Jdm Sohi- FLA •■kit ivtuch at once raised bim to a hi^ pitch of &me. Nor were hia laurels barreo. The duke made bim a senator, governor of Volterra, and, afterwards, of Pisa, and, lastly, placed him in a highly confiitential office at court. The best eidition of bis poems is that of Venice, 1752, in two FLA 259 FINLAT, John, a native of Glasgow, was bora ir 1782, a^ was educated at the QDiversi^ o/ hia native city, at which he distinguished himself by hu talents, and was moch beloved for ue sweetn^ of his disposition. Hia poem of Wallace of £1- Isslie was given to the world when he was onljT nineteen. He died at Mo6bt, in 1810. Besides his Wallace, he published A Col- lection of Historical and Rooaantic Bal- lads, 2 vols. ; wrote A Life of Cervantes; and edited editions of Blair's Grave, and Smith's Wealth of Nations. His poetry is characterized by no trifling portion of el^ance and animation. FITZHERBERT, Sir Ahthoht, an able judge, was lM>m at Norbury, in Der- byshire, and studied at Oxford smd one of t^ inns of court. He rose, in 1523, to be jndge of the court of common pleas ; and be died in 1538. Among his l^al works are. The Grand Abridg^ient ; The New Natara Brevium; and The O/lice and Authority of Justices of Peace. The Book of Husbandly, and a treatise Of the Surveying of Lands, are also generally at- trilnited to him ; but some suppose them to have been written by his brother John. FITZPATRICK, Richard, a whig politician and wit, was bom in 1748, and was edocated at Eton. At the age of eighteen he entered the army, and he rose to the rank of lieutenant general. From 1774 till the period of his decease, in 1813, he was a member of the House of Commons. During the coalition in 1783, uid the whig administration in 1806, he was secretary at war. He contributed to the Rolliad and the Probationary Odes, and wrote various small poems. Of his senatorial eloquence the best specimen is his speech, delivered in 1796, on a motion to effect the liberation of M. de la Fay- ette. FIXLMILLNER, PtACiDOS, an Ans- trian astronomer and mathematician, was born, in 1721, near Lintz, and died in 1791. He was a monk of the monastery of Kremsmunster, and held several mo- nastic offices, b»ides being professor of canon law, and apostolical notary of the Roman court. He is the author of Decen- oium Astronomicum ; Reipublicae Sacrae Origines Divinx; and other works. Fixl- milmer was one of the first who caleolated the orbit of the Georgiam Sidus. FLACCUS, Caids Valerius, a Ro- aan poet, was a native of Padua. He flourished in the reins of.Veqiasiao, and was a friend of Aiartial. Flaccns died early, leaving his poem of the Argonautics nnfinidied. Some have considered him as second only to Virgil, while others, not less erroneously, have spok^i slightingly of his talents. FLAMSTEED, John, a celebrated as- tronomer, was bom, in 1646, at Denby, in Derbyshire, and was educated at DeHnr free school; but his weak state of health did not then allow him to proceed to the anivenity. Some years afterwards, how- ever, he entered himself of Jesus College, Cambridge. To astronomy his attention is said to have been directed by perusing Sacrobosco's work De Sphaera; and he cultivated the science with sndi assiduity as to become one ol the most eminent as- tronomers of his time. He was appointed astronomer royal, and the obsraratorf at Greenwich was erected lor him. Fuim- steed was also in orders, and held the liv- ing of Bnrstow, in Surrey. He died in 1^9. His greatest work is, Historia Cce- lestis Britannica, three vols, folio. FLAXMAN, John, a distingaished modern sculptor, the son of a sculptor who worked for Roubilliac and Scheemaher, was bom, ia 1755, at York; and, in 1770, was admitted a student of the Royal Acad- emy. Modelling in wax and clay was one of his first occupations ; and he also painted in oil colours. In 1787 he went to Italy. During his seven vears studies th^e, he executed several important works, and made bis drawings to illustrate Homer, .^scbylus, and Dante. To these he subsequentfy added illustrations of He- siod.. The engravings from these designs spread his fame throughout Europe as an artist' of truly classical taste. In 1794 he returned to England ; and bis first work af^ his return. Lord Mansfield's monu- ment in Westminster Abbev> placed him in the first rank of modem sculptors. Thenceforth he was constantly employed, and his productions are consequently na- meroos. Among these may be mentioned the monuments of Collins, the poet ; Miss Cromwell ; Earl Howe ; Lord Nelson ; Sir Joshua Reynolds ; Countess Spencer ; and the Baring &mily. In 1818 he completed drawings and a model for the shield of Achilles, as described in the Iliad; from which fonr casts in silver have since been made. He died December 9, 1826. " To tlK aid of his art," says a celebrated re- viewer, " he brought a loftier and more poetical mind than any of our preceding sculptors; and learning unites with good sense and natural genius in aD the works which come firom his hand." Fl^unan was pro^sor of sculpture at the Royal Academy. He is the author of a Charac- ter of ^mn^ the painter; some article* 260 FLE 111 Keea's CyclopaediEi; and a I^etter rela- tive to the "projected National Mnm>nent — wliicli monument he proposed should he ^ statue of Britannia, two hundred feet ligh, p'aced on Greenwich Hill. FLECHfER, Esprit, a celebrated French prelate and preacher, was born, in 1632, at Femes, near Avignon. He first became known in the capital of France by a Latin poem, on the famous Carousal, given by Louis XIV. in 1662, His Ser- mons and Funeral Orations soon raised him to such a pitch of reputation that tlie duke of Montausier recommended him t fill the office of reader to the dau- pnin. It wns not till 1685 that he ob- tained the bishopric of Lavaur. When the monarch gave it to him, he said, " Do not be surprised that I have been so tardy in rewarding your merit; I was loath to be .deprived of the pleasure of hearing you preach.'* In 1687, he was removed to the bishopric of Nimes. In his episcopal character he gained the love of even the protectants of his diocese, by his uniform piety, charity, and mildness. He died in 1710. Flechier has been called the French Isocrates; his eloquence pairtakes, indeed, of the beauties and defects of that of the Grecian orator. His principal works are, A History of Theodosius the Great; A Life of Cardinal Ximenes; Funeral Ora- tions; and Sermons. FLEETWOOD, Charles, the son of Sir William Fleetwood, entered the mili- tary service early in life ; espoused the cause of the parliament against Charles I. ; rose to the-rank of lieutenant-general, and contributed to the victory -lof Worcester ; married the daughter of Cromwell ; was appointed lord deputy of Ireland ; joined in deposing Richard Cromwell; and died soon after the restoration. FLEETWOOD, William, an eminent prelate, was born in 1656, in the Tower of London, where his father resided; was educated at Eton and King's Ctdlege, Cambridge; and, aflier huving held several valuable but minor preferments, was made bishop of St. Asaph in 1706. From St. Asaph he was translated to Elv, in 1714. He died in 1723. His principal works are. An Essay on Miracles; Inscriptionum Antiquarum Sylloge ; Chronicon Pretio- sum, or an Account of English Money ; and Practical Discourses. FLETCHER, John, a-dramatist, the son of Bif'hop Fletcher, was born in North- amptonshire, in 1576; received his educa- tion at Bene't College, Cambridge; and died of the plague in 1625. Fletcher was the coadjutor of Beaumont in the compo- sition of those admiriible dramus which bear their j )int name, and which have ranked them among the most eminent of lur ancieat theatrical writers Fletcher FLE is said to nave been eminent for fancy; Beaumont for judgment. That Fletcher possesKcd the qiialily attributed to him is rendered certain by that beautiful dramatic pastoral. The Faithful Shepherdess, the only piece of his sole composition. FLETCHER, Giles, a son of Dr. Giles Fletcher, who wrote a curious Account of the Russe Commonwealth, wats born io 1588; was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; and died in 1623, at his living of Alderton, in Suffolk. Wood d^cribes him as " equally beloved by the muses and graces." That the muses smiled on him IS sufficiently proved by his 6rie poem of Christ's Victory and Triumph, in which some defects are amply redeemed by nu- merous passages of great originality and beauty. FLETCHER, Phineas, a brother of the foregoing, and, like him, a poet, was educated at Eton and~ King's College, Cam- bridge, to which latter seminary he went in 1600. In 1621 be obtained the living of Hilgay, in Suffolk, and he is believed to have died there about 1650. He is the author of TTie Purple Island, iij twelve cantos; Piscatory Eclogues; Poetical Mis- cellanies; and a drama intitled Sicelides. Notwithstanding his conceits and other faults, which, however, are the faults of the age, his works, as Headley rightlv observes, give him a claim ** to a very higl» rank among our old English classics." FLETCHER, Andrew, a Scotch polit ical writer, the son of Sir Robert Fletcher of Salton, was born in 1653, and waseclu- cated by Dr. Gilbert Burnet. His spirited opposition to the tyranny of the govern meiit having rendered it prudent for him to withdraw to Holland, he was outlawed In 1685, he bore a part in the enterprise of the duke of Monmouth, but, in conse- quence of Fletcher having shot a gentleman who refused him a horse, the duke dis- missed him. He next served in Hungary, as a volunteer, against the Turks. The revolution of 1688 restored him to ^ia country, and, till the union, which he strenuously opposed, he continued to be one of the most active members of the Scottish parliament. He died in 1716. His tracts and speeches have been collected in an octavo volume. Of liberty, according to his idea of it, he was a warm friend; but his plan to provide fur the poor, by means of domestic slavery, may authorise us to entertain some doubts as to the correctness of his notions of liberty. FLEURY, Claude, a divine and his- torian, born at Paris, in 1640, was an advocate, but subsequently took orders, became preceptor to the princes of Conti, and the count de Vermandois, and sub-pre ceptor to the duke of Burguudy and hii royal brothers. He obtained tho abbey FLO of Loc Dieu, and the priary of Argenteuil, and was for six years confessor to the youthful Louis XV., He died in 1722. His most important works are, Ecclesias- tical History, thirteen vols. 4to.; Manners of the Israelites ; Manners of the Chris- tians ; and a Treatise on Public Law. FLEURY, Andrevt Hercules de, a cardinal and statesman, was born, in 1653, at Lodeve, in Languedoc ; was edu- cated at the Jesuits' College, in Paris; was made bishop of Frejus in 1698 ; was left by the will of Louis XIV. preceptor to ftis successor; and became prime minister of Franco, in 1726. Fieury held the reins of power during seventeen years, and his talents were unremittingly exerted to in- crease the prosperity uf France, and, as one means of doing so, to preserve her at pe ice^ with her neighliours. He died in 1743; leaving behind him a very trlding fortune. FLINDERS, Matthew, an eminent modern navigator, was bora at Donington, in Lincolnshire, and entered early' into the merchant service, from which he re- moved into the king's, and went with Captain Hunter to New South Wales. After having, in a small boat, in conjunc- tion with Mr. Bass, discovered the straits which now bear the name of his compan- ion, he was appointed to the command of the Investigator, in which he explored a considerable part of the coast of New Hol- land. His vessel was at length wrecked on a coral reef. On his passage home- ward to England, in 1803, he touched at the isle of France. There he was detamed for more than six years a captive, and was deprived of hisjounnal and papers. He died in 1814. His Voyage was published, in two quarto volumes, shortly after his decease. FLOOD, Henry, a celebrated Irish orator, the son of the chief justice of the king's betich in Ireland, wasborn'in 1732; was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and' at Oxford; became a member of the Irish House of Comm jus, in 1759, and dis- tinguished himself by his eloquence and his patriotic exertions ; was elected, in 1783, member fjr Seaford, in the British parlia- ment; and died in 1791. From 1775 to 1781 he helJ an offij^e under government, but during the rest of his career he was in the ranks of the opposition. One of the most remai-kable events of his senatorial life was the violent interchange of invective *vhich, in 1783, took place between him itad GratCan. FLORIAN, John Peter Claris de, a French writer, was bi)ni, in 1755, at the castls of Fl (lian, in the Lower Cevennes. Voltaire, to whom he wa= related by marriage, and who' had a warm affection for him, recommended him to the duke of FOL 261 Penthievre as a page. The duke soon contracted an equal reffard for him. Ha gave him a company in his own regiment, and, afterwards, employed him about his person, treateH him as a confidential friend, and aftbrded him the means of pursuing the career of literature. Thenceforth, Florian became a fertile and a popular writer. Among his earliest works were, Galatea ; Estelle ; Nuraa Pompilius ; Comedies ; Tales; and Gonsalvo of Cordova. His Fables, which rank him second among French fabulists, appeared in 1792. In 1794, he was for a while imprisoned, and he died on the 13th of September, shortly after his liberation. Besides the works already mentioned, he produced several others, among which may be mentioned Eliezar and Naphtali ; William Tell; Ruth ; a translation of Don Quixote ; and his own memoirs, under the title of Memoirs of a young Spaniard. Elegance, simplicity, and benevolent feeling, are the distinguishr ing qualities of Florian's writings. FLORIO, John, descended from an Italian family, was born in London ; taught the French and Italian languages at Magdalen College, Oxford ; was subse- quently appointed tutor to Prince Henry by James I., and clerk of the closet to the queen; and died in 1625. His chief works are, First Fruits; Second Fruits; Garden of Recreation ; and an Italian and English Dictionary. FLORUS, LucitJS AwNiEUS Joi-ins, a Latin historian, is believed to have been a Spaniard, and of the same family as Seneca, and to have lived under the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. He is the author of an Epitome of Roman History. The Pervigilium Veneris and other poems have also been attributed to him. FLOYD, William, a delegate from New-York to the Continental Congress, and signer- of the declaration of indepen- dence, was born on Long, Island in 1734, and was left in his youth heir to a large estate. He was a zealous and Oiithful publib servant for more tlian fifty years. He died in 1821. FOLAllD, John Charles, a native of Aviornon, born in 1669, was inspired with a love of arms by reading Ciesar's Com- mentaries. ^ He served with- distinguished reputation under Vendome, in Italy, during the war of succession, and under the duke of Burgundy and Marshal Villars, in Flan- ders. After the peace of Utrecht he volun- teered his services to the order of Malta* and to Charles XII. of Sweden, and he was with the Swedish monarch at the siege of Fredericshali. He died in 1752. A deepened order of battle in the defensive, and the use of heavy coFumns in the oflen- sive, form the basis of what is denominated the system of Folard. He is the author of 162 FON Comm^utariea on Polyblua , New Diecov- cries in War; and some less important works. FOLENGO, Theophilds, an Italian burlesque poet, better known under his as- sumed name of Merlin Coccaie, was born near Mantua, in 1491 ; was a monk of the Benedictine order of Mont Cassin; and died in 1554. He is the inventor of, the ■pecies of poetry called Macaronic, which' consistsin mingling the vernacular language with the Latin. He is the author of Mac- aronics, in eighteen books; Orlandino; Chaos del Triperuno ; and some works of less extent. FOJJSECA, Eleonora, marchioness of, a lady of great beauty and uncommon talents, was born at Naples, in 176S. She cultivated bo^ny, and other branches of natural history, and assisted Spallanzani in his philosophical investigations. During ■he short-lived existence of the Partheno- pean republic, in 1799, she warmly espous- ed the popular cause, and edited a journal called The Neapolitan Monitor; and for this she was executed, on the 20th of July, by the restored government. FONTAINE DES BERTINS, Alex- is, a celebrated Fftsnch geometrician, was born, in 1725, at Ciaveison, in Dauphine, and died in 1771. He was the first who applied himself to the general theor/ and the applications of the integral calculus. His mathematical papers, on that and other important sul^ects, form a cjuarto volume. FONTANA, Dominic, an Italian archi- tect of the sixteenth century, was born, in 1543, at Mili, near the Lake of Coma; was employed by Popes Sixtus V. and Clement VIII., and by the Neapolitan monarch; and died at Niiples, in 1607. He raised the Egyptian obelisk in front of St. Peter's, and constructed many magnificent edifices at Rome and Naples, — His brother, John, born in 1540, died in 1614, w*s celebra- ted as an hydraulic architect. He restor- ed the aqueduct of Augustus from the Lake of Bracciano, and formed the dikes to pro- tect Ravenna and Ferrara from the inun- dations of the Po. FONTANA, Charles, an Italian ar- chitect, was born, in 1634, at Bruciato, and died in 1714. He was patronised by Popes Innocent XI. and Clement XI., and executed many important works, among which are several fountains, the mausoleum of Queen Christina, and the Grimani, Bo- lognetti, and Mount Citorio palaces. He wrote various architectural treatises, among which are descriptions of the Vatican and the Flavian amphitheatre. FONTANA, Felix, aneminent Italian philosopher and naturalist, was born at Pomarolo^ in the Tyrol, in 1730, and died at Florence, in 1805. From Pisa, where be was professor of philosophy, Leopold II FON invited him to Florence, and confided lo him the formation of the fine cabinet of natnral history which is now one of the boasts of the Florentine capital. He is the author of various physiological and chemi- cal works, one of the Itest Known of which is a Treatise on Poisons FONTANA, Gregory, a brother of the foregoing, a mathematician, was born, in 1735, in the Tyrol; became a monk at an early age; succeeded Bosco\ich aa mathematical professor at Pisa; filled that office with distinguished reputation for more than thirty years ; was elected a mem- ber of the legislative assemblies of the Cis- alpine and Italian republics; and died in 1805. He wrote a great number of math- ematical papers in the transactions of vari- ous learned bodies ; and translated «;veral scientific works from the English, French, and German. FONTANES, Louis de, an eminent French writer, was born at Niort, in 1761. He first became known to the public by hi| poems, among which were The Orchard, and a translation of Pope's Essay on Man. During the revolution he edited, first, the journal called The Moderator, and, after- wards, with La Harpe, The Memorial. For the latter, he was proscribed in 1797, and obliged to take refuge in England. Af- ter the establishment of the consulship he took a share in the management of The Mercury. He was one of the original mem- bers of the Institute, and was successively a member and president of the legislative body, grand master of the univei-sity, and a senator.' Louis XVIII., whose recall he was one of the first to propose, made him a peer, and a privy counsellor. He died in 1821. His last work was an Ode on the Violation of the^ombs of St. Denis. By his countrymen he is considered as stand- ing among the highest of their poets of the second class, and in the ranks of their first rate orators. FONTENELLE, Bernard le Bo- TiER D£, a French audior of learning and of varied talents, a nephew of Corneille, born at Rouen, in 1667, was the son of an advocate ; studied at the Jesuits* college, in his native city, and displayed early ul- ent ; pleaded one cause, which be lost; and then devoted himself to literature. At the outset of his literary career he was not for- tunate. Some of his verses, indeed, were praised, but his tragedy of Aspar was damned; and Boileau, Racine, and La Brnyere were his enemies. His Dialogues of the Dead, however, published in 1683, established his reputation, and it was fully sustained by the Conversations on the Plu- rality of Worlds, and tlie History of Ora^ cles. The last of these, which was avow* edly borrowed from tlie work of Van DaaWf exposed Fontenelle to a charge of btifll FOO .leterodox. In 1691 , after having been four times rejected, he was received into the French Academy, of which, nine years la- ter, he was chosen the secretary. One of his best productions is the History of that Academy, which hid so long repulsed him. It seems to have been rather as performing the duty of an academician, than as a la- bour of love, that he wrote The Elements of the Geometry of Infinites. **Sir," said he to the regent, when he presented it to him, **here is a bonk which not more than eight men in Europe can understand, and the author is not one of the eight.'' The life and the popularity of Fontenelle were protracted far beyond what is the usual pe- riod. Till nearly his hundredth year, he continueii to be admired in the literary and the social circle. He died in 1757, with- out pain. "^1 do not suffer," said he to his physician, ''but I feel a difficulty of exist- ing." There are numerous editions of his works ; the best is that of 1800, with the notes of Lalande. FOOTE, Samuel, a comic writer and actor, was born, about 1721, of a good femily, at Truro, in Cornwall ; was edu- cated at Worcester College, Oxford ; and studied, or rather did not study, at the Tem- ple, with a view to the bar. DisBipation melted away his small fortune, and he turned his attention to the stage as a resource. His first appe»'ance was in Othello; but he soon relinquished the buskin, for which nature had certainly not qualified him. Fortunately for himself, and for the public amusement, he hit upon a uew kind of en- tertainment, in which, for his sole benefit, he was at once author and actor. In 1747 he ofiened the Haymarket Theatre, with a dramatic piece, called The Diversions of the Morning, in which well known charac- ters were mimicked and satirized. The ti- tle of this was soon altered to Mr, Foote giving Tea to his Friends. In the ensuing season he presented The Auction of Pic- tures. This course be pursued at the dif- ferent theatres for some years. In 1760 he began to occupy the Haymarket Theatre yearly, with a regular company, when the other theatres were shut up; and, in 1766, he obtained a regular patent. The loss of Foote's leg, by an accident, is said to have induced the duke of York to obtain the pa- tent, to console the author in some measure for the misfortune. Foote continued to act, to write, and to satirize, with unabated Tigour, till 1777, when a discarded man servant brought against him a charge of an aunameable nature. Foote was tried and honourably acquitted, but the disgrace sunk deep into bis mind, and he died in the au- tumn of the same year. He wrote twenty- ■ix dramatic pieces, which, though slight in their construction, abound with wit, hu- mour, ridicule, and satire. It must, how- FOR 26S ever, be owned that he does not always ap- ply the lash with a strict regard to delica- cy or justice. In conversation, he possess- ed such varied powers of pleasing, that even Johnson, who disliked him, confessed him to be irresistible. FORBES, Duncan, a Scottish Judge, was born at Culloden, in 1685; studied al Paris, Utrecht, and Edinburgh; was, successively solicitor-general, lord advo- cate, and president of session, in Scotland; and aied in 1747. Forbes was learned, pious, and a true lover of his country. It was mainly by his influence and exertions that the rebellion of 1745 was prevented from spreading more widely,^ among the dans. He was, however, treated with the grossest Ingratitude, being unable to obtain repayment of the sums which he had lib- erally advanced to uphold the cause of the government. He wrote Thou|-hts on Re- ligion; and other works. The papers relative to his transactions in 1746-6 have been published in two volumes 4to. FORBES, Sir William, a native of Scotland, born in 1739, at Pitsligo, was one of the first who, with Sir James Hun- ter Blair, founded a banking establishment at Edinburgh. As a commercial character he was distinguished by liberality of con- duct. His intellectual powers were of a superior order ; and he was early a member of the Literary Club, in London, to which Johnson and other eminent men belonged. He died in 1807. His only work is, Me* moirs of the Life and Writings of Dr. Beat- tie. FORBES, James, an:^tive of London, born in 1749, was sent out to India, as a writer, in his youth, and returned from thence, with a fortune, in 1784. During his residence in India, he travelled over a considerable part of it, and made notes and drawings, which afterwards formed the ba- sis of Cfl-iental Memoirs, four volumes 4to He is also the author of Letters fro«u France ; and of Reflections on the Charac ■ ter of the Hindoos. Forbes died in 181S FORBIN, Claude, count de, an emi nent French naval officer, was born, i* 1656, near Aix, in Provence, and entered very early into the naval service. In 1685, he accompanied the French ambassador to Siam, and the Siamese monarch thouch^ so highly of his talents that he retained him for two years, as high admiral, general, and governor of Bancock. Forbin returned to France in 1688, and continued his mar- itime career, signalizing himself on num- berless occasions, till 1710, when his infir- mities compelled him to retire. He died in 1733. FORCELLTNI, Giles, a lexicogra- pher, was bom, in 1688, near Feltre, in the Venetian territory. His great work* The Complete Leucon of tha Latio Lao* S64 FOR FOR giiage,in foor volumes folio, was the labour I profps'sor of philosophy at the French cd of the largest part of his life. He also as- ! lege. In 1748, he was made perpetual se* sisted Facciolato in a new edition of Cale- ' cretary of the Academy of Sciences in hia pine's Dictionary. i native city. Formey conducte.l, in wlicle _ FORD, JonK, one of our early drama- or in pari, three eminent literary journals, lists, was born, in 1586, at Using' jn, in and produced nearly thirty biographic^) Devonshire; became a member of ihe Mid- dle Temple in 1602; and died : bout 1639. He joined with Dekker and Rowley in sev- eral plays, and was the soh author of elev- en pieces, of which the principal are. The Lover's Melancholy; Love's Sacrifice; 'Tis Pity She's a Whore; Perkin War theological, and philosophical works. FORSTER, JoHS Reinhold, a nat uralist and traveller, was born, in 1729, ai Derschan, in Prussian Poland, and was ed- ucated d-t Berlin and Halle. After having been u minister of the gospel in Prussia, lie was invited to Russia, to superintend some beck ; and The Broken Heart. " Ford [ new colonies at Saratoff. From Russia he (says Chai'les Lamb) was of the first order of poets. He sought for sublimity, not by Sarcels in metaphors or visible iinnges, but irectly where she has her full residence in the heart of man ; in the actions and sufier- ingsof the greatest minds." FORDUN, JoHS DE, a Scotch histori- an, of whose life nothing certain is known. The dedication of his Scotichronicon to the bishop of Glasgow, bears the date of 1377, at which period he is supposed to have held the benefice of Fordun. Though it con- tains much that is fabulous or absurd, his History is a valuable document. FORDYCE, James, a Scotch divine, was born, in 1720, at Aberdeen ; was edu- cated at Marischal College ; and was, suc- cessively, minister at Brechin, Alloa, and Monkwell Street, London. In 1782, he relinquished the pastoral office, and retired first to Hampshire, and afterwards to Bath. He died at Bath, in 1796. He wrote Ser- mons to Young Women; Addresses to Young Men ; Addresses to the Deity ; and some single Sermons. — ^His brother, Da- vid, born in 1711, and died in 1750, was also in orders ; and wrote dialogues con- cerning Fducation ; Theodorus, a Dialogue on the Art of Preaching; and die Treatise on Moral Philosophy, in Dodsley's Precep- tor. FORDYCE, George, an eminent phy- sician, was born at Aberdeen, in 1736; was educated at Marischal College, and studied medicine at Edinburgh and Leyden; set- tled in London in*1757, and acquired much reputation as a lectiu-er on chemistry, the materia medica, and tlie therapeutic art; rose into considerable practice ; became a fellow of the college ; physician of St. Thomas's Hospital; and a member of the Royal Society, and of the Literary Club ; and died in 1802. He wrote Elements of the Practice of Physic ; A Treatise on Di- gestion ; Elements of Agriculture and Veg- etation ; and other works. FORMEY, John Henry Samdei., a multifarious and able writer, was born at Berlin in 1711, and died tliere in 1797. He was, at his outset in life, pastor of the French church at Berlin, but relinquish^ Ae ministry in 1739, on being appointMl soon removed to England, and became a teacher in the dissenting academy at War- rington. ' In 1772, he was engaged, widi his son, to accompany Captain Cook, as naturalist. Subsequently to his return, bis conduct gave, on more than one account, so much ofience to the British government, that he thought it advisable to leave Eng- land. For some time he was much dis- tressed; but in 1780 he was fortunate enough to be appointed professor of natur- al history, and inspector of the botanical garden, at Halle, in Saxony. He died in 1798. Among his works are. Observa- tions made on his Voyage; and a History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North". FORSTER, John George Adam, the son of the foregoing, was born near Dantzic, in 1754 ; accompanied his father in the voyage round the world; and was successively professor of natural history at Cassel and W ilna, and principal librarian tg the elector of Mentz. Having adopted republican principles, Forster was sent to •Paris, by the revolutionists of Mentz, to desire that their city might be united to France. This step was his ruin, and he was compelled to find an asy'nm in the French capital ; where he died, in 1794, while preparing for a voyage to Hindostan and Thibet. He is the author of a Voyage round the World; a Journey along tne Banks of the Rhine; and several other works : and he assisted his father in the Characteres Generum Plantarum. FORSYTH, William, a horticultur- ist, born in 1757 at Old Meldrum, in Ab- berdeenshire, was a pupil of Philip Miller, and succeeded him at the Chelsea physic garden. In 1784, he became superintend- ent of St. James's and Kensington Gar- dens. He died in 1804. Forsyth invented a composition to cure the wounds and dif eases of trees ; and wrote Observations on the Diseases, &c. of Fruit and Forest Trees ; and a Treatise on the Culture, Stc. of Fruit Trees. FORTESCUE, Sir John, an eminent judge, andwi'iter on the law, is believed to have been born in Dorsetshire, and to have studied at Oxford and Lincoln's Inn. In 1442, he was made chief justice of the court FOS of kings bench. His loyalty to Heniy VI. canaed him to be attainted by the parlia- moat under Edward IV. ; and he escaped his fete only by flying toJFlandere. While ho was in exile be composed hk well known treatise D - Landibos Legnm Anglite. He returned to join in the struggle for the res- toration of the house of Lancaster, and was one of the prisoners taken after the battle of Tewkes Dory. He was, however, suffer- ed to retire to his seat in Gloucestershire, where he died at the age of ninety. Be- sides the treatise De Landibus, he wrote a tract on The Difference between an Abso- lute and a Limited Monarchy. F0ETI6UEEKA, or FOSTEGUEEEI, N1CH01.AS, an Italian prelate and poet, sumamed the younger, to distinguish him &om tha cardinal of the same name, was bom at Pistoia in 1674, and died in 1735. He translated into ver:je the comedies of Terence ; but the work on which his reputation is founded is the poem of Bio- ciardetto, in twenty cantos ; a lively and elegant production, in which he adopts by turns the manner of Pulci, Bemi, and Ariosto. FOSCOLO, TJao, a distinguished Italian writer, was bom at sea, in 1776, near Zante, of which island his fether was the Venetian governor.- He was educated at Padua, and ^odnced his tragedy of Thy- estes before he was twenty. After the Venetian t«rritory was placed nnder the Anstrian yoke, he returned to Lomhardy, where he produced his celebrated Letters of Ortis, a romance which established his feme. Having entered into the first Itaimn legion, he formed a part of the garrison of Genoa when that city was besieged by the Aastrians in 1800, and two of hib finest odes were composed while he resided in the Genoese capital. He retired &om the army in 1805. In 1307 he published The Tombs, a poem; and, in the following year, an edition of the works of Ilontecu- culi. He was appointed professor of lite- rature at Favia, m 1809 ; but the bold lan- guage of his introdnctory lecture, On the Origin and UfScu of Literature, is said to have induced Napoleon to suppress the professorship immediately. In 1812, Fos- colo gave still further offence by his trage- dy or Ajax, which was supposed to be a satire on the emperor, and a panegyric on Moieau. He was consequently obUged to withdraw £rom the kingdom of Italy to Florence. In 1814, he was compelled to fly to SwitzerUmd, in consequence of hav- ing joined in a plan to expel the Austrian oppreoHors from Italy ; and in the follow- ing year he settled in England. Here he published liis tragedy of Eicciarda ; Es- says on Petrarch ; Dissertation and Notes on Dante ; and contributed to the Edin- bnj;gh, (joarterly, Westminster, and Be- 12 FOU MS trospectiveEeviews,andotherperiodicals. He died, of dropsy, September 10, 1827 : having for a considerable period suffered much from disease and penury. FOSTEE, Sir Michaei., an eminent lawyer, was born, in 1689, at Marlbor- ough, in Wiltshire; studied at Exeter College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; was chosen recorder of Bristol, in 1735 ; was appointed one of the judges of the court of king's bench, and knighted, in 1745 ; and died in 1763. Blackstone de- dares him to he a " very great master of the crown law." Independence, and a re- gard for the liberty of the subject, marked his conduct as a judge. He wrote a refu- tation of the doctrines contained in Bishop Gibson's Codex, and A Eeport of the Trid of the Eebels in 1746, to which are added Discourses upon a few Branches of the Crown Law. FOSTEE, Jaues, an eloquent dissent- ing minister, was bom, in 1697, at Exeter. He quitted the Independent sect to be- come a Baptist. He succeeded Dr. Gale as preacher at Barbican, and was after- wards minister at Piimer's Hall, and lec- turer at the Old Jewry. Such were his talents as a pnlpit orator, that crowds flocked to hear him, and even Pope sang his praise. He died in 1752. He wrote An Essay on Fundamentals ; Tracts on Heresy ; Discourses on Natural and Social Virtu e : an d other works. FOTHEEGILL, Geoboe, an eminen*. physician, was bom, in 1712, at Carr-end, m Yorkshire ; and studied at Edinburgh and London. After having travelled in many parts of the continent, he settled in the British metropolis, where he obtained an extensive practice. He died in 1780. Fothergill, who was a Quaker, was distin- guished for philanthropy ; he was indefe- tigable in finding or making occasions to do good. He was a member of the Boyal Society, and was well versed in botany, and other branches of natural history. Bis medical and other works were collected by Dr. Lettsom, and published in three vols. FOUCHE, JosspH, duke of Otranto, one of the most celebrated, and perhaps one of the most calcolatingly wicked, of the French revolutionists, was bom at Nantes, in 1763. Capacity, steadiness, and a love of learning, he early displayed, and he giuned applause, as a professor, among the fethers of the Oratory. At the bar, however, which he chose as his pro- fession, he was little known : it was the revolution that raised him into notice. Having established a popular club at Nantes, and shone as one of its most vio- lent orators, he was chosen, in 1792, as a deputy to the National Convention. He voted for the death of the king. In 1793 he was sent to Lyons- with Collot d'Her- 968 FOU boia, nnd die cold-falooled cruelty which ne there exercised stands recorded against him in the damning evidence of his own letters. To the downfa) of Elobeapierre he assented, not because be hated the crimes 3f that {individual, but because he feared to ne a victim. Hia desertion of hi? jacobin friends did not prevent a decree from being passed to arrest him for his participation in their enormities ; but he contrived to conceal himself till the amnesty restored him to safety, and he soon reappeai'ed in public life. After having been intrusted with a mission on tlie Spanish frontier, he was appointed ambassador to the Cisal- pine republic. He was recalled to Paris for disobedience of instructions, and re> mained unemployed till a change in the di' rectory raised him to the office of minister of the police. Bonaparte retained him io it till after the peace of Amiens, when he suppressed the office. It was, however, speedily revived, with Fouchc a^in at its bead, who, in 1805, was created duke of Otranto. In 1809, during the campai^ in Austria, he was also minister of the home department, and was, in fact, al the head of the government. But some cir- cumstances in his conduct displeased Na- poleon, and he was dismissed, and doomed to a kind of exile, though the disgrace was gilded by the nominal rank of governor of Rome. In 1813 he was once more called forth on the political stage, and employed by the emperor on varipus occasions. He was consulted, but his advice was not fol- lowed, by Louis XVIII.; and when Na- poleon returned, Fonche again became minister of police. It is past a doubt, however, that he acted the part of a trai- tor to the restored emperor, and contribu- ted to the second return of the Bourbons. For a while Louis XVI II. retained him in the ministry, but the earliest opportunity was taken to discard him, and ai length he was inck-jed among the regicides who were banished from France. He died at Trieste, in 1820, regretted by no party; for all parties had, by turns, licen oppr^s- ed, insulted, and betrayed by him. FOULIS, RoBERTand ANDREW,two eminent printers of Glasgow. RobERT is said to have been originally a barber, but became a printer, and greatly distinguish- ed himself by die correctness and beauty of his editions of the classics. He took his brother, Andrew, into partnership, and for tliirty years they continued* to be pros- perous. ' Their public spirit was at length their ruin. They endeavoured to establish ■ an Academy fur the instruction of youtli id ' painting and sculpture — an undertaking, which, unsupported as they were, was too much for their resources. Andrew died in 1774, and R»»bcrt in 1776. I FOUQUlER-TAIiWILLE. Aktbo-| FOX NT Q,osWTiK, a monster conMcrated lo eternal infamy, was bom near St. Qoentm, in France^ in 1747, and was brought up to the law. Wlien tlie revolutionary tribu- nal was established, in 1793, he was ap> pointed one of the jurors; and the circum- stance of his uniformly voting for death soon recommended him to the office of public accuser. In that " bad eminence" he acted with the most brutal cruelty and shameless contempt of justice. He was gnillotined, in 1795, with twelve of the revolutionary judges, his accomplices. FOURCROY, Anthonx>Rahcis, an eminent French chemist, wasborn at Par- is in 1755, and studied at Harcourt Col- lege. In 1784, he was appointed profes- sor of chen^stry at (he Royal Garden, in which office he soon became celebrated, by his scientific knowledge, and by his flu- ent, elegant, and impressive manner of speaking. He was, successively, a mem- ber of the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety, the Council of Elders, and the Council of State. As Counsellor of State, he was intrusted with the manage- ment of all affairs connected with public instruction ; and he established three med- ical schools, twelve law scliools, and more than three hundred seminaries for educa- tion. His chemical labours, too, were in- cessant, and his discoveries important. He died in 1809. Among hh |>rincipal works are, A System of Chemical Knowl- edge ; Chemical Philosophy ; Medicine enlightened by the Physical Sciences; and Synoptical Tables of Chemistry. FOURNIER, Peter Simon, an emi- nent letter-founder, was born, in 1712, at Paris, and began life as a wood-engraver, but quitted that occupation to become a type-founder. In bis new pursuit he ac- quired high reputation for the beauty of his characters. He died in 1768. Four- nier wrote several woiks relative to his art, of which the principal are, A Typograph- ical Manual, in two vols. ; Historical and Critical Treatises on the Origin of Print- ing; and a Dissertation on the Origin and Progress of Wood Engraving. FOX, Richard, a prelate and states- man, was born, about 1466, at Ropesley, near Grantham; was educated at Magdb- len College, Oxford, and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; and went to Paris, where Morton, bishop of Ely, recommended bim to the earl of Richmond, at the time when that nobleman was planning his descent on England. After his accession, Henry VII. employed Fox on various missions; and successiveiv made hiiii bishop of Sxeter, Bath and Wells, Duliam, and Winches- ter. Fox died in 1528. He founded Cor pits Christi College, Oxford, and the &«• schools uf Taim'on and Grantham. FOX. John, a divine, born, u 1617, at Boston, in Lincolnshire, was edacated at Brazen-nose Colle^, Oxford, and was elected a fellow of Magdalen College From his fellowship he was expelled in 1545, for having espoused the doctrines of the Reformation, and, till be was restored to it by Edward VI., he subsisted by acting as a tutor, first to the family of Sir Thomas Lucy, and afterwards to the children of the imprisoned earl of Surrey. During the reign of Mary, he sought an asylum at Basil. Returning, on the accession of Elizabeth, he was taken into the house of the duke of Norfolk, and Cecil obtained for him a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury. His conscientious scruples as to church ceremonies prevented his farther promotion. He died in 1587. His great work is the Acts and Monuments of the Church, usually known by the name of Fox's Book of Martyrs ; the merits and demerits of which have been a source of violent dispute between protestant and catholic writers. To the credit of Fox it must be recorded, that he strenuously, though vainly, endeavoured to prevail upon Elizabeth not to disgrace herself by carry- ing into effect the sentence which condemn- ed two anabaptists to the flames as heretics FOX, George, the founder of the so- ciety of friends, or quakers, was born, in 1624, at Drayton, in Leicestershire; and was the son of a weaver, a pious and vir- tuous man, who gave him a religious edu- cation. Being apprenticed to a grazier, he was employed in keeping sheep; an occupation the silence and solitude of which were well calculated to nurse his naturally enthusiastic feelings. When he was about nineteen, he b^ieved himself to have re- ceived a divine command to foi^ake all, renounce society, and dedicate his exis- tence to the service of religion. For five years he accordingly led a wandering life, fasting, praying, and living secluded ; but it was not till about 1648 Siat he began to preach his doctrines. Manchester was the place where he first promulgated them. Thenceforth he pursued his career with nntirable zeal and activity, in spite of fre- quent imprisonment and brutal usage. It was at Derby that his followers were first denominated quakers, either from their tremulous mode of speaking, or from their calling on their bearers to *' tremble at the name of the Lord." The labours of Fox were crowned with considerable success ; and, in 1669, he extended the sphere of them to America, where he spent two years. He also twice visited the continent. He died in 1690. His writings were col- fected in three vols, folio. Whatever may be thought of the tenets of Fox, there can be no duubt that he was sincere in them, and that he was a man of strict temper- ance, humility, moderation, andpiet^ FOX Ml FOX, Charles James, one of the most distinguished of statesmen and ora- tors, was the second son of Lord Holland, and was born January 13, 1748. West- minster and Eton schools, and Hertford .College, Oxford, were the seminaries at which he received his education. In classical learning his proficiency was great, and he always retained a fondness for it. Having completed his studies, he set out on his travels, and an intellect like his could not fail to profit by such an enlarged field of observation. Unfortunately, how- ever, his powerful mind did not preserve him from dissipated habits, and from a propensity to gaming, which long continued to be the bane of his existence. Tn the hope of weaning him from these follies, he was, when only nineteen, elected member for Midhurst, through the influence of his father. Prudence, perhaps, kept him silent in the House till he was of an age legally to hold a seat in it. His lips were unlocked in 1 770, and for four years l>e continued to be the advocate of the ministry. His aid was rewarded by his faMhg appointed a lord of the admiralty, which situation he soon resigned to be a lord of the treasury. In 1774, however, in consequence of some disagreement with Lord North, he was abruptly dismissed, and his dismission was announced to him in a manner which added insult to injury The ranks of opposition gladly received so promising anally; and, during the whole of the American war, he was one of the most persevering, eloquent, and formidable of the minister's opponents. Additional spirit and efiect were given to his exertions by his being elected foi Westminster, in 1780, in spite of the whole weight of the government interest having been thrown into the scale against him. On the downfal of the North administra- tion. Fox came into oflice, as secretary of state for foreign afiairs. But the death of the marquis of Rockingham, and dis- gust at the conduct of Lord Shelburne, soon induced Fox and some of his party to re- tire. In an evil hour f.»r their popularity they formed *he celebrated coalition with Lord North. The measure enabled them K8 FOY to carry tbe cabinet hy storm, but it shook their influence with the people, and their short-lived triumph was closed by their expulsion from power, on the question of Fox's India Bill. A. new election in 1784 diminished their parliamentary numbers, and gave Mr. Pitt a secur6 majority. For more than twenty years the mighty talents of Fox were exerted in almost constant but fruitless opposition to his great rival His espousing the cause of the French revolution lost him the friendship of Burke. To tlie war against France he was de- cidedly hostile. At length, in 1S06, he resumed his situation of secretary of state. But his constitution was now broken, and he expired on the 16th of September in the same year. Before his death, however, he had the happiness of putting an end to the slave trade; an object which had for many years been nearest to his heart. The wis- dom of Fox*s political conduct has, on some points, been violently impeached, but no one has yet denied, tlie goodness and sweetness of his disposition; so amiable was his temper, that to know him was to love him. Of his eloquence one of bis panegyrists justly observes ttiat, " plain nervous, energetic, vehement, it simplified what was complicate, it unravelled what was entangled, it cast light upon what was obscure, and through the understanding it forced its way to the heart. It came home to the sense and feelings of tlie hearer; and, by a secret, irresistible charm, it ex- torted the assent of those who were most unwilling to be convinced." His literary compositions consist of some excellent Greek, Latin, and EuBlisb verses; a few I apers in The Englishman ; A Letter to I ae Electors of Westminster ; andA His- M)ry of the early Part of the Reign of James the Second. FOY, Maximilian Sebastian, cele- brated both in the field and the senate, was born, in 1775, at Hamm, in Picardy; Btudied at the military school of La Fere; and made his first campaign, in 1792, under Dumourier. In the war which was ter- minated by the peace of Amiens he acted with conppic'K'us talent and bravery, par- ticularly at the assault of the bridge head of Himmguen, the passages of tlie Lech, the Rhine, and the Limmat, and the action of Peri, in the Tyrol. In 1805 he bore a part in the Austrian campaign; in 1S07 he was sent to Turkey, with a corps of French artillerymen, and assisted in de- fending the Dardanelles; from 1807 to 181\ inclusive, he fought with great gal- lantry in Spain and Portugal, and on the Pyrenean frontier; and he closed his mili- tary career at the battle of Waterloo. Tlie raiik of general he attained In 1809. In, 1819 he was elected a member of the '■ diomber oi deputies, and in this capacity i FRA he continued to be one of the mmt aetivt and eloquent defenders of the liberties of his country till his derease, Nov. 28, 1825 He was attended to his grave by thousands of his countrymen, and a subscription was made to provide for his children, and erect a monument to his memory. He had be- gun a History of the War in the Peninsula. The part which he completed was publislied by his wife. FRACASTORIO, or FRACASTO- RIUS, Jerome, a physician and Latin poet, was born at Verona in 14S3. He came into the world with his lips so united tliat a surgical operation was necessary to open tliem; and while he v/as an infant in his mother's arms, she was killed by light- ning, without his being injured. His med- ical reputation obtained for him the office of chief physician to Pope Paul III. and he acted in the same capacity to the council of Trent. He died in 1553. Of modem Latin poets he confessedly stands among the mopt elegant. His poem denominated Syphilis is a singular instance of a dis- gusting subject being treated in such a manner as to render it attractive. Fra- castorio wrote some other poems, and va- rious tracts in prose. FRA DIAVOLO, whose real name was Michael Pozzo, was a native of Calabria, and was originally a stocking weaver, but quitted his occupation to join a band of robbers, of which he subsequently became the chief. So formidable was he in the Calabrias, that the government offered a reward for his head. In 1799, however, when Cardinal Rufib was labouring to ex- lel the French from Naples, he gave Fra Diavolo the command of a large body of the insurgents, and the bandit behaved with equal bravery and ferocity. In 3806 Fra Diavolo took the field against the troops of Joseph Bonaparte; out, after having displayed much talent, and gained some advantages, he was taken, ana sen- tenced to be hanged. FRANCIS OF PAULO. St. a Romish saint, was born at Paulo, in Calabria, in 1416; was brought up in a Franciscan convent; and, at length, retired to a cell in a solitary spot, where he was soon sur- rounded by so many disciples tliat it be- came necessary to build a monastery and a church for them. These new monts were at first called the Hermits of St. Francis, but Pope Axexander VI. changed tlieir name to that of Minims. Their founder died in 1507. FRANCIS DE SALES, St. a pious catholic prelate, was born, in 1657, at the castle of Sales, near Geneva. He was so successful in converting the protestanti tliat he was appointed coadjutor to the bishop of Geneva, and eventually bishop. In tlH: performance of works of chariQri PRA And of his episcopal duties, lie deserves the highest eulogium. He died io 1622, and was canonized in 1624. The last edition of his theological productions is in sixteen void. 8vo. FRANCIS XAVIER, St. SeeXAViER. FRANCIS, Philip, son of the dean of Lii^more, was edncatal at Dublin; and, after having taken orders, he settled at Esher, in Surrey, where he established an academy. He obtained, through Lord Holland's influence, the rectory of Barrow in Suffolk, and the chaplainsbip of Chelsea Hospital. He died in 1773. Francis wrote the tragedies of Eugenia and Constantia, and some political articles in defence of goverument ; and translated the poems of Horace, and the orations of Demosthenes and Escbines. FRANCIS, Sir Philip, a son of the foregoing, was bom at Dublin in 1740, and was educated at St. Paul's School. After having been a clerk in the secretary of state's office, secretary of the embassy to Portugal, and a clerk in the war office, he was raised to a situation of much higher importance. In 1773 he was appointed one of the members of the council of Bengal. In India he remained from 1774 to 1780, during whic?h period he was active in opposition to the measures of Mr. Hast- ing. Such was their mutual animosity that a duel ensued, in which he was shot through the body. In 1784 he obtained a. seat in parliament, and he continued to sit there for the greatest part of his life. H^ voted with the whigs, and took a prom- inent part on many qu^ions, particularly those of the impeachment of Hastings, In- dia affairs, the slave trade, reform, and the war with France. When his friends came into power, he received the order of the Bath, and they at one time intended to gend him to Hindo^tan as governor generaL He died in 1818. Francis published nearly thirty speeches and political pam- phlets; the style of which has a ve^ large portion of point and spirit. The Letters of Junius have been attributed to him; and it must be owned that to no one have they been assigned with more probability. He, however, always disclaime.1 them FRAXCKLIN, Thomas, D. D., a son of the printer of The Craftsman, was bom in London, in 1721; was educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Cambridge; became Greek professor at Cambridge; obtained, successively, the king's chaplainsbip, and the livings of Ware, Thundridge, and Brasted ; and died in 1784. Dr. Francklin * -anslated J.ucian, Sopliocles, Phalaris's Epistles, and Cicero on the Nature of the Gods; wrote Ser- mons, some miscellaneous pieces, the Earl of Warwick, and four other tragedies; tODtributed to die Critical Review; and FRA 269 joined in the translation of Voltaire's ifforks. FRANCO-BARRETO, a poet, wa. bom at Lisbon in 1606, and died in 1664. In 1646 he fought gallantly against the Dutch i.i Brazil. On bis return home, be took hid doctor's degree; was appointed secrci»ry of embassy in France; ultimately entered the church; and became vicar of Barreiro in 1648. He wrote many poems, and translated the ^neid, and the Battle of the Frogs and Mice. His style is ad- mired for it« spirit, elegance, and purity. FRANKLIN, Ben J AMiK, apbilosoplier and statesman, the son of a soap-boiler and tallow chandler, was born, in 1706, at Bos- ton, in America. He was apprenticed as a printer, to his brother, at Boston. It was while he was with his brother that be began to try his powers of literary composition. Street ballads and articles in a newspaper were his first effort. Dissatisfied widi the manner in which he was treated by his relative, he, at the age of seventeen, pri- vately quitted him, and went to Phila- delphia, where he obtained emplo3rment. Deluded by a promise of patronage from the governor. Sir William Keith, he visited England to procure the necessary materials for establishing a printing office in Phila- ' ' ia; but, on his arrival at London, he found ^at he had been deceived, and he was obliged to work as a journeyman for eighteen months. While he was in the British metropolis, he wrote a Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. In 1726 he returned to Philadelphia ; not long after which he entered into busi- ness as a printer and stationer, and, in 1728, established a newspaper His pru* deuce soon placed him among the most prosperous of the citizens, and the influ- ence which prosperity natur^ly gave was enhanced by bis activity and talent. (%iefly by his exertions, a public library, a fire- preventing company, an insurance com- pany, an cT a voluntary af:sociation for de- fence, were established at Philadelphia. In 1732, he began Poor Richard's Almanac. His first public employment was that of clerk to the general assembly nf Pcansvi* urn VKE FRE nuiia; his next that of postmaster ; and I my, and increaEing the resonrcea of hn he was suhsequently chosen as a represen- kingdom. Commencing in 1755, the sev- tative. Philosophy, also, now attracted en vears' war ensued, in which, witli no his attention, and he began those inquiries other aid than a suljsidy from England, he into the nature of electricity, tlie results ' made head against tlie combined attacks o{ of which have ranked him high among the Austrian, Russian, Swedish, and Sav- men of science. In 1753, he was appointed on forces, and gained the brilliant victories deputy postmaster general of British Amer- of Prague, Leutben, Rossbach, ZorndorS^ ica; and from 1737 to _1762, he resided Torgau, and many less important successes. Though he was several times severely de- n London, as agent for Pennsylvania and ather colonies. The last of tliese offices was entrusted to him again in 1764, and ne he, whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of Cephalonia, bom in the sixteenth centory, and died at Zante, io 1632. For more than forty years he acted as a pilot in the Spanish American possessions. In the year 1592, he discovered the strait that leads into the extensive archipelago, on the coast of the North Pacific, subsequently explored by Vancouver ; but he mistakenly supposed it to communicate with the Atlantic ocean. FUCHS^or FUCHSIUS, Leonard, a physician and botanist, was bom, in 1501, at Wembdingen, in Bavaria, and took his degree at Ingolstadt. Charles V. ennobled him. He died, in 1561, at Tubin- gen, at which university he had, for five and thirty years, been professor of medi- cine. He wrote several medical works, which attest his superior skill ; but be is principally remembered by his History of Plants. His name was given by Flumier to an American genus, remarkable for the bean^r of its leaves and flowers. FULLER, TsoHAS, a divine and his- torian, a son of the minister of Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire, at which place he was bora, in 1608, waseducated at Queen's CoUe^, Cambridge; was appointed minis- ter of St. Bennet's parish, Cambridge; and acquired great popularity as a pulpit orator. He received fiirtber preferment in the church, of which, however, he was deprived during the civil war, in conse- qnence of his activity on the side of the monardi. Between 1640 and 1656, he published nearly the whole of his works, in 1648 he obtained the living of Waltham, in Essex, which, in 1658, he quitted for that of Cranford, in Middlesex. At the restoration he recovered the prebend of Salisbury, was made D. D. and king's chaplain, and was looking forward to a mitre, when his prospects were closed by death, io 1661. Fuller possessed a remark- aby tenacious memory. He had also a co.'^iderable portion of wit and quaint humour, which he sometimes allowed to run riot in his writings- Among his chief works are, A History of the Holy War; The Church History of Britain ; "fbe His- tory of the University of Cambridge; and The Histoiy of the Worthies of England. FUL1iER> Andrew, a minister, emi- nent among die Baptists, was born, in 1754, at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, and was en^ged in the labours nf husbandry till he was twenty years of age. iiy diligent study he acquired a considerable degree of leamin'r; and be became a preacher of the f ospel,°first at Soham, and next at Ketter ing. He died, at Kettering, in 1815, FuSer was secretary to the Baptist Mis- FUR sionary Society, and in that capacity was very active, lie was also an acute contro- versialist against the Socinlans. He wrote The Calvinistic and Socinian Systems examined and compared ; Socinianism Indefensible ; Discourses on the Book of Genesis; Sermons; and other works. FULTON, Robert, an American en- gineer and projector, was bom, in 1765, at Little Britain, in Pennsylvania. Aban- doning the trade of a jeweller, he studied for some years under West, with the inten- tioii of being a painter ; but, having become acquainted with a fellow couo£ryman named Rumsey, who was skilled in mechanics^ he became fond of that science, and ulti- mately adopted the profession of a civil engineer. Before he left England, he published, in^ 1796, a treatise On Inland Navigation, in which he proposed to super* sede locks by inclined planes. In 1800, he introduced, with much profit to himEelf, the panorama into the French capital. For some years he was engaged in experiments to perfect a machine called a torpedo, intended to destroy ships of war hy explo- sion. After his return to America, he ^ve to the world an account of sevpral mventions, among which are a machine for sawing and polishing marble, another for rope making, and a boat to be navigated under water. He obtained a patent for his inventions in navigation by steam in 1809, and another for some improvemeotfi in 1811. In 1814 he contrived an armed steam ship for the defence of the harbour of New- York, and a submarine vessel large enough to carry one hundred men; we plans of which being approved by govern- ment, he was anthorizea to construct them at the public expense. But before com- pleting either of those works, he died suddenly in 1815. Though not the inven- tor of it, be was the first who successfoUy employed the steam engine in navigation. FURETIERE, Abthokt, a French philologist and miscellaneous writer, was turn at Paris, in 1620 ; took orders, and was made abbot of Cbalivoy; and died in 1683. He was m member of the French Academy, but was expelled from it, on a charge of having pillaged the unpublished lexicographical labours of his colleagues, to enrich a Dictionary of his own. His work, whidi was in two volumes folio, forms the foundation of the Dictionary of Trevoux. His expulsion gave rise to a virulent paper war between Fnretiere and his late brethren. He is the author of several works, among which are Roman Bourgeois; Fables; Poems; and Mercu- ry's Joutney. The Furet^-Jana, which was published after his death, by Merais, is a badly executed collection of Furetiere's remarks and bons-mots. FURST. Walter, a Swiss, by whom. QJSR m COBfBietioD with William Tell, his rela- tive, and Arnold of Melchthal, the h'bem of Switzerland was founded, in 1307. He was bom at Altorf, in the canton of Uri, and died subsequently to 1317 G^ER 278 FUSELI, or FUESSLI, Henrt, an eminent painter, was bora, about 1739, at Zuricli, in Switzerland. Though in his boyhood he manifested a talent for draw- ing, his father, an artist, was desirous to see him in the church, and he was edu- cated accordingly. At Berlin, where be studied under Sultzer, Sir Robert Smith, the British ambassador, induced him to visit England. Fuseli's entrance into active life was as tutor to a nobleman's son. With the English Umgnage Fuseli was thoroughly acquainted, and, in 1765, he published Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks. This he followed up by a Defence of Rousseau against Voltaire. Still the longing ^ter pictorial fame was uppermost in his mind. In order to decide whether he should follow the bent of his genius, he showed some of his drawings to Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, and reqoested his candid opinion of them. "Yoong man," said Sir Joshua, ** were I the author of these drawings. and offered ten thousand a year not to practice as an artist, I would reject it with contempt.^* Fuseli hesitated na longer. In 1770 he visited Italy, and he studied diligently there for eight years. On bis return he painted several pictures fm: the Shakspeare Gallery, and, in 1*^0, became a Royal Academician. The open- ing of his Milton Gallery, in 1798, first made known to the public the fiill extent of his genius. lo 1799 he was appointed professor of painting, and, in 1804, keeper of the Royal Academy. He died in April, 1825, and, notwithstanding his advanced age, the vigour of his faculties was unim- paired. In his domestic character Fuseli was tmly estimable. He was,, too, an excellent scholar, and enjoved tlie friend- ship of his most eminent literary contem- poraries. The works of art which he produced are numerous. His imagination was lofiy and exuberant ; but, in aspiring to the sublime, which he often reaches, he occasionally falls into extravagance and distortion. Still, his extravagance is that of a man of genius. His anatomical knowl- edge was extensive. It must, however, be owned that, in some instances, he dis- played it too ostentatious.^, so as to give to bis figures rather the forms seen in the dissecting room than those which charac- terize the living subject. FUST, or FAUST, Johk, a goldsmith of Mentz, in the fifteenth century. He shares with Guttemberg and Schoe&r in the honour of having invented printing. To Guttemberg, his partner, hovrever, la generally supposed to belong the merit of the invention, whiph was perfected by Sdioeffer, another partner, while Fust con- tributed little wore than the capital oeces- sary to carry on the bpsiness. The first work which they produced appears to be a Latw Bible printed between 1^ and 1455 GADSDEN, Cbbistopheb, a patriot of the American revolution, was lx>m in Sr^th Carolina, in the year 1724. In 1765 he was a member of the Congress which was convened at New York, for the pur- pose of petitioning against the stamp act, and again of that which assembled In 1774. He remained in Charleston during the siege in 1780. In 1782 he was elected governor of his native state, but declined the office on account of the infirmities of age. He died in 1803. GARTNER, Charles CHBisTiAK,a Dative of Saxony, born at Freyberg, in 1712, was professor of morals and rhetoric tt the Caroline College, Brunswick, and I2i died in 1791. He was one of those who contributed to reform the literary taste of Germany f in the eighteenth centurv. In conjunction with Gellert smd Ramler, he translated Bavle's Dictionary, and itoUin's History; with Klopstock, Schlegd, and others, he published a literary journal of great celebri^, called New Materials, &c. ; and he also wrote two comedies, and a volume of Discourses. G.^KTNKR, Joseph, an eminent bota- nist, a native of Wirtemberg, born at Cain, in 17^, was edncaied at Gottingen; travelled over various parts of Europe; was made botanical professor, and keeper of the botanical garoen, in 1768, at ^aint S74 OAI k PcterahoTftli ; retorned to Germany in 1771 ; and died in 1791 De Fnictibuaet Seminibas Plantanmi, in two vols. 4to. is biB principal work. GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Hassacbiisetta appointed by the king, first came to America as a lieutenant with Braddock, and was present at the battle in Which that officer received his mortal ^roand. He was appointed governor of Montreal in 1760, and iW 1763, succeeded general Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. In 1774 he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts, when he soon b^an the course of ill^al and oppressive acts that brought on the war of the revolution. Id 1775 the provincial Congress of Massachu- setts declared him an enemy to the colony, and not long after he returned to England, where he died in 1787. GAQNIER, John, an orientalist, was bom, in 1670, at Paris, and educated at the college of Navarre. He took orders, but subsequently changed his religion, came over to England, and settled at Oxford. At first he subsisted by teaching Hebrew, but, on the death of Eh*. Wallis, he succeed him as Arabic lecturer. He died in 1740. Gagnier wrote, in French, A Life of Mahomet; and published, be- pides some other works, an edition of Ben Gorion's History of the Jews, with ** Latin translation and notes. GAIL, John Baptist, a c«..Jirated Hellenist, was bom at Paris, in 1765, and died in the same city, in 1828, professor of Greek literature at the College of France. He was a member of the Academy of In- scriptions and Belles Lettres, and a knight of the legion of honour. Ue contributed greatly to render the study of Greek, pop- ular in France. Among his productions are, A Greek Grammar; and Translations of Xenophon, Thuc^dides, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, and Lucian's Dialogue of the Dead. GAIL, Sophia, the wife of the fore- foing, was bom about 1779, and died, at *aris, in 1819. For the arts, and par- ticularly for music, she manifested an early taste, and she bc^an to compose when she was not more than twelve years of age. Among her principal compositions are the operas of The Jealous Pair, Made- moiselle de Launay in the Bastile, and The Serenade. GAILLARD, Gabriel Hknry, a French miscellaneous writer and historian, was born, in 1728, at Ostel, near Soisaons ; abandoned the bar to become wholly an author; was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, the French Academy, and the Institute ; and died in 1806. _ H is most important works are. Miscellanies, in four Vouimes; hia Uistori» of Marv of Bur- GAL gundy, ot rrancis 1., of Charlemagne, cf the Rivalship of England and France, oi the Rivalship of France and Spain; tlis Historical Dictionary of the Methodical Encyclopaedia ; and Observations on V*el- ly's History of France. GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, a cele- brated artist, the son of a clothier, at Sudbury, in Suffolk, was bom in 1727, Nature, which he studied in the woods and fields, was bis first teacher. On leaving Sudbury, he went to London, and received instmctions from Gravelot and Hayman. After having painted at Ipwich and Bath, he settled in the metropolis, in 1774, and speedily rose to eminence in his profession. He died of cancer in the neck, in 1788. His portraits^ thongh slight, are striking likenesses, and his landscapes have a peciif iar cbaim, ** a portrait-like representation of nature (says Sir Joshua Reynoltb), such as we see in the wbrks of Rubens, Ruys- dael, or others of those schools." Gains- borough had a ccmsiderable ta\eat for music, but was sin^larly capricious in abandon- ing one instrument for another. His man- ners were somewhat eccentric, but he was kind hearted and generous. GALEA, Sertids Sulpictus, a Ro- man emperor, bom four years b. i*., was consul under Tiberins, a. d. 33; command- ed with honour in Upper Germany ; ^vas, successively, proconsul in Africa, and in Spain; and was raised to the throne, a. i>. 68. He held his dignity but seven months, at the expiration of which period he was murdered by the soldiery. By bis conduct as emperor he lost much of the reputation whidi he bad gained in less ele- vated stations. GALE, Thomas, a divine and antiqua- ry, was bora, in 1636, at Scruton, in York- ^ire ; was educated at Westminster School, and Trinity College, Cambridge; and was, in succession, R^ius professor of Greek, at Cambridge, head master of St. Paul's School, prebend of St. Paul's, and dean of York. He was also secretary of the Royal Society. He died in 1702. Gale was reckoned one of the best Greek schol- ars of his age, ' and corresponded widi some of the most eminent of his contem- poraries. He published editions of various learned works, and of the ancient English historians. He left Sermons, and an anno- tated copy of Antoninus's British Itinerary, which were edited by his son. GALEN, Claudius, one of the most celebrated physicians of ancient tim^, was born A. D, 131, at Pergamus, and has some- times been denominated the Hippocrates of Pei^amus. A dream is said to ha^e directed his genius to the study of niedi- cioce After having received an excellent education, he travelled extensively, to ac- quire medical, anatomicaL and 'surgical GAL tn&nmition. Alexandria was one of the eities at which he mist increased his stock of kniwlpdge. la his tliirty-second year, he made an effort to settle at Rome, but the intr^ues of his jealous rivals induceil him at length to return to Pergaraus. From his native city, however, ne was summoned by Marcus Aurelius, who com- mitted to him the cure of Commodus and Sextus, his sons. The place and time of hid death are uncertain; but he is sup- posed to have died at Rome, in about the seventiedi year of his age. Of the seven hun Ired and fifty works, which be is said to have written, only a part has been pre- served, but even that part forms five folio volumes, and affords an irrefragable proof that fame has not exaggerated his learning and skill. GALERIUS, Caius Valerius Maxi- MiASDS, a Roman emperor, was a native of Dacia, and kept flocks when a boy, whence he acquired the surname of Annen- tarius. Entering into the army, he raised himself to the highest rank? by his courage, and was adopted by Diocletian, who gave him his d^ighcer in marriage. Among his Eubseiuent exploits was the defeat of tlie Persians. Heascended the imperial throne A. D. 305, and died in 311. Galerius was of a cruel disposition, and a violent per- secutor of the Christians. GALHEGOS, Manuei, de, a Portu- guese poet, was born, in 1597, at Lisbon; was patronised by thedukeof Olivares, and loaded with honours at the court of Philip IV.; and died in 1665. He was the friend of Lopez de Vega, by whom he was highly praised in the Laurel of Apoilo. Galh^os is the author of Gigantomachia, a poem ; The Temple of Memory, a poem ; a volume of poems ; and a great number GAL cnr of dramatic pi GALIANI, F£ai>T3rAHD, an eminent writer on varion* subjects, was bom at ChiMi, in the f^eapolitan province of Abnuzr, in 172^; made so rapid a pro- tpes8 ID his studies that, at the age of sixteen, be composed a Dissertation oil the Money in use xt die Period of the Trojan War; was sent as secretary of embassy to Paris ; held several important offices after sis retuni to Naples; and died in 1787. Galiani was a man of wit as well as of solid talent. Among his works are, A Treatise on Coin ; Dial^poes on the Com- merce in Grain ; On the Reciprocal Duties of NeutrsU and Belligerent Princes; On the Neapolitan Dialect; and a Commentai^ on Horace. Many of bis writings are still onpnblish^. GALILEI, GAI.ILEO, an illustn'ons philosopher, the son of Vincent Galilei, a Florentine nobleman of talent, was born, ; in 1564, at Florence. His dislike to tfaei Medical jnroieMion, for which be was de- 1 signed, was so gr^^'j ^^^ ^^^ fitther al- lowed him to desist from preparing for it, and to study the mathematics. So rapidly did he attain a proficiency in his favourite science that, at the age of twenty-four, he was appointed' mathematical professor at Pisa. His dislike of the Aristotelian phi- losophy, however, raised him up so manj enemies, that, in 1592, he resigned the chair at Pisa, and accepted the prof^sor- ship at Padua, in which he continued for eighteen vears. Cosmo III. at last invited him back to Pisa, and, soon after, called him to Florence, with the title of principal mathematician and philosopher to tlie grand duke. In 1609, Galileo was informed of the invention of the telescope, and he im- mediately constructed one for himself, with which he proceeded to explore the heavens. With this instrument be discovered four satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, die starry nature of the milky way, the hills and valleys of the moon, and ^e spots on the solar di&k, from the motion of which he inferred the rotation of the -sun. The result of bis discoveries was, to convince him of the truth of the Copernican system, and the consequence of this conviction was, that he was twice persecuted by the Inquisition, in 1615 and 1633, on a charge of her^y. On both occasions he was com- pelled to abjure the system of Copernicus ; in the last instance, after having repeated the abjuration, he is said to have stamped bis foot on the earth, and said, id a low tone, " it moves, nevertheless." Galileo was blind for ab«, successively, ques- tor, edile, pretor, and consul. The last dignity he^ittained in cunjuncCion with M. Claudius Marcellus, in the year of Rome 687. During his consulship he overcame the Ligurians. The introduction of dra- matic spectacle? at the consular festivals is attributed to him, and he was even believed to have assisted Terence in the composition of the Andria. He was likewise celebrated for his astronomical knowledge. GALLUS, CoKNELius, a Roman poet, Dtras barn, about b. c.69, either at Frejus, in Gaul, or the Friuli, in It&ly, but most probably at the former. He governed, or rather tyrannized over, Egypt, for Augus- tus. On his being recalled, he was con- demned to a heavy fine, and to be exiled, upon which he put an end to his existence, in the forty-third year of his ap. His four books of Elegies are lost. He was a friend of Virgil, who addressed to him his tenth eclogue. GALLUS, Caius Vibius Trebokia- NUS, emperor of Rome, was born in tlie island of Meninx, now Gerbi, on the Afri- can coast. He held a command in Moesia, under Decius, at the time when that mon- arch ivas slain in action against the Goths, ^nd he was raised to the purple by the legions, in 251. On the throne he disgraced himself by his indolence and negligence, and his troops at length assassinated him, in 253, and gave tlie diadem to Emilianus; GALVANl, Louis,^ a physician and experimental philosopher, was born, it 1737, at Bologna, and was appointed prO' .fessor of anatomy in the university of his native city. He died December 4, 1798. The name of Galvani is immortalized by nis diicovery of galvanic electricity, a dis- covery which was brought to perfection by Volta and others. A very trivial circunir stance gave rise to tlw science. Some skinned frogs were lying in the laboratory, near an electrical machine, and, by chance. GAR an assistant touched the crurmi fierve of one of them with a scalpel, upon which convulsive movements ensued in the limb. Madame Galvani, who was present, com- rouDicated this circumstance to her husbancJ, who lost uo time in investigating the cause of the phenomenon. The important result of his labours is well known to the ^scien- tific world. Galvani is the author of De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Mu£culari Commentarius, and of some other papers in the Memoirs of the Bolognese Ingri tute. GALVEZ DE MONTALVO, Lopis, a celebrated Spanish poet, was born, in 1549, at Gaudalaxara, and took his degree of doctor of laws and theology in the university of Alcala. Though praised by Lopez de Vega, Cervantes, and other emi- nent COD temporaries, he lan^tiished unpat- ronised, and at length entered into the order of St. Jerome. H% died in 1610. His principal work is tlie Pastor de Filide. He also translated Tasso's Jerusalem, and Tansillo*3 Tears of Saint Peter. GAMA, Vasco de, a celebrated Portu- guese navigator, was born at Sines, in the province of Alemtejo. In 1497 he was appointed to command a squadron intended for India, and, afler having been lung baffled by contrary winds, he succeeded in doubling the Cape of Good Hope, and reaching Calicut. In 1502, he sailed agaiu, with a lar^ fleet, and tlie title of admiral of the Indian, Persian, and Arabian seas. He reached his destination in safety, and defeated a squadron which the Zamona had fitted out to oppose him. In 1524, he was again sent to India, as viceroy of the Portuguese possessions, and he died at Cochin, in 1525. — His two sons, Stephen and Christopher, distinguished them- selves in India. The first voyaffe of Vasco forms the subject of The Lusiad. GANDON, James, an eminent archi- tect, a native of England, was a pupil of Sir William Chambers, and was the fir^ who received the architectural gold meda. of the Royal Academy. He went to Ire land, and resided there for many years till his decease, in 1824, at the age of eighty-two. Gandon designed tlie court houses of Nottingham and Waterford; the Custom House, the Four Courts, and the portico of tlie House of Lords, at Dublin; and many other elegant structures. The concluding part of the Vitruvius Britanni- cus was edited by him. GARAMOND, Charles, acelebrated French letter founder and type engraver was born at Paris, toivards tlie close of the fifteenth century, and died in 1561 Among his works were three fonts of ex- tremely beautiful Greek types, produced in 1538; the punches of which were again called into use, in 1796, for an edition of OAR Xenophon. He also brought to perfection the Roman character. GARAT, Peter Johit, an eminent Freni:h composer, was born, about 1768, at Bonleiitix, and died at Paris, in IS23. Like some other celebnited musicinns, he displayed the natural bent of his genius even iiT infancy; as, before he \viis able to speak, he repeated the tunes wliicli were sung by his nurse. He was music m;i.ster to the queen of France. The meltidies of several of liia songs are mucli admired. GARAY, John dr, a Spaniard, was born, in 1541, at Badajoz; and went to America, as secretary to the governor of Paraguay, in which ca|Kicity he displayed so much bravery and talent tliat he was appointeil a captain, and sent into tlie^ interior with a small force to make discov- eries. He ascended the Parana, explored a wide extent of country, and (bunded Santa Fe. Bein^ raided to the rank of lieutenant-general and governor of Asginnp- tion, he rebuilt and fortified Buenos Ayres, and, unlike most of his countrymen, en- deavoured to civilize the Indians by per- fiuasion and acts of kindness. He was, unfiirtunately, killed on the banks of the Parana, nimut 1592. GARCIA DE MASCARENHAS, Blaise, a Portuguese poet, was bnrn, in 1596, at Avo, in the province of Beirn, and, in 1614, went, in the military service, to Brazil, where he remained for twenty- six years. In 1640, he returned to Lislwrn, and was appointed governor of Alfayates. Tliough he had bra\-ely defended the Ibr- tress agaiuiit the S^taniards, his enemies tlirew him into prison, on a charge of treason. He composed a letter in verse to the king, but being denied materials ^r writing, he procured a l>o»k, cut out the words, and pasted them on a blank leaf. This he threw from his winduw to a friend, and it obtained his Ulceration. He died in 1656. Garcia is the author of Viriatus, a poem, in twenty cantos, and of some shorter compositions. GARCIAS LASSO, or GARCILASSO DE LA. VEGA, wlio was called the Spanish ! Petrarch, and the Prince of 8pani.-;li Poe-| try, wa.s burn in 1503, at Toledo. He entered early into the service of Charles j V. and distinguished himself at the battle' of Pavia- His v;il:nir W5i3 afterward.-» tried | against the Turks in Hungary, and in the! ex[ied!tion to Tunis. At length, in 1536, he fell in attacking a tower, the fire from which luiras^^ed the Im|)erial army in itsi! retre:it from Marseilles. Garcilasso, with his friend Bo^can, reformed the bad taste which had liecn introduced into Spanish poetry. His woi-ku, chiefly pastoraL: and sonnets, form but a sin:ilf volume. He cxcelii in tlie tender and the patltetic. GAR tn GARCIAS LASSO, or GARCILASSO DE LA Vega, an historian, surnamed the Iiica, because, by his mother's side, hf» descended from the Peruvian royal family, was born, in 1530, at Cnzco, in Pern. Philip II., who dreaded tlie influence ol Garcilasso amon^ the natives, summoned him to Spain, and the exile died at Valla- dolid, in 1568. From the numerous docu- ments which he had collected^in Peru, he composed a General History of that cmmtry, and also a History of Florida. His style is occasionally fault}", but he is faithful, and his narrative is interesting. GARDEN, Alexander, a physician and naturalist, was born in Scotland in 1728, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. He went to America, and settled as a physician at Charleston, in South Carolina, about the year 1750. Hia attention, in the intervals of professional employment, was chiefly directed to the study of natural history, and he opened a correspondence in 1756 with the celebrated Liimfpus. This eminent naturalist gave the name Gardenia, to a most l>eautifnl flowering shrub, and often mentioned his name with applause. After a residence of twenty years in America, Dr. Garden returned to England, and almut the year 1772 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of London. He died in I^ndon in 179^. GARDINER, Stephen, a catholic prelate, of undesirable celebrity, was an illegitimate son of Lionel Wondville, bishop of Salisbuiy; was born, in 1483, at Bury; and was educated at Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge, of which he became master. By Wolsey he was employed to negotiate at Rome the king's divorce, and his services were rewarded by the bishopric of Win- chester. He was employed on other em- bassies by Henry VIII. , but at length he fell into disgnice with the monarch. Ed- ward VI. committed him to the Tower, but Mary raised him to be lord chancellor, and he avenged himself for hijt recent imprirtonment by the most unrelenting persecution of the protestants. BeHire his decease, however, which took place in 1555, he is said to have expressed com- punction fnr his cruellv. Ganliner, {rreat its were his faults, ha({ the merit of lieing a patron of learning, and nf a grateful disposition. Among his works are. The Necessary Doctrine of a Christian IMan; and a trcsitise in defence of Henry the Eighth's I'eligious supremacy. GARNERIN, James Andrew, a French aeronaut, who led the way in the perilous cx|)erimRnt of descending from a balloon by means of a parachule. His first attempt was made at St. IVtersbiirgh, in ISOO; and he successfully reijealed it in England and France. H« died in 18231 278 GAR GARNET, Thomas, a physician, was corn, in 1766, at Ciisterton, in Westmore- land ; tnnk Ills ilegree at Ediiilinrgh ; anil, after linriitg practiced in variouzs part:; uf tlie country', was aliout to depait tu Ame- rica, wlien the success of a course of lecturer at Liver|HHjl induced him to re- main in England. He liecame professor of rliemistry of the Royal Institution; Init died in 1802. He wrote A Tour tlirougli tlie Highlands ; Outlines of Chemistry; and Zounomia; and edited the AniuUs uf Science. GARNIGR, John Jamks, historiogra- pher of France, and nienilier of the Aca- demy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, was born, in 1729, at Goron, in tlie pro- vince of Maine, and died in 1805. Among other works, he produced The Man of Letters, two vols. ; On the Origin of the French-' Government; a Treatise on Civil Education ; and a Continuation of V'elly's History of France. GARMER, Count GERMAiK,aFrencli statesman, was born, in 1721, at Auxerre; became prefect of the department of tlie Seine and Oise, and president of the sen- ate; and dietl in 1821. He translated various productions from tlie EngliKli, among wliidi was Smith's Weallli of Na- tions; and wrote A History of Coinage, in two volumes; An Abridgment of Uie Elementary I'riiiciples of Fufitical Econo- my ; and otlier works. GARRICK, David, the son of a captain in the army, was liom, in 1716, at Here- ford. His' education he received |)artly at Litchfield School, partly from Dr. John- ion, and partly, at a later period, from Mr. Oilson, a inatliematician, atRocliester. When Johnson gave 'ip his academy, Garrick accompanied him tu the metro- nidis. For a while he cmitemplated study- ing the law ; he next became a wine mi-rclinnt, in partnership with his brother; and, lastly, yieldeil to that love of die stage which had induced him to act Ser- jeant Kite, at school, when he was only' eleven vein's old. After having played i for the entertainment of the queen. He at Ipswich, under the name of Lyddal, he died in 1677. Besides his original and out, in London, on the nineteeuth of ' translated dramas, and some prose tracts, GAS October, 1741, at tlie Goodman's Fields Theatre, in the character of Richard HI. He introduced an entirely new style of acting, more true tu nature than the old, and his success was instant and unprece dented. The regular theatres were desert- ed, and rank and fashiim nightly hurried to view tlie theatrical phenomenon.' At the same time he gained tlie honours of a dra- niatist, by his comic piece of The Lying Valet. In 1742 he waii engaged at Drury Lane Theatre, of which, in 1747, he l«. came joint proprietor. For thirty-fmir years, he continneil, with undiminished popularity, to act an infinite number of characters, seemingly reijiiiring tlie most inciiinpatilile talents, yet all jiersonated with matchless skill, lioth In trugeily and coiuedy. During that period lie a'so pro- ilnceil nearly forty pieces ; s*nne of which, however, wej-e merely adaptations. In 1769 he projected anil carried into elTect the celebrateil Shakspeare jiiliilee, at Stratford ii|ion Avon. At lengtli, in 1776, he retired from the stage ; antl he dieil on the twentieth of January-, 1779. Besides his dramas, Garrick wrote many prnlngiies, epilogues, ejiigrams, and light pieces of (wetry. GARTH, Sir Sawdei., a poet and physician, was Imrn in Yorkshire; was educated at Peter House, Cambridge; took his degree in 1691 ; was admitted a lellf>w of the college in the following venr; was knighted, on tlie accession of 6eorge I., and apjiointed king's physician in ordi- naiy, and physician general to the army; and died in June, 1718. Of his poems the principal is. The Dispensary, which conveys much lively and pointed satire, clotlied in polished versification. He also wrote a Latin Harveian Oration ; and con- tributed a Preface .to a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses. GASCOIGNE, Sir William, a native of Yorkshire, born at Gawtliorp, in 1360, was appointed one of the justices of com- mon pleas on the accession of Henry TV., and, in 1401, was raised to he chief jus- tice of tlie king's liench. In the latter ofiice he honourably distinguished himself by committing Prince Henrjr, afterwards Henry V., to prison for striking him while in tlie execution of his judicial duties. He died in 1413. GASCOIGNE, Georce, a poet of Qneen Elizabeth's reign, the son of Sir George Gascoigne, was bom at Waltham- slow, in Essex, and was disinherited by his father. After having studied at Cam- bridge, and Gray's Inn, he served in the Dutch army. On returning to England. he lierame a courtier, and wrote masi)ues 6A1 h6 wrote The Steel G ass, a satire, and otlier poems. ** He is,'' says Headley, ** smooth, sentimental, and harmonious." GASCOIGNE, William, a natural Ehilosopher, born in 1621, was a native of lancashire, and was slain, fighting for Charles I., it the battle of Marston Moor, in 1643. He divides with Auzout the merit of having invented the micrometer. (See Auzout.) He also wrote a Trea- tise on Optics, which is lost. GASSENDI, Peter, a justly cele- brated French philosopher, was born, in 1592, at Chantennier, in Provence. So rapidly did he acquire knowledge, that at the age nf sixteen he was capable of filling the professorship of rhetoric at Digne, and at twenty-one was chosen to fill the theo- logical and philosophical chairs at the miiversity of Aix. He resigned the latter in 1623, to give himself up wholly to his scientific pursuits. He travelled in France, Germany, and the Netherlands, to confer with men of science, and he carried on an extensive correspondence with the most learned and eminent of his contempora- ries. In 1645 he was appointed regius f)rofessor of mathematics at Paris, and'his ectures were exceedingly popular. He died in 1655. Gassendi was at once a theologian, metaphysician, philosopher, as- tronomer, naturalist, and mathematician; great in some of these sciences, and above mediocrity in all. His attacks on the phi- losophy of Aristotle gave it a severe shock, but raised up against him a host of bitter enemies. His works were collected, in six folio volumes, by Sorbiere. GATES, Horatio, was bom in Eng- land in 1728, and entering the British service in early life, rose by his merits to Jie rank of major. In 1755 he was with 8raddock when that unfortunate comman- ler was defeated, and received in that bat- Je a severe w^ound, which for some time lebarred him from active service. On the inclusion of peace, he settled in Virginia, where he resided till the commencement if the revoldtion in 1775. He was then appointed adjutant general by Congress, ff^ith the rank of brigadier, and in 1776 received the command of the army in Canada. G ;neral Schuyler succeeded him for a few months in 1777, but he resumed his situation in August, and soon revived the hopes of his country by the capture of the army under Burgoyne. In 1780 he was appointed to the chief command of the southern districts, but he was after- wards superseded by general Greene, and his conduct was subjected to the investiga- tion of a special court. He was restored to his commarid in 1782. On tlie termin- ation of -viir he resided on his farm in Virginia till 1790, when emoved to GAU tn New York, where he lived much csteemea and respected till his decease in 1806. GAUBIL, Anthony, a learned jesnit missionary, vras born, in 1689, at Gaillac^ in Languedoc. In 1723, he was sent to China; and be remained there till bis de- cease, in 1759. Having made himself perfectly master of the Chinese and Maot- chew languages, he was ap]>ointed inter- preter to the imperial court; and he ac- quired the entire confidence of the empe- ror. His works are, A Hif^tory of Genghis Khan, and of the Mongol Dynasty; and an Historical and Critical Treatise on Chi- nese Astronomy. GAUDEN, John, a divine, was bom, in 1605, at Mayland, in Essex; was edu- cated at Bury St. Edmunds, and St. John's College, Cambridge; and became a mem- ber of Wadham College, Oxford. In 1635 he was appointed chaplain to the earl of Warwick, who was hostile to the court. For some years he continued true to the principles of the political reformers, and was even presented to the deanery of Becking by the parliament ; but he changed sides as soon as the monarch was endan- gered, and strenuously protested against his trial. In 1648 he published the fa- mous Icon Basilike, the composition of which he afterwards claimed as his own ; a plaim which has given rise to much con- troversy as to the real author. At the Restoration he was made bishop of Exe- ter, and, in 1662, he was translated to Worcester. But Winchester was the ob- J'ect of his ambition and avarice, and the OSS of it was a grievous disappointment to him. He died in the year of his trans- lation. Gauden was a bad specimen of a prelate. Changeful, grasping, selfish, he was one of those of whom Milton says, ''of otlier care they little reckoning make than how to scramble at the shearer's feast, and shove away the worthy bidddi guest." GAULTIER, Abbe Louis, was bom in Italy, about 1745, of French parents, and went to France in his childhood. Devot- ing himself to the task of education, ne formed the plan of rendering the acquisi- tion of learning less repulsive to children, by the invention of a number of games, at once amusing and instructive. The revo- lution drove him from France, but he re- turned in 1802, and resumed hid labours. Of the systems of Bell and Lancaster he was an active supporter. He died in 1818. Among his numerous and often printed works are, A Method of making Abridg- ments; L^sons of Chronology and Histo- ry; Progresive Lessons fur Oiillren; and Notions of Practical Geometry. GAUTHEY, Emilian Mart, was bora, in 1732, at Chalons sur Saooe ; fiUcd 280 aAY several important posts as a civil engi-l neer; and died, inspector general of roads I and bridges, in 1806. He executed the canal of Uie centre, and the junction canals of the t^aone, Yonne, and Doubs; built the bridge of Navilly, and the quays of Cha- lons; and performed some other public works. His principal publication is A . CoEsplete Treatise on the Construction of Bridges and Canals. GAVARD, Hyacinth, one of the most emiuent anatomists of the eighteentli cen- tury, was born, in 1753, at Montmelian, and w^s a pupil of Desault. He wrote excellent Treatises on Osteology, Myolo- gy, and Splanchnology; and invented a Dietliod of teaching reading and writing togeUier to cliildren. He died poor, at Paris, in 1802. GAY, John, an eminent poet, a native of Devonsliire, \t-as burn, in 1688, at Barnstaple, and was apprenticed -to a silk- mercer in London. Disliking trade, how- ever, he soon abandoned it, and relied upon literature and the patronage of the great for a subsistence. For a while he held the situation of secretory to the duch- ess of Monmoutli. Rural Sports, his 6rst work, he dedicated, in 1711, to Pope, and It produced a warm and lasting friendship between tlie two poets. Thenceforth he continued frequently to offer his composi- tions to public notice; not without advan- tage to his reputation. Of his early poems 1 ne Shepherd's Week was Uie most suc- cessful. Court favour Gay more than once had hopes of obtaining, but his hopes were blighted. His appointment as secretary to the earl of Clarendon, on the embassy to Hanover, would probably have led to high- er promotion, had not the queen unex- pectedly died. A second time the door of preferment seemed to be opened by his Fables, written for tlie instruction of the duke of Cumberland, but all the reward that was offered was tlie petty place of t^entluman u,«her to the yuung princes^s Louisa, which he indignantly rejected. The exertions of his private li'iends were more beneficial. A thousand pounds was GED raised by a subscription to a volume of bu poems; and Craggs gave him some South Sea stock: all, however, was lost, on the bursting of tlie bubble. In 1727 be brought out his Beggar's Opera, whicli was acted sixty-three days in succession on the Lon- don stage, and nearly as often on most of the provincial boards. A second part of it, under the name of Polly, the lord cham- berlain refused to license; but a subscrip- tion of twelve hundred pounds amply in- demnified tlie author for ttiis refusal. The last years of Gay's life were spent under the hospitable roof of the duke and duchess of Queensberry, who were warmly attached to him. He died in 1732. Possessed of all the softer virtues, Gay had, unfortunate- ly, a nerveless mind, wliich the slightest breatli of disappointment could shake to the centre. His poetry is of tiiat kind which, though Johnson denies to it ** the dignity of genius," will always afford plea- sure by its elegance, sprightliness, and oc- casional felicity of description. GAY VERNON, Simon Francis. baron, was born, in 1760, at St. Leonard, in the Limousin; obtained a captaincy in the army in 1790; distinguished himself greatly, m 1793, on tlie Rhine and in Flan- ders; was for seventeen years sub-director of the polytechnic school; defended the fortress of Trugau, in 1814, with the ut- most gallantry; and died in 1822. He wrote, in two volumes quarto, An Elemen- tary Treatise on the Military Art, and on Fortification. GAZA,orGAZIS, Theodore, a lear- ned Greek, was bom, in 1398, at Thessa- lonica. When his country was desolated by the Turks, he sought an asylum in Ita- ly; was patronised by Pope Nicholas the f'iflh, and othex eminent men ; and contri- buted greatly to difluse a knowledge of the ancient literature of his native land. Ho died in 1478. He translated various works from the Greek, and wrote a Greek Gram- mar, and a Treatise on the txrecian Months. GEBER, or GEABER, an Arabian al- chemist and astronomer, whose real name' was Abou Moussah Giaffar al Sofi, is sup- posed by some to have been a native of Seville ; but he is more generally believed to have been born at Hauran, in Mesopo- tamia, in the eighth century. His alche- mical researches led him to the discovery of corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, aquafortis, and nitrate of quicksilver. There have been several editions of his works. GED, William, a goldsmith of Edin- burgh, invented stereotype printing in 1725, and, in 1729, entered into partnership with Fenner, a Btalioner of London II treated by his partner, and tlVwarted by priutcrs, he sustained considerable loM. GEL In 1733 he retnmed to Scotland, where be printed an edition of Sallust. His de- cease toi'k. place in 1749. GGDDES, Ai.ESANDF.R,a1earned Ro- man catholic divine, was bom, in 1737, at Rutbven, in Banffshire; v/as edncated at the Scotch college at Parif ; and officia'.ud at Tarious chapel:* till 1782, when he de- sisted entirely from the exercise of his clerical functions. For many years be was engaged on a new TransUtion of the Old and New Testament, of which he (^blish- ed only two volinnes. This work raised a tempest of indignation ag.iinst h ra from both protectants and catholics. He died in 1802. Besides the version of the Bible, he published a translation of Horace's Sat- ires; Critical Remarks on tlie Hebrew Scri ptures ; and other works of less impor- tance. GECR, Charles DE,an eminent nat- uralist, who has been called the Swedish Reaumur, was boni in Sweden, in 1720; studied at Utrecht and Upsal; waa ap- pointed marshal of the Swedish court, in 1761 ; and died in 1778. His great work is Memoirs towards the History of Insects, in seven quarto volumes, with plates. It describes more than fifteen hundred species. GELLERTjChristliebEhregott, a celebrated metalluigist, was bom in 1713, at Haynichen, near Freyborg, in Saxony, and died in 1795, professor of metallurgy, and effective counsellor, of tlie Saxon mines. Gellert introduced very important improvements into the method of parting metals by amalgamation. He is the au- thor of Elements of Metallurgical Chemis- try; and Elements of Docimastics. GELLERT, Christian Fdbchte- GOTT, a German poet and writer oo mor- als and elegant literature, the brother of the metallurgist, was born at Haynichen, in 1715, and studied theology at Leipsic. In 1751, he was chosen extraordinary pro- fessor of moral philosophy at Leii^ic. Af- ter having gained applaiiK t>y his share in two periodical publications, be brought out, in 1746, his first collection of Fables, and the romance of The Swedish Countess. They were soon followed by a second part of the Fablef^, and several Comedies. Among his still I iter productions may be mentioned Moral Didactic Poetry; Canti- cles; Dissertations on Literature and Mor- als; and Miscellaneous Works. Of all his writings his Fables were the most popular. Their success was, indeed, complete; for all, from the peasant to the prince, were delighted with them. After sufiering se- verely all his life from hypochondriacal af- fections, Gellert died i.i 1769. For the improvement of its literary taste, and the diffusion of good principles, Germany owes much to Gellert. Nur las it been ungrtie- fiil; lor hiB memory is still cherished as GEM 231 that of a man who was a benefactor and aa honour to his native land. GELLI, John Baptist, an Italian writer, bom, io 1498, at Florence, ^vas brought up as a tailor, which calling he continued to follow even amidst his litera- ry avocations. It was not till he was twen- ty-five that he began to study, but his pro- gress was ra^id. He was one of the foun- ders of the Florentine Aca^my; and, in 1553, was ordered by Cosmo I, to give public lectm-es on theDivina Commediaof Dante. He died in 1563. Gelli wrote two Comedies; Dialogues; Circe; and some minor pieces. GELLIBRAND, Herrt, a mathema- tician, was bom in London, in 1597; stndi^ at Trini^ College, Chiford ; was made professor of astronomy at Gresham "College; and died in 1636. He comple- ted and published Briggs's Trigonometria Brilannica; and wrote A Discourse no the Longitude ; and other works connected with navigation. It is not to the credit of his judgment, that he was an opponent of the Copemican system. GEMELLI-CARRERI, John Frait- CIS, a celebrated Italian traveller, was bom, in 1651, at Naples, and was admit- ted a doctor of laws. The love of travel* ling, however, lured him from his profes- sion. After having seen the whole of En- rope, and served as a voUmteer in Hunga- ry, he embarked for Egypt in 1693. Be- tween that year and 1698, he traversed Upper Egypt, Syria, Palestine, parts of European and Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Hindostfm, China, Mexico, and Cuba. He closed bis peregrinations l^ again visiting Spain, France, and a portion of Italy. The year of bis death is unknown. His Journey round the World fomis six vol- umes, and contains much curious informa- tion. It has been denied, but most unjust- ly, that Gemelli ever saw the countries which he describes. GEMINIANI, Francis, an eminent composer, bom, in 1666, at Lucca, was a pupil of Looati, Sc^-latti, and Corelli. In 1714 he came to England, andt with one interval, continued to reside in the British dominions till bis decease, in 1762. He is the author of solos, concertos, and various other compositions; and of The Harmonic Guide ; The Art of Playing on the Violin; and a Treatise on Good Taste, and Rules fi>r playing with Good Taste. GEMISTUS,6EORG£,sumamed Plb- THO, a PLttonic philosopher, was bom, in 1390, at Constantinople; and from the Peloponnesus, where he usually resided, was sent to the councit of Florence, todis- ciisi^ the subject of an union between the Greek and Latin churches. He was the reviver of Pl.ttonism in Italy, and made many converts to it, amoag whom wai S82 GEN Cosmo de Medici. He died in Greece, at ihe age of nearly a hundred. His works are numerous ; several of them relate to the Platonic philosophy; the remainder are theological, rhetorical, and historical. GENGHIS KHAN, J1NGHIS KHAN, or T HEMUGIN , one of those pests known by the appellation of great conqaerors,was bom, ID 1164, in Tartary, and died in 1^7. He was the son of a petty Mongo- lian prince; but, by dint of successive vic- tories, he became monarch of a territory extending fifteen hundred leagues. North- ern China, Eastern Persia, and the whole of Tartary, he reduced under hisyoke; but his triumphs cost the destruction of number- less cities, and of millions of human beings. GENLIS, Stephania Felicity, countesd de, whose maiden name was Dn- crest de St. Aubin, was born, in 1746, near AutUD, in Burgundy. Though of a good family, she had no fortune ; but her beau- ty, her accomplishments, and particularly her skill on the harp, introduced h^r into high circles, from which she derived pe- cuniary resources. Many offers of mar- riage were made to her, but she accepted tile hand of the Count de Genlis, who bad become enamoured of her in conse- quence of reading one of her letters. The anion was unproductive of hairiness, and the tongue of scandal did not spare her character. By that union, however, she became allied to Madame Montesson, who was privately married to the duke of Or- leans; and this led to her being chosen bv the duke of Chartres as the governess oF his children. She now appeared as an author, and produced in rapid sncces- lion Adela and Theodore, The Evening . of the Castle, The Theatre of Education, and Annals of Virtue ; all of which were highly popular. Though she was a warm friend to the revolution, her connexion with the duke of Orleans rendered her obnoxious to the prevailing faction, and, in 1793, she was compelled to quit France. After having resided in Switz- erland, at Altnna, at Hamburgh, and in Holstein, die was allowed by the first consul to rsturn to her native country. During her absence from France she wrote, besides some minor pieces. The Knights of the Swan, The Little Emigrants, The Ui- val MoUiers, and Rash Vows. Napoleon gave her a pension, and apartments in the Arsenal, and carried on a correspondence with her; but, on the return of the Bour- bons, she forgot the favours he had confer- red, and the incense ^he had offered to liim, and joined the band of his detractors. For the last thirty years her inexhaustible pen continued to pour forth a variety of works, of which fipace is here wanting to enuiL.e- rate even the names. The whole of her llt- eraiy progeny falls little short of a hundred '. Health. GEO volumes. She died, at Pans, Decente 31, 1830. Her productions are character* ized by fertility of imagination, and puri^ of style. GENOVESI, Anthony, a metaphysi- cian and philosopher, was bom near Saler- no, in tlie kingdom of Naples, in 1712, and took orders at the age of twenty-four. He ■was prof^sor of metaphysics, moral philo- sophy, and political economy, in the Nea- politan capita], and contributed greatly to the extension of enlightened principles. Ha died in 1769 Among his works are, Ele- ments of Metaphysics ; a Treatise on Com- merce; Philosophical Meditations; andFl- ements of Logic. GENTILIS, Alberic^ a celebrated Italian civilian, was born, in 1551, in the march of Ancona ; studied at Pemgia ; and was a doctor of laws in bis twenty-first 'ear. Having adopted the protestant faith, le took refuge in England, was patronised by the earl of Leicester, and obtained the civil law professorship at Oxford. He died in 1611. Several works on jurisprudence were produced by him. — ^His brother, SciP- 10, who waia born in 1563, and died in 1611, was aUo an eminent jurist. GEOFFUEY of MONMOUTH, or GEOFFREY AP ARTHUR, a British historian of the twelfth centuiy, was a na- tive of Mo.unouth ; and was raised to the see of St. Asaph; which, however, in con- sequence (i* tlie disturbed state of North Wales, be deserted, and took up his abode at the cfvrt of Henry II. He is the au- thor, or, perhaps, rather the translator of a Chronicle or History of the Britons, abounding with fables ; a poem on Merlin ; and some other productions of less conse- quence. GEOFFROY, Stephen Francis, a physician, was bom, at Paris, in 1672; acquired extensive and deserved populari- ty ; was a member of several learned bod- ies; and died in 1731. He wrote a Trea- tise on the Materia Medica, in tliree vol* umes; and various papers in the Transac- tions of the Academy of Sciences. In honour of him, Jac(|uin gave the name of Geoflhea to a genus of leguminous plants. — His brother, Claude Joseph, was a botanist of eminence. GEOFFROY, Stephen Louis, sod of the foregoing, was bom at Paris in 1725i became one of Uie most emin^tphysiciani and natmalistsof the capital; retired from practice when the revolution broke out; and died in 1810. He wrole a Manual of Practical Medicine for Surgeons; an A- bridged History of Insects found in the Neighbourhood of Paris; a Treatise on Shells in the Neighbourhood of Pari.^; « Dissertation on the Organ of Hearing; and a Latin poem on the Preservatiuu of GER GEOFFROT, Juliait Louis» a French eriCiC of considerable celebrity, was born, n 1743, at RenneSj^and died, at Pu'is, in 1S14. He WAS remarkable for the severi^ of his criticism, especially oa theatrical subjects. He conducted me Literary An- nals, after the deadi of Freron ; and, from 1800, >\'as the dramatic censor of the Jour- nal of Debates. His contribntions to the last of these periodic^ were collected in five TOiomes, with the title of A Coarse of Dramatic Literature. He wrote a Com- meotary on Racine, in seven volumes, and translated Theocritus. GEORGE CADOODAL, a celebrated royalist chief (whose surname was Cadou- d^, but who is tittle known except 1^ his christian name), was the son of a miller, and was bom, in 1769, at Brech, in Bri- tauny. In 1793, he raised a small troop of Breton peasants, joined the Vendeaos, and was made a captain at the siege of Gran- ville. In 1794 and 1795 be served under M. de Pnisaye; and, after the retirement of that general, was the principal leader in the M<»-bihan. Till the b^innii^ of 1800, he was almost constantly in arms, but was then forced to consent to a treaty. Bonaparte, however, in vain endeavoured to win him over from the rt^al cause. Hav- ing been appointed lieutenant general by Count d'Artois, George renewed his efforts to restore the Bourbons, and he at length fell into the power of the French govern- ment, and was execnted in Jane, 1804. On his trial, and at his execution, he dis- played tlie same courage that had always distinguished him in the field. GERARD, THOM, or TENQUE, was bom, sdwut 1040, on the island of Mar- tigue, on the coast of Provence. He vis- ited Jerusalem on commercial afiairs; but devoted himself there to religions exercises, and to aiding pilgrims. In 1100 he found- ed the order of kjii^ts hospitallers of St. John, which afterwards acquired such splen- did fame. He was the first grand master oi the order. He died about 1121. GERARD, Alexander, a Scotch di- vine and writer, bom, in 17S^, at Gariocb, in Aberdeenshire, was educated at Maris- chal College, at which, in 1752, he succeed- ed Fordyce, as prof^sor of moral philoso- phy, and, in 1760, was appointed divinity piofessor. In 1771, he obtained the theo- logical professorship at King's College, Ab- erdeen He died io 1795. He wrote^ An Essay on Taste; An Essay on Genius; Sn^Dons; and Dissertations on the Genius and Evidences of Christianity. GERARDE, John, a surgeon and bot- anist, wad born, in 1345, at Nantwicb, in Cheshire. He practised in London, be- came master of tfae apothecaries' company, superintead^ Lord Burleigh's botanical garden, and had one of his own, containing GER 288 many curious exotics, and, in the wbde, one thousand and Uiirty-tltree specie, for- eign and indigenous. He published A Her bal, or General History of Plants, which contributed to rtiSuse a taste for botany. In memory of him, Plumier gave the name of Gerardia to a genus of flowers GERMANICUS, Tiberius Drusus CfSAR, a nephew of the Emperor Tiberi- us, was at the head of the Roman army in Germany when Augustus died. His legions insisted on racing him to the throne; hut he frustrated their design at the risk of bis life. Having defeated Arminiua, and re- covered the eagles lost hy Varus, he was sent into the Eastern provinces, where his career was cut short by death, at Antloch, A- D. 19, in his thirty-fourth year, not with- out a suspicion of his having been poisoned by order of Tiberius. He wrote some Greek Comedies, now lost; and translated the Phenomena of Aratus. GERRY, Elbrxdge, one of the sign- ers of the declaration of ind«>endence, and vice president of the United States, was bom at Marblehead^ Massachusetts, in 1744, and received his education at Har- vard College. He was graduated at this institution in 1762, and afterwm*ds engag- ing in mercantile pursuits, amassed a con- siderable fortune. He took an early part in the controversy between the colonies and Great Britain, and in 1772 was elected a representative from his native town, in the legislature of Massachusetts. In 1776 he was elected a delegate to the continental congr^, where for sevei;al years he exhib- ited the utmost zeal and fideli^ in the dis- charge of numerous and severe official la- bours. In 1784, Mr. Gerry was re-elected a member of congress, and in 1787 was chosen a delegate to the convention which assembled at Philadelphia, to revise the ar- ticles of confederation. Id 1789 he was a- gain elected to congress and remained io that body for four yeare, when he retired into private life, till the year 1797, when he was appointed to accompany generj Pinckney and Mr. Marshall on a special mission to Franqe. In October, 1798, Mr. Gerrv returned home, and having been e- lect^ governor of his native state, and in 1812 vice president of the United States, he died suddenly at Washington in Novem- ber, 1814. GERSON, John CHARUER dk, a French eccl^iastic, born, in 1363, at Gcr- son, in Champagne, was made chancellor of die nniversi^ of Paris, and canon of Notre Dame; distinguished himself by bis piety, his theological writings, Emd his con- duct at the council of Constance; was driv- en into exile by the Burgundian faction; and died, in l'^9, in a convent at Lyons His virtues gained for him the appellations of the evangelical doctor, and the most 484 GES GHI christian doctor. The works of Geraon | dared he woold never get beyond reading 'brm five folio volumes. It seems to be and writing. Aoother instructor, however, now certain that he is the autlior of the fa- mous Imitatiim of Jesus Christ, which bears the name nf Thomas a Kempis. GESNER, CoNRAB, a man eminent in many branches of knowledge, but particu- larly so in botany, was bom, in 1516, at Zurich; was left by his father in indigent circumstances, but acquired extensive leam- -iiig, and celebrity, by dint of inceseant ex- ertion ; was professor of philosophy at Zu- rich for twen^-four years, and practised there h? a physician ; and died of the plague, m 1565. Gainer was no less estimable as a man than as a philosopher: he was pi- ous, benevolent, an ardent friend, and a gt;neral peacemaker. In his botanical re- searciiea he was indefatigable, and spared no expense. Botany, indeed, has been said to owe to him its very existence as a sci- ence. Among his productions are, A His- tory of Animals, five vols, folio; Botani- ca\ Essa^, two vols, folio ; a Treatise on Fossils; and a translation of Elian. GESNER, John Matthias, a Ger- man philulogist, was bom at Roth, near Anspach, in 1691; studied at Anspach and Jena; and,^ after having held situations at Weimar and Leipsic, was made professor of rhetoric at Gottingen, and, subsojuently, inspector of all the schools of that city, counsellor of state, and perpetual director. He died in 1761. Gesner was a man of almost universal erudition : with the dead and the oriental languages, philosophy, mathematics, natural history, and law, he was thoroughly acquainted. One of his greatest labours is, The New Thesaurus of the Latin Language, four volumes folio, in which he was assisted by his learned broth- er, Abidrew Samuel. Various works were translated by him from the Greek and Latin. His Miscellaneous pieces have iseen coUected, in eight volumes ocbivo. GESNER, or GESSNER, Solohoit, a pcet, painter, and engia\er, who has fceen called the Helvetian Virgil, was born, in 1750^ at Zurich. Though he was of a iterary femily, he was so apparently dull B hi* boyhood, that Bodioer, his tutor ,^e- siicceeded in eliciting the latent spatks of genius. But it was to poetry tliat the youth first paid his devotion ; and his father, who had no respect for the " idle trade" of verse-making, and wa« desirous that, like himself, he should be a book- seller, sent him to learn his intended occu- pation at Berlin. Speedily disgusted with his new master, Gesner quitted him, hired an humble apartment, and b^an to write poems and paint pictures. After a while he desisted from painting, but continued to cultivate his literary talents, and was aidefl by the advice of Lessing,*GIeim, and Ram- ler. Forgiven, at lengtli, by his father, and allowed to persist in sacrificing to Oie Muses, he went back to Zurich. Night, his first poem, had little success; but his pastoral of Daphnis was applauded ; his Idylls enhanced his reputation; and his fame was sealed, in 1758, by The Death of Abel, vdiich was translated into every language in Europe. Among his subse- quent works were the poems of the First Navi^tor, and A Picture of the Deluge; Morad Tales; Dnmas; and Letters on Landscape. He had now succeeded to bis father as a bookseller, but the busine^ was chiefly managed by a most affectionate wife, and he bad leisure not only to compose, but to resume some of his early pursuits. He made himself master of landscape painting, and of engraving, and in both arts produced many works of great merit. He also (bund time to act as a member of the council of Zurich, and as bailiff of Ellibach. Gesner died of pal^ iu 17S8, and his fellow citizens erected a inonuinent to his memory on a beautiful s\iot, at the confiuence uf tlie Linth and the Liminat. In spite of some faults, among which is the dwelling occasionally too long upon his subject, tlie writings of Gesner will alw-iys find admirers while grace, siinplicily, sweetness, and natural description, retain their influence over tlie litnnan mind. GETA, Septimus, the secniid sen of the emperor Severiis, was born, in 1^, at Milan; and his early years gave promise that he would not disgrace the llirone. On the death of his father, Geta became joint sovereign with his brother, tlie infamous Caracalla. After having made a fruitless attempt to poison him, Caracalla rau'cered Geta in the arms of their mother, wr r was wounded in attempting to save her ton. Geta was killed in bis twenty-third year. GHIBERTI, Laurence, a celebrated sculptor, was born at Florence in IS"^, and is believed to have died about 1456 His greatest wnik is tlitf bronze gate of the baptistery of St. John's church, in bis native city, which Michael Angelo dedared to be worthy of being the gate of paradisa GIB It contanu tweDty-foar panels, representing Tariona mbjectd from the New Testament. GIANNI, Francis, an Italian poet, bom at Rome about 1760, was originaUy a Elay-maker, His poetical talent w:is awakened by reading Ariosto, and he quit- ted his trade to exhibit as an improvisatore in the cities of Italy. Napoleon nominated him the imperial poet, and Gianni sang the victories of his master in strains not nnworthy of the subject. Towards the close of his life, he became a rigid devotee, and his intellects were serioosty affected. He died in 1823. A part of his works has been published in six volumes. GIANNONE, Peter, an intrepid and valuable historian, was born, in 1676, at Ischitelli, in the Neapolitan province of Capitanata, and finu^hed his studies at Naples, where he became an advocate. He spent twenty years on his Civil History of the Kingdom of .\aples, in four quarto volumes. When it came from the press, his friend Argento said to him, " You have placed' on your brows a crown of most pungent thorns.''' Such, indeed, it proved ; for Its dauntless exposure of papal usurpa- tion roused the vengeance of the court of Rome, and exposed him to an unrelenting persecution. His book was prohibited; he was himself excommunicated; and after having been driven from Vienna, Venice- and other places, he died a prisoner at Turin, in 1758. His posthumous works, in a quarto volume, were published in 1760 GIBBON, Kdward, one of the thrvriter, was bom, in 1674, in Devon- shire; was appointed an Irish judge in 1715, an English baron of the exchequei in 1722, and chief baron in 1725; anr) died in 1726. Among bis works are, Tiw Law of Devises; of Uses; of Ejectments; of Replevins; of Executions; and of thi Law of Evidence: Treatises, of the Court of Exchequer; of Tenures; and of Rents: Cases in Law and Equity; and The His- tory and Practice of Chancery. GILCHRIST, OcTATios, was bom, in 1779, at Twickenham; was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; and died, in 1823, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, whert he was a practitioner of medicine. B<*id« many scattered papers on oar old drama tisti^ and poets, be published an Examina- tion of the Assertions of Ben Jonson's Enmity to Shakspeare; a letter to W. Gifibrd, Esq. on Weber's edition of Ford; and an edition of Corbet's Poems, with notes and a life. GILPIN, Bernard, a protcstanc re- former, was bom, in 1517, at Kentmire, in Westmoreland; and was educated at Q,aeea's College, Oxford. His catholic principles were first shaken by Peter Martyr, against whom be had been bron^t forward as the champion of the Romish church. After haring embraced the prot- estant &ith, he became rector of Houghton le Spriog^, in the diocese of Durham. In the rei^n of Mary, the sanguinary Bonner marked him out for one of his victims, but the queen's death took place before Gilpin could be brought to London. In the next reign he refused the highest oilers of preferment, and he died deeply lamented by his parishioners, in 1583. His piety, Denevolence to the poor, and miweari&d endeavours to spread religion, gained him the honourable appellation of ue Northern Apostle. GILPIN, William, a divine and ele- gant writer, was bom, in 1724, at Carlisle; received his education at Queen's College, Oxford ; for many years kept a celebrated academy at Cheam; and died, in 1807, vicar of Boldre, and prebendary of Salis- bury, He wrote Lives of Bernard Gilpin and WiclifT; Sermons; and various theo- logies works ; Remarks on Forest Scene- ry; a Tour to the Lakes; and several Tohunefl of Observations on the Picturesque Beauties of many Parts of En^and. GILPIN, Sav7R£T, an artist, the brother of the foregoing, was born in 1733 at Car- lisle, and was apprenticed to a ship painter. His talent gained him the patronage of the duke of Comberland, for whom he executed many compositions. It was prin- cipally as an ^limal painter that he acquired his reputation, but his merit in historical subjects was not inconsiderable. He also etched the cattie in the prints of his broth- er's pictnresque works. He died, at Brompton, in 1807. GIL POLO, Gaspar, a Spanish poet, bom at Valencia in 1516, exercised the profession of an advocate in diat ci^, and died there in 1572. He is the author of Diana Enamorada, or Diana in love, on which Cerraotes has bestowed the highest praise. It is remarkable for the purity of Its style, and the elegance and melody of its ver&ification. GIL VICENTE, a Portuguese dramat- ist, who is called the Plautus of his country, was bom, at Barcellos, about 1485, and produced hie first piece in 1504. He soon Wcame popular, and evea King John the GfO 287 Third often played a part in bis comedies He died, at Evora, in 1557. Gil Vicente was one of the earliest European dramatic writers. In his plays, which are nearly fifty in number, he redeems the unavoida- ble faults of his time by a rich invention, natural dialogue, and much spirit and ele gance of style. GILRAY, James, an arust, who was for many years celebrated for his carica- tures, which were drawn and etched by himself. For broad humour, keen satire^ and fertility of invention, he was unrivalled in his branch of the art. He died in 1815. GINGUENE, Peter Louis, a French writer, was bom in 1748 at Rennes, and began his literary career by publishing The Ciftifessions of Zuhia, a poem. Early in the revolution he edited, in concert with Cemtti, a paper intended to difllise the principles of liberty among the lower classes, and particularly among the country people. He, however, narrowly escaped the scaffold during the rei^ of the jaco- bins. The Directory appointed him am- bassador at Turin; and Bonaparte gave him a seat in the tribunate. His removal from the latter closed his political life, and he was thenceforth wholly occupied by literature. He died in 1816. Of his many works, the principal is The Literary History of Italy, in nine volumes, of which the last three were completed by M. Salfi. GIOCONDO, or JOCUNDUS, Jonrr, an Italian dominican firiar, who was at once an architect, antiquary, and literary character, was born about 1435, at Verona, and died at Rome, at a very advanced age. He constructed the bridge of Notre Dame, at Psuris, and other edifices in France and Italy; fortified the city of Treviso; and was summoned to Rome by Leo the Tenth, after the death of Bramante, to assist in the building of St. Peter's. As an anti- quary he measured many ancient rains, and collected two thousand inscriptions ; and, as a man of letters, he published editions of Caesar, Vitruvinsy ^id the Roman agri- cultora) writers. GIORDANO, Lure, a celebrated paint- er, was bora at Naples in 1629, or 1632, and was a pupil of Spagnoletto and Pietro da Cortona, afier which he studied the works of Titian and Paul Veronese. Phi- lip V. of Spain patronised and knighted him. He died at Naples in 1704. GIORGIONE, an eminent painter of the Venetian school, whose real name was George BARBARELLl, was bora, in 1477, at Castelfi-anco, in the Friuli, was a pupil of Bellini, and improved his style by studying the designs of Leonardo da Vinci. He died of the plague, in 1511. Giorgi- one excelled in fresco painting, in portrait^ and in landscape; and was one oldM fint 288 GIR who practised the opposition of strong ughts to &troDg shadows. GIOTTO, or ANGIOLOTTO (diminn- tive frornAngiolo or Angelo), whose name was Di Bonoone, and who ib goraetimes called Da Vespignano, from the place of his birth, near Florenc^, w^aa bom in 1276. He was a painter, sculptor, and architect, the pupil of Cimabue, who found him drawing a sheep on a stone, while keeping a flock. Giotto far surpatised his master in style, design, and culoaring, and was one of the restorers of art in Italy. He constructed the Campanile at Florence, fortified the city, and executed many bas- reliefs and statues. He dicil in 1336. GIRALDI, or GYRALUCS, Ltlio Greigubxo, a learned Italian ivriter and Latin poet, was born, in 1479, at Ferrara. At the sacking of Rome, be lost all -his property, and for some years his poverty was such, and so imbittered by ill health, that he was accustomed to say, that he had always three powerful enemies to contend with, natore, fortune, and the injustice of mankind. Before bis decease, however, which took place in 1552, he bad so com- pletely triumphed over fortune as to have accnmnlated ten thousand crowns. Of his works, which form two fulio volumes, one of the principal is an excellent History of the Heathen Deities. GIRALDI-CINTIO, JoHir Baptist, a relation of the foregoing, was bora, in 1504, at Ferrara ; was for many years professor of philosophy and medicine in the nniversity of that cily, and secretary to iae duke; and, after having resided for a while at Tnrin and Pavia, died in his native cinr in 1973. He wrote nine trage- dies, and other works ; but he is best known by his Hecatomiti, which consists of a hundred tales, in the manner of Boo- cacio. GTRARD, Stephkv, a celclirated banker, was bom in France abont the year 1746. At the age of twelve years, in the capacitv of cabin boy, he left France for the West-Indies, where he resided some time^ and whence he made many voyages to the United States. About 1775 be arriv^ in this co>imtry, and for a while kept a small shop in New Jeney. In 1780 he removed to Philadelphia, and by grad- ual but sure acquisition accnmnlated aTarge fortune. He became distinguished for his active philanthropic exertions, during the ravages of the yellow fever in that city in 1793. In 1811, when Congress refused to recharter the old bank of the United States, Mr. Girard purchased* the banking house of that institution, and berame a bauker. The capital which be first inves- ted in bis bank was one million eight hundred thousand dollars, and he subse- qaeutiy augmented it to five millions. GIR During our late war with Great Britain, the guvemment found difficulty in raising the necessary funds, and public credit had sunk so low, that seven per cent, stock was offered at thirty per cent, discount. Of this stock Mr. Girard took five millions. At the time of his death in 1832, he was estimated to be worth fi-om twelve to fifteen million of dollars, and he was the most wealthy man in the new world. He was buried with public honours. By bis will, he distributed his immense riches in the most judicious and liberal manner, among several charitable institutions, and for the purposes of public improvements. One bequest was of $2,000,000, for the erec- tion of a permanent college in Fenn Town- ship, for the accommodation of at least three hundred poor white male Orphans, aI)ove the age of six years. In regulation of this bequest, it is enjoined, that "no ecclesiastic, missionary or minister, of any sect whatever, shall ever bold or exercise any station or duty whatever in said col- lie ; nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any purpose, or as a visiter, within the premise appropriated to ^e purposes of the said college." GIRARDON, Frahcis, a celebrated Frecch sculptor, was born at Troyes, in 1630 (or, as some say, in 1627), and went to Paris, where be gained the patronase of Seguier, and subsequently of Louis XlV. who sent him to study at Rome. He was much employed after his return, and was made inspector general of sculpture in France. Many of his works are in the gardens of VersaiH^. His masterpieces are, a monument for Cardinal Richelieu ; an equestrian statue of Louis XlV. ; The Rape of Proserpine ; and the group of the Baths of Apollo. He died in 1715. — Hi» wife, Cathehihe, bom in 1629, died in 1698, excelled as a finut and flowerpainter. GIRODET-TRIOSON, Anbe Lonis, one of tbe most eminent of modern French painters, was born, in 1767, at Montargis; ^ studied under David, and at Rome ; and died in 1824. His genius was so early manifested, that when he was only thirteen be painted his father's portrait. Among his principal works are, Endymion sleep- ing; Hippocrates refusing the Presents of Artaxerxes; The Deluge (which gained the prize from David's Sabines) ; Tbe Burial of Atala ; The Revolt of Cairo ; and Pygmalion and Galatea. GIRTIN, Thomas, an artist, was born, in 1773, in London ; was a pupil of Dayes; studied the works of Canaletti and Ru- bens; and died in 1802. His works are fuU of spirit and effect. It was he wlio introduced the practice of drawing upon cartridge paper, by which means he avoided tlie spottiness and glaringiiess incident to drawings opon white paper. Ha abe painted eKcellently id oil eoloura. Among his best productions are. Views in Paris; a View in Wales; and a Panoramic* View of London. GISCALA, John of, a celebrated char- acter in the Jewish history, was originaily the leader of a band of robbers, but quitted his predatory course of life, and was em- ployed by Josephus to fortify Giscala. After having endeavoured to nrn Josephus, and for some time held possession of Gis- cala, he went to Jerusalem, where he headed one of the factions, aod committed enormous crimes. He, however, displayed great bravery in defence of the city. He at length surrendered to Titos, and was imprisoned for the remainder of his days. GIUSTINIANI, PoMPEy, an eminent feneral, was born, in 1569, in Corsica, [e entered the Spanish service early; and lost an arm at the siege of Ostend. The deficient member he replaced by one of iron, from which be obtained the surname of Iron-arm. He was killed, in 1616, while reconnoitring at Candia, of which he was governor for the Venetians; und the senate erected an equestrian statue to his memory. He wrote, in six books, a His- tory of the Wars of Flanders. GLANVIL Ranulph de, a warrior and lawyer of the twelfth century, was justiciary of England under Henry II. ; distinguished himself in defeating the in- Taaion by William I. of Scotland; had the sum of fifteen thousand pounds extorted from him by Richard I. towards the ex- pense of the crusade ; accompanied that monarch to Palestine; and died, in 1190, at the sie^e of Acre. A Treatise on the Law's ancTCustoms of England is attributed to him. GLANVIL, Joseph, a theologist and philosopher, was bom, in 1636, at Ply- mouth; was educated at Exeter and Lin- coln Colleges, Oxford; was one of the earliest and most active members of the Royal Society; and died, in 1680, rector of the abbey church at Bath. He was a strenuous opponent of the Aristotelian phi- losophy. It is less to his credit that he was a firm believer in witchcraft. Among his works are. Scepsis Scientifica; Lux Orientalis; Essay concerning Preaching; Plus Ultra; and Some Philosophical Con- siderations touching the Being of Witches and Witchcraft. GLAUBER, John RoDoi.PH,a chem- ist and alchemist of the sixteenth century, was a native of Germany, and settled at Amsterdam. At what period he died is not recorded, but it must have been subse- quently to 166S. Glauber was a laborious experimenter, but vain, and full of charla- tanism. In his incessant attempts, how- ever, to find out the philosopher's stone, hfr made some chemical discoveries, among 13. GLE 289 which IS the salt that bears his name. His treatises, thirty-two in number, contain some valuable information (blended with much that is worthless. GLEICHEN, Frederick William Von, a German naturalist, was born, in 1717, at Bayreuth, and served for several years as an officer in the array; after which he retired, and gave up his time wholly to microscopical observations and chemical experiments He died in 1783. Gleichen invented many things, among which were an universaf microscope and a water proof clotli. He wrote various works on botany, entomology, and ani- malcules. GLEIM, John William Louis, a celebrated German poet, was born, in 1719, at Ermsleben, in Halberstadt, and studied at the university of Halle. After having been secretary to Prince William of Brandenburg {whose death he witnessed on the field of battle), and to Prince Leop- old of Dessau, he was appointed secretary of the grand chapter of Halberstadt, and canon of that of Walbeck. He died in 1803. Gleim has obtained the appellation of the German Anacreon; but it is to his highly animated War Songs that he owes the largest portion of his fame. His po- ems form seven octavo volumes, and con- tain successful attempts in almost every species of poetry. GLENBERVIE, Silvester DOUG- LAS, lord, was bom, in 1743, at Techil, in Aberdeenshire; and was educated at Mar4schal College, Aberdeen. He was in- tended for the medical profession, but pre- ferred the law. His marriage with a daughter of lord North opened to him the way to promotion, and he succe^ively held various important offices, among which were those of chief secretary in Ireland, joint paymaster of the army, and vice-pres- ident of the board of trade. He was ere ated a peer in 1819, and di^ in 1823. He published Cases of Controverted Elec- tions, four vols. ; Reports of Cases in the Court of King's Bench ; a translation of the first canto of the Ricciardetto; and an edition of Major Mercer's Poems. GLEME, James, an eminent math^ matician, was bom in the south of Ireland, and educated at St. Andrew's. During the American war he distinguished himfielf as an officer of artillery, and was subse- quently removed to the engineer corps From that corps, however, he was com- pelled to retire, in consequence of his hav- ingj by a seasonable pamphlet, defeated and covered with ridicule the duke of Richmond's plan of fortification. After having experienced many vicissitudes, in America and England, he died, in embar- rassed circumstances, Nov. 24, 1837, in the vicinity of Pioilico. He was a 1 GLU GOD ber of the Royal Society. Among hie I into two violent parties, as to t e merit ol vrorgM are, A History of Gunnery; The the rival composers. He diea in 1787 Antecedential Calculus; Obsen-ations on t His finest operas are, Armida, Alcestis, CoDstructioD and The Doctrine of Uni-I Orpheus, Iphigenia in Auiis, and Iphige- rersal Comparison and General Propor- nia in Tauris. tion. GLISSON, Francis, an anatomist and physician, was born, in 1597, at Rampishain, in Dorsetshire; was educated at CaiuB College, Cambridge; rose into great practice, and became presideatofthe college of physicians; and died in 1677. It is a sufficient proof of his merit, tliat be has been warmly praised by Boerliaave and Haller. Among his works are Treatises on the Rickets ; on the Anatomy of the Liver; on the Intestines; and a meta- physical treatise, of great extent and pro- fiindity. GLOVER, Richard, a poet and dra- matist, the son of a merchant, was born in London in 1712, and educated at Cheam school. In his sixteenth year he wrote a poem in memory of Sir Isaac Newton. His greatest work, the epic of Leonidas, ap- peared in 1737, and excited considerable attention, the more especially as it was warmly patronii^ed by the party which was hostile to Sir Robert Walpole. It was followed by The Progress of Com merce, and the ballad of Hosier's Ghost. In 1742 he gained reputation as an orator. by a speech which, on behalf of the mer- chants of London, he delivered at the bar of the House, on the neglect of trade. Commercial losses having impaired his fortune, he retired for a while from public life; but, economy and activity having improved his circumstances, he again came forward, and was elected member cf par- liament for Weymouth. He died in 1785 GMELIN, John George, a German physician and botanist, was born, in 1709, at Tubingen ; settled in Russia in early life, and ecame member of the Academy of Sciences, and prof^sor of chemistry and natural history; was employed on au exploratory mission in Siberia; returr.cd to bis own country in 1747, and obtained the chemical and botanical professorships; and died in 1755. He is the aatlior of The Siberian Florae Travels in Siberia; and a Life of Steller. GMELIN, Samuel THEOPHiLrs, a nephew of the foregoing, was bom, in 1745, at Tubingen; became, in 1766, pro- fessor of botany at St. Fetersburgh; was employed on a mission of discovery in the provinces bordering on the Caspian; and died, in 1774, a prisoner to a Tartar chief. He patioa to b«;ome an autlior. In 1759 appeared his first work, an Essay on the Present State of Polite Literature. His subsequent labours were multifarious ; for he soon gained an honourable popularity, and seems never to have been unemploy^, but his want of economy kept him always embarrassed. Among his friends he niSm- bered Johnson, Burke, Crarrick, and many other eminent characters. Between 1759 and 1774, he produced The Traveller, Tlie Deserted Village, and Retaliation; tlie comedies of The "Good-natured Man, and She stoops to conquer; The Vicar of Wakefield; Histories of England, Greece, Rome, and Animated Nature; The Citizen of the World, and The Bee; and several pieces of less consequence. He died in 1774. In his manners Goldsmith was ec- centric, and in conversation he displayed such a lack of talent, that he was satirically said to have "talked like poor Poll." Thoud ' benevolent in his disposition, he was exceedingly jealous, not to say en- vious of competitors. As an author he ■tands high. His poetry, natural, meludi- •ua, affecting, and beautifully descriptive,! GOO Unds an echo in every bosom ; ana > ii prose, often enlivened with humour, and always adorned with the graces of a pure style, is among tlie best in our language. GOLIUS, Jam£S, an eminent oriental- ist, was born, in 1596, at the Hague ; was interpreterto the Dutch embassy to Mo- rocco; succeeded ErpeniuB as Arabic pro- fessor at Leyden ; was subsequently profes sor of mathematics; and died iu 1667. Among his works are, Arabic and Persian Lexicons ; a Life of Tamerlane ; and a translation of Elmacin's History of the Saracens. — His brother, Peter, was also au oriental scholar. GOMARA, Francis Lopez de, a Spanish historian, was born in 1510 at Seville, and was professor of rhetoric at AJcala. He took a voyage to America, and remained four years in that country, collecting materials for his General Histo- tory of the Indies. His style is good, but die facts of his work are not to be relied upon. He wrote also a History of Barba- rossa, and Annals of Charles V . ; but they remain in manuscript. The period of his death is uncertain. GONGORA Y ARGOTE, Louis, a Spanish poet, of a noble bu! poor fami^^ was born, in 1561, at Cordova; studied at Salamanca ; became a prebendary of Cor- dova, and almoner to the king; and died in 1627. Though some of bis countrymen have called him the prince of lyric poets, and he undoubtedly was a man of talent, Gongora inflicted serious injury on the literature of Spain, by introducing, in his poems, a style distinguished for its bad taste and affectation. His works form one volume quarto. GONSALVO OF CORDOVA, Her- nandez y Aguxlar, a celebrated Span- ish warrior, whose exploits gained for him the appellation of the Great Captain, was born, in 1443, at Montilla, near Cordova. He be^an the profession of arms at the age of fifteen ; distinguished himself against the Moors,Portuguese,Turks, and French; was appointed viceroy of Naples, which kingdom he had conquered^ and died, in 1515, at Grenada. GOOD, John Mason, a physician, poet, and philologist, the son of a dissenting minister, was born, in 1764, at Epping, in Essex ; practiced for some years as a surgeon and apothecary at Coggeslial, and in the metropolis; took his degree, and began to practice as a physician, in 1820; and died January 2, 1827. Good was a man of diversified knowledge; was inti- mately acquainted with many of the ori- ental languages; and was no contemptible poet. He published trail illations of Solo mon's Song, Job, and Lucretius; Memoirs of Alexander Geddes; Medical Techno log)'; A Pliysiolqgical System of Now* GOR logy; and The Study of Medicine, foor Toluines 8vo. GOOKIN, Dasiel, a major general of Massachusetts, was born in England, and in 1621 emigrated to Virginia. In 1644 he removed to New England, and was ap- pointed superiotendant of all the Indians who had submitted to >the government of Massachusetts. In 1681 he received the appointment of major general of the pro- vince. He died in 1687, at the age of 75. He left in mannscript historical collections of IVew-England Indians, whidi were published in the first volume of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society. He also left in manuscript a history oi New England. GORDIAN, Makcus Astonius, the elder, a Roman emperor, surnamed Afri- cauus, born at Rome, A. Z>. 157, was descended from the Gracchi and the family of Trajan. The early part of his life was spent in study, and be composed various works, among which was a poem, in thirty books, on Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. After having been edile, twice consul, and proconsul of Africa, he was raised to the throne, in his eightieth year, in cunjunction with his son. His reign lasted but six weeks; for he killed himself, in 237, in consequence of his Bon being^ slain in battle. GORDIAN, Marcus Ahtosius, a Roman emperor, grandson of the elder Gordiau, was created Caesar, in 237, at the age of twelve years, and in the follow' ing year became sole emperor. He ruled worthily, and, in 242, defeated the barba- rians in -Thrace and Mcesia, drove the Persian monarch. Sapor, beyond the Eu- phrates, and compelled him to abandon all his conquests. He died, near Circesium, in 244 ; but it is doubtful whether he came to his end by a natural death or by assas- sination. GORDON, Thomas, a political writer, was born, towards the close of the seven- teenth century, at Kircudbright, in Scot- land, and settled in London as a classical teacher, but soon turned his attention al- most wholly to politics. In conjunction with Trenchard, he published Cato's Let- ters and the Independent Whig. Walpole employed his pen, and rewarded him with a place, which he held till his decease, in 1750. Some of his pieces were published after his death. Gordon also translated Sallust and Tacitus, with fidelity, but in a harsh un idiomatic style. GORDON, the Hon. George, usually called Lord George Gordon, was born in 1750, and was a son of the duke of Gor- ''on. After having served in the navy, he lat in the House of Communs, and was an cpponent of Lord North's administration. Id 1780, he gained a sinister fame, by iRTing, for the purpose of opposing relief GOR 299 to the catholics, taken a leading part n die protestant association, and given rise to that mob which threatened the metro- polis with destruction. He subsequently apostatized to the Jewish faith, and, in 1793, h" died in Newgate, where be was imprison id for libelling the queen of France. GOUE, Christopher, governor of Massachusetts, was born in Boston in 1758, and received his early instructio.i in the public schools of that town. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1776, aud soon after commenced the study of the law. When he entered on the practice of his profession, he rose rapidly in public esteem as a lawyer, a politician, and an honest man. At the age of thirty he was sent by his fellow citizens, with Hancock and Samuel Adams, to the state convention which considered the adoption of the na- tional constitution. In 1789 he was ap- pointed by Washington, the first United States' attorney for the district of Massa- cliusetts ; and in 1796 one of the commis- sioners under the fourth article of Jay's treaty to settle our claims for spoliations. He remained abroad in the public service for about eight years, and on his return was welcomed home with the strongest marks of public favour. Having held seats in the state senate and tbe house of repre- sentatives, he was chosen in 1809 governor of Massachusetts, but retained this dignity only one year. In 1814 he was appointed senator to congrera, and served in this ca- pacity about three years, when he withdrew into final retirement.. He died in 1827. Mr. Gore was an useful member of several important literary associations. To the American Academy, aud the Massachusetts H istorical Society be left valuable bequests ; and he made Harvard College, of which institution he had been some years a fellow, his residuary legatee. He was a man of a clear, acute, and discriminating mind. GORDON, Wti,liah, an historian of the American revolution, was bom in England, and settled at an early age pas- tor of an independent church at Ipswich. In 1770 he came to America, and soon after settled in Roxbury. In 1776 he be- gan the collection of materials for the his- tory of the revolution, and at tlie close of the war he repaired to England and pub- lished thera. He died at Ipswich in 1807. GORGIAS, a celebrated orator and sophist, was born at Leontium, in Sicily, whence he was surnamed Leontinus. He flourished in the fifth century b. c. and ia said to have been a disciple of Eropedocles. Such was his eloquence that a statue of him in the temple of Delphi was voted by the Greeks, at Che Pythian games. He liverl to the i^e of a hundred aud five. GORHAM, Nathaniel, was born in Charlestown, Massachu<»>tts, in 1738, and 294 GOW after receiving a good school education, engaged in mercantile pursuits. He took an active part in political affairs, and was Buccessively representative to the state legislature; a delegate to the convention which formed the constitution of Massa- chusetts; judge of the court of common pleas; member of congress, and president of that body. He died in 1796;^ GOSSEC, Francis Joseph, an emi- nent composer, was born, in 1733, at Verg- nies, in Hainanlt; settled, in 17S1, at Paris, where he acquired great reputation ; and died in 1829. Among his best com- positions are, a Motet for three voices; the choruses in Athaliah; some quartets and symphonies; and tlie Mass of the Dead. GOTTSCHED, John Christopher, a German writer, who is considered as one of the reformers of his native literature, was born, in 1700, near Koenigsl^rg, in Prussia ; was successively professor of the belles lettres, philosophy, and poetry, at the university of Leipsic ; and died in 1766. Gottsched survived his popularity. His mistaken fondness for the French school of literature, and his dictatorial tone, drew upon him an abundance of bitter satire. He was a voluminous writer, in poetry, the drama, and philology. As a poet and dramatist he is below mediocritys — ^His wife, LoDisA Aldegohda, Victoria, who was born at Dantaick in 1709, and died in 1762, assisted him in his labours, and was more than his equal in learning and talent. GOUJON, John, a sculptor, who has been styled the French Phidias, and the Correggio of sculpture, was born at Paris in the sixteenth century, and was shot during the massacre of St. Bartholomew, while he was working on a scaffold at the old. Louvre. Among his most celebrated works are, tlie Fountain of the Innocents ; the Tribune of the Hall of the hundred Swiss ; a bas-relief of Christ in the Tomb ; and two groups of Diana hnntiu". GOWER, John, a poet of tlie four- teenth century, whom Chaucer calls " tlie moral Gower," was born, Caxton says, in Wales, but Leiand, more probably, derives him from a family settled at Sitenham, in Ypi'Xshire. He studied the law at the Middle Temple, and is imagined by some to have filled the office of chief justice of the common pleas. He was patronised by Richard II., yet he could afterwards adu- late Hem^r IV. and reflect on his deposed patron. He died blind, at an advanced age, in 1402; and was buried in St. Mary Overy's church, to the building of which ne had largely contributed. He wrote the Speculum Artiantis ; Vox Clamaiitis ; and Confessio Amautis. He versifies smoothly, uii deserves the epithet which Chaucer GRA applies to him, bu there is little of the spirit of poetry in his works. GOZZI, Count Gaspar, an eminent Italian writer, was born at Venice in 1713, and died in 1786. He is the author of various works, among which are. Dramatic Pieces; Poems; Familiar Letters; and the Venetian Observer, on the model of tlie Spectator. GRACCHUS, Tiberius Semproki- us, a celebrated Roman, was educated with the utmost care by his mother, Cor- nelia, and distinguished himself at the taking of Carthage. He was chosen tri- bune of the people, B. c. 133, and was, soon after, murdered by the patricians, in consequence of his having carried an agra- rian Jaw, and also another law for dividing among the poorer citizens the bequeathed treasures of Attains, king of Pergamus. GRACCHUS, Caids SEMPRONias, the brother of the foregoing, but nine years younger, possessed tlie same advantages of education, the same talents, and the same principles. He was twice tribune, and obtained the passing of various laws ob- noxious to the patricians; but was at length slain, or, according to some ac- counts, ordered his own slave to despatch him, after having been defeated by his enemies, B. c. 121. GRjEFE; or GR.1EVIUS, John George, an erudite German writer, was born, in 1632, at Naumburg, in Saxony ; studied at Leipsic and Deventer; was, in succession, professor at Duisburg, Deven- ter, and Utrecht; and died in 1703. To Gr%fe, who was a modest and worthy as well as a learned man, the literary world is indebted for editions of several classics^ the Thesaurus of Roman Antiquities, in twelve folio volumes ; and the Thesaurus of Italian Antiquities, in six folios.. GRAHAME, James, a Scottish poet, was born in 1765 at Glasgow, and was educated at the university of that city. His first occupation was that of an attorney (which was his father's) ; in 1795 he was called to the bar; and, in 1809, he relin- qui^ed the bar for the church, and obtained the curacy of Shepton Mayne, whence he removed in May, 1811, to that of Sedge- field, in Durham. He died in little more than four months after he removed to Sedgefield Grahame's chief works are, The Sabbath; The Birds of Scotland; and The British Georgics, and he excels in description, and in the expression of tender, affecting, and devotional feelings." GRAINGER, James, a poet and phy- sician, was born, in 1724, at Dunse, in Berwickshire; studied medicine at Edin- burgh ; served as a regimental surgeon with the British forces in Germany ; practised, first in London, and next at St. Christo- phei's, in the West Indies; and died ia GRA 1767, at Basseterre. Of h!s poems' the best is the Ode on Solitude, which was praised by Johnson. His didactic poem of The Sug:ir Cane has good passages, but is unfortunate in its subject, nor is the sub' ject always happily treated. His transla- tion of Tibullus is, on the whole, above mediocrity. It was, however, virulently attjicked by Smullet, and a violent paper war was the consequence of the aggression. GRANVILLE, John CAllTERET, earl, a British statesman, the son of Lord Carteret, was born in 1690, iirid was ed- ucated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where his ;icr[uireriients gave an earnest of his future eminence. His attacliment to the house of Hanover was rewarded by oflice and honours. In 1719 he was ambassador to Swew- com- mand of the southern araiy, and in 'his sit- uation displa^'ed a prudence, intrep'dityand firmness which raise him to an elevated rank among our revolutionary generals. In September, 1781, he obtained the famous victory at Eutaw Springs, for whith he re- ceived from Congress a British standard and a gold medal, as a testimony of their value of his conduct and services. On the termination of hostilities, he returned to Rhode Island, and in 1785 removed with his family to Georgia, where he died sud- denly in June of uie following year. He was a man of high energy, courage and (tbil- itj, and possessed the entire confidence of "~ ashington GREEN, Valentine, an engraver in mezzotinto, was born in Warwickshire; left the law to learn engraving from an in- different artist at Worcester ; settled in London, in 1765, and soon attained repu- CiRE ration; was keeper of the fRoyal Instita- tion, and associate of the Royal Academy; and died in 1813. Among his works are twenty two engravings from the Dusseldorf gallery, and man^ from Reynolds and West. He wrote a History of Worcester; and other works. GREENE, Robert, a wit and poet of Elizabeth's reign, was born, about 1560, at Norwich, and was educated at St. John's College and Clare Hall, Oxford. After hav- ing spent a life of libertinism, he died, in 1592, o( a surfeit, brought on by eating too many pickled lierrings, and drinking Rhen- ish wine.- Some of his poems have consider- able ele^nce. He wrote five plays, and many prose tracts, of which his Groat's Worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance, has been recently reprinted. GREENE, Dr. Maurice, a musical composer, was born, in London, towards the close of tlie seventeenth century; suc- ceeded his master, Brind, in 1718, as or- ganist of St. Paul's; was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal in 1726 ; and died in 1775. His Anthems are his principal com- positions; but he produced also some ex- cellent catches, canons, and two part songs. GREGORY NAZIANZEN, St., the son of the bishop of Nazianzum, in Cappa- docia, was born A. D. 328, and stndied at Cssarea, Alexandria, and Athens. After having displayed great theolc^ical and oth- er talents, he was raised by Theodosius, in 380, to the archiepiscopal throne of Con- stantinople. He, however, soon resigned his high office, and retired to Nazianzum, where he died in 339. His works, which form two folio volumes, consist of sermons, poems, and letters, and are pure in their «tyle and highly eloquent. GREGORY OF Ntssa, St., the younger brother of St. Basil, was born at Sebaste, •About 331, and was ordained bishop of Nyssa, in Cappadocia, in 372. The zeal of Gregory against the Arians induced Va- lens to expel him firom his see, but he was restored by Gratian. The drawing up of the Nicene creed was intrusted to him by the council of Constantinople. He died about 396. His sermons, funeral orations, Bcriptoral commentaries, lives, and other works, form two folio volumes. GREGORY,GEORGEFl.OREKC£,St., generally known as Gregory of Tours, was born, in 544, in Auvergne; was chosen bishop of Tours, in 573; and died, in 593. He wrote some Lives of Saints and Mar- tjrs ; and, in sixteen books, the History of the Franks, from their Establishment in Gaul till the year 591 ; a work valuable for its facts, but contemptible in point of style. GREGORY r.. Pope, who bears the surname of Great, and obtained the honours of saintship, was born, about 544, at Rome ; wajB raised to the papal throne in 590; and I 13t ^RE 297 died in 604. It was by him that Aiigustio. was commissioned to convert the Anglo- Saxons. Gregory was pious, charitable, and a reformer of the clerical discipline ; but he had loftjf notions of papal authority; could, for political purposes, flatter the vi- cious great; and was an inveterate enemy of classical literature. His works occupy four folio volumes. GREGORY VII., Pope, whose real name was Hildebrand, is said to hava been the son of a carpenter, at Soano, in Tuscany. After having held various cler- ical preferments, he was invested with the tiara, in 1073. His persecution of Henry IV. of Germany is one of the most promi- nent events of his pontificate. No pope ever exceeded, and very few equalled him, in ambition, daringness, perseverance, and want of principle. The power of deposing sovereigns, releasing subjects from theii- allegiance, and acting as lord paraznount of kingdoms, he was the first pope who claimed. He died in lOSS. 'He i:: the author of Letters, in eleven books; A Commentary upon the Seven Penitential Psalms, which work has been often ascrib- ed to Gregory I, ; and A Commentary up- on the Gospel of St. Matthew. GREGORY XIII., Pope, whose name was Hugh Buoncompagno, was born, in 1502, at Bologna; acquired a consummate knowledge of the civil and canon liw ; suc- ceeded Pius V. as pope, in 1572; and died in 1585. The reformation of the cal- endar, which took place under his auspices, in 1582, is the most remarkable event of his pontificate. GREGORY, James, an eminent phi- losopher and mathematician, was born, in 1648, at Aberdeen ; was educated at Ma- rischal College, in that city; resided for some years in Italy; was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics at St. Andrews, about 1668 ; and of mathematics at Edinburgh, in 1674; and died in 1685, a few days aftei having been struck with total blindness while observing the satellites of Jupiter. He wrote works on the Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola; on the Transmuta- tion ef Curves; and on Optics. He in- vented the refracting telescope, and his mathematical discoveries are so numerous and important as to place him in the first rank of philosophers. GREGORY, David, the nephew of the foregoing, and, like his uncle, eminent as a mathematician, was born, in 1661, at Ab- erdeen, and was educated there and at Edinburgh. Till 1691 he was mathemati- cal professor in the Scotch capital, and he was the first who taught there tlie Newtoni- an philosophy. In tliat year he became a competitor for the Savilian professorship at Oxford, and he carried his .election against Halley — a sufficient proof of his 298 GBlf merit. With that philosopher, and with Newton and Flamsteed, he was in habits of friendship. His famous Demonstration of tlie Catenarion Curve was given in 1697. At the time of his decease, in 1710, he was preparin?, in conjunction with Halley, a new edition of the Conies of Apollonius. One of his principal works is. The Ele> ments of Pliysical and Geometrical As- tronomy. GREGORY, John, a miscellaneous writer and physician, was bom, in 1724, at Alierdeen; studied there, at Edinburgh, , and at Leyden ; was successively professor of medicine, at King's College, in his native place, and professor of the practice of physic at Edinburgh; was appointed first physi- cian to his majesty for Scotland ; and died in 1773. He wrote A Comparative View of the State and Faculties of Man with those of the Animal World ; Elements of the Practice of Physic ; a Treatise on the Duties and Offices of a Physician; and a Fathtr*s Legacy to his Daughter. GREGORY, James, M. D., F. R. S., a native of Aberdeen, was born in 1753, and died in 1821. Among his works are, Philosophical and Literary Essays, in two vols. ; Cullen's First Lines of the Practice of Physic, with notes, in two vols., which went throueh several editions ; and Con- spectus Medicinse Theoretica, two vols. GREGORY, Geokge, D.D., a divine and- miscellaneous writer, the son of the prebendary of Ferns, in Ireland, was born in 1754, and completed his education at Edinburgh. In 1778 he took orders, and became a curate at Liverpool; whence, in 1782, be removed to London, where he ob- tained the curacy of Cripplegate, and was chosen evening preacher of the Foundling. ' As a reward rar having written in defence of the Addington administration, Lord Sid- mouth, in 1804, procured for him the living of Westham, in Essex, which Dr. Gregory held till his decease, in 1808. ' Among his works are. Essays, historical and moral; a Life of Chatterton ; a Church History; The Economy of Nature ; Sermons ; Let- ters on Literature ; and a Translation of Lowth*s Lectures on Hebrew Poetry. GREPPI, Chakles, an Italian drama- tist, was born, in 1751, at Bologna; quitted the profession of an advocate to be a writer for the'&tage; was «nployed by Cardinal Zeluda, the Roman secretary of state, but was dismissed for making love to a princess; threw himself into a cloister in consequence of his being jilted by the wo- man wnom he was about to marry, but en- tered the world again in twelve montlis ; adopted with enthusiasm the principles of liberty, and held considerable oflicra under the Ciialpine republic; and died at Milan, in 1811. As a' tragic and comic writer he WM equally successfiil. He wrote eight ORB comediu, Ibiir tragediei, and nveril p» GRESHAM, Sir Tbohas, the son of Sir Richard Gresliam, a merchant, was born in 1519, and was educated at Gon- vile Hall, Cambridge ; but, being designed for commerce, he was bound apprentice to his uncle. Sir John Gresham. In 1552, the King's money agent at Antwerp having wofully mismanaged afiairs, Gresham was sent over to retrieve them, and he fully succeeded. Elizabeth, on her accession, removed him from his office, but soon restored it to him, and he ever after pos- sessed her iavour and confidence. In 1666, he planned and began to execute an Ex- change for the merchants, which, in 1570, was opened by the queen in person, whc gave it the epithet of Royal. The interests of trade and manufactures Gresham was indefatigable in promoting ; nor was he neglectfiil of those of science, for he founded tlie college bearing his name, the professor- ships of which, however, have since been shamelessly perverted into'sinecures. Such was his liberality that he was called the Royal Merchant. He died of apoplexy, in 1579. CRESSET, John Baptist Louis, a French poet and dramatist, was born in 1709; was educated by, and became one of, the Jesuits; but withdrew from the society at the age of twenty-six. He acquired a brilliant reputation, both in poetry and the drama ; became a member of the French Academy, and was for many years admired in tlie Parisian circles. At length he renounced all his favourite pur- suits, and turned almost a devotee, to the great annoyance of Voltaire and many of his early friends. He died in 1777. His Ver Vert, one of the most sportive and elegant of French poems, was called a literary phenomenon fay John Baptist Rousseau. Several of his other pieces arc little inferior in merit. Of his dramas, the most perfect is the comedy of Le Mpchant. GRETRY,AndrewE»nest Mopes- Tus, a celebrated musical composer, wa« born, in 1744, at Liege; cultivated hi> GKR early genius under Moreau and Casali ; sett feci at Paris, in 1768; first rose into notice by setting Marmontel's Haroir; and thence forivard, till his decease, in 1813, was exceedingly popular. Between 1769 and 1800, he brought out no less than forty- foar operas, of which twenty retain pos- session of the stage. Two of them, Richard Cceur de Lion, and Zemira and Azor, have been introduced to the English theatre. Gretry has been denominated the Moliere of his art. He wrote an Essay on Music; and soine oiher works. GREVILLE, Folk, Lord Brooke, was born, in 1554, at Beauchamp's Court, in Warwickshire, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at Oxford. He was much in favour with Elizabeth and James I.; was the intimate friend of Sir Philip Sidney; and was acquainted with Camden, Shakspeare, Jonson, and many other of his eminent contemporaries. He was himself learned, and was a patron of learning. At Cambridge he founded a professorship of history. He is the author of a Life of Sir Philip Sidney; Poems; 3nd other works. GREY, Lady Jane, a female, whose accomplishments and whose fate have ren- dered her an object of imiversal admication and pity, was the daughter of the marquis of Dorset, and was born, about 1537, at Bradgate Hall, in Leicestershire. Her talents, which were of a superior order, were early developed, and by the time that she was foiirteen she had mastered Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic, and French and Italian. Aylraer, who was afterwards bishop of London, was her tutor. In 1553, she was united to Lord Guildford Dudley; and, shortly afterwards, reluctantly accepted the diadem which the intrigue of her ^ther and her father-in- law had induced Edward VI. to settle upon her. Her brief reign of nine days ended by her being committed to the Tower with her husband, and, in February 1554, they were brought to the scaffold by the relent- less Mary. She refased to apostatize from the protestant faith, and died with the utmost firmness. Her Remains were pub- lished after her death, and some of her •etters and devotional piec^ are preserved in Fox's Kirtyrology. GREY, Richard, a divine, was bom, m ld9\ at Newcastle upon Tyne; took bis degrfc- of A. M. in 1719, at Lincoln College, Ox^r^d; was rector o( Hintoo, in Northamptooshire, and Kimcote, in Lei- cestershire, a prebendary of St. Paul's, and commissary of the archdeaconry of X^icester; and died in 1771. He is the author of various works, among which are, A System of Ecclesiastical Law, abridged from Gibson's Codex; a Method of learn- ing Hebrew without Points ; and, beat GR1 299 known of all his productions, Memoiia Technica, or a new Methn^ of Artificial Memory, which his been often reprinted GRIDLEY, Jeremiah, an eminent lawyer of Massachusetts, was bom about the year 1705, and was graduated at Har- vard College in 1725. He was % warm advocate for the colonial rights, but, not witlistanding, was appointed attorney gen eral of the province, and in that capacity defended the obnoxious writs of assistance. He was* a man of an ardent and generous character, and possessed extensive legal information. He died in 1767. GRIESBACH, John James, an em'- nent German theologian, was bom, in 1745, at Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse Darmstadt; was educated at Frankfort, Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic; and was successively professor of theology at Halle and at Jena, rector of the university of Jena, and ecclesiastical privy counsellor to the duke of Saxe Weimar. He died in 1812. Of his numerous and emdite pub- lications one of the most celebrated is an edition of the Greek Testament, with varans readings. GRIJALVA, John de, a Spanish ad- venturer, was born at Cuellar, in Old Castile, towards the end of the fifteenth century. In 1518 he was made commander of a flotilla by Velasquez, the govemor of Cuba, with which he discovered the Mexi- can coast. On his return to Cuba, he hoped to be placed at the head of a new expedition, but the command was intrusted to Cortes. GRIMM, Frederick Melchxor, baron de, the son of poor parents, was boro, in 1723, at Ratisbon, and received a trood education. The first step of his literary career was not a fortunate one. He produced, in Germany, a tragedy, which was hissed on the stage, and con- demned by the critics. Obtaining the situation of tutor to the children of the count de Schomberg, he went with them to Paris, where he subsequently became principal secretary to the duke of Orleans, and intimate with all the men of letters of that period. His wit, manners, and tal- ents, procured for him admission among the highest class of society. In conjunc- tion with Diderot, he was employed by (he duke of Saxe Gotha, to give him an analysis of all that occurred within tne sphere of French literature. To this voluminous and amusing Correspondence, which, after a lapse of thirty years, was published in sixteen volumes, Grimm is indebted for his fame. In 1776 the duke appointed him his envoy at Paris,, and gave him the title of baron. The French revolution frightened him from Paris, and, after having acted as Russian plenipoten- tiary to the circle of Lower Saxony, ha «8D 6RO died, in 1807, at Gotha. His fij^itive pieces have been printed, as a supplement to bis Corfespondence. GKTMOARD, Connt Philip he; a French general and military autlior, of an ancient Avignoneee family, was em- ployed, by Louis XVI. in bis pri\'ate cabinet, aad in n^otiations in Holland, and drew up the plan of operations for the campaign of 1792. He died in 1815. Besides editing various military works, he produced several original, amon^ which are, A Tlieoretical and Practical Essay on Battles; A Treatise on Light Troops; A Picture of the Life and Reign of Frederic ihe Great; A Treatise on the Staff Service ; and (with Servan) An Historical Picture of the Wars of the French Revolution. GRONOV, or GRONOVIUS, John Frederic, an erudite critic, was born at Hamburg, in 1611 ; succeeded, in 1658, to Daniel Heinsius, as professor of belles letters, at Leyden; and died in 1*671. He pnblisbed editions of various classics, and wrote several learned dissertations on sub- jects connected with ancient times. Gro- oovius was of a mild and modest disposi- tion, and so hated controversial asperity, that having, in a solitary instance, replied diarply to an adversary, he called in the copies of his work, and burnt them. GRONOV, or GRONOVIUS. James a son of the foregoing, was born, in 1645. at Deventer. In the early part of his life he visited England, France, Germany, and Ilaly; and for two years was professor at Pisa. The university of Leyden, however, ill 1679, lured him back bv the appointmrait of pro^sor of Greek and history, and re- warded him so liberally that he refused all odbsequent o^ra from other (|uarters. He died in 1716. He edited several classics, but his great work is the Thesaurus of Grecian Antiquities, thirteen vols, folio. With even more learning than his faOier, he was his very antipodes as to contro- versy. He seemed to delight in provoking hostility by arrogance and insult, and was vroffily unjust. Yet so tender were his domestic feelings, tliat his death was has- tened by grief for the loss of his youngest daughter. GROSE, Francis, an antiquary, the son of a jeweller, was born, about 1731, at Richmond, in Surrey. Having dissi- pated his fortune, he obtained a captain<^ in the militia, and also turned to account, as a means of subsistence, Iiis natural Caste for drawing^. His iirst work was The An- tiquities of England and Wales ; those of Scotland succeed; but those of Ireland death prevented him from completing. He died in 1791. Besides the Antiquities, he published a Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons; Military Antiquities ; and CRO o&er works. Grose was & man ok n* markable wit, humour, and good nature GROTIUS, or DE GROOT, Hugh. an eminent scholar, wras born, in 1583, at Delft, in Holland, of which place hisfether was burgomaster. From his childhood he manifested talents and a love of learning, which were carefully fostered. At Leyden, Francis Junius was his tutor, and Scaliger also assisted to direct his studies. In hia fifteenth year he accompanied Barnevelt, the Dutch ambassador, to Paris ; was pre- sented by Henry IV. with his picture and a go d chain ; and received the nic^t flat- tering attentions from men of rank and leai-ning. On his return home, he began to practise as an advocate. His legal avo- cations, however, did not prevent htm from making an inde&tigable and efiective use of his pen. The honours conferred on him kept pace with the reputation which he acquired. He was successively ap- pointed historiographer, advocate genei^ of Holland and Zealand, pensionary of Rotterdam, a member of the States Gene- ral, and envoy to England, to adjust some disputes between the two countries. But, in 1618, his fortune dian^ed, and, along with Barnevelt, he was involved in the hateful proscription of the Armenian party by Prince Maurice. He narrowly escaped the fate of Barnevelt, but was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in the castle of Louvestein. At the expiration of* eighteen months, however, which he had employed in writing bis Treatise on the Truth of th« Christian Religion, he was delivered by the contrivance of his wife, who sent him out of the castle concealed in a large chest. Grotius sought an asylum in France, and it was during his residence there that ha composed his great work, De Jure Belli et Pacis. After an absence of twelve years he returned to Holland, but persecution still awaited him, and he quitted his native land for ever. In 1636 Christina of Swe- den appointed him her ambassador at Pans, and this office he held nearly eleven years. He died at Rostock, on his way to Swe- den, in August, 1645. Amone his works may be mentioned, Mare Liberum; Da OUE Aatii^tate ReipuUicae Batavige ; lutim- tioos tf the laws of HoUand; A History of the Goths , Aaoals of Be^um ; and three Latin tragedies. GRYXjEUS, StMOS, an emineDt pro- testaot tbeologiaa, was born, in 1493, at Veringea, in Swabia; was professor of Greek at Heidelbei^, and theolc^ at Basil ; was the fHead of Luther, Melancthon,and Erasmus; and died in 1541. The last five books which we possess of Livy were discovered by Grynaeus, ia a monastery at Lorach. GRYPH, ASDKEW, a celebrated Ger- man dramatist, was bom, in 1616, at Groes Glogao; and died there ia 1664. Soeb was his dramatic merit that, in some points, X £. Scblegel does not hesitate to coB^laFe faim with Shakspeare. Of his tragedies, in which chiefly he excelled^ the best are, Leo die Anaeaiaa, aad Charles Stuart. Gi^h also produced poems, and soBie poioced ep^raais. 6UARINI, Jobs Baptist, a cele- brated Italiao poet, was bom, io 1537, at Ferrara; was successively ia die service •f the dukes of Ferrara, Savoy, Mantua, aad Florence, by neither of whom was he treated as his aierits deserved; suffered severely from domestic mnfintones; and died at Venice in 1612. Of all his com- pos ttioiis the best is his pastoral drama, II Pastor Fido^ which in poetical merit, tlni^h not in decency, rivals the Aminta of IjkSSO. G17ARNGRIUS, Joseph and Peteb, celebrated musical instrument makers, of whom the former was a pupil of Stradiva- rioe, aad the latter of Jerome Aiuati, fliwrislied at Cremona, in the first half of the eighteenth century. The shape of their riolins difiers considerably from that of Other mami&ctarers. Their instruments bear a high price among amateurs. GCERCINO (so called frmn his being one eye d, but vAtrtse real oame was John Fpaiicis parbieri), one of the most eminent ol the Italian painters, was born, in 1590, at Cento, io the Ferraresej was a pupil oi Cremoflini and Geimari, but, in h:s best style, blended somewhat of Caravaggio with the Roman, Venetian, and Bolognese schools; ao. jired great riches, which he liberally dispensed in acts of munificence; and died it 1666. He painted a hundred and SIX altar pieces, and a hundred and fiirty-foor easel pictures. GUERICKE, Otto, an experimental philosopher, was bom, in JJ802, at Magde- burg; and died, in 1686, at Hamburgh, whHe visiting that city. He was burgo- master of his native place, and counsellor of the elector of Brandenburgh. To Otto Guericke science is indebted, among other diiDS(s, for the inventio'i of the aii-pomp, and of the coppe.- hemispheres, by which 6t3 an he illustrated the pressnre of the almiw- pbere. Hts el»:trical and astronomical kaowl^ge was also considerable. GUEVARA, Looxs Velez dk i,as Dden&s y, a Spanish dramatist and ro- mance writer, was bom, io 1574, at E^ija, and died, in 1646, at Madrid. He is call* ed the Spanish S(»rrOD. Guevara was an advocate, and is said to have often called forth roars of tanghter from the judges, and even from those against whom he pleaded. He is the suithor of Comedies; Miscella- neous Poems; and Biimanc^. Le Siee is indebted to CraevEU^'s Diablo Cojuela for the idea of his Diable Boiteux.. GUIBERT, James Akthont Hippo- LTTUs, count de, a celebrated French tac- tician, the son of a distingaished officer, was born, in 1743, at Mootaoban. After having distingaished himself by arms, dur- ing six campaigns of the seven years' war, and in Corsica, he aspired, and with suc- cess, to the attainment of literary laurels, by works on tactics, by tragedies, and by eulogies of great men. He held a place in the war department, ondor the count de St. Germain, and in 1'3S7 was appointed a member of, and reporter to, the council of that department. The last of these offic» brought on him a host of foes ; all that was oflensive io the operations of the council being onjmtly atb*ibuted to him alone. He died, pardy of vexation, in 1790. His General £^ay oa Tactics, in which he en- forces a system the very opposite of Fo- lard's, excited a v^eaneot controversy. Among his works are ihe tra^dies of The Constable pf Bouiimn, The Death of the Gnu^i, and Anne Boleyn; a Defence of his System; Historical Eulogies on De I'Hopitfil, Catinat, the King of Prussia, and others; Travels in Germany; and Travels in Switzerland. GUICCIARDINI, FRAHC'S,a celebra- ted historian, was born, in 1482, at Flor> enoe, of a noble £imily. At the age of twenty-three he was professor of jurispru- dence in his native cit^. Politics, howev- er, occupied the rest of his life. He was, at various periods, an ambassador, gover- nor of R^gio and MtMJena, of Roras^a, and Bologtfa, and Heotenant-g^ieral of the papal farces. As a governor he distin- guished himself fay his equity, and his ex- ertions to benefit die people,^and by his de- fettce of Parma a^inst the French. He died hi 1540. The History of Itah^ from 1490 to 1534, is his great work. Thovt^ occasionally diffuse, it stands in high esti- mation for its impartiality and eloquence. GUIDI, Charles Alexander, an Italian poet, was bom, in 1560, at Favia, and was patronised by the duke of Parma, nndby the abdicated Christina of Sweden, the' latter of whom gave' him apartments in her oalace. He died in 1712. His pii»> aoa GUI cinal vorkfl are, Lyric Poems ; the pasto- ral of Endymion; and the tragedy of Am- alasuotlia. Guidi is considered as the re- ^rmer of Italian lyrical poetry. In his dispoBition he was prudent, amble, and singularly disinterested. GUIDO RENI, who is justly ranked among the most eminent Italian painters, was born, in 1574, at Bologna, and studied at 6rst under Denis Calvart, and next in the school of the Caracci. His splendid talents soon made his pictures eagerly sought for ; and he was employed, honour- ed, and caressed, by nobles, cardinals, princes, and popes. An unfortunate love of gaming, however, rendered unavailing the gifts of nature and fortune; and, in 1642, he died in a state of poverty and de- jection. Guidu is preeminently the pain- terofbeauty, expression, and grace. Among his masterpieces are, a Chrkt crowned with Thorns; and the Penitence of St. Peter. GUIGNES, Joseph de, a French ori- entalist, was bom, in 1721, at Pontoise; studied the eastern languages under Four- mont ; was appointed King*s interpreter, in 1745; was admitted into the A<^emy of Inscriptions, in 1753; and died in ISOO. His principal work is a learned and excel- lent History of the Huns, Turks, Mongols, and other Western Tartars, in five vol* umes quarto. GUILLOTIN, Joseph Ignatius, a French physician, born at Saintes, in 1738. was a member of the National Assembly. His political principles were marked by [irudence and moderation. In the benevo- ent hope of rendering capital punishment less painful, he proposed that criminals should he decapitated. The proposition was adopted ; but, to the severe and pier- manenl annoyance of his feelings, his name was given to the ipstrument of death. He died, much regretted, in 1814. GUISCHARDT, Charles Theoph ILUS, a writer on tactics, was born, in 1724, at Magdeburgh ; and, after having acquired considerable reputation as a Lu- theran preacher, he adopted the military profpssion, and served as an ensign in the Dutch troops. His Military Memoirs on the Greeks and Romans attracted the no- tice of Frederic of Prussia, who, in 1757, made him his aid-de- camp, and gave him the name of Quintus Icilius, who was one of Ceesar's best officers. Guiscbardt dis- tinguished himself in the Prussian service, but IS said to have increased his fortune by exactions and pillage. In 1774 he published his Historical and Critical Me- moirs on several Points of Military Anti- quity; and, in the following year, he died at Berlin. GUISE, Francis OF Lorraine, duke ot« one of the most illustrious warriors of le GUI France, was bom in 1519; and was a» sassinated, hj Poltrot, in 1563. He dis- tinguished himself bv his bravery at the siege of Boulogne, his defence of Metz against Charles V.', his masterly conduct after the defeat of St. Q,uentin, his con- quest of Calais and Thlonville, and his victories at Renti and Drenx. Bigotry and boundless ambition were the feults oi Guise; and, indeed, of all of the individu- als of his family. GUISE, Charles of, better known as the Cardinal of Lorraine, was bom, in 1525, at Joinville. He was the minister of Francis II. and Charles IX. ; and his bigotry, ambition, and violence, rendered him the scourge of his country. By his fiirious persecution of the protestants, he lighted up the flames of civil war; but it is not true that he personally bore a part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, he being then at Rome. He died in 1574. GUISE, Henrt of Lorraine, duke of, the son of him who was slain by Polt- rot, was bom in 1550, and vras liberally endowed with all the gifts of nature. His person, manners, and intellect, were of a superior order, and his bravery nothing could shake. But his insane lust of power made him the bane of France. After hav- ing signalized his valour in Hungary against the Turks, he turned it against the French protestants, whom he hated with a deadly hate. He bore a part in the battles of Massignac, Jamac, Montcontour, and Dormans. lu the last of these he received a wound on the face, from the scar of which he gained the appellation of Balafr^. At length, he aspired to the crown, and became the head of the celebrated League. His career was, however, cut short in 1588, he being assassinated, by order of Heni7 IIL, as he was entering the council chamber. GUISE, Henry II. or Lorraine, duke of, a grandson of the foregoing, was born in 1614. Intended originmlv for the church, for which his gallantries,liisproa igality, and his martial propensities, ren- dered him an unfit subject, his accession to the title, by the death of his elder brother, enabled him to follow the bent of his incli- nations. After having joined in the rebel- lion of the count de Soissons, and been pardoned, he went to Rome, in 1647, and, while there, was invited by the revolted Neapolitans, to put himself at their head. In their cause he displayed great gallantry, but he at length fell into the hands of the Spanisirds. In 1654 he made an unsuc- cessful attempt to recover the lost dindem of Naples. He died in 1664. GUIZOT, Elizabeth Charlotte Paulina, a native of Paris, was born in 1773. Two novels, her first attempts were written for the pious purpose of pro QtJT vidins for the wanta of a mother and sis- ter. In 1812 she married M. Guizot, an eminent literary man, and she sabseqoent- h acqnired considerable reputation. Her Rodolpb and Victor, and her Domestic Ed- ucation, gained the prize of the French Academy, as works beneficial to morals. GUXTER, Edmund, a mathematician, was bom, in 1581, in Herefordshire, was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church College, Oxford; and died in 1619, after having been for six years professor of astronomy at Graham Col- lege. Gmiter invented a portable quadrant, and the scale which bears his name ; im- proved the sector, and various instruments ; mtroduced the measuring chain, which is now in use; discovered the rate of the magnetic variation ; and published the Canon Triangalorum, and other mathe- matical treatises. GUSTAVUSADOLPHUS, king of Sweden, the grandson of Gustavus Vasa, was bom in 1594, and Fncceeded to the crown at the age of seventeen. The first eighteen years of his reign were employed in ameliorating the situation of his sab- iects, and in bringing to a .glorious con- elusion a war in which bis country was involved with Denmark, Russia, and Po- land. In 1630 he entered apon a still more heroic career. For the noble parptee of rescoing the protestants of Germany from the tyranny of the house of Austria, he led into the empire an army of sixty thousand men. In 1631 and 1632 b? de- feated Tilfy, near Leipsic, and on the banks of the- Lech; but, in 1633, on the 16th of November, he fell, in die moment of vic- tory, at the battle of Lntzen. To the vir- tue of a man Gustavus joined the talents of a consummate general. The military spirit which he had inspired long survived him in his army. He was a lover of learn- ing, fanmane, equitable, generoos, and pious; and even the most splendid suc- cesses never prompted him to deviate from his wonted simplicity of manners, and moderation of conduct. GUTHRIE, William, an inde&tiga- Ue Scoteb writer, was bom, in 1708, at GUY SOI Brechin ; was educated at King's Collegea Aberdeen ; settled in London as an author, and was pensioned by the government; and died in 1770- Among his works are^ A History of England, in three folio vol- umes; AHistoryof Scotland, ten volumes. An Universal History, thirteen volumes. Of the last, however, he is known to have written only a part; and the Geographical Grammar, which bears his name, is be* lieved to have been compiled by Knox the bookseller. Guthrie also translated Qnin- tillian, and Cicero's Offices and Epis- tles. GUTTEMBERG, JoHS, the inventor of printing, was bom at Mentz, in 1400; went to Strasbnrgh ' in 1424 ; and appears to have resided there till 1444. About 1436 be first practised the typographical art. Wood is supposed to have been the material of his original types! In 1444 he removed to Mentz, where, in 1450, he entered into partnership with Faust. He died in 1468. GUYON, Jane Bouvier de la MoTTE, a French lady, who became cele- brated through her religious enthusiasm, was bom, in 1648, at Angers, and was left a widow at the age of twenty-eight. Her mind had naturally a strong devotional tendency. It was now heated by medita- tion ; and, misled by the bishop of Geneva and two monks, she was taught to believe that Heaven destined her for an extraor- dinary mission. For five years she wan- dered about, preaching her doctrines. During that period she published her Short and easy Method of Praying; and The Song of Songs interpreted according to its mystical Sense. The svstem of quietism which she taught, and wfiich was first ima- gined in Spain by Michael Molinos, ex- cited the attention of the French clergy, and drew upon her a long persecution, in which Bossuet was a principal actor. Fenelon in vain espoused her cause. After having been confined in the Bastile and various prisons, she was liberated in 1702, and she died at Blois, in 1719. Her works occupy thirty-nine volumes, and are now almost forgotten. Some of her poems have been translated by Cowper. GUYTON DE MORVEAU, Lotus Bernard, an eminent French chemist, was born, in 1737, at Dijon; studied the law ; and, at the age of eighteen, was ad- vocate general to the parliament of his native city. The bar, however, be relin- quished for the sciences, and in 1774 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Dijon. He was successively a merab^ of the Legislative Assembly, the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety, and the Council of Five Huhdred; voted the death of the king; and was violently revekitioa* ary in his principles. Napoleon gave him 984 HAG the cross of the legion of hononry and die title of baron. He died in 1816. Gnyton de Morveau made eeveral discoveries in chemistry. Among his works are. The Chemical Dictionary of the Methodical Encyclopaedia; and Elements of Theoreti- cal and Practical Chemistry. He was one of the principal editors of the Annals of Chemistry. GWINNET, BuTTOH, was born in England, in 1732, and* after engaging in commercial imrsuits, emigrated to America in 1770, and resided for about two years HAL at Charleston, S. C. He ibea remoned to Georgia, and having purchased a planta- tion tnrned his attention to agricukmie. On the commencement of the revolutioD, he took an active part in the affairs of this state ; was elected a representative in the general congress of 1775, 1776, and 1777, and signed tne declaration of independence. In May, 1777, be was a candidate for the chair of governor of the state, but failed ; and on the 27th of the pame month was shot in a duel with a political rival, general M'lntosh. H HADLEY, JoHS, an English philoso- pher, who lived in the first half of tlte eighteentli century, was vice-president of the Royal Society; and wrote several pa- pers in the Philosophical Transactions between 1723 and 1736. He invented, or rather, perhaps, brought into use, the quadrant which bears nis name, and also a reflecting telescope. HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, Moha.mhed Sheuseodir, a celebrated poet, tlie Anacreon of Persia, was born at Shiraz, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, and died there in 1389. The monument 'erected to him by his countrj-men was destroyed by an earthquake in 1^5. Love, wine, and luxurious indolence were the delights of Hafiz's life. Some of his Odes have been translated by Sir W. Jones, Richardson, Nott, and Hindley. HAGEDORN, Frederic, a celebrated German poet, was bom, in 1708, at Ham- burgh; was educated in the college of his native place; was private secretary to the Danish ambassador at London, from 1729 till 1731; and, in 17^, was appointed secretary to the British factory at Ham- burgh; which office be held till his decease in 1764. H^edom has been called the German Horace and Prior. He formed himself chiefly on the English school of poetry, and, consequently, was in a state of hostili^ with Gottsched. His style is pure and flowing. His fables. Moral Poem^, Songs, and Tales, are his princi- pal works. HAGER, Joseph, an eminent Chinese scholar, was bom, about 1750, at Milan; studied at Vienna; passed some time at London, where he published various works on the Chinese language, and a Prospectus of a Dictionary; was subsequently pro- fessor of the oriental laugu»ges at Pavia, and librarian at Milan; and died in the ^tter city i» 1S20. Amitnghis wurksare, Elements of tlie Chinese Langnagr; The Chinese Pantheon ; and a Dissertation on the Babylonian Inscriptions. It was Hager who detected the historical forgery com mitted'W Vella, in 1789. HAKLUYT, Richard, wa^ bora, in 1533, at Eyton, in Herefordshire; was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Chnrch, Oxford ; gave a course of lectures on cosmography at the university ; was chaplain to the English ambassador at Paris, from 1584 to 1%9; and died, in 1616, prebendary of Westminster, and rector of Wetheringset- His principal work is the valuable collection, in three folio volumes, of the Voyages and Discov- eries of the English Nation. Porchas, in his Pilgrimage, availed himself of Hak layt's manoscripta. ^V5^ HALE, Sir Matthew, A eminent and incormptible judge, born, in 1609, at Alderlcy, in Gloncestershirej was the son of a retired barrister; studied diligently at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn; and was called to the bar not long Ijoforc the breaking out of the civil war. Though he acted as counsel for Strafford, Laud, Hamilton, and many others of the king's party, and even for Charles himself, he conformed to the republican govern- ment, and became ;i la\ member of the Westminster Ai:^:cmbly of Divines. By dint of impcirtnnity, trnmwell prevailtn upon him, in 1654, to become one of th« HAL Instices of the Common Bendi, out he soon offended the Protector by refusing to warp the laws, and the result was, that he thenceforth refused to try criminal causes. Having promoted -the Restora- tion, he was, in 1660, appointed chief baron of the exchequer, and, in 1671, chief justice of the king's bench. He died in 1676. The seat of judgment was never more purely filled than by Sir Matthew Hale. No influence, no power, could turn him aside from the path of rectitude. His private character was equally estimable. The knowledge of Hale was not confined to the law, but extended to divinity, math- ematics, and history, upon alt of which subjects works of his are extant. His principal religious production is Contem- plations, Mural and Divine. Among his legal labours are, A History of the Pleas of the Crown; and A History of the Com- mon Law of England. HALE, Nathan, a soldier of the American revolution, was born in Coven- try-, Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale College, in 1773. Devoting himself to the cause of the colonies, in the contest with Great Britain, he received a captain's commission in the regiment of Colonel Knowlton. After the retreat of general Washington from Long Island, Captain Hale was induced, by the hope of render- ing important service to his country, to visit in disguise the camp of the enemy and obtain information of their resources and future plans. Having effected his purposes, he was arrested in attempting to return, and executed on the following morning. His sentence was carried into eflect in the most unfeeling manner; he was refiised the attendance (n a clergyman, -and the letters which be wrote to his mother a short time before his death were destroyed^ HALIFAX, George SAVILE, mar- quis of, a statesman, was bom in 1630 ; contributed to the restoration of Charles II. and was rewarded with a coronet; was appointed, in 1672, one of the negotiators to treat for a general peace ; oppt^ed the exclusion bill, by which conduct be excited the indignation of the Commons; assisted in bringing about the revolution, and was made privy seal, but soon resigned, and went into opposition ; and died in 1695. He wrote Advice to a Daughter; and Taiious political tracts. HALIFAX, Charles MONTAGUE, earl of, a statesman and poet, grandson of the earl of Manchester, was born, in 1661, at Horton, in Nortli>«mptonshire; was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity O^llege, CambriJge; became chancellor of the exchequer in 1694, first lord «f the tr*'^sury in 1699, and a peer in ITdO; was t»'ice vainly impeached by KM. a»5 the Tories in the reign of Anne; was raised to an earldom by George I..; and died in 1715. The fimding system had its birth umler his administration. His Poems, once the object of venal or mis- taken praise, are forgotten. Pope has satirised him, under the name of Bufo. HALL, Joseph, a divine and poet, was born, in 1574, at Ashby de la Zoueh, in Leicestershire, and was educated at Ema- nuel College, Cambridge. After having held the livings of Halsted and Waltham, and the' deanery of Worcester, and been chosen as one of the English divines de- puted to the synod of Dort, he was raised, in 1627, to the see of Exeter, whence, in 1641, he was translated to Norwich. Though he had refused to persecute the puritans, yet, having joined the other bishops in the celebrated protest against laws made during their absence from the upper house, he was committed to the Tower, and his estate was subsequently sequestrated. He died in 1656. His the- ological works gained for him the title of the English Seneca. His Satires, which appeared in 1597 and 1599, under the title of Virgidemiarium, are spirited in their sentiment and language, and often very musically versified. HALL, Lthan, a signer of tlie declar- ation of independence, was born in Con- necticut about the year 1731, and after receiving a collegiate education, and ac- quiring a competent knowledge of medicine, removed, to Georgia in 1752. On the commencement of the struggle with Great Britain, he entered warmly into the cause of the colonies, and in 1775 was appointed delegate to Congress, first only fi*om the parish of St. John, and afterwards in the same year ft'om the colony of Geoi^ia To this station he was annually re-elected ontjl 1780, when he finally retired from the national legislature. In 1783, he was elected governor of Georgia, and after enjoying this office for a time went into retirement, and died at his residence in Burke County, about the sixtieth year of his age. HALLER, Albert Von, a native of Switzerland, who has many claims to fame, was bom, in 170S, at ^erne, and displayed even in childhood, the most extraordinaty talents. Having chosen the medical proression, he studied at Tubingen and Leyden, after which he visited Eng- land and France, and then proceeded to Basil, to make himself master of mathe- matics under James Bemouilli. Botany also became one of his favourite pursuits, and he began to display those poetical powers which eventually ranked him among the standard German poets. For nineteen years he was professor of anat- omy, surgery, and botany, at GottingeOy 806 HAM at the expiration of whlcn period he re- turned to his- native country. There he resided, honoured by his fellow citizens, for neatly a quarter of a century; con- tinued to benefit science by his literary labours; and filled several important offices in the state. He died in 1777. Among his numerous productions ai'e. Poems ; Romances ; tiie collection of Bibliothecae, in ten quarto volumes; Pre- lections; Elements of Physiology ; Out- lines of Physiology; and various works on botany. HALLEY, Edmund, one of the most eminent of Britii^h astronomers and mathe- tnaticians, was born, in 1656, at Hagger- Eton, near London; was educated at St. Paul's School, and at Qucen^s College, Oxford; and displayed such a precocity of talent that, at the age of only nineteen, he gave to tlie world A Direct and Geometri- cal Method of finding the Aphelia and Ex- centricity of Planets. In 1676 he visited St. Helena, where he remained for twelve months, observing and classing the stars of the southern hemisphere, of which he subsequently published a Catalogue; in 16S0 he made a continental tour with Mr. Nelson; in 1686 he was intrusted with the publication of tlie Principia by New- ton, to which he prefixed a copy of Latin verses; and in 1696 he was made comp- troller of the mint at Chester; in 1698 and 1699 he made two extensive voyages to ascertain the variations of the compass, the result of which he published m A General Chart; in 1703 he was employed by the emperor to survey the coast of Dalmatia; in the same year he was ap- ;ointed Savilian professor at Oxford; in 705 he made public his valuable researches 01. the orbits of comets; in 1713 he be- came secretary to the Royal Society ; and, in 1719, he succeeded Flamsteed as astron- omer royal, '^he remainder of his life was chiefly spent in sedulously performing the duties of the last-mentioned office, es- pecially in completing the theory of tlie motion of the moon. He died in his chair, without a groan, in 1741. Besides numer- ous papers in the Philosophical Transac- tions, he published A Theory of the Vari- ation of .the Compass; A History and Physical Cause of the Trade Wrn^s; and Miscellanea Curiosa : translated ApoIIo- nius de Sectione Rationis into Latin; and assisted in bringing out Gregory's edition of the Conies of Apollonius. His Astro- nomical I'ables were printed in 1752. HAMILTONjCount Anthony, a witty writer, was born, in 1646, in Ireland; was taken to France when a cliild by his parents; returned at the period of the Restoration; fought for Jomes II. in Ire- ,and; finally i^cttled in France; and died is 1720. He is the author oT Memoirs HAM of Count Grammont ; Fairy Talea ; ^ and Poems; which display great wit, spright* liness, and ele^nce. HAMILTON, Alexander, was born in the island of Nevis in 1757. At the age of sixteen, he accompanied his mother to New York, and was placed at Columbia College, where he soon gave proof of ex- traordinary talent, by uie publication of some political essays, of such strength and sagacity .that they were generally attributed to Mr. Jay. At the age of nineteen he entered tlie American army, and in 1777 was appointed aid-de-camp of Washington, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In this capacity he served during the remain- der of the war, and at the siege of York- town, led in person the detachment that carried by a&sault one of the enemy *s out- works. After the war he commenced the study of the law, entered into its |}ractice in New York and soon rose to distinction. In 1782 he was chosen a member of con- gress from the state of New York ; in 1787 a member of the convention which formed the constitution of the United States, and in 1787 and 1788 wrote in connection with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, the essays published under tlie title of The Federal- ist. In 1789 he was placed by Washing- ton at the head of the treasury department, and while in this situation rendered the most efficient service to the country, by the establishment of an admirable system of finance, which raised public credit from the lowest depression to an unprecedented height. In 1795 he retired from office, in order to secure by his professional labours a more ample provision for his numerous family. In 1798 his puolic services were again required, to take the second com- mand in tlie army that was raised on ac- count of the apprehended invasion of the French. On tlie disbanding of the army, he resumed the practice of tlie law in New York, and continued to acquire new suc- cess and reputation. In 1804 he fell in a duel with Colonel Burr, vice president of tlie United States, and died universally la- mented and beloved. Besides his share in the Federalist, General Hamilton was ^e author of numerous congressional reports, the essays of Pacificus, and the essays of Phocion. A collection of his works in three vols. Svo. was issued at New York some time after his death. He was a man of transcendant abilities, and unsullied in- tegrity, and no one laboured more efiicient- ly in the organization of tlie present fede- ral government. I HAMILTON, William Gfrabd, was burn, ii. 1729, in Lincoln's Inn; re- ceived his education at Westminster School, and at Oviel College, Oxford; sat both in tlie English and Irish parlia- ments ; was for several years chancf llur of HAM Ae exchequer in Ireland ; and died in 1796. He obtained the appellation of Single Speech Hamilton, from his having deliv- ered only a single, but excellent, speech in the British House of Commons: in the Irish House he was a frequent speaker. His Parliamentary Logic, and bis Speech- es, appeared after his decease. The Let- ters of Junius have idly been imputed to him. HAMHjTON, Gavin, an artist, vpas born at Lanark, in Scotland, and went in his youth to Rome, where he studied under Agcra'tino Masucchi. He settled in that city, ind died there in 1797. His paint- ings 1/om the Iliad are among his principal works. The latter part of his life was employed, with much success, in making excavations to recover buried antique monuments. He published a work Inti- tled Schola Italica Picturae. HAMILTON, William, an artist, was bom, in 1750, at Chelsea, and studied un- der Zncchi at Rome, and also at the Royal Academy. He became a royal academi- cian, in'l789, and died in 1801. Many of Hamilton's picture were painted for the Shakspeare Gallery, Macklin's Bible and Poets, and Tomkin's edition of the Sea- sons. HAMILTON, Elizabeth, a female of great talents and acquirements, was bom, in 1758, at Belfast; was brought up by an uncle who resided near Stirling, in Scotland; acquired reputation by her pro- ductions, and afl^ction and respect by her disposition and character; and died, un- married, at Harrogate, July 2a, 1816. Among her works are. Letters of a Hin- doo Bajah; Memoirs of Modern Philoso- phers (a satire on modem philosophism) ; The Life of Agrippina; The Cottagers of Glenbumie; Popular Essays; Letters on the Elementary Principles of Education ; and Letters on the Formation of the Re- ligious and Moral Principle. HAMPDEN, John, a man immortal- ized by Uis opposition to the encroach- ments of kingly authority, was bom, in 1594, in London, and was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1621 he was first elected a member of the House of Commons, and was returned in each of tlie succeeding parliaments. Though a consistent enemy of the court measures, and though his dislike of those measures induced him to form a d^ign of emigra- tinwj which the govemment frustrated, he dia not act any prominent part in the country till 1636, when he boldly resisted in a court of law the illegal imposition of ship money by the king. He was defeat- ed, but his condui t gained the warm ap- plause of every friend of liberty. In 1642 be was one of'^the *^^e members whom the misjadging monarc* attempted to «eize on HAN 807 a charge of treason. On the breaking oat of the war he accepted the command of a regiment; and, in 1643, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish, at Chalgrove-field, in Oxfordshire. His talents were of a high order, and he was equally estimable in public and in private life. HANCARVILLE, Peter Francis Hugh d*, an eminent antiquary, was bora, in 1^9, at Nanci; was a member of the Academy of Berlin, and of other learned bodies ; and died at Rome, in 1800. His chief works are, Etruscan, Greek, and Roman Antiquities: and Inquiries in^ to the History, Origin, Spirit, and Pro- gress of the Arts of Greece. HANCOCK, John, an American pa« triot and statesman, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737, and under the pat- ronage of a wealthy uncle, received a lib- eral education and wels graduated at Har- vard College in 1754. On leaving college, he entered the counting house of his uncle, by whose sudden death in 1764 he suc- ceeded to great riches and the management of an extensive business. In 1766 he was chosen a member of the assembly, and soon 'distinguished himself by his zeal in the cause of the colonies. In 1774 he was elected president of the provincial congress of Massachusetts, and in the following year president of die continental congress, in which capaci^ he was the first to affix his signature to the declara- tion of independence. In this station he continued till October 1777, when ill health induced him to resign. In 1780 he was elected governor of Ma^achusetts, and held that office for four successive years, and again from 1787 till his death in 1793. Governor Hancock we^ hospita- ble and munificent, a man of excellent tal- ents for business, and a true lover of bis country. HANDEL or HAENDEL, Georgx Frederic, the son of an eminent phy- sician, was born, in 1684, at Halle, in Saxony. His father intended him for Uie law, but as nothing could overcome the musical bent of the youthful Handel's mind, he reluctantly consented to his being 8oa HAN nstructed in music. His first master was Zacbaii, an organist, and he began to com- pose in the ninth year of his age. After having struggled through considerable dif- ficulties, but still kept rising in reputation, he visited I-taly in 1708; remained tliere, much admired, during two years; and then! returned to Germany, and entered into the service of the elector of Hanover, who was afterwards George I. The accession of that prince to the British throne fixed Handel in England. In 1720 he was placed at the head of the Italian opera; but this event, whipb seemed to promise fame and riches, ended in such severe loss that his liberty was often endangered by angry creditors. After twenty years of vexation and unavailing efforts, he bade a final adieu to the opera. His Oratorios, however, saved- him from ruin, and he ul- timately accumulated a second fortune, of no despicable magnitude. Eight years previous to his death, he was wholly de- prived of sight ; and it was an affecting circumstance to see him led to the organ, and hear hitd perform his own pathetic composition of " Total eclipse, without all hope of day," from the Samson Agon- istes of that immortal bard who may be considered as the Handel of poets. This in many respects matchless composer died April 13, 1758. HANMER, Sir Thomas, was born in 1676; was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church, Oxford ; became speaker of the House of Commons in 1713; held that high station more than thirty years; and died in 1746. He is the editor of an elegant edition of Shaks- peare. HANNO^a Carthaginian voyager, the period of whose birth is variously stated at from three hundred to a thousand years B.C.; though the latter seems to be the most probable opinion. He is asserted to have circumnavigated Africa; but others limit his discoveries to the coast between the straits of Gibraltar and Gape Bojador, The Greek narrative of his voyage has been traniflated by Falconer. HANS SACHS, an ancient German poet, was born, in 1494, at Nuremberg; and died in 1576. He was a shoemaker, and worked all his life at that trade. ** With the exception of Lope de Vega,*" says Loeve-Veimars, " never did any mor- tal present himself at the temple of memo- ry loaded with such a ponderous poetic baggage;" and we must admit the truth of the remark, when we are told that honest Huns wrote no less than ten thousand eight hundred and forty compositions in verse, among which are two hundred and eigh- teen comedies and tragedies! The immense mass rs, however, illumined by some sparks of genuine poetry. HAR HANWAY, JowAS, a philanthFopisC^ was born, in 1712, at Portsmouth ; was en- gaged in mercantile pursuits as a Russian merchant, in tlie course of which he visit- ed Persia; and died in 1786. Hanway was a man of great active humanity. He was the chief founder of the Marine So- ciety an J the Magdalen Hospital; and con- tributed to the establishment of Sunday Schools,, and to the improvement of the condition of climbing boys. Besides his Travels in Persia, he published many oth- er works, faulty in style, but boievolent in put pose. HARDWIGKE, Philip YORKE,earl of, the son of an attorney at Dover, was born in 1690; studied at the Middle Tem- ple; became loi-d chief justice of tlie king'^ bench in 1733, after having been attorney and solicitor general ; was appointed lord chancellor in 1737; obtained the dignity of earl in 1754; and died in 1764. As the head of the chancery court he was distinguished for ability and integrity. He wrote The Legal Judicature in Chancery stated; and^ a paper in the Spectator. — His son, Philip, who succeeded him in the title, was born in 1720; received his education at Bene't College, Gambi'idge; and died in 1790. In conjunction with his brother Charles, hepublished Athenian Letters ; and he edited a Collection of State Papers, and Sir Dudley Carleton'a Letters. HARDY, Alexander, one of the elder French dramatists, flourished under Henry IV. and Louis XIIL ; and died about 1630. He was one of the most fer- tile of theatrical writers ; his plays amount- ing to more than six hundred in number. Though he bore the title of poet laureat, and though his muse v;as so prolific, he lived and died in indigence. HARGRAVE, Francis, an emineni lawyer, the son of an attorney, was- born about 1741, and studied at the Charter House, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. As a barrister he first attracted notice by his excellent at-gument, which he afterwards published, in the case of Stimerset the negro. His subsequent practice, however, was chiefly as a chamber counsel. He died in 1821. Among his principal works are, State Trials-^ eleven vols, folio; Juri- dical Argumentft and Collections, two vols, quarto; Collection of Tracts relative to the English Laws, never before published; and an Argument in Defence oi Literary Pro- perty. HARINGTON, Sir John, an English poet, the godson and favourite of Queen Elizabeth, was born, in 1561, at Kelslon, near Bath ; was educated at Eton and Cambridge; was one of the vviitiesi cour- tiers of that period ; was knighted by Essex in Ireland, and mu^e a knight uf the Bath HAR fay James I. ; and died in 1612. He trans- lated the Orjando of Ariosto ; and wrote four books of Epigrams ; and two Tracts, A Discourse on the Metamorphosis of Ajax, and An Apologie for Ajax, which are more deserving of praise for humour »han for delicacy. HARLEY, RoBERT,earl of Oxford and Mortimer, a celebrated statesman, the son of Sir Robert Harley, was born, in 1661, in London. His first entrance into public life wag at the period of the Revolution, and for some years be acted with the whig party. At the accession of Anne, how- ever, he enrolled himself among the tories. In 1702 be was cbosea speaker of the House of -Commons ; and in 1704 was appointed one of the secretaries of state. The secretaryship he resigned in 1708 ; but in 1710 he again came into office, as a commissioner of the treasury and chancel- lor of the exchequer. In 1711 he narrowly escaped being assassinated at the council board by the marquis of Guiscard. He was shortly after raised to the peerage, and made lord high treasurer. The invet- erate hostility which at length broke out between him and Bolingbroke induced bim to resign in 1714. On the accession of George I. he was impeached, and com- mitted to the Tower, and he remained in confinement till 1717, when be was'ac quitted. Afler Jhis liberation, he retired wholly from public business, and employed himself io adding to his magnificent libra- ry. He died in 1724. Harley was fond of literature, and a friend to literary men. He wrote some political pamphlets, and a Letter to Swift on correcting and improv- ing the English Language. HARLOW, Geoege Hzkry, an ar- tist, was born, in 1787, in Westminster; studied under DeCort, Drummond, and Sir Thomas Lawrence; visited Italy in 1818, where be. made a copy of RaphaeFs Trans- figuration, and executed a large original composition; and died, in 1819, shortly after his return to bis native country. Among bis best works are, a scene from Shakspeare's Heniy the Eighth, containing portraits of the Kemble family; Hubert and Prince Arthur; and portraits of Mr. West and Mr. Northcote. HAR 809 tades. At the age of twenty he found himself in Charleston, S. C. with but a dollar or two in his pockets, and with the intention of studying the profession of the law. Having obtained introduction to a lawyer, he prepared himself under bis instruction for the bar, and, in about a twelve-month, undertook the management of causes on bis own account. He then removed from Charleston to an interior district, where be first distinguished him- self, politically, by the publication of a series of newspaper essays on a proposed change in the constitution of the state. He was immediately elected to the state legislature, and soon afterwards to Con- gress, where he ivas an efficient member of tlte federal party, a powerful advocate of the policy of Washington, and the personal friend of the most distinguished federal statesmen of the day. Many years after- wards be collected in an octavo volume, a number of his circulars and addresses to bis constituents, and several of bis speeches in Congr^. In 1797 he pub- lished a pamphlet entitled Ot^ervations on the Dispute between the United States and France, which passed through numerous editions, and acquired great celebrity both at home and in Europe. The speeches which he delivered in managing the im- peachment of Blount, and the defence of Judge Chase, are admirable specimens of argument and eloquence. On the down- fai of the federal party Mr. Harper resumed the practice of the law in Baltimore, where be married the daughter of the distinguished Charles Carroll. He attended almost every s^sion of the Supreme Court, from the time of its removal to Washing- ton to that of his death, and was always beard with respect and attention by the court and juries. The federal party hav- ing regained the ascendant in Maryland, Mr. Harper was immediately elected a senator in Congress, but the demands of his profession soon obliged him to r^gn his seat. In the years 1819-20 he visited Europe with a portion of his family and was absent about two years. He died suddenly in Baltimore, in 1825. He was an active leader in the federal party, an able and learned lawyer, well versed in HAROUN,or AAROiV ALRASCHID, general literature, and political economy^ caliph of the Saracens, ascended the throne' and lived with elegant hospitality, in '3^; obtained many splendid successes, HARRINGTON, James, an eminent a^rainst the Greek emperors; and died injpolitical writer, was bom, in 1611, at 803 His bravery, magnificence, and love Upton, in Northamptonshire ; and studied of letters, have shed alustre over his char-'at Trinity CoWes^e, Oxford, wi^h Chilling acter, but his perfidy and cruelty form a worth for his tutor. Bein^ republican in heavy drawback upon bis shilling qualities, principle, he was chosen, in 1647, by th& HARPER, Robert Goodloe, was a parliamentury commissioners, to attend tbs native of Virginia, but when very young captive Charles I. as one of the grooms of removed with his parents to North Caro-|the bedchamber, and he filled this office liaa. His parents were poor, and in early! with much propriety and delicacy. Under tife he passed thro i^i a number of vicissi- ^ Cromwell he passea bis time in ref iremai^ 810 HAR ^ndj in 1656, published his celebrated Oceana. In 1661 he was arreted on a groundless charge of treason, and suffered BO much hardship during hi.s imprisonment that his health was permanently impaired. He died in 1677. Harrington was a man of talent, and a sincere republican. Burke describes him as " the learned and ingen- ious speculator who (iq his works) has tossed about society into all forms." HARRIOT, Thomas, an astronomer and mathematician, was born, in 1560, at Oxford; was educated at St. Mary's Hall visited Virginia in 1585, and published an j.ccount of it on his return ; and died in 1621. The present improved method of algebraical calculation was invented by Harriot, and Descartes appropriated many of his ideas. He was also the first who observed the spots in the sun. HARRIS, jAHES,a metaphysician and philologist,wasborn, in I709,at Salisbury; received his education at Wadham College, Oxford ; sat in parliament for Christchurch ; was, successively, one of the lords^ of the admiralty and of the treasury; and secre- tary and comptroller to the queen ; and died in 1T80. He wrote Treatises on Art, on Music, Painting, and Poetry, and on Happiness; Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar; Philosophical Arrangements ; and PIhIo- logical Inquiries. His knowledge of the Greek language was profound, and his powers of reasoning were remarkably acute. HARRIS, William, an historian, was born, about 1720, at Salisbury; was a dis- senting preacher ; was patronised in his bistoricar labours by Mr. Hollis ; and died, at Honiton, in 1770. Between 1751 and 1766 he published Lives of Hugh Peters; James I. ; Charles I. ; Oliver Cromwell ; and Charles II. They are written in the manner of Bayle ; the text being, in fact, subordinate to the critical notes. Harris was a strenuous advocate of liberty, and an honest and kind-hearted man. HARRIS, ^ee Malmesepry. HARRISON, John, an eminent mecha- nician, was bom, in 1693, at Foulby, in Yorkshire, add was the son of a carpenter, who, occasionally, repaired clocks and watches. Self-instructed, he at length at- tained such a mastery in the construction of chronometers that he received the par- liamentary reward of twenty thousand poimds fur his famous time-keeper, to determine the longitude at sea. He died in 1776. HARRISON, Thomas, an architect, was born, in 1744, at Richmond, in York- shire; studied at Rome for several years; practised with great reputation after his return to England; and died March 29, 1829. Among his works are, the bridge HAR at Lancaste the bridge, gaol, and county courts at Chester ; the column at Slirews- bury, in honour of Lord Hill; Count Wo- ronzow's palace in the Ukraine; and a li»hthon?e on the coast of the Black Sea He was the firat projector of a grand quay from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars. HARRISON, Benjamin, a signer of the declaration of independence, was a na- tive of Virginia. He was three times chief magistrate of that state, and after- wards member of the state convention that assembled to consider the new constitution of the United States. He died in 1791. HART, John, a signer of tlie declara tion of independence, was born in New Jersey, and was one of the first delegates from that province to the general congress of Philadelphia. While this ptcvince was the seat of war, Mr. Hart sufiered much in his property, and was obliged to submi to such personal privations that his consti- tution received a shock from which he never recpvered. He died in 1780. HARTLEY, Datid, a physician and metaphysical writer, was born, in 1705, at Armley, in Yorkshire; and stndied at Je> sus College, Cambridge, with the intentior of taking orders ; but some doubts with respect to the thirty-nine articles induced him to relinquish his design and adopt the medical profession. He practised at Newark, Buiy, London, and Bath; and died at the latter place in 1757. ObseiTa- tions on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations, is his great work; and, although its hypothesis of nervous vibra- tions has been ridiculed, and indeed over- thrown, it contains much that is valuable, and places in a very favourable light the talents of the author. HARTLEY, David, a son of the fore- going, was born In 1730, and was educated at Barton College, Oxford. He was M. P. for Hull; distinguished himself by a strenuous opposition to the American war ; and was appointed one of the negotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. To him also belongs the merit of having been one of the first to attack in parliament the abom- ination of the slave trade. Among several of his inventions, one of the principal is a mode of securing buildings (rom fire. He died in 1813. HARTSOEKER, Nicholas, a Dutch metaphysician, geometrician, and natural philosopher, was bom, in 1666, at Gouda, and died at Utrecht, in 1725. When he was a boy, he was desirous to become an astronomer, and being told that a knowl- edge of mathematics was necessary, he contrived to pay a teacher by saving hia^ pocket money. In the course of his philo- sophical inquiries he discovered the sper* matic animalcules, and thus afibrded ground for a new theory of generation. The con- HAS ■tmetioii of tekecopes, ia which he vaa Tery successful, was one of his next occn- pations. Uartsoeker had some higlily ec- centric metaphysical and philosophical notions, and was of a singularly disputa- tious temper. Among his principal works are. Essay on Dioptrics; Principles of Natural P'hilosophy; A Course of Natural Philosophy; and Physical Conjectures. HARVEV, William, a physician and philosopher, was born, in 1578, at Folk- atone, in Kent; studied at Caius College, Cambridge, and £it Padua; settled in Lon- don as a physician; and, in 1607, was admitted a fellow of the college. In 1604 and 1615 he was appointed physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and lecturer, at the college, on surgery and anatomy. Man^ years were sp^nt by Harvey, in verifying his immortal discovery of tfie circu ation of the blood, which, though he seems to have made it partially known as early as 1616, he did not publish to the world till 1628. Envy was soon at work to deny or diminish his merit; but be had the satisfaction of obtaining a complete triumph, Harv» was physician to James I. and Charles I.; was present with the latter at the battle of Edgehill; was cre- ated Iry him warden of Merton CoUege; and sunfered heavy losses dnring the civil war. In 1631 appeared his learned work on Generation. He died in 1638. To the College of Physicians be. was a liberal benefactor, and he founded the Harveian oration, which is now annually delivered. HASSE, John Aoolfhits, an eminent German musician, was bom, in 1699, at Bergedorf, near Hamburgh ; studied under Keiser, Porpora, and Scarlatti ; and, after having acquired high reputation in England and Germany, died at Venice in 1784. Uii wife, Faustina Bordoni, was a cele- brated singer. Dr. Bumey describes him as '' the most natural, elegant, and judicious conqioser of vocal music, as well as the most voluminous composer, of his time." HASSELQUIST, Fbedebic, a Swe- dish naturalist, one of Linnaens's fevourite pnpils, was born at Toemvalla, in East Gothland, in 1722; studied at Upsal; visited the Levant, in 1749, to investigate its natural history; and died, at Smyrna, in 1752. From bus papers,, the Iter Pa- faestinam, or Journey to the Holy Land, was drawn up by Linnaeus. Hasselquist wrote various dissertations in the Upsal and Stockholm Transactions; and a thesis intitled Vires Plantarum. HASTINGS, Warrer, was bom, in 1733, at Churchill, in Oxfordshire, of which Igs father was the clergyman, and was edu- catol^ WesDninster School. At the age of seventeen he went out to India as a writer in the company's service, from wfaenca, in 1769, he returned with a mode- 1 HAS 811 rate fortune. In 1769 he again went out, as second in council at Madras; n 1772 he was appointed president of the supreme council in Bengal; and, in 1773, he was raised to be governor-general. The period of his administration was one of the most trying which is to be found in the history of British Hindostan. He had to contend with the opposition and enmity of his col- leagoes, the revolt of the native subjects, the defection of allies, and a confederacy of the native powers, headed by Hyder Ali, and formidably aided by the land and sea ^rces of France. Through these diffi- culties he passed triumphantly, but it must be owned that in achieving his triumph he sometimes resorted to means which, at best, admit only of palliation. He re- turned to England in 1786, and his conduct was soon the subject of an impeachment, which, in contempt of all the principles of justice, lasted nine years. He was ac- quitted in 1795, and thus ended his public career. He died in 1818. Hastings was a man of a highly cultivated. mind, and of seductive manners. He wrote A Narra- tive of die Insurrection of Benares; Me< moirs relative to Che State of India; A Treatise on guarding Houses, by their Construction, against Fire ; and some ele- gant fugitive poetry. HASTINGS, marqnis of, Frakcis Rawdoh HASTINGS, son of the earl of Hoira, was bom in 1754; was educated at Oxford; entered into the army in 1771 ; and, during the American war, distinguished himself at Bunker's Hill, Fort Clinton,Cam- den, and many other places ; and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. On his return home he was created Lord Rawdon, and in 1793 he succeeded to his Other's title. He was now on terms of confidential inti- macy with the heir apparent, and took an active part in the debates of the English and Irish peers. In 1794 he led a con- siderable force to the succour of the duke of York in Flanders, and succeeded in joining him after a masterly march. For many years subsequently to the commence* ment of the war with France, Lord Moirs was a prominent member of the oppaii ti a Bi S12 HAU but in 1806 4ie shared m the short-lived triumph of the whigs, and was made mas- ter-general of the ordnance. In 1812 he was appointed govern or -general of India, an office which he held till 1822. During the ten years of his sway he overcame the Nepaulese,t}ie Pindarees, and other native powers, and rendered the British authority supreme in India. While absent, he was created marquis of Hasting;;. In 1824 he was made governor of Malta, and he died November 28, 1825. The marquis of Hastings was an excellent officer, qn acute statesman, and a man of unbounded gener- osity. HATSELL, JopN, was born about 1733; studied at Queen's Cultege, Cam- bridge*^ and the Middle Temple ; became chief clerk of the House of Commons in 1768; retired in 1797; and died in 1820. He published Precedents of Proceedings in tlie House of Commons ; Rules and Stand- ing Orders of the House ; and a Collection of Cases of Privilege of Parliament. HATTON, Sir Cheistopher, a statesman and lawyer, was born at Hol- denby, in Northamptonshire; studied at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, and at the»Inner Temple; and, at a masque, so much charmed Queen Elizabeth by his graceful dancing that she raised him, by successive steps of promotion, till, in 1587, he became lord chancellor. Inexperienced as he was, he performed satisf.iCtorily the duties of his nigh office. He died in 1591 ; and, it is said, of a broken heart, in consequence of Elizabeth imperiously demanding the payment of an old debt. Hatton was tole- rant, and a friend of learning. A Treatise on Statutes, and a fourth act of Tancred and Sigismunda, a tragedy, are attributed to him. HAUTEFEUILLE, John, a French mechanician, was born in 1647, and died in 1724. He invented the spiral spring which moderates the vibration of the bal- ance-wheel in watches, and which was afterwards perfected by Huygens. He wrote various works, among which are, A New System of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea; The Art of Breathing under Water; The Perpetual Pendulum; and Horological Problems. HAUYjRenatus Justus, a celebrated mineralogist, was born, in 1742, at St. Just, in Picaray; and was originally professor of the dead languages in Cardinal Lemo- ine's college. Botany and mineralogy , how- ever, became his favourite studies, particu- lanLy the latter. As enrly as 17^ he was admitted a member pf the Academy of Sci- ences; he was one of the first forty mem- bers of the Institute; and was appuinted 1^ Napoleon professor of mineralogy at the Botanic Garden, and to tlie faculty of sci- ences at Paris. He died in 1822. Science HAW is indebted to him for an admirable tneory of crystallization. Among his works are, A Treatise on Mineralogy, four vols. ; A Treatise on Crystallography, two vols. ; An Elementary Treatise on Natural Philoso- phy; and An Essay on the Theory and Structure of Crystals. HAWKE, Edward, lord, a brave and successful admiral, born in- 1713, was the son of a barrister ; went to sea at the a?e of twelve years; distinguished himself, in 1744, under Matthews and Lestock; was made rear-admiral of the white in 1747, nnd, in the same year, captured seven French men of war, for which he received the order of the Bath, and the rank of vice-admiral of the blue. In 1759, he, in spite of tempestuous weather, and the proximity of a lee and dangerous shore, attacked the French admiral Conflans, whom he utterly defeated.' In 1770 he was made first lord of the admiralty, and in 1776 was created a peer. He (Ued in 1781. HAWKESWORTH, Dr. John, was born, in 1715, at Bromley, in Kent, and was the sou of a watchmaken Ader bal- ing tried his father's trade, and also been clerk to a writing stationer, he became an author; contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine; and succeeded Johnson in com- piling the debates for it. In 1752 he began The Adventurer, which established nis literary character, and induced Archbishop Herring to give him the degree of doctor of laws. He subseqpently produced Almo- ran and Hamet ; some ' araroatic enter- tainments; a translation of Telemachus, and an edition of Swift's works. His most lucrative engagement, however, was the compiling, in 1T72, a narrative of the Voyages of Discovery accomplished under the auspices of George III. By this he gained six thousand pounds; but the se- verity with which some parts of it were censured is said to have hastened his de- cease, which took place in 1773. HAWKINS, Sir John, a brave and able naral officer, was born, in 1520, at Plymouth ; distinguished himself greatly on various occasions against the Spaniards, particularly in tlie action with the Spanish Armada ; was knighted and much esteemed by Queen Elizabeth; and died in 1595 Hawkins bears on his character the foul stain of having been the person with whom originated tlie infamous slave trade. Ha made three kidnapping expeditions to the coast of Africa, the first in 1562; and so perverted was the moral feeling of that period that a crest, consisting of a Moor bound with a cord, was granted to him to commemorate an action which ought to have been exniated on the scafTuld. HAWKINS, Sir John, was bom, ii 1719, in London, and was brought op to HAY Jie law; but, on coining into possession of a fortune, he retired from his practice, and w'as appointed a Middlesex magistrate. He was chosen chairman of the quarter sessions in 1765; was knighted in 1772-; and died in 1789. He wrote A Gen- eral History of Music ; and a Life of his friend Dr. Johnson ; and edited an edition of Walton's Angler, and of Johnson's Works. As a writer, Hawkins is utterly destitute of taste, and his style is of the most awkward and slovenly kind. HAWLEY, Joseph, a patriot of the American revolution, was born at North- ampton, Massachusetts, in 1724, and afiter graduating at Yale College in 1742 pur- sued the profession of the law in bis native town. lie soon rose to distinction and extensive practice, but by the eiforts of the friends of the British adminietration, he was afterwards for a short time excluded from the bar. He was one of the first who Eroposed to resist British encroachments y force, and he continued tbrouvh his life to be an active and efficient advocate of the rights of his country. He died in 1788. H A Y , William, a miscellaneous writer, was bom, in 1695, at Glynboum, in Sussex; was educated at Oxford; sat in parliament for Seaford ; was a commis- sioner of the victualling office, and keeper of the records at the Tower ; and died in 1755. He translated a part of Martial's Epigrams; and wrote various works in prose and verse, one of the most remarkable of which is An Essay on Deformity. Hay was himself deformed, and in this essay ne descants upon the circumstance in a truly philosophical spirit. HAZ 3U HAYDN, Joseph, one of the most cele- brated of modern composers, was bom, in 1732, at Rohrau, in Austria, and was the Bon of a poor cartwright, who, without any luowledge of music, used to accompau;|r, on a racte kind of harp, the songs of his wife. The schoolmaster of the neighbour- ing town of Haiinburg, seeing the delight of young Haydn, and the correctness with which he beat time to his father's notes, gave him some musical instruction. At the age of eight, he was admitted as one 14 of the choristers at the cathedral of V iennBi under ReQter, where he remained till his voice broke, and he was dismissed. For some years he could scarcely obtain a bare subsistence, by teaching and by his com- position; but at lengtli he obtained the situation of director of music in the estab lishment of Count Marzio. In 1761 he passed into the service of Prince Anthony Esterhazy, and on the establishment of that prince, and of his successor Prince Nicholas, who loved and honoured him, he remained till his decease in 1809. He twice visited England, the first time in 1791, and fora longer period iu 1794, and received the degree of doctor- of music fiiom the university of Oxford. His com- positions amount to twelve or thirteen hun- dred, among which are nineteen operas and five oratorios. His genius was equal, to his fertility, and he blended elegance with sci- ence in a manner which had never been witnessed before. **Hia grand and sub- lime oratorio of the Creation," says a mod- em musician of eminence, "and his pictur- esque and descriptive Seasons, if music were a language as intelligible and durable as the Gre^, would live and be admired as long as the Illiad and Odyssey of Homer." HAYLEY, William, a poet and mis- cellaneous writer, was born in 1745, at Chi- chester; studied at Eton, and Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge ; and, as he was a man of fortune, devoted his leisure hours to litera- ture. He died November 12, 1820. Hay- ley undoubtedly possessed considerable tal- ent and learning, and at one period some of- his productions were popular; but, as a bolder and more original race of writers arose his fame declined. Among his best works are, in verse, A Poetical Epistle to an eminent Painter; Essay ov History, Essay on Epic Poetry; and the Triumphs of Temper: in prose. An Essay on Old Maids; The Lives of Milton, Cowper, and Romney; and his own Memoirs. HAYNE, Isaac, a patriot of the revo- lution, was bom in South Carolina, and at the commencement of hostilities between Great Britain and the colonies, was living as a planter in the enjoyment of a consid- erable fortune. In the year 1781, in viola- tion of all honour and justice, he was taksn prisoner and executed by the royal forces under Lord Rawdoo, on the pretence fhat he had been found in arms aga'nst the Brit- ish government after he had accepted ili protection and become a subject to it HAZLITT William, the son of a dis- senting minister, was brought upas au art ist, and his early works gave promise of fu- ture excellence; but dissatisfied, it is ssid, with bis own labours, he abandoned the pencil, and took up the pen. As an autlv be displayed great fertility, and acute puw 814 HEB ers of mind ; and his style, thoagrh gome- times aiming too much at effect, is spark- .mg and elegant. He died September 18, 1830 Among his works are. The Round Table (in conjunction witli Leigh Hunt); Characters of Shakspeare's Plays; A View of the English Stage; Lectures on the English Poets; Lectures on the English Comic Writers; Political Essays on Pub- lic Characters; Table Talk; and a Life of Napoleon. He also contributed to the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britanni- ca; The Edinburgh Review; and a variety of periodicals. HEARNE, Thomas, an antiquary, was born, in 1600, at White Waltham, in Berk- shire; was educated at Edmund Hall, Ox- ford ; obtained various college offices, which however he resigned, because he would not take the oaths to George I. ; edited nearly forty works, some of them classics, but principally relative to ancient English his- tory and antiquities; and died m 1735. Hearne possessed a far larger share of patient research than of taste and judgment. HEARNE, Samuel, a traveller, ^-as bom in London, 1742, and, after having been for a short time a midshipman, he en- tered into the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. From 1769 to 1772 he was em- ployed by the company to explore the north- west coast of America ; and he was the first European who succeeded in reaching the Arctic Ocean. He died in 1792, but the interesting narrative of his Journey was not publislied till 1795. HEATH, William, an officer in the army of the revolution, was born In Rox* bury in 1737, and was bred a farmer. He was particularly attentive to the study of military tactics, and in 1775 he was com- missioned as a brigadier general by the provincial congress. In 1776 he was pro- moted to the rank of major general in Uie continental army, and in the campaign of tliat.yedr commanded a division near the enemy's lines, at King's-bridge and Morri- iania. During the year 1777, and till No- vember, 1778, be wag the commanding of- ficer of the eastern department, and his head quarters were at Boston. In 1779 he returned to the main army, and was invest- ed with the chief command, of the troops on the east side of the Hudson. After tlie close of the war, he served in several public offices, till the time of his death in 1814. HEBER, Reginald, a poet and di- vine, was born, in 1783, at Malpas, in Shropshire; received his education at Bra- zennose College, Oxford, where he distin- guished himself by his poetical and other talents ; travelled in Germany, Russia, and the Crin.ea; was for some years rector of Iludnet, in Shropshire; was appointed Dlihop of Calcutta in 1823; and had al- HEG ready accomplished much in ' lis high o^ fice, and projected the accomplishment of more, when his career was suddenly closed by apoplexy, at Trichinopoily, April 1, 1826. He is the author of Poems, full of spirit and elegance (one of the best of wh icli , his Palestine, gained the prize at Oxford) ; Hymns; Bampton Lectures, for 1815; A Life of Bishop Taylor; and A Narrative of a Journey in tipper India. The last was a posthumous work. UEBERDEN, William, an eminent physician, was born, in 1710, in London ; was educated at St. John's College, Cam- bridge; practised for ten years at Cam- bridge, and subsequently in the metropolis; became a fellow of the College and of tlie Royal Society; and died in ISOl. He projected the Medical Transactions ; and wrote Medical Commentaries on the His- tory and Cure of Diseases. HECKEWELDER, John, many years employed by tlie Moravian bretliren as a missionary to the Delaware Indians, was a native of England. In 1819 he publish- ed at Philadelphia a history of the manners and customs of the Indian nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania; and in 1820 a narrative of the Moravian miBsion among the Delaware Indians, &c. from 1740 to 1808. He died at Betldehem, in 1823^ in the 79th year of his age. HEDERICH, or HEDERIC, Benja MiN, a German lexicographer, was bom, in 1675, atGeithen, in-Misnia; studied at Leipsic and Wiuember?; and died, in 1748, rector of the school of Grossenhaya He compiled various lexicons, among which are a mythological and an archaeological; but his best known work is the Greek Le3&- icon which bears his name, and which has been repeatedly reprinted. HEDWIG, John, a German botanist and physician, was born, in 1730, at Cron- ?tadt, in Transylvania, and was of a Sax- on family. He pursued his studies at Pres- burg, Ztttau, and Leipsic; practised as a physician, first at Chemnitz, and next at Leipsic; was appointed professor of physic ind botany, and superintendant of the pub- lic garden at the latter place ; and died in 17S0. The branch of botany to which Hedwig especially directed his attention was the mosses; and on this subject he made many important discoveries, and fiut)- lished some excellent works, the principal of which, in four volumes folio, is general- ly called his Cryptogamia. HEGESIAS, a philosopher of the Cy- renaic school, who flourished in the third century b. c, was tlie founder of a new sect called the Hegesiac. lie taught that it is better to die than to live; and is said to have enforced this gloomy doctraie with so much eloquence, that some of a.k iiearen committed suicide; upon whjck PtoleflB| HEI ordered hii ichool to be closed. Hegeaias, however, does not appear to have acted upon his own system. HEINECCIUS.orHEINECKE, Johs Theophilos, an eminent German jurist, was born, in 1681, at Eisenberg ; and'died, in 1741, professor of law at Halle. His works on c ivil law are nameroos, and justly esteemed for their erudition and their style. HEINECKEN,CHARLEsHEBBT,was born, in 1706, at Lubeck, and began his po- litical career as confidential secretary to count de Bruhl, the elector of Saxony ; and bis talents and probity soon induced the elector to ennoble him, and appoint him privy counsellor of Saxony and Poland. He died in 1792. Heinecken was a lover and patron of the arts. The splendid col- lection of engravings from pictures in the Dresden Gallery was executed at his ex- pense ; and he wrote various works, among which are, A General Idea of a complete Collection of Prints ; and A Dictionary of Artists of whom we have Prints. HEINECKEN, Chbistiah Henry, a brother of the foregoing, was born, in 1721, at Lubeck ; and died, in 1723, at the age of four years and four months. So aston- ishing is the story told of this mental phe- nomenon that, were it not supported by powerful evidence, it might well be treated as a romance. He could talk at ten months old, at twelve could recite the leading &cts in the Pentateuch, and at thirteen had ac- quired the rudiments of ancient history, geography, anatomy, and the use of maps; and knew eight thousand Latin words. At two years and a half he conld answer any question in geography and history, and be- lore his decease he had added to his acqui- sitions divinity, ecclesiastical history, and many other branches of knowledge; and ■poke German, Latin, Frenc^ and Low Dutch. In his fourth year heTiarraDgned the king of Dennurk, to whom he was pre- sented. On his deathbed he displayed the utmost firmness, and endeavoured to console bis afflicted parents. HEINSIUS, DiRiEI., a poet and clas- sical critic, was born, in 1580, at Ghent, and studied at Franeker, whence he re- moved to Leyden, where Joseph Scaliger was his tutor. At the latter university he was subsequently chosen professor of his- tory, secretary, and librarian. TheSwedish monarch and the Venetian republic con- ferred on him honorary titles, and Urten the Eighth made liberal ofiers, but in vain, to induce him to settle at Rome. Heinsius commented on and edited various classical authors, and wrote poems in Greek, Latin, and Dutch. HEINSIUS, Nicholas, son of the foregoing, and his rival in every branch of learning, was bom, in 1620, at Leyden; xavelled in England, France, and Italy; EEL ns WM invited to Stockholm by Christina of Sweden, and was subsequently twice ap- pointed resident there by the States of Holland; was made secretary to the city of Amsterdam in 1656, but resigned in 1658; was sent as envoy extraordinary to Rossia in 1667; and died in 1681. His Latin poetry, which is remarkable for its elegance and purity, gained for him the ap- peUation of the Swan of Holland. He ed- ited editions, with notes, of Virgil, Ovid, Claudian, and Valerius Flaccus. HEINSIUS, Akthobt, an eminent Dutch statesman, was born about 1641, and died at the Hague in 1720. For forty years he filled the high station of grand pensionary of Holland, and distingnisbed himself by his prudence, firmness, probitv, and disinterestedness. He possessed tfie entire confidence of William III., Marl- borough, and Eugene; and was one of the most enlightened and strenuous supporters of that system by which the pride of Lou- is XIV. was at length humbled. HEISTER, Laurehce, an eminent anatomist, surgeon, and physician, was bom, in 1683, at Frankfort on the Maine ; studied anatomy under Rnysch ; acquired much experience as surgeon and physician general to the Dutch forces; and died, in 1758, professor of medicine, surgery, and botany, in the university of Helmstadt. His Compendium of Anatomy, and Insti- tutes of Surgery, were exceedingly popu- lar.- Heister was no contemptible bota- nist, and was one of the most strenuous opponents of the Linnaean system. HELIODORUS, a native of Emessa, in Phcenicia, who flourished in the fourth century, is the author of a romance called The ^thiopics, or the Loves of Thea- genes and Cfaariclea; the first work of the kind. He was afterwards bishop of 7ric- ca, in Thessaly. An apocryphal ston is on record, that a synod having giren him the alternative of burning his juvenile work, or resigning his bishopric, he pre- ferred doing the latter. HELIOGABALUS, a Roman emperor, derived his name from his having been priest of the sun at Emessa. He was the son of Varius Marcellns. The soldiery raised him to the throne, in 218, when he was at most seventeen years of age, and he began his reign with the most hypo- critical profession of moderation and vir- tue. He soon, however, revelled in all those follies and vices which most disgrace human nature. After he had reigned near W four years, he was put to death by tbr Praetorian guards, his body was dragged through the streets and tlirown into the Tyber, and his memuiy was declared in famous. HELMONT, John Baptmt Van, a celebrated chemist, was born, m 1577, at 816 HEL Brussels, and was of a noble femily. He studied at Louvain, made an exceedingly rapid progress, and engaged in an exten- sive course of reading. Having taken liis medical degree, he travelled for ten years, and during his travels obtained some knowledge of practical chemistry. In 1609 he married a woman of fortune, and settled at Vilvorden, where he practised medicine gratuitously, and for thirty years carried on his chemical experiments with indefatigable spirit. He died in 1644. In the works of Van Helmont there is un- doubtedly much crude and visionary spec- ulation, but there is also much that is wor- thy of notice. He pointed out many of the absurdities of the Galenical system, and contributed largely to its overthrow; and he made several chemical discoveries The word gas was first used by Van Hel- mont. HELOISE, whom her unfortunate pas- sion for Abelard has rendered famous, was born about 1101 or 1102, and was the niece of Fulbert, canon of Paris. In her earliest youth she manifested an ardent love of learning; 'and she soon acquired a knowledge of philosophy, and of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. After her separation from her husband (see Abe lard), she took the veil, became prioress of the convent of Ar^enteuil, and, eventu- ally, abbess of the Paraclete. She died in 1164. HELVETIUS, Adrian, a physician, was born, about 1661, in Holland, and settled at Paris. There he discovered the medical virtues of ipecacuanha in dysen- teric cases, and having cured the dauphin with it, he received a reward of a thou- sand louis, and various appointments. He died in 1727. His son, John Claude Adrian, was a physician of great skill and learning. HELVETIUS, Claude A^^oian, son of John Claude Adrian, was horn, in 1715, at Paris; was educated at the col* lege of Louis the Great ; manifested early talents; and soon became intimate witli most of the literary characters of the age. For some years be was one of the farmers general, and be made a noble use of the immense income which he drew from this source. He resigned this advantageous pursuit, however, and retired to his es- tate, in order to devote himself to litera- ture. In 1758 he gave to the world his work On the Mind. It was immediately assailed by the clergy, the Sorbonne, and the parliament; it was condemned to the flames; and the author was obliged to sign a recantation, and give up a place which he held at court. That, in a moral point of view, many of his doc- trines lead to dangerous consequences, L uot be denied; but there is, perhaps. HEN no want of charity in believing that his dl» like of despotism, and not his defective morality, was his inexpiable crime in the eyes of his enemies. Iri 1764 and 1765 he visited England and Prussia, and was flat- terin^ received. The rest of his life was spent on his estate, in literary occupation, and in the practice of benevolence. He died 1771. He left a posthumous work. On Man, his Intellectual Faculties, and his Education. He is also the author of Hap' piness, a poem, in six cantos. HELVICUS, Christopher, a chro- nologist, was born, in 1581, near Frank- fort; studied at Marpurg; was made pro- fessor of theology at Giessen; and died in 1617. Among his works are, A New Sys-. tern of Clironology; a Synopsis of Univer- sal History; and a Chronological Disserta- tion on the Seventy Weeks of Daniel. HENAULT, Charles John Fran- cis, generally known as President Hen- ault, from his having been president of the Parliament of Paris, was born in the French capital, in 1685; studied under the fathers of the Oratory; and had the advantage of receiving the lessons and the advice of Ma- sillon. He was appointed superintendent of the queen's household, and, with a noble spirit, he made over one half of the salaiy to the widow of his predecessor. Henauh w^' a favourite at court, and was in habits of iriendship with many of the most cele- brated writers of that period. He died in 1770, He wrote an excellent Chronologi- cal Abridgement of the History of France; seven pl^s ; and many el^ant verses. A Critical History ofthe Establishment of the Franks in Gaul is attributed to him, but on doubtful authority. HENLEY, John, familiarly known as Orator Henley, was born, in 1692, at Mel- ton Mowbray, in Leicestershire; was edu- cated at Stf John's College, Cambridge; and, afler having been a master of a n'ee school, a curate, and a preacher at a chapel he opened an anomalous kind of place which he called an oratory, first in New port Market, and next in Clare Market, where he delivered theological and miscel- laneous lectures, and made himself a mark for the shafts of satire by his eccentric con- duct. He died in 1756. Among his works are, the Hyp Doctor ; and a translation of Pliny's Epistles. Henley was a man of parts, but he wofully misused his talents. HENRION DE PANSEY, Peter Paul Nicholas, an eminent French ma- gistrate and legal writer, \rti& born, in 1742, at Treveraye, in Lori-aine, md died, first president of the council of cassation, in 1829. Among his works arCj Feudal Dis sertations; Dumoulin's Treat^u ob Fiefs analysed and compared witti o^W Feu- dists; a treatise On the Judicial A i*^) ^ty in France; and a treatise Ob Uia riMtVVk HEN Assembliea of France since the Establish- ment of the monarchy HENRY IV., King of FrancBj surnamed 'Jhe Great, son of Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, was bom, in 1553, at Pau, the capital of Beam, and was early tem- pered to encounter difficulties, by being brought up in a simple and hardy manner. After having been initiated in the profession of arms under Conde and Coligni, and been present at the battles of Jamac and Moncontour, he went to the court of France, and, in 1572, was married to Mar- garet of Talois, the sister of Charles IX. From the execrable massacre of St. Bar- tliolomew he escaped only by a temporary renunciation of the protestant faith. Escap- ing from Paris, he put himself at the bead of the Huguenot party, and supporte^f its cause with equal talent and bravery. In 1589 he succeeded to the throne of France ; but for four years he had to contend for his crown against the furious efforts of the League and Spain ; nor did he secure the possession of it till, in 1593, he consented to embrace the catholic religion. In 1595 he issued the celebrated edict of Nantz. After a glorious reign of twenty-one years, he was assassinated. May 14, 1610, by a fenatic, named Ravaillac. Henry was brave, frank, liberal, and sincerely desirous to promote the happiness of his people; but his virtues were shaded by some weak- nesses, among which must be numbered prodigality, a propensity to gaming, and a persevering indulgence in illicit amours. HENRY THE MINSTREL, or Blind Harrt (so called because he was blind from his birth), a Scottish ^poet, of the fifteenth century, was a wandering min- strel, and is supposed to have belonged to some monastic order. His Actis and Deidis of ye lUuster and Vailzeand Campion Syr William Wallace, is believed to have been composed about 1440, and posse^es con- siderable merit. He was the first Scottish poet who employed the heroic couplet. HENRY, Matthew, an eminent non- conformist divine, was born, in 1663, at Broad Oak, in Flintshire, and was educated by bis father, a highly estimable divine. In 1686, he became pastor of a congrega- tion at Chester, with which he remained till 1702, when he removed to Hackney. His assiduity in performing tlie duties of bis fimction impaired his constitution, and he died, much r^retted, in 1714. He wrote several religious pieces; bat his ^reat work is an Exposition of the Bible, in five volumes folio; which retains, and deserves, all its pristine popularit;^. HENRY, Robert, an historian, was born, in 1718, at St. Ninian's, near Stir- ling; was educated at Edinburgh; and. liter having filled some less important preferments, became minister of the new HER 817 Gray Friars Church, in the Scotch cspital, whence he exchanged to the old church', and, in 1774, was chosen moderator of the general assembly. He died in 1790. Dr. Henry was thirty years employed on hia History of England, a valuable work, which, though its success was retarded by the r.i ilignant efforts of his enemies, rose at length into public &vour, added more than £.3000 to his fortune, and obtained for him, from the crown, a pension of £.100 per annum. HENRY, Patrick, an American ora- tor andstatesman, was bom in Virginia in 1736, and aher receiving a common school education, and spending some time in trade and agriculture, commenced the practice of thelaw, afler only sis weeks of prepar- atoi^ study. After several years of pov^ erty, with the incumbrance of a family, he first rose to distinction in m-uiaging the popular cause in the controversy between the legislature and the clergy, touching the stipend which was claimed by the latter. In 1765 he was elected a member of the house of burgesses, with express reference to- an opposition to the British stamp act. In this assembly he obtained tlie honour of being the first to commence the opposition to tlie measures of the British government, which terminated in the revolution. He was one of the delegates sent by Virginia to the first general congress of the colonies, in 1774, and in that body distinguished himself by his boldness and eloquence. In 1776 he was appointed the first governor of the commonwealth, and to this office was repeatedly reelected. In 1786 he was appointed by the legislature one of the deputies to the convention held at Philadel- phia, for tlie purpose of revising the federal constitution. In 1788 he was a member of the convention, which met in Virginia to consider the constitution of the United States, and exerted himself strenuously against its adoption. In 1794 he retired from the bar, and died in 1799. Without extensive information upon legal or politi- cal topics, he was a natural orator of the highest order, possessing great powers of imagination, sarcasm and humour, united with great force and energy of manner, and a deep knowledge of human nature. HERACLITUS, a philosopher, born at Eph^us, flourished about 504 b. c, and was taught tlie Pythagorean system by Hippasus and Xenophanes. Refusing the supreme magistracy, which was offered to him by his fellow citizens, he retired to a mountainous retreat, where he lived upon the spontaneous produce of the earth. He died of dropsy, at the age of sixty. His melancholy disposition probably gave rise to the tale that he continually wept the follies of mankind, whence he was called the Crying Philosopher. He was also de- 818 HER nominated the Obscare Philosopher, from his having written on his doctrines a trea- tise in an enigmatical style, ^at it might not be read Iw the vnlgar. HERBELOT, Bartholomew d', a leametl orientalist, was born, in 1625, at Paris ; travelled twice into Italy, in search of eastern manuscriptsj and to converse with persons from the East; was appointed regius professor of Syriac in the French capital; and died in 1695, as much regret- ted for his virtues as admired for his learn- ing. His Oriental Library merits the praise bestowed on it by Gibbon, of being " an agreeable miscellany, which must gratify every taste." HErRBERT,ofCHERBURT, Edward, lord, was bom, in 1581, at Montgomery Castle ; was sent at the early age of t\^lve years to University College, Oxford ; was made a knight of the Bath soon after the accession of James I. ; travelled on the continent in 1608, and attracted much attention by his manners and accomplish- ments; served in the Netherlands in 1610 and 1614, and displayed consummate bravery; was twice sent ambassador to France, where he distinguished himself by resenting the insolence of the worthless favourite de Luynes; was made an Irish peer, in 1625, and, soon after, an English baron; espoused the parliamentary cause during the civil wars; and died in 1648. Herbert was one of the most chivalrous characters of his time, with considerable talents, and some vanity. He was a deist, and was one of the first who reduced deism into a system. His principles are expounded in his works De Veritate, and De Religione Laici. Lord Herbert also wrote his own Memoirs; a Life of Henry VIIL; and a treatise on the Religion of the Heathens. HERBERT, George, a brother of the foregoing-, was born, in 1593, at Mont- gomery Castle ; was educated at Westmin- ster School, and at Trinity College, Cam- bridge; was for eight years orator of the university; and, in 1630, became rector of Bemerton, in Wiltshire, where he died in 1632. Herbert was a man of such exem- Elary piety and benevolence that his rother says, " where he lived beneficed, he was little less than sainted." He wrote The Priest to the Temple — a manual of clerical duties; and a volume of sacred poems, with tlie title of The Temple. HERBERT, Sir Thomas, the son of an alderman, was born at York; and, after having been educated at Jesus Col- lege, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, he travelled for four years in Asia and Africa. In 1634, he published A Relation of his Travels. During the civil war he took the side of tlie parliament; buty being appointed to attend upon HER Charles in his captivi^, he became warm.} attached to him. Herbert was made a baronet at the Restoration, and he died i« 1682. Besides his travels he wrote Tfere- nodia Carolina; and assisted Dugdale in the third volume of the Monasticon. HERDER, John Godfrey, a German philosopher and writer, was bom, in 1744, of poor parents, at Mobrungen, in Prussia; was educated for the church, became court preacher, ecclesiastical counselor, and vice president of the consistory to the duke of Saxe Weimar; and died, belovefl and venerated by all who knew him, in 1803. At the moment when he expired he was writing a hymn to the Deity, and the pen was found on the unfinished line. ** In many respects," says Degerando, " Herder tne Fenelon of Germany, and of the reformed religion." His works, philolog- ical, philosophical, and poetical, form twenty-eight volumes octavo. HERMELIN, Sahdel Gostatus, baron, a Swedish, mineralogist, was bom, in 1744, at Stockholm. After having trav- elled extensively, and paid particular attention to the statistics and geology of the countries which he visited, he settled in his native land, and for more than fifty years held the most eminent situations in the management of the Swedish mines He died in 1820. Hermelin wrote various works relative to the mineralogy, metal- lurgy, and resources of Sweden; and it was he who projected tlie Swedish Atlas, and at whose expense a considerable part of it was executed. HERMOGENES, a rhetorician, bora at Tarsus, in Cilicia, flourished about the year 180, and is celebrated for the meteoric brilliancy and rapid extinction of his talents. At the age of fifteen he was famous for his power of extempore speak- ing ; at seventeen he published his rhetoi ic ; and, soon after, various treatises on oratoi7, which ranked him high among writers upon that subject; but in his twenty-fifth year he wholly lost his memory, and sank into stupidity; nor, though he lived to a great age, did he ever recover his intellec- tual faculties. HERO, the Elder, acelebratedmeclia- nician, was born, about 120 b. c, at Al- exandria; was a pupil of Ctesibius; and possessed an extensive knowledge of me- chanics and geometry. He invented water-clocks, automatons, and other curi- ous machines. Some fragments of his writings on mechanics are extant. HERODIAN, a Greek historian, be- lieved to have been a native of Alexandria, held various honourable offices at Rome, and flourished in tlie second and third centuries after Christ. He wrote a History of Rome, in eight books, from the dealn of Maicus Aurelius to the acqsuioB of HER GordiAnTII. Isaac Canaubon, La Mothe- Vayer, Gibbon, and others have borne testimony to its general merit. HERODOTUS, the o.destof the Greek historians whose wdrks are extant, and whom Cicero called the Father of History, was bom 484 b. c, at Halicamassus, in Carta. When his comitry was tyranized over by Lysdamis, Herodotus abandoned it, and travelled over Greece, Egypt, and Italy. Returning to his native place, he assisted in overthrowing the tyranny ; but, instead of gratifying the people by tliis conduct, he is said to have incurred their resentment. In his thirty-ninth year be recited bis History, with universal applause, at the Olympic games. He is believed to have died at Thuriumj-in Italy, at an advanced age. A Life of Honwr is erroneously ascribed to him. HERON, Robert, a miscellaneous writer, bom in Scotland, and educated lor the church, was for some time assistant preacher to Dr. Blair, at Edinburgh. Lured to London by promises of patronage from the booksellers, be was indefatigable with his pen. He contributed to many peri- odicals; was, for a time, editor of the British Press, the Globe, the British Neph- tune, and other papers; translated many foreign productions ; wrote several original works; and closed his career by dying, pennyless, in the Fever Institution at Pancras, April 13, 1807. Among his labours are, A Tour in Scotland, two vols. ; A History of Scotland, six vols. ; A Sys- tem of Qiemistry; and the Comforts of Human Life. HEROPHILUS, a celebrated pbysi cian, a native of Chalcedon, was a disciple of Praxagoras, and lived under Ptolemy Soter. He was one of the first who dis- sected human bodies. Herophilus also marked the distinction between the nerves and the tendons and ligaments; discrimi- nated the variations in the state of the pulse; and pa'.*tly discovered the lacteal absoHwnts HkRRERA, FERDiirAKD, a Spanish poet, was bom at Seville, about 1516, and died abaat 1595. He was the first of the four poets of his country to whom the epithet divine was applied. Besides his Poems, in one volume, consisting of son- nets, songs, elegies, &c. he wrote a Rela- tion of the War of Cyprus; and a General History of ?>paio ; the last of which is unfertunateW lost. HERRERA, Anthony, a celebrated Spanish bbtorian, whose real name was TORDEgfLLAS, but who took that of his mothei » was bora in 1559 ; was appoint- ed chief historiographer, and, subsequently, secretary of state, by Philip II.; and died in 1625. He wrote several histories; but hu frea work ia. The Genera History of HER 8U the Deeds of the Castilians in the Islet and on the Continent of the Ocean Sea, four volumes folio. Herrera is prolix, and fond of the marvellous, but is candid, im- partial, and full of research. HERRICK, Robert, a poet, was bom, in 1591, in London, was educated at St. John's College and Trinity Hall, Cam- bridge; was expelled from his living of Dean Prior, in Devonshire, during tbeci?i] wars, but recovered it at the restoration; and died soon after that event. His Hes- perides (which were reprinted a few years since), contain many poems of exquisite beauty. *' He has passages (as Campbell no less ele^ntly than truly remarks) where the thoughts seem to dance into numbers from his very heart, and where he frolics like a being made up of melody and pleas- are." HERRING, Thomas, an eminent pre- late, was bom, in 1693, at Walsoken, in Norfolk, of which his father was rector; studied at Jesus and Bennet CoHeges, Cambridge ; and, after having possessed various livings, was raised, in 1737, to the see of Bangor, whence, in 1743, he was translated to York. After the defeat of the king's troops at Preston Pans, in 1745, the archbishop exerted himself in his dio- cese with so much patriotism and zeal that he repressed the disafiected, inspirited the desponding, and procured, at a county meeting, a subscription of JC.40,000, to- wards the defence of the country. In 1747 he was removed to the see of Canterbury ; and he died at Croydon, in 1756. Her- ring was a man of learning, piet^, and tolerant principles. His Sermons and Letters were published after his death. HERSCHEL, Sir William, one 4 the greatest astronomers of modern times, was bom in 1738. He was the son of a musician, who brought him up to his own profession; and young Herschel was suc- cessively a player in- the band of a Hano- verian regiment, and of the Durham militia and organist at Halifax, and at the Octa.- gon chapel at Bath The study of astronomy was one of the occupations of his leisure houTfi, and. finding the purchase <^ a pow <2e HE8 erful telescope too expensWe, he firied to construct one for himself, and was suc- cessful. He subsequently made others of enormous magnitude. Relinquishing the profession of music, he gave himself up to astronomical inquiries, and, on the 13tn of March, 1781, was so fortunate as to discover a new planet, which he named the Georgium Sidus. Thenceforth, patronised by George the Third, and assisted by his sister Caro- line, he continued his labours assiduously. In 1816 he received the Guelphic order of knighthood; and he died August 23, 1822. Among the discoveries made l^ Herschel are the lunar volcanos, the sixth and sevenlh satellites of Saturn, the six satel- lites of the Georgian planet, and the nature of the various 'nebulae. Herachel wrote many papers in the Philosophical Transac- tions; and drew up a Catalogue of Stars, taken from Flamsteed's Observations ; and a Catalogue of Five Thousand new Ne- bulae. HERTZBERG, Ev7&li> Frederic, count, a Prussian statesman and political writer, was born, in 1*325, at Lottin, in Pomerania; was gradually advanced by the great Frederic till he became prime minister ; was for a while in favour with Frederic William II., but lost that sove- reign's countenance by his honourable frankness; and died in 1795. Hertzberg was an honest and an enlightened stat^- man. Besides his Political Works, which form three volumes, he wrote several Dis- sertations which were read to the Academy of Berlin. HERVEY, John, lord, was born, in -1696; received his education at Clare Hall, Cambridge ; filled various state offices, among which was that of lord privy seal ; and died in 1743. Pope has unjustly satirized him mider the names of Lord Fanny and Sponis; for Hervey was, in fact, a man of courage and talent; of the latter quality his lordship gave sufficient proof by a severe retaliatory Epistle. He wrote some fugitive poems and political pieces. HERVEY, James, a pious and amiable divine, wn bom, in 1713^-14, at Harding- atone, near Northampton ; was educated at Northampton Grammar School, and Lin- coln College, Oxford; and, after having officiated at Dunmoor and Biddeibrd, he succeeded his father, as rector of Weston Favell and CoUingtree. He died, in 1758, universally regretted for his virtues and (be sweetness of his disposition. Of his works, which form six volumes octavo, the most popular are his Meditations among the Tombs, and Reflections in a Flower Garden. The morality is exceNent, some passages are striking, but the style is meretriciously florid. UESIOD, a Greek poet, of whom little | HEY that is certain is known. It is donbtfh whether he was bom at Cuma, in iEtolia^ or Ascra, in Boeotia ; and whether he was a contemporary or predecessor of Homer. From -himself we learn that he had kept sheep on Mount Helicon,>^and that be had been defrauded by his brother. He is said to have been drowned on a false accusation of having aided in a rape. He is the author of Works and Days ; Theo- gony; and the Shield of Hercules; but his title to the last two has been ques- tioned. HESYCHIUS, a lexicographer, ap- pears to have been a native of Alexandria ; but whether he existed iu the fourth or tlie sixth centurv is doubtful. He compiled a I^exicon, which is considered as one of the most valuable treasures of the Greek HEVELIUS, John, an eminent astrun omer, was born, in 1611, at Dantzic; and died in 1688. He was a most perse- vering and accurate observer of the starry bodies. The libration of the moon was first noticed by him ; he discovered several fixed stars, and formed some new constella- tions. Among his works are Selenogra- phia; Cometographia; MachinaCcelestis; and ProdromuB Astronomiae. HEWES, Joseph, a signer of the declaration of independence, was born in New-Jersey in the year 1730. At the age of thirty he removed to Nortli Carolina, and was a delegate fi'om tliis province to the Continental Congress. He died in November, 1779. He was a man of integ- ritVj firmness and ardent patriotism. HEWSON, William, a celebrated anatomist, was bora, in 1739, at Hexham, in Northumberland; was pupil and sub- sequently assistant to John and William Hunter; began a course of lectures, on his own account, in 1772; and died in 1774, of a wound received in dissecting. Hew- son discovered the lymphatic system in birds and fishea,. for which discovery he received the Copleyan medal. He wrote Experimental Inquiries into the Properties of the Blood: and a Treatise on the Lym- phatic Svstem. HEYLIN, Peter, a divine, was bora, in 1600, at Burford, in Oxfordshire; was educated at Hart Hall and Maedalen Col- lie, Oxford; obtained various livings and clerical offices through the patronage of Laud, from which he was expelled by the republicans; was the editor of 'Jie Mer- curius Aulicus, the royalist paper ; recov- ered his preferments at the restoration; and died in 1662: Among his works are, Livesof Laud, and of Charles I.; Histories of the Presbyterians, and of the Reforma- tion of the Church of England; and A Help to English History. HEYNEj Christian Gottlob* • HID learned German, was born, in 1729, at Chemnitz, of poor parents; and, in spite of almost insurmountable obstacles, be- came, by dint of astonishing exertions, one of the most eminent scholars of the age. In 1763,\ie was appointed professor of rhetoric at Gottineen, in which univer- sity he remained till nis decease, in July^ 1812. Among his works are editions of Homer, Pindar, Epictetns, Diodorus Sicn- lus, Virgil, and Tibullns; and a variety on pieces, which have been collected in six volumes octavo, with the title of Opnscula Academica. HEYWOOD, JoHs, an early Englbh poet, vraa born at North Mims, in Hert- fordshire ; was educated at Oxford ; was in great favour with Henry VIll. and Mary ; and died, in 1565, at Hechlin, in Brabant. His companionable qualities, and his musical skill, rendered his society much In request. Among his works are, six plays; several hundred epigrams; and The Spider and Fly, a parable. HEYWOOD, Thomas, an actor and writer, lived in the reigns of Elizabeth, James T., and Charles I., and is supposed to have -been a native of Lincolnshire. His fertility was astonishing; for he tells us that he " had either an entire hand, or at least a main finger," in two hundred and twenty plays, of which only twenty-three are extant. Writing so much, it is won- derful that he wrote so well. " He is," says Qiarles Lamb, " a sort of prote Shakspeare ; his scenes are to the foil as natural and a&cting." Heywood did not confine himself to the drama; he wrote va- rious works, among which are. The Hier- archy of Angels ; A Life of Qaeen Eliza- beth ; and a General History of Women. HICKES, G£OBGE,a theologian and C* " ^logist, was born, in 1642, at News- , in Yorkshire ; was educated at St. John's College, Oxford ; rose in the church till he obtained, in 1683, the deanery of Worcester ; was disappointed of the bish- opric of Bristol by the death of Charles II. ; refiised to take the oaths to William III. ; and was an active enemy of the govern- ment ; and died in 1715. His theological and controversial works are numerous, but are forgotten, and his name is preserved by the proofs which he has given of his Saxon scholarship, in his valuable Antiquae Literature Septentrionalis Thesaurus, two volumes folio ; and his Institntiones Gram- matics Anglo Saxonicae. HIDALGO Y COSTILLA, Don Mi- chael, one of the first assertors of Mexi- can liberty, was rector of Dolores, in the province of Guanaxuato, and was a man of education and talents, who possessed great infiueuce with the natives- In con- •nnction witi several others, he formed a •ilaii for throwing off the Spanish yoke. It 14j HIL 121 was betrayed to the viceroy, and Hida^o was driven to the Decessity of takingi£e field prematurely. The inaurrectioD began on the night of the tenth of September^ 1810. At first he obtained great sacness: but at leng^, the archbishop of Mexico having excommuDicated him and his ibl- lowers, superstition tliinned his ranks, and he sustained three severe defeats. He ul- timately fell into the handa of the Spaniards, and was executed in July, 1811.. HIGHMORE, Nathanxec, an anato- mist and physician, was bom, iu 1613, at Fordingbridge, in Hampshire; was edu- cated at Oxford; practised at Sherborne in Dorsetshire; and died in 16&4. He wrote a History of Generation; a Treatise on Hysteria and Hypochondriasis; and The Anatomy of the Human Body. The cavity called the antrum Hrghmoriannm, in the superior maxilla, takes its name from him. HILL, Aaroh, was bom, in 1685, in Westminster, and was educated at the school of diat city. In his fifteenth year, being left fatherle^, he boldly travelled to Constantinople to visit Lord Paget, the British aml^sador, who was a relation By his lordship he was sent to travel in the I.r the commons; was appointed, in HOM Sn 1689, lord chief justice of the' Kins'* Bench; refiised the chancellorship on the decease of Lord Sumers ; and died in 1709 Holt exercised his high judicial authority in a manner which has rendered his mem- ory an object of respect. His firmness and integrity were immovable, and he was vigilant in checking every attempted en- croachment npuu the liberties of the people. HOLTY, Louis Hehry Christo- PHER, a German poet, was born, in 1748, at Mariensee, in the e/ectoratc of Hanover; and died, at Gottingen, of con- sumption, in 1776. Holty was of an ami- able but pensive disposition. His poems possess great beauty, and manv of them have become popular. He translated from the English, The Connoisseur, Hurd^s Dia- logues, and a part of Lord Shaftesbury's works. HOLYOKE, Edward Augustus, was born in 1728 in the County of Essex, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Har- vard College in 1746. He pursued the study of medicine and in 1749 began to practice his profession in Salem. He was the first president of the medical society of Massachusetti, and was always consid*- ered a learned physician and skilful sur- geon. He lived to be over one hundred years of age, and died in 1829. He pub- lished various scientific disquisitions. ROMBERG, William, a physician and chemist, the son of a Saxon gentle- man, was born, in 1652, at Batavia, in Java; studied the law at Jena, Leipsic, and Magdeburg, and was admitted to the bar, but ultimately adopted the medical profession; practised successfully as a physician at Rome and Paris; and died in the latter city in 1715. Homberg was well versed in natural philosophy, chemis- try, history, and languages. Among hi^ inventions and discoveries are a new air pump, the pyrophorus which bears his name, and the method of rendering lumin- ous the Bolognian stone. HOME, JoHK, a Scotch divine, drama- tist, and historian, was born, in 1*^4, near Aneram, in Roxburghshire, and was edu- cated for the church. In 1745, however, he served as a volunteer against the in- surgents, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Falkirk. He afterwards obtained the living of Athelstaneford, but, in conse- quence of his having written the tragedy of Douglas, such a cry was raised against him by his fanatical brethren, that, in 1757, he resigned the clerical character. Through the interest of Lord Bute, he was indemnified by a pension, and by employ- ments under government. He died Sep- tember 4, 1808. Besides Douglas, he wrote the tragedies of Agis, The Siege of Aquileia, The Fatal Discovery, A on- zo, and Alfred, none of which were sue- tx HOO ecwfiil; ud a Hiatory of the Rebellion in 1748 HOMER. Respecting the life of this greatest of poets we must be content to remain in ignorance,, no memorials of it having been preserved; for the biography of him, which is ascribed to Herodotus, is undonbtedly fabulous. Some, rather too sceptically, have been disposed to deny even his existence. The time in which he flourished has been Tariously stated, bnt is generalW supposed to have^ been between §80 and 9S0 B c Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, 9alamis, CJiios, Argos, and Athens, contended for the honour of his birth: die probability is, that he was an Asiatic Greek. HOiNORIUS, FLiTios, emperor of the West, tliesonof Theodosins, was bom, at Constantinople, in 384; succeeded to the western empire in 395; fixed bis resi- dence at Ravenna, and died there, of a dropsy, in his thirty-ninth year, after a disturbed and inglorious reign. HOOD, Samuel, viscoimt, son of the vicar of Thomcombe, in Devonshire, was born at that place in 1724, and went into the naval service at the age of sixteen. By his bravery in the cajrtore of a fifiy gun ship, in 1759, he acquired the rank of post captain. In 1780 be vras made rear- admiral, and foiled the Frendi in their at- tempt npon St. Kitts, and, in 1782, he bore a conspicaous part in the victory of the twelfth of April, over de Grasse. An Irish peerage was the reward of his exer- tions. He sat in parliament for West- minster, but vacated his seat, in 1788, on becoming a lord of the admiralty. In 1793 he was sent to the Mediterranean, as commander-in-chief, and remained there till 1796, during which period he took pos- session of TooTon, and reduced Corsica. On his retnm home, he received the title of visconot, and the governorship of Greenwich Hospital. He died January 27 1816. HOOKE, Robert, an eminent mathe- matician, son of the minister of Freshwater, in tlie Isle of Wight, was born at that , place, in 1635, ana was educated at West' HOO minster School, and Christ Chnrah, Os> ford. Almost in his childhood he displayed an extraordinary talent for mechanics and for drawing. He was, successively, assist- ant to Boyle, curator of experiments for the Royal Society, professor of mechanics to that body, and Greebam profcsBsor of geometry. In 1666, he offered to the mayor and aldermen a plan for rebuilding the city. It was riot adopted, but it caused him to obtain the lucrative appointment of one of the city surveyors. He died in 1702. He is the author of Micrographia; A Theory of the Variation of .£e Com- pass; A Description of Helioscopes; and many other works; and bis scientific and mechanical inventions and discoveries were nnmeroas and valuable. Hooke was en- gaged in frequent disputes with his fellow philosophers; and made a fruitless attempt to snatch from Newton the honour of hav- ing been the first to make known the force and action of gravity. HOOKE, Nathahiei,, anhistorian.of whom little is known. He was a Roman Catholic; attended Pope.on his deathbed; and received £.5000 from the duchess of Marlborough fiir assisting her in the Me- moirs of her Life. He died in 1763. He wrote a Roman History, in four volumes quarto; and Observations on the Roman Senate; and translated Ramsay's Travels of (>ms. HOOKER, RicHAHD, an eminent divine, was bom, in 1553, at Heavitree, near Exeter; and, under the patronage of ' Bishop. Jewel, was edncated at Corpoa Christ! College, Oxford, where he was distinguished for his piety and exemplary conduct. An unhappy marriage,- which he contracted before he was thirty, with a scold who had neither beauty, money, nor manners, lost him his college fellowship, and was a fertile source of annoyance to him. In 1585, he was made master of the Temple; but, weary of disputes with the afternoon lecturer, a violent presbyterian, and longing for rural retirement, he relin- quished this prefennent, and obtained the rectory of Bishop's Bonme, in Kent, at which he resided till his decease, in 1600. His great work is the treatise on Ecclesi- astic^ Polity; of which Pope Clement VIII. said, " Uiere are in it such seeds of eternity as will continue till the last fire shall devour all learning." HOOLE, JoBR, a poet, the son of a watchmaker, was bom, in 1717, in Moor Fields ; held, for forty-four years, a situa- tion in the India House; and died in 1803. He wrote the tragedies of Cyrus, Timan- thies, and Cleonice; and translated Arios- to's Orlando ; Tasso's Jerusalem and Rinaldo ; and eighteen of Metastasio's dramas. He also ventured to cut down The Orlando into twenty-four books, and HOP narrvnge the parta. His translationa nave i09*. the popularity which they once pos- HOP asT HOOPER, JoHK, a native of Somer- ■etshire, born in 1493 ; was educated at Merton College, Oxford ; and, having em- braced the reformed faith, was made bishop of Gloucester and Worcester by Edward VI. In the reign of the sanguinary Mary he ^vas brought to the stake. He firmly refused the offered pardon, and though, the wood being green, he suffered for nearly an hour the severest torments, his lower parts being consumed, and one of his hands dropping off before he expired, he mani- fested unshaken fortitude. He died in 1555. Hooper wrote some sermons and controversial pieces. HOOPER, William, a signer of the declaration of independence, was born, in Boston in^742, and was graduated at Harvard College in 1760. lie engaged in the study of the law, and removing to North Carolina commenced the practice of his profession in that province. In 1774 he was elected a delegate to the general Congress which met at Philadel- phia. In 1776 he was a third time dele- gate to Congress, but in the following year was obliged to resign his seat in conse- quence of the embarrassmeut of his private affairs. He died in 1790. HOPE, Thomas, a man of fortune and talent, was a nephew of the rich Amster- dam merchant of the same name. His first works. Household Furniture and In- ternal Decorations ; the Costumes of the Ancients; and Designs of Modern Cos- tumes ; though they fully established his character as a man of taste, had no claim to be considered as the oflspring of genins. But, in 1819, his Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek, at once gave him a high rank among modern writers. It was pub- lished anonymously, and was generally ascribed to Lord Byron. Hope was a liberal promoter of the arts, and is said to have been an early and eBScienl patron of Thorwaldsen, the sculptor. He died in January, 1831. ^ HOPKJNSON, Francis, an American author, and signer of the declaration of independence, was born in Philadelphia in 1737. He was graduated at the college in kis native town, and pursued the profession •f the law. In 1766 he visited England where he resided more than two yeara, and on his return married and settled in the state of New-Jersey. He entered with much zeal into the public measures of the patriotic party, and in 1776 was elected a delegate to Congress. In 1779 he was appointed judge of the admiralty court of Pennsylvania and for ten years continued to discbarge with fidelity the duties of this •fiice. lo 1790 he passed to the bench of the district court and died suddenly in the midst of his usefulness in 1791. Mr Hopkinson possessed talents of a quick and versatile character, excelling in music and poetry, and having some Knowledge of painting. In humorous poetry and satire he was quite successful, and his well known ballad of the Battle of the Kegs obtained great popularity. A collection of his miscellaneous works in three volumes Svo. was published in 1792. HOPKINS, Lehdel, a physician and author, was born in Connecticut, in 1750, and was educated to the profession of medicine. He was one of the founders of the medical society of his native state As a literary man* he was associated||^ith Dwight, Barlow, Humphreys, and Trum- bull, and was concerned in the production of The Echo, Political Green House, the Anarchiad, and otlier popular satires of the day. Of the poetry exclusively writ ten by Dr. Hopkins, the best pieces are the Hypocrite's Hope, and an Elegy en tho Victim of a Cancer Uuack. HOPKINS, Sahdel, a divine and ■founder of the sect called Hopkinsians, was born in Connecticut in 1721, and educated at Yale College In 1743 he was settled at a place now called Great Bar- rington, in Massachusetts, and continued there till 1769, when he removed to New- port, Rhode Island. He died in 1803. He published numerous Sermons, a Trea- tise on the Millenium, and a sketch of hid own life. His theological learning was extensive, and he was a profound meta- physician. HOPKINS, Stephen, a signer of the declaration of independence, was born in Providence, in 1707, and ajjer receiving a school education turned his attention to agriculture. In 1751 he was appointed chief justice of the superior court of Rhode Island, and in 1756 was elected governor of that state. In 1774 he was chosen a delegate to the general congress at Phila- delphia and was reelected to that body in 1775 and 1776. In 1776 he was a delegate to Congress for the last time, though for several subsequent years he was a member of. the general assembly of his native state. He died in 1785. Although his early education was very limited, Mr. Hop- kins acquired by his own efforts extensive information. He wrote a pamphlet on the Rights of the Colonies, was a member of the American philosophical society, and for many years chancellor of the College of Rhode Inland. IIOVPNER, John, an Englsh artist of German descent, was born in 1759, ami died in 1810. He excelled as a portrait painter, especially in females and children ; but, though he confined himself to the more lucrative branch of his art, he had alio 828 HOR considerable talents for landscape. Hopp- ner could wield the pen as well as the pencil. He piiblisbed a volume of Orien- tal Tales, which are versified with spirit and elegance. HORACE, or HORATIUS, Quintos Flaccus, one of the most eminent of the Roman poets, was born, 65 b. c, at Venu- ■ium; received a ^od education; fought under Brutus at Philtppi, on which occa- sion he threw away his shield and fled; and was reduced to indigence by the con- fiscation of his estate. Mecsenas, how- ever, to whom he was introduced by Virgil, obtained for him the restoratioa of his property, and brought him into favour with Augustus. Horace died 8 years b. c. HORNE, George, a pious and learned prelate, was born, in 1730, at Otham, in Kont, and was educated at Maidstone Grammar School, and at University Col- lege, Oxford. He took orders in 1753, and his graceful elocution and excellent style rendered him a popular preacher. lie was successively president of Magdalen Co lege, chaplain lo the king, vice-chancel- lor of the university, and dean of Canter- bury. Ift 1790 he was raised to the see of Norwich, which, howe\er, he held less than two years : he dying in Jnnuary, 1792. In early life he was a strennnus Hiitchinsoninn, and attackeil the system of iVeu'ton with a violence* which he siib^e- auently regretted. Of his numprous works le principal is, A Commentary on the HOR Book of Psahus, on the compositicn of which he bestowed nearly twenty years. HORNEMANN,Freiierio Conrad, a German traveller, was born, in 1772, ac Hjldesheim, and was originally a clergy- man in Hanover. In 1797 he was employed by the African Association, in London, to explore the interior of Africa. After hav- ing visited the Oasis of the temple of Ammon, be penetrated to Morzouh, and thence proceeded to Tripoli. In 1800 he set out with the intention of penetrating into central Africa, and is supposed to have perished in that inhospitable region. The Journal of bis Travels has been pub- lished. HORROX, Jeremiah, an astronomer, was born, about 1619, at Toxteth, near Liverpool; was educated at Emanuel Col- lege, Cambridge; and died prematurely, to the great loss of science, in 1640-1. Hoprox was the first who observed the transit of Venus over the solar diik; and he formed a theory of lunar motion, which Newton did not disdain, to adopt. He is the author of Venus in Sole visu; and of astronomical papers, which were published by Dr. Wallis, under the title of Opera Posthuma. HORSLEY, John, an antiquary, a na- tive of Northumberland, took his degree of M. A. in Scotland ; became a dissenting minister at Morpeth; and died in 1731. He is the author of a valuable work, inti- tled Britannia Romana. HORSLEY, S AMD Et, a celebrated pre- late and mathematician, was born in 1733; was educated at Westminster, and Trinity College, Cambridge; and became ciA^te to his father. After having held thelivii^s of Albury, Newington, Thorley, and South Weald, the archdeaconry of St. Albans, and prebends of St. Paul's and of Glouces- ter, he was raised, in 1788, to the see of St. David's, whence, in 1793, he was re- moved to Rochester, and, in 1802, to St. Asaph. For a part of this preferment he was indebted to his controversy with Dr. Priestley, on the subject of,the divinity of Christ; his tracts relating to which he collected and published in an 8vo volume. While he was thus rising in the church, he was not neglectful of science. In 1769 he printed an edition of Apollonius, and in 1775 an edition of Newton's works, in five 4to volumes. From 1773 till the elec- tion of Sir Joseph Banks, he was secreta- ry of the Royal Society; when, deeming the dignity of the society lessened by the choice of a man who was ignorant of the higher sciences he resigned his office. Bishop Horsley died al Brighton in 1806. lie was flijqiient, profonndly learned, and peiTurined all his episcopal duties iu an admit able nianr bodies; and contributed various papers to the Philosophical Transactions. He died in 1783. The valuable museum which he formed is now in the university irf' Glasgow. His great work is. The Anat- omy of the Gravid Uterus. HUNTER, John, younger brother of the foregoing, was born at Long Catder- wood, in Scotland, in 1728, and was at first placed with a brother-in-law, who was a carpenter and cabinet-maker. At the age of twenty, however, he joined his brother in London, and, in a few months, attained such a knowledge of anatomy as to be capable of demonstrating to the pu- pils in the dissecting room. In 175S his brother admitted him to partnership in his lectures, and in 1756 he was appointed house surgeon to St. George's Hospital. His health being impaired by intense study, he went abioad, in 1760, as staff surgeon, and farved at Ballaisle and in Portugal. HUR SSI Af^ his . etum he rose into high surgica'' reputation, and was appointed surgeon to St. George's Hospital, surgeon extraordi- nary to the king, inspector general of hos- pit^, and surgeon general. He died, of angina pectoris, in 1793. He was a mem- ber of the Royal Society, in the Transac- tions of whicli body many of his valuable physiological and other discoveries are re- corded. He wrote a Treatise on the Nat- ural History of die Teeth; Observations on certain Parts of the Animal Economy; a Treatise on the Blood ; and other works. His anatomical museum was purchased for the use of tlie public, and given to the Col- lege of Surgeons. HUNTER, AlfKE, the wife of John Hunter, was a sister of Sir Everard Home. She was bom in 1742, and died in 1821. She is the author of Poems ; and of Sports of the Genii. Many of her lyrical poems possess great beauty, and some of them were set to music by Haydn. Her virtues were equal to her talents. HUNTINGTON, Samdxi., a signer of tlie declaration of independence, was born in 1732, in Connecticut, settled in early life at Norwich as a lawyer, and soon rose to popularity and eminence. In 1775 he was elected a delegate to congress, and in 1779 was chosen president of that ven- erable body. In 1784 he was appointed lieutenant governor of his native state and advanced to the seat of chief judge. He was chosen chief magistrate in 1786, and in 1796 he died. HURD, Richard, an eminent prelate and writer, the son of a farmer, was bom, in 1720, at Congreve, in Staftbrd8lih:e; was educated at Emanuel College, Cam- bridge ; and, after having been rector of Hurcastonf preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and archdeacon of Gloucester, was raised, iff 1767, to the bishopric of Litchfield and Coventry, and, soon after, was appointed preceptor to the prince of Wales and duke of York. In 1781 he was translated to Worcester, and in 1783 he declined tne see of Canterbury. He died in 1808. Among his works are, Sermons; Com- mentaric« on Horace's Art of Paotiy; 832 HUS Dialogues; and Letters on Chivalry and Romance. He waa the bosom friend of Wnrhiu'ton; and his friendship fur that eminent man (which has been censured as of somewhat too subservient a nature) led him to attack Dr. Jortin in a pamplilet. He also wrote a biographical sketch of Warburton, edited an edition of hia "Ti- lings, and'published a volume of his Cor- respondence. HURDIS, James, a poet, was born, in 1763, at Bishopstone, in Sussex, of which parish he subsequently became the nilnis- ter; was educated at St. Mary Hall and Magdalen College, Oxford; was appointed poetry professor in 1793; and died in 1801. He wrote The Village Curate; Adriano; The Favourite Village; and otiier poems; Sir Thomas More, a tragedy; Disserta- tions on Psalm and Prophecy; and some works of minor importance. Hurdis is of the school of Cowper, and is no unworthy disciple of his great master. HUSKISSON, Right Hon. William, a statesman, was born about 1769. His mother was a sister of the physician to the British embassy at Paris, and he is said to have been apprenticed to a surgeon in the French capital. He was recommended by Lord Gower to Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas, and became private .secretary to the latter. He sat in parliament, successively, for Morpeth, Liskeard, Cliicester and Liver- pool. After having held various subordi- nate offices, he was made secretary to the treasury, on Mr. Pitt*s return to power. He was afterwards president of the board of trade, and, under the ministry of his friend, Mr. Canning, was appointed secre- tary of state for the colonial department. He was, however, dismissed by the duke bf Wellington. He died, September 16, 1830, in conseqi^ence of one of his legs oeing crushed by the wheels, of a locomo- tive steam engine, at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. He was a fluent speaker, and a man of great financial and political knowled^. He wrote The Question concei ning the Depreci- ation of our Currency stated and examined. HIJSS, John, & reformer, was born. HUT about 1376, at Hussienitz, in Bohemia; was educated at the university of Prague, of which he became rector; adopted the principles of Wickliffe, and propagated them with great zeal and eloquence; and, in violation of the emperor's safe conduct, and in contempt of humanity, was burnt by the council of Constance in 1416. His Bohemian disciples, who bore the name of Hussites, avenged his death by a long and bloody war against the emperor Sigis- mund. HUTCHESON, Francis, a philoso- pher and writer, was born, in 1694, in the north of Ireland ; studied at the university of Glasgow; and, after having for many years kept an academy at Dublin, was invited, in 1729, to Glasgow, to fill the chair of professor of philosophy; a situa- tion which he held till his decease in 1747. He is the autlior of An Inquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and Virtue; A Trealise on the Passions; and A System of Moral Philosophy. Hutcheson is an eleo^nt writer; his metaphysics are of the school of Shaftesbury. HUTCHINS, Thomas, was born in New Jersey, and entered the army in the western states as an ensign. In 1T79 he was in England and was imprisori'.d some time on suspicion of holding a C'jrrespon- dence with Franklin in France. He was nominated geographer-gene' al to the Unit- ed States, and died at Pittsburg in 1789. He published an Historical Sketch of the Expedition of Bouquet againstthe Indians of Ohio, in 1764; a Topographical De- scription of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Mary- land and Carolma, with maps (London, 1778) ; a Historical Account of Lomsianay &c. 1784. HUTCHINSON, John, was bom, in 1674, at Spennythorn, in Lincolnshire; was for many years steward to the duke of Somerset, and afterwards his- riding purveyor; and died in 1737. Hutchinson was a violent opponent of Newton's theory of gravitation, and laboured to establish a system of philosophy of his own, which he expounded in his Moses's Principia, and several other works, to the extent of twelve volumes. His system bleads con- siderable ingenuity and learning with a much larger portion of absurdity. HUTCHINSON, Thomas, a governor of the colony of Massachusetts, was born in Boston in 1711, and was graduated at Harvard College. He was for a while occupied with commercial pursuits, but soon engaged in the study of law and politics and was sent agent to Great Brit- ain. On his return he was elected a representative, and after a few years was chosen speaker of the house, and in 1762 judge of probate. After being a member of the council, lieutenant gtvernor and HtJT eluef justice, in 1771 he received his com- mission as governor of Massachusetts. In 1774 he was removed from his office and wiis succeeded by general Gage. He then repaired to England, fell into disgrace, and died in retirement in 1780. He is the author of a valuable History of Mas- sachusetts, some occasional essays, and a pamphlet on Colonial Claims. . It is said that no man contributed more effectually to bring about the separation between the col< onies and Great Britain than Hutchinson. HUTCHINSON, Anw, a religious enthusiast, who occasioned dissensions in the churches of New-England, came from Lincolnshire to Boston in 1636. She was banished from the colony, and removed to a Dutch settlement in New- York, where in 1643 s1ie was killed by the Indians. HUTTEN, Ulric de, a German re- former, was bom, in 1488, at Steckeaberg, in Franconia; studied at Frankfort on the Oder; distinguished himself as a soldier in Italy and Germany ; espoused the doc- trines of Luther, and published many pieces in favour of the Reformation ; and died in the island of Ufihau, in the lake of Zurich, ' in 1523. Hutten was a brave and learned man, but exceedingly violent. He wrote several Latin works, in verse and nrose. HUITON, James, a celebrated geolo- gist and philosopher, was born, in 1726, at Edinburgh.^ Originally destined to be a laivj'er, he prevailed on his friends to ex- change bis profession for that of a physi- cian ; and he, in consequence, studied medicine at Edinburgh, Paris, and Leyden, at the last of which universities he took his degree in 17.49. Instead, however, of be- ginning to practise, be went into Norfolk, to make himself conversant with agricul- ture, and, in 1754, settled upon a farm of his own in Berwickshire. In 1768, he went to reside at Edinburgh, and his time thenceforth, till his decease in 1797, was devoted to scientific pursuits. His principal works are, A Theory of the Earth ; and An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge. Hutton is the founder of the Plutonian system of geology, so called because it considers subterraneous fire as (he agent by which the upper strata of the globe were arranged in their present vtate. HUTTON, CHARI.F.S, an eminent ma< thematician, was born, in 1737, at New castle upon Tyne, and began life as e teacher of mathematics. His earliest scientific productiuns were communicated to the Lajjies* and Gentlemen's Diaries, and to Martin's Magazine. In 1773 he was elected professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and this appointment . he held till 1807, when ill health induced him to resign it. A peiuion of five hundred pounds rewarded HYD 833 his services. Dr. Hutton was foreign sec- retary to the Royal Society from 1779 till 1783, in which latter year he retired from the Society in disgust, aKtng with several other eminent men. He died January 23, 1823. Among liis works are, A Mathe- matical and Philosophical Dictionary, two vols, quarto ; Elements of Conic Sections ; and A Course of Mathematics. , He also joined with Drs. Pearson and Shaw in abridging the Philosophical Transactions. HUYGENS, Christiak, son of the lord of Zuylichen, was born, in 1629, at the Hague; received his scientific educa- tion from his father; and studied the law at Leyden. At the age of thirteen he was no contemptible mathematician. In tlie course of a few years he distinguished himself by several learned works, and by inventing a pendulum, improving the air- pump, ascertaining the laws of tlie collision of elastic bodies, and discovering the ring and one of the satellites of Saturn. Hav- ing been invited to France by Colbert, and pnensioned by the French monarch, he re- sided at Paris from 1666 to 1681 ; but, in the latter year, disgusted at the revocation of the edict of Nantz, he returned to Hol- land. He died in 1695. His works were collected and edited by S^Gravesande. HUYSUM, John Van, a celebrated painter, a pupil of Justus; his father, was born, in 1682, at Amsterdam; and died in 1749. In flower and fruit painting he excelled every other artist, and so greatly in request were his pictures that he ob- tained enormous prices for them: for one flower piece he was paid one thousand four hundred and fifty guilders, and for a fruit piece, one thousand and five. Van Hnysum also painted landscapes with great spirit. HYDE, Thomas, P..D., an eminent orientalist, was bom, in 1636, at Billings- ley, in Shropshire, and studied at King's College, Oxford. Before he was eighteen he assisted Walton in the Polyglott Bible. He was successively Hebrew reader, keeper of the Bodleian Library, prebendary of Salisbury, archdeacon of Gloucester, and Arabic and Hebrew professor. He died in 1703. Of his numerous learned work« the principal is, A History of the Religion of the Ancient Persians. HYDE. See Clarendon. HYDER ALT, a celebrated Indian sovereign, was tlie son of a Mysorean gov- ernor of a small fortress. Aliout 1763 he dethroned the monarch of Mysore, and assumed the sceptre with the titY of re- gent. He made important conquests from the Mahrattas, and twice invaded the East India Company's territories, and shook tlie British power to its foundations. He died in 1782. Hyder was a man of superigtr talents, both military and civiL tt4 IGN IKE IBRAHIM MANSOUR EFFENDI.an Adventurer, whoFe real name was Cerfbere, was born at Strasbnr^h, of a Jewish family. After having served in the republican hus- sars, he became so violent a royalist that he was imprisoned. In 1802 he went to Constantinople, turned Mahometan, and was emploj-ed to discipline the Turkish troops. He sjb&eqaently wandered through Russia, Sweden, and Denmark ; held, under the name of Medelsheim, a govern- ment i.&ce n Westphalia; fought againit the Servians; was for three years engineer to AH Pacha ; recommenced his wander- ings, and extended them to various parts of Asia, Africa, and America; and at last, being in a starving state, shot himself at Paris, in 1826. He wrote a Memoir of Greece and Albania during the Govern- ment of All Pacha. IBYCUS, a Greek Ijric poet, a native of Rhegium, was born in the sixth century B. c. He wrote seven books of Odes, of which only a few fragments are extant. He was killed in a solitary spot by rob- bers, whose crime is said to have been discovered in a singular manner. While dying, he saw a flight of cranes passing, and called upon them to avenge him. As the murderers were walking in Rhegium, one of them saw some cranes overhead, and said to his companions, "Here are the avengers of Ibycos." This speech ex- cited suspicion, and the truth was wrung from the crimiqals by torture. IFFLAND, AoGOSTUs Williah, a popular actor and dramatist, was bom at Hanover in 1759, and from his childhood had a propensity to the stage, which his father vaiiuy endeavoured to repress. In 1770 he absconded from his home, and made his appearance at the Gotha theatre. He soon rose to the first rank among Ger- man actors. As a writer he was almost equally successful. He died, in 1814, at Berlin, where he was the court theatrical manager. In 1798 he published an edition of his works, which contained forty-seven comedies and tragedies ; and he subse- quently wrote many others. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, the founder o( the order of the Jesuit?, was bom, in 1491, of a noble family, in the Spanish province of Guipuscoa. In 1521 he was severely wounded at the siege of Pampe- luna. The result of his meditations on a bed of pain was, sorrow for his past de- bauched life, and a determination to devote himself to works of piety. He began by t pilgrimage to Jerusalem ; after which he ■tu lied at Alcala, Salamanca, and Paris ; •n 1 began to preach and to make disciples. At first he was opposed, and even impris oned; but at length the pope, in 1540, gave his sanction to the new order which Loyola had established, and appointed him its first general. He died in 1556, and was canonized in 1622. IHRE, JoHK^ an erudite Swede, was bora, at Upsal, in 1707; was educated at the university there; became professor of Eoetry, rhetoric, and politics; was enno- led, and made a knigAt of the Polar star; and died in 17S0. He is the author of LexiconDialectomm; Glossarium Sueco- Gothicum; A Dissertation on Runic Anti- quities ; and other works. INCHBALD, Elizabeth, adramatist and novelist, whose maiden name was Simpson, wtis born, in 1756, at Stanning- field, near Bury, in Sufiblk. At the age of sixteen she secretly quitted her family, being prompted by an irrepressible desire of visiting the metropolis. After escaping many dangers in her rash adventure, she married Mr. Inchbald, of Drury Lane Theatre, and was for several years upon the stage. In 1789, however, she quitted it, and thenceforth depended upon her literary labours. She died in 1821. She wrote nineteen dramas, some of which were deservedly successfiil; and two novels, The Simple Story, and Nature and Art, which rank among the standard works in that class of literature ; and she edited The British Theatre, The Modem Theatre, and a Collection of Farces. INGENHOUSZ, Jobs, a physician and experimental philosopher, was bom, in 1730, at Breda, in Holland; settled in Loudon, where he was chosen a member of the Royal Society; was recommended by Sir John Prinele to inoculate the family of the empress Maria Theresa; resided for many years at Vienna, in the enjoyment of honours and fortune ; and at length returned to England, where he died in 1799. He is the author of Experiments on Vegeta- bles; Experiments in and Observations on Natural Philosophy; and other works of great merit. IRELAND, JoHir, was bom at Trench farm, near Wem, in Shropshire ; was brought up as a watchmaker; became a dealer in paintings and prints ; and died, near Birmingham, in 1789. He is the anthorof Illustrations of Hogarth; and the Life and Letters of John Henderson. IRELAND, Samuel, was originally a manufacturer in Spitalfields ; but having a taste for the arts, and some knowledge of drawing and engraving, he became a speculator in books, prints, and works of art, and a writer of embeJluhed toun. la JAC 1796 his character sustained a deep injury by his giving to the world, in an expensive volume, his son's impudent forgery of what were called The Sbokspeare Papers. He died in 1800. He published Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth ; A Picturesque Tour through Holland, Brabant, and France; Picturesque Views on the Thames — on the Medway— and on the Severn and Avon ; and A IJistory of the Inns of Court. IRETON, Henry, was born, in 1610, at Attenton, in Nottinghamshire; studied at Trinity College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; espoused the cause of the parlia- ment, and commanded the left wing of its army at the battle of Naseby ; married a daughter of Cromwell ; sat' in judgment uponCharlesI. ; was appointed commander- in-chief inlreland ; and died there in 1651. ISiGUS, a Greek orator, was bom about 418 B. c. at Chalcis, in Syria, and was a discipletif Lysias and Isocrates. He estab- .ished a school of eloquence at Athens, and Demosthenes was one of his pupils. Of his many orations only eleven are now extant; ten of whMh have been translated by Sir William Jones. He is said to have been the first who gave names to the figures of rhetoric. ISLA, John, a Spanish Jesuit, was bom, in 1714, at Segovia After the ex- pulsion of his order firom Spain, he settled at Bologna, in Italy, where he died in 1783. His principal work is The Life of Friar Gerund, a pleasant satire upon monkish ignorance, and upon the prevailing Ciults of pulpit eloquence. He also wrote A Compendium of Spanish History, from Duchesne; Familiar Letters; The Great Day of Navarre; and Gil Bias restored to lis Country. JAC 835 ISOCRATES, one of the ten grea Attic orators, was bom B. c. 436 at Auens, and was the son of a musical instrument maker. Prodicus, Gorgias, and Thera- menes were his preceptors in eloquence. His timidity, and the weakness of his voice, prevented him from taking a part in public business ; but he composed pleadings for others, and opened a school of oratory, in which he formed many illus- trious speakers and statesmen Warmly attached to the liberties of his country, he starved bimself to death in consequence of the fatal issue of the battle of Cheronxa. Twen^-one of his harangues are extant. ITURBIDE, AoGDSTiK, emperor of Mexico, was born, in 1784, at Valladolid, ,in New Spain, of a distinguished family, and entered the military sei*vice at the age of seventeen. During the first Mexican revolution, Iturbide fought against tlie insurgents ; but in 1820 he took up arms on the side of liberty. His' splendid suc- cesses were successively rewarded by the rank of generalissimo, president of the congress, and finally, in May, 1822, of emperor, with the title of Augustin the First. In 1823, however, he was deposed and banished. He returned 'n 1824, but was immediately arrested and was shot on the I9th of July. IVANOF, FeodobFeodorotitsch, a Russian dramatist, was bora in 1777; served in the army, from which he was removed to the commissariat department; and died at Moscow in 1816. He wrote the tragedy of Martha, or the Conquest of Novogorod ; and the comedies of Virtue Rewarded, The Old Family, The New- married Couple, and All ia not Gold that glistens. JACKSON, James, an officer in the army of the American revolution, was born in England in 1757. In 1772 he emigrated to America and settled in Geor- gia He served with distinction during the war and displayed much intrepidity. On the disbanding of the army, he com- menced the practice of the law, to which be had been educated, in Georgia, and soon obtained a lucrative amount of busi- ness. After having been a member of the state legislature, and successively colonel, brigadier general, and major general in the militia, he was chosen a member of Congress, and died in Washington in 1806. JACKSON, William, a composer and author, who had also some talent for paint- ing, vas born, in 1730, at Exeter ; studied ■uuic under Traven ; was elected organist of Exeter Cathedral in 1777; and died in 1803, in his native ci^. "Jackson's peculiar forte," says an eminent musicA critic, " existed in giving an elegant and plaintive melody to elegiac poetry. In constituting harmony, without rendering the middle part or parts destitute of me - ody, Jackson stands unrivalled." As an author he is above mediocrity. He wrote Thirty Letters on various subjects; The Four Ages ; and a Treatise on the present State of Music. JACOBI, John George, a German poet, was born, in 1740, at Dusseldorf; studied at Gottingen; obtained, through the influence of his friend Gleim, a pre- bend in the chapter of St. Boniface at Halberstadt ; was professor of philoso* phy and eloquence at Halle, and, subs*- 836 JAM ^uently, of the belles lettres at Friburg, in the Brisgau; and died, in the latter city, in 1814. The styie of Jacobi in verse was formed on that of the lighter French poets, and possesses much gaiety ■ and ease. His Summer Journey and Winter Journey are a mixture of prose and verse, like the Journey by Baucha- mont and Lia Chapelle. Besides his poems, he wrote Comedies, Romances, Fables, and Sermons. JACQUIN, Nicholas Joseph, a cel- ebrated botanist, was born, in 1727, at l.eyden, and acquired reputation as a phy- sician. He died in 1817. His botanical works, which are numerous, ai-e splendidly embellished. Among them are, The Aus- trian Flora; The Vienna Botanical Gar- den; The Schoenbrunn Garden; Botani- cal Fragments; and Select American Plants; all in folio. Of the last of these only twelve copies were produced, its 264 plates being all drawings. JAGO, Rtchard, a poet, was born, in 1715, at Beaudesert, in Warwickshire; was educated at University College, Ox- ford; successively obtained the livings of Harbury, Chesteiton, Smittersfield, and Kimcote; and died in 1781. Jago was a friend to Siienstone. His principal poem is Edge Hill ; but it is excelled by some of his smaller pieces. JAHN, John, an eminent oriental schol- ar, who died in 1817, was canon of Saint Stephen's Church at Vienna, and held tlie professorship of biblical archaeology, the- ology, and tile eastern languages, till 1806; when he was removed from il, on tlie charge of heterodoxy. Among his works are, Ara- bic, Clialdean, Hebrew, and Aramic Gram- mars; Biblical Archaeology; and an In- troduction to tlie Study of the Old Testa- ment. JAMBLICHUS, a philosopher, who flourished about the beginning of the fourtli century, and is supposed to have died about 333, was a native of Clialsis in Coelo Syria. He was a pupil of Anatolius, and after- wards of Porphyry; and himself establish- ed a school, to which, by his knowledge, and still more by his pretension to an in- tercourse with tlie invisible beings, he at- tracted numerous disciples. Several of his writings are extant. JAMES, RoBEKT, a physician, was born, in 1703, at Kinverstone', in Stafford- shire t was educated at St. John's College, Oxford ; and settled in London, after hav- ing practised in several country towns. He died in 1776. He is the author of a Med- ical Dictionary ; the Practice of Physic ; and other woiks. He was in habits of friendship witll Johnson, Cumberland, and many other eminent men. JAMI, Abd Alrahmah, a Persian po- Bt, wartorn, in 1414, in Khorasan; lived JAY in high favoor at the court of sultan Abu. said and his successor ; and died in 1492 Among his works, which are nearly forty in number, are the tales of Yuseph and Zuleika, and Mejnoun and Leila. JANSEN, or JANSENIUS, Corbel- IDS, famous for having, unconsciously, been the founder of a sect, and the causer of a schism in the catholic church, was bom, in 1585, at Akay, near Leerdam, in Holland. He was educated at Louvain; and, after having resided for twelve years in France, and been principal of the college of St. Pulcheria, at Louvain, he was raised to the see of Ypres, by the king of Spain, for writing a severe attack upon France and the Dutch. He died, in 1638, shortly after he had taken possession of his bishopric He lefl behind him a work, intitled Au- gustinuB (published in 1640), which he was fed to write by tlie controversy then exist- ing between the Jesuits and Dominiciaas, respecting the nature and necessity of divine grace. In this work tlie authority of St. Augustine was brought to bear against the Jesuits. Its doctrines w^re condemned by a papal bull, but they were, nevertheless, espoused by great numbers; and almost interminable and furious quarrels ensued between the Jansenists and tlieir opponents. JARCHI, Solomon Ben Isaac, a celebrated rabbi, was bom, in 1104, at Troyes, in France ; travelled over a con- siderable part of Europe and Asia, and in- to Egypt ; and died, at his native place, in 1180. He wrote Commentaries on various parts of the Bible, and also on the Talmud ; which are so highly esteemed that he has been called the Prince of Commentators. JAUCOURT, Louis de, was born, in 1704, at Paris; studied at Geneva and Cambridge ; was a medical pupil of Boer- haave ; returned to his native city in 1736; and engaged in literary pursuits; contri- buted an immense number of articles to the Encyclopsedia ; and died in 1779. He wrote a Life of Leibnitz ; Inquiries into the' Origin of-Fouutains ; and other works; and bore a part in the Museum Selnenum JAUREGUI Y AGUILAR, John, a Spanish poet and painter, was born at To- ledo, in 1566, and died in 1650. As a poet he was of the school of Garcilaso and Bos- can, and laboured strenuously to reform the taste of his countryillen, which had been vitiated by Gongora. He wrote Orpheus, in five cantos; Miscellaneous Poems; and an Apologv for Painting; and translated the Pharsalia, &nd the A minta. Asa pain- ter he was distinguished by his management of light and shade, expression, colouring, and the tone of the flesh. JAY, John, was born in the city of New York in 1745. He was graduated at Co- lumbia College in 1764, and in 1768 wai admitted to the bar. He soon rose to cmi- JEF Bence as a lawyer and began to take an ac- tive part iQ politics. Id 1774 he was elect- ed a delegate to the first congress. In May 1776 he was recalled from congress by the provincial convention, to aid in forming the ^overnnaent for the province, and to this it IS owing tliat his name does not appear among the signers of the declaration of in- dependence. Upon the organization of the State government in 1777 Mr. Jay was ap- pointed chief justice, and held this oiBce till 1779. In November 1778, he was again chosen a delegate to the continental congress, and three days after taking his seat was elected president of that venera- ble body. In September 1779, he was ap- pointed minister plenipotentiary to the court of Spain, and he arrived at Cadiz in January of the following year. Havin^e- fiigned his commission as minister in 1783, in 1784 he returned to the United States, and was placed at the head of the depart- ment for foreign affairs. In this post he remained till the adoption of the present constitution when he was appointed chief justice of the United States. In 1794 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, and before his return in 1795 he had been elected governor of his native state. In 1798 he was re-elected to this office, and in 1801 went into voluntary re- tirement. The remainder of bis life was jjoBsed in the &ithful discharge of the char- itable duties, and he was publicly known only by the occasional appearance of his name, or the employment of his pen, in the service of philanthropy and piety. He died in 1829. Beside a variety of state papers and political essays, Mr. Jay was the au- thor of the 2d, 3d, 4tlT, 5th and 64th num- bers of the Federalist. JEBB, John, a divine and physician, was bom, in 1736, in London ; studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and St. Peter's College, Cambridge; obtained considera- ble preferment in die church, which, how- ever, be conscienciously resigned in 1775, because he disapproved of some of the es- tablished doctrines; studied physic, and commenced practice as a physician, in 1778; and died in 1786. Jebb was a stren- uous advocate of civil and religious liberty, and took a conspicuous part in many meas- ures designed to promote it. His theolog- ical, political, and medical works form three octavo volum^f JEFFERSON, Thomas, was born in Albermarle couitfy* Virginia, in 1743, and was entered a student in the college of William and Mary, On leaving this semi- nary, be applied b*mself to the study of the law, under the tuition of the celebrated Geor<^ Wythe, and was called to the bar in 1766, He soon occupied a high stand in his profession, and at the early age of twenty-fiv* entered the house of burgesses 16 JEF 337 of his native state. In 1774 he published a Summary View of the Rights of British America, a bold but respectful pamphlet addressed to the king. In 1775 he was elected a member of the continental con- gress, and in the following year draughted the declaration of independence. Between 1777 and 1779 he was employed together with George Wythe and Edmund Pendle- ton on a commission for revising the laws of Virginia. In 1779 he was elected gov- ernor of Virginia, and continued in office until June ITol. In the latter year he com- posed his celebrated Notes on Virginia, and in 1787 published it under his own signa- ture. In November 1783 he again took his seat in the continental congress, and in May following was appointed minister plen- ipotentiary, to act abroad with Adams and Franklin in the negociation of commercial treati^. In 1785 he was appointed to suc- ceed Dr. Franklin as minister to the court of Versailles, and performed the duties of this office till 1789, when he returned to his native country and was placed by president Washington at the head of the department of state. In 1.797 he became vice-presi- dent, and in 1801 president of the United Stat^. At the expiration of eight years he again retired to private life, and took 'up kis r^idence at Monticello. He still continued anxious to promote the interest of science and literature, and devoted the attention of several years to the establish- ment of an university in Virginia. He died on the fourth of July 1826, the fiftieth an- niversary of the declaration of independ- ence. In stature Mr. Jefferson was six feet and two inches high. His person was erect and well formed, though spare. In hjs man- ners he was simple and unaffected, simple in his habits, and incessantly occupied with the pursuits of business or study. Four vol- umes of his Correspondence have been pub- lished since his decease. JEFFREYS, George, Baron Wem, was bom, about the beginning of the seven- teenth century, at Acton, in Denbighshire; studied at Westminster and the Inner Tem- ple ; and rose, through the gradations of re- corder of London, a Welsh judge, and ch^ef justice of Chester, till, in 16^, he attained the dignity of chief justice of the King's Bench, to which James II. added the tit^ of baron, Heearnedbiscourthonoursbybeing base, slavish, sanguinary, and brutal, in an extreme degree^ whenever politics were in question. On thedownfal of James II. Jeffreys attempted to escape, but was de- tected and sent to the 'I\>wer, where he died in 1689. JEFFRIES, JoHW, an eminent physh cian, was born in Boston in 1744, was ^rad uated at Harvard college, and immediately after entered upon his medical studies. In order to acquire a more perfect knowledge 888 J£N of his profession, he visited Europe and at- tended to the instructions of the most dis- tinguialied lecturers. In 1769 he returned to Boston and recommenced the practice of physic, and was employed during the war as surgeon in the British army. In 1780 he went again to London and practised with great success. In the course of his philo- sophical experiments, he was induced to undertake two aerial voyages ; the second of which was from the clifts of Dover across the British channel into the forest of Guines in France. In 1789 he returned to Boston, and after a successful practice of 53 years died in 1819. JEHAN GHIR, or JEHANGUIRE, Aeul Muzaffer IVodreddin Moham- med, emperor of Hindostan, the son of Ak- bar, was originally named Selim. He suc- ceeded to the ttirone of Delhi in 1605, and died in 1627. Jehanguire was liberal, affa- ble, and accessible to his subjects, and a pa- tron of literature and arts. He wrote Me- moirs of the first Seventeen Years of his Reign; and added to tlie historical commen- taries of Sultan Baber. JENKINSON. See Liverpooi.. JENNER, Edward, the celebrated in- troducer of vaccine-inoculation, was bom. May 17, 1749, in Gloucestershire, was apprenticed to a surgeon ; and subsequent- ly settled at Berkeley, as a general medi- cal practitioner. Ajout 1776 his attention was turned to the cow pox, by the circum- stance of his finding that those who' had been affected by it had become incapable of receiving the variolous infection. Vac- cination was introduced into the British capital, in 1796, by Mr. Cline, and a violent controversy was long maintained with respect to its merits. Its ultimate triumph was complete. It was extended to every part of the globe ; and plaudits and honours were showered upon the dis- coverer from all quarters. Oxford presented him with a diploma, the Royal Society admitted him as a member, and parliament .voted him £.20,000. He died January 26, 1823. Besides two works on the Cow Fox, and Kattered papers and letters on JOA the same subject, he w t>te ObeerTaCiona on the Natural History of the Cuckoo. JENYNS, SoAME, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, was born, in 1704, in London; was educated at St. John^fc Col- lege, Cambridge; sat in parliament for Cambridgeshire, and subsequently for Dun- wich; and for his attachment to ministers, was rewarded by being made a commis- sioner of the board of trade, which ofiBce he h«ld during five and twenty years. He died ID 1787. His prose worKs, besides some papers in the World, and some pam- phlets, consist of. An Inquiry into ttie Nature and Origin of Evil — which wati roughly handled by Johnson ; View of the Internal Evidences of the Christian Relig- ion — which, though popular, was unsatis- factory to all parties ; Disquisitions on various Subjects — which brought down on him the satirical lash of Mason. JEROME, or HIERONYMUS, St., one of the fathers of the church, was born, between 329 and 343, at Stridon, on the Pannonian and Dacian frontier, and studi- ed at Rome, under Donatus the gramtnari an and other preceptors. He was ordained presbyter in 378 ; became secretary to Pope Damasus; and died, in 420, super- intendant of a monastery at Bethlehem. The best edition of his works is in five volumes folio. JEROME of Prague, a native of die Bohemian capital, studied in the universi- ties of Oxford, Paris, Prague, Heidelberg, and Cologn ; joined zealously with Huss in spreading we doctrines of Wicklifie; followedhim to Constance; was terrified into a momentary recantation of his prin- ; but resumed his courage, defended himself eloquently, and met his death at the stake. May 30, 1416, with heroical fortitude. JERVIS. See St. Vincent. JEUFFROY, R. V., a gem and medal engraver, was born, in 17SS, at Rouen, in a very humble condition. When he was young, he, without any assistance, suc- ceeded in imitating an engraved precious stone which had come into his hands. He went to Italy to study, and for some years resided at Rome, and worked for Fichler, who sold his productions as antiques. On his return to France, he was placed at the head of the school of gem engraving. He died in 1786. JOAN OF ARC, generally called The Maid of Orleans, tlie greatest of heroines, was born, in 1410, at Domremi, in Lor- raine. Her parents were poor, and her occupations were the tending of sheep and taking care of horses at a country inn. But her mind was far superior to her station, and she brooded over the sufleringa of her country, and the means of relieving them, till she believed that she heard voioei from beiTen (»)iiimaadii^ her to become the detiverer of France. She was presented to JOH S» tate, published in 1682, he was fined fiva hundred marks. In 1685 he was treated still more severely; being sentenced to pay five hundred marks, be thrice pilloried, and be whipped from Newgate to Tyborn, for having written an Address to the Arm* He died in 1703. His works form a foii* volume. Jie king, and it was resolved that her servicea should be accepted. The idea that an agent endowed with supernatural powers had taken the field produced its natural efiect in a superstitious age; it inspirited the French, it depressed the Eng- lish. The first exploit of Joan was the relieving of Orleans, in May, 1428, after having defeated the besiegers. The tide of her success was rapid. City after city was reduced, the English were worsted at Patay, and, in July, 1429, the maid led her sovereign to be crowned in the cathe- dral of Rbeims. Her mission, she declar- ed, was now accomplished, and she wished to retire into obscurity. But her aid was too valuable to be easily relinquished, and the king at length prevailed on her to remain with the army. Joan continued to display her wonted valour till, on the 25th of May, 1431, she was taken prisoner by the Burgundians, while she was heading a sally fi'om Compidgne. Her c^tora sold her to the English, who lastingly disgraced themselves by burning her at Rouen, May 31, 1431, on a charge of sorcery. JODELLE, Stepheh, a French poet, was bom at Paris, in 1532, and died'in indigence in 1573. Jodelle formed one of the Pleiad, as it was called, of Gallic poets. He was the first in France who composed tragedies widi chorusaes on die Greek model. JOHNES, Thomas, was bom, in 1748, at Ludlovr, in Shropshire; studied at Eton, and Jesus College, Oxford; sat in parlia- ment for Cardigan, and subsequently for Radnorshire; and died in 1816. He trans- lated Froissart, Monstrelet, Joinville, Ber- trand de la Brocquiere, and St. Palaye's Life of Froissart. JOHNSON, Samuei., a divine, emi- nent for his fortitude, and for his numerous writings in the cause of liberty, was born, in 1649, in Staffordshire; was educated at St. Paul's School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; and became minister of Cor- rin^ham, io Essex, and chaplain to Lord WSiiam RuBsel. For his Julian the Apog- JOHNSON, Sa H0EI., one of the great- est literary characters of the eighteenth century, was the son of a bookseller ; was bom, in 1709, at Litchfield ; and completed his education at Pembroke College, Oxford. After having been usher at Market Bos- worth school, and having married Mrs. Porter, the widow of a mercer, and vainly endeavoured to establish an academy at Edial, he settled in th^jnetropolis, in 1737. In the following year he published his London, a satire, which established his poetical reputation, and was praised by Pope. For some years his subsistence was chiefly derived from supplying biogra- phical and miscellaneous articles, including the debates in parliament, to the Gentle- man's Magazine. His Life of Savage appeared in 1744. From 1747 to 1755 he was engaged on his English Dictionary. In the interval, however, he gave to the worldThe Vanity of Human Wishes; The Rambler ; and the tragedy of Irene. These labours, however, were more productive of fame than of profit. He was still obliged to toil to provide for the passing day, and thus necessity called into exist- ence the Idler, Rasselas, and various pro- ductions of less consequence. At lenglh» in 1762,' a pension of JC.300 was granted to him by the crown; and, in 1765, a large increase was made to his comfbrts by his becoming intimate with the Ikmily of Mr. Thrale. In the course of the last twenty years of his life he produced his political pamphlets; an edition of Shaks- peare; a Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland ; and the Lives of the- Poets. He died December IS, 1784. JOHNSON, Sir William, a military officer, who served with distinction in North Carolina, was born in Ireland about the year 1714. Early in life he came to S40 JON Ainericd, and settled on the Mohawk and carried on an extensive traffic with the In- dians. In 1755 he commanded the provin- cial troops of New York in the expedition against Crown Point, and for his services received froip the House of Comraons the gift of £.5000, and from the king the title of baronet. He died in 1774. He was shrewd, brave and successful. JOHNSON, Samuel, president of King's College, New York, was a native of Connecticut, and was graduated at Yale College. He studied divinity, became an Episcopalian, and in 1722 went to England to obtain ordination. In 1754 he was chosen president of the colle|fe just estab- lished at New York, and filled the office with much credit until 1763, when he re- signed and returned to Stratford to resume his pastoral duties. He died in 1772, in the 76tli year of his age. He was the author of some controversial works, and of a Hebrew and an English Grammar. JOHNSON, *or JOHNSTON, Charles, a novel writer, was born in Ireland, in the first ha f of the eighteentli century, and was called to the bar, but his deafness confined him to chamber practice. In 1782 he went to Calcutta, where he became joint proprietor of a newspaper, and died about 1800. His novels, the principal of which are, Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, and its continua- tion. The Reverie, are spirited, and full of pungent satire, and the characters are mostly copied, and often caricatured, from real life. JOINVILLE, John, Sire de, seneschal of Champagne, was born about 1223. He attended Louis IX., in 1249, on the Egyp- tian expedition, rendered great services to that monarch, and was ever after con- sidered by him as one of his dearest friends. In the king's second crusade, however, he declined taking a part. Joio- ville died about 1307. His Life of Saint Louis is one of the most delightful of an- aent chronicles. , JOMELLI, Nicholas, a celebrated composer, was born, in 1714, at Aversa, in the Kingdom of Naples, and was a pupil of Leo and Durante. After having resided for some years in Germany, in the service of the duke of Wirtemberg, he returned to his native country, and died at Naples, in 1774. He composed more tlian forty operas; oratorios; and several excellent pieces of church music ; besides smaller worko. JONES, Inigo, an eminent architect, the son of a clothworker, was born about 1572, at London. Christian IV. of Den- mark, made him his diief architect, and brought him to England when he visited James I. Jones now transferred his pervi JON made surveyor of the board of works; and was also much employed by the nobil ity and gentry. Being a catholic, ^nd favourable to tlie subverted government, Jones suffered considerably during the civil war. He died in 1652. Of his abilities the finest specimens are, the Banqueting House, at Whitehall; St. Paul's Covent Garden; and Wilton House in Wiltsliire. He sometimes sinned against good taste by blending the Grecian and the Gotliic styles. JONES, William, a divine, who was a strenuous champion of the Hutchinsonian philosophy, was born, in 1726, at Lowick, in Noruiamptonshire ; was educated at the Charter House, and at University College, Oxford ; and died in 1800, perpetual curate of Nayland, and rector of Paston and Hollingbourne. His theological and philo- fiophical works form twelve octavo vol- umes. Among them are. The Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity; Physiological Disquisitions; and Lectures on the Figur- ative Language of the Scriptures. JONES, Sir William, an eminent poet, scholar, and lawyer, the son of an excellent mathematician, was bom, in 1746, in London; was educated, and greatly dis- tinguished himself, at Harrow, and at University College, Oxford; and, in 1766, became tutor to Lord Althorpe, now Earl- Spencer, with whom he travelled on the continent. In 1770, he was admitted of the Inner Temple; in 1776 he was made a commissioner of bankrupt ; in 1783 he was knighted, and appointed judge of tlie supreme court of judicature in Bengal. One of his early acts in India was the establishment, at Calcutta, of an institution on the plan of the Royal Society, of which he was chosen the first president. Another was, to take vigorous measures for pro- curing a digest of the Hindoo and Mahom- etan laws. He died, at Calcutta, in 1794. His poems, translations, philological es- says, and other works, form twelve vol- umes. In his command of languages he had few rivals; he being more or less ac- quainted with no fewer tlian twenty-eight. His poems are always elegant, often ani- mated, and their versification is melliflu- ous. His learning was extensive; his le- gal knowledge was profound ; and he was an enlightened and zealous champion of constitutional principles. JONES, John Paul, a native of Scot land, was born, in 1747, at Selkirk, and settled in America when young. He dis- tinguished himself by his bravery in the American service, during the contest with the motlier country, particularly in a des- perate action with the Serapis frigate, which he captured. He died in Pans in 1792, and was buried at the expense of ceow mediocrity, but there are a ifew of his pieces which are polished into perfect gems. Besides his poems and dramas he wrote some prose works. The story of his regarding Shakspeare with'^an envious eye appears to be a calumny. JORTIN, Dr. John, an eminent theo- logian and scholar, was born, in 1698, in Londoi : was educated at the Charter Hoose, and Jesus College, Oxford; and held, successively, the livings of Swav^ey, St. Dunstan's in the East, and Kensing- ton. He was also a prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of London. He died, at Kensington, in 1770, as much be- loved fur his private virtues as admired for his piety, learning, abilities, liberality of mind, and contempt of subserviency. Amonff his works are, Lusus Foetici ; A Life of Erasmus; Remarks on Ecclesiast- ical Hi3toiy;.SennoDs; and Six Disserta> tions on different subjects. As the last work happened to impugn one of War- burton's theories, an illiberal attack was made upon it by Hnrd, in a Seventh Dis- sertation on the Delicacy of Friendship. JOSEPHINE, Empress of the French. The maiden name of this celebrated wo- man, who was bom, in 1761, at Martinico, was Mary Francis Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie. She was early taken to Paris by her father, and united to viscount de Beauhamois. In 1794, her husband per- ished on the scaffold, and she herself was imprisoned, but was saved t^ Tallien. In 1796, she married General Bonaparte, and they lived together in perfect union, till 1809, when the desire of having an heir to bis throne induced him to divorce her, and take an Austrian princess as his wife. She died at Malmaison, May 29, 1814. In her youth Josephine was beautiful, and to the last she continued to possess many charms, uncommon gracefulness, and win- ning manners. For these she was admired, but for her amenity and benevolence she was universally beloved. JOSEPHUS, Flatius, a Jewish his- torian, descended, by his mother's side, from the Maccabean race, was bom at Je- rusalem, A. D. 37, and was early instruct- ed in Hebrew learning. He is supposed to have died about the year 95. He wrote the History of the Jewish War; Jewish Antiquities; and other works; which have been translated into English by L'Estrange and by Whiston. JOVELLANOS, Gaspar Melchior DE, was born, in 1749, at Gijon, in the Astnrias, and was early distinguished for his learning. Charles IH. made him a counsellor of state, but he was exiled in 1794, for proposing to tax the clergy. In 1799 he was recalled, to be minister of justice; but in eight months he was again banished. Being suspected of favouring the French, he was put to death, in 1812, by the populace. He wrote Lyric Poems ; Pelayo, a tragedy; The Honourable De linqucnt, a comedv; and several Memoirs on subjects connected with political ccon ' omy. He also translated Paradise Lost JOVIAN, Flavios Claudios, a Ro man emperor, was bora, £.bout 390, at Sindunum, in Pannonia. When Julian M3 JUL fell, in the expe^tion against the Persians, Jovian , who was then an officer, waB raised to the throne by the troops. To save the remains ,of the Roman army, he was compelled to consent to a dishonoura- ble peace with the Persians. His sway was short, for he died, in 364, in tlie eighth month of his reign ; but whether by suffocation from the vapour of charcoal, by apoplexv, or by poison, remains undecided. JOYCE, Jjgremiah, a dissenting min- ister, and an industrious author, was born in 1764, and died in 1816. In 1794, he was one of the persons accused of hi^h ti;jeason, but was not brought to trial. He ^s the principal compiler of Gregory's and Nicholson's Encyclopaedias ; and pub- liebed, among other works, Elements of Arithmetic ; Scientific Dialogues ; Dia- logues on Chemistry ; and Letters on Nat- ural Philosophy. JUANYSANTICIUA,DonGEORGE, an eminent Spanish mathematician and naval officer, was born, in 1712, at Ori- huela. A considerable part of his life was spent in successful exertions to improve and increase the Spanish naval force. He died in 1774. Among his works are, Ob- servations on Astronomy and Natural Phi- losophy, made in Peru; and a Treatise on Mechanics applied to the construction of ^r esse 1b JUDAH ITAEKADOSH, a femoug rabbi, the founder of the school of Tibe- * riaS) was born at Sephora, in 120, and died in 194. He is the author of the Mischna, or first part of the Tahnud, and is said to have been occupied upon it for thirty year?. JUDAH HIUG, or CHIUG, a learned rabbi, was a native of Fez, and exercised the profession of a physician at that place, about 1040. The date,of his death is un- known. JUEL, NiCHOtAS, a celebrated Danish admiral, was born in 1629, and learned his profession under Tromp and Ruyter, in the Dutch service ; after vyhich he returned to Denmark, to serve his country. In 1659, he distinguished himself during the siege of Copenhagen; for which he was one of the first who received the order of Dane- brog. In 1676 and 1677, he made himself master of Gothland, and defeated the Swedes in severa desperate engagements. He died in 1697. Juel was no less modest tlian brave. JULIAN, Flavius Claudius, snrna- med the Apostate, a nephew of Constan- tino the Great, was born in 331, and was brought up a Christian, but apostatized to pagauis"'. In 335, he was de celebrated as a gastronomist and that place, at Jena, and at Leipsic. The autnor, was bom, between 1770 and 1780, first three cantos of his Messiah were pnh' in Bsaufort Buildings, and was the son of a coalmerchant, who left him a large for- tune. His education he received at Eton. He died February 26, 8127. Kitchener was not a little eccentric, but was amiable and kind-hearted. Of his works The Cook's Oracle is the most popular. Among his other productions are, The Art of In- viraratingand Prolonging Life; The Tra- veller's Oracle; The Theory of the Eyes; Observations on Vocal Music; aiid The Lioyal and National Songs of England. KLAPROTH, Martin Henrt, an eminent chemist and mineralogist, was born, in 1743, at Berlin; was chemical professor at that place, and member of many learned .bodies ; and died in 1817. He excelled in analysis. Among his dis- coveries are, uranium, zircon, and the mel- litic acid. H| wrote A Mineralogical System; Chemical Essays; and, in con- junction with Wolf, A Dictionary of Che- mistry. KLEBER, John Baptist, one of the most celebrated of the French generals, was born, in 1754, at Strasburgh, and was intended for an architect, but preferred the military profession, and served seven years as a second lieutenant in an Austrian regi- ment; at the expiration of which period he returned to his country, and became inspector of public buildings at Befort. When tlie French revolutionary war broke out, he entered as a grenadier mto a volun- teer' regiment of his native department, and roiSe rapidly to command. He sig- nalized himself at the siege of Mentz, m Vendee, at Fleurns, and in the campaigns of 1795 and 1796 on the Rhine. In 1798 Bonaparte took him to E^ypt as one of his generals of division. Kleber amply sus- tained his former fame, and was left at the head of the French army when Bonaparte sailed for France. He defeated the Otto- man forces at the battle of Heliopolis, re- covered Cairo, and was taking measures to perpetuate French dominion on the banks of the Nile, when he was assassi- nated by a Turk, June 14, 1800. KLEIST, Chbisti in Ewald Von, a German poet, was born, in 1715, at Zoeb- lin, in Pomerania; rose to the rank of major in the Prussian service; and was mortally wounded, in 1759, at the battle «- Kunnersdorf, where he displayed a)m6st i«iantic bravery. Among his works arc, iWing, a poem; Odes; Songs; Idylls; Epistfes; and Cissides, a metrical romance, riis Spring is one of the most interesting poems of Uie descriptive class lished, in 1748, in a Bremen periodical work ; in 1751 the fii:st five appeared, and, in 1755, the firsr ten ; the concluding ten did not appear till 1769. In 1750 the king of Denmark invited him to Copenhagen, and gave him a pension. Klopstock con- tinued to reside in the Danish capital till 1771, when be removed to Hamburgh, to fill the offices of Danish legate, and coun- sellor from the court of Baden. He died March 14, 1803. The Messiah is a work of great sublimity and beauty; but Klop- stock has certainly failed to accomplish that which some of his countrymen san- guinely hoped from him; namely, to eclipse the Paradise Lost. His Odes glow with poetic fire, and his Tragedies, though not calculated for the stage, are worthy of their author. — ^His first wife, Margaret, whom he married in 1754, and who died in 1758, was a woman of genius. Among her works are. Letters from the Dead to the Li^ng; and The Death of Abel, a tragedy. KNELLER, Sir GoDFRET, a painter, born about 1648, at Lubeck, was intended for the military profession, but his inclina- tion leading him to painting, he was allowed to study it under Bol and Rem- brandt. After having visited Italy, he came, in 1674, to England, where he soon acquired popularity and a large fortune. He died in 1723. KNIGHT, Richard Payne, a man of fortune, talent, and taste, was born in 1748; represented Ludlow in parliament during several sessions ; and died in 1824. He left his Collection of bronzes, medals, pictures, and drawings, worth JC. 50,000, to the British Museum. Among his works are. An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus ; Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet ; Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste ; The Land- scape, a didactic poem ; and The Progress of Civil Society, a poem ; the last of which was ridiculed in the Anti-Jacobin. KNOX, Henry, an American general, was bom in Boston in 1750, and, after receiving a common school education, com- menced business as a bookseller in bis na- tive town. He took an earlypart in the afiairs of the revolution, and was present as a volunteer at the battle of Bunker hill. For his services in procuring some pieces of ordnance from the Canadian frontiers, he was entrusted by Congress with the command of the artillery department, with the rank of brigadier general. He was present and displayed great skill and KNO eonraffe at the battles of Trenton, Prince- ton, Germantown, and Monmouth, and contributed gpreatly to the capture of Corn- wallia. Immediately after this eveat he 7-eceived from Congress the commission of major-general. Id 1785 he .succeeded general Lincoln in tlie office of secretary of war, and having filled this department for eleven years, he obtained a rehiclant permission to retire into private life. lu 1798, when our relations willi France were assuming a cloudy aspect, he was called upon to lake a command in the array, but the peaceful arrangement of affairs soon permitted him to return into bis retire- ment. He died at Thomaston, Maine, in 1S06. In private life he was amiable, in his public character persevering and of unsurpassed courage. KOS 849 KNOX, John, the great champion of the Scottish reformatidh. was born, in 1505, at Gifford, in East Lothian, and was educated at Haddington and St. An- drew's. He was converted from the Romish faith by Wishart, aud became a zealous preacher of the new doctrines. Having been concpelled to take shelter in the castle ot St. Andrew's, he fell into the hands of the French in' July, 1547, and was carried with the ^rrison to France, where he re- mained a captive on board of the ^alleys tiii l.'^'i9. Subsequent to his liberation he WJiS for a sac-t time chaplain to Edward VI., after whicii he visited Geneva and Frankfort, and, in 1555, returned lo his native country. After having for twelve months laboured actively ana successfully to strengthen the protestant cause in Scot- kad, he revisited Geneva, where he re- mained till 1559. During his residence in Gtneva he published his First Blast of the I'-umpet agains: the moiisn-ous Regiment of Women; a treatise whii;h was levelled agrt nsl Mary of England, but which gave P-rions offfc'-ce to Elizabeth. From April, 1559, when he once more and finally set foot on Scottish earth, till his decease, which took phice November 24, 1572, the lefunned chiirrh was triumphrr.it, and he wa.- one of its iiin^i proiiiin<.Mit, admirea, «iid hoii.-ured le?dej-8. Of his works the principal is A History of the Reformation in Scotland: the fourth edition of it in- cludes all his other writings. KNOX, Dr. ViCESiMDS, a divine and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1752; was educated at Merchant Tailors School, and at St. John's College, Oxford^ suc- ceeded his father as heaa master of Tun bridge School ; held that situation for thirty-three years ; obtained the livings of Runwell and Ramsden Grays, in Essex, and the chapelry of Shipbourne, in Kent; and died December 6, 1821. Among his original works are. Essays, Moral and Literary ; Liberal Education ; Winter Evenings ; Personal Nobility ; Christian Philosophy; and The Spirit of Despotism. He was the compiler of the Elegant Ex- tracts and Epistles. KOCH« Christopher William, a publicist and historian, was born, in 1737, at Bouxweilter, in Alsace ; was educated at Strasburgh^ under Schoepflin; succeeded him as prof^sor of public law; and died, in 1813, rector of the university of Stras- burgh. Among his numerous and learnei^ works are, A View of the Revolutions o Europe ; An Abridged History of Treat' ' of Peace; and Genealogical Tables oft/ Sovereign Families of Europe. KOERNER, Theodork, a Germa poet, was born, in 1788, at Dresden ; wa. educated at Leipsic ; became a dramatist, and secretary to the management of the court theatre at Vienna ; entered as a vol- unteer into the Prussian army, in 1812; signalized himself equally by his bravery and his martial songs ; obtained a lieuten- ancy as his reward; and fell gloriously at the battle of Leipsic, in 1813. His works were published, after his death, with the title of The Lyre and the Sword. KOSCIUSZKO, Thaddeds, a PoKsb feneral and patriot, was born, in 1746, in lithnania, and was partly educated at the Warsaw military school, where he excelled in mathematics and drawing. He com- pleted his studies in France. When the American colonies tVrew off the yoke of the mother country, Kosciuszko entered into their service, and was made a colonel 850 KOT of engineers and aid-dc-camp to Washing- ton. Returning to his own country, ne tived in retirement till 1789, wnen the diet appointed him a major-geoeral. In the bripf straggle of 1792 lie behaved with distinguished valour; b'lt as soon as tlie f.-te of PoVjid was sealed, he retired into voluntary exile. He kept up, however, a correspondence with the friends of liberty in his native land; and when, in 1794, the Poles resolved to make one more effort to break their chains, they placed Kosciuszko at their head. He began his career by defeating the Russian general Denisoff at Raslavice. But the enemy poured in on aii sides, znd at length, after having for six monttis delayed the fall of Poland, he was wounaed and taken prisoner, on the 4th of October, at the battle of Maceiowice. He was sent to St.-Petersburgh, ancl incarce- rated till the accession of ths emperor I*aul, who liberated him. The remaining part of his existence was spent in America, France, and Switzerland, but chiefly in France. He died, at Soleure, October 16, 1817. KOTZEBUE, Augustus Frederic •<'*'F,RDiNAND VoN, a German writer, was bom, in 1701^ at Weimar, and was edu- cated at Jena and Duisbourg^ In his twentieth year he was invited to St. Pe- tersburgh by the Prussian ambassador, and was patronised by Catherine, who raised him from post to post) till he became pre- sident of tta civil go /ernmcut at Revel; a b^dtioo which he held for ten years. From Iv95 till 1800 he resided, variously occu- piedy IL Germany. In the latter year he returned to Russia, but had no sooner set foot on its territory, than he was seized and banished to Siberia. The capricious tyrant Paul soon, however, recalled him, and too'k him into favour. In 1801 he again quitted the land of the knout and of autocracy. Some subsequent years were spent in travelling, and the remainder of his life in pouring forth his innumerable literary productions, and taking a part in pcJtic?. He is paid to have written many of the Russian state papers and proqlama- tions. The emperor Alexander subse- quently employed him in various posts, and in 1817 appointed him his literary correspondent in Germany. This invidi- ous omce Kotzebue is said to have filled in a manner hostile to the freedom of his na- tive country; and for this supposed crime he was assassinated, on the 23d of March, 1819, by a youthful fanatic named Sand. Kotzebue undoubtedly displayed genius in his writings; but they are vitiated by much frivolity, much bad taste, and, in many instances, a more than doubtful mo- rality. His dramas amount to nearly three hundred. Among his other wcu « are, A History of the German Elmpire; A History KYR of Ancient Prussia; and various Nam- lives and Recollections of his travels. KKAY, baron» an Austrian genera , embraced the military service at an early period. He distinguished himself first against the Turks, and rose to the rank of major-general. In the campaigns in the Netlierlands, and on the Rhine, from 1793 to 1797, he was one of the most active pf the Imperial commanders. In 1799 he opened the campaign in Italy, as com- mander-in-chief, by decisive successes against the French; and in 1800 he re- placed the archduke Cliarles, as leader of the army of the Rhine. He died in 1801. KRUDENER, baroness Valeria, a religious enthusiast, daughter of Count Wittenkoff, was born, in 1766, at Riga; married baron Krudener when she was only fourteen ; and was for a considerable period one of the gayest of the gay in the Parisian circles. At length she hecaine a fanatical devotee, announced herself as an envoy from Heaven, and wandered from state to state preaching, and surrounded by thousands of people. - In man; places she was driven out by the magistrates. She died, in the Crimea, in 1824. Alex- ander of Russia was among tliose who listened to her doctrines. She wrote Va- leria, a novel, which is believed to depict some of her early adventures. KUNCKEL, John, a chemist^ was born) in 1632, at Hnysum, in Sleswick; was employed by the electors of Saxony and Brandenburgh, and by the king of Sweden, the latter of whom ennobled bim, and made him counsellor of mines; was a member of the Swedish Academy; and died, in 1703, at Stockholm. Tlie extrac- tion of phosphorus from urine is one of his discoveries. He wrote Chemical Obser- vations ; and The Art of Glass-making. KUTUSOFF-SMOLENSKOI, Tffi- CHAEL LaVRIONOTITCH GoLEKIT- CHEFF, a Russian field-marshal, was born in 1745, and was sent to France to complete his education at Strasburgh. He entered the army at the age of sixteen. Between 1764 and 1790 he distinguished himself in several campaigns against the Turks, particularly at Ockzakofr and Ismailoff, and rose to the rank of lieuten- ant-general. In 1805 he commanded the Russian army at Austerlitz, but protested against the measures which were adopted. In ISIO and 1811 he obtained several ad- vantages over the Turks, and in 1812 wa£ placed at the head of the army destined to oppose Napoleon. He was, however, de- feated at Borodino, in spite of his skill and the bravery of his troops. He died in 1813. KYRLE, JoHN.a man remarkable for his active benevolence, was uorn, in 1640 at Whitehouse, in Gloucesterslure, aid LAC died at Ros^, in Herefordshire, in 1824. Pope, in his Moral Essays, has commem- orated tlie good deeds of tliis estimable character. With his small fortune, how- ever, Kyrle could not solely have accom- LAF SSI Slished all that is attributed tc him; but is example prompted some, and his so- licitations induced others, ^o associate with him in the work of chaHty and public utility. LABAT, JoHi? Baptist, a French mis- sionary and traveller, was bom, in 1663, at Paris ; visited tne West Indian isles and some parts of Europe in his clerical capac- ity ; and died in 1738. He wrote A New A oyage to the American Islands ; and A Journey in Spain and Italy; and assisted in compiling and editing various works of a similar kind. LACEPEDE, Bernard Germain Stephen de la Ville, count de, a cel- ebrated naturalist, son of count de la Ville, was born, in 1756, at Agen, and in his youth studied natural history and music with equal enthusiasm. Buffon, his friend, obtained for him the post of keeper of the cabinets in the king's garden, at Paris; a post which greatly facilitated his scien- tific studies. He was returned to the legis- lative assembly as one of the members for the capital, and was raised to the office of president. Daring tlie reign of terror he was unmolested, and in 1796 he became a member of the Institute. Under the sway of Napoleon honours were heaped upon him. He was successively made a member and president of the conservative senate, grand chancellor of .the legion of honour, and senator of Paris, and decorated with the grand eagle of the legion. He died in 1823. Lacepede holds a high station among modern naturalists. He wrote a Natural History of Oviparous Quadrupeds and Serpents — of Reptiles — of Fish — and of Cetaceous Animals; A General Physi- cal and Civil History of Europe from the last years of the fifth century to the middle of the eighteenth; two Romances; and many other wnrKs. LACRETELLE, Peter Lodis, the elder, was born, in 1751, at Metz; distin- guished himself greatly at the bar; sat in the legislative assemblies of 1791 and 1801 ; defended the principles of liberty against the ministers of Louis XVIII. ; and died in 1824. Among his works are. Judicial Eloquence and Legislative Philosophy; Portraits and Pictures; Theatrical Ro- mance; Studies on the Revolution; ...'d My Evenings at Malesberbes LACTANTIUS, Lueins C^elius, a father of the church, the purity of whose Latinity has gained for him the title of the Christian Cicero, was born In the third eentiu7, but whether in Africa, or at Fcr- mo, in Italy, is undecided. He studied under Arnobius; became celebrated for his eloquence; and was appointed tutor to Crispus, tlie son of Constantine. He 'is supposed to have died at Treves, about 325. I^is principal works are, De Opificio Dei ; and Divinarum Institutionum. LAFONTAINE, John, an inimitable French - fabulist, was born, in 1621, at Chateau Thierry, where his father was overseer of woods and forests. He is said to have been partly educated at Rheims, and to have been for eighteen months under 'the fathers of the Oratory. His poetical |;enius wis first aroused by hear- ing an omcer of the garrison read one of Malherbe's Odes ; and his taste was im- proved by the study of the ancients, which was recommended to him by a relation named Pintrel. His father prevailed on him to marry, and gave up to him his post; but Lafontaine, who was the very personification of indolence and careless- ness, was equally neglectful of his post and of his wife. He was soon, however,- re- lieved from both by the duchess of Bouil- lon, who was then in exile at Chateau Thierry, and who took him with her to the Fcench capital. In Paris Lafontaine spent the last thirty-five years of his liic, Residing successively with the duchesses of Bouillon and Orleans, Madame du la Sabliere, and Madame d'Hervart, and in habits of intimacy with all the celebrated characters of that age. It was in the house of Madame de la Sabliere that he compiised the greatest part of his works He died in April, 1695. Lafontaine's Fables, Tales, and other poetical produe tions, form four volumes folio. As a wii- 862 LAH «r of libles he seta all competition at defiance. LAGRANGE, Joseph Louis, one of the most coiffiummate mathematicians of modern times, was born, in 1736, at Tnrin, and at tlie a^e of nineteen became teacher of matliematics at tlie royal artillery scliool of that city. He was the founder of the Academy- of Sciences in the Sardinian capital. In 1766 he removed to Berlin, ami thence, in 1787, to Paris. In the French metropolis he was received with merited respect; a pension was granted to him; he was at a later period made professor of the normal and polyteclmic schools ; and, lastly. Napoleon created him a count and a senator, and invested him with other honours and dignities. He died in 1813. Of his well known works the Mecanique Analytique is one of the most celebrated. LA HARPE, JoHH Francis ue, a French dramatist, poet, critic, and miscel- laneoui writer, wasljorn, in 1739, at Paris, and is said to have been the son of a Swiss ollicer who died in poverty. He was lefl an orphan at the age of nine years, and was for some time siipported by the Sisters of Charity of the parish to which he belonged. They also recommen- ded him to M. Asselin, of Harcourt Col- lege, by whom he was gratuitously educa- ted. He began his literary career, in 1763, by the tragedy of Warwick, which was successful. It was followed by Pharamond, Gustaviis, and several others, some of which were failures. In 1776 he became a member of the French Academy. La Harpe was a warm partisan of 'the revolu- tion ; but in 1793 he was incarcertited by the Jacobins. While he was imprisoned he was converted to Christianity, and he w^ ever after an ardent enemy of republi- canism, and a friend of the catholic faith. Among his numerous works are. The Ly- ceum, or.^ Course ofcLiteratore, by which he lias gained the ap^lation of the French Quintilian; Eulogies; Private Correspon- dence with the Czar Paul I.,; Poems ; A Commentary on Racine; and Translations of Suetonius and Camoens. LA HIRE, Philip ^.\:, an eminent French mathematician, was born, in 3660, at Pans, and was intended to be a painter, but was drawn from the arts by his love of the sciences. Louvois and Colbert em- ployed him in various public works. Al once an astronomer, mechanician, geome- ter, and hydrographer, he was, said Fonte- iieile, " a whole scientific academy in a single individual." He died in 1719, prolesaor of mathematics and asfninniny at the college of France. Amon» his numer- ous works are, Astrinouiical Tables; The Surveyor's Guide ; and a Treatise on Mechanics. LAH LAIRESSE, Gerakb, a painter :tid engraver, was liorn, in 1640, at Liege; and died at Amsterdam, in 1711. So rapit was his ]iencil, that in one day he paintec Apollo and the Muses, of the natural size, and also the portrait of the person who had wagered against his achieving the task. For some years previous to bis decease Ae was blind; in which situation he dictated to his sons The Principles of Design, and Lessons in Painting. His engravings exceed two hundred in number. LAKE, Gerard, viscount, was born in 1744; entered the army at the age of fourteen ; served in Germany during the seven years' war ; in America, under Cornwallis ; in the Netherlands, at the head of the first brigade of guards, in 1793 and 1794; and against the Irisli insurgents in 1798. In 1800 he was appointed com- mander-in-chief in India. He defeated the Mahrattas at the battle of Delhi, in 1803; and in 1805 and 1806 he subjugated Scindia and Holkar. Returning to Eng- land in 1807 he was created a viscount, and he died in 1808. LALANDE, Joseph Jerome le Francais de, a celebrated French as- tronomer, was born, in 1732, at Bourg en Bresse; was intended for the law, but deserted the study of it for that of mathe matics under Lemonnier ; and made such a rapid progress in the science that, wnea only eighteen, he was chosen to make observations at Berlin, to determine the parallax of the moon. In 1762 he suc- ceeded Delisle as astronomical professor at the college of France, which*post he held, wftli distinguished success, .during forty- six years. He died in 1807. Among his. works are, A Treatise on Astronomy ; Astronomical Bibliography; A History of Mathematics ; and A Journey in Italy. Lalande edited thirty-two volumes of the Connoissance des Temps. LAMB, Sir James Blabd Buikes, better known by his original name of Bw- ges, , was born, in 1752, at Gibraltar ; studied at Westminster, University Col- lege, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar; held various offices under government, and was a member of parlia- ment ; and died, in 1825, knight marshal of the royal household. Besides various pamphlets, he wrote The Birth and Tri- umph of Love, a poem ; Richard the First, a poem; partof the Exodiad; The Dragon Knight, a romance; and Reasons for a new Translation of the Bible ; altered Massinger's City Madam; and established The Sun newspaper. LAIMB, Lady Caroline, the daughter (if tlie earl of Besboiuugli, was born in 1783, tind, before she was twenty, was iinirrii'd •■) ilie Hon. \V. Lamb. Her do' mestic felicity, however, was destroyed b ' LAN a fatal attachment to the late Lord Byron ; and, after his death, her intellects are said to have been affected. She died January 25, 182S. She was highly accomplished, and possessed no common talents. Lady Caroline wrote three novels — Glenarvon, Graham Hamilton, and Ada Reis. LAMBERT, John, an eminent general in the service of the Parliament, was originally designed for the law, which he was studying when the civil war broke out. He distinguished himself at Marston Moor, Naseby, and other places; aided Cromwell in obtaining the protectorate, but thwarted him in his project of being ^'"g; joined in restoring the parliament after Oliver's death; was arrested by Monk ; and at the Restoration was sen- tenced to death, but was only banished to Guernsey, where he lived more than thirty years. LAMBERT, John Henry, a raalhe matician and astronomer, was born, ir 1728, at Muhlhausen- in Alsace; and died, in 1777, one of the most eminent of the Berlin academicians. Lambert, who was the son of a poor tailor, was one of the most extensively learned men of his time, and was indebted to his own unaided ex- ertions for his knowledge. Among his works, besides innumerable memoirs and dissertations, are. The System of the World; Photometry; Pyrometry; and A New Key to the Sciences. LANCASTER, James, a navi^tor of the sixteenth century. AAer having voy- aged to America and to the East Indies, he, in 1594, made himself master of Per- nambuco, in Brazil, and gained a rich booty. In 1600, he again visited the east, entered into a commercial treaty wilii the king of Achem, and opened an intercourse with the monarch of Bantam. He died in 1620. Baffin gave the name of Lancas- ter to the sound through which Captain Parry has since penetrated into the Polar ^Jcean LANDON, C. P., a French artist,^ho died in 1826» was keeper of the French Museum. He painted several pictures of merit; but he is more extensively known as the {jfl[jector and editor of several works connected with his profe:4sion ; among wtiich are. The Annals of the Museum, and of the Modern School of the Fine Arts, thirty-three vols. 8vo.; Lives and Works of the most celebrated Painters, twenty- two vols. 4to. ; and Historical Gallery of the most celebrated Characters, thirteen vols. 12mo. LANFRANC, a pious and learned pre- ate, was born, in 1003, at Pavia; hccAmrt prior of Bee, in Normandy, in 1044; and was made abbot of St. Stephen, at Caen,! 10 1062. When William the Conqueror' Mcended the English throne, he raised LAN S53 Lanfranc to the archbishopric of Canter- bury, who held the see till his decease in 1089. Lanfranc rebailt the cathedral of Canterbury, and founded the hospitals of St. John and Harbledown. He wrote, in good Latin, various theological works. His conduct, political and clerical, was highly honourable to him. LANGDON, John, a distinguished American patriot, was bom at Portsmouth, N. H. in 1739. He engaged in commerce, and took an early and efficient x^erest in the cause of the colonies. He was suc- cessively a delegate to the general congress, navy agent, speaker of the assembly of his native state, president of his native state, a deleo^ate to the convention that framed the federal constitution, and a member of thg' Senate of the United States. In 1805 he was chosen governor of his state and again in 1810. He died in 1819. LANGLAND, or LONGLAND, Ro- bert, a poet of the fourteenth century, was a secular priest, and a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, and is believed to have been a disciple of Wickliflf. To his pen are attributed the curious poems which bear the titles of the Vision of Piers Plough- man, and Piers Ploughman's Creed. The date of his decease is unknown. LANGLES, LoDis Matthew, one of the most eminent of modern oriental schol- ars, was born, in 1763, at Peronne, in Pi- cardy. He studied Arabic and Persian under Caussin de Perceval, Ruffin, and Sil- vestre de La4^ ; and made himself master of several other eastern languages. He died January 24, 1824, after having long been professor of Persian and Malay at the spe- cial school, and keeper of the oriental MSS. in the royal library. Among his works are, A Mantchu and French Diction- ary; Translations of Indian Tales and Fables, and of Timur's Institutes; many lives in the Universal Biography; and nu- merous articles in the Encyclopedic Review, and in other periodicals. LANJUINAIS, Count John Dents, a French statesman and literary character, was bom, in 1753, at Rennes, in Britanny ; became an advocate and professor of law at his native place ; and had a seat in all the various legislative bodies from the com- mencement of the revolution down to the period of bis decease, January 13, 1827. Of all the representatives of the French people, Lanjuinais was one of the most en- lightened, intrenid, and honourable. He wrote several works,' nearly all of which relate to politics or law. LANNES, John, Duke of Montebello, a French yiarshal, was born, in 1769, at Lectoure, in Guienne, of a poor family; was originally a dyer ; and entered the ar my, as a volunteer, in 1792. He signalized himself on he Spanish frontier, in 1794; S54 LAP in Italy, in 1796 and 1797; and in Egypt, in 1799; rose to the rank of general of diviBion ; was one of the officers who ac- companied Bonaparte to France; and was placed by him at the head of the consular guard. He bore a conspicuous part at the battles of Marengo, Montebello, and Aus- terlitz, and in the campaigns of 1806 and 1807; reduced Sarasossa in 1809; and was mortally wounded. May 22, in the same year, at the battle of Essling. LANSDOWN, George GRAN- VILLE, Viscount, was born in 1667; was educated' at Westminster, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; sat in the Commons, as member for Fowey ; was appointed sec- retary of war in 1710 ; was raised to the peerage in 1711 ; was arrested and sent to the Tower in 1716, on suspicion of being disaffected to the house of Hanover, and remained twelve months a captive ; and died in 1735. His poetical and prose works form two quarto volumes. LANSDOWN, William PETTY, marquis of, was born in 1737 ; and succeed- ed to the title of earl of Shelburne in 1761 After having twice held a post under gov- . ernment, in 1763 and 1766, he was dis- placed in 1768, andremainedin opposition till 1782, when he was appointed secretary of state for the foreign department. On the death of the niarquis«<^ Lt Strasburgh. H; '"j'"^."""' '" ^^*^ '" 1755. His work. *--ai5![|E.erous, bii, of tliem are full' /s. The best known of them are, •-._ .Method of study- ing History; and Chronological Tablets of Universal History. LENNOX, Charlotte, a literary fe- male of considerable talents, who was the friend of Johnson and Richardson, was Bora, in 1720, at New York, of which her father. Colonel Ramsay, was lieutenant ed by poverty and sickness. She died in 1804. Among her works are, the novels of The Female Quixote, Henrietta, So- phia, and Euphemia; Sliakspeare Illus- trated; two plays; and various transla- tions. LENOTRE, Ahdrew, an architect and designer of gardens, was born, in 1613, at Paris, and studied painting under Yuuet. For Louis XIV. he laid out the. gardens of Versailles, the Tuillerics, Britanny; and stud- ied at the Jesuits* Cu;!s««J'"'y^- ^^ ter having, it is believed, for suSf y' , held a situation under the farmers general in his native province, he went to Paris in 1692, tried the bar for a short time, and then adopted the profession of an author. His scanty means were enlarged by u>* LES nnerosity of the abbe de Lyonne, his friend, who allowed him a pension of six hundred livres, and made him many valua,- ble presents. De Lyonne did him another essential service, by directing his attention to Spanish literature, and teaching him the language. For some years he continued to be Tittle known- as a writer; but, in 1707, he rose at once into popularity by his comedy of CrispiQ the Rival of his Mas- ter, and his romance of Le Diable Boiteux. The comedy of Turcaret, in 1709, added to his fame, and that fame was, in the course of a few years, rendered imperishable by his admirable Gil Bias, which placed hiro m the first rank of novelists. T^esage was endowed with great literary fertility. Among his novels are. The Adventures of Gusman d'Alfarache; The Adventures of the Chevalier Beaachesne; The History of Estevanille Gonzales ; and The Bachelor of Salamanca. Of dramatic pieces be composed twenty-four, and had a share in the composition of seventy-six others. Several miscellaneous works and transla- tions also dropped from his pen. He died, in retirement, at Boulogne, November 17. 1747. LES AGE, Geoage Lewis, a philoso- pher, was bom, in 1724, at Geneva; and died there in 1803. He was educated tor the medioal profession, but never practised it. Lesage is principally known by his inquiries into the phenomena of gravita- tion. Most of his works remain unpub- lished. Among those which have been printed are. Fragments on Final Cans^; and a Treatise on Mechanical Physics. LESLEY, JoHir, a Scotch prelate, was bom in 1527, and was educated at Aber- deen and Parisw The unfortunate Mary of Scotland gave him the bishopric of Ross, and he accompanied her from France to her native country. After her dethrone- ment, he served her with an honourable fidelity and zead, defending her warmly in the conferences at York and Westminster. Elizabeth imprisoned him, and afterwards sent him out of the kingdom. On the con- tinent, he renewed his fruitless exertions on behalf of his captive sovereign. In 15.03 he was made bisnop of Constance. He died in 1596. Among his works are, A Defence of Queen Mary; and A De- scrif^tion of Scotland. LESSING, GOTTHOLD EfHRAIM, a celebrated German writer, "^as born, in 1729, at Kamenz, in Fomerania ; and was Vucated at Meissen and Leipsic. A part ot nis youth was spent in a desultory man- ner; but the r«st of his life was given to literary toil, and to performino; the duties ot various employments. His first attempts were dramatic, and, though imperfect, they were well received. They were followed bv his Fables, and several other produc- LEU 8iSI tions, which widely extended his reputa- tion. In 1770 the hereditary prince of Brunswick appointed him librarian at Wolfenbuttel, and when the sovereignty devolved upon that prince, Lessing was still more efficiently patronised by him. He died in 1781. Lessing is regarded as one of those authors who contributed to refine German literature. Among his dra- mas are. Miss Sarah Samson; Emilia Galotti; Philotas; Nathan the Wise; Minna de Bar nhelm; the Jews; the Mis- ogynist; and The Free Thinker, O'f his other works the principal are, Laocoon ; The Hamburgh Dramaturgy; and The Fragments of an Unknown. L'ESTRANGE, Sir Rog er, a political wri^r, was born, in 1616, in Norfolk; espoused the cause of Charles I. and was four years imprisoned by the Parliament for attempting to surprise Lynn ; was made licenser of the press, and a justice of the peace, after the Restoration; established the Public Intelligencer, and subsequently the Intelligencer, two fiirious tory papers; and died in 1703. He published many abusive political tracts, and translated Jo- sephus; ^sop's Fables; Seneca's Mor- als ; and other works. LESUEUR, EosTACE, an eminent painter, who is called the French Raphael, was bom, in 1617, at Paris, and was a pupil of Vouet, but derived his excellence from the study of the antique. In man^ important points he was far superior to his rival Lebrun. Lesueur was of a modest and retired disposition. He died in 1655. Landon has engraved a hundred and ten of his works, among which are, St. Paul healing the Sick; St.' Paul preaching at Ephesus ; the Life of St. Bruno, in twenty- two paintings; and the Martyrdom of St. Laurence. LETI, GR£GORY,an Italian historian, was born, in 1630, at Milan ; studied at Cosenza and Rome; abjured the catholic religion at Geneva; visited England in 1680, and was pensioned by Charles II., but soon displeased the court by the free- dom of his pen, in the Britannic Theatre, and was ordered tQ quit the kingdom; and died, in 1701, at Amsterdam, nistoriogra- pher of that ci^. Among bis works are. Lives of Sixtus V. ; Charles V, ; Philip 71. ; Queen Elizabeth ; and Oliver Crom weA. Leti is so incorrect a writer as to have acquired the appellation of the Italian Varillas. LEUWENHOECK, or LEEUWEN- HOECK, Anthony Van, an eminent Dutch experimental philosopher, was born, iu 1632, at Delft. Having brought to great perfection the art of making lenses, he engaged in microscopical observations principally anatomical, which lie continued throughout his life with equal peraeveranoe 062 LEW and success. His discoveries were com- municated to the world through the medium oi the Philosophical Transactions. He died in 1723. LEVAILLANT, Francis, a traveller, was born at Paramaribo, in Guiana, and died, in 1824, at Sezanne, in France. Besides his two narratives of his Travels mto the interior of Soutliern Africa, he published a Natural History of African Birds — of a part of the new and rare Birds of America and the West Indies — of Parrots — and of Birds of Paradise. The travels of Levaillant are amusing, and afford considerable information; but the veracity of some parts - of them has been doubted. LEVIZAC, John Pons Victok Le- couTZ D£, a grammarian, was born at Alby, in Languedoc ; emigrated at the com- mencement of the revolution ; and died, in 1813, in London. His chief works are, A Philosophical and Literary French Gram- mar; an Abridgment of it; a French and English Dictionary ; A Dictionary of Synonymes; and A Portable Library of French Writers. In his youth he gained some applau&e as a poet. LEWIS, Fkancis, a signer of the de- claration of American independence, was born in 1715, in South Wales, and after receiving a good school education, engaged in commerce. In 1736 he came to Amer- ica, and after a short residence at Phila- delphia, he removed to Kew York city. In 1775 he wag elected to the continental congress, and was an eilicient and useful member of that body. He was taken pris- oner l^ the British during the war, and suffered much both in person and in prop- erty. He died in 180B. LEWIS, Mekiwethek, a celebrated explorer, was born in Virginia, in 1774, and, after receiving a good school educa- tion, engaged in agriculture. When Gen- eral Washington called out a body of militia in consequence of the discontent produced by the excise taxes, young Lewis entered as a volunteer, and from that situ- ation was removed to the regular service, In 1803 he was sent by President Jefferson on an exploring expedition to the north- western part of our continent; and of this expedition, which was completed in about three years, and in which he was accom- panied by Mr. Clarke, an highly interest- ing account was afterwards published. Lewis was subsequently appointed governor cf the Louisiana territory. He put an end to his own life in 1809. He was a man of energy, perseverance, and of a sound understanding. LEWIS, William, a physician, who Cractised at Kingston, in Surrey, where e died in 1781, was a fellow of the Royal Society, and of Stockholm Royal Academy, L'HO and read a course of chemical lectures to George HI. when he was prince of Wales. He wrote An Experimental History of tlie Materia Medica ; The Philosophical Com- merce of the Arts ; and A Course of Prac- tical Chemistry; and abridged Frederic Hoffman's medical works. LEWIS, Matthew GsEGOKT,amis- cellaneous writer, was born, in 1773, in London ; was a son of the under secretary at war; and was educated at Westmin- ster. His first production was The Monk, a novel, which was equally admired for the talent it displayed, and censured for its licentiousness. He had a seat in the House of Commons, but never came for- ward as an orator. He died in 1818, at sea,'on his return from his West Indian estate. He is the author of fifleen dramas, of -which the most popular is The Castle Spectre; Poems; Feudal Tyrants, a ro- mance ; Romantic Tales ; and some lesser productions in prose and verse. LEYDEN, Lucas Damhesz, called Lucas of, a celebrated painter and engra- ver, was born in that city, in 1494; was a pupil of his father, and of Cornelius Enge- brechtsen ; practised every kind of paintmg at the age of nine years ; was at the head of the Flemish artists when he was eigh- teen ; and died in 1533. He excelled even more as an engraver than as a painter. He executed a hundred and seventy-tivo plates, among which were, The Magi worshipping; an Ecce Homo; and The Return of the Prodigal Sdn. The proof prints iiram his graver are in high esti- mation. LEYDEN, John, a poet, orientalist, and physician, was born, in 1775, at Den- holm, m Roxburghshire, and was the son of a shepherd. After having picked up a little learning at his native place, he studied at Edinburgh. The church was his desti- nation, but he relinquished it for surgery, obtained a doctor's degree, and was ap- pointed assistant sui^eon on the Madras establishment. In India, his profound knowledge of the native dialects occasion- ed his being made professor of them in the Bengal College; from which situation, however, he was soon removed, to be judge of the twenty-four Pergunnahs of Calcutta. In 1811 he accompanied Lord Minto to Batavia, where he fell a victim to the climate, on the 27th of August. Leyden had a wonderful power of acquir- ing languages. As a linguist he exceeded even Sir William Jones. His poems, in- cluding the Scenes of Infancy, have been collected in two v^lmiies. He wrote A History of P'5Cov**ries in Africa ; and edi- ted The C'jiupjaynt of Scotland, and Scot-' lish Descriptive poems L'HOPITAL, Michael DE,one ofthe most illustrious of French statesmen, wu LI6 born, in 1605, at Aigneperae, in Auvergne ; ■tudied the law at Toulouse and Padua; practised at the French bar ; was sent as ambassador to the council of Trent ; and, after his return, was made superintendent of finances. His upright and able conduct in that post caused him to be raised to the dignitv of chancellor. All his efforts, as chancellor, were directed to make the laws revered, restore prosperity to France, and avert a civil war by* extending tolera- tion to- the protestants. He was baffled, however, by the baseness and violence of the court; and, in 1568, he retired from public affairs. He died in 1573. L'HOPITAL, William Francis An- thony, marquis of St. Mesme, one of the most eminent of tlie French mathemati- cians, was born, in 1661, at Paris. So precocious was his scientific knowledge, that when he was only fifteen he solved a problem relative to the cycloid, which bad been proposed by Pascal. At a later period he gave solutions of several of the most difficult geometrical problems. He died in 1704. L'Hopital is the author of two valuable works : The Analysis of In- finitesinrals; and an Analytical Treatise on Conic Sections. LI CHTENBERG, George Christo- FBER, a German philos(^her and writer, was born, in 1742, at Ober Ramstaedt, near Darmstadt, and was educated at Darmstadt and Gottingen; at which latter place he became professor of mathematics, and, sulsequently, of experimental philos- ophy. He died in 1799. His scientific and' miscellaneous works have been pub- lished in nine volumes. Among the con- tents of the s0cond class are. An Expla- nation of Hogarth's Prints; some severe Satires on Lavat&'s System of Physiog- nomy; and an Autobiographical Journal Lichtenberg, says Stapfer, ** is sportive. And never grotesque ; novel, without effort ; gay, without the slightest levity; various and profound, without ceasing to be solid and clear," LICINIUS, FLAVias Valerius Li- CINIANUS, a JEioman emperor, was borri, about 263, in a Dacian village. His mili- tary talents, especially in the war against Narses, the Persian monarch, induced Galerius in 307 to make him an associate \n the government, and place Pannonia and Rhsetia under his authority. After the death of Galerius, lINNjEUS, Chables Von, tJie most celebrated of modern natu- ralists, was born, in 1707, at Rasliult, in Sweden. Even from his infancy he raani fested his fondness for the study of plants, and he almost lived in his father's garden. Linne studied, at the universities of Lund Hnd of Upsal, but laboured under great disadvantages from his exceedingly indigent state. The patronage of .Celsius, the tlieological professor, who was also a natu- ralist, at length bettered bis condition. It was at tlii^ period that he first formed the idea of that botanical system which has immortalized him. Between 1731 and 1738, be explored Lapland, where he obtained the materials for his Flora Lap- ponica ; resided for three years in Holland, as superintendent of Clifford's celebrated garden; took hismedical degree at Harder wyck ; and visited England and France. After his return to Sweden, in 1738, he settled as a physician at Stcckholm. The subsequent career of Linne was uniformly prosperous. His fame spread through every part of the civilized world, scientific bodies eagerly enrolled him among their members, he was ennobled by his sovereign, and acquired sufficient wealth to purchase an estate, on which he resided for the last fifteen jears of his life. He died January 11, 1778. Among his works are, Systemse Naturae; Fundamenta Botanica; Hortus CliSbrtianus ; Flora Suecica ; Fauna Sue- cica; and Species Flantarum. LIPSIUS, JosTOS, an eminent scholar and critic, was born, in 1547, at Isch, in Brabant, and studied at Aetli, Cologne, and Louvain. After having resided for some time in Italy, he was appointed pro- fessor of eloquence at Jena. He soon, however, relinquished.' his post ; and, in 1577, he removed to Leyden, where he remained for thirteen years. At the expi- ration of that period he settled at Louvain, where he died in ie06. Though he changed his religion no less than four times, Lipsius was the advocate of intolerance ! Among « a works, whirii form six folios, ve, A LIV S6S Commentary on Tacitus;. Varise Lcctio- nes; De Militia Romana; and Treatises on Amphitheatres and Libraries. LISTER, Martin, a physician, was born, about 1658, at Radcliffe, in Buck- inghamshire; was educated at St. John's College; Cambridge, but took hia degree at Oxford; became a fellow of the college, and of the Royal Society, and physician in ordinary to Queen Anne; and died in 1718. He wrote several medical works; A Journey to Paris (which was burlesqued by Dr. King) ; A History of English Ani- mals ; and other works on natural history ; and contributed many papers to tlie Philo- sophical Transactions. LITTLETON, Thomas, an eminent lawyer, was born, about the beginning of the fifteenth century, at Frankley, in Wor- cestershire; studied at the Temple; was appointed king's sergeant and judge of assize in 1455 ; became one of the justices of the common pleas in 1466; and died in 1481. His celebrated treatise on Tenures, which may be coQjrfdered as a law classic, has passed through numerous editions ; and has been commented upon by Coke, Sir M. Hale, and other distinguished legal LIVERPOOL, Charles JENKIN- SON, earl of, the eldest son of Colonel Jenkinson, was born in 1727, and '.vas educated at the Charter House, and at University College, Oxford. In 1761 he became a member of parliament, and under secretary of state ; in 1766, a lord of the admiralty ; in 1772, vice-treasurer of Ire- land; in 1778, secretary at war; in 1784, president of the board of trade; in 1786, he was created Baron Hawkesbui7; in 1796, earl of Liverpool; and he died in 1808. The earl of Liverpool was often accused of being one of the secret and irresponsible, and therefore unconstitution- al, advisers of George III. He wrote a ^eatise on the Coins of tAe Realm; and some other works; and made ^ Collection LIVERPOOL, Robert Banks JEN- KINSON, earl of, tfie soa of the forego- ing, was born in 1770; and was educated at the same seminaries as bis father. In 1791 he took his seat as member for Rye A speech against abolishing the slave trade was one of his earliest efforts in parlia- ment. In 1793 he was appointed one of the commissioners of the India Board ; in 1801, he was introduced into the cabinet, as secretary of state for the foreign depart- ment; he was placed in the home de- partment^ on the return of Mr. Pitt t© power; he returned t«. that office after the dismission of the whig administration; and was removed to the war department under Mr. Perceval. By the death of Mr, Por- cevalj in 1812, Lord Liverpool was raised see LLO to the praniership, and he held tha ele- vated station till Febrnary, 1827, wben-an apoplectic and paralytic stroke rendered him incapable of taking any further part in public aSairs. He died December 4, 1828. LIVINGSTON, Philip, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was bom at Albany, N. Y. in 1716, was graduated at Yale College, and became a merchant in New-York. In 1774 he was returned to the general Congress, and remained in that body till 1777. He died in 1778. LIVINGSTON, Robert R. a cele- brated American statesman and lawyer, was bom in New-York, and was educated at King's College. He engaged in the pro- fession of the law, and was elected to the first general Congress of the colonies, where he was one of the committeA ap- pointed to prepare the declaration of inde- pendence. In 1780 he was appointed secretary of foreign afiairs> and at the adoption of the constitution of New-York, chancellor of that state. This last office he held till ISOl, when he was sent minis- ter plenipotentiary to France. It was in Paris that he formed a personal friendship with Robert Fulton, whom he materially assisted. In 1805 he returned to the United States, and devoted the remainder of his life to the promotion of agriculture and the arts. He died in 1813. LIVIUS, or LIVY, Titos, a celebrated Roman historian, was bom either -in the city or the territory of Patavium, now Padua. In the reign of Augustas he went to Rome, and was held in great esteem by the emperor, and many illustrious charac- ters. He returned to Padua after the death of Augustus, and died A-. D. 17, at the age of seventy-siK. His History is one of the valuable relics of antiquity. It originally consisted of a hundred and thirty- two books; of which, unfortunately, osjy thirty-five have been preserved. LLORENTE, Johh AhthoSt, Spanish ecclesiastic, was born, in 1756, at Rincnn del Soto, and obtained various preferments, among which was that of secretary general to the Inquisition. Hav- ing accepted a considerable 'post under Joseph Bonaparte, and written in his fa- vour, he was compelled to quit Spain on the return of Fei dinand. He died m 1823. He is the author of a History of the In- quisition ; Memoirs relative to the History of the Spanisli Revolution ; Political Por- traits of the Popes ; and other works. - LLOYD, David, a biographer, was bom, in 1625, in Merionethshire ; was educated at Oriel College, Oxford; and died, in 1691, a prebend of St. Asaph, and vicar of Northop, in Flintshire. His fhief works are. Memoirs of tlie Sutesinen LOC and Favourites of England; Hemoira of Persons who suffered for their Lovaltv; A Life of General Monk; and A tiistorv of Plots and Conspiracies LLOYD, Henrt, an eminent military officer and writer on tactics, was born in Wales, in 1729. He served with great reputation in the French, Austrian, Prus- sian, and Russian armies, and rose to the rank of general. He died, in tlie Nether- lands, in 1783. Lloyd wrote A Political and Military Rhapsody on the Invasion and Defence of Great Britain and Ireland ; A History of the War in Germany ; and a work on the composition of various an- cient and modem armies. LLOYD, Robert, apoet, wasbom, in 1733, and was the son of the second mas- ter of Westminster School. After having been educated by his father, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he became an usher at Westminster School. Disliking the re- straint, and becoming acquainted with Wilkes, Churchill, Bonnel Thornton, and other wits, he resigned the ushership, and became an author by profession. His gen- ius, however, could not shield him from poverty, and he died a prisoner in the Fleet, in 1764. LLOYD, James, was bom in Boston in 1769, and, afrer graduating at Harvard College, entered into commercial pursuits, and spent some time in Europe. In 1808 he was elected by the legislature of Mas- sachusetts a senator in congress, and for five years conducted himself with great prudence and firmness diu-ing a period of great political excitement. In 1822 he was again appointed to the national sen- ate, and was distinguished for his applica- tion to business. In 1826 he published at Boston a pamphlet on the Report of the Committee of Commerce of the Senate of the U. S on the British Colonial Inter- course. He died at New York in 1831. LOBEIRA, Vasco, the author of the &r famed romance of Amadis de Gaul, was a Portuguese, bom at Porto, in the fifteenth century. Joam I. knighted him on the field of battle at Aljubarotta. He died, at Elvas, in 1403. Southey has translated Lobelia's work, and has satis- factorily proved him, and not a native of France, to be the real author of it. LOBO, Jeroue, a Portuguese mis- sionary, was bom, in 1593, at Lisbon, and went to India in 1621. He spent three years in Abyssinia, of whicli country he afterwards published an interesting ac- count, with.the title of a History of Ethio- pia. An abridgment of a French version ' of this work was Dr. Johnson's first lite- rary effort. He died in 1678. LOCKE, John, one of the greatest of British philosophers and metaphvsiciana, was bom, in 1632, nt Wrington, ui Som- LOO MWtflhl**; was educated at Westminster School, and at Christ Church, Oxford; went to the continent, in 1664, as secre- tary to the envoy seot to Berlin ; resumed his medical studies after his return ; and graduated as a bachelor of physic, in 1674, though he never entered upon general prac- tice. Locke was introduced, hi 1666, to Lord Ashley y- afterwards earl of Shaftes- bury, who esteemed him highly, confided to him the superintendence of his son's education, and the forming of a constitu- tion for the colony of Carolina, and, when he himself became chancellor, appointed him secretai'v of presentations, and, at a later period, secretary to the board of trade. When Shaftesbury withdrew to Holland, Locke accompanied him, and he remained on the continent for some years. So obnoxious was he to James's govern- ment, that the British envoy demanded that he should be delivered np. It was while he resided in Holland that he com- _ pleted his £s5ay on the Human Under- standing, and wrote his first Letter on Toleration. Having retiRiied to England at the Revolution, he published his Essay in 1690. It was virulently but vainly as- Bailed, and rapidly spread his fame in all quarters. That fame be enhanced by his additiona letters on Toleration ; his two Treatises on Government, which annihi- lated Filmer and the whole tribe of nonre- eistance teachers; his Thoughts on Educa- tion ; and other pieces. His merit was rewarded by his being made a commis- sioner of appeals, and, subsequently, of trade and plantations. He died in 1704. His collected works form four quarto vol- umes. Great as are his merits in other respects, it is principally as the champion of civil and religious liber^ that Locke is entitled to the reverence and gratitude of mankind. LOGAN, JoHV, a divine and poet, was born, in 1748, at Fala, in Scotland ; was educated at Edinburgh; and, after having been minister at South Leith, he r^^moved to London, in 1786, and became a writer in the English Review. He died in 1788» Logan wrote a volume of poems ; the trag- LON 9n edy of Ronnamede; Sermons; a Disserta- tion on the Manners and Spirit of Asia; and A Review of the Charges against Mr. Hastings. For tlie last, which appeared anonymously, Stockdale, the publibher, was prosecuted ; but was successfiiUy de- fended by Erskine. LOGAN, James, was bom in Ireland in 1674, and was put apprentice to a linen draper; but was able by self-instruction to obtain a competent knowledge of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Italian and Spanish, and of the matliematics. In 1699 he accompa- nied William Penn to Philadelphia, as hia secretary, and subsequently filled the offices of provincial secretary, commissioner of property, and governor of the province. He was the author of several learned works, and his Experimenta Meletcmata de Planlarum Generatione, is a treatise of much reputation. He died at Steaton, near Philadelphia, In 1751. LOMBARD, Peter, was bom, in the twelfth century, at a village near Novara, in Lombardy; was -educated at Bologna and Rheims; and died, in 1164, bishop of Paris. LOMONOSOFF, Michael Vassil- lEViTCH, a Russian writer, was bom, in 1711, at Dennisofka, on the White Sea, and was the son of a dealer in fish at ICholmogori. After . having studied at Moscow and St. Petersburgh, he was sent into Germany, at the expense of the gov emment, and acquired a knowledge of chemisdy, metallurgy, and mineralogy After his return, he waa made director of the university, and, in 1764, a counsellor of state. He died in 1765. Lomonoaofi* was the creator of Russian lyric poetry. He wrote Poems ; two tragedies; A His* tory of Russia ; and some productions of less importance. LONDONDERRY, Robert STFW- ART, marquis of, long known as Lord Castlereagh, was bom, in Ireland, io 1769, and completed his education at St. John's College, Cambridge. In his twen- ty-first year he was returned to the Irish parliament as member for the county of Duwn. Ha commeuced his political ca S68 LON reer as a parliamentary refbtmer, but no lone period elapsed before he joined the ranks of dw apposite party. In 1797 he was appointed chief secretary to the Tice- roy of Ireland, and be took a veiy active part in accomplishing the Union. In 1805 he was appointed minister of war; and this office he resnmed in 1807, after die dismissal of the whigs; bat his disagree- ment with Mr. Canning, which produced a dtiel between them, led to his resignaUon in 1809. In 1811 he was placed at the head of the foreign department, and he eontinoed in it till his decease. In 1814, he was plenipotentiary extraordinary ' to the aQied powers, and, towards the close of the same year, to the congress of Vi- enna. He succeeded to the title of Loii- donderry on the decease of his &ther, in 1821, but he did not long enjoy it, for in a fit of insanity, brought on by excessive menial and personal exertion, he pot an end to his existence on the 12th of Angnst, 1822. LONG, Edward, was bom, in 1734, at St. Blaize, in Cornwall; was brought up to the law, and became judge of the Tiee-admiral^ court in Jamaica; and died in 1813. He wrote a History of Jamaica, in three quarto Tohunes; The Prater,-a collection of Essays; The Antigallican, a novel; Letters on the Colonies; and aere- ral smaller miseeDaneons pieces. LON6INDS, DiOHTStcs Cassids, an eminent Greek critic and fdiiloeopher, who was " biased with a poet's fire," was bom in the third century; but whether at Athens or in Syria is imdeeided. He was a dis- ciple m Ammonias Saccas, and a friend of Plotinus. After having travelled, he settled at Atbeu, tandit ]diiloeophy there, and published his nMile Treatise on the SuUiroe. His knowledge was so exten- sive that he was called the living library. Zenobia invited him to ber court, intrusted to him the education of hersons, and made him her principal minister after the death of Odenatns. Aurelian basely pat him to death, after the surrender of Pahnyra, in revenge for Longinns having dictated the diffoifcd letter which was addressed by Ze- nobia to the Roman monanji. LONGOMONTAHUS, CHSisTiAa.an astronomer, was bora, in 1562, at lAngs- berg^ in Jutland, and was left an orphan in his eighth year. In 1577 he went to Vy- borg, where heremained eleven years. By dint of attcaiding lectores in the day, and working for his subsistence during a part of the nidit, he acquired a perfect knowl- edge of ue mathematics. For nearly ten years he assisted TVcho Brahe in his la- bours. He died, m 1647, professor of mathematics of Copenhagen; an office which he had held for forty years. His principal work is his Astronomica Daoica. LOPE DE VEGA CARPIO, FsLiz,* celebrated Spanish poet and dramatist, was bom, in 1662, at Madrid, and began to compose plays when he was only fourteen His first successful poem, the Arcadia, was composed while he was in the service of the duke of Alba. From Madrid, howev- er, he was obliged to fly, in consequence of a duel, and he resided for some years st Valencia. After having served in the Ar mada, during which period he wrote hi Hermosura de Angelica, he returaoi t Madrid, and' became the most popular at the Spanish writers. He entered into tht- order of St. Francis, but still continued u pour forth his unpremeditated verse, and tc write for the stage. Almost idolatrous hon- ours were paid to his genius, and he ac- quired wesikh, yet he incessantly complain- ed of the malice of fortune and of his ene- mies. He died in 1636. His fertility was wonderliil. Besides innumerable poems, he is said to have composed eighteen hun- dred theatrical pieces in verse. Only a fourth of his productions has been printed; bnt that portion occupies forty-six jpiarta volumes. LORRIS, WiT-UAH DE, a French po- et, was bom at Lorris on the Loire, near Montargis, and is believed to have died young, ahont 1240. He wrote the Romance of the Rose, which is knovra to English reader s by th e version of Chaucer. LOirmERBOURG, Philip Jahes, apaiiiter,was bom, in I7'W,at Strasburgb, and was a pupil of Tischbein,^ Casa Nova, and Carlo Vanhw. He came' to England in 1771, and was first emplcyed by Giurick as a scene painter. In 1782 he produced a lictorial exhibition, called the Eidophusi- ;on, or representation of nature. He sub- sequendy acquired great reputation, espe - cially in landscape, and became one of the council of the Royal Acadrany. He died ml812. LOUVOIS, FsAircis Hicbaii. LE TELLIER, marquis of, a French states- man, was bom, in 1641, at Paris, and in 1666 became war minister to Louis XT.; the reversion of which office had been grant- ed to him several years before. _He tical Almanack. LYSANDER, a famous Lacedemonian general, who put an end to the Pelopon- nesian war, and destroyed the ascendency of Athens, by defeating the Athenians, B. c. 405, in the decisive naval action of .^Igos^tamos. He intrigued to obtain the soverei^ authority at Sparta; bnt he foiled ID the attempt, and narrowly es- caped being brought to triaJ. He was slain in the war against the Thebans, b. c. 375. The political morality of Lysander was of that accommodating kind which never stands in the way of a gainful act of in- justice. LYSIAS, a Greek orator, was oom at Athens, or, as some say, at Syracuse, about B. c. 459, and acquired fame as a teacher of rhetoric. He died at the age of eighty-one. Out of between three and four hundred of his orations only thirty- four are extant. Quintillian characterizes the eloquence of Lysias as resembling rather a pure and clear stream than a ma- jestic river. LYTTELTON, George, lord, a poet and historian, was born, in 1709, at Hag- ley, in Worcestershire; was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford; took a vigorous part in tbe parliamentary oppo- sition to Sir Robert Walpole; and, after the fall of that minister, was appointed one of the lords of the treasnry. He was subsequently chancellor of the exchequer, but resigned in 1757, and was raised to the peerage, after which he withdrew from public affairs. He died in 1773. Lord Lyttelton is the author of Poems; Dia- logues of the Dead; A Dissertation on St. Paul's Conversion ; and a History of Henry H, M HABLY, Gabriei. Bonnot de, abbe, a French historical and political writer, the brother of Condillac, was born, in 1709, at Grenoble; and, being patronised t^ his relation. Cardinal Tencin, might, if he pleased, have risen to eminence in the stale. Nothing, however, could pre- vail on him to sacrifice his independence, and he lived contented on a small income. A pension was given to him, but he applied it wholly to the relief of indigent persons. He died in 1785. His works form fifteen volumefl AmoAg them are. Discourses on History; Tlie Conversations of Pho- cion; The Public Law of Europe; and Observations on the History of France. MACAULAY, and, by a second mar- riage, GRAHAM, Catherine, a daugh- ter of Mr. Sawbridge, was born, in 1733, at Ollanti^b, in Kent; and died in 1791 Her principal work is a History of Eng- land, in eight volumes. It has considera- ble merit both in matter and style; but tbe narrative is tinged by her republican principled. Of her other productions, among which are various political paiD- S73 ICKE phlets, tbe most prominent are. Remark? nn Hobbes ; a Treatise on tbe Immutability ofMoral Truth; and Letters on Education. MACDIARMin, JoHK, a writer of promisinff talents, was born, in 1779, at Weem, in Pertfashire; studied at Edin- burgh and St. Andrew's; settled in Lon- don, and became editor of tbe St. James's Chronicle; and died in 1807. He wrote an Inquiry into the System of Military Defence of Great Britain; an Inquiiy into the Natore of Civil and Military Subordination ; and lastly, and^ best, Tbe Lives Of British Statesmen. MACHIAVEL, Nicholas, acelebra. ted Italian writer, was bom, in 1469, at Florence, of a patrician family. At tbe age of twenty-nine be was appointed chan- cellor of the second chancery, and, shortly after, secretary of the Fbrentine republic. This latter office he held nearly fifteen years, during which period be was also employed on -twenty-three' diplomatic mis- sions, some of them highly important. On the return of the Hedici to Florence, he was deprived of his post; and, being sus- pected of having participated in the con- spiracy- of Capponi and Boscoli against Cardinal de Medicis, he was imprisoned and pnt to the torture. Subsequently, how- ever, Leo the Tenth availed himself of his talents. Hachiavel died poor in 1527. Bis chief woi1(s are. The History of Flo- rence; Discom-ses on Living; A Treatise on tbe Art Military; and tbe Prince. The last of these works has stamped op- probrium upon his name; ^yet there is reason to doubt whether it is° not rather a covert satire upon tyranny, than a manoel Sir a mant. M'KEAN, Thomas, an eminent Amer- ican judge, and a signer of the declaration of independence, vras bom in Pennsylva- nia, in XTZi, and, after a course of acad- emic and professional studies, was admit- ted to the bar at the age of 21 years. His political career commenced in 1762, when be was return^ a member of the assembly Erom the county of Newcastle. He was a member of the congress which assembled in New York, in 1765, to obtain relief of (he British government for the grievances nnder which the colonies were sufiering. In this body he behaved with much decis- ion and energy. In 1774 he was appoint- ed to the general congress, a delegate from the lower counties in Delaware, and was the only man who, without intermis- sion, vras a member during tbe whole period. Of this bodv he was president in 1781. In 1777 he was appointed chief- instice of Pennsylvania, and discharged the duties of this office with impartiality •nd dignity for 22 years. In 1799 he was elected a governor of the state of Pennsyl- vania, ana his administration continued for nine Tears. In 1808 he retired from pu* lie life, and died, much respected and hoiK oured, in 1817. MACKENZIE, Hesbt, an elegant miscellaneous writer, who has been called the Addison of the North, was bom, in 1745- or 1746, in Scotland; received a liberal education; and, in 1766, became an attorney in the Scottish Court of Ex- chequer. He was, subsequently, tnade comptroller general of taxes for Scotland. Mackenzie's first production was The Man of Feeling, which was published in 1771, and soon acquired unbounded popularity. It was succeeded b^ The Man of the World, and Julia de Roubigne. In dramatic wri- ting he was less happy. His tragedies of Tbe Prince of Tunis, and The Shipwreck, and hir comedies of The Force of Fashion, and Tile White Hypocrite, though contain* ing many beauties, were only brought upoit the stage to die. To the Mirror, the Loun- ger, and the Transactions of the Edinburgh Royal Society, he contributrd several valu- able papers. He died, at Edinburgh, Jan- nary 14, 1831. The style of Mackenzie is polished and melodious, and his power of exciting tbe feelings, by scenes of pathof, is of the verv highest order. MACKUN, Charles, an emiivnl actor and dramatist, whose real name wae M'Langhlin, was bom, in 1690, in Ireland ; joined a company of strolling players ia his twenty-first year; made his first ap- pearance in London in 1716; acquired reputation, particularly in the character ofShylock; and died in 1797. He wrote eight dramatic pieces, of which the come- dies of Tbe Man of the World, and Love A-la-Mode, retain possession of the stage, and attest the talent of the author. HACKNIGHT, James, a Scotch di- vine, was bom, in 1721, at Irvine, in Ar- gylesbire; studied at Glasgow and Leyden; and, after having held the livings of Hay- bole and Jedburgh, was, for thirty yean, one of the ministers of Edinburgh. He died in 1800. He published A Harmony of the Four Gospels ; The Truth of the Gospel Historr (far which be received the degree of D. D.); and aTranslation, witk Commentaries and Notes, of all the Apos- tslical Epistles. HACLAURIN, Colib, an eminent mathematician, was bom, in 1698, at Kil- modan, near Inverary, in Scotland, and studied at Glasgow. After having been professor of mathematics at Marischal College, and travelling tutor to the son of Lord Polworth, be was chosen, in 1725, to fill the mathematical chair in the universiM of Edinburgh. He died, in 1746, of dropsy, brought on by intense application, and by bis exertions against tbe rebels in the preceding year. He wrote a Trea tise on Fluxions (which was called forth BliEC by Berkeley's Analyst); A Treatise od Aleebra; An Account of Sir Isaac New- ton^s DiscoTeries; Greometrica Organica; and various papers in the Philosophical Trdnsactions. MACPHKRSON, James, a Scotch writer, was bom, in 1738, at Kin^issie, at Invernesshire, and studied at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. In 1760 he published Fragments of Ancient Poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland. Public curi- osity was excited by them; a subscription was entered into to enable him to collect more; and the result was, that be gave to the world Fingal, Temora, and the other poems which are attributed to Ossian. Much ink has been spilt on the question of their authenticity ; nor is the point yet decided. In 1764 he accompanied Grovemor Johnstone to Florida, as secretary. After his return he translated the Iliad into Ossi- anic prose; wrote an Introduction to the Histoty of Gr^it Britain, and A History of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover; and employed his pen in vindication of the measures of the government against the Americans. His zeal was rewarded by die appointment of agent to the nabob of Arcot, and by a seat in parliament. He died in 1796. MACQ,UER, Peter Joseph, a chem- ist and physician, was born, in 1718, at Paris ; was prof^sor of pharmacy there ; and died in 1784. He wrote A Dictionary of Chemistry; The Elements of Theoretical Chemisby ; The Elements of Practical Chemistry; and various dissertations. Mkc- quei: made some important discoveries, and has been asserted to be the first who wit- nessed the combustibility of the diamond. MADAN, Martin, a divine, was bom in 1726, and was educated for the bar, bat took ord&TBf and became a popular preacher at the Lock Chapel. In 1781 he drew upon himself a host of assailants by pub- lishing his Thelyphthora, in which he maintained the lawfulness, and even neces- sity, of polygamy in certain cases. He died in 1790. Besides Thelyphthora, he wrote A Treatise on the Christian Faith and some sermons and short works: and published an- edition of Juvenal and Per- sills, with a literal translation. Af AI>OX, Thomas, an antiquary, was historiographer to the kin^, and died in Januarys 1727. Of his life no farther particulars are known. He is the author of A History of the Exchequer; A Col- lection of Charters ; and An Historical Essay concerning the Cities, Towns, and Borouglis of England ; works valuable for their research. His extensive collection of MSS. W3S presented to the British Museum by his widow. MAECENAS, Caius Oilmios, the BiAH ns minister and fevonrite of Aagnstus, wan descended from the ancient kings of Etra ria. He fought for that monarch at Phi- lippi, Actium, and other battles ; and suppressed at Rome the conspiracy of the younger Lepidus. To Horace and Virgil he was a warm fi'iend, and to men of genius in general was so liberal that his name has become the synonyme of a generous patron. He died b. c. 9. MAFFEI, Francis Scifio, marquis, an eminent Italian writer, was bom, in 1675, at Verona; was educated at the college of nobles at Parma; served as a volunteer in the Bavarian service, in 1704, and distinguished himself at the battle of Donawert; spent the remainder of his life in tlie cultivation of literature; an. lied, at his native place, in 1755. Amon^ his ^orks are, the tragedy of Merope ; Latin Poems; A Treatise against Duelling; A History of Diplomacy ; Verona Illustrated ; and The Veronese Museum. MAGALHAENS, or MAGELLAN, Ferdinand, acelebratedPortucnese irr- igator, the place and time of whose birdi are unknown. He fought under Albuquer- que in India, and distinguished himself at the siege of Malacca ; but, bis services not being rewarded by his own country, he offered his talents to Charles V. In 1519 the Spanish monarch intrusted him with a 6eet destined to attempt a w^tward pat- sage to the Moluccas. In this voyage Magellan was so fortunate as to discover the straits which now bear his name. He passed throng them into the Pacific, and reached the Philippine; but was unfoiita- nately slain, in 1521, in a skirmish with the natives of one of those islands. MAGLIABECCHI, Anthomt, a man of extraordinary memory and learning, was bom, in 1633, at f^rence, of poor parents; became librarian to the grand duke; and died in 1714. So strong was his memory, that having only for a singlo time perased a manuscript of consider^lo length, he could repeat it without the sligtUest omission. MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, tha founder of the religion which bean hi*. r4 UAl name, was born, in 569, at Mecca, and was left an orphan at twi> years of age. It was not till he was in bis fortieth year, and had acquired a considerable property, pan\y by his marriage with Khadijah, a rich widow, and partly as a merchant, that he began to assume the character of a delegate of Heaven. For several years, however, his proselytes were few in num- oer. In the twelfth year of his assamed miesion, his life being in danger at Mecca, he was compelled to ily_ to Medina, the inhabitants of which place bad embraced his doctrines It is from this event, called he H^ira, or flight, that the Mnssnlmans compote their time. From diis period the career of Mahomet was a series of tri- omphs, and, before his decease, the whole of Arabia had submitted to his authority. He died in 632. His Koran, the bible of the Mahometans, was originally produced by him in separate chapters, according as circumstances required. MAHOMET II., the seventh Turkish sultan, was bom at Adriaoople, in 1430 ; took Constantinople }ay storm, and put an end to the eastern empire, in 1453 ; made nomerons odier conquests in Europe and Asia ; and died in 1481, when 1^ was meditating the invasion of Persia. MAIMBOURG, Loois, an historian, was bom, in 1610, at Nanci; entered the Bocic^ of the Jesuits, but was expelJbd from it for defending the liberti^ of die Gallican church ; was consoled by a pen- sion from Louis XIV, ; and died m 1686. He wrote Histories of Arianj^i — ^the Iconoclasts — riie Crusades — the Greek Schism — the Great Schism of the West — the Decline of the Empire — Calvinism — Lntberanism — and the League. Woere his catholic prejndifxa do not warp his jodgment, Maimbourg is a meritorious writer. MAIMONIDES, or BEN MAIMON, Moses, one of the meet celdirated of the Jewish rabbis, who is called the easle of die doctors, and the lamp of Israel, was bom, in 1131, at Cordova ; was profomidly versed in languages, smd in all the l^iming of the age; bec^e chief physician to the sultan of Egypt; and died in 1204. Among his works are, A Commentary on tte Misehna; An Abridgment of the Talmod; and The Book of Precepts. MAINTENON, Frances »' AU- BIGNE, marchioness of, who rose to share the throne of France, was bora, in 1635, in a prison at Niort, in which her father was con6oed for some political cause. Being left an orphan, and in poverty, she married the celebrated Scarron. After the decease of her hnsband, she for some time enjoyed a pension, but she lost it on the death of the queen dowager, and was lUKMit to sink again into indigence, when MAL she was saved from it by Madame de Montespan, the king's misb*es8, intrasting her with the care of her children. At first, she was disliked l^ Louis XIV,, but she gradually gained his affection, and he concluded l^ privately marrying her. Sire died, in 1719, at the estabhshment of Su Cyr, of which she was Uie foundress. By meddling in state affairs, and W encoura- ging the bigotry of Louis XIv., Madame de Maintenon inflicted mnch serious injury upon France. MAITTATRE, MicHAEt, a biblio- grapher and classical editor, was bom, jn 1668, in London, and was educated at Westminster School, and Christ Cbnrch College, Oxford; of the former of which he became for some time second master. He died in 1747. His editions of Greek and Latin classics are numerous, and valu able for their accuracy ; but his chief work is. Annals of Typography, in five quarto volumes. MALCOLM, JahesPelleb, an artist and antiqirary, was a native of America ; settled in England to study painting, but became an engraver; and died in 1815. He wrote Londininm Redivivnm; Anec- dotes of the Manners and Cn^oms of London; First Impressions; and other works. MALEBRANCHE, Nicholas, a French philosopher, was born, in 1638, at Paris ; became a member of the congrega- tion of the Oi^tory; and died in 1715. He was no 1^ beloved for his manners tiian admired for his talents. To meta- physics his attention was first directed by pemsing Descartes' Treatise on Man, and he immediately became a devoted partisan of the Cart^ian philosophy. His celebra- ted treatise^ The Search after Tmth, was the result of ten year^ meditation npon that philosophy. Besides that work he pub- lished several others, among whiofa are, A Treatise on Nature and Chrace; Christian Conversations; and Dialogue on Meta- physics and Religion. MALESHEIUSES, Christian Wil- T.1AH LAMOTGNON de, a French states- man, of a family distinguished in die magistracy, was bom, in 1721, at Pans; succeeded his faUier as president of the court of aids ; was a|q}ointed superinten- dent of the press; was twice minister of state, in 1775 and 1786, to Louis XVI.; volunteered to perform the dangerous office of counsel for that monardi on his trial; and fell, with nearly all his family, a victim to the jacobins, in 1794. Males- herb^ was a man of high honour and of an enlightened mind. Among his works are, Ofeervations on BufTon's Nauiral History; and some pamphlets on agricol tare and land. MALHERBE, Fravcis ds, an moA- neBt Frenco poet, was bom, about 1555, at Caen ; bore arms in the troops of the League; was pensioned by Henry IV.; and died in 1628. Malherbe was one of the first who gave polish and regularity to Flinch poetry. He was a man of in- finite wit, but of a quarrelsome and misan- thropical disposition. While he was talking once against mankind, he referred to the murder of Abel, " Was not this a pretty beginning V said he. ** There were but three or four of them in the world, and one of them kills his brother I" MALLET, David, whose real name was Malloch, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was bom, about 1700, at Crief, in Perthshire; was travelling tutor to tlie sons of the duke of Montrose; settled in London, where he acquired literary repu- tation ; was made- under secretary to the prince of Wales; gained a dishonourable pension from government for contributing to write down the unfortunate Byng; ana died in 1765. Bolingbroke, in whose scep- ticism Mallet participated, left him his works as a legacy. Besides his poems, which have considerable merit, he wrote the tragedies of Mustapha, Eurydice, and Elvira; a Life of Bacon ; and some minor productions. MALLET, Paul Henry, an historian and antiquary, was bom, in 1750, at Ge- neva; was succ^sively professor of belles lettres at Copenhagen and at his native place, and resident from Hesse Cassel at Geneva and Berne; and died in 1807. Mallet was a man of learning and talent. Among his works are. Histories of Hesse — ^Denmark^— the Swiss — the Hanseatic League — and the House of Brunswick; and an Introduction to the History of Denmark, which Dr. Percy translated, with the title of Northern Antiquities. MALMESBURY, William of, an English historian, was a native of Somer- setshire; flourished in the twelfth century; was educated at Oxford ; became a mouk and librarian of Malmesbury Abbey; and died in 1143. Besides his History of England, firom the landing of the Saxons to 1126, he wrote a History of bis own Times; a Church History; The Antiqui- ties of Glastonbury ; and a Life of St. Aldhelm. MALONE, Edmund, a dramatic com- mentator and miscellaneous writer, the son of an Irish judge, was born, in 1741, at Dublin; studied at Trinity Coll^, Dublin, and the Inner Temple; spent his life in literary pursuits; and died in 1812. Among his works are, in edition of Shaks- peare; A Life of Dryden, and edition of his Prose Works; A Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, prefixed to his writings; and an Inquiry into the P^ipers attributed to Shakspeare. 1»AN 87S MALPIGHI, Marceli^us, an Italian naturalist and anatomist, was born, ir 1628, at Crevalcuore, near Bologna; was appointed physician to Pope Innocent XII. after having been professor of medi- cine at Bologna, Pisa, and Messina; and died in 1694. His physiological, botani- cal, and anatomical works form two vol- umes folio. MALTE-BRUN, Conrad, a poet, po- litical and philosophical writer, and geo- grapher, was born, in 1775, at Tbye, i> Jutland, and was obliged to quit bis na tive country in 1796, in consequence of the persecution he sustained for having written in favour of the liber^ of the press, and the enfranchisement of the peas- ants. After having raided for some time at Stockholm, he settled at Paris, aud, from 1806 till his decease, December 16, 1826, edited the foreign political depart- ment of the Journal of Debates. He also, in conjunction with M. Eyries, edited the Annals of Voyages. Among his works are, his excellent System of Geography; A Picture of Poland; Poems; and Miscel- lanies. MALUS, Stephen Louis, a mathe- matician and experimental philosopher, was born, in 1775, at Paris; served as an officer of engineers, on the Rhine, in 1797, and in Egypt ; entered on a course of ex- periments on the phenomena of optics; and immortalized his name by the discov- ery of~the polarisation of light. At the time of his decease, in 1812, he was direc- tor of the polytechnic school, and superin- tendent of fortifications. MANCO CAPAC, the founder of the Peruvian empire, and the first of its In- cas, is said to have lived about foor hun- dred years before the invasion of the coun- try by the Spaniards ; to have first appeaf- ed, with his sister and wife Mama Oella, in an island of the lake Titicaca ; to have declared that he and his partner were chil- dren of the sun, sent to civilize the natives ; to have founded Cusco ; and to have reign- ed long and prosperously over a grateful people. MANDEVILLE, Sir John, a celebra- ted abuser of the traveller's privilege of exaggerating, was bom at St. Albans ; left his native country in 1332, to proceed on bis peregrinations; and was absent upon them for thirly-four years, durin^r which period he pretends that he visited all the countries of the east, and served in the ar mies of the sultan of Egypt and the khai- of Cathay- He died at Liege, in 1372 His Travels contain such enormoos fables that thej have rendered his name a ^no- nyme for a liar. MANDEVILLE, Bernard, a phy- sician and writer, was born, abont 1670> at Dort, in Holland ; settled in England at Va MAN the beginning of the eighteenth century ; and died in 1733. He is the author of several productions, among which are. An Inquiry into the Origin of Honour ; Free , Thoughts on Religioa; and The Virgin Unmasked ; but his principal work is The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made Public Benefits. Thid last was attacked by Berkeley, to whom Mandeville replied, and was presented, as flagrantly immoral, by the grand jury of Middlesex. MANES, MANX, or MANICH^tlS, the founder .of the Manichaean sect, a na- tive of Per&id, was born about 239, and is said to have been the first slave, and after- wards the adopted son, of a rich widow, who left him her possessions. . He began to projhulgate his doctrines in 267. After having been patronised by some of the Persian monarchs, and persecuted by oth- ers, he was put to death, in 274, by Beh- ram I. He rejected the Old Testament; and taught that there are two creative principles, Ormudz, the author of good, and Afariman, the author of evil; that Christ had come to save mankind; and that he himself was the paraclete an- nounced in the New Testament. MANSART, Julius Habdouin, eminent architect, a nephew of Francis Mansart, who was also a man of great architectural talent, was born, in 1645, at Paris; and was employed by Louis XIV, for whom he built the palaces of Ver- sailles, Marly, and the Great Trianon; tlie Hospital of the Invalids; and many other magnificent public edifices. He died in 1708. yANSFIELD, William MURRAY, carl of, fourth son of Lord Stormont, was born, ift 1705, at Perth ; studied at West- minster School, Christ Church, Oxford, and Lincoln's Jnn; became solicitor gen- eral in 1742, attorney general in 1754, and cliief justice of the king's bench, in 1756; shortly after which he was created Lord MansfieM. In 1757 he held, for a few months, the office of chancellor of the ex- chequer, during which period he accom- plished a coalition of parties. In 1770 his judio'al conduct was severely arraigned in MAR both houses of parliament, and by a host of writers, foremost of whom in talent and in vehemence was the terrific Junius. The rank of earl was conferred on him in 1776. In the disgraceful no-popery riots of 1780, his town mansion and all his valuable books and manuscripts were burnt by the mob. He t-esigned his office of chief justice in 1788, and died March 20^ 1793. Lord Mansfield was a man of fine taste, fluent eloquence, strong argumenta- tive powers, and great legal knowledge; a partisan of high principles of government, but an enemy of religious persecution. MANUZIO, or MANUTIUS, Al- dus, a celebrated printer and author, was born, in 1447, at Bassiano,* in the papal states; established a printing office at Venice in 1488 ; and died in 1515. He printed numerous valuable editions of Greek and Latin classics; compiled a Greek and Latin Dictionary, and a Latin Grammar; and wrote a Treatise on the Horatian Metres. He was rivalled in learning and typographical fame by his son Paul, and his grandson Aldus; the former of whom was born in ^ 1512, and died in 1574; the latter was born in 1547, and died in 3597. MARAT, John Paul, the most infa- mous and sanguinary of demagogues, was born, in 1744, at Boudry, in the princi- pality of Neuchatel, and was physician to the liody guards of the count d'Aitoiswhen the French revolution commenced. He im- mediately became the most violent of the violent revolutionists, and established a journal called The Friend of.the People, in which he never ceased to preach pillage, proscription, and murder, on the largest scale. In the Convention he maintained the same doctrine ; and be. triumphed over his antagonists, the Girondists, who had succeeded in sending him to trial. He was assassinated, in 1793, by Charlotte Corday. Marat was a man of considera- ble scientific knowledge, and published various works on fire, light, electricity and other subjects. MARATTI, Carlo, an eminent pain- ter, was born, in 1625, at Camerino, in the papal territory ; was a pupil of Andrew Sacchi ; was painter to several popes, and was knighted; sustained the reputation of the Roman school while that of otliers was declining; and died in 1713. Maratti alac displayed talent as an architect and en- graver. — His daughter, Maria , who mar- ried J. B. Zappi, was an artist and a poetess. MARCEAU,FrancisSeverin Des- GRAViEBS, an eminent French general, was born, in 1769, at Chartres; distin- guished himifself in Vendee, at Fleurus, and on the Rhine, in 1795 and 1796; and was killed at Hochsteinbach, in the Jatte; MAR jrsar 1 o preat military talents Marceau nnitcd gieax virtues. So much was he re- spected, that when he was buried in the intrenched camp of GoUentz, the Austrian and French armies joined in honouring the ceremony by volleys of artillery. Lord Byron has paid a lasting tribute . to his worth *n the third canto of Childe Har- old. MARCHETTT, Ai-exander, a poet and mathematician, was born, in 1633, at Pontormo, in Tuscany; studied at Pisa un- der Borelli, whom he succeeded as profes- sor of mathematics ; and died in 1714. He translated Lucretius, Anacreon, and pact of the Eneid; and wrote a volume of Poems, and various mathematical works, of which latter the principal is a Treatise de Resis- tentia Solidorum. His Lucretius is in blank verse, and is executed in a masterly manner. MARIANA, John, a celebrated Span- ish historian, was born, in 1537, at Taia- vera; was educated at Alcala; entered into the order of the Jesuits, and was suc- cessively professor of theology in their col- leges at Rome and at Paris ; and died at Toledo in 1624. His principal work is the History of Spain, which entitles him to an hbnourable place amnn^ historical writers. His treatise De Rege, in which he main- tains the justice of killing a tyrant, excited great clamour, and was burned by oi^der of the parliament of Paris. MARINI, John Baptist, an Italian poet, was born, in 1639, at Naples, and was intended fur the law, but devoted him- eelf to literature, in consequence of which be was turned out of doors by his father. He found protectors, however, in Italy, and af):erwards in I'rance, where Mary of Me- dicis ^ve him a pension. He returned to his own country in 1622, and died in 1625. His principal poem is The Adopis, in twen- ty cantos. MARINO, St. a native of Dalraatia, was one of the workmen employed in re- building the bridge of Rimini. The bishop of Brescia, who had noticed him for his pi- ety, ordained him a deacon, and be retired to a hermitage on Mount Titano, where.he died towards the end of the fourth century. The miracles said to be wrought at his tomb brought a crowd of pilgrims to the spot; houses were built to receive them; and thus rose into existence the miniature republic of San Marino. MARION, Francis, a distinguished officer in the American army, was born in South Carolina in 1732, and first served in 1761 as a lieutenant against the Cherokees. Soon after the commencement of the revo- lution, he received a major's commission, and in 1780 he obtained thai of brigadier general. He continually surprised and cap- \ tared parties of the British and the royal- j ets by the secrecy and rapidity of his I MAR 871 movements. On the evacuation of Charles- ton he retired to Iiis plantation, where Tie died in 1795. He was bold, generous, ai^d severe in his discipline. MARIOTTE,EDMOND,aFrencrt math- ematician and experimental philosopher, was born at Dijon; was prior of St. Mar- tin, and a member of the Academy of Sci- ence; and died in 1684. Mariotte was one of the first of the French philosophers who applied to experimental researches. Among his works are, An Essay on PUy»> ics; and Treatises on the Collision of Bodies; the Pressure and Motion of Fluids; ai^d the Motion of Pendulums. MARIUS, Caius, a famous Roman general and demagogue, was born about B. c. 153, at Cerratinum, of an obscure family. It was at the sie^e of Numantia that he laid the groundworK of his reputa- tion. After having been tribune of the people, and praetor, he was chosen consul. He subdued Jugurtha, and defeated with tremendous slaughter the Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones, who had poured their myr- iads into Italy. His rivalry with Sylla produced a sanguinary .domestic contest, in which the best blood of the republic was spilt, and he was more than once on the verge of ruin. He died at Rome B. c. 86, in his seventh consulship. MARIVAUX, Peter Carlet de Chamblain de, a French dramaMst and novelist, was born, in 1688, at Paris. His father was director of the mint at Riom, and gave him an eitcellent education, but left him no fortune. The talents and social merits of Marivaux, however, gained him many ardent friends. He died in 1763. "Marivaux," says one of his biographers, "was good, charitable, indulgent in his phi- losophy, full of respect for religion, but exceedingly hostile to fanaticism and hy- pocrisy." His principal novels are, Mari- anne, and The Paysan Parvenu. Of hia comedies, which form five volumes, some are still acted. Of his miscellaneous works The French Spectator is one of the best. MARLBOROUGH, John CHURCH- ILL, duke of, was born, in 1650, at Ashe, in Devonshire, and, at the age of twelve 878 MAR . rearii was taksn from school to be a page 3f the duke of Yori, who gave him a pair of colours in 166& It was at the siege of Tangier that he was first engaged in active service. In 1672 he distinguished himself in the Netherlands, under the duke of Mon- mouth. For several years he was the fa- vourite of the duke of York, who obtained for him the barony of Eyemouth ; and, on ascending the throne, sent him ambassa- dor to France, and created him Lord Churchill. The attachment of his lordship to the protestant cause induced him, how- ever, to join the 'prince of Orangel • For tliis he received from William the earldom of Marlborough, and the command of the English army in the Netherlands. In 1690 he commanded in -Ireland, and reduced Cork, Kinsale, and other places. But in 16d2 he was dismissed from all hia ofiices, and committed to the Tower, on suspicion, not wholly groundless, of plotting to restore the exiled monarch ; nor, though he was soon liberated, was he again employed till after the death of Queen Mary. His splen- did course of glory began with the acces- sion of Q,ueen Anne, when he was created captain general of the forces, and wis sent as plenipotentiary to the Hague. The campaign of 1702 earned for him the title of Duke. From that period till 1711 he ran a career of victory which has placed his name among those of the most illustrious generals. He rescued the Low Countries and Germany, broke through the iron fron- tier of France, humiliated her haughty monarch, and placed her on the verge of ruin. His principal victories were those of Blenheim, in 1704; Ramillies, in 1706; Oudenarde, in 1708; and Malplaquet, in 1709. Party intrigues at home at length deprived him of the command, and even compelled him to retire to the continent. On the accession of George I. however, Marlborough resumed his employments ; but age and toil had impaired bis faculties, and he subsequently took very little part in pub- lic affairs. He died June 16, 1722. His imperious duchess, whom Pope has satiris- ed under the name of Atoasa, survived him more than twenty years. MARLOE, or MARLOW, Christo- pher, a dramatist and poet, was born about 1562; was e'ducated at Bene't CoUege, Cambridge; became an author and actor; and was killed by a servant, about 1593. He wrote six ifdgedies; some poems; and translated The Rape of Helen by Coluthus, and parts of Ovid and Lucan. His pow- ers as a tragic writef were of a high order, and some parts of his poems display great excellence. MARMONTEL, John Francis, a celebrated French writer, was born, in 172S, at Bort, in the Limousin, and was educated in tlie Jesuits* College at Mauri- MAR ac. Being persuaded by Voltaire to tn his fortune at Paris, he settled there in 174o and by his tragedies of Bionysius, and Aristoinenes, and other successful works, he soon gained reputation, fortune, and court favour. Madame de Pompadour obtained for him the appointment of sec- retary to the royal buildings, and, subse- quently, the management of the French Mercury. At a later period he became historiographer of France, and secretary of the Royal Academy. For some yeare he led a licentious ife ; but at length he married, and graced his talents By the domestic virtues. He survived the tiorrors of the revolution, and was elected to the Council of Ancients; but his election was annulled, and he again withdrew into re- tirement. He dietf December 31, 1799. Of his works the principal are. Moral Tales; his own Memoirs; the Incas; Be- lisarius; and Elements of Literature. " Though not superior in any kind of com- position,'' says one of his countrymen, " he was an agreeable, pure, and elegant writer." Perhaps this faint praise hardly does justice to the merit of Marmontel. MAROT,CL£MENT,an eminent French poet, was born, in 1495, at Cahors; was wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia; was persecuted for his attach- ment to the protestant religion; and died in 1544, at Turin. As a poet he far out- shone not only all his predecessors and cttn temporaries, but all who succeeded him till the time of Malherbe. MARSTON, John, a dramatist, who flourished in the reigns of Elizabeth and James the First, studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; was at one time the friend of Ben Jonson , and died subsequently to 1633. He wrote three books of Satires, called The Scourge of Viilany ; and eight plays, which contam many fine scenes and passages. MARTENS, William Frederic, an eminent German diplomatic writer, was professor of public law at Gottingen, and was employed at tlie congress of Vienna to draw up the reports of the conferences. He died, in 1821^ at Frankfort, where hi MAS WM meting as deputy from Hanover lo the diet. Among his works are, A Treatise on the Law of Nations ; and A Collection of Treaties of Peace. MARTIAUS,t)r MARTIAL, Marcus Valerius, a celebrated Lattn epigram- matist, was born at Bilbilis, in Spain, about A. D. 40; studied the law in the Roman capital; was patronised by Domi- tian, after whose death he returned to his native country; and is believed to have died about a. d. 100. MARTYN, John, abotanist and learned writer, was born, in 1699, at London; was a fellow of the Royal Society, and nearly Chirty years professor of botany at Cam bridge; and died in 1768. He wrote various botanical works; The Grub Street Journal ; and A Dissertation on the ^aeid ; assisted in the abridgment of the Philo- sophical Transactions; published Virgil's Georgics, with a version and notes ; and translated Tournefort's History of Plants. MARTYR, Peter, a celebrated re- former and theologian, whose real name was Vermigli, was bom, in 1500, at Flo- rence. He was originally an Augustin monk, and became an eminent preacher, and prior of St. Fridian's at Lucca. Hav- ing, however, embraced the protestant doctrines, he found it necessary to quit his native country. - After having been for some time professor of divinity at Stras- bourgh, he was invited to England, and appointed professor of theology at Oxford. He left England on the accession of Mary, and died in 1561, theological proiessor at Zurich. He wrote several works, amcftig which are Commentaries upon Parts of the Scriptures. MARVELL, Andrew^, eminent as a writer and a patriot, was born, in 1620, at Kingston upon Hull; was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; and, after h.iving been secretary to the English lega- tion at Constantinople, and assistant to Milton, as Latin secretary, he was chosen, in 1660, member of parliament for his na- tive place, which he continued to represent till the end of his life. He is said to have been the last member who received pay from his constituents. In parliament, and with his pen, he was active in the cause of liberty, and no consideration could turn K*in aside from the path of duty. He re- fused a present o{ a thousand pounds from Charles II., tuough at that very moment be was obliged to borrow a guinea from a friend. Marvell died in 1678. His works, in piose and verse, form three quarto volumes. MASCAGNI, Paul, a celebrated Italian anati>mist, was born, in 1752, in Tuscany ; and died, in 1815, professor of anatomy, physiologyy and chemistry, at Florence. He was the first who demonstrated the real MAS 879 structure of the corpus spongiosum of the urethra. Among his works are A Treatise on the Lymphatic Vessels; &ad Anatomy forthe Use of Students in Sculpture and Painting. MASCARON, Julius, a distinguished French prelate and pulpit orator, was born in 1634; entered among the priests of the Oratory; and soon became so popular a preacher that multitudes thronged from all quarters to hear him. In 1666 he was called to the court, to preach before Louia XIV.; and in 1671, he was raised to the see of Tulle, whence, in 1679, he was translated to. that of Agen.~ He died in 1703. Of his Funeral Orations tlie most admired are those on Henrietta of England, the Duke of Beaufort, and Marehal Tu- renne. MASERES, Francis, a lavi^er and mathematician, was born in 1731; studied at Clare Hall, Cambridge, and the Temple ; was appointed attorney general of Quebec ; was made cursitor baron of the exchequer on his return from' Canada; and died in May, 1824. He published a collection of the Scriptores Logarithmic!, in six quarto volumes; A Treatise on Life Annuities; The Canadian Freeholder; Elements of Plane Trigonometry; Tracts on Algebraic Equations ; and other works. MASON, John, a dissenting theologian, was born, in 1706, at Dunmow; was pastor of a congregation at Dorking, and subse- quently at Cheshunt; and died in 1763 He wrote several able works, one of which, A Treatise on Self-Knowledge, has been ve^ oflen reprinted. MASOJV, John Mitchell, a divine -and pulpit orator, was born in the city of New- York in 1770, and after graduating at Columbia College, prepared himself for the sacred ministry. His theological studies were completed in Europe. In 1792 he returned to New-York and was established in the ministry^ at that place till 1811, when he accepted the appointirvent of provost in Columbia College. Ihis situation his ill -health obliged^ him to resign, and he visited Europe to repair hia constitution. On his return in 1817 he again resumed his labours in preachings and in 1821 undertook the charge of Dick- inson College in. Pennsylvania. In 1824 he returned to New-York, and died in 1829. lie was the author of Letters on Frequent Communion; A Plea for Sacra- mental Communion on Catholic Principles ; and a number of essays, reviews, orations, and sermons published at different times. MASON, William, a divine and noet, v/as born, in 1725, at Trinity Hall, in Yorkshire, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. It was while he was at the university that he began hia poetica career, by the poem of Isis, an attack 880 MAS upon Oxford, to which Thomas Warton *-epIied by the Triumph of Isis. His next work was the titigedy of Elfrida, on the Greek model. It was succeeded, at long intervals, by his Odes, and the drama of Caraclacus. His first church preferments were the living of Aston, in Yorkshire, and a royal chaplainship; the last of these he lost by his zeal in behalf of liberty. In 1762 he was made precentor and canon of York. He died in 1797. Besides his poems. Mason published the works of Gray and Whitehead, with Lives, and an Essay on Church Music. It seems to be certain that be was also the author of the witty satires given to the world under the signa- ture of Malcolm Macgregor. MASSENA, Andrew, prince of Ess- ]in|,, and duke of Rivoli, one of the most celebrated of Napoleon's marshals, was born, in 1758, at Nice ; entered the army in 1775; and retired from it after having served for fourteen years. The revolution, however, again roused his military ardour. His rise was rapid, for he attained the rank of general of division in 1794. In the Italian campaigns from 1794 to 1798 he on every occasion so distinguished him- self that he was called the darling child of victory, and in 1799 he saved France from invasion by routing the Austrians and Russians in Switzerland. His memorable defence of Genoa in 1800 gave time to Bonaparte to cross the Alps, and crush the Austrian army at Marengo. In the cam- paigns of 1805, 1807, and 1809, in Italy, Poland, and Germany, he was among the most conspicuously successful of the French leaders. His conduct in the last of these campaigns was rewarded with the title of prince of Essling. In 1810 he was ap- pointed to command the army which invad- ed Portugal,' but he was foiled by the genius of Wellington, and was compelled to abandon the Portuguese territory. Af- ter this period Massena did n6t i^ain appear in the field; and he died April 4, 1817. MASSILLON, John Baptist, one of the most eloquent of French pulpit orators, was born, in 1663, at Hieres; entered at the age of eighteen into the congregation of the Oratory ; and. became so celebrated as a preacher that he was summoned to court to display his powers. His success there was complete. Louis XIV however complimented him in the strongest terms, but neglected to promote him. It was lefl to the regent, duke of Orleans, to reward his merit; and, in 1717, he gave him the bishopric of Clermont. Massillon held this see til! liis decease in 1742, and his many virtues rendered him universally be- loved. His Sermons and theological works form fifteen volumes. MASSINGER, Philip, one of our MAT elder dramatic writers, was born, in 15.^ at Salisbury; was educated at Alban Hall, Oxford; became a writer for the stage; suffered frequently from poverty; and died in 1639. Of thirty-two plays which he wrote, fourteen are unfortunately lost. As a dramatist, Massinger claims an honoura- ble place among those whn are second only to Sbakspeare. His works were excellently edited by the late William Gifford. MATHER, Increase^ a learned American divine, was bom at Dorchester in 1639, was educated to the ministry, and was settled in the Nortli Church, Boston, in 1664. He continued there for sixty-two years, discharging the duties of his sacred office with zeal and ability. In 1685 he wns appointed to the presidency of Harvard College, which he resigned in 1701. He died in 1723. He was an indefatigable student, and published a variety of works on religion, politics, history, and philoso- phy. MATHER, CoTTOK,a celebrated divine, son of the preceeding, was bom, in Feb- ruary 1663, and was educated for the profession of theology. In 1684 he was ordained minister of the North Cliurch in Boston, as colleague with bis father. H« died in 1728. His learning was marvel- lous, but his taste was eccentric, and he was very pedantic and credulous. His publications are 882 in number ; the roost celebrated of which is Magnalia Christi American!. MATSYS, QuiNTiN, an eminent paint- er, was born, in 1460, at- Antwerp, and died in 1529. He was originally a black- smith, and his love for the daughter of an artist is said to have been his inducement to study painting. Some of his heads in a Descent from the Cross, at Antwerp, are declared by Sir Joshua Reynol.^s to be equal to any of Raphael's. His Two Mi- sers, in the Windsor Gallery, is also much admired. MATTHIOL1, or MATTIOU, Pete* Andrew, a botanist and physician, wsTs bom, in 1500, at Sienna; studied at Padua; and, afler having practised at Rome, Gratz, and other places, was appointed physician to Maximilian II. He died in 1577. The work by which he is best known is his Commentaries on Dioscorides, which con- tains nearly all the botanico-inedicil knowl- edge of the age in which he lived. MATURIN, Charles Robert, a divine, dramatist, and poet, was born, in 1782, in Ireland, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Though he was popular for his eloquence as a preacher, his only church preferment was the curacy of St. Peter's, in tlie Irish metropolis. His pen was fertile, but the remuneration which he received could not save him from MAX #«quent embarrassments. His first three novels— Tbe Fatal Revenge, The Wild Irish Boy, and The Milesian Chief — were published under the assumed name of Den- nis Jasper Murphy. He died in 1825. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote Sermons ; The Universe, a poem ; the novels of Melmoth, and Woman; and the tra^dies of Bertram, Manuel, and Fredolpho. The genius of Maturin was great, but it was not always under the control of a pure taste. MAUPERTUIS, Peter Louis Mo- re ad DE, an eminent French geometrician and astronomer, was born, in 1698, at St. Malo; studied at the college of La Marche, at Paris; and, after having served for four years in the army, be devoted himself to science and literature. Maupcrtuis has .he merit of having been one of the first in France to prefer Newton to Descartes. He was one of the persons who were sent, iQ 1736, to measure a decree of the me- ridian at the polar circle. In 1745, invited by Frederic the Great, he settled at Berlin, and was made president of the Royal Academy there. The latter part of his life was imbittered by his quarrel with Voltaire, who showered down sarcasm and satire upon him. He died in 1759. His works form four volumes. MAURY, John Siffrein, a French cardinal and statesman, was born, in 1746, at Vaureas, in the comtat Venaissin, and acquired great reputation by his eloquence as a preacher. He was one of the deputies of the clei^ to the states general, and was conspicuous for his opposition to revolu- tionary measures. In 1791 he quitted France, and the pope made him a cardinal. Napoleon, in 1810, gave him the arch- bishopric of Paris. Maury died in 1817. He wrote on Essay un Eloquence; and other works. He was a man of wit and presence of mind as well as of great ora- torical powers. On one occasion, when a furious mob was following him with cries of* Hang him on a lamp post !" he turned round, and coolly said, '* Do you think you should see clearer if I were there V* The ready j'oke saved his Irfc- MAXIMIANUS, MARC0S Avrelius Valerias Hekcolios, a Roman empe- ror, the son of a poor labourer in the environs of Sirmtum, was chosen as his assn'^iate in the government by Diocletian, in 286; abdicated with that monarch in 305; resumed the purple; and was put to death, in 310, by order of Constantine. He was one of the most violent persecutors of the Christians. MAXIMINUS,CAiDsJDLH7sVERns, a Roman emperor, the son of a Thracian peasant, was bom in 173; gained great repatation in the Roman armies; and was raLetl to the throne ia the murder of MAZ 88] Alexander Severus. After a short ana cruel reign, he was assassinated by Ilia troops, near Aquileia, in 238. He was of giant strength and stature ; and is said to have eaten and drank forty pounds of meat and eighteen bottles of wine daily. MAXIMUS, Marcus Clobius Pd- PiENDS, a Roman emperor, was of humble birtli, but rose by his merits to the most eminent posts in the state, and was at length, in conjunction with Balbinus, raised to the imperial dignity by the senate, on the death of the Gordians. He was mur- dered by the soldiery, after a reign of fifteen months, during which he had made good laws, and laboured to reform abuses MAY, Thomas, an historian and poet, was born, in 1594, at Mayfield, in Sussex; studied at Sidnev Sussex College, and Gray's Inn; was in some favour at court, but espoused the cause of the people; was appointed secretary and hibtoriograplier to the parliament; and died in 1650. tie wrote A History of the Parliament of Kngland; several dramas and poems; and translated and continued LuCan's Phar- salia. MAYER, ToEiAS, an eminent astrono- mer, was bom, in 1723, at Marbacb, id the duchy of Wirtemb^rg; became pro- fessor of mathematics at the university of Gottingeu; and died, exhausted by intense labour, in 1763. He made several import- ant astronomical discoveries, and invented various instruments. For his Tables of the Moon's Motion, his widow received three thousand pounds from the Board of Lon- gitude. Among his works are, A Treatise on Curves; and A Mathematical Atlas. MAYHEW, Jonathan, a divine, and missionary among the Indians, was born in Martha's Vineyard, in 1720, and educated at Harvard College. In 1747 he was or- dained pastor of the West C«^rch, in Boston, and continued in this station the remainder of his life. He possessed a mind of great acuteness and energy, and in bis principles was a determined republiean. His sermons and controversial tracts ob- tained for him a high reputation, and many of tliem were republished several times in England. He died in 1766. MAYOW, John, a physician ind phi- losopher, was bnm, i'l 1645, in Cornwall; studied at Wadham College, and at All Soul's Collie, Oxford; and died in 1679. To Mayow belong some chemical discov- eries which have been attributed to later writers: oxygen is among the number. They are to be found in his Five Medico- Philosophical Treatises, printed in 1674. MAZARIN, Cardinal Jui>iDS, a cele- brated statesman, was born, in 1602, at Piscin-i, in the NeapoliUn territory, and at the age of seventeen went to Spain^ where he studied jurisprudence for three S8Z MEA years at the universities of Alcala and Salamanca. After his return to Italy, be was employed by the papal ministers on various diplomatic missions, in one of which Cardinal de Richelieu conceived so high an opinion of the negotiator's talents, that he procured him to be sent as nuncio extraordinary to Pans, and on his death bed he recommended him warmly to the king. Mazarin succeeded him as miniBter; and though, during the civil wars of the viinority, he was twice compelled to fly, and a price was set upon his head, he re- turned in triumph, and held the reins of power till his decease, in 1661. As a poli- tician he displayed great talents; as a man he possessed few virtues. His most praise- worthy act, and that was done on his death- bed, was the endowing of the college which bears his name, and is also called the Col- lege of the Four Nations. MAZEPPA, JoHH, hetman or prince of the Cossacks, was born, about the middle of the seventeenth century, in the palati- nate of Podolia, and in his youth was page to John Casimir, king of Poland. Being detected in an intrigue with a married lady, the husband ordered him to be tied naked to the back of a wild horse, which was then let loose. The animal had been bred in the Ukraine, and thither it carried him. Nearly expiring with fatigue, Ma- zeppa was found by some peasants, who took care of him till his recovery. He remained in the Ukraine, and finally rose to be hetman. But, though a prince, be was a vassal of Russia; and the hope of becoming independent, induced him to form an alliance with Charles XII. After the fotal battle of Phltowa, which was fought by bis advice, he sought refuge at Bender, and he died there in 1709. MAZZUOLI, Francis, a celebrated painter, known by the name of ParmE' GiANo, was born, in 1503, at Parma, and was instructed in painting by his uncles, but owed his eminence to his studjring the works of Raphael. His reputation was soon widely spread, and he might have acquired a princely fortune had he not wasted his time, and exhausted his resour- ces, in tlie delusive labours t>f alchemy: His disappointment threw him into a deep melancholy, and undermined his health, and he died in 1540. Mazzuoli is gener- ally supposed to be the inventor of etching. MEAD, Richard, an eminent physi- cian, Vfis born, in 1673, at Stepney; studied at Utrecht and Leyden; took his degree at Padua; and began to practise in 1^6. lo a few years he acquired the highKt degree of'professional reputation, and, as a necessary consequence, a splendid fortune. He became vice-president of the Royal Society, censor of the college of phyiicians, and physician to George II. HEH The presidency of the college his numeroiu avocations compelled him to decline ac- cepting. The riches which he ga*ned by his skill he used nobly, in forming a magf- nificent librair and museum, and in assist- ing men of tafent. He died in 1754. His works form a quarto volume. MECHAIN, Peter Francis An DREW, a French astronomer and geometri- cian, was born, in 1744, at Laon. Lalande procured for him an appointment in the national depository of marine charts. Me- chain particularly applied himself to dis- cover comets, and to> calculate their ele- ments, and he observed eleven in the course of eighteen years. He was also employed, with Delambre, in measuring a degree of the meridian between Perpignan and Bar- celona; and he edited the Connoisauce des Temps from 1786 to 1794. He died in 1805. MEDICI, Lorenzo di, surnamed tha Magnificent, was bom in 1448; was edu- cated with the utmost care ; and, in 1469, succeeded his father, Peter, in the govern- ment of Florence. In 1478 he was near becoming the viuim of a conspiracy formea by the Pazzi, between whom and his family there existed an bereditary and deadly enmity. His brother Julio was killed, but Lorenzo saved himself liyhis courage and presence of mind. With equal good fortune be succeeded in break- ing up a confederacy which was formed against him 1^ his inveterate enemy. Pope Sixtus IV. His latter years were spent in tranquillity, and in the munificent encour- agement of learning and the arts. He died in 14S^. Many editions of his poems have been published. MEHUL, Stephen Henry, an emi- nent French composer, was bom, in 1763, at Givet; was an admirable organist when only ten years old; settled at Paris in 1779, and was so fortunate as to obtain the friendship and advice of Gluck; be- came inspector at the Conservatory of Music, professor of Composition at the Royal School, a mernb^ of the Institute, and Academy of Fine Arts, and a knight of the legion of honour ; and died in 1817 MEL Of his operas the principal are, Euphro- syneand Coradio; Stratonice; and Joseph. MEISSNER, AuGUSTOs Theopbi- LUS, a German romance writer and dram- atist, was born, in 1757, at Bautzen, in Lnsatia ; studied at Leipsic and Wittem- oerg; and was, successively, keeper of the archives at Dresden, professor of belles lettres at Prague, and director of the supe- rior schools at Fulda. He died in 1807. His principal works are. Sketches; Alci- biades; Bianco Capello; The History of the Frink Family ; and Fragments towards the Life of Chapel-Master Naumann. MELA, PoMPONias, a Latin geogra- pher, was born in Spain, in the first centn. ry, and is supposed by some to have been related to Seneca and Lucan. He is tlie author of a work, in three books, on the Geography of the World as far ^ it was then known. MELANCTHON, Philip, a celebrated protestant reformer, was bprn, in 1497, at Bretten, in the Palatinate. His real name was Schwartzerde, or Black Earth, of which Melancthon is a translation. He studied at Wittemberg and Tubingen ; and, in 1518, was appointed Greek pro- fessor at Wittemberg, where be became the friend of Luther, and a convert to his doctrines. He died at Wittemberg in 1560. His works form four folio volumes. MELENDEZ VALDEZ, Johh An- thony, an eminent Spanish poet, was born, in 1754, at Ribera ; and, after hav- ing filled varioos important offices in the law department, was obliged to quit his QouDtry in consequence of his having ac- cepted a place under Joseph Bonaparte. He died in 1807. His poems, which form three volumes, possess merit of a superior order, especialfy his epistles. MELMOTH, WitLiABC, a barrister, was born in 1666, and died in 1743. He wrote a popular and excellent work. The Great Importance of a Religions Life; and, in conjunction with Feere Williams, published Vernon's Reports. MELMOTH, Willi AM, son of the fore- going, was born in 1710; was brought up to the law, and became a commissioner of bankrupts; and died in 1799. He wrote Memoirs of his father ; and Fitzosbome's Letters ; translated the Letters of Pliny and of Cicero ; and Cicero's Treatises de Amicitia et de Senectute. MELVILLE, Henry DUNDAS, vis- count, the son of Lord Arnistone, a Scotch judge, was born in 1740 ; was educated at the university of Edinburgh; was called to the bar; and, in 1773, 1775, and 1777, became solicitor general, lord advocate, and joint keeper of the signet for Scot- land. His political existence commenced te 1782, when he was made a privy coun- nU» and treasurer of the bavy. The I MEN SN triumph of the coalition displaced him; but he returned to office with Mr. Pitt, and was ever after a firm and useful coad- jutor of that minister. When the board of control was established, he was appoint- ed its president. In 1791 he was made secretary for the home department, and, in 1794, secretary of war. The latter post he held till he retired with Mr. Pitt, when he was created a viscount. When Mr. Pitt again became premier, Dundaa was made first lord of the admiralty. But in 1805 he was impeached by the Commons, and though he was acquitted of the alleged malversations, and only proved to have been negligent of his duty with respect to his agents, he ceased to take a part in public affairs. He died May the 27th, 1811. MENANDER, a Greek comic poet, was born B. c. 342, at Athens; studied philosophy under Theophrastus ; composed one hundred and eight comedies ; and was drowned, B. c. 290, in the harbour of the Piraeus. Of the numerous works of this principal author of the new school of com- edy nothing remains but a few fragments. Terence is believed to have copied the whole of his pieces from Menander, ex- cept the Phormio and Hecyra. MENDELSSOHN, Moses, a learned Jewish writer, was bom, in 1729, at Des- sau, in the principality of Anhalt. Though in his youth he was extremely indigent, yet, by incessant study, he acquired an ex- tensive knowledge of philosophy and lan- guages, and became a celebrated author. He died at Berlin in 1786. Among his productions are, Phaedon, a Dialogue on the Immortality of the Soul, which gained him the title of the Jewish Socrates; Phi- losophical Works ; Morning Hours ; and a Letter to Lavater. MEN6S, Anthony Raphael, an em- inent painter, who has been called the Raphael of Germany, was bom, in 1729, at Aussig, in Bohemia ; studied at Rome ; and died there in 1779, after having spent a considerable part of bis life at the Saxon and Spanish courts, as painter to the sover- eigns of Saxony and Spain. His works are held in high estimation. MENINSIQ, Fbancis Mesgnieh, m learned orientalist, was bora, in 1623, in Lorraine; studied at Rome; accompanied the Polish ambassador to Constantinople, in 1652, add acquired the Turkish lan- guage ; and died in 1698, principal intei^ preter to the emperor of Germany. His chief work is A Persian, Arabic, and Turkish Dictionary, in four folio vols. MENZINI, Benedict, an eminent Italian poet, was born, in 1646, at Flo- rence. He was patronised, at Rome, by Christina of Sweden, after whose deadiha was in indigent circumstances till ha fbnnd 384 MET anotLer protector in Cardinal Albani, who raised him above the fear of want. He died in 1704. fifERCATOR, Gerard, a geographer, was bom, in 1512, at Rapelmonde, in tbe Netherlands; and died in 1594. So as- sidnous a student was he that he scarcely allowed himself time to eat or s\eep. He was cosmc^rapher to the duke of Juliers, and was much esteemed by Charles V. Mercator published many maps, aod some works on chronology, geography, and di- vinity. The mode of projection in marine charts, to which his name is attached, is said to belong to Edward Wright, an Englishman. MERIAN, Maria Stbilla.r painter and naturalist, was bom, in 1647, at Frankfort; studied painting under Mig- non ; married Graff, a painter and arclu- tect; went to Surinam, in 1698, to draw the reptiles and insects of that country; and died in 1717. Her pictures in needle- work almost equalled die labours of her pencil. Her principal work is A History of the Insects of Surinam, in folio, with sixty plates. Her danghters, J are Hel- ena and Dorothea Maria Henriet- ta, inherited her pictorial talent, and the latter was an excellent Hebrew scholar. MERRICK, James, a poet and divine, vras born, in 1720, at Reading; was edu- cated at the school of that place, and at Trinity College, Oxford; and died in 1769. Bishop Lowth speaks of him as being one of the best of men and meet eminent of scholars. Among his works are. Poems on Sacred Subjects ; Annota- tions on the Psalms, and on the Gospel of St. John; a translation of Tiyphiodoms; and a metrical version of the Psalms. MESMER, Frederic Anthony, a German physician, the founder of animal magnetism, which is also called Mesmer- ism, was bom, in 1734, at Merseborg, in Swabia.and 6rst made his doctrines known to tlie world, in 1766, by a thesis on Plau- etary influence, in which he contended that the heavenly bodies diiiiise through the universe a subtle fluid, which acts on the nervous system of animated beings. He died in 1815. Of late years his theo- ry has again excited great attention on the continent. MESSIER, Charles, a French as- tronomer, was bom, in 1730, at Badon- viller, in Lorraine; was for a considerable pn-iod an assistant to Delisle; became as- tronomer to the navy, and a member of many learned bodies; and died in 1817. Messier particularly directed his attention to the discovering of comets, and his dis- coveries were numerous. Louis XV. called him the ferret of comets. METASTASIO, Peter Bonaveh- TCRE a celebrated T>glian n oet. whose HID real name was TRAPASSI, was bom, n 1698, at Rome. When he was only tea years of age, his talent of extemporizing in verse attracted the notice of Gravina, who took him under his patronage, and fostered his poetical powers, while, at the same time, he initiated him in the profes- sion of the law. The youthful Metasta- sio also entered into the minor order of priesthood. His tragedy of Giustino was produced when he was only fourteen. In 1718 his patron died, and left him the whole of his property- Metastasio ulti- mately devoted himseft to dramatic com- position. In 1730 he was invited to the court of Vienna, where he became imperi- al laareat ; a post which he continued to hold for more than half a century. He died in 1782. Metastasio wrote sixty- tbree lyrical tragedies and operas, besides innumerable poems. MICHAELIS, John Datid, a learned orientalist and biblical critic, was bom, in 1717, at Halle, in Saxony, at the univer- sity of which place he was educated. After having visited England, and been preacher at the German Chapel, St. James's Pal- ace, he became librarian and professor of theology and eastern literature at Gottin- geo. He died in 1791. Of the numerous works of Michaelis the Introductions to the New and to the Old Testament, and the Interpretation of the Lavrs of Mosee, are the principal. MICHAUX, Andrew, a French trav- eller and botanist, was bom, in 1746, at Satory, near Versailles ; spent many years in journeying through the United States; and died, in 1802, at Madagascar. He published a History of North American Oaks; and a North American Flora. MICKLE, William Julius, a poet, was born, in 1734, at Langholm, in Dum- fHesshire. After having failed as a brewer in his native country, he went to London, with the view of turning to account his literary talents; and, in 1765, he became corrector of the Clarendon Press, at Ox- ford. In 1778 he accompanied bis fi'iend Commodore Johnstone on a mission to Lisbon, as secretary. He died in 1788 The poems of Mickle, the principal of which is Sir Martyn, origiDally called The Concubine, are elegant and animated. His version of the Lusiad does honour to his genius, but it is unfaithful to Camoens; not, however, by suppressing beauties, bat by adding them. Mickle edited die col- lection of poems callnd Pearch's ; and wrote manv of the finest pieces in Evans's Old Ballad's. MIDDLETON, Conters. a learned divine and elegant writer, was born, in 1683, at York, and was educated at Trin- ity College, Cambridge, of which he be- came a fellow. In the contat bctwemthfl MIL of that college and Dr. Bentley he took a prominent part. In 1724 he visited Italy. He was, subsequently, Wood- wardian professor of mineralogy, and li- bi-a.-ian, at Cambridge. His oirfy church preferment was the living of Hascomb, in Surrey, for his free spirit of inquiry was not calcolated to conciliate 'clerical patronage. He had, however, a suffi* cient fortune to render him indifferent to the emoluments of his profession. He died in 1750. His chief works are, A Liie of Cicero, which ranks among the classical productions of our literature; and a Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers of the Church, which excited against him a host of vehement opponents. His Miscellaneous Pieces form five octavo Ta.ume5. MIDDLETON, Arthur, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was born in South Carolina in 1743, and received his education in Europe. Soon after bis return home, he began to take an active part in the revolutionary movements, and in 1776 was chosen one of the dele- gates from his native state to tlie American Congress. At the close of the year 1777 he resigned his seat, leaving behind a character for the purest patriotism and unwavering resolution. In the year 1779 many of the southern plantations were ravaged, and that of Mr. Middleton did not escape. On the surrender of Charles- ton he was taken prisoner and kept in confinement for nearly a year. In 1781 he was appointed a representative to Con- gress, and again in 1782. In the latter year he went into retirement, and died, in 1787. MILLER, Philip, an eminent gardener and botanist, was born, in 1691, in Scot- land, and is said to have succeeded his father, in 1722, as gardener to the Apoth- ecaries' Company. It is, however, doubt- ful whether his father ever held the situation Miller was a correspondent of Liooaeus, and a member of the Royal Society. Foreigners denominated him the Prince of Gardening. He died in 1771. Besides his great production. The Gardener's Dio- troaary, he wrote The Crardener's Calen- dar; The Ga dener's aid Florist's Dic- cianar/; and some other works. MILLER, James William, an Amer- ican poet, and miscellaneous m'iter, passed his early life in a variety of dinerent pursuits, without being able to fix himself permaneotly in any occupation. He pur- lued for a while the study of law, and subsequently engaged in literair pursuits 'n Boston, where he met with disappoint- ments and was worn by disquietude. He left his native country for the West ladies in 1828, where he obtained a grant of land fron the Spanish government, and died in I 17 MIL 389 the following year at the age of twenty- seven. A volume of his Poems and Sketches was collected and published at Boston in 1830. MILLER, Edward, an eminent phy- sician, was born in Delaware, in 17^, and in 1796 removed to New-York for the practice of his profession. He became known by an able treatise on the Origin of the Yellow Fever, and in conjunction with Dr. Mitchill and Dr. Smith established the Medical Repository. In 1807 he was elected professor of the practice of physic in the university of New-York, and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the New*York hospital. He died in 1812. His medical treatises have been collected and published in one volume. MILLEVOYE, Charles Hubert, a French poet, was born, in 1782, at Abbe- ville; studied at Mazarin College, Paris; di.splayed poetical talents at the age of thirteen; and died in 1816. His works form four octavo volumes. Millevoye excels in elegiac composition. Many of his pieces are characterized by great feel- ing, elegance, and animation. MILLIN, AuBiN Louis, an eminent archaeologist and naturalist, was born, in 1759, at Paris, and entered the ecclesiasti- cal profession, but soon abandoned it for literature; and, being a man of fortune, he was not compelled to endure the misery of writing for bread. In 1794 he succeeded Barthelemi as keeper of the cabinet of medals. Part of his time was speut in travelling in Italy and the south of France, and he published acounts of his tours. Millin was one of the founders of the Linnaean Society at Paris. Among hia numerous works may be mentioned. Ele- ments of Natural History; National Anti- quities ; Ancient inedited Monuments ; Dictionary of the Fine Arts ; Etruscan Vases and Painting; and Introduction to Archaeology. Millin also conducted the Encyclop^ic Magazine from 1792 to 1816. MILLOT, Claude Francis Xavier, a French historian, was bom, in 1726, at Omans, in Franche Comte; studied at the Jesuits' College, and entered intc/ the order, but quitted it in consequence of being illiberally treated ; was successively professor of history at Parma, and tutor to the duke of Enghein; and died in 1785 Among his works are. Elements of the History of England — of France — and : ^:bradi8e Regained, Samson A^TiwtSb, and The History of Britain, vi^e amonelur latest productione He died Novembers, 1674. MIND, - to^fret, a painter, the pnpil of Frendenberger, was b'*m, in 1768, at Berne; where, also, rt* iied in 1814. His fondness foi* the- leUne race waa unbounded From the 'A>^«<*iracy and spirit with which he delineated every attitude and peculiarity of this race of animals, *« was called dn Raphael of cata. HIR MINOT, Georqb Richards^ an Americau historian, was born in 1758, was educated at Harvanl College, and pursued the profession of the law. His chief pro- duction is a Continuation of Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts in two volumes. He died in 1802. MIRABEAU, Victor RIQUETTI, marquis de, a prolific French writer of the «ect of the political economists, was born, in 1719, at Perthuis, and died in 1790. As a private character he was deserving of reprobation for his vices ; as an author he was equally so, for his obscurity, affecta- tion, and vanity. Of his works die prin- cipal are. The Friend of Men ; The Tfaeocy of Taxation ; and Rural Philosophy. MIRABEAU, HoNORius Gabriei. RIQUETTI, count de, one of the ^pst celebrated characters of the French revolu- tion, was the son of the foregoing, and was bom, in 1749, at Bignon, near Nemours. Of his early life much was spent in ex- cesses, in prison, or in obscure, and some- times licentious, labours of the pen. Seven- teen lettres de cachet were obtained against him by his father, who seems to have de- li^htea in persecuting him. In 1784 he visited London, and he was afteswards sent to Berlin, by Calonne, on a secret mission. The revolution opened for him the path to lame, and, as he had reason to hope, to fortune and power also. Rejected by the nobles, he was chosen as a deputy to the states^eneral by the commons of Aix. In this new capacity, his extraor- dinary eloquence, his talent, and his bold- ness, soon ^ve him irresistible wei^t in the assembly, and rendered him the idol of the people. At length, apprehensive that the existence of monarchy itself was becoming endangered, he entered into a treaty with the court, to use his influence in stopping the progress of the republican designs. Before, however, he could carry his intentions into effect, a sudden illness terminated his existence, April 2, 1791. His remains were honoured with a public funeral, and deposited in the Pantheon; whence, only two years later, they were dragged by the mob, and scattered to the winds! Among his works are, a Treatise on Lettres de Cachet; On the Prussian Monarchy under Frederic the Great ; Secret History of the Court of Berlin; and Let- ters to his Constituents. MIRANDA, FRAtfcis, a general, was born, about 1750, in Peru; quitted his country on the discovery of a plan which he had concerted to liberate it from the Spanish yoke; fought under the banners of republican France, in 1792 and 1793; succeeded in bringing about a revolution in Venezuela, in 1811, but finally fell into the hand* of the Spaniards; and died a prisoner at Cadiz, in 1816. Miranda was MOL 887 a persevering, brave, and well informed man. MITCHILL, Samuel L., a celebrated physician, was bom in the year 1763, and was for a great number of years professor of various branches in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons of New York. He was elected to tlie assembly of New York soon after the revolution, and was after- wards a senator in Coi^ress and colleague of De Witt Clinton. He was a man of immense acquisitions, and his labours are dispersed through many volumes. He was a. member of most of die philosophical so- cieties of any note in Europe and his native conntiT. He died in 1^1. MITFORD, William, an historian and philologist, was bom, in 1734, in Lon- don; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; became colonel of the Hampshire militia, and M. P. for Newport, in Cornwall, Beeralston, and New Romney; and died in 1827. His principal works are,The History of Greece ; and' An Essay on the Harmony of Lan- guage. MITHRIDATES, king of Pontns, sur- named the Great, succeeded to the throne, B. c. 123, in his eleventh year. His life was one long struggle against the tyranni- cal ascendancy of Rome. He inflicted frequent defeats on die Romans, but was at length expelled from his kingdom l^ Porapey, and put an end to his own exist- ence, B. c. 64. MOESER, JxrsTUS, an eminent German author, was bom, in 1720, at Osnabnrgh; was educated at Jena and Gottingen ; be- came a popular advocate, and connsellor of justice; and died in 1794. Moeserwas caned the German Franklin. Among his numerous works are. Patriotic Ideas, in four volumes; Arminios, a tragedy; a History of Osnaburgh; and Miscelluiies. MOHAMMED BEN ABD AL WA- HAB, Sheik, the founder of the sect of the Wahabites, was bom in Arabia, about the beginnii^of the eighteenth century, in the tribe of Temim, and claimed descent fi:om Mahomet. Having studied the mns- suhnan theology and jorisprudence at Me- dina, and being a- man of talent and elo- quence, he set up for a reformer of isliumam. His progress at first was slow, but he ultimately succeeded in spreading his doc- trines widely^and establishing his power. He died at an advanced age. MOLE', Matthew, a French magis- trate, remarkable for bis probity and cour- age, was bom, in 1584, in the capital of France; became president of the parlia- ment of Paris, and keeper of the seals; displayed great strength o' mind and per- sonal bravery amidst the lerils to which he was exposed in a civi. war ; and died 1656. " If it were not a sort of bias- 588 HON phemy (sa\ i Cardinal de Retz) to affirm that there has been in our time a man more intrepid than the great Gustavus or the prince of Conde, I ^ould declare that man to be M. Mole." MOLIERE, John Baptist, a cele- brated French comic writer, whose real name was POQUELIN , was born, in 1622, at Paris; was the son of an upholsterer and valet de cnambre to the king; was edu- cated at Clement College by the Jesuits; studied the law at Orleans, and was in- tended for a barrister, but was diverted from the bar by his fondness for the stage. That fondness he first indulged in private theatres; dien, changing his name, he be- came a provincial actor, and began also to display bis dramatic powers as an author. In 1658 he established his theatrical com- pany at Paris, and in 1665 he was taken into the service of Louis XIV. and pen- stoned. He now brought forward all his best pieces, and his fame as a writer of comedy was spread throughout Europe. But though he was in possesion of afflu- ence and reputation, though he was patron- ised and esteemed by his sovereign, and lived in habits of friendship with men of genius and rank, Moliere was far from being happy ; his health was in a languish- ing state, and his domestic circumstances were fraught with discomfort. He died in 1673. His works form eight volumes. . MONBODDO, James BURNETT lord, a learned but eccentric writer, was born, in 1714, at JVlonboddo, in Scotland, and was educated at Aberdeen and Gron- ingen. la 1738 he was admitted an advo- cate, and, in 1767, was raised to the bench. He died May 26, 1799. Lord Monboddo was an excellent Greek scholar and meta- physician, but his whimsies threw a shade over his merits. He held modern learning in utter contempt, and believed in satyrs, mermaids, and the relationship of the hu- man and monkey races. He wrote Ancient Metaphysics; and An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Language. MONGE, Gaspar, an eminent French geometrician, was born, in 1746, at Beaune ; displayed profound mathematical talents a. an early age; taught physics and mathe- matics at the military school of Mezieres; and, in 1780, became a member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1793 he was for a short time minister of the marine, and acted as substitute for tfie war minis- ter. In 1796 be was employed in Italy; and. In 1798, accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt, where he was chosen president of the Institute of Cairo. Under the imperial government, he was made a senator and count of Pelusium. Napoleon also gave him an estate in Westphalia, and a present of two hundred thousand francs. On the •vturn <^ the Bourbons he was deprived of MON all his employments, and, in 1S16, waa excluded from the Institute. Grief and age combined to weaken his Acuities, and he died, almost in a state of imb^ility, in 1818. Of his works the principal are, Descriptive Geometry; the Application of Analysis to the Geometry of Surfaces; and an Elementary Treatise on Statics. Monge was the creator of descriptive ge- ometry, MONK, George, duke of Albemarle, the son of Sir Thomas Monk, was born, in 1608, at Potfaeridge, in Devonshire ; en- tered the army early, and, after having served in various quarters, espoused the cause of Charles I. and was made governor of Dublin. He was taken by the Parlia- ment troops at Nantwich, and committed to the Tower, where he wrote his Obser- vations on Military and Political Afiairs. After having been confined for three years, he accepted a commission from the parlia- ment, and was employed in Ireland and in Scotland. In 1653 he was transferred to the naval service, and, in conjunction with Blake and Dean, he twice defeated the Dutch fleet. On peace being restored, he returned to the chief command in Scotland. By means of the army which was under his orders he sncce^ed in restoring Charles II. ; for which he was rewarded with the order of the garter, and the dukedom of Albemarle. His last exploit was his three days desperate engagement with the Dutch fleet in 1666. He died in 1670. MONROE, James, president of the United States, was born, in Virginia, in 1759, and was educated in William and Mary college. He entered the revolution- ary war in 1776 as a cadet, was at the battles of Haerlem Heights and White Plains, and in the attack on Trenton, and rose through the rank of lieutenant to that of captain. He wa^ present at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- mouth, as aid to Lord Sterling. Resuming the stu^ of the law, he altered the office of Mr. Jeflerson,and after being a member of the assembly of Virginia and the coun- cil, he waa elected in 1783, a member of the old Congress. In 1790 he was elected a member of the senate of the United States, in 1794 went as minister plenipo- tentiary to France, and in 1799 was ap- pointed governor of Virginia. In 1803 he was appointed minister extraordinary to France, in the same year minister to London, and in the next minister to Spain. In 1806 he was again appointed in con- Junction with Mr. William Pinkney, min ister to London. He was subsequently governor of Virginia; in 1811 was ap- pointed secretary of state, and continued to exercise the duties of Uiis department, and for some time those of the department of war, till 1817. In that year ne waa HON cAiosen presiient of the Union, and in 1821 was re-elected by a vote, UDanimous, with die single exception of one vote in New Hampshire. He died in New York, on the fourth of July. 1831. MONRO, Alexander, professor of anatomy, was born in 1732, and died in 1817. Among his works are. Observations on the Nervous System; Outlines of the Anatomy of the Human Body ; The Structure of Physiology of Fishes; and a Description of the Bursae Mucosae. — His brother, Donald, a physician, wrote a Treatise on Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Memoirs of his Father; and Observations on the Means of preservine the Health of Soldiers. MON 88t came a chimney sweef, a fishmonger** boy, a cabin boy, and a mule driver ; and in his latter days he irarried a washer- woman, wandered tlirough the East, and, after having been a Roman catholic, ended by apuAtatizing to Mahometanism. He wrote Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the Ancient Republics; and some papers - in the Philosophical Transactions. MONTAGU. See Halifax and Sandwich. MONTAGU, Lady Mart Wortlet, a beauty, a wit, and an elegant writer, was born, about J690, at Thoresby, in Notting- hamshire, and was the eldest daughter of the duke of Kingston. She was carefully educated, and manifested precocious tal- ents. In 1712 she married Mr. Wortley Montagu, and in 1716 she accompanied him on his embassy to Constantinople. To this journey we are indebted for her admirable Letters, and for the introduction of inocu- lation into England, the efficacy and safety of which she first tried upon her own son. After her return, in 1718, she shone con- spicuously in the circles of talent and fashion. Pope was among her friends, or rather he was her lover, but he -at length quarrelled with and libelled her. In 1739, her declining health induced her to settle on the continent; whence, however, she returned in 1761. She died in the follow- inff year. Her collected works have been published in six volumes. Her poems are light and spirited, but often incorrect; her Letters place her at the head of female epistolary writers in Great Britain, and leave her few rivals in other countries. MONTAGU, Edwa rd Wortl e y, the Bon of the foregoing, was born, in 1713; was elected a member of parliament in 1747; and died in 1776. His character vras fiill of eccentricity. He ran away thrice from Westminster School, and be- MONTAIGNE, Michael de, a cele- brated French essayist, was born, in 1533, at the castle of Montaigne, in Perigord. The utmost care was taken in his education. I^tin and Greek he acquired by their being constantly spoken to him in his childhood. He finished his studies at Guienne College in Bordeaux. About 1554 he became one of the counsellors of the parliament of Bordeaux. He was twice mayor of Bordeaux ; took a part in the assembly of the States of Blois; and re- ceived the order of Saint Michael from Charles IX. In 1580 and 1581, he visited Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. His Essays were begun about 1572, and the lir&t edition was published in 1580. He died in 1592. His £)ssay9, of which in- numerable editions have appeared, and which must always retain their popularity, have been twice translated into English. MONTALEMBERT, Mark Renb, marquis de, a French general, was born, in 1714, at Angouleme; entered the army early in life, and made several campaigns; was attached to the Russian and Swedish staff, during the seven years' war, as the military agent of the French government; assisted Camot with his advice during. the first part of the revolutionary war; and died in*^800. Montalembert is the in- ventor of a new system of fortification, which has given rise to much controversy. Its principles are explained in liis Per- pendicular Fortification, or the Defensive Art superior to the Offensive, in eleven vol- umes quarto. MONTECUCULI, Ratwond, one of the greatest generals of the seventeenth century, was born, in 1609, of a nobla 890 HON Cimily m the Modenese It was in the thirty yeare* war, and in the Imperial ser- Tjce, that he first held a command, and dbphiyed his superior talents. In 1657 he was sent, with an auxiliary force, to the assistance of the king of Poland, and, soon after, to that of the kine of Denmark. In 1664 he gained a splendid victory at St. Gothard, over the Turkish army. In 1675 and 1676, he commanded on the Rhine, and foiled all the efforts of Tnrenne and the prince of Conde by his masterly manoeuvres. He died in 1681. He is the author of Memoirs on Military A&irs; and a Treatise on the Art of Reigning. MONTESQUIEU, Charles de SE- CONDAT, baron de, an illustrious French writer and magistrate, was born, in 1689, at the castle of Brede, near Bordeaux; oecame counsellor of the parliament of Bordeaux in 1714, and in 1716 succeeded his uncle as president k mortier. His first published work was his Persian Letters, which appeared in 1721. In 1726 he relin- quisfaed bis oflice, in order to devote him- self to literature. He then travelled over a considerable part of the continent, and visited England, where he resided for two years. On bis return he retired to the castle of Brede. Hie two principal works. On the Greatness and Decline of the Ro- mans; and The Spirit of Laws; the former given to the world in 1734, and the latter 10 1748, were the result of his long studies and meditations. He died in 1755. Burke characterizes hiiti as " a genius not born in every country, or every time; a man gifted l^ nature with a penetrating aqui- line eye ; with a judgment prepared with the most extensive erudition ; with a Her- culean robustness of mind, and nerves not to be broken with labour." MONTGOMERY, Richard, a major general in the army of the American revo- lution, was bom in Ireland in 1737. He entered the British army, and fought with Woiie at the siege of Quebec in 1759. He subsequently left the army and settled in New York. Joining the cause of tlie col- onies, he was appointed a general in the lortliern army, and 611 at the assault on MOO Quebec in 1775. He was on officer ol much energy and valour. ■ MONTI, ViBceuT, one of the most eel- ebrated poets of inodern Italy, and one of the most versatile of men in his pd^itica. principles, was bom, abont 1753, at Fiisig- nana, in the duchy of Ferrara. He began by being a violent partisan of the papa government, and enemy of the French ; became a republican, and next a panegyr- ist of Napoleon ; and ended by offering his incense to the emperor of Austria. He died in 1828. In his Basvilliana he proves himself no unworthy disciple of Dante. Among his other works are. The Bard of the Black Forest; and the tragedies of Galeotto Manfredo, Aristodemns, and Cams Gracchus. One of his last labours was of an nnpoetical kind: it consisted in re- moulding the Delia Crusca Dictionary. MONTMORENCI, Ahiie Dx.constable and marshal of France, was born, in 1493, at Chantilli, and was mortally wounded at the battle of St. Denis, in 1567. From his early youth he was remarkable for his va-our, and he acquired renown on nu- merous occasions; but his most splendid achievement was his saving France, in 1536, when Charles V. invaded Provence with a formidable army. By his prudence and skill at that period he gained the title of the French Fabius. MONTROSE, James GRAHAM, mar- quis of, a royalist general, a descendant from the royal family of Scotland, served in the Scotch guards, in France, and joined the covenanters after his return home. He soon, however, changed sides, acted with great zeal for Charles I., and gained the &ttle^ of Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverlochy. Being defeated by Lesley, in 1645, be was compelled to leave the king- dom. In 1650 he made another attempt to raise the standard of royality, but was speedily taken prisoner, and was executed on the 21st of May in that year. MOODY, Paul, a celebrated mechanic, was bom in Essex county, Massachusetts, about the year 1780, and was for some time in the employment of Jacob Perkins, of Newburyport. He was the head mechanic of the mann&ctnring establishments at Waltham, and subsequently of the great manufactories at Lowell, where he died suddenly, in July, 1831. MOORE, Edward, a poet, and miscel- laneous writer, was born, in 1712, at Abingdon, in Berkshire, and quitted the business of a linen draper in London, to assume the literary character. He died in 1757. Moore conducted The World, to which many men of talent and fashion were contrioutors. His poems, the prin- cipal of whicy are Fables for the Female Sex, have considerable elegance. Hip comedies of Gil Bias and the Foundlinf MOR aai portant offices, raised him to vhe loni chancellorship, id 1630, in the place of HOR were unsaccessful ; but his tragedy of The Gamester is still represented with ap- plause. MOORE, JoHV, a'miscellaneouB writer, was born, in 1730, at Stirling; studied medicine and surgery, at Gki^gow; and was successively a surgeon's mate in the Netherlands, and surgeon to the English ambassador at Paris. In 1772 he took bis degree as a i^ysictan ; after which he spent five ^ears in travelling upon the continent with the duke of Hamilton. On his return lie settled in London, and he died in 1802. As an author he enjoyed considerable popularity. He wrote three novels, Zeluco, Edward, and Mordaunt, the first of which is superior to the others; A View of Society, &c. in France, Swit- zerland, and Germany; in Italy; and of the French Revolution. MOORE, Sir John, a general, the eldest son of the foregoing, was bom, in 1761, at Glasgow; entered the army at the a^ of fifteen as an ensign; and dis- tinguished himself at tlie siege of Calvi, the capture of St. Lucia, and on various occasions in Ireland, Holland, and Egypt; in the coarse of which services he received several wounds. On his return from Egypt he was made a knight of the Bath. In 1808 he commanded tlie forces sent to assist the king of Sweden; towards the close of the same year he was placed at the head of tlie army in Spain; and he fell gloriously, on the 16th of January, 1809, at the battle of Corunna. MORATIN, Nicholas Ferdinand, a Spanish poet and dramatist, who was barrister, and died in 1780, endeavoured to assimilate the Spanish comic theatre to the strict lules of the French. He wrote three tragedies; a comedy; Diana, or the Art of Hunting; and other poems. MORATIN, Leandek Ferdinand, son of the foregoing, a Spanish dramatist, who is called the Molldre of Spain, was born, about 1760, at Madrid; was obliged to quit his native country in consequence of having been a partisan of Joseph Boni- parte; and died at Paris, in 1828. He wrote several comedies; and, as a theatri- cal writer, is superior to his father. MORDAUNT. See Peterborouh. MORE, Sir Thomas, chancellor of Ekgland, the son of a judge, was born, in 1480j in Milk Street, London, and was educated in tie family of Cardinal Morton, who used to predict More's future emi- nence. He completed bis studies at Christ Church, then Canterbury College, Oxford, of the array of the Rhine. In that year and at Lincoln's Inn- He early obtained he distinguished himself by penetrating a seat in parliament, and on more than! into Bavaria, and by his masterly retreat one occasion displayed an independent! before a superior force; in 1797, by his spirit In 1523 he was cliosen speaker. ' passage of the Rhine; and 5n 1800, by his He was much in favour with Henry VIII. camp;iign in Germany, crowned by tlie whcy after having given him some Im-; decisive victor}' of Hohcnlinden. Having Wolsey. This high office he filled fo^" three years with the utmost talent and integrity- He resigned the seals, because he could not conscientiously lend his sup- port to the measures of Henry with respect to religion and the divorce of Catherine of Arragon. For this, the implacable tyrant devoted him to death, and he was beheaded in 1536. His humour and pleas- antry did not desert hint' even in his last moments. The virtue of tolerance was alone wanting to render More an almost perfect character. Of his works the most celebrated is the Utopist, a polititsil ro- mance. MORE, Henrt, a divine and platonic philosopher, was boni, in 1614, at Grant- ham ; was educated at Eton, and Christ's College, Cambridge; refused the highest fireferments ; and died, universally be- oved, in 1687. His works, in which are many fine passs^jes, form two folio volumes As a poet, he is known by his Pyschozoia, or Song of the Soul, in which, though it is often obscure and prosaic, there is much poetical im^ery. MOREAU, John Victor, one of the most celebrated of modern French gener- als, was born, in 1763, at Morlaix, and was brought up to the bar. The army, however, was the profession of his choice, and he entered a regiment before he was eighteen, but Avas taken from it by his father. The revolution enabled him to gratify his wishes, and he made his first campaign under Dumourier, in 1792. He gained die rank of brigadier general ip 1793, and that of general of division in 1794. In the latter year he commanded the right wing of Pichegru's army, and obtained great successes in the Nether- lands. In 1796 he was placed at the head 1192 SIOR engaged with Pichegru, Grcorges, and other royafists, in a plot against the consular government, he was brought to trial, in 1804, and sentenced to two years impriaon- nient, but was allowed to retire to North 4inerica. There he remained till 1813, when he was prevailed upon to join the allied sovereigns, and appear in arms against his country. He was, however, mortally wounded at the battle of Dresden, and died on the 1st of September, 1813. MORERI, Levfis, the first author of the Dictionary which bears his name, was born, in 1643, at Bargemont, in Provence ; was educated at Draguignan, Aix, and Lyons ; took orders, and became almoner to the bishop of Apt; and died in 1680, from a disease brought on by excessive lit- erary exertion. The Dictionary to which he owes faia reputation was published in 1673, in one volume folio; it has since been extended to ten volumes. MORETO Y CABANA, Augustin, a Spanish dramatic poet of the seventeenth centurV) a contemporary of Galderon, was patronised by Philip IV. and entered into the ecclesiastical state on ceasing to write for the stage. He wrote six and thirty comedies; from two of which Moliere bor- rowed hints for his Princess of Elis and School for Husbands. MORGAGNI, JoHK Baptist, an emi- nent Italian anatomist and physician, was born, in 1682, at Forli; studied at Bolog- na ; became successively professor of theo- retical medicine and of anatomy at Padua ; was hanoured t)y the king of Sardinia and several popes; was a member of various learned bodies; and died in 1771. His works, which are much valued, form five volumes folio. MORGAN, Daniel, a distinguished officer in the army of the American revo- lution, was born in New Jersey, and re- moved to Virginia in 1765. He enlisted in Braddock's expedition as a private sol- dier, and on die defeat of that general returned to his occupation as a farmer. At the commencement of tlie revolution he was appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and joined the army under Wash- ington, then in the neighbourhood of Bos- ton. He distinguished himself very much in tlie expedition against Quebec, where he fell into the hands of the enemy. On the exchange of prisoners, he rejoined the Amen can army, was appointed to the conuiand of a select rifle corps, and de- tached to assist genei'al Gates on the north- ern frontier, where he contributed materi- a ly to tlie capture of general Burgoyne. Aiter a short retirement from service, on account of ill health, he was appointed origadier general by brevet, and command- id at the force by which culunel Tarleton was routed at the battle of Cowpens. He MOR soon after resigned his commission. ^ In 11^4 he commanded tlie militia of Virginia, called out to snppress the insurrection in Pennsylvania, and continued in the service till 1795. He afterwards was elected to a seat in Congress. He died in 1799. MORGAN, John, an eminent Ameri- can plwsician, was born in Philadelphia, in 1735, and wag educated at the college in that city. He completed his medical studies in Europe, and on his return in 1765 was elected profesisor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical CO lege in Philadelphia. In October 1775, he was appointed chief physician to the general hospitals of the American army, but in 1775 was removed on account of certain accusations which he afterward proved to be entirely groundless He died in. 3 789. He was the author of several medical treatises. MORISON, RoBEKT, an eminent bot- anist, was bom, in 1620, at Aberdeen; studied at the university there, and at Paris and Angers; settled in t^ngland, in 1660; and became king's physician, a fellow of the college, and regius professor of bota- ny; and died in 1683, professor of botany at Oxford. His principal work is, Plan- tarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis; the second volume of which was published by Bobart. MORITZ, Charles Philip, a Ger- man writer, was born at Hameln, in 1757; studied at Hancver, Erfurt, and Wittem- berg; travelled in England, Switzerland, and Italy; and died in 1793 Moritz was a most eccentric character. In his novels of Anthony Reiser and Andiew Hartknopf he has drawn a portrait of some of his own singularities and adventures. Among his other works are, his IVavels in Eng- land and Italy; The Antiquities of Rome; and various grammatical and philological psoductions. MORLAND, George, a painter of considerable talent, but irregular and de- basing habits, was born, about the vear 1764, in London, and was instructea by his father. His works were exceedingly popular, and he might have gained an am pic fortune, had not his inveterate propen sity to intemperance and to low company kept him always poor, and more than once deprived him of his liberty. He died in 1804. MORRIS, GoDVERNEUB, £«n eminen statesman and orator, was born at Morris- ania, near the city of New York, in 1752, was graduated at King's CoMege in 1768, and licensed to practice Ipw in. 1771. In 1775 he was a member of :hn urovincia congress of New York, and, inna c-ne of the cummittee which drafted A ^.^ititu- tion for the state of New York. * ^777 he was chosen a delegate to the vi en HOR taa congress, and in the following year wrote the celebrated Observations on the Amencan Revolution. In 1781 he ac- cepted the post of assistant superintendent of finance, as colleague of Robert Morris ; and in 1787 was a member of the conven- tion which framed the constitution of the United States. In 1792 he we^ appointed minister plenipotentiary to France, and held this station till his recall by the re- ?uest of the French government in 1794. Q 1800 he was elected a senator in Con- press, from the state of New York, and in uiis body was very conspicuous for his political information and his brilliant elo- quence. Many of bis speeches in congress and orations have been published; and a selection from bis correspqpdence and oth- er valuable papers, with a biographical sketch, by Mr. Jared Sparks, was issued in 1832. MORRIS, Lewis, a signer of the dec- oration of independence, was bom at tbe manor of Morrisania, near the city of New York, in 1726. He was educated at Yale CoU^e, and took an early part in the cause of tbe colonic. In 1775 he was elected a delegate to the continental con< gress, and while in this body served on several of the most important committees. His rich estates were laid waste by the British army in 1776. He left congress in 1777, and died in 1798. Hiree of his sons served with distinction in the revolutiona- ry aiiny. MOkRIS, Robert, a celebrated finaiH cier, was a native of EngUind, removed with his father to America, at an early age, and subsequently established himself as a merchant in Philadelphia. In 1775 be was appointed a delegate to congress, and signed the declaration of independence in the following year. In 1781 he was ap- pointe-1 superintendent of finance, and ren- dered incalculable service by his wealth and credit during the exhausted state of our public fiinds. It has been said, and with much truth, that ^' the Americans owed, and still owe, as much acknowledg- ment to the inancial operation^ of Robert Morris, as o *Jie negoci^ions of Benjamin Franklin, or even to the arms of George Washington." He was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States in 1787, and after- wards a senator in coogr^s. In his old age he lost his ample fortune, by unfortu- nate land specalations, and passed the last years of his life confined in prison for debt He died in 1806. MORTIMER, Thomas, a miscellane- ous writer, was born, in 1730, in London ; was for some time vice consul in the Neth- erlands; and died in 1809. Amang hisj works are, The British. Pbtarch ; A Dic- tionary of Trade and Commerce ; A Gen- ' in MOT 383 eral Dictionary of Commerce; The Ele- ments of Commerce; and a History of England. MORTIMER, JoHif Hamilton, a painter, was born, in 1741, at Eastbourne, in Sussex; was a pupil of Hudson, to whom he was superior in talent; and died in 1779. Among his best historical pic- tures are. The Battle of Agincourt ; Vorti- gern and Rowena ; the signing of M^na Charta; and St. Paul converting thS" Bri- tons. Mortimer excelled in sketches of banditti and terrific subjects. MORTON, Nathaniel, one of the first settlers of Plymouth, New England, and a magistrate of the colony, was the author of a history of the church at Ply- mouth, and of a volume called New Eng- land's jMemorial. This work was origin- ally published in 1669, and a new edition of it has been recently issued. MORTON, John, a signer of the dec- laration of American independence, was bom in the coanty of Chester, Pennsylva- nia, was a member of the provincisd as- sembly of his native state, and in 1774 ap- pointed a delegate to the continental con- gress. He died in 1777. MOSCHUS, a Greek bucolic poet, a native of Syracuse, is believed to have been a friend of Bion ; though some imag- ine him to have lived under the reign of Ptolemy Philometer. His Idyls are among the most beaulifiil specimens of ancient pastoral poetry. '^ MOSHEIM,JoHK Laurence, a Ger- man prot^tant theologian, was bom, in 1695, at Lnbeck, and, after having fflled professorships in Denmark and Brunswick, died in 1755, professor of theology and chancellor of the university of Gottingen. His sermons were much admired for their pure, elegant, and mellifluous style. In his private character he is said to nave re- sembled Fenelon. He wrote above a hun- dred and sixty works, among which may be mentioned. The Morality of the Holy Scriptures; and an Ecclesiastical History, the latter of which was translated by Mac- laine. MOTHE LE VAYER, Francis i>k LA, a French philosopher and writer, was bom, in 1588, at Paris; quitted the .aw for literature; was appointed preceptor to the duke of Orleans, and afterwards cf Louis XIV. ; and died, in 1672, historio- grapher of France, and a member of the Royal Academy. His worlds, in which there is much acnteness and learning con- veyed in a faulty s^Ie, form fourteen vol- umes. It was not till he was fifty that he began to publish them. MOTTE, Anthony HOUDAR, de LA, an emineat French writer, was born, in 1672, at Paris. He was educated at tlie Jesuits' seminary, and was intended 04 MOZ for the lav, bnt chose to become a dramat Mt. The iaihire of big first piece. The Orieinals, so iiscooraged him that be would have become a monk of La Trappe had not the ah^e de Ranee dissuaded him. His subsequent pieces were more success- ful. Id 1710, be was admitted a member of the Academy. He was a fertile writer. Among his works are. Odes, Eclogues, Fables, and an abridged translation of the Iliad, which he made without nnderstand- ing a word of Greek. His prose, howev- er, was much superior to his verse. Dur^ ing the last twenty years of his life he was bhud. La Motte died in 1731. MOTTEUX, Petek ARTHoirr, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1669; settled in England after the revocation of the edict of Nantz; obtained a situation in the post office ; and was found dead in a house of ill fame, in 1718. Motteux was a perfect master of the English language. He wrote nearly twenty dramatic pieces, and translated Don Quixote and Rabelais; the last of which works Tytler considers as a model of translation. M OURAVIOF,MicH AEL Nikititsch, a Russian pf>et and miscellaneous writer, was bom, in 1757, at Smolensk ; was pre- ceptor to the sons of Catherine 11. ; was appointed by Alexander a senator, privy counsellor, and assistant to the minister for the department of public instruction ; and died in 1807. A complete edition of his works was published in 1820. MOULTRIE, William, a major ^n- eral in the army of the American revolution, was born in England, bnt emigrated to South Carolina at an early age. He served with distinction in the Cherokee war in 1760, and in its last campaign commanded acom- ftany. At the commencement of the revo- ution, he was a member of the provincial congress, and a colonel of the second regi- ment of South Carolina. For his brave defence of Sullivan's Island in 1776, he received the thanks of Congress, and the fort was afterwards called by his name. In 1779' he gained a victory over the Bri- tish at Beaufort. He afterwards received the commission of major general, and was second in command to general Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the close of the war he was repeatedly elected gov- ernor .of South Carolina. He published Memoirs of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia, consisting chiefly of official letters. He died at Charleston, in 1805. MOZART, John Chrtsostom Wolf GAITG Theophilus, one of the greatest of modem composers, was born, in 1756, at Saltzbursh, and was the son of an able musician. He began to display his musical talents when he was only three years old ; and by the time he was twice that age he was lutsBtd to as a prodigy in various HDS parts of Germany. HenextviaiudFraKa England, and Italy, and was every whfen received with enthusiasm. In his tenth year he applied himself strenuously to the study of composition ; Arming his taste on the works of the most celebrated masters. His first serious opera, Mithridates, which ran for twenty nights, was produced in his fifteenth year. After having made' a second journey to Paris, he entered into the ser- vice of the emperor of Germany, in which he remained till his decease, on the 5th of December, 1792. His last praductionwas his celebrated Requiem. Of his operas, of which he composed twelve, the princi- pal are, Idomenens, The Clemency of Titus ; Don Giovanni ; The Marriage of Figaro ; and The Enchanted Flute. HUDGE, THOHAS,'a celebrated watch- maker, was bom, in 1716, at Exeter; was apprenticed to Graham, whom he after- wards surpassed ; received a parliamentary reward for his improvements in chronome- ters ; and died in 1794. MULLER, JoHR Von, a celebrated Swiss historian, was born, in 1752, at Schaffhausen, and studied at Gottiugen. He was, successively, professor of Greek at his native place, and of history at Cas- sel, secretary of state to the elector ot Metz, counsellor of the Imperial chancery, and secretary of state, and director general pf public instmction of the kingdom of Westphalia. Muller, who has been called the Helvetian Thucydides, died in 1809. His principal works are, A History of the Swiss Confederacy; and A Course of Universal History. MULLNER, Adolfhds, an eminent Gernan dramatic writer, was bom, in 1774, at Langendorf, near Weissenfels; was brought up to the law ; acquired great reputation as a dramatist and critic; and died June 11, 1829. MuUner was a man of genius, but the bitterest of censors, and the roost quarrelsome of authors. Among his plays are the tragedies of Guilt; King Ingurd; and The Albanaserin. MURAT, Joachim, ex-kingof Naples, one of the most intrepid of the French marshals, n-as born in 1771: was the bob Mtra •f wi inkeeper a Bastide, near Cahors; *na was intenied for the church. The army, however, was his choice; and in 1796 Bonaparte made him his aid-de-camp. In Italy, in 1796 and 1797, and io Egypt and Syria, in 1798 and 1799, Murat dis- played great valour and military talent. He returned with Bonaparte to France, assisted him in overthrowing the Directory, and was rewarded with the hand of Caro- line, the sister of the first consul. At Marenoro und Austerlitz he was one of the most distinguished of the French leaders. In 1S06 Napoleon created him grand duke of Berg; and in 1808 he raised him to the throne of Naples. Murat took a conspicu- ous part in the campaigns of 1806, 1807, 1808, 1812, and 1813; but, in 1814, find- ing that the throne of his patron began to Cotter, he joined the allies. In the follow- ing 3rear, however, he was expelled from his kingdom; and, having made a despe- rate attempt to recover it, he was taken prisoner, and shot, at Pizzo,Oct. 13, 1815. MURILLO, Ba.rthoi.ohew Ste- phen, one of the greatest of the Spanish painters, was born, in 1618, at Seville; acquired the rudiments of art from his uncle Juan del Castillo ; was generously be- friended by Velasquez, who brought him forward at Madrid ; acquired fame and an independent fortune; and died, in 1682, in consequence of a fall from the scafibld. Mobile painting his picture of St. Catherine. MURPHY, Arthur, a dramatist and misccllaneotis writer, was born, in 1727, at Clooniquio, in Ireland; wbs educated at St. Omer's ; and, afler hav'ng been for a short time in mercantile siijations, be- came ail author by profession. The Gray's Inn Journal was his first literary attempt. His first dramatic pieces were the farces of The Apprentice and the Upholsterer. These he followed up by a long series of tragediee, comedies, and minor dramas, many of which were received with ap- plause, and continue to be acted. Of this numbei are. The Grecian Daughter, All in the Wiong» The Citizen, and Three Weeks 'iftrr Marriage. In 1762 he was Endaiid, and became known by his school called to toe bar, but bis practice appears I books ; and died January 10, 1826. Among MUR 899 never to have been considerable. He tried his powers as a political writer, by de- fending Lord Bute, in the Test and the Auditor; but here he failed; and some ludicrous mistakes, into which he was in- didiously led by his antagonists, exposed him to ridicule. In his latter days he was made a commissioner of bankrupts, and obtained a pension. He died in^-ISOS. Among his other works are. Lives of Gar- rick, Johnson, and Fielding; and transla- tions of Tacitus and Sallust. MURPHY, James Cavanagh, an architect and antiquary, was a native of Ireland, and died in 1816. He is the author of Travels in Portugal, in 1789 and 1790 ; Antiquities of the Arabians in Spain ; and Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Views of the Church of Batalha. MURRAY, Alexander, a distin- guished naval officer in the American ser- vice, was bom in Maryland in 175&. He went early to sea, and being appointed a lieutenant in the navy, obtained a corres- pondent rank in the army, and distinguished himself at the battles of Whiteplains, Flat- bush, and New York. Being promoted to a captaincy he served with gallantry to the close of the campaign of 1777. During the war he was engaged in thirteen battles by sea and land, and was once taken pris- oner. On the organization of the new government, he was one of the first ofiicere recalled into service, and was engaged for a while to defend the American trade io the MediteiTanean. His last appointmen was that of commander of the navy-yard in Philadelphia, a post which he held till tlie time of his death in 1821. He was a brave officer and much respected. MURRAY,WiLi.iAMVANS,an Ameri- can statesman, was born in Maryland in 1761, and received his legal education in London. On returning to his native state, he engaged in the practice of law, and in 1791 was elected to a seat in congress where he distinguished himself by his ability and eloquence. He was appointed by Washington minister to the republic of Batavia, and discharged the duties of tlie office with much abili^. He was subse- quently envoy extraordinary to the French republic, and assisted in making the con- vention which was signed at Paris in 1800, between France and the United States Returning to his station at the Hague, he embarked in 1801 for his native country, where he died in 1803. MURRAY, LiNDLET, a grammarian, was born, in 1745, at Smetara, near Laa caster, in Pennsylvania; was originally an American barrister, but quitted the bar to become a merchant; acquired a compe- tency by his mercantile pursuits; settled ia S96 NAN nis works sire, English Grammar; Exer- cises; Key; Spelling Book; and Reader; two French Selections; The Power of Religion on the^iud; and The Duty and Benefit of Reading the Scriptures. MURRAY, John, an eminent physi- cian, chemist, and lecturer in natural philosophy, chemistry, materia medica, and pharmacy, was a native of Scotland, and died at Edinburgh, July 22, 1820. He wrote Elements of Chemistry; A System of Chemistry ; a Supplement to that Sys- tem ; Elements of Materia Medica and Pharmacy; and a System of Materia Med- ica and Pharmacy. MUS^US, an Athenian poet, said to have been the son, or the pupil, of Orpheus, flourished fourteen centuries b. c, and presided over the Eleusinian Mysteries. — Another poet, of tlie same name, who wrote The Loves of Hero and Leander, is sup- posed to have lived between the second and the fourth centuries. MUS^US, John Cbari.es Augus- TiTS, an eminent German writer, was born, in 1735, at Jena, and studied at that university. He was appointed minister at Eisenach, but the peasants refused to re- ceive him as their pastor, because they had Eeenhim dance ! He died in 1788. Among his principal works are, PhysiognomicEd Travels ; Popular Tales of tlie Germans ; and The German Grandison ; of which tlie first two have been translated into Eng- lish. NAP MUSSCHENBROEK, Petbb Vaw. a celebrate-d Dutch natural pfa .osopher and mathematician, was born, m 1692, atLey- dp.n, where he died, in 1761, professor of astronomy, after having held professorships at various places. He was a member of the Royal Society, and the French Acade my of Sciences. Musscenbroek contributed largely to introduce experimental philoso* phy and the Newtonian system into Hol- land. Among his works are. Element? Fhysicae; and Compendium Phjsicae Ex perimentalis. MUTIS, Joseph Celestino, a cele brated naturalist, was bom, in 1732, at Cadiz, and died, in 1808, royal botanical director and astronomer at Santa Fe de Bogota. Mutis resided during nearly half a century in South America, and contribut- ed greatly to the spreading of science and the arts of civilization in that country. He was the first botanist who distinguished the various species of cinchona, and the true characters of that genus. MYLNE, Robert, an architect, was born, in 1734, at Edinburgh. His father was of the same profession. While he was studying at Rome, he gained the chief architectureu prize at the academy of St. Luke. Of that academy, and of the acad- emies of Florence and Bologna, he was chosen a member. Blackfriars Bridge, which was begun in 1760, and completed in ten years, is his great work. He died, in 1811, surveyor of St. Paul's Cathedral. N NADIR SHAH, or THAM AS KOULI KHAN, a Persian warrior and usurper, was bom, in 1688, at a village near Meshed, in the province of Kliorasan; experienced many vicissitudes in his youth; and WELs taken into the service of Shah Thamas, in 1726, for whom he gained several victories 3ver the Afgans^nd Turks. In 1732, howe^sr, he deposed him, and placed Abbas III. on the throne. On the decease of Abbas, in 1736, Nadir assumed the sovereignty, and retained it till he was as'saFsinated in 1747. During his reign he vanquished the mogul, and made himself master of Delhi, and defeated the Usbecks and the Turks. N^VIUS, a Latin dramatist and poet, was bom in Campania, and died at Utica, B. c. 203. He wrote several tragedies and comedies, and a metrical history of the first Punic war. NANEK, or NANNUK, a native of HindoBtan, the founder of the sect of the SeiKs, which has now grown into a power- \il nation, was born, in 1469, at Talwendy, a small village of Lahore, and died at Kartipour, in 1539. The unity, omnisci- ence, and omnipotence of God was one of the principal tenets taught by Nanek. NAPIER, or NEPER, John, baron of Merchiston, in Scotland, a celebrated mathematician, was born, in 1550; was educated at St. Andrew's; and, after hav- ing travelled in France, It^y, and Ger many, declined all state employments, in order that he might devote hinuelf to the study of mathematics and theology. He died in 1617. Napier immortalized himselt by the discovery of k^rithms, an account of which he published in 1614. The rods or bones, for multiplying and dividing, which bear his name, were also invented by him. Besides the work already men- tioned, he wrote RaMolo^y; and A Plain DiscoA-ery of the Revelatmn of St. John. NAPOLEON L (Napoi-eon BONA PARTE), emperor of tlie French, king of Italy, &c. &c. This extraordinary man was bom, August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio, in I Corsica, of a noble family, was educated NAP ■t tb« Bilitary school of Brienne; and entere i the artillery senrice, as a second NAP 897 lientenant, in 1785. He served at the si^es of Lyons and Toulon, to the reduc- tion of which latter city he greatly 'Con- tributed; and he sul»eqn^tly displayed high talents in the French army which assailed Piedmont on the Genoese frontier. In October, 1795, he commanded the force which victoriooslv defended the convention again^ the revolt of the Parisians. He now married Josephine Beauhamois, the widow of viscount de Beauhamois. £arly in. 1796, he was placed at the head of the French army in Italy, and here began his career of glory. In the campaigns of 1796 and 1797, he overran the whole of Italy, repeatedly defeated with inferior numbei^ the Piedmontese and Austrians, reduced all tne Italian powers to submis' sion, and at length compelled the emperor to sign a peace. On the 19th of May, 1798, Bonaparte, with a formidable arma- ment, sailed to conquer £gypt; and, in his way thither, he took possession of Malta. Having subjugated Egypt, he invaded Syria; but his progress was stopped at St. John of Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, and lie returned to the banks of the N ile. There be lewned the revei^es which his country- men had sustained in Europe^ and , in consequence, leaving Kleber to command the troops, he embarked for France, and landed in safety at Frejus, October 9, 1799. On the 9tb and lOth of November, he overthrew the directorial authority, and was raised to the supreme power, under the title of First Consul. His first care was to restore internal tranquillity by a system of moderation and order; bis next was, to restore the military preponderance of hb country. Having collected an anny on the frontier of Switzerland, he, by almost miraculous exertions, led it over the Alps, and by the battle of Marengo, fought on the l-ith of June, ISOO, he recovered the whole of Italy. A peace ensued with the emperor, and, next, with England. The latter, however, wiis bmken at the expira- tion of little more than a year. His life tras, in the mean while, endangered by two conspiracies. In 1804, he was raised to thedignity of emperor, and was crowned by the pope; and, in the following year, he was proclaimed king of Italy. While he was preparing, at Boulogne, for an invasion of England, a league was formed against him by Austria and Russia, and he hasten- ed to meet those powers in the field. The battle of Austerlitz, on the 2nd of Decem- ber, 1805, dissolved the coalition, and obliged Austria to accept a humi^d'tmr peace. In 1806, Napoleon created se\enn kings, and put himself at the head of the Confederation of the Rhine. Pruraia de- clared war against him in the same yesur; but her army was utterly routed at the bat- tle of Jena; and though, with tlie aid of Rxissia, she maintained the contest a while longer, she and her ally were under the ne- cessity of making peace in July, 1807 Spain was unwisely and unjustly attacked by Napoleon in 1808, and this contest, which continued till 1814, was one of the causes of his downfal. In 1809, while he was thus occupied, Austria once more took up arms against him. The struggle was an obstinate one; but the decisive victory of Wagram, on the 5th and 6th of July, again compelled her to submit to the vic- tor. Desirous of an heir to the crown of France, Napoleon, in 1810, divorced, the Empress Josephine, and married Maria Louisa, a daughter of the Austrian empe- ror. A son, bom in March, 1811, was the fruit of this union. Disputes now arose between France and Russia, which ended in war. Napoleon, in June, 1812, invaded the Russian territoiy with a mighty force, gained several battles, and made himself master of Moscow ; but he was at length under the necessi^ of retreating, and nearly tlie whole of his army was destroyed, by the inclemency of the winter and the sword of the enemy. Prussia now joined the victorious monarch of Russia, Vet, in the following campaign. Napoleon defeated the allies atLutzen, Bautzen, and Wurtzen, and would, perhaps, have conquered them, had not Austria united with them. The battle of Leipsic drove back Napoleon within the limits of France; and, in 1814, France was invaded on all sides. With a comparatively insignificant force. Napoleon nevertheless gained several victories over the invaders ; but partly the overwhelming numbers of his enemies, and partly the treason of some of his generals, at feng^ compelled him to abdicate, and to accept the sovereignty of Elba. At Elba, how- ever, he did not long remain. At tlie head of Only one thousand two hundred men, he landed at Frejus, on the 1st of March, 1815, and expelled Louis the Eighteenth froinhis kingdom. But nearly all Europe once mrire confederated against him; he was vauquished at Waterloo ; and was a second 896 NEK time forced to abdicate. Id this emergency be threw himself on thegenerosity of the British goTernment. Tnat governmeDt exiled him Co St. Helena, where he ex- pired, on the 5th of May, 1821, of cancer in the Btomach; a disease the progress of which was probably accelerated by the cli- mate, and by the vexations to which he was fiedulouely and perpetually subjected. Not merely dne of the most consummate generals whom the world ever saw, but pos- sessed, too, of splendid and varied talents, and of some virtues. Napoleon might have held a throne till the last moment of exist- ence, had not his fatal ambition, and his repugnance to the principles of liberty, led hini astray from the path of true glorvj and reiiuered him at once an object of dislike to the friends of freedom, and of terror to the surrounding nations. NEAL, Damei., a dissenting minister, was bornj in 1678, in London; was educa- ted at Merchant Tailors' School, and at Utrecht; became minister to a congrega- tion in Jftwin Street; and died in 1743. He wrote A History of the Puritans ; and A Histon* of New England. NECKER, James, an eminent financier and statesman, was bom, in 1732, at Ge- neva, and for many years carried on the Dusin^s of a banker at Paria. His Enlogy on Colbert, his Treatise on the Corn Laws and Trade, and some Essays on the Re- sources of France, inspired such an idea of his talents for finance, that, in 1776, he was appointed director of the treasury, and, shortly after, comptroller general. Before his resignation, in 1781, he pub- lished a statement of his operations, ad- dressed to the king; and, while in retire- ment, he produced a work on the adminis- tration of the Finances, and another on the importance of Religious Opinions. He was reinstated in the comptroUership in 1788, and advised the convocation of the states general; was abruptly dismissed, and ordered to quit tlie kingdcnir, in July, 1789; but was almost instanUy recalled, m consequence of the ferment which his de- parture excited in the public mind. Neck- er, however, soon became a? much an ob- ject of antipathy to the people as he had been o their idolaliy, and in 1790 he left France for ever. He died, at Copet, in Switzerland, in 1804. The whole of his works form fifteen volumes. His wife, Susanna, whose maiden name was Cdr- CHOD, was a woman of talent, and wrote Reflexions on Divorce; and Miscellanies. She was the object of Gibbon's early at- tachment. NEEDHAM, John Turberville, a natural philosopher, was born, in 1713, at London; was educated at Douay; and died, in 1781, director of the Imperial Academy tX BruMels. Among his works Nre, Inqui- NEL rira on Hieroseopical Discoveries; Nen Microscopical Discoveries; Inquiries con- cerning Nature and Religion ; and an Essay on tlie Origin of the Chinese Empire. NEELE, Henrt, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was born in 1798; followed the profession of an attorney ; and put an end to his existence in a tit of insanitf, February 7, 1828. He is the author of Poems; Dramatic and Miscellaneous Po- etry; The Romance of English History; and Literary Remains. NELSON, HoR&Tio, visconnt, waa bom, September 29, 1758, at Bursham Thorpe, in Norfolk, of which parish his fotber was the rector. At the age of twelve he went to sea, as a midshipman, with his uncle. Captain Suckling. He reached the rank of post captain in 1779, aiid was appointed to the command of the Hinchinbroke frigate. During the Amer- ican war and the succeeding peace he gained the character of a good officer; the war of die revolution gave him that of a great one. In 1*^3 he was appointed to the Agamemnon, forming a part of Lord Hood's squadron in the Mediterranean There, he distinguished himself at the sieges of Bastia and Calvi, at the last of which he lost an eye ; harassed the enemv with incessant activity; and contributed so lai^Iy to the victory of Cape St. Vin- cent, that he was made a rear-admiral, and received the order of tlie Bath. In an at- tack upon Santa Cruz he foiled, •and jost his ria:ht arm. In 1798, he destroyed the Frendi fleet, on the first of August, in the Bay of Aboukir; and he subsequently took an active part in the expulsion of the French from the Neapolitan and Roican territories. For this he was created a baron. In 1801 he defeated the Danes at the battle of Copenhagen, and was made a viscount; and in 1805, on the 2lBt of Oc- tober, he crowned his achievements by the glorious victory of Trafalgar, over the united French and Spani^ squadrons. This triumph, however, was dearly earned to the country by tlie loss of the 4iero woe gained it. He was mortally woundad O) NEW t rifle ibot, and lived only just lone enough to learn that the success was complete. NELSON, Thomas, was born at New York in 1738. He received bis education in England, and about the close of the year 1761, returned to his native country, and took up bis residence at York. In 1774 be was chosen a member of the house of ourgesses, and in the following year was appointed a delegate to the continental con- gress. He held a seat in this assembly for two successive years, and again in 1779. In 1781 he succeeded Mr. Jeflferson as governor of Virginia. His death took place in 1789. NEPOS, CoRNELios, a Latin histori- an, is said to have been born at Verona, or in its vicinity. He flourished under Julius and Augustas Caesar, and was a fa- vourite of the latter. He wrote the LiVes of celebrated Greek and Roman characters. NERO, LuciDS DoHiTius Ci.addids, a Roman emperor, was born A. D. 37, and succeeded Claudius, by whom he had been adopted. At the commencement of his reign his conduct excited great hopes in the Romans ; but he soon degenerated into one of the basest of tyrants. Some crimes, however, among which is the burning of Rome, appear to have been falsely attribu- ted to him. He put an end~io his existence, in 68, in consequence of the successful re- bellion of Galba. NEWCOUE; W1LI.IAH, a learned pre- late, was bom, in 1729, at Barton le Clay, in Bedfordshire ; was educated at Abing- don School, and at Pembroke College, Oxford ; was successively bishop of Dro- more, Ossor/, and Watenbrd ; was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh by Earl Fitzwilliam; and died in 1800. Of his works the principal are, A Harmoiw of the Gospels; An Historical View of the Lnglish Biblical Translations; and At- tempts towards an improved Version of Ezekiel and the Minor Prophets. NEWCOMEN, Thomas, a blacksmith of Dartmonth, in Devonshire, lived at the latter end of the seventeenth century, and the beginning of the eighteenth. To him belongs the merit of the first great im- provements in steam enginas, by forming a vacuum under the piston, and thus bringing into action the atmospheric pressure. NEWTON, Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers, was born, December 25, 1642, at Colsterworth, in Lincolnshire, and early displayed a talent for mechanics and draw- ing. He was educated at Grantham School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied mathematics with the utmost assi- duity. In 1667 he obtained a fellowship; in 1669 the mathematical professorship; and in 1671 he became a member of the Royal Society. It was during his abode St C^bridge that he made his three great NEY diseoveries, of fluxions, the nature of light and colours, and the laws of gravitation To the latter of these his attention was first turned by his seeing an apple fall from a tree. The Frincipia, which unfolded to the world the theory of the universe, was not published till 1687. In that year also Newton was chosen one of the delegates, to defend the privileges of the university against James II. ; and in 1688 and 1701 be was elected one of the members of the university. He was appointed warden of the Mint in 1696; was made master of it in 1699 ; was chosen president ' of the Royal Society in 1703; and was knighted in 1705. He died March 20, 1727. Among his works are, Arithmetica Universalis; a New Method of Infinite Series and Flux- ions; Optics; The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended; and Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apoca- lypse. NEWTON, Thomas, a learned pre- late, was born, in 1704, at Litchfield; was educated there, at Westminster, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; and, after having filled various minor preferments, was made bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He died in 1782. His principal work is. Dissertations on the Prophecies. He also published editions, with notes, of Parad^^ Lost, and Paradise Regained. NEY, Michael, a French marshal, prince of the Moskwa, duke of Elchingen, denominated " the bravest of the brave* by his countrymen, was the son of an arti- 400 NIC saD,and was born, in 1769, at Sarre Louis. He entered the army in 1787 ; exerted him- self su much ID the early campaigns of the revolution that he was called the Indefati- gable; and rose to the rank of brigadier general in 1796. He bore a part in all tlie achievements of the army of the Rhine, particularly the battle of Hohenlinden. In all the campaigns from 1805 to 1814, Ney held high commands, and constantly sig- nalized himself by his military skill and his daring valour. He was made a peer by Louis XVIII., and was placed at the bead of an army to stop the progress of Napoleon in 1815. Ney, however, went over, with bis army, to. his former sove- reign, and fought for him at Q,uatre Bras and Waterloo. On the second restoration of the Bourbons, he was condemned to death, and was shot on the 7lh of Decem- ber, 1815. NICHOLS, John,, an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1744, at Islington ; was apprenticed to Bowyer the printer, and became his partner; con- ducted The Gentleman's Magazine for nearly half a century; and died November 26, 1826. Among his works are. The History and Antiquities of Leicestershire ; Anecdotes of Bowyer; Literary Anec- dotes of the Eighteenth Century; and IK lustrations of the Literature of tlie Eigh- teenth Century. NICHOLSON, James, an officer in the American navy, was bom in Chester- town, Maryland, in 1737. He followed the life of a sailor till the year 1763,' when he married and settled in the city of New- York. Here he remained until 1771, when he returned to his native province. At tlie commencement of the revolution, the government of Maryland built and equipped a ship of war, called the Defence, and the command of her was entrusted to Nicholson. He performed various exploits during the war, and before the close of it was taken prisoner and carried into New York. He died in 1806. NICHOLSON, William, ar able wri- ter on natural philosophy and chemistry, was born, in 1753, in London; was, suc- cessively, in the maritime service, agent on die continent for Mr. Wedgwood, a mathematical teacher, and engineer to the Portsea water works; and died in indi gence, in 1815. His chief works are. An introduction to Natural Philosophy; A Dictionary of Chemistry; and The Navi gator's Assistant. In 1797 he established the scientific Journal which bears his name, and which he conducted till his de- cease. NICOLAI, Christopher Freder- ic, a German author, who was also a bookseller, was born at Berlin, in 1733, ftnd died diere in 1811. Among his nu- NOL meroua works are. The Life and Opinion of Sebaldus Nothanker ; A Tour in Ger many and Switzerland; and Character- istic Anecdotes of Frederic IT. He also edited The Library of Belles Lettres ; Let- ters on Modern Literature ; The German General Library ; and The New German General Library; the whole forming near- ly two himdred volumes. NICOLSON, William, alearned pre- late, was born, in 1655, at Orton, in Cum- berland; was educated at Queen's Col lege, Oxford; was, successively, in 1702, 1718, and 1727, bishop of Carlisle, and of Derry, and archbishop of Cashel; and died a few days after he was raised to the archiepiscopal digai^. The English, Scotch, and Irish Historical Library; and the Leges Marchiarum, or Border Laws, are his principal productions. NIEBUHRi Carsten, a celebrated traveller, was bom, in 1733, at Lndings- worth, in the dutchy of Laueuberg; was sent, in company with four other Teamed men, by the Danish government, in 1761, to explore Arabia; was employed foi six years on that mission, and was th: only one who returned ; was liberally rewarded by the Danish monarch ; and died in 1815 Among his works are, A Description of Arabia; and Travels in Arabia and the neighbouring Countries. NIEBUHR, G. B., a son of the forego- ing, was, successively, professor at the university of Berlin, counsellor of state, and Prussian ambassador to the pope. While he was at Rome, he discovered some valuable fragments of two of Cicero's orations. He died in 1830. His great work is The History of Rome, which is far superior to most of its rivals. NIEWLAND, Peter, a Dutch math ematician, was born, in 1764, at Dimmer- meer, near Amsterdam, and died in 1794. professor of natural philosophy, mathemat- ics, and astronomy, at Leyden. Niewland was an instance of precocious talent. At seven years of age he wrote a poem to the Deity,' and at eight he solved difficult ^o- metrical problen.s with uncommon facility. He is the author of various scientific works, and of a volume of poetry. NIVERNOIS, Louis Julius BAR- BON MANCINI MAZARINI, duke de, was bom, in 1716, at Paris; served as colonel in the army, but ^vas obliged by ill health to resign his commission; was, suc- cessively, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and London, in which latter city be nego- tiated the peace of 1762; was imprisoned by the republicans in 1793; and died in 1798. Among his works are. Fables in verse; Dialogues of the Dead; Dramas; and transhuiuns from the Latin, English, and Italian. NOLLEKINS, Joseph, an eminent NOR iculp or, the son of a painter, was bom, ... 1737j in London; studied under Schee- maker, and subsequently at Rome under Cavaceppi ; remained nine years in Italy during which period he gained great rep- utation as an artist, and also improved his fortune by dealing in antiques; returned to England in 1770; became a royal acade- mician in 1772; and was so extensively employed, particularly on busts, that he accumulated £.200,000. He died April 23, 1823. In his character NoUekins bad more than the usual share of that singular- ity which is supposed to be attendant upon genius. NOLLET, John Akthony, a French natural philosopher, was born, in 1700, at Pimpre; acquired considerable scientific reputation, and became a member of the Royal Society, and of several leafned bodies; and died in 1770. Besides vari- ous works on electricity, and other sub- jects, he wrote Lectures on Experimental Philosophy, in six volumes. NORDEN, Frederic Louis, an em- inent traveller, a captain in the Danish navy, was born, in 1708, at Gluckstadt, in Holstein. He was sent by his sovereign to France and Holland, to collect naval information, and afterwards to Egypt to describe and design the ancient monuments of that countrv. He died in 1742. He is the author of travels in Egypt and Nubia; and of a Memoir on the Ruins and Colos- Eal Statues of Thebes. NORTH, Roger, a lawyer and mis- cellaneous writer, the youngest son of Dud- ley Lord North, was attorney general un- der James II., and died in 1733. He wrote the Lives of his three brothers. Lord Keeper North, Sir Dudley North, and Dr. Jobir North, all of whom were eminent men ; Examen, or Inquiry into the Credit and Veracity of Rennet's History; A History of Esculent Fish; and other works. NORTH, Frederic, earl of Guild- ford, better known as Lord North, was bom, in 1732; was educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Oxford. After having held several less important offices, he was, in 1767, appointed chancellor of the ex- chequer, and, in 1770, first lord of the treasury. His administration continued through the whole of the American war, during which he was incessantly assailed by the opposition, and was often threatened with impeachment. In 1782 he resigned; but in 1783 he was for a few months a member of the coalition ministry. He was blind for some years previou±i to his decease, which took place in 1792. NORTON, John, a clergyman of Bos- ton, was born in Hertfordshire, England, in 1606. After receiving a theological ition* he adopted the creed and prac- NOY 40i tice of the Puritans, and in 1635 emigrated to New England. He was first settled in the ministry at Ipswich, but was afterwards prevailed on to remove to Boston. In 1662 he was appointed one of the two agents of the colony to address king Charles on bis restoration, but they did not fully succeed in the objects of their mission. He died in 1663. His theological works were nu- merous, and he published several political tracts. NORWOOD, Richard, an English geometrician, of the seventeenth century, was the first who measured a degree of the meridian in England. The operation was performed in 1635, and was carried on between London and York. No par- ticulars of his life are recorded. He wrote treatises on Trigonometry, on Navigation, and on Fortification. NOSTREDAME, or NOSTRADA- MUS, Michael, a famous astrologer and empiric, was born, in 1503, at St. Remi, in Provence. After having practised phy- sic for some years, he assumed the char- acter of a prophet, and, in 1555, published seven centuries of Predictions, each of which was comprised in a stanza of four lines. They became popular, and he re- ceived valaable presents from Charles IX., Catherine of Medicis, the duke of Savoy, and other eminent persons. He died m 1566. NOTT, John, a physician, poet, and translator, was bom, in 1751,at Worcester; settled at the Hot Wells, Bristol, in 1793, as a physician; and died there in 1826. Among his works are, various poems; translations from Hafiz, Propertius, Ca- tullus, Horace, Lucretius, Johannes Se- cuudus, Bonefonius, and Petrarch ; A Nosological Companion; and Select Poema from Herrick's Hesperides. NOUE, Francis de la, a French Calvinist warrior, sumamed Iron-arm, from the loss of his left arm being supplied by an artificial limb of iron, was born, in 1531, in Britanny, and distinguished him- self in the wars in Italy, the Netherlinds, and France. He was killed in 1591, at the siege of Lamballe. La Nope was no less adfmired for his virtues than for Ins military talent. He is the author of Polit- ical and Military Discourses ; and Remarkg on Guicciardini's History. NOVES, Laura de, the female whom Petrarch has immortalized in hig poems, was bom, near Avignon, in 1307 or 1308; married Hugh de Sade in 1325; and died in 1348. NOY, William, a celebrated .aw7er, who may be considered as one of the main authors of the civil war between Charlei I. and his people, was born, in 1577, at St. Burian, in Cornwall, and studied at Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln' 103 OGI Inn. In the reign of James I. Noy Ef having- introduced into practice several powerful medicines. His woi ks form three volumes folio, and swarm with absurdities. PARE, Amerosk, who is called the father of French surgery, was born, at Laval, about the beginning of the sixteenth ccut^l"^ ; was succe-sively e=itrge<)n to Heni-y II., Francis 11., Chailes IX., and Henry III. ; and died in 1590. His works are in one volume folio. funned Liturgy, and the Bishop's Bible; published editions of some of the old En- glish historians; and wrote De Antiqnitata Britannicae Ecclesiscy and some works of less importance. PARKER, Isaac, an eminent lawyer, was txirn in Boston, and graduated at Har- vard Collese in 1786. He studied law in the office oT Judge Tudor, and commenced practice at Cat56, he publisned, under the name of Louis de Montalte, his admirable l*rovincia1 Letters. His latter days were spent in the practice of austere devotion. He, died in 1662. His works form five volumes octavo. PASQUIER, Stephen, an eminent French civilian and writer, was born, in 1629,atParis ; was a pupil ofCujas ;and first rose into reputation as an advocate by plead- ing against the Jesuits before the pari iiiment. In his writings he was alsa a furniidable adversary of that encroaching and danger- ous order. He died in 1615. One of his our several secondary preferments, was raised, in 1689, to the see of Chichester, for his exertions against popery. In 1691 he was translated to Ely ; and he died in 1707. His chief work is. Paraphrases and Commentaries on the Old Testament. PAUSANIUS, a Greek orator and his- torian, settled at Rome, A. D. 170, and died there at a very advanced age. He is the audior of a vuhiatile Historical Description of Greece, in ten books. PAUW, Cornelius de, a Ipamed writer, was born, in 1739, at Amsterdam; was educated at Liege by a relation ; re> fused the most tempting offers from Fred- eric the Great, to settle at Berlin ; became canon of Xanten; and died in 1799. He is the author of Philosophical Inquiries re- specting tlie Americans — the Egyptians and Chinese — and tlie Greeks. All his works are ingenious, but abound with paradoxes and bold tlieories. PEALE, Charles Wilson, wasborn in Maryland in 1741, and was successively saddler, harness maker, silver smith, watch maker, carver, portrait painter, nat- uralist, macliinist, and dentist. He found- ed the extensive museuvn at Philadelphia which bears his nanic He died in 1827. PEARCE, Z*cVsrtY, a learned pre- late, was born, k^ 1690, \n London; was educated at Westir.inater School, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; wt»s succes- sively rector of Staplefor*) Abbots, and of St. Bartholomew, nt-ar the Bank, vicar of St. Martin in the Fields, dean of Win- chester; and bishop or Bangor and Rucb- ester; and died .ii 1774- He wrote Ser* mons; some papera »»' the Spectator and Guardian; A Commentarv on the Evangel- ists and Acts; aud othp» -works; and pul>- Hshed edition!) of I/mg,i(us, and Cicero de Officiis. PELISaoiN-FONTAPiIER, Paul, a French author, was born, in 1624, at Be- ziers. He was bi-ed to the law, bnt was forced to retire from the bar by ill health. He held an office under Fouquet, and when that ininipter was n\ertUrown, Pelisson \v;is principal works is. Inquiries respectiugi involved in his ruin, and was committedto France. The wiole occupy two folio vol- the Bastile, wliere he remained during five ""•«»• » „ „ I years. He had, nevertlicless, the couraga PATERCUL^^^. Caius Vellkius, a to write three eloquent And powerful M«- PEN moirs in »*lia1f of hie fallen patron. Louis XIV. at leagth released Pelisson, and loaded him with favours. He died in 1693. Among his works are. Histories of the French Academy^ of Louis XIV., and uf the Conquest of Franche Cooite. PELLOUTIER, Simok, a German his- torian, of a French family, was born, in 1694, at Leipsic; became minister of the French church at Berlin, and librarian of the Academy; and died in 1757, a victim to intense study. His principal work is a valuable History of the Celts, particularly of the Gauls and Germans. PELOPIDAS, an illustrious Theban, the son of Hippoclus, was the friend of Epaminondas; in conjunction with whom be rescBed Thebes from the combined tyranny of the nobles and the Laced^- moiuans. After having been repeatedly reelected to the government of Boeotia, and distinguished himself at Tegyra and Leuctra, he was slain, b. c. 364, in a bat- tle against Alexander of Pheraea. PELTIER, John G&BR(Ei.,a French political writer, a native of Nantz, bom ibout 1770, began his career in 1789, by the publication of a royalist journal called The Acts of the Apostles. After the tenth of August, he took refuge at London, and for many years publi^^hed a monthly work, with the title of Paris pendant I'Ann-^e. He afterwards ^tablished the Ambign, for a libel in which, upon tlie drst consul, he was prosecuted by the attorney-general. He also wrote several pamphlets. His de- ce^je took place at Paris, la 1825. PEP 411 PEXN, William, the founder and leg- delator of Pennsylvania, whom Montesquieu denominates the modern Lycurgws, was the eon of Admiral Penn; was born, in 1644, in London; and was educated at Christ church, Oxford. At college he imbibed the principles of quakerism, which, a few vears afterward:^, he publicly professed. He was, in consequence, twice turned out of doors by his father- In 1668 he began to preach in public, and to write in de- fence of the doctrines which he had em- braced. For this be was thrice imprisoned, uid once brought to trial. It woj during his first impriBonment that he wrote No Cross, No Cro\vn. In 1677 he visited Holland and Germany, to propagate qua- kerism. In March, 1680-81, he obtained fiom Charles II. a grant of that territory which now bears the name of Pennsylva- nia; in 1682 he embarked for his new col- ony; and in tlie following year he founded Philadelphia. He returned to England in 1684. So much wa^he in favour with James II., that, after the Revolution, he was more than once arrested on suspicion of plotting to restore the exiled monarch; but he at length succeeded in establishing his innocence. The rest of his life was passed in tranquillity. He died July 30, 1718. His works have been collected in two folio volumes. PEiVN, John, a signer of the declara- tion of American independence, was born in Virginia in 1719, received a common school education, and after studying the profession, was licenced as a practitioner of law. He removed to North Carolina, and was a delegate to congress from thai state. He died in 1788. PENNANT, Thomas, an antiquary and naturalist, was born, in 1726, at the family seat of Downing, in Flintshire; was educated at Queen's and Oriel Colleges, Oxford; became a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, and of various other learned bodies; travelled in Great Britain and on various parts of the continent; and died Dece«iber 16, 1798. Among his numerous works may be mentioned his Literary Life; Brit- ish Zoology; A Tour in Scotland; Arctic Zoology; A View of Hindostan; Outlines of the Globe ; An Account of London ; and various Tours. PEPPERELL, Sir William, lieuten- ant general in the British ser^'ice, was bom in Maine, and engaged in commercial pur- suits. He was early appointed an officer in the militia, and for bis services in com- manding the saccessfiil expedition against Louisburg, was rewarded by the king with the dignity of baronet. His courage and activity were much admired by the colo- nies. He died in 1759. PEPYS, Samuel, was bom at Bramp- ton, in Huntingdonshire; was educated a: St. Paul's School, and at Magdalen Col lege, Cambridge; was patronised by hia relative, Montague, afterwards earl of Sandwich; and accompanied him, as sec retary, in the fleet that was sent to bring back Charles II. During the whole of the reigns of Charles II. and James II., with but one short interval, he w^h Poetry. PERCY, Baron Peter Francis, a -^ celebrated French military surgeon, was born, in 1754, at Montagney; was head surgeon to several of the French armies ; introduced many improvements into sur- gical practice; received frum Napoleon the title of baron aud commander of the legion of honour ; and died in 1825. Among his woiks are, T]ie Army Sur- geon's Manual; and Practical Surgical Pyrotechny. REaEFlXE, Hardouin de BEAU- MONT DE, a French historian and di- vine, was born, in 1605, at Paris; studied at Poitiers and his native city ; and, after having acquired great popularity as a preacher, was appointed precentor to Lou- is XIV. ia 1644. In 1648 he" was raised to the see of Rhodez, and, in 1662, was made archbishop of Paris. He died, gen erally regretted, in 1670. His principal work ia the Life of Henry 1V-, which is the best history of that monarch, and has been translated into every foreign lan- guage. PERGOLESE, John Baptist, an eminent musical composer, was born, in 1704, at Casoria, in the Neapolitan terri- tory. He was a pupil of Gaetano Greco, and was afterwards improved by the les- sons of Vinci and Hasse. For a consider able part of his short life his compositions were not popular; but he at length ac- quired, and still retains, a high reputation. He died in 1737. Among his principal works are, the justly celebrated Stabat Mator; a Mass and Vespers, written for the duke of Matelon ; Olimpiade, an ope- m; and the Salva Regina, which was nis last production. PERICLES, an illustrious Athenian orator, warrior, and statesman, was born between 490 and 500 b. c, and received the lesBODS of Zeno, Damon, and Anaxa- capital with many magnificent edifices. He died B. c. 429. PERIER, James Cohstahtihe, an able r'rench mechanist, was born, in 1742, at Paris, and died August 17, 1818, a member of the Academy of Sciences. He and his brother, who was a partner with him, were the greatest manufacturers in France of machinery, particularly of steam engines, and at one period had no less than ninety-tliree estaklishment& He wrote an Essay on Steam Engines; and some Es- says in the Transactions of the Academy. PERON, Francis, a Fiench natural- ist and voyager, was born in 1775, at Cerilly, in the department of the Allier; entered tiie army in 1792, and served till 1795, during which period he was made prisoner and lost an eye; studied medicine and natural history after his discharge; was appointed, ui 1800, zoologist to the expedition which was sent to the Austra- lian uce-.n; and died in 1810. He is the author of a Narrative of his Voyage, two volumes quarto ; and of Observations on Anthropology. PEROUSE, John Francis GALAUP DE LA, a French navigator, was born, in 1741, at Albi, and entered into the naval service at an early age. In 1782 he com- manded an expedition against the British settlements in Hudson's Bay. He was dispatched, in 1785, with two vessels, on a voyage of discovery ; and in March, 1788, he sent home an account of his pro- ^ss. From that period, however, noth- ing more was heard of him, though vain attempts were made to ascertain his fate. CluLnce has, at length, recently brought to light that both his vessels were lost on dif- fetent islands of the New Hebrides. PERRAULT, Claudius, a celebrated French architect, was bom, in 1613, at Paris, and was originally brought up to the' medical profession, which, however, he abandoned for architecture. He died in 1688, a member of the Academy of . Sciences. The attacks which Boileau made upon him disgraced only the satirist. Perrault was a man of |[reat genius, and his front of tbe Louvre is one of the no- blest arcliitectural productions of modem times. He translated Vitruvius; and wrote various works. PERRAULT, Charles, brother of the foregoing, wtis born, in 1628, at Paris, He practised for some time at the bar, but quitted it for an otiice under his brother Peter, who was receiver general of tM PER 6aanc«3 of Paris. Subsequently he rose to be comptroller general of the royal build- ng9. He contributed to the founding of tlie Academies of Inscriptions, of the Sciences, and of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. He died in 1703. His prin- cipal works are. Eulogies of Illustrious Alen ; and a Parallel between the Ancients and the Moderns ; the last of which drew upon him the satire of Boileau. The well known Fairy Tales were also written by Perrault. PERRONET, John Rodolph, a cele- brated French civil engineer, was born in 1703, at Surene; and died in 1794, a member of many learned societies. Among his works ai'e, the canal of Burgundy, and thirteen bridges. Of bis bridges the finest are thuse of iNeuilli, Nemours, Pont Saint Maxence, and Louis XV'I. at Paris. That of Neuilti was the first example of an horizontal bridge. PERRY, James, an able whig political writer, was born, in 3756, at Aberdeen; was educated at the high school and univer- sity of his nutive place ; settled in London, ii 1777, and was engaged as a writer in The General Advertiser and London Eve- ning Post. In 1782 he established The European Magazine, the miitnas^inent of which he quitted at the end of a year, to become e:iitor of The Gazetteer. He after- wards purchased The Morning Chronicle, of which he continued to be tlie sole pro- prietor till his decease; and he raised it to eminence among 'he public jouruals. He iied December 4, 1821. PERRY, Olifer Hazard, an Amer- ican nuval officer, was born in Rhode Tsl'iiid in 1735. Entering the navy in I'^tS, he served in the Mediterranean in the expedition against Tripoli, and distin- guished himself in the late war with Great Britain by obtaining a splendid victory over a superior force on Lake Erie. Fur this exploit iie was raised to the rnnk of Captain. He cnminanded the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean under commodore Decatur. He died in the West Indies in 1820. PERSIUS FLACCUS, Adlus, a Ro- man satirist, was bo/n, «.. D. 34, at Vol- terra, in Etruria; studied at Rome, and imbibed the Stoic philosophy from Cor- nutus; was intimate with Lucan, Seneca, and other eminent men; and died in his eight and twentieth year His six Satires, animated and often beautilu.. Sut also often obscure, have been translated .= 'o English by Dryden, Brewster, Drummona, '-iowes, and Gifford. PERTIXAX, PuBLias Heltips, a Ruman emperor, was bjrn, in 126, at Villa Martis, in Liguria. After having signalised himself in arms, particularly tgainst the Germans, and filled various PET 413 important offices, among which were tliose of consul and proconsul in Africa, he waa raised to the throne on tlie death of Com- 'raodu?. He began his reign by restoring disciplii.e and reforming abuses; but he was n.:.dered, in 193, oy the pretorina guanis, after having held the imperial dig- nity ■■> ily eighty-seven days. PEilUGlNOjPETER, an eminent pain- ter, whose real name was VANUCCl, waa born, in 1446, at Citta della Pieve, in iie Papal territory. He was the master of Raphael, who has introduced him into his picture of the School of Athens. Peru- gino was suspicious and avaricious, and Vasari charges him with an utter want of religion. As a painter he has high merit. He died in 1524. PESCENNIUS NIGER, Caios, a Roman emperor, a native of Aquino, of a considerable family, was appointed gover- nor of Syria, and commander of tlie legions in Asia, by Commodus. On the death of Pertinax, the troops of Pescennius pro- claimed him emperor, in 193, but he was opposed by Severus. After having been defeated at Issns, in 195, he whs killed by some soldiers', while he was on his flight to the Parthian dominions. His virtues rendered him worthy of a happier fjte. PESTALOZZI, or PESTALUZ Henry, celebrated for having introduced a new method of education, was born, in 1745, at Zurich, in Switzerland. After having Ptudied theolugy and jurisprudence, he relinquished his views with reapect to the church and the bar, to cultivate his own small property. Witnesssing the wretch- edness of the peasantry, he became anxious to ameliorate their situation by cultivating their mental faculties. In the pursuit ot his benevolent purpose he publit.h'yJ severa> works, and considerably inju'ed his for- tune. It was not till I79S, Ik wcver, that his plans were patronised by ^he Helvetic government. Under that patr inage he for several years conducted an institution, which acquired extensive ci Cbablks Cotes- pm woKTH, a distinguished officer of tha revolutionary armv, was born in South Carolina, received his education in Eng- land, and studied law in the Temple. On returning to his native province in 1769, he devoted himself to the successful prac* tice of his profession. On the commence- ment of hostilities he renounced law for the study of military tactics, and was soon promoted to the command of the first regi- ment of Carolina infantry. He was sub- sequently aid-de-camp to Washington, and in this capacity at the battles of Brandy- wine and Germantown. On the surrender of Charleston he was taken prisoner, and remained so till all opportunity of gaining fresh reputation in the field, had passed. He was a member of the convention which formed the federal constitution, and in 1796 was appointed minister to France. When preparations were making for war on account of the expected French inva- sion, Mr. Pinckney was nominated a major general, but he soon had an oppor- tunity of retiring to the quiet of private life. He was afterwards president, uf the Cincinnati Society of the United States. He died in 1825. PINKNEY, William, an eloquent lawyer and statesman, was bom in Mary- land in 1765, and prepared himself for the bar under the instruction of judge Chase. He was admitted to practice in 1786, and soon gave indications of possessing superi- or powers. He was a member of the con- vention of Maryland which ratified the federal constitution. In 1776 he was ap- pointed one of the commissRiners uuder the British treaty. The state of Maryland also employed him to procure a settlement of its claims on the Bank of England, and he recovered for it the sum of 800,000 dol- lars. This detained him in England till the year 1804, when he returned and le- s&med his professional labours. In 1806 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to London, and in 1808 received the authori- ty of minister plenipotentiary. He re- turned to the United States in 3811, ana soon after wai appointed attorney gener al. This office beheld till 1814. During the incursion of tlie British into Mary- land, he commanded a battalion, and wa wounded in the battle of Bladensburgh iu August 1814. He was afterwards repre- sentative in congress, minister plenipoten- tiary to Russia, envoy to Naples, and in 1819 senator in congress. In Ine list office he continued till his death in 1S22. PIJNKNEY, Edward Coate, son ol the foregoing, was born in London, in 1802, passed his infiincy in England, and was placed as a student in Baltimore Col- lege at the age of ten or eleven. He en- tered the navy as a midti^hipniaii and con- tinued ill the service for several years Oa the death of his father he quitted the navy and devoted Klmself to the practice of the law. He published, in 1825, a volume of poems, which possess much beauty. He died in 1828. PINTO, Ferdinand Mewdez, a cel- ebrated Portuguese traveller, was born, in 1510, at Montomor o Velho, and became a mariner at the age of thirteen. In the course of his peregrinations he visited Abyssinia, India, China, Siam, and many other oriental countries, and was several times reduced to a state of slavery. In 1558 he retutned to Portugal, and pub- lished a narrative of his travels. The date of his death is unknown. Some of his sto- ries are so extraordinary that they caused his authority to be discredited, and Pinto was long a synonyme for an enormous liar ; but there is now reason to believe that* he has been treated with injustice. PINZON, Vincent Yanez, a Span- ish navigator, accompanied Columbus on his memorable voyage; was the first Eu- ropean who crossed the line; discovered Brazil, and the river Amazons; was ap- pointed one of the royal pilots ; and died in the early part of the sixteenth century. PIOZZI, Hester Lynch, a miscel- laneous writer, whose inniden name was Salisbury, was born, in 1739, at Bodvel, in Carnarvonshire; and was united, in 1763, to Mr. Thrale, an opulent brewer. For many years Dr. Johnson was the in- timate- friend of her and her husband. After the death of Mr. Thrale she accepted the addresses of Signor Piozzi; an act which occasioned a dissolution of Jier friendship with Johnson. For a consid- erable period, she resided at Florence with her secon'd husband, and while there she contributed to the Florence Miscellany. She died at Clifton, in 1821. Among her -works are. Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson; Observations in a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany ; British Synonymy ; and Retrospection. PIRANESI, John Baptist, an emi- nent engraver and antiquary, was born, in 1707, at Rome; in which city he died, in 1778. Piranesi was one of the most inde- fatigable of artists, and his talents were equal to his industry. His works form sixteen atlas fblio volumes. PIRANESI, Francis, a son of the foregoing, and the inheritor of his genius, was born, in 1748, at Rome. The mag- nificent works begun by his father he con- tinued with such a kindred spirit that the labours of the parent and son cannot be distinguished from each other; and he ex- ecuted many others of equal magnitude. He died, at Paris, in 1810. PIRON, Alexis, a French poet, dra- matist, and wit, was born, in 1689, at Di- joa, and was about to become a barrister. PIT 419 when family misfortunes compelled him, not very reluctantly, to relinquish thenar. He went to Paris, and for a while earned a scanty subsistence as a copyist. To write for the stage was his next resource. He began by composing pieces for the the- atre of the Comic Opera, and Harlequin Deucalion' was his first effort. In 1728 he tried the regular drama, and produced the comedy of The Ungrateful Son. It was not, however, till 1738, that he gained a place among the highest class of drama- tists, by his admirable comedy of Metro- mania, which is justly considered as a masterpiece. He died in 1773. His works form seven octavo volumes. PISISTRATUS, an Athenian, who flourished in the fifth century before the Christian era, and was distinguished for eloquence and valour. He thrice obtained the sovereign authority at Athens. Twice he was expelled, and in the last instance he remained eleven years in exile, before he could again seize the reins of power. He died about b. c. 527. Though bearing the name of a tyrant, Pisistratus was just and liberal. He established a public library at Athens, and collected the poems of Ho- mer in their present form. PITT, Christopher, an elegant poet, was burn, in 1699, at Btandford, in Dor- setshire; was educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford ; and obtained, in 1722, the living of Pimperne, which ne held (ill his decease, in 1748. His Pbems have considerable merit; and his transla- tions of the iEneid and of Vida's ait of Poetry are of a superior kind. PITT, William, a celebrated states- man, the second son of the great eail of Chatham, was born, May 28, 1759, at Hayes, in Kent. The earlier part of his education he received at home, under tie watchful superintendence of his father, wrtt spared no pains to cultivate his talents, and especially to give him hiibits of self- possession and of public speaking. At the age of fourteen he went to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where his tutor was Dr. Pret tymun. In 1780, after having studied at Lincoln's Inn, h^ was called to the bar. 420 PIZ but he only once or twice went to the west- ern circuit. He was destined to move in a higher sphere. Eaily in 1781 he was returned to parliament kir the borough of Appleby, and imtuediately became one of the must di:ftinguished members uf the op- position. He b^an puliiical life as the friend of parliamentary refonn. While the earl of Shelbtirne was in office, Pitt wus chancellor of the exchequer. The tri- umph of the coalition displaced him for a while; Init, on the downfal of their ad- min ist ration , lie returned to power prime minister. In vaio the House cf Commons endeavoured to effect his expul- sion; the parliament was dissolved; and a general elebtion gave him an overwhelm- ing majirity. From 1786 till 1801, he continued to hold the reins of government, durinv one of the most stormy periods of our history; and his admirers have con- ferred on him the title of " the pilot that weathered the storm.'' He resigned in 1801 ; but resumed his post in 1804, -and held it till his decease, which took place on the 23d of January, 1806. His disso- lution is believed to nave been hastened by the disastrous result of the continental co- alition in 1803. With respect to pecuniary e;)nsiderations no man was ever more dis- interested and incorrupt, and he died poor. In eloquence he rivalled some of the most illustrious of the ancient orators. As a finance minister be possessed great abili- ties,' though the policy of some of his measures is more than duubtful ; but in the conduct of a war he did not shine, for his plans were neither grandly conceived nor vigorously executed. PITT. See Chatham. PITTACUS, one of the seven sages of Greece, v/bo was a warrior as well as a phihisopher, was born, about b. c. 650, at Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos ; expelled the tyrant Melanchrus from Lesbos ; gov- erned wisely for ten vears; and died B.-C. 570. PLA teach him to read, bat employed him to keep the hogs at his country house. Hdv- ing lost one of tliem, Pizatro took 0i^t, and embarked for Spanish America. There he first distinguished himself, in 1513, under Nunez de Balboa. In 1524, in conjunction with Almagro, he discovered Peru. Cliarles the Fifth gave him the government of the new-found country. By force and fraud he achieved the conquest of Peru, in 1532. In 1537 a contest arose between Pizarro and Almagro, which ter minated in the defeat and execution of the latter. The son of Almagro, however, avenged his father, for, in 1^1, he and some of his friends assassinated Pizarro, ID his palace at Lima. PIZARRO, Francis, the conqueror of Peru, was born, in 1475, at Trii\illo, in Estreuiadura, and was tlie natural son of a ccentleiuan. His fafner did not even PLATO, an illustrious Grecian philoso- pher, the founder of the academic sect, was styled the Divine by the ancients; was born, b. c. 430, in the i^land of-^gina; was educated with the utmost care; and, at the age of twenty, became the disciple of Socratffl. After the death of Socrates, Plato visited Magna Graecia and Egypt, in search of knowledge. On ^is return to Athens, he opened a philosi-phiral school, and soon numbered among his pupils many distinguished characters. Plato thrice visited the court of Sicily; once invited by the elder Diunysius, and twice by the younger. The former he so much offended, tliat the tyrant caused htm to be seized on his passage home and sold for a slave; and the philosopher was indebted for his libs ration to Aniceris of Cyrene. He died B. c. 347. His memory was honoured by statues and altars, and his birthday was long held as a festival. Most of his works are extant. PLAUTUS, so called, it is supposed, from his feet being deformed, but whose real name was Marcus Accius, was one of the most celebi-ated of the Roman ccroic »vriters; tvas burn, B. c. 227, at Sarsina, in Umbria; and is Iretieved to have been the si»n of a slnve. The fortune which he gained by his dramatic tiilents, he is said to have lost in commerce, and to have been reduced to work at a mill. He died B. c PLO 184 Of his numerous plays only twenty are extant. PLAYFAIR, John, an eminent mathe- mati ."ian aid natural philosopher, was born, in 1719, at Dumlee; was educated at St, Andrew's; resigned a living, and became mathemiitical professor at Edinburgh ; and died July 20, 1819. Playfair was cele- brated as a geologist and a strenuous de- fender of the Huttonian system. Among his works are, Eleme ^ of Geometry ; Outlines of Philosophy, (llustrations of the Huttonian Theory; an. a System of Geography. PLAYFAIR, William, an ingenioo? projector and author, a brother of the fore- going, was born, in 1759, at Dundee; was origiitalty apprenticed to a millwright; was for some time a draughtsman at the Soho manufactory ; obtained patents Tor various inventions, and engaged in many speculations ; became a fertile writer upon politics and other subjects; and died Feb- ruary 3, 1823. Among his works are, Statistical Tables; The Sbitistical Bre- viary; The Commercial and Political At- las; History of Jac-jbinism; British Fa- mily Antiquity; Political Portraits; and France as it is. PLINV, the Elder, or CaiosPlinids Secumdus, a celebrated R')man writer, was born, a. d. 23, at Verona, or, as some say, at Como; served in the army in Ger- many, and afterwards became an advocate; was a member of the college of augurs, and procurator in Spain and Africa; and WHS suffjcated a. d. 79, while in command of the fleet at Misenum, in consequence of his having approached too near to Vesu- vius, in order to observe the phenomena of the eruption. Of his numerous works his Natural History is the only one which is extant. PLINY, the YoDNGER, or Caius Ca:ciLius Plinius Secundds, tiie ne- i/hew and ad.>pted son of the foregoing, was born, in 61 or 62, at Como; was a pupil of Qui-ntitian; and pleaded success- fully as an advocate in his nineteenth year. He was, successively, tribune of the peo- ple, prefect of the treasury, consul, pro- consul in Pontus and Bithynia, and augur; and died, universally esteemed, i*i .113. His Letters and his Panegyric on Trajan are the only parts of his writings that remain. PLOTINUS, a Platonic philosopher, was born, in 203, at Lycopolis, in Egypt; wa*i a disciple of Ammunius Saccas; en- countered great danger in accompanying the emperor Gordian on his expedition against the I'arthiaos, which he did with a view to obtaining a knowledge of Persian and fnJian phihsi'phy; and died, in 270, after h tvi«^ resided at Rome during many | yeiirs. His works weie translated into j Latin, in 1492, by Ficinu. I POC 421 PLOWDEN, Francis, an historiaa and miscellaneous writer, a native of Irp- land and a Roman Catholic, w;ts a barrister and conveyancer. A verdict of £.5000 obtained against liim'in an Irish court, in 1813, for an alleged libel in his History of Ireland, compelled him to retire to France, where he remained till his decease, at an advanced age, in 1829. Among his work^ are. The History of Ireland; Jura Anglo- rum ; Church and State; The Case stated ; and a Treatise upon the Law of Usury and Annuities. PLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek biog- rapher and philosopher, was born, about D. 50, at Cheronaea, in Bceotia, and studied at Athens under Ammonius, after which he travelled in Greece and Egypt, sedulously acquiring knowledge. For some years subsequently he resided at Rome, where his lectures on philosophy attracted many illustrious auditors. Trajan was one of his hearers, and, after he became empe- ror, is said to have conferred on him the consular dignity; but this story is apocry- phal. Plutarch at length retired to Cliero- naea, where he filled the office of archon. He was also a priest of the Delphic Apollo. He is believed to have died about A. u. 120. His extant works are his Morals^ and his Lives of Illustrious Men ; the last uf which, though often erroneous in point . of fact, must ever be read with delight. POCAHONTAS, daughter of an Indian Chief, and much celebrated in the early history of Virginia, was born about tlie year 1595. She became warmly attached to the English, and rendered them impor- tant services on various occasions. She married an Englishman, and in 1616 ac- companied her husband to his native coun- try, where she was presented at Court. She soon after died at Graveeend, when about to return to Virginia. She left ono son, POCOCK, Edward, an eminent ori- entalist, was born, in 1604, at Oxford; wa^ educated at Thame School, and at Magdalen Hall and Corpns Christi College, Oxfjrd; twice visited the Levant, on one of which occasions he was chaplain to Um 422 POL Britifdi factory at Aleppo, was Hebrew profisssor at Oxford, rector of Childrey, and canun of Christchiirch; and died in 1691. ^ Among his works are. Specimen Historiae Arabum; Abutfaragius Histuria Dynastianim; and Commentaries on the Minor Propuets. POGGIO BRACCIOLINI, an Italian writer of the fifteenth century, who con- tributed powerfully to the revival of clas- sical studies, was born, in 13S0, at Terra- nova, in Tue^cany ; was educated at Flor- ence; was appointed apostolical secretary ^y Boniface the Ninth, and held that office under seven other popes; discovered many ancipnt manuscripts in monasteries; was appointed chancellor of. the Florentine republic; and died in 1459. Poggio was a man of eminent talent, but of licentious morals, and a satirical and quarrelsome disposition. His principal works are, a History of Florence; Dialogues on Nobil- ity; and Funeral Orations. POLE, Cardinal Reginald, a statw- man and ecclesiastic, descended from tlie royal family of England, was born, in 1500, at Stourton Castle, in Staffordshire; was educated at Sheen Monastery, and Magdaien College, Oxford ; opposed the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of Arragon; was papal legate to England, archbishop of Canterbury, and chancellor of both universities, during the reign of Mary; and died in 1558, shortly after that qneen.- He wrote various controversial and theological works. POLIZIANO, or POLITIAIVj'Ange- LCS, an eminent Italian scholar, whose lamily name was CINIS, was born, in 1454, at Monte Pulciano, in Tuscany; was professor of Greek and Latin at Florence, and tutor to the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, who gave him a canonry in the cathedral of the Florentine capital. He died in 1494. Among his works are. The History of the Conspiracy of the Pazzi; Poems; the drama of Orpheus; and a translation of Herodian. POLO, Mark or Marco, a celebrated Venetian traveller, was born, about 1250, and accompanied his father and uncle, in 1471, into Tartary, where they resided for twenty-four yeeirs, and acquired great riches. Marco was in high favour witk the Grand Khan ; was employed by him in missions to the most distant parts of the empire ; and was for three years governor of Yang-cheu-fen. After his return to Venice, he was appointed to the command of a galley, but had the misfortune to be captured by the Genoese, who kept him four years a captive. To beguile the tedium of captivity, as well as to satisfy the curiositj of numerous inquirers, he wrote the narrative of his travels. He died about 1523. An excellent translation POP of his Travels, with notes, was published^ in 1818, by Mr. Marsden. POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek histo- rian, son of Lycortas, general of the Achseans, was born, about 6. c. ?05, at Megalopolis. He was formed for public business by the precepts and example of Philopoemen, the friend of his father, and at the funeral of that general he bore the urn which contained his ashes. He was one of the thousand persons whom the Romans demanded from the Achaeans as hostages, and he lived at Rome many years. There he became the friend of the Scipios, one of whom he accompanied to the siege of Carthage. He died in his own country, at the age of eighty-two. Of his works only a part of his excellent Universal His- toid has been preserved. POMPEY, Cne us, surnamed the Great, a Roman statesman and warrior, was boii B. c. 106, and learned the art of war from his father. In his twenty-third year he joined with three legions the party of Sylla, recovered Sicily and Africa, and obtained the honours of a triumph. He obtained a second triumph for putting an end to the war in Spain, and a third for his splendid successes in Asia, where he considerably extended the dominion of his countrymen. About B. c. €0 he formed the first triumvi- rate with Crassus and Csesar, and married the daughter of the latter. In the course of a few years, however, dissensions broke out between Cxsar and Pompey; a civil war ensued; and Pompey sustained a de- cisive defeat at Pharsalia. He fled to Egypt, and was assassinated there, b. c. 48. PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph, an illustrious Polish general, who was called the Polish Bayard, was born, in 1763, at Warsaw; distinguished himself in the cause of his country during the fruitlesi struggles of 1792 and 1794; entered tiie French service, and displayed conspicuous bravery and talent in the campaigns of 1806, 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814; was appointed a marshal on the field of battle at Leipsic; and was drowned in attempt- ing to cross the Elster, on the 19th of October. POPE, Sir Thohas, a statesman, was born, about 1508, at Dedington, in Oxford- shire; studied at Eton and Gray's Inn, and was called to the bar; held various important ofiices under Henry VIII. and Mary; and died in 15^. Trinity College, Oxford, was founded by him. POPE, Alexander, a celebrated poet, was born. May 22, 1688, in Lombard Street, London. His father, a linen draper, in which trade he amassed a considerable for- tune, retired from business, and settled at Binfield, in Berkshire, soon after tlie birth of his son Both paients were Uomav POK Catholicfl, and, as Pope tells ns, were of gentle blood. He himself was bora de- formed, small in size, and delicate in con- stitution. The groundwork of learning he acquired at two private schools, and from two priests, who were employed as his tutors; for the rest he was indebted to his own persevering studies. Before he was twelve years old he formed a play from Ogilby's Homer, which was acted by liis schoolfellows. Poetry he began early to compose, or, to use his own words, he •* lisped in numbers." His Pastorals were written when he was sixteen, and they obtained him the friendship of many emi- nent characters. They were succeeded by The Essay on Criticism, The Messiah, The Rape of the Lock, The Temple of Fame, Windsor Forest, and The Epistle from Eloisa; and his reputation as a poet was thus firmly established. The translation of the Iliad, by which he gained above 6ve thousand pounds, was completed in 1720. With the aid of Broome and Fenton he afterwards added a version of The Odys- sey. In 1721 he undertook an edition of Shukspeare; a task in which he failed. With the exception of the Essay on Man, which was first published in 1733, and completed in the following year, his pen was chiefly devoted to satire during the remainder of his literary career. The first three books of The Dunciad appeared in 1723; the fourth, sug^rested by War- burton, was not written till 1742, and he injured he poem by substituting Gibber as the hero in place of Theobald. He died May 30, 1744. Porphyry,, or porphyrius, a philosopher, whose original name was Ma cbus, was born, a. d. 233, at Tyre; studied under Origen and Longinns; be- came a disciple of Plotinus; and died, in 304, at Rome. His works against the Christians, to the number of fifteen, are ost. Among his extant productions are, A Life of Pythagoras ; A Treatise on Ab- stinence from Animal Food ; and Questions on Homer. PORSOiV, Richard, an eminent hel- Uniit vid critic, was born, in 1759, at POt 428 East Ruston, in Norfolk; wae educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; was elected Greek professor in 1793; be- came librarian of the London Institution ; and died September 19, 180S. In profound knowledge of Greek, critical powers, and acuteness, Porson had few equals. Among his works are. Letters to Archdeacon Tra- vis; editions of ^schylus, and some of the plays of Euripides; and Tracts and Miscellaneous Criticisms. PORTEUS, Beilby, an eminent pre- late, was born, in 1731, at York, and entered as a sizer at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellow- ship. After having been chaplain to Archbishop Seeker, he was, successively, rector of Hunton, prebendary of Peterbo- rough, rector of Lambeth, king's chaplain,' and mister of St. Cross Hospital, near Winchester. In 1776, through the queen's influence, he obtained the bishopric of Chester, whence, in 1787, he was trans- lated to that of London. He died in 1808. Among his works are. Sermons; a Life of Seeker; and a Seatonian prize poem on Death. POSTHUMUS, Makcus Cassiands Latinios, a Roman emperor, one of the thirty tyrants, was of obscure birth, but rose rapidly in the army till he obtained the command in Gaul. He assumed the imperial title in 257; ruled Gaul and a part of Spain, and obtained various suc- cesses against the Germans; and was mur« dered by his soldiers in 267. POTEMKIN, Gregory Alexan- DROViTSCH, a Russian prince and field- marshal, the minion of Catherine II., was born, in 1736, in the neighbourhood of Smolensk, of a noble though poor family, and was intended for the church, but ob- tained a cornetcy in the horse guards. Over t'le empress, after the death of her husba jd, he acquired an unbounded influ- ence, and he retained it till nearly the end of 1 7s life. He distinguished himself agai it the Turks, particularly in the war of 1787, when he commanded in chief He died in 1791. POTHIER, Robert josspb» ona at 4S4 POU PRA the most eminent of the French juriscon- 1 and Fonqnier^, who envied and dreaded suits, was born, in 1669, at Orleans; was him for his superior genius, lie therefora professor of law in his native city; and died, in 1772, as much beloved for his vir- tues as admired for his extensive learning. His great work is his Digest of tlie Pan- dects of Justinian, in three folio volumes. His treatises on various tegal questions form seventeen volumes octavo. POTOCKI, Count Stanislaus, a Po- lish writer and statesman, of a iamily which has produced several eminent char- acters, was born, in 1757, at Warsaw; was one of those who contributed most actively to establish the constitution of 1791; was appointed a paltitine senator and one of the rainifsters of the grand dutchy of Warsaw ; was president of tlie senate in 1818; and died in lS21i Among his works are, a Treatise on Eloquence and Style; and The Journey to Ciemno- grod, a satirical •romance. POTTER, Paul, a celebrated Dutch painter, tlie son of an artist, was born, in 1625, at Enkhuysen; acquired a peifect knowledge of his profusion by the time tliat he was fifteen; and died in 1654. His pictures are held in high estimation for their fidelity to nature, and the beauty of their execution. In representing ani- mals be was almost unequalled, POTTER, John, a learned prelate, was born, about 1672, at Wakefield ; was educated it- the free school there, and at ' Univei-sity College, Oxford ; was made bishop of Oxford in 1715, and archbishop of Canterbury in 1737; and died in 1747. He wrote Archjeologia Graeca; and vari- ous theological works; and edited Clemens Alexandrinus, and Lycophron^s Alexandra. POTTER, Robert, a divine and poet was born in 1721 ; was educated at Eman- uel C(;llege, Cambridge ; and was for some yeai-s vicar of Seaming, after which b^. obtained the livings of Lowestoff and Kbssinglaud, and a prebend in the catlie- dra! of Norwich. He died in 1804. Hi: origi'ial poetry consists of a volume <-tf Poems, and two Odes from I>aiali, and much above mediocrity. But he is best known by his spirited versions of iEschy- las, Sophocles, and Euripides. POUSSiN, Nicholas, one of the greatest of the French painters, was born m 1594, at Andelys, in Normandy, and re- ceived instruciiuns from Varin, Kile, and Lalleraant, but was more indebted to na- ture and his own assiduity than to their lessons. In 1624 ne went to Rome, where he improved himself by studying the works of Titian, Domenichin', i^nd Raphael, and of the ancient sculptors. Lduis XIII viled him to Fiance in 1639, and ^;ive tiim a pension, and apartments in the Louvre; but Poussin was soon disgusted by the intrigues of Vouet, Le Mercier, returned to Rome in 1642, and remained there till his decease in 1665. His pictures are numerous and highly esteemed; in landscape he particularly excelled. POUSSIN, Caspar, an eminent pam- ter, was born, in 1613, at Rome. His name was DUGIIET, but he took the sur- name of his pictorial preceptor, Nicholas, who was his brothsr-in-law. He died in 1675. In landscape he acquired a high reputation. Such was tlie rapidity with which he worked that he often completed a picture in the course of a day. PRATT. Chari.es, Earl CAMDEN.a celebrated lawyer, the son of Chief Justice Pratt, was born in 1713; studied at Eton, King^s College, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Tnn ; was chosen member for Downton in 1754; was, successively, recorder of Bath, attorney general, chief justice of the com- mon pleas, hu'd chancellor, and president of the council. The title of baron he ob- tained in 1765, and that of earl in 1786. He died in 1794. Lord Camden was pop- ular for his opposition to the unconstitu- tional measures of the court, with respect to Wilkes and American taxation. PRATT, Samuel Jackson, a once popular novelist and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1749, at St. Ives, in Hiintiog' donshire, and, after having been an actOT, an itinerant lecturer, and a bookseller, he became an author by profession. He died in 1814, Of his numerous works the prin- cipal are, the poems of Sympathy and Landscapes in Verse ; the tragedy of The Fair Circassian; the novels of Liberal Opinions, Emma Corbet, The Pupil of Pleasure, Shenstone Green, and Family Secrets; Gleanings through Wales, Hol- land, and Westphalia; Gleanings in Eng- land; and Harvest Home. PRATT, Benjamin, chief jnstic* of New York, was born in Massachusetts in 1710, and was graduated at Harvard Col- lege. He studied law, and entering on its practice in Bfiston soon became eminent. Turning his attention to public affairs, he soon rose to political distinction, and by the influence of governor Pownell was ap- pointed chief justice of New York. He died in January 1763. He had made col- lections for a history of New England, and possessed considerable talent for poet- PRAXITELES, a famous Grecian sculptor, is believed to have been a native of Athens, to have Hourished early in the Giitrth century R. c, and to have died at the age ;!f eiirhty. He was long attached to the celebtate't Phryne, of whom he e\e- cnteil two statues, one of which was placed in the temple of Delphi, the other m the temple of Love at Thespin. His Venui PRI at Cnidus was considered as one of the most finished productions of Greece. PREBLE, Edward, a distinguished naval ufficer in the American service, was born at Falmouth in Maine, in 1761, and entered the navy as i midshipman in 1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieutenant, and during the revolutionary war distin- guished himself by capturing a British vessel at Peno.L*6C0t. In 1798 he was ap- pointed to the command of the brig Pick- ering, and soon after to the Essex. He commanded, in 1803,a fleet sent against the Barbary powers, and repeatedly attacked Tripoli with confiiderable success. In 1804 he returned to the United States, and died in 1807. PREVOST D'EXILES. Anthony Francis, one of the most fertile of French writers, was born, in 1697, at Hesdin. His early life was restless and changeful. Ue hesitated between a monastic and a military life, twice made a trial of both, berame at last a Benedictine, and ended by flying from the convent, taking shelter in Holland, and adopting the profession of an author. His end w^as equally singular. In 1763 he was struck by an apoplectic fit in the forest of ChantilJy, and was found apparently lifeless. As soon as the sur- geon proceeded to use the knife on his body, Prevnst scre-amed and opened bis eyes, but ihe incision was mortal, and he almost immediately expired. His works amuant to one hundred and seventy volumes. Of his novels, the bf~£ihe timetiU the close of 1779, when he was tlisabled by an attack of paralysis. He died in 1790. He was brave, ener- getic, and one of the most efficient officers of the revolution. ^ PYE, Hewry James, a poet of an an- cient Berkshire family, was born, in 1745, in London; was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford ; ruined his fortuneby be- coming a candidate for Berks; was ap- pointed poet laureat and a police magis- trate, in 1790 and 1792; and died in 1813. His principal works are, Alfred, an epic; translations of the poetics of Aristotle, six Odes of Pindar, and Homer's Hymns ; The Democrat; The Aristocrat; and Com- ments on the Commentators upon Shaks- peare. PYM, John, a lawyer, was born, in 1584, in Somersetshire. Afiter having finished his education at Broadgate Hall, Oxford, he studied law at one of the inns of court, and was called to the bar. Dur- ing the reigns of James 1. and Charles I. he bad a seat in parliament, and was a strict puritan, and a strenuous opponent of the arbitrary measures of the crown. He was one of the five members whom the in- fetuated Charles demanded to be given up to him by the House of Commons. Pym- died in 1643, not longafter having been ap- pointed lieutenant of the ordnance. PYRRHO, a Greek philosopher, who flourished about b. c. 340, was bom at Elea, in the Peloponnesus, and was origi- nally a painter, but became a disciple of Anaxarchus, whom he accompanied In the expedition of Alexander. On bis return -his fellow citizens made him their high priest, and the Athenians gave him the rights of citizenship. He lived to the age of ninety. Pyrrho fonnded the sect of the Sceptics or Pyrrhonists. PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philoso- pher, the founder of that school which is called the Italic, was born, about b. c. 586, at Samos, or, according to some, atSidon, and -began to travel at the age of eighteen. He visited Phenicia and Asia Minor, and even, it is said, Persia and India, and re- sided for twenty-five years in Egypt. On his return he taught geometry at Samos; after which he settled at Crotona, in M igna Graecia, and established a school of p. ilos- lained his release in 1759, and returned to Iphy, which became famous. Pertecution 429 QUI at lergth drove him thenee, and he took refuge in the temple of the Mures at Met- apuntiiin, where he is Kiid, but the truth of the stury is doubtful, to ha^e been starved QUI to death, aboat b. c. 497. Besides oeing an illustridus metaphysical phiiitsopherj Pythagoras was a great geometriciaD aad astronomer. QUARLKS, Francis, a poet, was oorn, in 1592, near Romford, in Essex; studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, and at Lincohi's Inn; was saccessively cupbearer to Elizabeth, daughter of James I., and secretary to Archbishop Usher in Ireland; suffered greatly for his attachment to the cause of Charles I.; and died in 1644. His principal works are. Emblems ; Argaliis and Parthenia; Divine Fancies; and Enchiridion. Quarles has been made an object of satire; but, with ail its faults, his poetr\' is above contempt. QUE^NAV, Frahcis, a physician, And the tbunder in France of the sect of the Economists, was horn, in 1694, at Merci, near Montfort PAmauri. He was exceedingly fond of farming in his youth, but was brought up to the profession of medicine, and became physician to Louis XV., who loved to converse with him, called him the Thtnker,aud ennobled him. Qi**suay died in 1774. Besides his medi- cal proauctions, which are numerous, be wrote Physiocracy, and various ai'ticles in the Encyclopaedia, and in periodicals, to promulgate bis doctrines on political econ- omy. QUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, Fran- cis, a Spanish poet and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1580, at Madrid; studied at Alcala ; was obliged to quit Sf^in f >r having killed a brutal noble in a duel; held icipurtaut offices under the duke of Ossuna, viceroy of Sicily; was exiled to his estate on tlie disgrace of the duke, but was again received into favour at court; lived fur several years in retire- ment, devuted to literary pursuits; was tliruw into a dungeon, in 1641, where he remained twenty-two montlis, on an un- iMunded charge of having l.belled Count d*Olivare«- and died in 1645. Quevedo stands h>gh among Spanish authors, par- ticularly as a satirist. H is Visions of Hell, and Comic Tales, have been trans- lated int English. QUIM, Jahes, almost equally cele- brated as an actor and an epicure, was avo, in 169S, in Cuvect Garden. His father, who was a barrister, died, in 1710, at Dublin, where Quin was educated. Being left resourceless, he went upon the stage, and for a considerable period was confined to inferior parts. At length, he rose into high reputation, and wa^ without a rival till tfie appear^^r.te of Garrick. He retired from the stage in 1751, and died in 1766. George III. was instructed by him in recitation. Thomson, with, whom Quin was in habits of close friendship, has paid, in The Castle of Indolence, an ele- gant tribute to his talents. QUINAULT, Philip, a celebrated French lyrical dramatist, was born, in 1635, at Paris; began to write for the theatre at the age of eighteen; became highly popular; was attacked by Boileau, with ranch more inveteracy than wit or jnstice; and died in 1668. His works form 6ve volumes. In the species of drama to which Quinanlt devoted his talents be stands without a rival. It has been said of his verses tliat they were already music when they were placed in the hands of the composer. QULNCY, JosiAH, a distinguisfaed Inwyer and patriot, was bom in Bostun in 1743, and was graduated at Harvard Col- lege. He soon became eminent in the practice of law, and distinguished by his active exertions in the popular cause. His powers of eloquence were of a verj- high order. In 1774 he took a voyage to Eu- rope for the beiie6t of his health, and to advance the interests of tlie ciJ.mies. He dird on his return, on tlie 25th of April, 1775, the day the vessel reached the har- bour of Cape Ann. QUINTILIAN, MABcns Fabics, a oelebrated rhetorician, was born, in 42, at Rome; fulluwed Galba into Spain, an^ taught rhetoiic there; returned to his na- tive city, in 6S, and was long a professor uf rhetoric; and died in his eightieth year. His Institutes of the Orator have oeeii translated into English. Declamations, and A Dialogue on Oratory, are also at- tributed to nim ; but the latter is sometimai ascribed to Tacitus. RAC RAF 429 B RABELAIS, Francis, a celebrated French wit, was born, about 1483, at Chi- non. He took the monkish habit, as a cordelier, but, in consequence of having been punished for some indecorous pranks, he threw it off, studied medicine at Mont- pellier, and obtained a doctor's degree. He accompanied Cardinal du Bellay, in bis embassy to Rome, and was absolved by the pope for his abandonment of the clois- ter. After his return, he obtained, through tlie influence of the cardinal, a prebend, ind the rectory of Meudon. He died about 1553. Of his works the only one which is read is his famous Lives, Heroic Deeds^ and Sayings of Gargantua and Pantagruel, in which he blends admirable wit,'humour, and satire, with the grossest absurdity, fiJtIiiness, and obscenity. RACINE, John, one of the greatest of French dramatists, was bom, in 1639, at La Ferte Milon, and completed his edu- cation at the seminary of Port Royal. He commenced his poetical career by an Ode on the ki'ig'a marriage, for which he was magnificently rewarded. A second Ode obtained fir him a fresh recompense, and the friendship nf Botleau. His first dra- matic eTorts, The Thebaid and Alexan- der the Great, gave but faint indications of superior talent, but his tragedy of An- dromache placed him far above all his ci Ml temporaries except Corneille- He in- cre-used his lame by the production of Britannicus, Berenice, Iphigf^nia, and other lia^edies, and by hia comedy of The Pleaders; but a base cabal which was formed against his Phiedra induced hira to desist from writing for ihe stage. After a laose of twelve years, he wrote, by desire of Madame de Maintenon and Louis XIV., the dramas of Esther and Athaliah, to be performed at the semimry of St. Cyr. The last of these piec-s was cried d >u'n by his enemies, and Racine relinquished bis pen in disgust. He died in 1699. A commentator upon Racine, says Voltaire, has only to write at the bottom of even page, beautiful, pathetic, harmonious, ad- mirable, sublime!" RADCLIFFE, Anne, a celebrated ro- mance writer, whose maiden name was Ward, was born, in 1764, in London. In her twenty-third year she married Mr Radclitfe, who was brought up.for the bar, but was never called to it, and became proprietor and editor uf theEngli:^i Chron- icle. Her first production was The Can- ties of Athlin and Dunbayne, and it did not indicate that high talent which she subsequently displayed. It was succeed- ed by the Sicilian Romance, The Romance of the Forest, the Mysteries ied bat scaped, and remained in exile uli 1661 ; practised in his declining years those vir- tue which he had trampled under foot in his youth ; and died in 1679. His Memoin are highly interesting. '' REYNOLDS, Sir JosHUA,acelebrated artist, was born, in 1723, at Plympton, in Devonshire; of the grammar school of which place his father, a clergyman, was the master. As he early manifested a tar>te for drawing, he was placed under Hudson. He afterwards visited Rome, wheie he studied for three yeau?. In 1752 he Fettled in the British metropolis, where he rapidly rose to eminence, anH numbered Burke. Johnson, and othei iUustrious cna.-actua 454 RIC among his friends. When the Royal Aca- demy was instituted, in 1768, "he was unanimously chosen president, and was knighted. In 1783 he was appointed prin- cipal painter to the king. He died Feb. 23, 1792. His literary works, the princi- pal of which are tlie masterly Discourses delivered to the Academy, form three vol- umes. In the British school of art, espec- iallv as a portrait painter, he stands very higb; as a writer he displays much ele- gance and sound sense ; and as a man he was deservedly beloved. *' He had (says Burke) too much merit not to excite some jealousy; too much innocence to provoke any enmity." RICARDO, David, an able political economist, was born, in 1772, m London, and entered upon a mercantile life, after ■having received a common school education. He gained a large fortune by commerce ; obtained, in 1819, a seat in parliament for Portarlington ; and acquired reputation as a senator and as a writer. He died September 11, 1823. He wrote Princi- ples of Political Economy and Taxation; On the Depreciation of the Currency ; an Essay on Rent; and other works of a Bimilnr nature. RICAUT, or RYCAUT, Sir Paul, a traveller and historian, was born in Lon- don, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1661 he was secretary to tlie efiabassy at Constantinople ; afler which he was, successively, consul at Smyrna, secretary to. the viceroy of Ireland, judge of the admiralty there, and resident in tlie Hans Towns. He died in 1700. Ricaut wrote The State of the Ottomun Empire; The Present State of tlie Greek and Ar- menian Churches; afld a Continuation of Knolle&'s History ; and translated Platina's Lives, and Garcilasso's Commentaries of Peru. RICCI, SciPio,an Italian prelate, was born, in 1741, at Florence, and was raised to the bisbonric of Fistoia and Prato, in 1786. He nistinguishc'd himself hy stren- uously seconding the grnnd duke Leopold in the attempt to introduce a reform iiito^ 4hv ecclcfii^sticHl discipliue' of i\n dutchy. RIC His efforts drew upon him the hatred of the clergy, die displeasure of the pope, and much consequent persecution. He died io 1810. His Life, by De Potter, contains a variety of curious information. RICCOBONl, Anthony Francis, was born, in 1707, at Mantua, and was an actor and author. He wns, however, far more successful in the latter capacity than in the former; his comedies having attract- ed crowded audiences. What he gained by the stage he dissipated in foolish at- tempts to discover the philosopher's stone. He died in 1772. Among his works are Comedies, Farces, and The Art of the Theatre. RICCOBONl, Mart Jane Laboras DE M£Z]£RES, the wife of Anthony Fran- cis, was born, in 1714, at Paris; became an actress from necessity, in 1734; and remained on the stage till 1761, when she quitted it, and became eminent as a ro- mance writer. She died in 1792. Among her best productions are. Letters of Julia Catesby ; History of the Marquis de Cressy ; Ernestina; and Letters from Lord Rivers kj Sir Charles Cardigan. RICH, Claudius John, a learned writer, was born in 1776, and at the age of seventeen became resident of the East India Company at Bagdad; for which situation he was indebted solely to his merit and literary attainments. His re- searches into the antiquities of the East were extensive. He wrote Memoirs of Ancient Babylon. He died at Shiraz, in 1821. RICHARDSON, Jonathan, an Eng- lish painter, born about 1665, was a pupil of Riley, and married his niece. As a por- ti'aH painter, he was not without merit. Assisted by his son, he wrote an Essay on the Art of Criticism, as it relates to Paint- ing; an Argument in behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur; an Account of some Statues, Bas Reliefs, &c. in Italy; and Explanatory Notes on Miltoo. He died in 1745. RICHARDSON, Samuel, is said tc have been the son of a juiuer, and waa burn, in 1689, in Derbyshire. His educa- RTO Hon was scanty, and he was acquainted with no language but his own. He seems at ait early period to have been fond of liramiag stories, to relate to his school fel- lows, and of writing letters. In 1706, he was bound apprentice to a printer, and in 1719 he commenced business in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. By dint of industry, his establishment became highly flourish- ing. Onslow, the speaker of the commons, was one of his patrons. Though he had compiled indexes, and written prefaces and dedications, it was not tilt 1741 -that he came prominently forward in a literary character. In that year he published Pa- mela, and at once rose into popularity. In 1748 Clarissa came forth, and in 1753 Sir Charles Grandison. The general cho- rus of praise, und almost of adulation, that rose around him, it would be difficult to describe. His pecuniary concerns were also i n the moKt prosperous cond i tion. But the best gift of Heaven was wanting. In his latter years he sufiered much from ill health, and he died of apoplexy, July the 4th, 1761. RICHARDSON, William, a Scotch poet and- miscellaneous writer, a son of the minister of Aberfoyle, became a stu- dent at Glasgow, in 1758; accompanied Lord Cathcart, who had been his pupil, to Russia ; was for more than forty years pro- fessor of humanity at Glasgow; and died in 1814. Among his works, all of which are marked by elegance and learning, are Anecdotes of the Russian Empire ; Essays cm Shakspeare's Dramatic Characters; Poems; and Dramas. RICHELIEU, Armawd John dd PLESSIS, cardinal and duke, a French itatesman, was born, in 1585, at Paris. He was at first intended for the army, but tlie bishopric jf Lucon being opened to him by the resignation of his brother, he studied theology with such industry that he obtained a doctor's degree in his twen- tieth jear, and the mifre before he was twenty-two. His ambitious views first bc^an *o be manifest on his being ap- pointed, in 1614, a deputy to the states general. Attaching himself to the queen RIC 435 mother, he became her almoner, and, through her, was appointed one of the secretaries of state. When she lost her influence, he resigned his employment to retain her favour, but took care to act in such a manner as not to irritate 4ier ene- mi^. When a reconciliation at length, through his intervention, took place, he was rewarded by the dignity of cardinal. Aware of Richelieu's aspiring character, Louis Xin. long refused to admit him into the administration. At length he yielded, and thenceforth, for a period of eighteen years, he was little more than the phantom of a monarch; the sceptre being, in fact, wielded by the cardinal " He made (says Montesquieu) his sov- ereign play the second part in the mon- archy, and the first in Europe; he de- graded the king, but he rendered the reign illustrious." Richelieu was,' indeed, a great minister, as far as greatness can be attained by success bought at the expense of every virtue, but as a man he merits ex- ecration. He died December 4, 1642. RICHELIEU, Louis Frahcis Ar- MAND DtT PLESSIS, duke of, a French marshal, descended from the brother of the cardinal, was born in 1696, and died in 1788. He was an odd compound of scoun- drel and hero ; in which admirable mix- ture the first in^edient bore a large pro- portion. He distinguished himself under ViUars, and afterwards at Kehl, Philips- burgh, Dettingen, and Fontenoy; and re- duced Minorca. He compelled the duke of Cumberland to capitulate at Closter Seven, after which he pillaged the electorate of Hanover in the most infamous manner. On more than one occasion he proved him- self an able ambassador. The rest of his life was spent in open defiance of all the laws of morality. RICHELIEU, Armand Emawoel du PLESSIS, duke of, a French statesman, grandson of the foregoing, was bom, in 1766, at Paris. He emigrated at the com- mencement of the revolution ; entered the Russian service; and distinguished himself at the siese of Ismael. After having fought for a while under the banners of the princa of Coode, he went back to Russia, and was appointed governor of Odessa, By his prudnet measures he raised that city from insignificance to the "height of proe- perity. The restoration of the Bourbons enaUed him to return to France, and in 1815 and 1820 he held the oflice of prime minister. He died in 1822, respected for his disinterestedness and his good intentions. RICHTER, John Paul Frederic, an eminent Gennan novelist and miscella- neous writer, was born, in 1763, at Wun- siedel, in Franconia; studied at Leipsic; was patronised by various princes ; and died Nov. 14, 18*25. Among his worki OB Rrr ROB are, A Selection from the Devil's Papers j 1 singularities wasthe holding of animal fool Hesperus; Quintus Fixlein; Intro'iuction in abhorrence; and on this subject he wrote to ^T^sthetics; and Levana, or Lessons of a volume. Anion^ his^ works are, Biog- Educatiun. They manifest great talent, but their style is inai ked by much singu- larity. RIDLEY, Gloster, a divine, was born at sea, in 1702; was educated at Wincliester School, and at New College, Oxford ; obtained respectable preferment in the church; and died in 1774. His princi- pal works are, A Life of Bishop Ridley ; A Review of Pliiiips's Life of Cardinal Pole ; Melampus, a poem ; and some smaller po- ems in Dndsley's Collection. RIEGO Y NUNEZ, Raphael del, a Spanish patriot, was born,- in 1783, at Tuna, in the Asturias. As an officer of the Asturian regiment, he hore arms against Napoleon, and was taken prisoner. On his return, he obtained the rank of lieutenant- colonel. In 1819 he formed, with Quiroga and others, a plan for freeing his country from the yoke of despotism ; and in 1820 he powerfully cooperated to execute it. When, however, the worthless Ferdinand, by the aid of the French array, recovered the power of tyranniiing, Riego was brought to trial, and was executed with evei^ cir- cumstance of insult and indignity, Nov. 5, 1825. RIENZI, Nicholas GABRINO de, an It.tlian reformer, of the fourteentli cen- tury, was the son of an innkeeper, hut re- ceived an excellent education, and was en- dowed with great genius and eloquence. In 1347 he succeeded in overthrowing the tyranny of the nobles at Rome, and obtain- ing the supreme authority, with the title of tribune and liberator. He -was, how- ever, soon expelled, and was imprisoned for three years by Clement VI. He was released by Innocent VI., who sent him to the Roman capital as senator and tribune, but he was min-dered by the people in 1354. RING, JoHH, an eminent snrgeon, and a" miscellaneous writer, was a pupil of Pott. He died in 1821. Ring was a strenuous advocate of vaccination. Among his works are, a Treatise, and various pamphlets, on Cow Pox; a Treatise on Gout; parts of a translation of Virgil ; and some poems. RIQUET, Petkk Paul, a celebrated French civil engineer, was born, in 1604, at Beziers, and died, in 1680, at Toulouse. Riquet projected, and nearly completed the execution of, the magnificent canal of Lan- guedoc, which forms a communication be- tween *e Mediterranean and the Ocean RITSON, Joseph, a critic and anti- Suary, was born, in 1752, at Stockton, in le county of Durham ; was a conveyancer by profession; and held the office of high bailiffoflheSavov. He died in 1803. Rit- son was an acute and well informed man.but of a most unfortunate temper^ One of his aphia Poetica; The English Antliuhgy; English Songs; and Ancient Metrical Ro- muiiees. RITTENHOUSE, Datid, a celebra- ted madiematician, was bom in Pennsyl- vania, in 1732. During bis early life he w^s employed in agriculture, but as his con- stitution was feeble he became a clock and matliematical instrument maker. In 1770 Ae removed to Philadelphia, and practised his trade. He was elected a member, and for some time presidentuf tlie philosophic- al society; and one of the commissioners employed to determine the boundary line between Penos}lv3nia and Virginia, and between New York and Massachusetts. He was treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1789, and from 1792 to 1795 director of the United States mint. His death took place in 1796. His mathematical talents were of the highest order. RIVINUS, AnoDSTDS Qdirisps, an eminent botanist and physician, whose real name was Bacbmanu, was born, in 1652, at Leipsic; practised medicine, and was professor of physiology and botany, in his native city; and died in 1723. His princi- pal work is a Systema Flantarum. Rivi- nus's system of classification is founded on the form of tile corolla. ROBERT DE VAUGONDY, Giles, a French geographer, was born, in 1688, at Paris, and died there in 1766. Among his works are. The Great Universal Atlas, in 108 sheets; and a Complete Atlas of the Revolutions of the Globe, in 66 sheets. — His son, who was born in 1723, and died in 1786, was also an able geographer. ROBERTSON, William, a divine and a celebrated historian, was born, in 1721, at Bordiwick, in Mid Lothian, of which parish his father was the minister. After having been educated at Dalkeith, and at Edinburgh university, be was presented, in 1743, to the living of Gladsmuir. During the rebellion he bore arms as a volunteer Ills first work was a Sermon, published in 1756, which passed tlurough numerous edi> ROB tions. It was not, however, till 1759, that, by his History of Scotlaod, he acc^uired a place among^ British classical writers. Fame was accompanied by preferment. He was transferred froia Gladerauii- to Edinburgh; and, in 1753, ^761, 1762, and 1764, be- c-ime chaplain of Stirling Castle, one of the king's chaplains, principal of the uni- versity of Edinburgh, and royal historiog- rapher for Scotland. Advancement in the English church was offered to him, but was refused. In 1769 he brought out the His tory of Charles V.; in 1775 the History of America; and in 1790 an Historical Dis- quisition concerning Ancient India. He died June II, 1793. ROBERVAL^ Giles PERSOIVF de, a French geometrician, was born, in 1602, at Roberval ; became professor of matlvg- matics in the Royal College at Paris; and died in 1675. Roberval invented the curve lines to which Torricelli gave the name of Robervallian ; and also a geometrical method of resolving the most difficult pro- blems. His miscellaneous works were col- lected by his friend Gallois. ROBESPIERRE, Francis Maxxhil- lAN Joseph Isidore, one of the most celebrated and most violent demagogues of the French revolution, was bom, in 1759, at Arras, where his iather was a lawyer. He was left an orphan at the age of nine years, but was protected by the ^iehop of Arras, who placed him at the college of Louis XVI. at Paris. Returning to his native place, he became an advocate in respectable practice. His political career began, in 1789, when he wis sent a depu- ty from the bailiwick of Arras to the states general. He held a seat in all the subse- quent legislative bodies, and gradually ac- quired influence in them, and unbounded popularity among* the people, from whom he obtained the title of " the incorruptible." It was in the Convention, however, that he rose to his greatest eminence. He was the acknowledged head of the Jacobins, and, after the defeat of the Girondists and Dantonists, was, in a manner, the ruler of France. He would,- perhaps, have esta- blished his authority had not some of his accomplices discovered that he had devoted them to the scaffold. A struggle ensued, in which he was defeated, and, with many of his partisans, he was guillotined, July9,- 1794. ROBINSON, John, minister of the church in Holland, to which the first settlers of New England belonged, was born in Great Britain in 1575, and educated at Cambridge. In 1602 he became pastor of a dissenting congregation in the north of England, and reinuved with them to Hol- land in 1608. It was his intention to follow his congregation to the new world, out bis sudden death 'o 1625 prevented. ROC 4S7 ROBINSON, Mart, a poetess and miscellaneous writer, whose maiden name was.Darby, wag born, in 1758, at Bristol. She was married early to a worthless character, and was obliged to resort to the stage f^ir a subsistence. In this situation, her beaity attracted the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), and she became his mistress. The- connexion, however, was but of short duration. In her latter years she lost the use of her limbs, and was partly dependent upon her pen for the means of living. She died in 1800. Among her works are Poems; Lyrical Talcs; Memoirs of her own Life; and several novels. ROCHEFOUCAULD, Francis, duke DE LA, prince of Marsillac, a French writer, was born in 1613, and died in 1680. He was a man of wit and courage, and acted a conspicuous part in the war of the Fronde. He wrote the well known Maxims; which do more credit to his head than his heart ; and Memoirs of the Re- gency of Anne of Austria. ROCHEFOUCAULD LIANCOURT, Francis Alexander Frederic, duke DE LA, was born in 1747, and was grand master of -the wardrobe to Louis XV. and XVI. During the revolution, he was the friend of liberty, but the enemy of licen- tiousness. The downfal of the throne compelled him to quit France, and, after havino^ resided for some time in England, he visited America. In 1799 he was al- lowed to return to his native country, and he died in March, 1827, generally respected for his liberal principles and his active benevolence. It was chiefly by his exer- tions that vaccination was inti'oduced into France. His principal work is. Travels in the United States. ROCHEJAQUELEIN,Henry de la, one of the most eminent of the Vendean royalist leaders, was born, in 1773, near Chatillott sur Sevre, and was a son of the marquis de la Rochejaquelein. First as one of the chiefs, and afterwards as gene- ralissiino, of the royalists, he displayed great talent, and the most daring valu'ur. On first taking the command he addressed his men in the following pithy harangue: "I am young, and inexperienced, but I have an ardent desire to render myself worthy of heading you. Let us march to meet the enemy ; if I give way, kill me; if I advance, follow me; if I lall, avenge me." He was killed in March, 1794. ROCHESTER, John WILM»T, earl of, was born in 1647; was educated at Burford grammar school, and at Wadham College, Oxf:)rd; and subsequently trat'- elled on the continent. In 1665 he dis- tinguished himself in the fleet under the earl of Sai^dwich. The remainder of his life was spent at court, where he was iSB ROt equally remarkable for his licentiousness and his wit. He died, penitent, in 1680. His Poems manifest taleot, but many of them are grossly indecent. RODNEY, George BRYDGES, lord, an able British admiral, the son of a naval officer, was born in 1717; entered early into the navy ; was appointed governor 6f Newfoundland in 1749; was made admiral of the blue in 1769; and was so active in the seven years' war, that at the conclusion of it he was created a baronet. In 1768 he was chosen member for Northampton;-' aad in 1771 was sent to Jamaica, as com- mander in chief. Having ruined his for- tune by his election contest, he was under the necessity of retiring to France. In 1779, however, he was called into active service ; in the following year he defeated the Spanish admiral Langara; and on the 12th of April, 1782, he obtained a splendid victory over count de Grasse, and was rewarded by a peerage. He died in 1792. RODNEY, C^SAR, a signer of the declaration of American independence, ^vas born at Dover, Maryland, in 1730. He was sent as a delegate to the congred^ of 1774, and remained in that body till the autumn of 1776. He was afterwards pres- ident of his na*^e state for about four years. His de^ch took place in 1783. ROEMER, OLA.ns, an eminent astron- omer, was bom, in 1644, at Copenhagen ; was invited into France, in 1672, to be mathematical teacher to the dauphin; r&* turned to his native place in 1681; and held several considerable offices previously to his decease, which took place in 1710. Roemer, by means of the eclipses of tlie satellites of Jupiter, was the first who ascertained the velocity of light. ROHAN, Henry, duke of, prince of Leon, a celebrated general, was bom, in 1579, at the castle of Blain, in Britanny. He first distinguished his valour and talents, as head of the Calvinists, in the civil wars during the reign of Louis XUI.; and he subsequently enhanced his fame by his ad- mirable military conduct in the Valteline. He was mortally wounded at the battle of Rhinfield, in 1638. Among his works are. Memoirs on French Affairs; Political Dis- courses on State Affairs; and The Perfect Captain. ROLAND, PHit-iP Laurence, an eminent French sculptor, was born, in 1746, near Lisle; was a pupil of Pajou, Slid afterwards studied at Rome; acquired gieat reputation on his return to France; and died in 1816. His masterpiece is a statue of Homer singing to his lyre, which is in the ffallei-y of the Louvre. ROLAND DE LA PLATRIERE, John Mary, a French writer, was born, in 17^, at Lyons, and held the office of inspector general of manu&qtures at Lyons, ROL when the revolntion broke out. Roland espoused the popular cause. Removing to Paris, he became closely connected with the Girondist party, and, tlirough the in- fluence of that party, was made minister of the home department, in 1792. After the 10th of August, he was a member of the executive council. The downfal of his party, in 1793, exposed him to pro- scription, but he found a secret asylum at Rouen. Hearing, however, of the execu- tion of his wife, he quitted his retreat, and stabbed himself on the high road to Paris. He wrote The Dictionary of Manufactures, for the Methodical Encyclopaedia; various works of a similar kind; and Letters from Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, and Malta. ROLAND, Mary Jane, a woman of great talents, whose maiden name was PHLIPON, was the daughter of an en- graver, and was bom, in 1754, at Paris. At an early period she manifested a strong- ly marked character, and a love of read- ing. After her marriage with M. Roland, she assisted him in hie literary and other avocations. Her principles were decidedly republican, and she was a warm and elo- quent defender of the government which \vas established on the ruins of the throne. But to the jacobins she was as ardently hostile, and, when they succeeded in over- throwing the Girondists, she became one of the victims. She was guillotined, No- vember 8, 1793. She wrote An Appeal to Impartial Posterity ; and Misc^aneom Works, in three volumes. ROLLIN, Charles, an eminent histo- rian, was born, in 1661, at Paris. He was the son of a cutler, who designed him to follow his own trade; but a Benedictine monk obtained his admission in the college of Du Plessis. After having acquired tliere a knowledge of languages and philosophy, he studied theologv for three years at the Sorbonne. Between 1683 and 1693, he filled the chairs of professor cf rhetoric and of eloquence at the college of Du Plessis and the Royal College. In 1694, he was appointed rector of the university, and, in 1696, coadjutor of tlte college of Beauvais. The last post he held for fif^ ROM ROS 439 ceen years, greatly to the advantage of the] tempts to introduce a leform of the crimi- ctudents; but he was at length driven from nal law. In 1818 he was elected one of it by the intri^es of the Jesuits. Thence-! the representatives for Westminster. He, forth he gave his time wholly to literature, however, never took his seat. In a 6t of He died in 1741. His principal works i temporary insanity, occasioned by tliedentb are. Ancient History ; Roman History ; of his wife, to whom he was teuderly at- and a Treatise on the Mode of Studying. ' tached, he put an end to his own existence. ROMAN A, Don Peter CARO.Y SU REDA, marquis de la, a Spanish gene- ral, was born, in 1761, at Palm^, in M I Nov. 2, 1818. ROMNEY, George, a painter, was born, in 1734, at Dalton, in Lancashire; jorca ; was educated at Lyons, Saldmanca, ' and was the son of a builder, who design- and Madrid; served as aid-de-ramp to ed hjm for his own profession, but he be- Moreno, at the siege uf Gibraltar; and cameanitinerantpDrtraitpainter, by which distinguished himself in the campaigns he acquired suflicient money to enable him against the French, on the Pyrenean fron- ' to settle in Icondon. He afterwards visit- tier, from 1793 to 1795. La Romana'ed Italy, where he spent two years. On commanded, in 1807, the auxiliary Span- his return he became a formidable rival to ish corps of fourteen thousand men, which I Sir Joshua Reynolds, and also enjoyed was sent tothe north of Germany by N^ considerable reputation as a historical poteon. When Spain rose against her op- painter. He died in 1802. pressor. La Romana, aided by an English i ROMULUS, the founder of Rome. Of squadron, succeeded m embarking his his real history little or no;*ti:i - is known, troops from the island of Funen, and There exist, however, an abundance of fa- teadin^ them home in safety. He dis-jbles respecting him, among which are, that playea great talents, both in the field and i he was the son of Mars, and was suckled the council, in 1809 and 1810; but his ca- reer was unfortunately cut short by death, January 23, 1811. ROMANZOFF, Peter Alexakdro- TITSCH, count de, a Russian general, was born, about 1730, and entered the army at a very early period. After having acquired reputation in subordinate ranks, he was, in 1769, appointed to command the army againf^t the Turks. In four campaigns' he by a wolf. He is said to have founded Rome, B. c. 753. Its first citizens were robbers! He is believed Co have been as- sassinated after a reign of thirty-seven years. RONSARD, Peter de, a French poet, was born, in 1524, in the Veodo- mois ; was page to the duke of Orleans, who transferred him to James of Scotland, and afterwards received him again into obtained several victories, and conquered his own service ; gained unbounded popu- several fortresses; and he crownexl his la-|larity by his poems, but has since been as hours bv compelling the grand vizier to ' much undervalued ; was a favourite of sign, in'l 774, the treaty of Kainardgi. In I Charles IX.; who gave him several rich 1788 he was again placed at the head of j benefices; and died in 1585. His poems an army against the Ottomans; but he was form ten volumes. Ronsard undoubtedly thwarted by Potemkin, and resigned in disgust. . He died in 1796. ROME DE L'ISLE, John Baptist Louis, a Frencn mineralogist and natural philosopher, was born, in 1736, at Grai; visited India, and was made prisoner at Pondicherry; studied natural history after his return to France, and gave lectures on mineralogy; and died in 1790. His prin- cipal works are. Crystallography ; Me- trology ; and a Letter on Soft Water Polypuses. ROMILLY, Sir Samitei., an eminent advocate and senator, was bom, in 1757, in Westminster, and was the son of a jew- eller. He was called to the bar in 1783, and gradually rose to high reputation in possessed talent, but was deficient in taste and judgment. ROOKE, Sir George, an idmiral, was born, in 1650, in Kent; gained at an early period a high reputation for skill and bravery; defeated the French and Span- iards at Vigo, in 17C2, and captured sever- al men of war and galleons ; bore a part in the reduction of Gibraltar, in 1704; and died in January, 1708-9. He was not less disinterested than able and intrepid. ROSA, Saltator, a celebrated Ital- ian painter, was born, in 1614, at Naples. Francanzano and Ribera were his in- structors in the pictorial art. He rose to great eminence, and was patronised at Na- ples, Rome, and Florem%, at the last of the court of chancery. . When the whig which cities he resided for nine yeare. In party came into power, in 1806, he was landscape, in scenes of gloom, and in the appointed solicitor general, was knighted, representation of banditti, he has not been and sat in parliament for Qoeenborough. ' surpassed. Nor were his talents confined He was on*: of the managers of the im- to painting. He composed music, en- rchment oi' Lord Melville. As a senator ! graved several of his own pictures, and (fistinguisbcd himself on many occa- j wrote plays and poetry. His Satires have ■ioiw; but most conspicuously in his at-; been often reprinted. He died in 1673. 140 R03 ROSCIUS, QniSTUs, a Roman actor, af such talent that his name has since been given to every performer of transcendent merit, is believed to have been born in the territory of Lanuvium. He died, at an advanced age, B. c. 61. Cicero, to whom be liad given lessons in the art of declaim- ing, wrote one of his orations to defend him against Cherea. KOSCOE, William, a biographer and miscellaneous writer, was born, aboutl751, at Liverpool. His parentage was hnmble; his education imjierfect; and he began his career in life as articled clerk to an attor- ney. In the few hours, however, which he could snatch from the law, he made himself master of the Latin, Italian, and French languages ; and he subsequently ac- quired a considerable knowledge of Greek. His first literary attempt, a poem called Mount Pleasant, was written in his six- teenth yea . On the expiration of his clerkship, he entered into partnership with Mr. Aspinwall, an attorney of Liverpool. After having followed the profession fur several years, he entered himself at Gray's Inn, with the purpose of becoming a bar- rister; and lie subsequently became a part- ner in a banking house. As a banker he unfortunately failed. In 1806 he was elected one of the members for Liverpool ; but he declined a contest at the next elec- tion. His two great works, The Lives of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and of Leo X. were published In 1796 and 1805, and ?ave him an enduring reputation. He led June SO, 1831. Among his other fvorks are. Poems; a translation of Tan- fiillo's Nurse; and various pamphlets on $>alitics, and against the slave trade. ROSCOMMON, Wentworth DIL- LON, earl of, was born, about 1633, in Ireland ; received his education partly under Dr. Hall, and partly at Caen, under Bochart; spent his youth in dissipation, but became reformed in his maturer years ; and died in 1684. His Poems, though admitted into collections of British poetry, and once highly praised, have now few readers, and fewer admirers. ROSE, George, a statesman and writer, was born, in 1744, at Brechin, ii Angusshire, and was the son of a clergy man ; was originally a purser, but, through the influence of Lord Marchmoot, wis made keeper of the records in the exche- quer; displayed talents for business,' by which he obtained tile confidence and friendship of Mr. Pitt ; rose to be presi- dent of the board of trade, and treasurer of the navy; and died January 13, 1^8. ^nione his works are, A Report oiiWlie Records; Observations on Mr.Fox's nis- tory; and an Examination into the Increase »f British Revenues, Commerce, and Nav- igation. ROU ROSENMULLER, JohhChbistiab a celebrated German anatomist, was born, in 1771, at Hessberg; was professor of anatomy and surgery at tlie university of Leipsic ; and died in 1820. His pr-incipal work is an Anatomico-Chirurgical Atlas, of which the plates were designed by him- self. ROSS, George, a signer of the decla- ration of American independence, wa? born in New Castle, Delaware, in 1730 He pursued the profession of law, and settled in the western part of Pennsylvania. In 1774 he was electt.'Q a delegate to thi Congress which met ml Philadelphia, an^ continued in this body till January ITT In April 1779 he was appointed a judge of the state court of admiralty. He died in the July following. ROTGANS-, Luke, a Dutch poet, was born, in 164S, at Amsterdam; served in the army from 1672 to 1674, as an ensign ; and died in 1710. He wrote a poem, in eight books, the hero of which is WilKam III.; two tragedies; the Dutch Fair, 9 descriptive poem; and some miscellaneous poetry. ROTROU, John, a dramatic poet, one of the creators of tile French theatre, was born, in 1609, atDreuXjand became early a writer for the stage. He held the oflice of civil and criminal lieutenant at his native place. Being at Paris when a pes- tilential disorder broke out at Drenx, he hastened to afford relief to his fellow citi- zens ; but, tliree days after his arrival, in 1650, he died, the victim of his courageous benevolence. Incapable of mean jealousy, Rotrou bore public testimony to the supe- rior merit of his rival Corneille. Of nig thirty-seven plays, the best are the trage- dies of Cosrties and Wenceslaus. ROUBILLIAC, Louis Francis, ' sculptor, was born, at Lyons, about the latter end of the seventeenth century. He settled in England in the reign of George I.; was much esteemed both as an artist and as a man ; and died in 1762. Among his works are, the monument of the duke of Argyle, in Westminster Abbey; statuei" of Sir Isaac Newton, Handel, George I and II. ; and the duke of Somerset ; and a figure of Religion, at Gopsall, in Leices- tershire. ROUSSEAU, John Baptist, a cele brated French poet, the son of a shoe- maker, was born, in 1670, at Paris, anc received an excellent education. At his outset in life, he was page to the French ambassador in Denmark; after which he wns secretary to Marshal Tallard, in hii embassy to England. The liberality of M. Roiiille, director of the finances, av .ength enabled him to devote himsetf tc literature, and he attained high reputation, particularly ai a lyric poat He wu oi ROU the point of succeeding Boileau as a mem- oer of the French Academy, and of obtain- ftag a pension, when an event occurred which annihilated al! his prospects. On a charge of having written some infamously libellous verses^ and then having suborned a witness to attribute them to Saurin, he was, in 1712, condemned to perpetual banishment. During tlie remainder of his life, however, and in bis last moments, he solemnly denied that he was guilty. He died at Brussels, in 1741. His works form dve volumes 12mo. His Odes, Psalms, ind Epigrams are excellent; but many of the latier are grossly obscene. tlP%- ROZ 441 ROUSSEAU, John James, one of the most eloquent, paradoxical, and siD^lar of French writers, was the son of a watch- maker, and was born, in ] 712, at Geneva. His education was neglected ; and romances formed the chief part of his early reading. After having been dismissed, as incapable, from an attorney's office, he was appren- ticed to an engraver, from whom he re- ceived such ill treatment that he ran away before he was sixteen. He found a friend in Madam de Warens, who ended by be- coming his mistress. With her he lived for some years at intervals; and, when not with her, he spent a wandering life, in various characters, some of them of the humblest kind. It was not till 1750 that he manife»ted his splendid literary talents. In that year he gained the prize given by the Academy of Dijon, for his celebrated Essay, in answer to the question "Whether the progress of the sciences and arts has contributed to corrupt or purify manners." He maintained that the effect had been injurious. From this period his pen be- came fertile and popular. He produced, in succession, the words and music of The Village Conjurer; A Letter on French Music; The Origin of the Inequality of Ranks; The Social Contract; The New Eloisa; and Emilius. The last of these, which appeared in 1762, was condemned hy the parliament, and he was compelled to fly from Frjncn. Thenceforth his exist- ence was passed in frequent changes of place, to eacape real or fancied persecution, 19t and in suspecting all his fi-iends of iiisnlt- ing and conspiring agaivst him. To dis- ease of body and mind must, no doubt, be attributed much of his strange conduct. He died July 3, 1778. Of his latest works his Confession^ are the most remarkable. ■ ROUSSET DE MISSY, John, apolit- ical and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1686, at Laon, in Picardy; quitted his country in consequence of being persecuted for his religion ; resided for many years in Holland; and died in 1762. He was the proprietor and editor of The Historical and Political Mercury ; and vr^ote and compiled many works, one of the princi- pal of which is, A History of Prince Eugene, the Duke of Marlborough, and the Prince of Orange. ROWE, Nicholas, a poet and dramat- ist, the son of a serjeant at law, was born, in 1673, at Little Berkford, in Bedford- shire ; studied at Westminster School, and the Middle Temple, but was never called to the bar ; began to write for the theatre at the age of twenty-five, and had consid- erable success; and died in 1718. His tragedies of Tamerlane, Jane Shore, and The Fair Penitent, still retain possession of the stage. His translation of Lucan ia declared by Johnson to be '* one of the greatest productions of English poetry." ROWE, Elizabeth, whose maiden name was Singer, a lady remarkable for the graces of her person and mind, wag horn, in 1674, at Ilchester, in Somerset- shire ; and died in 1737. Among her works are. Poems; Friendship in Death; The History of Joseph, a poem; and De» vout Exercises of the Heart. ROWLANDSON, Thomas, an artist, who excelled in caricature and ludicrous subjects, was born in 1756, in London; studied drawing at Paris, and the British Royal Academy ; dissipated, chiefly by gambling, a considerable fortune ; and died m 1827.. Among his works are the plates to Dr. Syntax's Tours ; The Dance of Life ; and The Dance of Death. ROXBURGH, William, a physician and botanist, was born, in 1799, at Craigie, in Ayrshire; wa^ educated at Edinburgh; settled at Madras, whence he removed to Calcutta, where he became keeper of the botanical garden, and a member of the Asiatic Society; and died, in 1815, at Edinburgh. His principal work is. The Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. He contributed many papers to the Asiatic Researches. ROZIER, John, a botanist and agri- cultural writer, was born, in 17.34, at Lyons ; and was killed, by a bomb, during the siege of that city, in 1793. His chief works are, A Complete Course of Agri- culture; Elementary Demonstrations of Botany; and Observations on Natural 442 ROD PhiloBophy, Natural History, and the Arti. RUBENS Peter Paol, a celebrated painter, was bora in 1577, but wlieltaer at Antwerp or at Cologne is a disputed pomt. He received an excellent education. The priuciples of painting he acquired from Vestraecht, Van Oort, and Van Veen, and he completed his knowledge by studying in Italy tlie works of tli; greatest masters. In the classic land a' the arts he was employed by the duke of Mautua, not only as an artist, but also on an embassy to Madrid. Being invited back to the Netherlands by the Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella, who conferred on him the office of chamberlain, and gave him a pension, he settled at Antwerp, where he rapidly rose to the highest eminence in his profession. In 1620, he went to Paris, at the request of Mary of Medicis, to em- bellish the Luxemburgh gallery with a series of pictures ; a task which occupied him for three years. In 1628 Isabella dispatched him to Madrid, on a political mission. While residing tliere, he executed several fine works, for which he was re- warded with knighthood, and the appoint- ment of gentleman of tlie royal bedchamber. In the following year he was sent on an embassy to England ; painted, at White- hall, the apothesis of James I. and other pieces ; and received a gold chain, and the title of knight from Charles I. He died at Antwerp, in 1640. RUCELLAI, John, the son of Ber- nard, who was an eminent writer and statesman, was born, in 1475, at Florence; was papal nuncio in France, and after- wards apostolical prothonotary and gover- lor of the castle of St. Angelo ; and died in 1525. Among his works are, The Bees, a didactic poem; and the tragedies of Rosmonda and Orestes. Rosmonda was one of the sarliest specimens of modern tragedy. BUDBECK, OiAus, a learnpd Swedish physician, was born, in 1630, at Vesteras, of which his father was bishop; established the botanic garden at Upsal; was botan- ical, medical, and anatomical professor, and chancellor of the universihr of that city; and died in 1702. He discovered llie lymphatics of the liver. He wrote several works, the most curious of which is the Atlantica, in which he maintains that Sweden is the primitive Eden, and the Atlantis of Plato. EUDDIMAN,Thomas, a grammarian, was born, in 1674, at Boyndie, in Banff- shire; was educated at King's College, Aberdeen ; became assistant iceper of the advocates' library at Edinunrgh, and a printer; and died in 1757. He establish- «d The Caledonian Mercury; wrote The Rudiments of the Lsti i Tongue, and oUier RUP grammatical productions ; and edited van ■ ous works. ROHNKEN,orRUHNKENlUS. Da- vid, an eminent German philologist and critic, was born, in 1723, at Stolpen, in Pomerania; studied at Wittemberg and Leyden; and died, in 1798, professor of eloquence and history, and librarian, at Leyden. He edited and added notes to several classics; and published a collection of his oratoriciil, critical, aud philological tracts. RULHIERE, Claudius Carlouar DE, a French historian, was born, in 1735, at Bondi, near Paris. After having been in the army, he accompanied the ambassa- dor, baron de Bretuil, to Petersburgh, as secretar)' and confidential friend. In 1771 he received a pension ; in 1787 he became a member of tlie Academy; and he died in 1791. Among his works are Poems; An- ecdotes on tlie Russian Revolution of 1762; and A History of the Anarchy of Poland^ and of the Partition of that Republic. RUMFORD, Benjamin THOMP. SON, count, was born, in 1753, at Rum- ford, in New Hampshire, and was educated at Harvard College. During the Ameri- can war he espoused the royal cause, ob- tained the rank of colonel, and was knight- ed. At the close of the contest he entered the Bavarian service, as lieutenant-general, and was created a count, and received tlie order of the white eag[le, for the reforms which he introduced into the army and the police. In 1798 he visited England, where he remained for four years, and took a prominent part in founding the Rcyal Institution. On his relurn to the continent he married tile widow of Lavoi- sier. He settled near P-iris, and died tliere August 21, 1814. His experiments and discoveries are recorded in his Essays, and in the Philnsophical Transactions. RUPERT, Prince, third son of the elector palatine, king of Bohemia, and of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James the First, was born in 1619. He com- manded the cavalry of Charles the First during the civil war, and on various occa- sieua manifested the most daring valour: RUS bat hu impetuosity and want of pradence more than counterbalanced the effects of hisbrdvery. In 1665 and 1666 he distin- guished himself in various naval actions against the Dutch. He died in 1682. Rupert was a lover of the sciences, partic- aularly of chemistry and experimental phi- losophy. He invented prince's metai^ and the art of mezzotinto engraving RUSH, Benjamin, an eminent Amer- ican physician, was born, in 1745, at Bristol, in Pennsylvania; was educated at Princeton College, and took his degree at Edinburgh; was chosen, in 1776,. a mem- ber of congress ; and signed the declara- tion of independence; was professor of medicine and clinical practice at the Penn- Bylvanian university; and died in 1813. He was one of the greatest and b^t men who have adorned his country. Among his works are, Essays, literary, moral, and philosophical; Medical Inquiries and Ob- servations ; and A History of the Yellow Fever. RUSSEL, Lord William, one of the martyrs of liberty, was born about 1641, and was the third son of the duke of Bed- ford. In the house of commons he was a warm supporter of the bill for excluding the duke of York from the throne. The court did not fail to take a sanguinary ven- geance for this oftence. He was accused of having participated in the Rye House Plot, and on this charge he was brought to trial, July 13, 1683. By the aid of perjured and infkmous witnesses, and a packed jury, a verdict was obtained against him, and notwithstanding powerful interest was exerted to save his life, the sentence of judicial murder was carried into execu- tion on the 21st of July. After the Revo- lution the proceedings against him were annulled. RUT 443 RUSSEL, I^dy Rachel, the wife of the forgoing, was the second daughter of the earl of Southampton, and widow of h'yrd Vaogban. In 1667, she was united to !^ord William Russel, and for pixteen years they enjoyed uninterrupted felicity. Ou his trial she assisted him in taking She eurvived him forty yeari, but ! constantly refused to enter again into tlie marriage state. She died, at the age of eighty-seven, in 1723. Lady Russel was a woman of unaffected piety and an excel- lent understand din^. Her Letters liave been often reprinted. RUSSEL, Edward, earl of Oxford, a British admiral, was born in 1651 ; was one of the promoters of the Revolution ; gained the celebrated battle of La Hogue, in 1692; commanded subsequently in the Mediterranean ; was, at two periods, first lord of the admiralty; was one of the regents on the death of Queen Anne, till the arrival of h^r successor; and died in 1727. RUSSEL, Alexander, a physician, was born and educated at Edinburgh ; was appointed, in 1740, physician to the English factory at Aleppo, and resided there several years; became physician to St. Thomas's Hospital; and died in 1770. He wrote The Natural History of Aleppo. — His orother Patrick, who succeeded him at Aleppo, and died in 1805, wrote a Trea- tise on the Plague; and Description of Fishes on the Coromandel Coast. RUSSEL, William, a miscellaneons writer, was bom, in 1746, in Mid Lotliian, and began life as a bookseller ; but at length became an author. He died in 1794. His principal work is The Histo- ry of Modem Europe. He began The History of Ancient Europe, but left* it in- complete. RUTHERFORD, ITaniel, a natural philosopher and physician, was bom, in 1749, at Edinburgh, at the university of which city be studied. In 1786 lie was appointed professor of botany, and keeper of the botanic garden. He died in 1819. Dr. Rutherford was the discoverer of ni- trogen, and was one of the first, if not the first, who observed the acidifying power of oxygen. RUTHERFORTH, Thomas, a di- vine, was born, in 1712, at Papworth Everard, in Cambridgeshire ; was edu- cated at Saint John's College, Cambridge; became professor of divinity in 1745 ; and died, in 1771, rector of Barley, in Hertfordshire, and archdeacon of Essex* Of nis works, the most important aie, A System of Natural Philosophy; Institutes of INlatoral Law; A Discourse on Mipa- cles; and Sermons. KUTLEDGE, Edward, an eminent lawyer, and a signer of the declaration of American Independence, was born in Charleston, S. C. in 1749. His legal ed- ucation was completed in England, and in 1773 he returned to his native country, and entered upon the duties of his profession. In 1774, he was appointed •a delegate to 'che congress at Philadelphia, and took an iLCtive part io the discussioos of the diy> 444 SAC After a successful practice of bis profei- Bion for seventeen years, in 1798 he relin* quished his station at the bar, and was elected chief Magistrate of South Caroli- na. He died in 1800. RUYSCH, Frederic, a celebrated anatomist, was born, in 1683, at the Hague, and graduated at Franeker, after having studied at Leyden. in 1665, his Treatise on the Lymphatics gained for him tlie anatomical chair at Amsterdam. Peter of Russia gave him thirty tliousand florins for his specimens and preparations. Ruyscb d'ed in 1731. He excelled all other anatomists in injecting the vessels with coloured wax; but, unfortunately, his secret died with him. His works form five quarto volumes. — His son, Henry, who died in 1717, was the author of The- atrum Anim»liuro. RUYSDAEL, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born, in 1636, at Haarlem, and died tliere in 1681. By whom he was instructed is not known; but his talents were great. Tn landscape he stands among the highest masters of his profession. — His brotlier Solomon, who was also a painter, but far inferior in merit, was born in 1616, and died in 1670. RUYTER, Michael Adrian,, a Dutch admiral, was born, in 1607, at Middleburgh, or at Flushing. He entered the naval service when he was only elev- en years of age, and, by dint of hmvery and skill, rose to the summit of his pro- SAD feflsion. After having distinguidied him- self on numerous occasions, particularly in the wai-s of 1652 and 1666, asainst the En- glish, in the last of \\bich he penetrated up the Medway, and destroyed some ships ; he was mortally wounded in 1676, in an engagement uitb the French admiral Du- » quesrie. RYMER, Thomas, an antiquary and critic, a native of Yorkshire, was edu- cated at Northallerton School, and at Sid- ney College, Cambrid^. In 1692 he was appointed royal' historiosrapher. He died in 1713. As a critic lie deserves little praise. He wrote a tragedy and sonie Doems, whicli are equally worthless with jis View of the Tragedies -of 'he last Age. His great work. The FGet.%,ra, though faulty, entitles him to somewhat more re- spect as an antiquary. RYSBRACH, John Michael, an eminent sculptor, the son of a painter, was bom in 1694; settled early in life in Eng- land, where his works were much ad- mired; and died in 1770. Westminster Abbey contains several of his productions. RZEWIESKY, Wenceslacs, a Po- lish nobleman, was born in 1705; filled various high offices, among which was that of grand general of tlie crown; was six years a prisoner in Russia, for his opposi- tion to the election of Stanislaus Potowski ; and died in 1779. He is the author of I two tragedies; two comedies; poems; A j Course of Rhetoric; several other works; and a translation of Horace's Odes. s SAA DO MIRANDA, an eminent Por- tugnese poet, was hnrn, in 1495, at Coim- bra; abandoned the law professorship in that city to give himself up to literature and travelling; and died in 1558. He wrote two comedies, and many pastorals, epistles, and sonnets. SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO, Diego dk, a Spanish writer, whom his countrymen named the Spanish Tacitus, was born, ir 1584, at Algeiares, in Murcia ; wus em- ployed during thirty-four years as a diplo- matist; and died in 1648. Among his principal works are. The Gothic and Cas- tilian Crown, which, however, he com- pleted only as far as the death of Roderic ; and The Literary Republic. SACCIIETTI, Francis, an Italian novelist and poet, was born, about 1335, at Florence; filled some of the most im- portant offices in the Florentine republic; and died aboin 1410. As a writer of tales he stands next to Boccaccio. 8ACCH1NI, Ahthomv Mart Gas- par, a celebrated Italian comnoser, was born, in 1739, at Naples; stuaied under Durante ; obtained an early reputation for talent; and died at Paris, in 1784, atler having resided successively for considera- ble periods at Rome, Venice, and London. Among his finest operas are, CEdipus, Ta- merlane, Montezuma, and The Cid. SACKVIIXE. See Dorset. SADI, or SAADl, one of the most cel- ebrated of the Persian poets, was a native of Shiraz, and studied at Bagdad. He is said to have visited Mecca forty times on foot, and he fought against the Crusaders, by whom he was taken prisoner in Syria. Sadi lived to the age of one hundred and two, and died in 1296. His principal works are. The Gulistan, or Rose Garden; The Bostan, or Fruit Garden. SADOC, a Jewish doctor, flourished about B. c. 248, and was a disciple of Antigonus Sochceus, who succeeded Simon the Just as president of the Sanhedrim. He, in conjunction with his fellow pupil SAI Bairhofos, was the. fbander of the sect of Sadducees. S^MUND STGFUSSON, a celebra- ted Icelander, is believed to have been Horn about 1045, and to have died in 1135. He compiled The Edda; assisted in fram- ing the Icelandic ecclesiasttical ordinances; and wrote a History of Norway. SAGE, Balthasar George, an eminent natural philosopher and mineralo- gist, was born, in 1740, at Paris, aod after having been profes^sor of experimen- tal mineralogy, was appointed superintend- ent of the school of mines. At the begin- ning of his career Sage contributed much to the progress of mineralogy in France, but he subsequently set his face against the modern discoveries in that science and in chemistry. He died in 1824, a member of the Institute. Among his works are. Elements of Dociraastic Mineralogy; and a Theory on the Origin ot Mountains. SAIi\T CLAlft, Arthur, a general in the American army, was bora at Edin- burgh, was a lieutenant under general Wolfe, and afterwards settled in Pennsyl- vania, and became a naturalized citizen. On the commencement of the revolution, he embraced the cause of the American army, and in February 1777 was appoint- ed major general. He served with dis- tinction, and in 1783 was elected presi dent of the Cincinnnti Society of his adopt- ed state. la 1785 he was elected a dele- gate to Congress, and in 1787 was chosen president of that body. He was afterwards governor of the North West Territory, and in 1790 commanded an army against the Miami Indians. He resigned his commis- sion of major general in 1792. His latter years were passed in poverty. He died in 1818. SAINTE CROIX, William Emman- uel Joseph GUILHEM de CLER- MONT LODEVE, baron de, a learned French writer, was born, in 1746, at Mormoiron; studied at the Jesuits' Col- lege, Grenoble; quitted the army for lite- rary pursuits; and died, in 1809, a mem- ber of the Institute. His chief works are, A Critical Examination of the Historians of Alexander the Great; and Memoirs for a History of the secret Religion of Ancient Nations. S AINTEVREMOND, Charles MARGUETEL dk SAINT DENTS, seigneur de, a French wit and author, was born, in 1613, of a noble family, near Coutances, w.xs educated at Paris and Uaen ; served with reputation in the army ; was subsetpientlya courtier, and was much admired fur his brilliant and parcastic conversational talents ; took refuge in Gnglanil, in 1662, to avuid the Bastile; - favtnir willi Ch irlj? H. mid \Vi\- SAI 445 His works have been collected in seven volumes 12mo. SAINTE FOIX,GEhMAiN Francis POULF.AIN DE, a French dramatist and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1698, at Rennes. He served in the army, and acquired repntation, but quitted the mili- tary profession for literature. He did not, however, relinquish all his military pro- pensities, for he was frequently engaged In quarrels and duels. He died in 1776 Of his numerous dramatic pieces, only The Oracle retains possession of tlie stage. Of his miscellaneous productions. Histor- ical Essays on Paris is the principal. SAINT HYACIXTHE, Hyacinth CORDONNIER, generally known as Themiseul de St. Hyacinthe, a French ^author, was bom, in 1684, at Orleans. After having served in the army, as a cavalry officer, he resigned the sword to take up the pen. He died in 1746. Of his works the most important is. The Mas- terpiece of an Unknown, which met with extraordinary success, and inflicted a se- vere wound upon pedantry. The Literary Journal was established by him, in conjunc- tion with s'Gravesande and other writers. SAINT JOHN. Se^BoLiNGBROKE. SAINT LAMBERT, Charles Fran- cis, marquis de, a French poet, was born, in 1717, at Vezelize, in Lorraine. At the peace of Aix la Chapelle be quitted the army, and obtained an office in the court of Stani:rlaus, where he became admired for his wit, and intimate wilh*the marchioness de Chatelet. After the death of Stanislaus^ Saint Lambert again entered the military profession, and served in the campaigns of 1756 and 1757. Settling at Paris, he was admitted a member of the Academy, and was one of the contributors to the Eocyclo- prodia. He died in 1803. He wrote The Seasons: Fngitive Poems; Tales, &c.; and Philosophical Works.' SAINT MARC, Charles Hugh Lk- FEBVRE DE, a French writer, wis boiHy in 1698, at Paris ; was, successively, a mil- itary officer, an ecclesiastic, a private tutor, and an author; and died in 1769. Besides editions of several established productions, he published ^irious original works, one of the most important of which is, A Chrono* logical Abridgment of the History of Italy, {torn the downfall of the Western Empire. SAINTE PALAYE, John Baptist DE LA CURNEde, a French writer, was born, in 1697, at Auxerre; studied with particular attention the manners and cus- toms of ancient France and of the times of chivalry; became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of various other learn- ed bodies; and died in 1781, of grief for the death of his twin brother. He wrote ^ _ Memoirs on Qiivalry; and supplied the iiam in ; and die.l in Londun, in 1703. | materials from which Millot derived Th« 446 SAI History of the Troubadours. HU MS. col- lections formed one hundred volumes folio. SAINT PIERRE, Charles Irks JEOS CASTEL,abb8 de, a French publicist and miscellaneuus writer, was' born, in 1658, at Sainl Pierre Eglise, In Normandy, and studied at tiie college of Caen. His life was spent in acts of beoevolence, in framing projects for the bene6t of mankind, and in making those projects public. Among bis Ecfaemes was one for bringing about a per- petual peace; which Cardinal Dubois called '* the dieam of a good man.'' Having, in hi& Polysynodia, denied Lonis the Four- teenth's right to the surname of Great, the Academy expelled him ; and, when, on the decease of St. Pierre, it filled up the vacant place, it forbid his successor, Maupertuis, to pronounce, as was usual, his eulogy! His works form eighteen volumes 12mo. SAINT PIERRE. See Bersardiw. SAINT REAL, Cjesar VICHARD, abbe de, a Savoyard historian, was born, in 1639, at Chamber! ; accompanied the duchess of Mazarine to England in 1675; resided subsequently for some yeai's at Paris; and died, at his native place, in 1693. His works, among which are Don Carlos, and The Conspiracy of the Span- iards against Venice, form eight volumes 12mo. His histories are elegant, but are deteriorated by an infusion of romance. SAINT SIMON, Louis deROUVROI, duke of, a French writer and statesman, was born in 1675, and was a godson of Louis XIV. After having ^rved in the army, he spent the rest of his life at court. He was appointed one of the council of regency by the duke of Orleans ; and, in 1721, was sent to Madrid to negotiate the marriage of Lou- is XV. with an Infanta. He died in 1755. Saint Simon wrote valuable Memoirs of the Court of France and of the Regency, of which no complete edition has yet been published. SAINT SIMON, CLATTDitTS Henry, count de, of the same family as the forego^ ing, ivas born, in 1760, at Paris, and died in that city in 1825. He is llie founder of the politico-philosophical school of the ih- dustrieUs the leading dogma of which shool is, Aat industry is the definitive pur- pose of human society, and that those en- gaged in it constitute the superior class of society. Saint Simon published an Intro- duction to the Scientific Labours of tlie Nineteenth Century; Political, Moral, and Philosopliical Discussions ; and other works, to disseminate his doctrines. SAINT VINCENT, John JERVIS, earl of, an eminent Briiisli naval officer, youngest son of the auditor of Greenwich Hospital, was born, in 1734, at Meafurd Pall; entsred the navy, as a midshipman, at the ige of fourteen ; served in the expe- dition against (iuebec; obtained tiie rank SAL of post captain in 1760; oammanded tha Foudr^rant in tlie action between Keppel and d'Orvilliers ; and in 17S2 was reward ed with the red ribbon for his gallant con- duct in the capture of the Pegase. In 1794, as admiral of the squadron in the West In- dies, he conii'ibuted to the reduction of the French islands; and, on the 14th of Febru- ary, 1797, being tlien at the head of the Mediterranean fleet, he gained the splendid victory ofi" Cape Saint Vincent. For tliis success, to which Nelson mainly contribut- ed. Sir John Jervis was made an English peer, and received a pension. In 1801 lie became first lord of the admiral^, which post he held till 1804; in 1814 he was ap- pointed genera] of marines; and in 1821 admiral of the fit^et. He died March the 15th, 1823. SALAH-EDDYN, or SALADIN, Ma- L£K Nasser YnsstrF, sultan of Egypt and Syria, one of the most celebrated cham- pions of islamistii during the crusades, was bom, in 1137, at Tekrit, on the Tigris; raised himself from tlie station of an officer to that of a sovereign; obtained varioua successes over the Christians, but was de- feated by Richard Coeur de Lion ; and died, deeply regretted by bis subjects, in 1193. SALE, George, an author and oriental scholar, was born about 1680, and died in 1736. He wrote a part of the Ancient Uni- versal History, and translated the Koran. He was one of the founders of a Society for the Encouragement of Learning. SALISBURY, Robert CECIL, earl of, an eminent statesman, the son of Lord Burleigh, was boru about 1550; was edu- cated at St. John's College, Cambridge; sat in parliament for Westminster, and subsequently for the county of Hertford; became a privy counsellor in 1591, and secretory of state in 1596; and was sent ambassador to France la the following year. By James I., with whom he had kept up a secret correspondence, he was, in 1605, created earl of Salisbury, and in 1608 he was appointed lord high treasurer. He died in 1612. SALLO, Denis de, a French writer, was born, in 1626, at Paris; was a coun- sellor of the parliament in that ci^; arid died in 1669. He was the first person who established a literary journal. It was in 1665 that he began the Journal des Savans ; a work that was long continued by other authors, and maintained a high reputation SALLUST, or SALLUSTIUS, Caius CKispt7S, a Roman historian, of equal tal- ents and profligacy, was born, B. c. 86, at Amiternum, and was so remarkable in early life for shameless licentiousness, that he was degraded from the senatorial rank by the censors. Ceesar restored him to his seat, and successively made him queesLur and pi%tor, and guveruur of N'lmidia. In th« SAN last of these offices he amassed an enormous fortuneby acts of rapine. He died b. c.35. His History of the Roman Republic is lost, with the exception of some fragments; but his masterly Histories of the Jugurthine War, and of the Conspiracy of Catiline, are extant, and bear ample testimony to his genius. SALftlASIUS, or SAUMAISE, Clau- DTT7S, an eminent French scholar, was born, in 1588, at Semur. He was educated by his father, and at Paris and Heidelberg; and translated Pindar, and composed Latin and Greek verses, when he was only ten years old. His knowledge of languages was extensive, and such was his memory that he retained whatever he once heard read. In 1632 he succeeded Scaliger at the university of Leyden. He twice visited Christina of Sweden it Stockholm, and was received in the most distinguished manner. In 1649 he wrote a defence of Charles I., to which Milton bitterly and victoriously replied. Salmasius died in 1653. His printed works amount in number to eighty, and he left six^ in manuscript, and as many Unfinished. SALUCE3 DS M2NUS1GLIO, Jo- seph Angelxts, cor.Dt di, an Italian phi- losopher, was bom, in 1734, at Saluzzo; made sei eral important discoveries in chemifjry, dyeing, and mechanics; and died in 1810- He wrote various ^says on chemical and other subject^. SAMANIEGO, Felix Maria, a Span- iel, poet, who is called the La Fontaine of Spain, was born, in 1742, at Bilbao, and died, in 1806, at Madrid, a member of the Royal Academy. His Fables are in two volumes octavo. SANCHO, Ignatius, a negro of talent, vraa bom, in 1729, on board a slave ship, %nd was carried to Carthagena. While he was young, he was brought to England, and given to three sisters, who called him Sancho. The duke of Montague took him into his service, and encouraged him in bis iove of learning, and the duchess left him an annuity at her death. Having married «i woman of small proper^, he began busi- ness as a grocer, and continued in it till ^is decease in 1780. Sterne, Garrick, and other li:erary characters, were among his Ji-ien3s. He wrote Letters; some poems; and a tract on music. SANCROFT,. William, an English prelate, was borajin 1616, at Fresingfield, in Suffolk; and was educated at St. Ed- Aiundsbury School, and at Emanuel Col- lege, Cambridge, of which latter seminary he became master in 1662. After ha\ing ^leen dean of York, and of St. PaiU's, he was raised to the archbishopric of Canter- bury in 1677. Sancroft was one of the ■even prelates who were tried for resisting ^ tyranny of James II.; but he refused! SAW 447 to take the oaths to William III., and was in consequence deprived of his see. He died in 1693. He wrote Fur Predestina tus ; Modern Politics ; Sermons ; and Letters. SANCTORIUS, or S4NTORIO, a celebrated Italiacn physician, was born, in 1631, at Capo d'Istria; studied at Padua, and was professor of the theory of medi- cine at that university fur many years ; and died at Venice, in 1636. Of his works the most inr.portant is, Ars de statica Me- dicina, w'jich contains many valuable ex- periments on insensible perspiration, and has been repeatedly reprinted and trans- lated. He invented a pulse-measurer, and several surgical instruments. SANDEMAN, Robkrt, founder of the sect called Sandemanians, was born, in 1723, at Perth; was at one period of bis life a linendraper; became a preacher in America; and died there in 1771. His principal work, Letters on Tliernn and Aspasio, was written to controvert Her- vey's doctrine respecting justifying faith. SANDWICH, Edward MON- TAGUE, earl of, a son of Sir Sidney Montague, was bom in 1623; entered the parliament service at the age of eighteen ; and commanded both by land and sea. At the Restoration, he conveyed Charles II. to England, and was created by him earl of Sandwich. He fought, under the duke of York, against the Dutch, in 1664, 1665, and 1672, and was drowned in the last of those years, by jumping overboard on his ship taking fire. SANDYS, Georgk, the second son o the archbishop of York, was born, in 1577, at Bishop's Thorpe, and was educated at St. Mary Hall, Oxford. In 1610 he began his travels through the Levant and Italy, of which, in 1615, he published an account. The rest of bis life was devoted to literary pursuits at home. He died in 1643. Among his works are, a Translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and of Grotius's Christ's Passion ; and Paraphrases of the Psalms, Job, and other parts of Scripture. Sandys has been praised by Dryden and Pope; a sufficient proof that he deserves the name of poet. SANMICHELI, Michael, an eminent Italian architect and engineer, was born, in 1484, at Verona; erected many superb edifices, and fortified many of the Venetian cities; and died in 1559. He was the in- ventor of angnlar bastions, the first exam- ple of which he gave at Verona. SAXNAZARO, or SANNAZARIUS, James, a celebrated Italian poei, was born, in 1458, :it Naples. The poems and canzonets which failed to win the heart of his mistress procured for him the patronage of Prince Frederic of Naples; and that patronage was etill more liberally bestowed 448 SAP when the prince siscended the throne. San- nazaro testified his gratitude by remaining unalterably attached to him in his subse- quent misfortunes. He died in 1530. His principal works are, Arcadia ; Piscatory Eclogues ; and- a Latin poem, de Partu Virginia;, on which he bestowed the labour 01 twei ty years. SANSEVERO, Raymond di SAN- GRO, prince of, a man of multifarious tal- ents, was born, in 1710, at Naples; made many discoveries in mechanics, hydraulics, fortification, painting, and other sciences and arts ; and died in 1771. Among his mechanical inventions was a fburrwbeeieu vehicle to pass over the surface of the water, which he exhibited on the bay of Naples. SANSON, Nicholas, a French geo- grapher and engineer, who is considered as the creator of geography iu France, was born, in 1600, at Abbeville; constructed, when he was only sixteen, a map of ancient Gaul; was appointed engineer in Ficardy by Louis XIIL; published above three hundred maps, and several volumes, in illustration of them; and died in 1667. His three sons, Nicholas, Williau, and Adrian, were all eminent geogra- phers. SANTA CRUZ DE MARZENADO, Don Alvarde Natia Osorio, marquis of, an able Spanish officer and diplomatist, was born, about 1687, in the Asturias ; distinguished himself, in the service of Philip v., during the war of the succes- siuo; acquired -equal reputation subse- quently as a negotiator at Turin, the con- fress of Soissons, and Paris; and was illed, in 1732, in a sally from Otan, of which city he was governor. He is the author of Military Reflections, eleven vol- umes quarto. SANTEUL, JoHS de, an eminent modern Latin poet, was born, in 1630, at Paris ; studied under the Jesuits, at the colleges of St. Bai be, and Louis the Great ; distinguished himself early by his talent for composing Latin verse ; entered among the canons of the abbey of St. Victor ; was patronised by Loui; XIV. and several iliuitrious personages; and died in 1697. Santoul was a man of much wit and hu- mour, and of eccentric habits. His works form three volumes. His Inscriptions for Public Buildings, and his Hymns, are his best productions. SAPPHO, a Greek poetess, born about B. c. 600, in the island of Lesbos, was the wife of Cercolas, by whom she had a daughter. After the death of her husband (he lierame en:iinoure(l uf Phmn, and is «aid to have thiown herself into the sea h-iun the pioniotitory of Levi ate, in cimse- quenceof his neglect ufhi-r; but this stcry, tke many others injurious to her •icter. BAn is of doubtful authority. Sappho invented the metre which bears her name. Few of her works areextant, but those few breathe the very soul of poetry.' SARBIEWSKI, or SARBIEVIUS, MatthiasCasimir, aPolish poet, better known by his christian name uf Casimir, was born, in 1596, in tlie palatinate of Mazovia; was a professor in the Jesuits' College, at Wilna; was highly esteemed by Ladislaus IV.; and died in 1640. His Latin poems have great merit. He left unfinished an epic poem, the subject of which was drawn from the history of his native country. SARGENT, WiNTHRor, governor of Mississippi, ;vas a native of Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard college in 1771 He entered the revolutionary army in 1775, and served in various capacities with repu- tation to the close of tlie war. In 1786 he was appointed by congress surveyor of the northwestern territory, and iu 1787 secretai-y of the government established there. He attended general St. Clair as adjutant general in his unfortunate expedi- tion against the Indians, and was also ad jutant-general and inspector under general Wayne. He died in 1820. SARPI, Peter, better known undei the name of Father Paul, or Fra Paolo, was born, in 1552, at Venice. So preco- cious were his talents, that, at the age of seventeen, he puljlicly maintained theolog- ical and philosophical theses, consisting of three hundred and nine articles. His eloquence was equal to his learning. He did not confine his studies to theology; for anatomy and astronomy also engaged much of his attention. He was of the order of the Servites, and became provincial of the order. The Venetian government appoint- ed him its consulting theologian, and repos- ed unbounded confidence in him; which he justified and repaid, by defending the ecclesiastical liberties of his counu-y against the encroachments of the Roman poDtiff. His patriotism roused the venge- ance of Rome against him, and in 1607, five ruffians made an attempt to assassinate him. They failed, however, in their pur- pose, though they gave him fifteen wounds. He died iu 1628. His greatest work is, A History of the Council of Trent SARRASIN, John Francis, aFrench wit and poet, was born, in 1603, at Her- manville, near Caen; and became secie- tary to the prince of Conti. That prince, however, having struck him, Sarrasin was so deeply affected by the indignity, that it brought him to the grave in 1654. He wrote various Pnems; A History of the Siege of Dunk ilk; and other works. Se- veral of his productions have been often reprinted. SAUADERS, William, a physician, SAU wai born in 1743; became senior physi- cian to Guy's Hospital ; and died in 1817. A.nicng his works are. Treatises on Mer- cury — on the Devonshire Colic — on Dis- eases of the Liver — on Indian Hepatitis — on Red Bark — und on Mineral Waters. SAURIN, James, a protestant divine. was born, in 1677, at Nisraes; quitted his country, in childhood, with his father, in consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantz ; completed his studies at Geneva ; and, after having been in a regiment of refugees, and pustor to the Walloon church in London, he settled at the Hague, and for more thnn a quarter of a century en- joyed tiie highest reputation as an eloquent preacher. He died in 1730. He wrote twelve volumes of Sermcfns; und Histori- cal, Theological, and Moral Discourses on the Events of the Scriptures. SAURIiN, Joseph, brother of the fore- going, was born, in 1659, at Courtaison, in the principality of Orange, and was for some years a protestant preacher. In 1690, however, he embraced the catholic religion, and was pensioned by Louis XIV. He rendered liimself celebrated as a geome- tric!^; became a member of the Academy of Sciences; contributed for some years to the Journal des Savans; and died in 1730. SAURIN, Bernard Joseph, son of Joseph, was born, in 1706, at Paris; quit- ted the bar to become a dramatic writer; was a member of the French Academy; and died in 1781. Among his best pro- ductions are the tragedies of Spartacus an4 Beverley; and the comedies of The Three Rivals, and The Manners of the Times. SAUSSURE,HoRACE Benedict de, an eminent naturalist, was born, in 1740, at Geneva. He was taughtbotany by Bon- net; was the friend and companion of Haller; and at the age of twenty was a proficient in the mathematical and physical Bciences. For several years he was pro- f^sor of philosophy at Geneva. By the instruments which he invented, and by the valuable observations which he made in his travels, particularly during those in the Alps, be contributed much to the advance- ment of geology and meteorology. He died in 1799. Saussure is the author of Tra- vels, four volumes ; Essays on Hygn Jnetry ; and various papers in the Transactions, SAUVAGES DE LA CROIX, Fran- cis BOISSIER DE, a celebrated French Dotanist and physician, was born, in 1706, at Alais; studied at Montpellier, at which university he was subsequently professor of medicine and botany; was a member of all the learned societies in Europe; was is much admired forhis zeal and humaniiy as for his knowledge; and died in 1767. His great work is his Nosology, five vols. •ctavo. SAX 449 SAVAGE, Richard, a poet, sprung from the illicit intercourse ot Earl Rivers with the countess of Macclesfield, was born, in 1698, in London- His mother not only renounced him at his birth, and condemned him to be brought up in a low situation, but was, through life, his bitterest perse- cutor. It was by chance that he obtained the knowledge of his parentage. Having accidentally killed a man in a drunken brawl, he wa^ sentenced to death, and his unnatural mother endeavoured to intercept the royal mercy. He was, however, par- doned, and Q.ueen Caroline allowed him a small pension. For a while he was patron- ised by Lord Tyrconnel, but the bard and the peer soon quarrelled. After having suffered great misery, partly brought on by his own misconduct, he died a debtor in prison at Bristol, in 1743. Savage was intimate with Johnson, who wrote an ad- mirable life of him. His poems, the prin* cipal of which are. The Wanderer, and The Bastard, have considerable merit. SAVARY, Nicholas, a French tra- veller and writer, was born, in 1750, at Vitre, in Britanny; visited Egypt, the Archipelago, and Crete; and died in 1788. He translated the Koran, to which he added a Life of Mahomet, and Notes; and wrote Letters on Egypt; Letters on Greece; and an Arabic Grammar. SAVERIEN, Alexander, a French mathematician and writer, was born, about 1720, at Aries ; spent his life in mathe- matical and literary pursuits; and died, unpatronised and in obscurity, in 1805. It was upon his suggestion that the naval academy was established at Brest. Among his works are various treatises on mari- time tactics and shipbuilding; Dictionaries of mathematics and of naval affairs; His- tories of ancient and modem philosophers; and a History of the Progress of the Hu- man Mind in the Sciences. SAVONAROLA , J e r o m e , a celebrated Italian monk, was born, in 1452, at Fer- rara. In 1488 he settled at Florence, where he became popular for his eloquence as a preacher, and his exertions in the cause of liberty. ^Having, however, at- tacked the papal court, he was brought to trial in 1498, and was condemned to the flames. His works have been printed in six volumes. SAXE, Maurice, count de, a cele- brated general, the son of the king of Po- land and the countess of Konigsmarck, was born, in 1696, at Dresden. His military career began at the siege of Lisle, when he was only twelve years old, and he next was present at the siege of Toumay, and the battle of Malplaquet. He afterwards fought, at the head of his regiment of cav- alry, in Sweden and Hungary. lu 1720 he entered into the French service. In 480 SCA 1726 he was elected duke of Courland, but the hostility of Russia compelled him to relinquish the dukedom, and he returned to France. He distinguished himself ^eatly in the campaigns of 1733, 1734,1735 and 1741, and rose to the rank of marshal. In 1744 he was appointed to the command of the French armies in Flanders; and, between that period and the close of the war, he gained the victories of Fontenoy, Roucoux, and Lafeldt. He died in 1750. He wrote, on the art of war, a treatise intitled My Reveries. ' SAXE-WEIMAR, Berhard, duke of, one of the greatest generals of the seven- teenth century, was born, in 1600, at Wei- mar, and first served under his brother in the contest between Frederic V. of Bohe- mia and the Austrians. From 1623 till 1639, when he died, he was constantly en- gaged in Germany, performed numerous splendid actions, and was looked up to as one of the firmest and most valuable cham- pions of the protestant cause. It was he who assumed the command after the fall of Gustavus Adolphus, and secured the victory of Lutzen. SAXO, Grahmaticds, an historian and antiquary , born in the twelfth century, was a priest in the cathedral of Rothschild, and is believed to have been, a Dane by birtli. He died in 1208. His History of Denmark is the source whence Shakspeare derived the ^story of the tragedy of Ham- •et. SC^LIGER, Jdlius C£SAR, usually known as the elder Scaliger, a learned critic, was born, in 1484, of a noble family, at Ripa, in the territory of Verona, and at twelve years of age was appointed one of the pages of the emperor Maximilian. His noble birth, however, is denied by some writers. Till he was nearly forty he led a military life; but he then quitted the army, and betran to study medicine and the dead languages. In 1526 he settled as a phjrsi- cian at Agen. Before his decease, which took place in 1558, he acquired high reputation as an erudite writer. His van- ity and insolence were at least equal to his talents. Among his works are. Poems; and a treatise De Causis (inguae Latinae. SCALIGER, Joseph JosTDs, son of the foregoing, and his rival in learning and arrogance, was bom, in 1540, at Agen, and was educated at the college of Bor- deaux, and, finally, by his father and Turnebns. Languages he acquired with wonderful ease, and is said to have been master of no less tlian thirteen. His friends denominated him " an ocean of science," and " die masterpiece of nature." He died in 1609, professor of t:ie belles lettres at Levden. His works, most of which are commentaries on the classics, are numer- wu. Of his ether productions, one of the SCH most valuable is a treatise De Emendatioiie Temporum. SCAMOZZI, Vincent, an eminent Italian architect, was born, in 1550, at Vicenza; settled at Venice in 1583; and died in 1616. He was the rival of Palla- dio, and after the death of that artist had no competitor. Venice, Florence, and Genoa contain some of his finest edifices. He wrote A Treatise on Architecture, and A Treatise on die Antiquities of Rome. SCAPULA, JoiiN, a lexicographer,wa8 born, in Germany, about the ijiiddle of the sixteenth century, and died at the begin- ning of die seventeenth. He was employed as a corrector by Henry Stephens, while that eminent man was printing the Greek Thesaurus; and he basely availed himself of the opportunity to pillage it, and form a Lexicon, by the publication of which he ruined his master. SCARLATTI, Alexander, a cele- brated Italian composer, was born, in 1650, at Naples, and died there in 1725. He produced nearly a hundred~~bperas,aRd two hundred masses, besides many other compositions, and contributed greaUy to restore a pure musical taste in his native country. — ^His son DoHiNic and his grand- sou Joseph were both composers of merit. SCARPA, Anthont, an eminent Ital- ian anatomist and surgeon, was born about 1746, and died in 18^6 at Favia, at the imiversity of which city he was professor. He enjoyed an extensive reputation both as a practitioner and an observer, and con- tributed greatly to the improvement of surgery. Among his works are. An Ana- tomical Description of the Auditory and Olfactory Organs; Observations on Aneu- rism; and A Treatise on the Principal Diseases of the Eye. SCARRON, Paul, a French poet and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1610, at Paris, and was intended for the church, but never took orders; for which, indeed, his habits rendered him unfit. In his seven and twentieth year, one of his wild pranks having obliged him to hide himself in a marsh, he lost the useof all his limbs. For some time he subsisted by the compo- sition of burlesque comedies, which were exceedingly popular. Anne of Austria afterwards gave him a pension; which, however, he subsequenUy lost by writing a satire on Mazarin. In 1652 he married Mile d'Aubigne, who, at a later period, acquired such -celebrity as Madame de Maintenon. At his house all the Parisian wits were accustomed to assemble. He died in 1660. Of hia works The Comic Romance is die only one which is still read. SCHADOW, ZoNO RiDOLFO, a sculp- tor, the son of Godii-ey Scbadow, who wu 8CH also a scnlptor, was born, in 1786, at Rome; was taken by his* father to Berlin in 17^; returned to Rome to study at the age of eighteen ; and was instructed by Canova and Thorwaldsen. He died in 1822. Among his works are, Paris delib- erating on his judgnoent; a girl putting on her sandals ; and a colossal group of Achil- les defending the body of Penlhesilea. SCHALKEN, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, a pupil of Van Hoogstraeten and of Gerard Dow, was bom, in 1643, at Dort, and died at ike Hague, in 1706. He particalarly excelled in candlelight scenes. His portraits are true to nature, but are deficient in grace. SCHANK, John, a n^val officer, was bom, about 1740, in Fifeshire; entered the naval profession early in life; distingoish* ed himself as an engineer and seaman, on the Canadian lakes, during the American war; was actively employed in the defence of the coast, and in the transport service during the war with France; and rose to the rank of admiral of the blue in 1821. He died in 1823. Schank was the inven- tor of sliding keels, guns with moveable slides, and other important improvements. SCHIAVONETTI, Louis, an engrav- er, was bom, in 1765, at Bassano, in the state of Venice. He was taught painting by Golini, and engraving by Bartolozzi and Vnlpato. Settling in England, he de- servedly obtained a high reputation as an artist, and esteem as a man. He died in 1810. SCHILL, Ferdinand Voy, an intre- pid and patriotic Prussian officer, was oorn, in 1773, at Sotthoff, in Silesia; and entered the Prossian army as a cadet in 17S9. He was severely wonnded at the battle of Jena; but took the field again, and distinguished himself, at the head of a free corps, before the end of the war, for which he was revrairded with the ruok of colonel. In 1809, with the hope of con- tributing to free his country from the Frerch yoke, he collected a small body of troops, and commenced operations on the Elbe against the forces of Napoleon; but, after having obtained several successes, and displayed equal ability and bravery, he was overpowered and slain, at Stralsond, on the 31st of May. SCHILLER, John Frederic Chris- topher, one of the most illustrious of modem German writers, was born, in 1759, at Marbach, in Wnrtemburgh, In his youth he was desirous to be of the clerical profession, but at length he studied medi- cine, and became a surgeon to a regiment. In his twenty-second year he published his drama of The Robbers, which, notwith- Btindine its sins a^inst good taste, estab- lished his reputation as a man of genius. His auTcess induced him to devote himself BCH 451 to literary pursuits. The tragedies of Fi< esco and Cabal and Love were his next productions. In 17^7 he removed to Wei- mar; acquired the friendship of Wieland, Herder, and Gdthe; and was nominated aulic counsellor and professor of history and philosophy^ at Jena, by the duke. Thenceforth he continued to increase his fame by various excellent compositions. He died May 9, 1805. Among his princi- pal works are. The History of the Thirty Years' War; The History of the Revolt in the Netherlands; and the tragedies of Don Carlos, Wallenstein, Mary Stuart, Joan of Arc, The Bride of Messina, and William Tell. SCHLOETZER, AuoasTtrs Lovis, a German historian, was bom, in 1737, at Jagstadt; was educated at Wittenberg a^d Gottingen ; was invited to Russia, and re- sided there for some years; became pro- fessor of philosophy and politics at Gottin- gen; and died in 1809. Among his workd are, A History of Lithuania; and various publications on the history of Russia. SCHMIDT, Michaei. Ignatius, a German historian, was bom, in 1736, at Amstem, in the bishopric of Wurtzburgh; was brought up to the church ; and died at Vienna, in 2794, aulic counsellor and keeper of the archieves. His History of the Germans, of which he publishe! only eleven volumes, is much esteemed. It was continued by Milbiller, from the pa- pers of Schmidt. SCHOEFFER, Peter, one of the in- ventors of printing, was bom at Gem* sheim, in the territory of Darmstadt, and was ori^nally a copyist at Paris. He entered into partnership with Guttenberg and Fust, the latter of whom gave him his dau^ter in marriage, and, on bis decease in 1466, left him sole possesmr of the printing establishment. Scboefier died about 1502. He invented the steel punchy used in letter-founding. SCHREVELIUS, CoRWFLitJS, a lexi- cographer, was bom, about 1615, at Haar- lem ; succeeded his father a:; rector of the grammar school at Levden; and died either in 1664 or 1667. Hp edited variooi 452 8CH classicB, but is only rememfaeted by Tiis Greek and Latin Lexicon, the first edition of which was publistied in 1645. SCHULEMBOURG, John Matthi- as, count de, one of ^he most eminent gen- erals of the seventeenth century, was born, in 1661, at Cendan, near Magdeburgli. After having been in the Danish service, he entered into that of Poland, and distin- guished himself greatly in the campaigns under Sobieski, aod in those against Charles XIL In 1708 he led eight thous- and Saxons to join theallies in the Neth- erlands. There he increased his fame, particularly by his conduct at the battle of Malplai:|uet. In 1715 he was appointed generalissimo of (he Venetian forces, and in the following year he gained immortal honour by his defence of Corfu against the Turkish army. He died in 1747. SCHULTENS, Albert, who has been called the restorer of oriental literature in the eighteenth century, was born, in 16S6, near Groningen; became professor of the eastern languages at Franeker, and after- wards at Leyden; and died in 1750. Among his work? are, Origines Hebreas ; and A Commentary on the Book of Job. — John James, his son, aiid Hebry Al- ee rt, his grandson, were also eminent orientalists. SCHURMANN, Anna Maria, a fe- male of varied talents, was born, in 1607, at Cologne; became, in 1653, one of the disciples of the fanatic 'Labadie, to whom she was even said to be privately married ; and died in 1678. She was mistress of painting, engraving, sculpture, and music, and of the Hebrew^, Greek, Latin, Chaldee, Ethiopic, and several modern languages. She wrote various works, which were collected under the title of Opuscula He- brsea, Groeca, Latina, 6aUil;a, Prosaica, et Metrica. SCHUYLER, PHiLin an officer in the American army, was appointed major general in 1775, and was dispatched to the tbi till cat ions in the north of New York, to prepare for the invasion of Canada. .He afterwards fell under some suspicion, and was superseded in the chief command by general Gates. He was a member of con- gress before the adoption of the present constitution, and afterwards twice a sena- tor. He died in 1804, in the seventy toiftJ year of his age. SCHWA RTZ.Bebtkold, to whom h attributed the invention of gunpowder, is said to have been born at Friburg', in the Br-isgau, in the early part of the fourteenth century, and to have been a benedictine or cordelier monk. It is certain, however, that gunpowder was known to Roger Bacon as early n.? 1292. SCHWEDIAUER, Francis Xavier, • ^hysician, was born, in 174^, at Steit, in SCO Lower Austria; w^s educated at Vienra; practised witli great success fur some yeari in England and Scotliuid ; settled and was naturalized at Paris, in 1769; and died there August 27, 1824. He wrote a Trea- tise on Syphilitic Maladies; Pharmacolo- gia; a New System of Medicine; and other works. SCIPIO, PuBLTUs Cornelius, gur- named Africanps, a celebrated Roman general. At the age of seventeen, he dis- tinguished himself by saving his father's life at the battle of the Ticinus. Being sent with an army into Spain, he. In the course of four years, wrested the whole of that country from the Carthaginians. He next proposed the bold measure of attack- ing Carthage on her own territory, which was adopted. After having defeated As- drubal and Syphax, he crowned- his s\ory by vanquishing Annihal, at the battle of Zama, B. c. 202, and compelling Carthage to submit to humiliating terms of peace. His laurels, however, did not protect him fi-om the intrigues of his enemies in Rome. Various charges were brought against him, and he at length retired in disgust to his country seat at Liternum, where he died, E. c. 189. SCIPIO .iF.MILIANUS, Publics, known as Africanas the Younger, was the son of Paulus ^milius, and was adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. He first distinguished himself in Spain, where he killed a gigantic Spaniard, and obtained a mural crown at the siege of Intcrcatia. The destruction of CarUiage, B. c. 147, was his next exploit. His last was the subjugation, of Numantia, b. c. 133. He was found dead in his bed, in his fifly-sixth year, B. c. 128, and is be- lieved to have neen strangled. Scipio was a patron of literature. SCOP AS, one of die most celebrated artists of antiquity, was born, at Faros, about B. c. 460. AJononghis most admired works were a statue of- Venufi, and the mausoleum which was erected by Arte- misia, queen of Caria, to the memory of her husband. SCOPOLI,JoHN Anthony^ an Italian naturalist and-physician, was born, in 1723, at Cavalese, in tne Tyrol ; became succes- sively first physician to the mines at Idria, [A'ofesRor of raineralogjbat Chemnitz, and professor of chemistry and botany at Pavia; and died in 1787. Among his works are a Carniolan Flora and Entomology; and Delicice Florae et Faunae Insubricae. ' SCOTT, Michael, a Scottish philoso- pher, was born, in the thirteenth centuryj at Balwirie, in Fife^ travelled in France, Germany, and England, and was highly honoured by the monarchs of those coun- tries; was knighted and eniploved by his own sovereign, Alexander the 'I'hiid; and SEC died, at a great age, in 1291. He wrote variou» works ; and was looked upon as a magician. SCOTT, Thomas, a divine, was born, in 1747, at Bruytoft, in Lincolnshire; was intended for tlie medicil professiun, but entered into the church; became chaplain of the Lock Hospital in 1785, and rector of Aston Sandford in 1801; and died in 1821. He wrote The Force of Truth; Sermons; A Defence of Calvinism; and A Commentary on the Bible. SCUDERl, George, a French writer, whom Boileau has devoted to ridicule as having " monthly given birth to a volume,'* was born, in 1601, at Havre. After having served in tlie army, he became a writer for the theatre, and produced sixteen pieces. Among his other works are, Alaric, or Rome Vanquished, an heroic poem; and an atack upon The Cid of Corneille. He died in 1667. SCUDERl, Magdalen, sister of the foregoing, a woman of more wit and talent than taste, was born in 1607; was long a popular writer of romances; was intimate with many of the most distinguished of her literary contemporaries; and died in 1701. Her principal works are, the ro- mances of Almahide, Artamenes, Clelia, and Ibrahim; Conversations; Fables; and some fugitive poetry. SEBA, Albert, a naturalist, was born, in 1665, at Eetzel, in East Friesland; was brought up as an apothecary ; and settled in that capacity at Amsterdam, after hav- ing made several voyages to tlie East and West Indies, in the course of wliich he formed a valuable collection of naturil history. He died in 1736. He left a description of his collection in four folio Tolumes, with plates. BEL 45a SECKER, Thomas, an eminent and pious prelate, was born, in 1693, at Sib- thorpe, in Nottinghamshire, and was edu- ca'ed, at various seminaries, with the view of becoming a preacher among the dissent- ers. In 1716, however, he went to Leyden, studied physic, and took his degree. In 1721 he entered at Exeter College, Oxford. Having confdrmed to th^ church, he took orders, and obtained preferment.. After having filled various minor ministries, he was consecrated bishop of Bristol in 1734. He was translated to Oxford in 1737; and, in 1758, he was raised to the archiepisco- pal see of Canterbury. He died in 1768. His Sermons, Charges, and other works, form twelve volumes octavo. SEDGWICK, Theodore, was born at Hartford, in 1746, was educated at Yale College, and removing to Massachusetts, pursued the study of the law. He embark- ed with spirit in the cause of the popular party before the revolution, held a seat several years in the state legislature, and was a member of congress under the old confederation. He was a raertiber of the Massachusetts convention to decide on the adoption of the federal constitution, was a "representative and senator to congress, and in 1602 was appointed judge of the bu- preuje judicial court of Massachusetts. In this oltice he remained till his death in 18\3. SEDLEY, Sir Charles, a poet, dra- matist, and wit, of the court of Charles II. ; was born, in 1639, at Aylesford, near MaiiUtone, in Kent, and was educated at Wadh.im College, Oxford. In the licen- tious cii'cld which surrounded the restored Ch. tries, he vvas a cjnspicuous figure. One of his frolics was haranguing a mob naked from a balcony, for which he was fined five hundred pounds. Irritated by Jrunes the Second having seduced his daughter, Sedley took an active part in promoting the Revolution. He died in 1701. His six plays, and miscellaneous poems, form two volumes. SEGUR, Count Louis de, a French diplomatist and writer, tlie eldest son of M^arshal de Segur, was born, in 1753, at Paris; and, after having served in Amer- ica, was successively ambassidor to St Petersburgh and Berlin. He was ruined by the revolution, and for a considerable ' period supported his father and his family by the productions of his pen. Napoleon, however, placed him in the council of state, and nominated him grand master of the ceremonies, and a senator. Count Segur died at Paris, August 27, 1830. His prin" cipal works are, A History of the Reign of Frederic William II.; Moral and Po- litical Gallery; and Ancient and Modern History. SELDEN, John, an eminent lawjffir and writer, was born, in 1584, at Salvin- ton, in Sussex; was educated at Chiches- ter, and at Hart Hall, Oxford ; and studied the law at Clifford's Inn and the Inner Temple. After having been called to the bar, he practised chiefly as a chamber counsel, and much of his time was devoted to studying the history and antiquities of his native land. Between 1607 and 1640, 454 SCR ne produced several works, of which the chief are. Titles of Honour ; A Treatise on the Syrian Deities ; The History of Tithes ; and Mare Clausum. In"1640 he was cho- sen M. P. for Oxford. Though Selden had more than once been persecuted and imprisoned by the court for his love of liberty, yet he acted with great moderation at the commencement of the disputes be- tween Charles and the parliament. The hous^ of commons appointed him keeper of the records in the Tower, and, subse- quently, one of the commissioners of the admiralty, and voted hint five thousand pounds. He died in 1654. His Table Talk was published, after his deatli, by his amanuensis. SENECA, Lucius ANNiEus, a cele- brated Roman philosopher, statesman, and moralist, the son of Marcus Annseus, an eminent orator, was born at Cordiba, in Spain, about B. c. 2. His education, which he received at Rome, was of the most liberal kind. The stoical philosophy was that which he adopted. Messalina having accused him of adultery with Julia the daughter of Germanicus, he was ban- ished to Corsica, wliere he remained eight years. Agrippina recalled him, and in- trusted to him the tuition of Nero. After his accession to the throne, his imperial pupil for a while loaded him with favours; but at length, resolved to rid himself of him.^ Seneca was charged with being concerned in the conspiracy of Pisp, and the emperor sent him an order to terminate his existence, which he obeyed by opening his veins, A. D. 65. He was a min of genius, but by no means a praiseworthy character. Several of his works have been translated into English, by Lodge, L'Es- trange, and Morell. SEPULVEDA, John GINEZ de, an historian, who has been called the Spanish Livy, was born, in 1490, near Cordova; resided for many years in Italy; became historiographer to Charles V.; and died, in 1572, at Salamanca. Sepulveda wrote A History of Charles V.; A History of the War of the Indies; and a treatise highly disgraceful to him, vindicating the cruelties of the Spaniards in America. SERASSI, Peter Anthohy, an Ital- ian biographer, was born, in 1721, at Bergamo, and died in 1791, at Rome, where he was secretary to several of the cardinals. He wrote lives of Tasso, Dante, Bembo, Poliziano, and other eminent Ital- ians ; published editions of various authors ; and collected materials for a literary his- tory of his native country. SERGEL, John Tobias, an eminent Swedish sculptor, was born, in 1740, at Stockholm; was a pupil of Larchevdque, and subsequently completed his studied at RoDoe; ros« to great eminence, aud was ennobled afler his return to Sweden; snd died in 1S14. Among his most admired productions are, Othryades ; a recumbent Faun ; a Venus Callipyges ', Diomedes bearing away the Palladium; Venus and Mars ; and Cupid and Psyche. SERRES, Oliver de, a celebrated agriculturist, to whom his countrymen have given the title of " the father of French agriculture," was born, in 1639, at Ville- neuve de Berg, in the Vivarais. He died in 1619. France is indebted to him for the introduction of the manufacture of raw silk. His Theatre of Agriculture has passed through twenty editions, and is slili popular. SERTORIUS, auiNTuS, a Roman general, was born at Nursia, in the Sabine territory, and made his first campaign under Marius, in the Cimbrian war. Being proscribed by Sylla, he sought an asylum in the Iberian peninsula, where, by dint of consummate talent an employed in various negotiations; and died in 1556. Of his works the most im- portant are, A History of the Reforma- tion ; and A History of the Four Ancient Monarchies, SLOANE, Sir Hans, an eminent phy- sician and naturalist, was born, in 1660, at Killileagh^ in Ireland; took his degree at Montpellier; settled in London, in 1684; and became a fellow, of the college, and a member of the Royal Society. In 1687 be went to Jamaica, a^ physician to the duke of Albemarle; and, during the fifteen months that be remained there, he made a valuable collection of objects of natural history. After his return to London, lie acquired great reputation, and an ample fortune. He was secretary, and, on the decease of Newton, president of the Royal Society; president of the College of Phy- sicians; physician general to the army; physician to George II.; and was created a baronet. He died in 1752. Sloane bequeathed the whole of his immense col- lection of natural curiosities, medals, and books to the public, on payment of a com- paratively trifling sum, and it constitutes the basis of the British Museum. His chief work is A Natural History of Ja- maica. SMART, Christopher, a poet, was born, in 1722, at Shipbourne, in Kent, and was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cam- bridge. After having encountered numer- ous vicissitudes and sufferings, and having for a while laboured under insanity, he died, in 1770, within the rules of the King*s Bench prison. Smart was a man of gen- ius; and his poems, many of which are of a superior' order, deserve the place which they have obtained among the collected pro- ductions of the British Poets. Among hi& other works are prose and metrical versions of Horace, and a translation of Phaedrus. SMEATON, John, an eminent civil engineer, was bom, in 1724, at Austhorae, in Yorkshire, and, at an early period dis- played a genius for mechanics. He began life as a mathematical instrument maker, but subsequently became an engineer, and soon rose to the summit of bis profession. His great work, the Eddystone Light- house, was completed in 1759. Among his other works are the navigation of the Calder, the great canal in Scotland, and the improvements at Ramsgate Harbour. He died in 1792. He wrote An Account of the Eddystone Lighthouse; An Experi- mental Inquiry into the Powers of Wind and Water to turn Mills; Reports; and some papers in the Philosophical Transac- tioDB. »MI SMELLIE, William, an able practi- tioner of midwifery, and lecturer on that branch of the medical art, was a native of Scotland ; followed his profession for many years in London ; and d'^ed^ at an advanced age, in 1763. Dr. W. Hunter was one of his pupils. He published a Treatise on Midwifery; and illustrated it subsequently by Anatomical Tables. SMELLIE, William, a naturalist, was bom, in 1740, at Edinburgh, and followed the profession of a printer. He died in 1795. He wrote The Philosophy of Nat- ural History; A Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants; and some articles in the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; translated Buffon; and, in conjunction witli Gilbert Stuart, carried on the Edinburgh Review and Magazine. SMITH, John, one of the early settlers of Virginia, was born in Lincolnshire in 1579. After passing through a variety uf wonderful adventures, he resolved to visii North America, and having with a number of other persons procured a charter of South Virginia, he came over thither in 1607. Being taken prisoner by the In- dians, and condemned to death, bis life was saved by the daughter of the savage chief, the celebrated Pocahontas. He pub- lished an account of several of his voyages to Virginia, a history of that colony, and an account of his own life. He died at London in 1631. SMITH, Elihu H., a physician, was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1771, and was graduated at Yale College. He studied medicine, and engaged in its prac- tice at New York, where he soon obtained an extensive business. In conjunction with Dr. Miller and Dr. Mitchili, he com- menced the publication of the Medical Repository, and communicated to it a num- ber of valuable treatises. He died in 1798. His medical learning was very uncommon. SMITH, James, a signer of the dec- laration of American independence, was a native of Ireland, removed with his father to this country at an early age, and estab- lished himself in the practice of law at York, in Pennsylvania. He was a dele- gate from York county to the continental congress. His death took place in 1806. SMITH, WlLLiAH,a divine, was bom, in 1711, at Worcester; was educated at the grammar school of that city, and at New College, Oxford; and died, dean of Chester, and rector of Trinity Church, Chester, in 1787. He produced transla- tions of Thucydides, Longinus, and Xeno- phon's History of Greecf ; Sermons on the Beatitudes; and Poems. SMITH, Adah, a celebrated writer on morals and political economy, was bura^ June 5, 1723, at Kirkaldy, in Scotland His education he received at the grammar ■chool of hia native town, the universi^ of Glasgow, and Baliol College Oxford. SMY 461 On leaving the latter seminary, in 1748, he delivered lectures on rhetoric and polite literature at Edinburgh ; in 1757, he ^was chosen professor of logic at Glai^ow; and, in the following year, he was removed to the chair of moral philosophy. His The- ory of Moral Sentiments, which appeared in 1759, established his reputation, and led to ha being engaged, in 1763, to accom- pany the di^e of Buccleugh in his travels. On his return, after an absence of three years, he lived in retirement durin^ ten years, which period was occupied in the composition of his admirable inquii^ into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It was published in 1776. He died in 1790, one of the commissioners of Scotch customs. SMITH, Charlotte, a poetess and novelist, whose maiden name was Turner, was bom, in 1749, in Sussex, where her father possessed considerable property. When she was only sixteen, she married a West India merchant, who was subse- quently mined, partly by imprudence, and partly by legal chicanery. Her pen, which h»l been her amusement, now became the support of her husband and family, and she long enjoyed great popularity as a writer both of verse and prose. Her volume of Blegiac Sonnets, published in 1784, and which passed through several editions, was the first work which she gave to the press. She died in 1806. Among her works are. Poems, Minor Morals, and other produc- tions for youth ; and the novels of Emme- line, Desmond, Marchmont, Ethelinda, Celestine, and The Old Manor House. SMITH, Sir James Edwabd, an emi- nent naturalist and physician, was born, in 1759, at Norwich; studied medicine at Edinburgh, and took his degree at Ley- den; was one of the founders and president of the Linnaean Society; and practised as a physician at his native place, where he died, March 17, 1828. His chief works are, A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent; Natural History of the Lepidopteroiia T ^^«ctfl of Georgia ; English Botany; Eng- lish Flora; and An Introduction to Bota* SMITH, Elizabeth, an accomplished female, was born, in 1776, at the family seat of rurnhall, in thecounty of Durham; and dic.'l in 1806. She had a knowledge of mathematics and drawing, possessed much poetical talent, and understood the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, German, and French Unguages. Her Fragments, Trans- lation of Job, and Translation of the Life of Klopstock, have been published. SMOLLET, Dr. Tobias, a writer of varied talents, was bom, in 1721, at Dal- quliurn, in Dumbartonshire; was educated at Dumbarton Grammar School; and stu-- died medicine at Glasgow, where he was apprenticed to a surgetHi. He served as surgeon's mate in the expedition a^inst Carthagena, and, after a short residence in Jamaica, he returned to England, set- tled in the metropolis, and adopted tlie profession of an author. Th% tragedy of The R^icide, the spirited poem called The Tears of Scotland, and Advice and Reproof, two satire, were his first pro- ductions. In 1748 he gave to the press the novel of Roderick Random, which raised him into popularity. It was followed, at various intervals, by Pcr^rine Pickle, Count Fathom, a translation of Don Quix- ote, a History of England, Sir Launcelot Greaves, The Adventures of an Atom, Trav- els, and Humphrey Clinker. The growling tone of his travels drew upon him, under the appellation of Smclfungus, the playful satire of Sterne. In 1756, he established The Critical Review; for a libel in which, upon Admiral Knowles, he suffered fine and imprisonment. He was one of the cham- pions of Lord Bute, in support of whom he published The Briton, a weekly paper, which was speedily silenced by the North Briton of Wilkes. He died, near Leghorn, in 1771. SMYTH, James Carmichaei., an eminent physician, was bom, in 1741, in Scotland ; studied medicine at Edinburgh and' Leyden ; obtained a medical appoint- ment in the army department; and died 4S2 SOC June 18, 1821. ^ For his discovery of the 'node of destroying contagion by means of nitrous vapour (a discovery which has been claimed for Guyton Morveau and Dr. Jobn- fitone), he was remunerated by parliament. Besides several pamphlets on that subject, he wrote A Treatise on Hydrocephalus; ami published an edition of Dr. Stark's works. SNEYDERS, or SNYDEftS, Fran- cis, a painter, was bom, in 1579, at Ant- werp; was a pupil of Henry Van Balen; was appointed principal painter to the Archduke Albert; and died, at his native place, in 1657. His landscapes are excel- lent; and his animals are not to be sur- SOM tient philosophers ;vas bom, B. c. 470, al Athens, was the sun of a sculptor; and SNORRO-STURLESON, an historian and antiquary, was bom, in 1178, at Dale- Syssel, in the west of Iceland; was gover- nor of his native island ; and was assassi- nated in 1241. He compiled the Edda which bears his name; and collected the Sagas, or traditions, relative to the Nor- wegian monarchs. SOAVE, Francis, an Italian writer, was born, in 1743, at Lugano. Being ap- Eointed professor of philosophy at Milan, e introduced important reforms into the method of teaching ; wrote and translated many works on education ; and established numerous schools in Lombardy. He died in 1816, professor of ideology at the univer- sity of Pavia. His Moral Tales have been often reprinted. SOBIESKI, John III. king of Poland, eurnamed the Great, was bora, in 1629, of an illustrious &mily, at the castle of Olesko, in Poland. In the Polish wars, from 1648 to 1674, he distinguished himself on numer- ous occasions; not only by being one of the bravest where many were brave, but also by superior military genius. During that period he gained several battles, in spite of an enormous disparity of numbers against him. In 1674 he was raised to the throne, end he led his troops to fresh victories. He repeatedly defeated the Turks and Tartars, and overran Moldavia and Wallachia; but the greatest of his exploits was the raising of the siege of Vienna^ in 1683, by which he saved Europe from all the calamities consequent upon an irruption of the Otto- man forces. He died in 1696. SOCINUS, Faustus, from whom the Socinians derive their name, was born, in 1539, at Sienna, and was for a considera- ble period in the service of the grand duke of Tuscany; after which he went to study theology at Basil. The result of his studies was the adoption of those anti-trinitarian doctrines, which his uncle Lelio Socinus is believed alsv^ to have professed. Faustus settled in Poland; gained many followers, but endured much persecution; and died in 1694. SOCRATES, one of the greatest of an- followed the profession of his father for some years before he entered on the study of philosophy. He also distinguished him- self at tlie battles of Tanagra and Delium. His philosophical lessons were highly fa- vorable to virtue; and his disciples were numerous and illustrious. Against the shafts of satire and calumny, however, his noble character afforded no shield. Aristo- phanes held him up to ridicule, in the com- edy of the clouds ; and at a later period, an^ with more deadly effect, the infamous Melitus and Anytus accused him of being a contemner of the gods. Insanely givmg credit to the charge, the Athenians con- demned him to death by poison, and he met his fate with admirable fortitude, in the seventieth year of his age. SOLIS, Anton] o de, an eminent Span- ish historian and poet, was born, in 1610, at Placentia; was secretanr to Philip IV. and historiographer of the Indies; was in orders for the last twenty years of^his life; and died in 1686. He wrote A History of the Conquest of Mexico ; Poems ; and nine dramas. SOLON, the illustrious legislator of Athens, and one of the seven sages of Greece, was born, B. c. 592, ai Salamis, of an ancient family. He acquired fortune by commerce, and knowledge by his visits to foreign parts. He then directed hia attention to state affairs. After having enhanced the glory of his country by recov- ering Salamis, he refused the sovereignty of Athens, but accepted tlie Brchon.Bhip. As irchon, he framed a new code of laws, and, having obtained from the citizens an oath that they wotiil observe them for ten years, he departed firom Greece, and visited Egypt and Cyprus, and, perhaps, Lydia. On his return be found the tyranny of Pisistratus establisaed, and he withdrew to Cyprus, where he is said to have died at the age of eighty. SOMERS, John, lord, a celebrateo statesman and lawyer, was born, in 1650; at Worcester, at the school of which place, and at Trinity College, Oxford, he WAi SOP ediKiated. The law he studied at the Mid- dle Temple, and he soon rose to eminence as a counsel. He was one of the legal de- fenders of the seven bishops. In tlie con- vention parliament, where he sat for Wor- cester, he took a conspicuous part, and was one of the managers appointed by the com- mons. Under William III. he was succes- sively solicitor and attorney general, lord keeper, and lord chancellor, and was raised to the peerage. For his share in the P:»r- lition treaty he was irapea-hed in 1701, but wa,d acquitted by tlie lord^. In 1706 he was one of the commissioners for accomplishing the Union, and in I70S he was made pres- ident of the council, but was displaced in 1710. He died in 1716, with the character of having been one of the greatest and best men of the age in which he lived. The Somers Tracts were selected from a collec- tion made by him. SOMERVILE, William, a poet, was born, in 1692, at Gdfton, in Warwickshire ; was educated at Winchester, and at New College, Oxford ; resided on his patrimo- nial estate, performing the duties of a mag- istrate; and died in 1742. Of bis poems, most of which have considerable merit. The Chase is the principal. SOMNER, William, an antiquary and philologer, was born, in 1598, at Canter- bury, at the grammar school of which city he was educated. He became Anglo-Saxon lecturer at Cambridge, and, at a later pe- riod, master of St. John's Hospital, and auditorof Christ Church, Canterbury. His chief works are. The Antiquities of Canter- bury; A Saxon Dictionary; and A Treatise on Gavelkind. SONNERAT, Peter, a traveller and naturalist, wan bom, about 1745, at Lyons; went to the isle of France, in 1768; made several voyages to various parts of the In- dian peninsulas and islands; and died in 1814. The bread fruit, the cacao, the mangoustan, and other trees and fruits were introduced by him into the isles of France and Bourbon. He w? ite A Voyage to New Guinea, and A Voyage to the East Indies and China. SONNINI DE MANONCOURT, Charles Nicholas Sigisbert, a traveller and naturalist, was bom, in 1751, at Luneville, and was brought up to the bar, but quitted it to become an oflScer of mrrine engineers, in order to gratify his .ove of travelling. He spent three years in Guiana; after which he visited various ports of the European and African continents. He died in 1812. Among his works are. Travels in Egypt; Travels in Greece and Turkey; and an edition of Buffon's works. SOPHOCLES, an illustrious tragic poet (rf* Greece, was born, about B. c. 495, at Athena, and is said, but the fact is doubt- fill, to have received lestons in the dramatic I SOU 463 art from .£schylus. He is also assertea to have contended with him in tragedy, and gained the prize. He continued to write for the theatre till a very late period of life. The number of dramas which he produced is variously stated from one hun- dred and two to one hundred and thirty; Unfortunately, only seven are extant. So- phocles was the first who brought three characters togetner on the stage, and he introduced many important improvements into tragic composition. His talent was highly honoured by his countrymen, and he was employed both in a civil and a military capacity. He died in his ninety-first year. SORBONNE, Robert, the founder of the college which bears his name at Paris, was bom, in 1201, at Sorbonne, in the diocese of Rheims; was chaplain and con- fesRor to St. Louis, and canon of Paris; and died in 1274. SOSIGENES, an Egyptian mathemati- cian and astronomer, was one of tha scien- tific characters whom Julius Caesar invited to Rome to assist him in the reformation of the calendar. No further particulars respecting him are known, nor are any of his works extant. SOUFFLOT, James GERMAijf, an eminent French architect, was born, in 1714, at Irancy, near Auxerre, o^ rich parents, and was educated with the utmost care. As he displayed an early taste for the arts, his father sent him to travel in Italy and the Levant, to examine the re- mains of antiquity. After his return, he so much distinguished his architectural talent by several splendid edifices, that ho was invited to Paris, where be became superintendent of the royal buildings. His great work is the church of St. Genevieve^ at Paris; of which, however, it is feared that the dome will give way. He was so severely attacked upon the subject that his health and spirits were destroyed, and he died in 1781. SOUTH, Robert, an eminent divine, was i irn, in 1638, at Hackney; was edu- cated i.* Westminster School, a.»d Christ- church, "htfurd; and, between 1660 and 1678, was, successively, public orator al 464 SPA Oxford, chaplain to the earl of Clarendon, prebendary of Westminster, chaplain to tlie duke of York, canon of Christ Church, chaplain to th« English ambassador in Poland, and rector of Islip, in Oxford- shire. In 1693 be carried on a controversy with Slieriock on the doctrine of the Trin- ity. Soutli was a man of great wit, and djd not spare to display it even on serious occasions. He is tlie author of Sermons, ■ind Ladn and English Miscellaneous Works. SOUTHCOTT, Joanna, a fanatic, was born, in April, 1750, in the west of England. Her parents were poor, and she herself was, for many years, a servant. Early in life she indulged in visionary feelings; but, when she was forty-two, she went further, and claimed the character of a prophetess. From that period, for more than twenty years, she continued to pour forth her unintelligible rhapsodies ; by which, however, she succeeded in making numerous dupes. At length, mistaking disease for pregnancy, she announced to the world that she was destined to be the mother of the promised Shiloh; and splen- did preparations were made- for his recep- tion by her deluded followers. She. aowever, died of the malady, December 27, 18|}4. Her sect is not even yet extinct. SOUTHERN, Thomas, a dramatic writer, was born, in 1660, at Dublin ; was educated at Trinity College there; studied the law at the Middle Temple, but became an author, and afterwards an officer in the army ; and died in 1746. Of his tragedies, Isabella and Oronooko are still acted. SOWERBY, Jam£^, a naturalist, was bora in 1766, and was originally a draw- ing master ; but acquired considerable reputation as a botanist and mineralogist. He died October 25, 1822. Among his works are,£nglish Botany ; English Fungi ; and British Mineralogy. SPAENDONCK, Gerardvan, a 6ow- er and miniature painter, was born, in 1746, at Tilburg, in Holland, and was a pupil of Herreyns of Antwerp. He set- tled at Paris; became miniature painter to* the king, and, subsequently, professor of iconography at the botanical garden; and died m May, 1822. As a ilower painter he stands highest, perhaps, bf all modern artists. SPALLANZANI, Lazarus, a cele- brated Italian naturalist and physiologist, was born, in 1729, at Scandiano ; studied at Reggio and Bologna; and was intended for tne bar by his parents, but, at the re- quest of Vallii^nieri, was allowed to follow tlie natural bent of his genius towards science. After having held professorships at Reggio and Modena, he became professor of natural history, and direr jr of the BusetJDi, at Pavia. He held ttiis office till SPE his decease, in 1799, and tis labociri were interrupted only by several tours in various parts. His works are numeroi's, aud are highly valuable, as having contributed largely to the progress of physiology and comparative anatomy. SPANHEIM, EzEKiEL, the son of Frederic Spanheim, a learned divine, was born, in 1629, at Geneva ; and, after having been professor of eloquence in that city, was employed, in a diplomatic capacity, by the elector palatine, and, subsequently, by the elector of Brandenburg. He died, Prussian ambassador at London, in 1710. His chief work is A Treatise on Medals, two volumes folio. SPARRMAN, Andrew, a Swedisc naturalist and traveller, Vas born, about 1747, in the province of Upland, studied medicine at Upsal, and gained, by his pro- gress in natural history, the notice of Linnaeus. He visited Chma ind the Cape ; penetrated a considerable distance into the interior of southern Africa; and accompa- nied Captain Cook on one of his voyages. He died, in 1820, at Stockholm. His principal works are narratives of his Travels. SPARTACUS, a Thracian hero, who was torn from his country by the Romans, and made a gladiator at Capua. Escaping with a few of his companions from his tyrants, he at length rallied round his standard a formidable array, repeatedly defeated the Roman generals, and, had he been properly seconded, would, perhaps, have shaken the power of Rome. He was slain B. c. 71, after having displayed the most daring valour. SPEED, John, a geogi-apher and his- torian, was born, about 1655, at Farring- ton, in Cheshire, and was a tailor by ti'ade, but was enabled, by Sir Fuike Greville, to devote his time to study. IHe died in 1629. Speed is the author of The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain ; A History of Great Britain^ and A Cloud of Witnesses. SPELM AN, Sir Henrt, an eminent antiquary, was born, in 1662, at Congham, in Norfolk; studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at Lincoln's Inn; filled the offices of sheriff of Norfolk, a com- missioner for settling :ithes in Ireland, and a commissioner to inquire into fees in the courts; and died in 1641. His principa. works ai'e, Archseologus ; A Histonr of English Councils; and A History of Ten- ure by Knight's Service* SPENCE, Joseph, a divine and critic, was born in 1698, and was educated at Winchester School, and at New College, Oxford ; afler which he was twice on the continent, as a travelling tutor. He ob- tained the poetry professorship at Oxfordi the rectory of Great Horwoodj and a pro SPI nend in Durham Cathedral. He was drowned in 1768. Spence was intimate witli Pope, whose friendship he obtained by his Essay on the Translation of tlie Odyssey. Besides that work, he wrote Polymetis ; and Observations, &c. collected from the Conversations of Mr. Pope and other eminent men. SPENCER, John, an erudite divine, was born, in 1630, at Bougbton, in Kent; was educated at Canterbury School, and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; became master of his college, archdeacon of Sudbury, and dean of Ely; and died in 1695. His chief works are, A Treatise on the Laws, &c. of the Jews; and A Dis- course concerning Prodigies. STA 465 SPENCER, Edmdnd, one of the great- eft of English poets, was born, about 1553, in Loudon, and was admitted asizer of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1569 In 1576, he published The Shepherd's Calendar, which he dedicated to Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he had been introduced in the preceding year. After having, from 1580 to 1582, been secretary to Lord Grey, the lord lieutenant of Ireland, he obtained, in 1586, a ^rant of lands in the county of Cork. Residence being the condition on which he held the property, he took up his abode at Kilcolman ; and it was diere that he wrote The Faerie Queen. The first three books were published in 1590, and inscribed to Queen Elizabeth, who conferred o : him a pension of fifty pounds per annnm. He was snbseqnentfy sherifi* of Cork, and clerk of the council of the province of Munster ; in which latter ca- pacity he drew up his View of the State of Ireland. The felicity which he had for several years enjoyed was, however, put an end to by the rebellion of TjTone, His house was burnt, with one of his children, and he was compelled to fiy to England, where he died, broken-hearted, but not, as ha.'i been supposed, in want, January 16, 1598-9. SPINOLA, Ambrose, marquis de, one of the greatest generals of the seventeenth oentury, was born, in 1571, at Genoa, and did not enter into the military service till 20{ he was in his thirtieth year, when he raised a considerable body of troops for Philip HI. ; and was employed in the Netherlands. He reduced Osteud, which had foiled aU his predecessors, and, in the five succeed- ing campaigns, was a formidable adversarv to Maurice of Nassau. On the expiration of the truce of 1621, he again led tlie Span- isb troops in the Low Countries, and there, during six years, he enhanced his reputation. Bein^ sent to command in Italy, he was neglected by the Spanish ministiy, which withheld succours, and he died of grief, in 1630, exclaiming in his last moments '* they have robbed me of my honour." SPINOSA, or SPINOZA, Benedict, or Baruch, the head of the modern pan- theists, was the son of a Portuguese Jew, and was born, iu 1632, at Amsterdam. He quitted the Hebrew faith, and, after having been an Arminian and a Mennonist, be- came an atheist. In private life, however, his character was unexceptionable. He died in 1677. His principal work, liac- tatus Theologico Politicus, appeared in 1670, and roused a host of adversaries. His system is still further unfolded in his Posthumous Pieces. SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTISWOOD, John, a Scotch prelate, was born iu 1565; was educated at Glasgow ; was made arch- bishop of Glasgow in 1603, and was trans- , ferred to St. Andrew's in 1615; was ap- pointed chancellor of Scotland iu 1635; and died Jn 1639. His History of the Church of Scotland was published in 1655. SPRAT, Thomas, a prelate and mis- cellaneous writer, was born, in 1636, at Tallaton, in Devonshire, and was educated at Wadham College, Oxford. After having been the panegyrist of Cromwell, he be- came the adulator of the Stuarts. Hia subserviency was rewarded by the succes- sive preferments of king's chaplain, pre- bendary of Westminster, rector of Saint Margaret, canon of Windsor, and bishop of lUchester, to the last of which he at- tained in 16^. He favoured the arbitral^ schemes of James II. ; but retained hia bishopric under William III. In 1692 he narrowly escaped being the victim of a conspiracy. He died in 1713. Sprat wrote Poems ; Sermons ; A History of the Royal Society; A History of the Rye House Plot; and some minor pieces. STAAL, Madame de, whose maiden name was De Launai, was bom, in 1693, at Paris, and was the daughter of a painter, who was obliged to quit the kingdom before she was born. She received an excellent education in the convent of St. Sauveur, in Normandy, and displayed precocious tal- ents. For several years she was waiting woman to the heartless duchess of Maine. Having been privy to some of the political 466 STA intrlgaes of that personage, and revising to betray them to the government, she suffered two y^rs imprisonmeDt in the Bastile; &r which honourable fidelity she was but ill rewarded. Her marriage, however, with the baronde Staal placed her in com- fortable circumstances. . She died in 1750. Her works tnneist of her own Memoirs ; Letters; and two Comedies. STACKHOUSE, Thohas, a divine, was born in 16S0, but the place of bis birth is not known ; became, in 1733, after many vicissitude, vicar of Benham, in Berk- shire ; and died there in 1752. He wrote Eeveral works, of which the most impor- tant is, A History of the Bible. It has been often reprinted. STAEL-HOLSTETN, Asks Louisa Germaiive, baroness de, ^ celebrated fe-. male writer, the daughter of M. Necker, the French financier, was born, in 1766, at Paris. Her talents were so early displayed that she was said never to have been . a child, and the utmost care was taken to cultivate them. In her twentieth year she married the Baron de Stael, the Swedish ambassador. From that period she took an active part in literature, and an almost equally active one in politics. It was through her influence with Barras that Talleyrand was appointed minister of the forei^ department. At the commence- ment of Bonaparte's career she was one of his admirers, bat she afterwards became hostile to him; and, in 1801, in conse- quence of her attempting to thwart his government, she was ordered to quit Parts. After having visited Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she returned to France, whence, however, she was again expelled. Her peregrinations were next extended to Mos- cow, Stockholm, and London; nor did she again behold her favourite abode of Paris till after the r^toration of the Bourbons. In 1811 she married M. de Rocca, hut dieir miion was kept secret. She died Jnly 14, 1817. Of her works, which fiirm seventeen volumes, the princi|3al are, the romances of Delphine and Gorinna; Con- sideraUons on the French Revolution ; Dramatic Essays ; Considerations on Lite- rature; Germany; and Ten Years of Exile. STAHL, George Ernest, an emi- nent German physician and chemist, was bom, in 1660, at Anspach; studied at Jena; became physician to the king of Prussia; and died, in 1734, at Berlin. Stahl invented the theory of phlogiston, which was long prevalent. His chemical and medical works are numerous. STAHREMBERG, GtriDO Baldi, count de, a celebrated Austrian field mar- shall, was bom, in 1657, in Austria; dis- tinguished himself at the sieges of Vienna, Buda, and Belgrade, and at the battles of Ovpi Cbiari, and Luzzara, under Prince STA Eugene I commanded the Imperial army in Italy from 1702 to 1704; and subse- quently in Hungary; whence he was re- moved to be placed at the head of the army in Spain. In the latter country he ob- t£uned several important successes, but lost the battle of Villa Viciosa. He died, in r737, president of the aulic council of war, STANDISH, MiT.ES, the 6rst captain at Plymouth, New England, was born at Lancashire in 1584, and accompanied Mr. Robinson's con^egation to Plymouth in 1620.. His services in the wars with the Indians were highly useful, and many of his exploits were daring and extraordinary. He died in 1656. STANHOPE, Charles, earl, a poli- tician and man of science, was bom in 1753 ; wE^ educated at Eton and Geneva ; was member for Wycombe till he took his seat in the house of peers, in 1786, on the death of his father; was a strenuous repub- lican, and 'enemy to Mr. Pitt's adminis- tration; and died December 16, 1816. Among his many inventions are, an im- proved printing press, a monochord, an arithmetical machine, a mode of secuirog buildings ft-om fire, and a double inclined plane. He wrote several political and sci entific pamphlets and papers. STANLEY, Thomas, a poet and his- torian, vras bom, in 1625, at Laytonstone, in Es^x ; was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; settled in the Temple after returning from' his ti^vels; and died in 1678. He wrote a valuable History of Philosophy; Poems and Translations; and edited iE^chylos. STARK, JoHK, a general in the army of the American revolution, was born in Londonderry, New Ham[shire, in 1728. Daring the fVench war, he was captain of a company of rangers in the provincial service, in 1755, and was with Lord Howe when that general was killed, in storming the French lines at Ticonderoga, in 1758, On receiving the report of the battle of Lexington, he was engaged at work in his saw-mill; and, fired with indignation, seized his musket and immediat^y pro- ceeded to Cambridge. He was at the battles of Bunker's Hill and of Trenton, and achieved a glorious victory at Benning- ton. He rose to the rank of brigadiear general, and was distingaished throughout ^e war for enterprise and courage. He died in 1822. STATlUS,PoBi.iusPAPiNHJS,aLatin poet, was bom, a. v. 61, at Naples, and died there in his thirty-fifth year. He wrote The Tbebaid, which he began before he was twenty; Sylvae ; and two cantos of The Achilteid, which he did not live to correct. STAUNTON, Sir Georgj: Leonard, a native uf the county of G^way , in Ire* STE kUd, was educated at Montpellier, where he took his medical degree ; practised in the island of Grenada, where he became intimate with Lord Macartney, who made him liis secretary, and took hira to Madras. He accompanied hi^ lordship to China, in 1795, as secretary of legation; and on his return he published an Account of the Em- I»a8sy. He died in 1801. STE 167 STEELE, Sir Richabx), son of the tecretary to the duke of Ormond, was born m 1671, or, according to some accounts, in 1675, at Dublin; was educated at the Charter House, and at Merton College, Ox- ford; and entered the military service, in which he rose to the rank of captain. The ChristianHero, which was printed in 1701, was his first production. It was followed t)y the comedies of The Funeral, The Tender Husband, and the JLying Lover. In the beginning of Queen Anne'a reign, he obtained the office of gazetteer, and, in 1710, he. was made a commissioner of stamps. The Tatlcr he began in 1709, and he subsequently was, in part or in whole, the author of The Spectator, Guardian, Englishman, Spinster, Lover, Reader, and Theatre. In 1713 he was elected M. P. for Stockbridge, but was expelled for what the house was pleased to consider as libels. He afterwards sat for Boroughbridge. During the reign of George I. he was knighted, made surveyor of the royal stables, manager of the king's company of comedians, and one of the commissioners of forfeited estates, and gained a large sum by The Conscious Lovers ; but his benevo- lence and his lavish habits kept him in a state of constant embarrassment. A para- lytic attack at length rendered him incapa- ble of literary exertion, and he retired to Llangunnor, in Caermarthenshire, where he died in 1729. STEVENS, George, a commentator, was bom, in 1736, at Stepney; was edu- cated at King's College, Cambridge; and died in 1800. He was a man of talent and exter sive reading, but his disposition was not amiable. His first work, pub- lished in 1766, was an edition of twenty of SbakMpeare's plays ; the notes to which, I and additions, were afterwards inccrpo- rated with those of Johnson. STEPHENS, Alexander, amiscella- neous writer, was born, in 1757, at Elgin; studied at Aberdeen ; was designed for the law, but gave himself up to literature; and died in 182L He wrote a History of the War of the French Revolution ; and Me- moirs of John Home Tooke; and contrib- uted to the Monthly Magazine; Public Characters; and The Annual Obituary. STEPHENS. See Etiehne STERNE,Laurence, a miscellaneous, writer, was born, in 1713, at Clonmel, in Ireland ; and was educated at a school near Halifax, and at Jestts College, Cam- bridge. He successively obtained the living of Sutton, a prebend at York, the rectory of Stillington, and the curacy of Coxwold. In 1760 he published the first two volumes of Tristram Shandy; the remainder ap- peared in 1761, 1762, 1765, and 1767. Some of his latter years were spent in travelling on the continent, and his travels gave birth to The Sentimental Journev. He died in 1768. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote Sermons, and various minor pieces. When all that Sterne borrowed from old authors is de- ducted, there will still remain enough of wit, humour, and pathos, to entitle him to a distinguislied place among British authors. His indecency, however, doubly disgusting in a clergyman, desei /es severe cen:;ure. STEUBEN, Frederick William Augustus, Baron de, was a Prussian officer, aid-de-carap to Frederic the Great, and lieutenant general in the army of that distinguished commander. He arrived in America in 1777, and immediately offered his services to the continental congress. In 1778 he was appointed inspector gen- eral, with the rank of major general, and rendered the most efficient services in the establishment of a regular system of disci- pline. During the war he was exceedingly active and useful, and after the pe^ice lie retired to a farm in the vicinity of New York, where with the ast^istance of books and friends he paraed his time as agreeably 469 STI as a irequent want of fiinds would permit. The State of New York afterwards gave Him a tract of sixteen thousand acres in ihe county of Oneida, and the general gov- ernment made him a grant of two thousand five hundred dollars per annum. He died in 1795, and at his own request was wrap- ped in his cloak, placed in a plain cofiin, and hid in the earth, withoot a stone to tell where he was laid. STEVENS, George Alexander, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in Lon- don, in the first half of the eighteenth century; was fur some years a strolling player; suffered severely from poverty till his Lecture on Heads brought him a com- petence; and died in 1784, after having Deen long in a state of utter imbecility. Among his works are. Religion, a poem; Tl.e History of Tom Fool; The Dramatic History of Master Edward, Mrs. Ann, &c. ; Songs; and some interlude. STEWART DENHAM,Sir JAMES,a political economist, was born, in 1713, at Edinburgh ; was educated at the university of his native place; and became an advo- cate. Having taken, in 1745, an active part in favour of the house of Stewart, he was under the necessity of living for sev- eral years in exile. He was, however, allowed to return in 1767, and his estate was restored to him. He died in 1780. His chief work is. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy. STEWART, DcJGALD, an eminent phi- losopher and writer, was born, in 1753, at Edinburgh, and was the son of the profes- sor of mathematics ; was educated at the high school and university of his native city; and attended the lectures of Dr. Reid at Glasgow. From Glasgow he was re- called, ID his nineteenth year, to assist his father; on whose decease, in 1785, he succeeded *o the professorship. He, how- ever, exchanged it for the chair of moral philosophy, which he had filled in 1778, during the absence of Dr. Fergoson in America. In 1780 he began to receive pupils into his bouse, and maiw youn? noblemen and gentlemen, who after warti^ became celebrated, imbibed their knowl- edge under bis roof. It was not till 1792 that he came forward as an author; he then published the first volume of the Philosophy of the Human Mind. He dicMl June 11, 18^; after having -long en- joyed the reputation of being one of the most amiable of men, and one of the ablest of modern philosophical writers. Among bis works are. Outlines of Moral Philoso- phy; Philosophical Essays; Memoirs of Adam Smith, and Drs. Rober^on and Reid; and Prefatory Dissertations in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Bri- UiDnica. STilXINGFLEET, Edward, a pre- STO late, was bom, in 16S5, at Cranboume, In Dorsetshire; was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge; obtained various pre- ferments, among which were, in 1677 and 1678, the archrleaconry of London and the deanery of St. Paul's; was promoted to the see of Worcester at the Revolution; and died in 1699. His works form six volumes folio; among them are Origines Sacrse, and Origines Britannicae. Among his latest literary effjrts was a controversy with Locke, on some points la the Essay on Human Understanding. STOBxEUS, a Greek compiler, is be- lieved to have lived in the fifth century, and to have derived bis name from the city of Stobi, in Macedonia. He made a collection of extracts from various Greek authors, 'which time has rendered highly valuable by destroying many of the origi- nal works. STOCKTON, RicHAKD, a signer of the declaration of American Independenre, was graduated at Princeton College in 1748, and entering on the practice of the law soon rose to emiueuce. He settled in New Jersey, was appointed to tlie office of judge, and was a delegate to the con- gress of 1776. He died in 1781. STOEFLET, Nicholas, a French royalist chief, was bom, in 1751, at Lnne- ville; and, after having served during fifteen years in the army, became a game- keeper in tlie province of Anjou. In 1793 he was placed at the head of a division of Angevin royalists, and he distinguished himself in no less than a hundred and fif^ actions with the repablicans. He was taken prisoner ^nd shot in 1796. STOLBERG-STOLBERG, Freder- ic Leopold, count, a German writer, was born, in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Hol- stein;' was educated at Halle and Gottin- gen ; was employed in negotiations by the duke of Oldenburg and Uie prince regent of Denmark; and died in 1819. He translated the Iliad and the tra^i^ies of iEscbylus ; and wrote A History of the Christian Religion ; Travels in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ; Poems ; and Dramas. STONE, Edmund, an eminent matbe- matician, the son of the duke of Argyle'i gardener, vias bom in Scotland, towards the close of the seventeenth ^nturr. Be- fore he was nineteen he taught himself arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and French* without any assistance. He died poor about 1767. He wrote a Treatise on Fluxions ; and a Mathematical Dictionary; translated Bion on Mathematical Inilni'- ments ; and published an edition of Euclid, with a Life. STONE, Thomas, a signer o.'the dec- laration of American independe ce* wai born in CbarloB County, Maryland, in 1743, 8TR and was educated to the profession of the law. He was a delegate to the continen- tal congress of 1776, and was again a member of that body when Washington 'esigiiea me onice of couimahder in chief. He died in 1787. STOTHARD, Charles Alfred, a painter and antiquary, son of the eminent artist of the same name, was born in 1787, and early displayed a talent for driiwing. He became a member and his- torical draughtsman of the Society of An- tiquaries, and was deputed by that body to take drawings from the famous tapestry at Bayeux, in Normandy. He was killed by a fE, a Freach architect, was born, in 1759, at Paris; was a pupil of Leroi, and after- wards studied at Rome ; emigrated in 1791 ; settled in Russia, in 1798; and died at St. Petersburgh, in 1813. He embellished the Russian capital, Odessa, and other places, by the erection of many fine edifices, and wrote a Treatise on Painting. THOMPSON, William, a poet and divine, was born at Brough, in Westmore- land; was educated at Queen*s College, Oxford; and died, about 1766, dean of Raphoe, in Ireland. His poems have been deservedly admitted among the collected works of the British Poets. His poem on Sickness contains many fine passages, and his Hymn to May breathes more of the apirit of Spenser than most modern imita- tions of him. Thompson also wrote Gon- dibert and Bertha, a tragedy; and pub- lished an edition of Bishop HaU*a Satires. THOMSON, James, one of the most popular of English poets, was the son of a Scotch clergyman ; was born, in 1700, at THO Ednam in Roxburghshire; and wu eda* cated at Jedburgh and at Edinburgh. Relin- quishing his views in the church, he went to London, where, in 1726, he published his Winter. The three other Seasons ap- peared in 1728, 1729, and 1730. During the same period he also produced the tra- gedy of Sophonisba, the poem of Britannia, and a poem on Sir Isaac Newton. Among the friends whom he gained by these splen- did proofs of his genius was lord chancellor Talbot, who chose him as a proper com- paniun to accompany his son on the grand tour. Thomson was thus occupied fur three years, in the course of which he visited most of the European courts. After his return he was made secretary of briefs by the chancellor, but the dtath of his patron soon deprived him of that place. For this loss, however, he was indemnified by the office of surveyor general of the Leeward Islands, and a pension from the prince of Wales. Hie pen, meanwhile, was nQt idle. He wrote the. tragedies of Agamemnon, Edward and Eleonora, Tancred and Sigis- munda, and Coriolanus; the masque of Alfired, in conjunction with Mallet; and the poems of Liberty, and The Castle of Indolence. He died, at Richmond, Au- gust 27, 1748. THOMSON, William, an industrioDs writer and. compiler, was born, in 1746, at Burnside, in Perthshire ; was educated at St. Ai^drew's; and quitted the clerical profession in Scotland, to become an author and master of an academy in the metropo- lis. He died in 1817. Thompson was not without abilities and learning, but he was a hasty and slovenly writer. He was con nectea with various newspapers and peri odicals ; prepared for the press many worlu of other authors; and wrote, among othei things. Mammoth; The Man in the Moon; and Memoirs of the War in Asia. THORNHILL, Sir James, a painter, was born, in 1676, in Dorsetshire, and, after hia return from his travels in Hol- land, Flanders, and France, rose into con- siderable reputation as an attist. He was employed to paint the dome of St. PauPs, the refectory and saloon at Greenwich Hospital, and some of the apartments al Hampton Court. He died in 1734. Thorn- hill was also occasionally employed as an architect. THORNTON, Bonnel, a witty mis- cellaneous writer and poet, was born, in 1724, in London; was educated at West- minster School, and at Christ Church, Ox- ford ; took the degree of bachelor of medi- cine, but never practised; was in habits of friendship with manf of the wits of that period ; and died in 1768. The Connois- seur WIS the joint production of him and Colman. He translated a part of Plautus; and wrote a burlesque Ode on St> Cecilia'i TIB Day, The Battle of the W,gs,and a variety of nnmorous pieces. THORNTON, Matthew, was born in Ireland in 1714, and when about two or three years old his father emigrated to America, and finally settled in Worcester, Massachusetts. Young Thornton pursued the study of medicine, and commenced the practice of his profession in Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1776 he was chosen a deleo^ate to the continental congress, and affixed his name to the declaration of in- dependence. He was afterwards chief justice of the court of common pleas, and judge of the superior court, of his adopted state. He died in 1803. THOU, James Augustus de, emi- nent as a magistrate and an historian, was born, in 1553, at Paris. After having studied the law at Orleans and Valence, and travelled in Italy, he entered into public life, and was successively clerk of the parliament, master of requests, and president h. mortier. Henry IV. he served with zeal, and was much esteemed by him. He died in-16l7. His History of his own Times, in Latin, has been often reprinted. THUCYDIDES, a Greek historian, descended from the kings of Thrace, was born, B. c. 469, at Athens. Having failed to relieve Amphipolis, which was besiesed by the Lacedemonians, he was banished by his countrymen, and he retired into Thrace, where he had large possessions. Nothing certain is known of the remainder of his life; but he is supposed to have died about B. c. 400. As an historian he ranks hig^ among the writers of ancient times. THUNBERG, Chari.es Peter, an eminent Swedish naturalist and traveller, was born in 1743, and was the pupil of Linnaeus, and his successor at the universi- ty of Upsal. In his ardent zeal to improve the science of botany, he visited various parts of the globe. He died in 1828. Be- sides his Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, which were translated into English, be wrote several valuable works on natural history. TIBERIUS, Claudius Drusus Ne- BO, a Roman emperor, was bom, b. c. 34, at Rome. During the reign of Augustus, he was successful at the head of the armies in Spain, Armenia, Germany, and other prov- inces, but, falling into disgrace, he resided for some years, as an exile, at Kbodes. He was, however, restored to favour, and he was again victorious as the leader of the legions in Germany. On his accession to the throne, his acts gave promise of a beneficent sover- eicni; but he soon became licentious and sa^guiDary, and, after a reign of nearly twenty-three years, he died, universally hated, at Misneum, a. d. 37. TIBULLUS, AuLUs Albius, a Latin poet, »f an equestrian family, was born at ITL 479 Rome. He was the friend of Honjce, luiH of many other eminent contemporaries, and is bdlieved to have died shortly after Virgil His four books of Elegies have placed him at the head of the elegiac poets. TICKELL, Thomas, a poet, was born, in 1686, at Bridekirk, in Ciunberland ; was educated at Queen's College, Oxford ; was the friend of Addison, who made him under secretary of state; was appointed, in 1724, secretary to the Lords Justices in Ireland ; and held that office till his death, in 1740. His Poems, which have much sweetness and elegance, form a part of the collected works of the British Poets. His translation of the first book of the Iliad occasioned the rup- ture between Pope and Addison. TICKELL, Richard, a grandson of the foregoing, was born at Bath; obtained a pension and a place in the stamp office; and was killed, in 1793, by throwing him- self in a fit of phrenzy from the window of his apartments in Hampton Court Palace. He wrote two poems. The Project, and The Wreath of Fashion ; Anticipation, and oth- er political pamphlets; and the Carnival of Venice, a comic opera. TILGHMAN, William^ an eminent jurist, was born, in 1756, in Talbot county, on the eastern shore of Maryland. In 1772 he began the study of la* in Philadelphia, but was not admitted to the practice of the profession till 1 783. In 1788, and for some successive years, he was elected a repre- sentative to the legislature of Maryland. In 1793 he returned to Philadelphia, and pursued the practice of the law in that city till 1801, when he was appointed cl|ief judge of the circuit court of the United States for the third circuit. After the abo- lition of this court, he resumed his profes- sion, and continued it till 1805, when he was appointed president of the courts of common pleas in the first district of Penn- sylvania. In the following year he was commissioned as chief justice of the su- preme court of that state. He died in 1827. TILLEMONTjSebastiait t-e NAIN DE, a French ecclesiastical writer, was bom, in 1637, at Paris; was educated at the seminary of Port Royal, where Nicole was his preceptor in logic; took orders, on which occasion he assumed the name of Tillemont, his family name being Le Nain; and died, generally respected, in 1698. He wi'ote a History of the Emperors ; and Me- moirs for the Ecclesiastical History for the first six centuries. TILLI, John TZERCLAES, count de, a celebrated German general, was bom at Brussels, of an illustnous family, towards the close of the sixteenth century. Origin- ally he was a Jesuit, but he quitted that order to take arms. He first signalized himself io Hungary against the Tark«, 480 TIL Subseqnently he rose to higK command m the Bavarian service, and next in the Im- perial, and gained several victories between X620 and 1631 ; in which last year he eter- nally disgraced himself by his cruelty at the storming of Magdeburgh. Gustavu!" Adol- phus defeated him at Lutzen in 1C31, and again at the passing of the Lech, in 1632, in which action TiUi was mortally wound- ed. TILLOCH, Alexander, was bom, in 1757, at Glasgow, where he received a liberal education. While resident at his native place he invented stereotype print- ing; but, afrer having joined with Mr. Foulis to carry it on, and tal^en out a pa- tent, he had the mortification to find that the process had beua previously discovered by Ged. Settling in London, he became editor and one of uie proprietors of the Star newspaper, and, in 1797, he established the Philosophical Magazine. He died Janua- ry 26, 1825. Tilloch made some improve- senta on the steam engine. TILLOTSON, John, an eminent pre- late, was born, in 1630, at Sowerby, in Yorkshire, and was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge. He was of a puritan family, and was brought up in their religious prin- ciples, bnt he conformed to the church in 1662. Between that period and 1669 he was, successively, curate of Cheshunt, rec- tor of Keddington, preacher in Lincoln's Inn, lecturer at St. Lawrence Jewry, and gained reputation both as a preacher and a controversialist. In 1670 he was made a prebendary, and , two years afterwards, dean of Canterbury. In 1683 he attended Lord Russel on the scaffold, and laboured, but, of course, in vain, to draw from him a dec- laration in favour of passive obedience. This blot in his character is to be regretted. At the Revolution, he was appointed clerk of the closet to his majesty, and in the fol- lowing year he exchanged his deanery for that of St. Paul's. In 1691, after fruitless attempts to avoid the honour, he accepted, with uufei^ned reluctance, the see of Can- terbury, which was become vacant by the deprivation of Sancroft. This promotion, luiwever, he did not long survive, as his decease took place n 1694. He died poor the copyright of his Posthumous Sehnons, \\ hich sola for two thousand five hundred guineas, being all that his family inherited, tlis works furm three folio volumes. TINDAL, Matthew, a dcistical wri- ter, was born, about 1657, at Beer Ferrers, in Devonshire; was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford, and obtained a fellowship in All Souls; and died in 1733. Among his works are. The rights of the Christian Church asserted ; and Christianity as old as the Creation. TIN0AL, Nicholas, nephew of tbs foregoing, was born, in 1687, in Devon- shire; was educated at Oxford; obtained various livings, and the chaplainship of Greenwich Hospital; and died in 1774. He wrote a continuation of Rapin ; trans- lated Calmet and Cantemir; and abridged Spence's Polymetis. TINTORETTO, a celebrated painter, whose real name was James ROBUSTI, was the son of a dyer, from which circum- stance he derived his pictorial appellation. He was born, in 1512, at Venice, and was a pupil of Titian, who became jealous of his talents, and dismissed him from his school. He rose to high reputation, and was employed by the Venetian government to paint a picture of tlie victorjr gained over the Turks in 1571. Most of his finest com- positions ace at Venice, where he died, in 1594. TIPPOO SAHEB, or SAIB, sultan of Mysore, was born in 1749, and succeedci to the throne in 1782, on the deatli of Hy- der Ali, his father. In 1784, he concluded a peace with the East India Company ; but he never for a moment ceased to cherish the hope of expelling the British from Hindos- tan. His attack, in, 1790, upoo our ally, the rajah of Travancore, brought on a war with the Company, in the third campaign of which he was invested in his capital, and compelled \o purchase a peace at the price of one half of his dominions. Still impla- cable, he continued his plots against the English. The result was a second and fiofU war, which terminated May 4, 1799, by the storming of Seringapatam, the death of Tippoo, who fell in the assault, and the Silitical extinction of the descendants of yder. TIRABOSCHI, Jerome, an Italian writer, was born, in 1731, at Bergamo, and died in 1794, counsellor and librarian to the duke of Modena. His works are numerous and valuable. Among them are, Memoirs of Modenese writers; and Noticesof Paint- ers, Sculptors, &c. ; but his great prodiic* tioti is The History of Italian Literature, sixteen vols, quarto. T1SJ30T, Simon Andrew, an emi nent Swiss physician, was born, in 1728, at Grancy, in the Pays de Vaud; studied TOB ncdieioa at Montpelller; settled at Lap- ■anne, where he became celebrated, partic- ularly for his new method of treating the smallpox; was for three years medicafpro- fessorat Pavia; and died, in 1797, at Lau- sanne. ■ His works were, collected by him- self in tea volumes 12mo. TOO 4Sl TITIAN, whose name was TiziANO VECELLI, the greatest painter of the Venetian school, was born, in 1477 or 1480, at Pieve de Cadore, in Friuli ; was a pupil of Zuccati and Bellini; and im- proved his original style by observing the works of Giorgione. He was patronised and highly hoaoured by Charles V., Phil- ip II., and other princes. His powers continued undiminished till almost the latest period of his existence, and, as he was indefatigable in his art, and lived to the age of nearly a hundred, his works are numerous. They still retain their rank among the highest efforts of pictorial skill. Titian died of the plague, in 1576. TITUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS, FtATius, a Roman emperor, the son of Vespasian, was born A. i>. 40. Afier hav- ing distinguished himself in arms, partico- larly at the siege of Jerusalem, he ascended the throne A. D. 79. His early licentious- ness inspired fears as to his future conduct, but he discarded bis vices, and acted in such a manner as to be denominated the delight of the human race. He was the ^ther of bis people. On one occasion, having within the twenty-four hours per- formed no act of kindness, he exclaimed, " My friends, I have lost a day!" He reigned little more than two years TOBIN, JoHS, a dramatic writer, was born, in 1770, at Salisbury; was educated at private schools at Southampton 'and Bristol; and was brought up as a solicitor. He had an irresistible propensity to dra- matic composition, and at the age of twen- ty-four had written several plays ; and he continued his labours till the close of his existence. In his applications to theatri- cal managers, however, he was uniformly nnsuccessful ; little to the credit of their judgment. It was not till he was sinking into the grave from consumption that his 21 Honey Moon was accepted, and he did n )t live to witness its suf^cess. He died De- cember 8, 1804. The Curfew, and T/ie School for Authors, were subsequently represented. TOFINO DE SAN MIGUEL, Vis- cent, a Spanish astronomer and hydro- grapher, was born, in 1740, at Carthagena or Mexico ; entered the naval service, and rose to be brigadier of marines; was em- ployed in surveying the Spanish coast; and died in 1806. He is the author of a Compendium of Geometry ; Astronomical Observations; and an excellent Atlas of the Coasts of Spain. TOJjANU, John, a deistical writer, was born, in 1669, near Londonderry; was originally a Koman Catholic, but becafoe a dissenter, and, lastly, a sceptic ; was educated at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Ley- den ; was employed in -secret missions to the German courts; and died in 1722 Among his works are, Christianity not mysterious ; Nazareuus ; Pantheisticon ; Tetradymus; Amyntor ; and a Life of Milton. TOMLINE, George, whose family name was^*RETTYMAN, a prelate and writer, was born, about 1750, at Bury St. Edmund's, where his father was a trades- man. He was educated at Bury School, and at Pembroke Hall*, Cambridge, and was senior wrangler in 1772. Mr. Pitt, to whom he had been academical tutor, made him his private secretary, gave him the living of Sudbury, and a prebend of Westminster, and, in 17S7, raised him to the see of Lincoln, whence, in 1820, Dr. Tomline was translated to that of Win- chester. He died November 8, 1827. His principal works are. Elements of Chris- tian Theology ; Refutation of the Charge of Calvinism against the Chur:h of Eng- land ; and a Life of Mr. Pitt. TOqKE,JoHi» HORNE, a politician and philologist, who for many years was known by his family name of Home, was bom, in 1736, in Westminster; was edu- cated at Westminster and Eton schools, and St. John's College, Cambridge^ and in 1760 was indiicteii to the chapelry of 482 TOR New Brcfttford. The clerical profession, however, was little suited to his habits and feelings, and he took an active part in politics. The cause of Wilkes he warmly espoused for a considerable time, but at length they became enemies. In 1771 he was attacked by Junius, but he defended himself with spirit and success against that formidable writer. Resigning his living at Brentford, he studied law at the Temple, but his ecclesiastical character proved an ol^tacle to his beiDg admitted to the bar. In 1775 he was sentenced to imprisonment on a charge of having libel- led the king's troops in America. Out of this circumstance arose his Letter to Dun- ning, which formed the basis of his subse- quent philological work. The Diversions of Purley, published in 1786. In 1790, and 1796, he stood, ineffectually, as can- didate for Westminster; and in 1794 he was one of the persons who were tried at the Old Bailey, and acquitted, on a charge of treason. In 1801 he was returned to parliament for Old Sarum; but he sat only during that session, a bill being pass- ed to prevent individuals in orders from sitting ID fiiture. He died March 19, 1812. TOOKE, William, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1744, at Islington. He was originally a printer, but took orders in 1771, and went to Russia, where he became chaplain to the l^ctory at St. Petersburgb. He returned to England in 1792, and died in 1820. Among his works are translations of Lucian, and Zollikof- fer's Sermons and Prayers; and A History of Russia; A View of the Russian Em- pire; A Life of Catherine TI.; and other productions relative to Russia. TOPLADY, Augustus Montague, an eminent Calvinistic divine, was born, in 1740, at Farnham, in Surrey ; was educated at Westminster School, and at Trinity College, Dublin ; and died in 1778, vicar of Broad Hembury,, in Devonshire. Toplady was a strenuous opponent of Wesley. His works form six volumes octavo. TORDENSKIOLD, Peter, a cele boated Danish admiral, was born, in 1691, at Drontheim, in Norway, and was killed in a duel, in 1720. His fkmily name was WESSEL, but, for his exploits his sover- eign gave him the name of Tordenskiold, compounded from words signifying thun- der and shield. Among his achievements were the capturing of a Swedish squadron in the port of Dynekiln, and the taking of the town of Marstrand and the citadel of Carlstein. TORQUEMADA, Thomas de, the 6rst inquisitor general of Spain, a man infamous for his barbarity, was born in 1420; was a monk of the order of St. TCU Dominic ; became inqnlsitor 1483; and died in 1498. In the course of sixteen years he gave to the flames no Icsa than eight thousand eight hundred victims, besides executing nearly as many in effigy, condemning ninety thousand to perpetual imprisonment and othei severe punish- ments, and expelling from Spain above eight hundred thousand Jews. TORRICELLI, Evamgelista, a cel- ebrated Italian geometrician, was born, in 160S, at Modigliana, or. as some assert, at Piancaldoli ; began his education under the Jesuits at Faenza, and completed it at Kome; was invited to Florence by Gali- leo; and succeeded that eminent man as professor of mathematics. The grand duke also appointed him his mathemati- cian. Torricelli died in 1647. His geo^ metrical works form a quarto volume. To him science i8_indebted for the invention of the barometer. TORRINGTON^, Geokge BYNG viscount, a British admiral, was born, in 1668, in Kent; became a rear admiral in 1703; and, during the reign of Queen Anne, distinguished himself at the taking of Gibraltar, the battle of Malaga, and the relieving of Barcelona. In 1718'he defeated the Spanish fleet off Sicily; in 1721 he was created a viscount; and was afterwards appointed first lordof theadmi- ralhr. He died in 1733. TORSTENSON, 1 eonard, count, a celebrated Swedish geutral, was born, in 1595, at the castle of Forstena; commenc- ed his career as page U Gustavus Adol- phus ; was rapidly promotei^ for his military talent by that monarch ; and distinguished himself on numerous occasions during the thirty years' war, particularly by gaining the battles of Breitenfelt and Jankovitz, destroying great part of the army of Gal- las, and conquering Holstein, Sleswick, and Jutland. He died in 1654. TOTT, Francis, baron de, a French negotiator and officer, the son of a Hun- garian gentleman, was born, in 1733, at Chamigny, near la Ferte-sous-Jouarre, and, after having served in the army, was em- ployed in the French embassy at Constan- tinople. In 1767 he was appointed consul in die Crimea. He subsequently went back to Constantinople, and was charged by the grand seignor to carry into efiect various important reforms in the military department. ' He was prom^>ted on hia return to France, but emigrated in 1790, and died in Hungary, in 1793. He wrote Memoirs on the Turks an^l Tartai's. TOURNEFORT, Josi.ph PITTON DE, an eminent botanist, was born, in 1656, at Aix, in Provencs; manifest^ at a very early age a love of botany; studied medicine and anatomy at Montpellier ; travelled in various parti of Europe and TRA Amim,; and died in 1708, professor of physic ia the royal college, and of botany in the king's garden at Paris. Tournefort has been called the first restorer of botanical science. Among^ his works are. Voyages in the Levant; Elements of Botany; and a History of Plants in the Environs of Paris. TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, a ne- gro of great talents, was born, in 1743, in St. Domingo. His early years were spent in slavery on the estate of Count Noe. When the blacks threw off the yoke, the abilities and courage of Toussaint soon raised him to the highest rank among them. By his wise measures be succeed- ed in expelling the English, reducing the Spanish part of the island, and restoring peace and order in the colony; for which the central assembly of St. Domingo voted him the dignity of governor and president for life. Anxious to recover so valuable a possession, Bonaparte, in 3801, dispatched General Leclerc with a large army. A desperate contest ensued, in which Tous- saint was overcome. He was sent a pris- oner to France, and the sable hero died in the fort of Joux, April 27, 1803. TOWERS, Joseph, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1737, in Southwark; was successively a printer, a bookseller, and a preacher among the unitarians; re- ceived the degree of doctor of laws from the university of Edinburgh; and died in 1799. Amon^ his works are, British Bi- ography; a Life of Frederic, Ring of Prussia ; and many political and other tracts. He attso contributed to Dr. Kip- pis*s edition of the Biographia Britan- nica. TOWNSEND, Joseph, a divine and writer, was born about 1740; was educat- ed at Clare Hall, Cambridge ; studied physic under Dr. Cullen, at Edinburgh, but became chaplain to Lsdy Huntingdon, and was satirised by Graves in The Spir- itual Quixote; obtained the living of Pew- fiey, in Wiltshire ; and died in 1816. He was eminent as a scholar, mineralogist, and conchologist. Of his works the chief are. Travels in Spain; The Physician's Vade M«cum; Sermons; and The Charac- ter of Moses as an Historian established. TRADEdCANT, John, a Dutch natu- ralist, who, after visiting various parts of Europe, settled in England, established at Lambeth a garden of exotics, and was ap- pointed gardener to Charles I. He died about 1652. — ^His son, Johx, who died in 1662, published, with the title of Museum Tradescantium, a description of his father's collection of curiosities. The flower called Tradescantia was brought from Virginia by the latter. TRAJAN, Marcus Ulpius Criwitus, a Roaian emperor, surnamed Optihus,J TRE 483 was bom, a. d. 52, at Italica, in Spain. After having distinguished himself at the head of the legions in Lower Germany, he was, at the age of forty-two, adopted by Nerva. , On the death of that monarch, A. D. 98, Trajan was invested witi uie imperial purple. The adoption of Nerva, and the choice of the senate, were justified by the conduct of the emperor. In his civil capacity he ruled for the welfare of his people; in his military character, he sustained the glory of Rome, by defeating the Dacians, Parthians, Arabians, Arme- nians, and Persians. The column which bears his name was raised in the Roman capital to commemorate his victories. He died A. D. 117. TRAPP, Joseph, a divine and poet, was born, in 1679, at Cherrington, in Gloucestershire; was educated at Wad- ham College, Oxford, at which university he was professor of poetry; and died, in 1747, rector of Harlington, Middlesex. His principal works are, A Translation of Virgil; Praelectiones Poeticae; Sermons; Poems ; and Abramule, a tragedy. TREMBLEY, Abraham, a natural- ist, was bom, in 1700, at Geneva. After having been tutor to the families of Lord Beutinck and the duke of Richmond, be returned, in 1757, to his native city, where he became one of the members of me great council. He died in 1784. By his Me- moirs on Fresh Water Polypes he ac- quired reputation, and admission into the Royal Society and other learned bodies. He also wrote. Instructions from a Father to his Children on Nature and Religion; Instructions on Natural and Revealed Re- ligion; and Inquiries into the Principle of Virtue and Happiness. TRENCHARD, John, a political wri- ter of the whig party, was born, in 1669, in Somersetshire ; quitted the bar, and was appointed commissioner of forfeited estates in Ireland; and died in 1723. He wrote various pamphlets, and, in conjunc- tion with Gordon, The Independent Whig ; and Cato's Letters. TRENCK, Fri-deric, baron de, a Prussian officer, celebrated for his adven- tures, was bom, in 1726, at Koent^ber^, and made such rapid. progress in his stud- ies, that, at the age of seventeen, he was presented to the king, as the most remark- able student in tlie university. Frederic rapidly advanced him in the army, and manifested mjjch regard for him; but tae personal and mental accomplishments of Trenck having won the heart of the Prin- cess Amelia, the monarch, her br.other, re- solved to punish him. Trenck was con- fined at Glatz, but contrived to.escape. He then visited the north of Europe, Aus- tria, and Italy. In 1758, he was seized at Dantzick, and was conveyed to Ma(d^ 484 TRO burghj where, loaded with irons, he was incarcerated for nearly ten years in a hor- rible dungeon. After his liberation he withdrew to Vienna. He was subsequent- ly a wine merchant at Aix la Chapelle, and a cultivator of his estate in Hungaiy. ]n 1791 he settled in France, and in 1794 he closed his eventful career under the axe of the guillotine. He wrote his own Me- moirs, and some other works of considera- ble merit. TRESHAM, Henry, a painter and poet, was born in Ireland, and imbibed the principles of art from West, of Dub- lin. He accompanied Lord Cawdor, to Italy, and resided fur fourteen years in that country. On his return to JEaiglaad he became a royal academician. He died in 1814. Tresham wrote three poems. The Seasick Minstrel; Rome at the close of the Eighteenth century; and Britanoi- cus to Bonaparte. TRESSAN, Loais Elizabeth de I.A VERGNE, count de, a distinguished French officer and writer, was born, in 1705, at Moos; signalized his valour in the army during several campaigns, par- ticularly at the battle of Fontenoy; was appointed grand marshal of the court of Stanislaus at Lorraine in 1750; was ad- mitted into the French Academy in 1781; an'I died in 1783. His select works form twelve volumes, and contain his miscella- ueous' pieces, and his translations of Ama- dis de Gaul, The Orlando Furioso, and several old Freach romances. Tressao did not coa6ne liimself to subjects of mere amusement ; as early as 1749 he wrote a Treatise on Electricity, which was not published till more than thirty years af- teT wards. TREVETT, Sahdei. R., a surgeon in the army of the United States, was born at Marbleheud, Massachusetts, in 1783, and was graduated at Harvard College. After studying the profession of medicine, he commenced practice in Boston, but be- ing naturally of a chivalrous cast of character, he sought and obtained an ap- pointmen* in the medical department of the navy He was in the Constitution during her cruise before the last war, on board the United States when shecaptured the Macedonian, and was in the President when she was captured by the British fleet. He distinguished himself very much by his intrepid conduct when a passenger in tlie steam boat Phoenix^ which was burned on Lake Champlain, in September 1819. After the war he had been ap- pointed surgeon of the Navy Yard at Charlestown, and in 1822 he was stationed as surgeon on board the sloop of ^var Pea- cock, Dound on a summer cruise to the West Indies. He was seized with the yellew fever, and died at Norfolk in No- TYL vember of that year. For some tiDM be- fore sailing on his last cruise he had been engaged in collecting materials fur the bi- ography of American physicians. TRIBONIAN, a celebrated jurisconsult, was born, about the beginning of the sixth centurvi at Sida, in PamphyJia; obtained reputation at the bar, and rose, through a succession of state offices, to those of pre- torian prefect and consul. Justinian in- trusted to him the superintendence of the compiling of his new code of laws. This task was begun iii 530 and completed in 534. Tribooian, whose rapacity and ve- nality were at l^ast equal to his talents, died about 547. TRIMMER, Sarah, an active and in- telligent female, the daughter of Kirby, who wrote on Perspective, was born, in 1741, at Ipswich, and died December 15, 1810. She wrote several useful works to promote the diffiision of education. TRISSINO, JoHH George, an ItaJ- ian poet, was born, in 1478, at Vicenza; was educated at Rome and Milan, and had Cbalcondyles for one of his tutors; was employed by Leo X. and bis successor Clement on various diplomatic missions; and died in 1550. Among his works are, The Deliveranre of Italy from the Goths, an epic poem ; and the tragedy of Sopho- nisba. TROMP, Martin Herbertsoit, a celebrated Dutch admiral, was bom, in 1597, at Brill; began his naval career at an early age; defeated the Spaniards in 1637 and 1639; fought with great gallan- try against the English, during the war which began in 1652; and was killed in an engagement in 1653. — His son, Nich- olas, who was born in 1629, and died in 1697,- emulated the feme of his father, particularly in tlie four days* action in the Downs, in 1666. TRONCHIN, Theodore, an emi- nent physician, was born, in 1709, at Geneva; ^\-as educated at Cambridge; and studied medicine under Boerhaave at Ley- den. He first settled at Amsterdam, and afterwards at his native city* but subse- quently removed to Paris on being ap- pointed physician to the duke of Orleans. He died in 1781. Tronchin was a man of consummate skill in his profession, and of great benevolence. He was the friend of Voltaire, Rousseau, and many other celebrated characters. TROWBRIDGE, Edmund, a learned jurist, vras born at Newton, in 1709, and was graduated at Harvard College. He pursued the profession of the law, rose to distiuction, in 1749 was appointed attor- ney general, and a judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts la 1767. In 1772 he resigned his seat on the bench, and died in retirement in 1793. TSC TRUMBULL. John, the author of McFingai, was born id Connecticut in 1750, and was educated at Yale CoUege, *here he entered -at a very early age. In 1772 he published the first part of his poem. The Progress of Dulness. In the follow- ing year, he was admitted to the bar in Connecticut, and, removing to Boston, con- tinued his legal studies in Uie office of John Adams. He returned to his native state in 1774, and commenced practicfr at New Haven. The first part of McFingal was published at Philadelphia, in 1775: the p^iem was completed and published in 1782 It Hartford, where the author at that time lived. More than thirty editions of this work have been printed. In 1789 he was appointed state attorney for the county of Hartford, and in 1801 was appointed a Judge of the superior court of errors asd teld this appointment till 1819. In 1820 a collection of his poems was published in two vols. 8vo. In 1S23 he removed to Detroit, where he died, in May 1831. TRUXTON, ThomaSj an officer in the American navy, was born on Long Island in 1753. In 1775 he commanded a vessel, and distinguished himself by his depreda- tions on British commerce during the rev- olution. He subsequently engaged in com- merce, till the year 1794, when he was ap- pointed to the frigate Constitution. In 1799 he captured the French frigate L'ln- snrgente; and in tlie following year he obtained a victory over the La Vengeance. On the close of the French war he retired from the navy, and died at Philadelphia in 1822. TRYPHIODORUS, a Greek poet and grammarian, is believed to have been an Egyptian, and to have lived in the begin- ning of the sixth centuiy. All his works are lost, with the exception of nearly sev- en hundred verses on the destruction of Troy. TSCHIRNLR, Henry Theophilus, an eminent German theologian, and high- ly esteemed as a pulpit orator, was born, in 1778, in the vicinity of Chemnitz; was professor of theology at Wittenberg; and~ died February 17, 1828. He wrote The Fall of Paganism; Christian Apolo- fetics; A Treatise on Catholicism and 'rotestantisfo, considered in a political point of view; The System of Reaction; and other works. TSCHIRNHAUSE,Ehrenfred WALTHER de, a German geometrician auA experimental philosopher, was. born, in 1651, in Lusatia, and was lord of Kil- lengswald and Stalzenberg intbat conntry. He studied at Leyden, and, after having served in the army and travelled, he de- voted himself to scientific pursuits. He died in 1708. He established several glass souses to improve the glass used for optical TUL 486 instruments ; constructed an enormous burn- ing TO^irror ; gave rise to the manufacture of Saxon porcelain; and discovered a par- ticular kind of curve, which now bears hia name. He wrote De Medicioa Mentis et Corji'iris; and some philosophical pa- pers. TUCKER, Abraham, a metaphysical writer, born, in 1705, in London, was the son of a merchant, and was educated at Bishop Stortford School, and Merton Col- lege, Oxford. He studied for a while at the Inner Temjile, but was not/called to the bar. He died in 1774. Hisgi-eatwork is. The Light of Nature pursued,; in seven vol- umes octavo, of which tde first half was published by himself, under ihe fictitious name of Edward Search. TUCKER, JosiAH, an acute writer on politics and political economy, was born, in 1712, at Langharn, in Caermarthen- shire ; was educated at St. John's College, Oxford; and was, successively, curate of All Saints, Bristol, rector of St. Stephens, in the same city, minor canon and preben- dary in the cathedral, and dean of Glou- cester. During the American war he pub- lished many pamphlets, and strenuously re- commended the separation of the colonies from the mother country. In his Treatise OD Civil Government he controverts the doctrines of Locke. He died in 1799 Among his works are. Sermons; Elements of Commerce; and An Apology for the Church of England. TUCKEY, James Hittgston, a nau- tical writer, was born, in 1778, at Green- hill, in the county of Cork; entered the navy at early' age, and went to India; was employed in surveying the coast of New South Wales; was taken prisoner by the French in 1805, and remained in captivity till 1814; and died in September, 1816, while commanding the expedition of dis- covery on the Congo river. He wrote Maritime Geography. TUDOR, William, a man of letters, was born in the state of Massachusetts, and was graduated at Harvard OuUege in 1796. He soon after visited Europe and passed several years there. After having been some time amemberof the legislature of bis native state, he was appointed, in 1823, con- sul at Lima and for the ports of Peru. In 1827 he was appointed charge d'affaires of the United States at the court of Brazil He died at Rio de Janeiro in 1830. Mr. Tudor was the founder, and for two years the sole editor of the North American Re- view. He was the author of Letters on the Eastern States, and a Life of James Otis, and left a number of volumes ia manuscript, nearly prepared for the press, TCJLL, Jethro, an agricultural writer was born about 1680; studied ^t one ofUui 486 TUR ■niTersities and the Temple, and was ad- mitted a barrister; but, on returning from bis travels, he settled on bis estate, and devoted himself to agriculture. He died in 1740. TuU is the inventor of the horse- hoeing system of husbandry, on wbich he TYL general of the finances; but his bef-e^rlent views were thwarted by intrigues, and he was removed in 1776. He died in 17S1, His works form nine volumes octavo. TURNER, WiLLFAM, an English nat- uralist of the sixteenih century, was bom wrote an Essay, lufolio, and some smaller at Morphet, in Northumberland; wasedu tracts. TURENNE. HEJfRT de LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE, viscount de, a consum- mate genera], second son of the duke of Bouillon, was born, in 1611, at Sedan ; bad from his childhood an irresistible pro- pensity to a military life; and was initia- ted in the art of war by five years' hard service under his uncles, Maurice of Nas- sau and Prince JPrederic Henry. On his returning to France, a regiment was given to him. He displayed such talent in Lor- raine, Germany, Italy, and Roussillon, that, anxious to fix him in his interests, Mazarin gave him the marshaPs staff in 1644. In 1645 he was defeated at Mariendabl, but was soon amply avenged by the victory of Nordlingen. During the war of the Fronde, he at first espoused the cause of the princes, and \vas beaten atRlietel; but, having re- joined the royal party, he was more suc- cessful in the battles of Gien and the su- burb of St. Antoine. In the war agamst tlie Spaniards, from 1654 to 1669, he gained the batUe of the Downs, and a va- riety of other advantages. He now en- {'oyed some years of repose, during which le abandoned the faith of his fathers, and became a catholic. In the campaign of 1672 all the other marshals employed were placed under his orders. Between that period and 1675 he compelled the elector of Brandenburg to sign a peace, gained the battle of Smtzheim, and, by a move- ment of the most masterly kind, expelled cated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; and died, in 1668, dean of Wells. He wrote, amtmg other things, A History of Plants, which is the earliest English herbal. TUSSER, Thomas, one of ourearliest agricultural writers, was born, about 1516, at Rivenhall, in Essex, and, after having been a singing boy at St. Paul's, was edu- cated at Eton, and at King's College, Cain- bridge. He spent ten years at court, under the patronage of Lord Paget, and then be- came a farmer in Suffolk. Tusser, who died about 1580, is the author, in homely verse, of Five Hundred Points of Gool Husbandry. TWEDDEL, John, a highly gifted scholar, was born, in 1769, at Threep- wood, near Hexham; was educated at Harforth School, Yorkshire, next under Dr. Parr, and lastly at Trinity College, Cambridge; gained several prizes at the university ; began his travels in 1796 ; and died suddenly, at Athens, in 1799. The manuscripts of the observations which be made in his journey were unfortunately lost. A volume of his Correspondence was pub- lished in 1815. His Juvenile Prolusions appeared in 1794. TWISS,RicHARD,an English traveller, was bom, in 1747, at Rotterdam. He was a man of fortune, and spent several years in visiting various parts of the continent. He died in 1821, at an advanced age. Among hia 'works are, Travels through Spain and Portugal; A Tour- in Ireland; the Imperialists from Alsace, and drove A Trip to Paris in 1792; Anecdotes of them over the Rhine. He sullied bis glory, however, by his barbarous conduct in the Palatinate, which country he utterly devas- tated by fire and sword. In 1675 he ^vas opposed to Montecuculi, and the game of wai- was never played with greater skill Uian by the two generals. Turenne be- lieved that he had at length found a favour- able opportunity of attacking bis enemy, when he was killed, July 27, 1676, by a cannon ball, and the consequence of ni death was the immediate retreat of the French TURCOT, Anne Robert Jahes, a French statesman, was born, in 1727, at Paris. He studied at the Sorbonne, and was intended for tlie church, but relin- quished tlie clerical profession, and was made master of requests. In 1761 he was appointed intendant of Limoges, wbich of- fice be held for twelve years, greatly to the advantage of tt^e iiiluibitants of the Li- mousin. In 1774 lie was made comptroller Chess; and Miscellanies. His illiberal attack on the natives of Ireland drew on him a severe literary chastisement from the Irish poet Preston. TYCHSEN, Olads Gerhard, a cel- ebrated Danish oriental scholar, was born, in 1734, at Tondern, and died, December 30, 1815, professor of oriental languages and librarian at Rostock. Among his works are, Introductio in rem nummarium Muhammedanorum ; Physiologus Syrus ; Tentamen de variis Codicum Hebraicorum ; and Arabic and Syriac Grammars. TYLER, Royall, a lawyer and mis- cellaneous writer, was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in 1776. In 1790 he removed his residence to Ver- mont, and soon distinguished himself in his profession of law. For six years he was an associate judge of the supreme court ol that state, and ft)r six years more chief justice. He was the author of several dra- matic pieces of considerable merit; a novel ULP taHed The Algerine Captive ; and numer- DHs pieces in proae and verse published in the Farmer's Mu&eum, when edited by Dennie. In addition to these he published two volumes entitled Vermont Reports. He died at Brattleboro', in 1823. TYRREL, JvMES, an historian and' political writer, was born, in 1642, in Ijondon ; was exlucated at Queen's College, Oxford; studied in the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar, but, being possessed of an independent fortune, did not pi-ac- tice. He died in 1718. He is the authur of A History of England; A Refutation of Filmer; Political Dialogues; and other works. TYRTiEUS, a Greek poet, who flour- ished about B. c. 684, is said to have been a native of Miletus, and to have settled at Athens. He was lame, and blind of one eye. Defeated by the Messenians, the Spartans applied for a general to the Athe- nians, who, in derision, sent Tyrtaeus, to them. The bard, however, so inspired the Spartans by his warlike songs that they were viptoriona. Some fragments of his battle strains are extant. - TYRWHITT. Thomas, a judicious <^tic, v^as born in 1730, and was educated at Eton, and at Queen's College, Oxford. In 1756 he was under secretary of state; and, in 1762, clerk to the house of com- mons; but he resigned his situation in 1768, in order to devote himself to stady. UND 487 He was a fellow of the Royal and Anti quarian Societies, and a curator of the British Museum. He died in 1786. Among his works are, editions of Chaucer's Can- terbury Tales, and the pseudo Rowley's poems, the latter of which he proves to be the composition of Chatterton ; Disscrtatio de Babrio; notes on Euripides; and Con- jectune in Strabonem. TYTLER, William, an historical and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1711, at Edinburgh; was educated at the gram- mar school and university of bis native city; followed the prof^ion of a solicitor; and died in 1792. His principal work is, An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Evidence produced againat Mary Queen of Scots. TYTLER, AtEXAKDER Eraser, son of the foregoing, was born, in 1747, at Ed- inburgh, iu which city he was educated. After luiving been professor of universal history, at the university, and deputy judge advocate for Scotland, he was appointed a senator of the college of justice in 1802, on which occasion he took the title of Lord Woodhouselee. In 1811 he was appointed a commissioner of justiciary. He died in 1813. Among his works are. Decisions of the Court of Sessions; A Treatise on Mil- itary Law; Elements of General History ; An Essay on Translation ; Ad Essay on the Life of Petrarch ; and Memoirs of Lord Karnes. u ULLOA, Don Aitthokt de, an able Spanish naval officer and mathematician'^ was born, in 1716, at Seville ; entered the navy in 1733; and at the age of only nine- teen was chosen as one of the scientific characters who were appointed to measure a degree of the meridian in Peru. He was ten years a resident in South America. After his retnm he rose to high rank in the navy, and was employed in various im- portant offices by the government. Spain js indebted to fain for many important improvements. He died in 1795. He pub- lished bis Travels; and a Physico-Histor- ical work on South America. ULPHILAS, or WULFILAS, a Gothic bishop, who flourished about the middle of tlie fourth century. He was deputed by the Goths, in 377, to obtain leave from the Emperor Valens to settle in one of the Roman provinces. His de- cease is supposed to have taken place in the following year. He translated the Gospels, and some other parts of the Scrip- tures, into the Gothic language. ULPIAN, DoMiTiUS, an eminent Ro- man civilian, was tutor to the Emperor Alexander Sevems, who made him his secretary, and afterwards pretorian pre^ feet. Having disobliged the soldiery by his reforms, Ulpian was murdered by the^ in ^SS. Somfe A*agments of his works are extant. ULUGH BEIGH, or OLEG BEK, a Tartar prince, celebrated for his astrono- mical knowledge, was a grandson of Tam- erlane, and was bom in 1393. His real name was Mohammed Taragai. He formed a seminary, and constructed an observatory, at Samarcand, and was a patrcn of learn- ing. He was slain, in 1449, by one of hia sons who had rebelled against him. He made a series of observations on the fixed stars. His works have been published by Greaves /and Dr. Hyde. UNDERHILL, John, one of the ear- liest setders of Massachusetts, was sent by Sir Henry Vane to command the troops at Saybrook in 1637. He was engaged in tli« ex)7edition against the Pequots, and di». played great ralour and enterprise. In 164] he was elected governor of Exeter Dover. 488 VAI # RemGTing to New York, he died at Med- fiird. UKFE, HoNORiDs D% a French writer, was born, in 1557, at Marseilles; distin- guished hiiQseir as a. soldier during the wars of the league, and as a negotiator at Turin and Venice; and died in 1625. He is the author of the romance of A^trea, which was once exceedingly popular in France, but is now completely forgotten. — His brother, the count d& Lyon, wrote a volume of sonnets, with tlie title of Diana. USHER, James, a divine and histori- an, was born, in 1580, at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity College, in that city. In 1601 he took orders; in 1620 he was made bishop of Meath; and, in 1624, was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh. VAL The rebellion in Ireland drove him from his see, and deprived him of every thing but his library. To the cause of Charles 1. he was warmly attached. He died, in 1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Ushe- is the author of many learned works; among which may be mentioned, De Ecclesiarum Christianarum Successione et Statu; Bri- tannicarnm Ecclesiarum Antiquitates; An- nals of the Old and New Testament; and Chronologia Sacra. USTARIZ, Jerome, the first Spanish writer who distinguished himself by a knowledge of political economy, was born, in Navarre, towards the end of the seven- teenth century, and died about the middle of the eighteenth. His Theory and Prac- tice of Commerce and Navigation has been translated into English and French. VADE, John Joseph, a French wri- ter of broad farces and songs, was born, in 1720, at Ham, in Picardy. His career was cut short, in 1757, by the consequen- ces of the dissipation in which he had spent his early youth. He was the first who introduced on the stage the coarse but emphatic slang language of the Parisian mob. His works form six volumes. VAHL, Martin, a Norwegian natu- ralist and botanist, was borq, in 1749, at Bergen ; studied natural history, at Copen- hagen and Upsal, under Stroem and Lin- naeus; was sent to travel, at the king's expose, over various parts of Europe and the African coast; and died, in 1804) pro- fessor of botany and inspector of tlie botanic garden at Copenhagen. Among his works are, Symbolae Botanicee; Eclogue Ameri- canse; Ennmeratio Plantarum; and a part of the Danish Zoology. VAILLANT, John Foi, a celebrated French numismatist, was born, in 1632, at Beauvais, and was brought up as a physi- cian. To the study of medals he was first led by a farmer bringing him some which he had found; and be pursued it eagerly and succesefiiUy. Employed by Colbert to collect medals for the king's cabinet, Vail- lant made numerous visits to Italyi Sicily, and Greece. In one of- his voyages, being pursued by an Algerine pirate^ he swal- lowed twenty scarce gold medals, to save them from the pursuers. He died in 1706. His works on the medallic science are numerous. — His son, John Francis Foi, trod in his fookiitepB. VAILLANT, Sebastian, an eminent botanist, was born, in 16G9, at Vigny, near Pontoise. Under his father, who was an organist, he when a child acquired a pro- ficiency in music; but he quitted moBic for the study of surgery. The lectures of Tournefort, at Paris, revived Variant's early predilection for botany, and to that science he devoted himself. He died, in 1722, director and professor of the royal garden. His great work is the Botanicon Farisiense, on which he waa thirty-eighl^ years occupied. VALCKENAER, Louis Gaspar, one of tlie most able of modern philologists am critics, was born, in 1715, at Leenwarden, in Friesland ; and studied at Franeker and Leyden, at which latter university he died, in 1785, professor of natural history, and of the Greek ' language and antiquities. Anong his works are editions of various classical production. His Opuscula were published in 1809, in two volumes. VALDO, Peter, the founder of the sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenses, was born, .in the twelfth century, at Vaux, in Dauphiny, and acquired a considerable fortune as a merchant at Lyons. The sudden death of a friend produced such an eifect upon his mind, that he distributed all his property to the poor, and began to translate the mble, and explain it to tliem. He also taught tliat the laity had the same right as the clergy to preacih and adminis- ter the sacraments. The general council of Lateran, in 1179, condemned his doc- trines, and he and his followers were obliged to take refuge in the mountains of Dauphiny and Piedmont, where, for a long period, they were brutally persecuted. A remnant of ihem still exists m Piedmont. VALENS, Flavius, a Roman emperor, the son of Gratian, count of A*'r.'cai was born, about 328, in Pannonia. ^ ^T^^a was admitted by his brother V.ivv"*S*»- VAt to a share in the imperial authority, and he took the government of the East. After having defeated the Persians and Goths, be suffered the latter to settle in Lower Moesia. They, however, revolted, and Valens was defeated by them, in 378, near Adrianople. A house, to which the wounded emperor was conveyed, was set on fire by the victors, and he perished in the flames. VALENTINE, Basil, an alchemist and chemist, of whose life Httle is record- ed, is said to have been born, in 1394, at Erfurth, and to have been a Benedictine monk. The properties of anatomy were discovered by him. His Currus Trium- phalis Antimonii has been translated into English. VALENTINIAN L, Flavius, a Ro- man emperor, the eldest son of Cotifnt Gratian, was born, in 321, in Pannonia; was chosen successor to Jovian, in 364; was victorious over the Alemani and the Quadi; and died in 375. VALENTINIAN II., Flavius, the son of the foregoing, was born in 371 ; suc- ceeded to the empire, in 375, with his brother Gratian, and bad Italy for hispor- tion; was dispossessed by Maximus, but was restored in 388; and was found dead in his palace, in 392, supposed to have been strangled by some of his domestics. VALENTINIAN IIL, Flavius Pla- ciDius, emperor of the West, was born, in 419, at Ravenna; and was assassinated in 455, in revenge for his having dishonoured the patrician Maximus, by intriguing with bis wife. VALERI4.N, PuBLius Liciirius Roman emperor, was raised to the imperial dignity in 254. After having reigned seven years, he was defeated and taken prisoner, near Edessa, by Sapor, king of Persia. The imperial captive is said to have been treated with the utmost indignity by the victor, and to have been at length flaved alive. Valerius maximus, a Roman historian, was born in the reign of Augus- tus. After having served in Asia, under Sextus Pompey, be settled at Rome, and withdrew from public aflairs that he might devote himself to literature. 'He is the autlior of a valuable work, De Dictis Factisque Memorabilibus, in nine books, which he dedicated to Tiberias ; and which was one of the first books that was pub- lished after the invention of printing. VALETTE, John PARTSOT de la, the forty-seventh grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born, in 1494, of an ttncient Toulousan family, and succeeded to tlie grand masteiship in 1557. His activity and success against the infi- dels so irritated Soliman, the Turkish sul-j three fulio volumes. Among them are, A tan, that he resolved to make himself mas- i History of Generation ; and many treatises 21t VAL 489 ter of Malta. The city was attacked by a formidable force in 1565; but after a des- perate struggle of four months, the valour of La Valette and his knights compelled the besiegers to retire with a loss of thirty thousand men. He died in 1568 La Va- lette founded the new city, which bears his name. VALLA, Laurence, one of tfc^ most eminent philologists of the fifteenth cen tury, who contributed greatly to the difiu sion of classical literature, was born, in 1406, at Rome ; was a celebrated professor at several Italian universities; was liber- ally patronised by Alphonso, kingof Arra- gon and Naples; and died in 1457. Valla was of a contentious disposition, and had several violent literary disputes with Poggio and others. His attack on the pretensions of the Holy See exposed him to danger from the Inquisition. One of his princi- pal works is A Treatise on tlie Elegancies of the Latin Language. VALLANCEY, Charles, an anti- quary, whose real name was Vallance, was born, in 1721, in England; entered the military service at an early period; rose to the rank of general of engineers; re- sided in Ireland during the greatest part of his life ; and died in 1812. Among his works are. The Field Engineer; The An- cient History of Ireland ; and several pro- ductions relative to Irish antiquities. VALLE, Peter della, a traveller, was born in 1586. After having made a naval campaign in the Spanish fleet, disap- pointed love led him to assume a pilgrim's habit. He began his travels in 1614, m the course of which he visited Asiatic Turkey, Persia, and India. On his return, in 1626, he obtained an office in the pope''s household. He died in 1652. The narra- tive of his peregrinations forms three quarto volumes. VALLI, EusEBius,an eminent and en- terprising Italian physician, was bom, in 1762, at Pistoia, and studied at Pisa. For ten years he was a military physiciau. He visited Smyrna and Constantinople to make ot^ervations on the plagne; and Spain and the Havannah to perfbnn the same task with respect to the yellow fever. In both instances he voluntarily subjected himself to the disease. From the plague he escaped, but he died of the yellow fever, in 1816. Among his works are. Treatises on the Plague; on Phthisis; and on Chro- nic Diseases. VALLISNIERI, Anthony, an Italian naturalist, was bom, ia 1661, at Tresilico, in the duchy of Modena; was appointed professor of practical medicine at Padua, in 1700; and divd in that city in 1730. The complete edition of his works forma 490 VAW on insectfi. VaUisnieri has a jnst claim to rank high among natural philosophers and medical practitioners. VALMIKIj the oldest and most cele- brated of the epic poets of India, is the author of Raymayana, -which narrates the exploits of Rama against the giant Ra- vanna. He is said to have existed at a very remote period, and the stories which are told of him are manifestly fabulous. Two books of the Sanscrit text of the Ramayana, with a literal version, have been published by Carey and Marshman. VALMONT DE BOMARE, James Christopher, an eminent naturalist, was born, in 1731, at Rouen. He was in- tended for the law, but chose the medical profession. The French government ap- pointed him its travelling naturalist, and he made an extensive tonr on the conti- nent, whence he returned, in 1756, with a rich collection, especially of minerals. For many years he was exceedingly popular, at Paris, as a lecturer on natural history. He died in 1807. His principal works are, A Treatise on Mineralogy; and A Dictionary of Natural History. VALPERGA DI CALUSO, Thomas DESCOMTES Masino, an Italian mathe- matician and author, was born, in 1737, at Turin; was for a while in the Maltese naval service; and afterwards entered the church. Settling at Turin, he became pro- fessor of Greek and the oriental languages .n the university, and president and direc- tor of one of the classes of the Academy of Sciences and Literature. He died in 1815. Of his numerous works, the mathe- matical were published with his own name ; tlie poetical, under that of Euforbo Mele- sigeneo ; and those on the eastern languages under that of Didymus Taurinensis. VALSALVA, Anthony Maria, a celebrated Italian anatomist, was born, in 1666, at Imola ; was professor of anatomy in the university of Bologna, and surgeon of the hospital of Incurables; and died in 1723. Among the services which he ren- dered to surgery are the simplifying of «any instruments, and the abolition of fie practice of cauterising the arteries of iin amputated limb. He had several emi- nent pupils, among whom was Morgagni. His principal work is the Anatomy of the Ear, which was the result of sixteen yeaxs' laouur. VALVASONE, Erasmus di, an Ital- ian poet, was born, in 1523, in Friuli ; resided upon the lordship which belonged to him and bore his name; spent his time in literature and in hunting; and died in 1593. His principal work is The Chase, a poem in five cantos, which Is considered as one of the best didactic poems in the bnguage. VANBRUGH, Sir John, it dramatist vjjr and architect, of whom it was said thatj though he wanted grace, he nevbr wanted wit, was born, about 1672, in London. He was early in the army, but does not appear to have remained in it long. His first comedy. The Relapse, was produced in 1697- It was followed by the Pro- voked Wife and j£sop. In 1707 he joined Betterton and Congreve in establishing the Haymarket Theatre, on which occasion he brought out The Confederacy. In 1704 he was appointed clarencieux king at arms ; in 1714 he was knighted; and, soon after, was made comptroller of the board of works and surveyor of Greenwich Hospital. He died in 1726. Though his licentiousness as a dramatist -must be condemned, his talent is undeniable. As an architect much ridicule has been cast on him by ignorant or tasteless critics, but against such puny attacks the splendid piles of Blenheim and Castle HowEurd are alone sufficient to de fend his fame. VANCOUVER, George, a British navigator, was bom about 1750; entered early into the naval service ; and served, as midshipman, under Captain Cook, in his second and third voyages. In 1790, he was appointed to command an expedition, to explore the western coast of North Amer- ica, to ascertain whether any communica- tion by water exists between the Atlantic and the Pacific. On this service, which he performed skilfully, he was five years employed. He died in 1798, when he had nearly completed for the press the Account of his Voyage. VANDALE, Anthont, a Dutch phy- sician and author, was born, in 1638, at Haerlem; was physician to the hospital of that city ; and died in 1708. He is the author of several learned but ill written works, one of the principal of which is Two Dissertations on Oracles, to which Fontenelle is much indebted for his History of the same subject. VANDERVELDE, William, called the Old, a celebrated painter, was born, in 1610, at Leyden, and was bred to the sea, but quitted it for painting. He was in- vited to England, with his son, by Charles the Second; lived there many years ; and died, in London, in 16^3. He excelled in marine subjects and battles; and was so anxious to be correct in his representations that he would sail, in a light vessel, close to the fleets while diey were hotly engaged. VANDERVELDE, William, called the Young, the son of the foregoing, was boj'u, in 1633, at Amsterdam ; accompanied his father to England, where his works became exceedingly popular; and died in 1707. He surpassed even the elder Van- dcrvelde in marine painting. Walpole denominates him the Rapliael of this branch uf art VAN VANDERVELDE, Adriaw. an admiV table landscape painter, was bom, ia 1639, at Amsterdam ; was a pupil of Wynanta ; and died in 1672 Though landscape was the peculiar department of Adrian, yet he was no mean historical painter, and he drew figures with such excellence that his assistance was often sought for by bis own master, and by Ruysdael, Hobbema, and others. VANDERWERF, Adrian, tlb emi- nent painter, was born, in 1659, at Am- bach'., near Rotterdam; was a pupil of Picolet and Vandermeer; was patronised by the Elector Palatine, for whom he exe- cuted many of his best works; and died in 1718. His small history pieces are much esteemed. — ^His brother, Peter, who was born at Rotterdam in 1665, and died iq, 1718, acquired fame as a painter of por- traits and conversation pieces. VANDYQK, Sir Anthony, one of the grp^test of portrait painters, was born, fliarch 22, 1598-9, at Antwerp, and was the son of a merchant. His mother dis- tinguished herself as a dower painter. Henry Van Balens and Rubens were his tutors in the pictorial art; the latter, with whom he was a favourite, cultivated his talents with great care, and advised hi to visit Italy. After having resided for some time at Rome, and other Italian cities, Vandyck returned to Antwerp, whence he fiassed over to England. Charles I. was a iberal patron to him. He knighted and pensioned him, and obtained for him in marriage the daughter of Lord ijrowrie. Vandyck died in 1641. His works are numerous, and are deservedly held in the highe<;t estimation. VAJV DYK, Harry Stoe, a poetical and miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1798, in London, and died June 5, 1828. He is the author of Theatrical Portraits; The Gondola; Songs of the Minstrels; contributed to the first series of The Lon* don Magazine; and joined with Mr. Bow- ing in translating the Batavian Anthology. VANE, Sir Henry, the younger, the •on of Sir Henry Vane, was born, in 1612, and was educated at Westminster School VAN 491 and Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Having im- bibed the principles of the puritans, he emigated to America, and was elected governor of Massachusetts. Returning to England, he was chosen member for Hull, and, during the struggle between the king and the parliament, he took nn active part on the side of the latter. He had, how- ever, no part in the trial or death of Charles. To the authority of Cromwell he was steadily hostile, and, after the death of the protector, he laboured strenu- uously to establish a republican govern- ment. He was executed for high treason, in June, 1662, in violation of justice, and of the king's plighted word. Vane was a man of talent, and, though he was an enlhnsiast in religion and politics, there seems to be no valid reason to doubt hia sincerity. VANIERE, James, a French poet, a member of the society of Jesuits, was born, in 1664, at Causses, in Languedoc; was professor of languages and rhetoric in various colleges; and died in 1739. His principal work is a Latin poem, the Prse- dium Rusticum, in sixteen books, describ- ing, in elegant verse, the various labours of a farm. VANINI, LDciLius,aphiIosopher,was born, in 1585, at Taurosano, in the king- dom of Naples; studied philosophy and theology at Rome; entered into the eccle- siastical state; travelled in various parts of Europe; and was at last burnt, in 1619, at Toulouse, on a charge of atheism, which appears to have been unfounded. He is the author of AmphitheatrumjStemae Pro- videntiae; De Admirandis Natune; Dia- logues ; and other works. VANNUCCHI, a celebrated painter, generally known under the namt of An- drea del S A rto, was bom, in 1488, at Florence, in which city he died in 1530^ in a state of abject poverty. Among his finest pieces are, The Preaching of Saint John; a Virgin and Child; and a Flight into Egypt. VAN SWIETEN, Gerard, an emi- nent physician, wag born, in 1700, atLey- den; studied at the university of that city, and of Lonvain, and was a pupil of Boer- haave ; became medical professor at Leyden, but lost his office in consequence of being a catholic ; and was invited to Vienna, in 1745, by the empress, who made him her principal physician, director general of medicine in Austria, imperial librarian, a professor, and a baron. He died in 1772. Among his works are. Commentaries on the Aphorisms of Boerhaave; Aphorisms of Surgery ; and Treatises on Epidemics, and on Diseased of the Army. VANVITELLl,or VAN VITE, Louis, a celebrated architect, the son of a paintei, was born in 1700 at Nap)""*, and died at £» VAR Caserta, in 1773. Among his ffreat and numerous works are, the palace of Caserta, the public buildings at the port of Ancona*, and the churches of St. Francis and St. Dominic at Urbino. VARCHT, Benedict, a poet and his- torian, was bnrn, in 1502, at Florence, and studied at Parma and Pisa. Havingtaken a part against the Medici family, he was banished, but his literary reputation in- dueed Cosmo I. to recal and pension him, and to confide to him the task of writing the History of the Florentine Republic. In his latter days he entered into the cler- ical state. He died in 1565. Among his works are, The Florentine History ; Poems; and A Dialogue ou the Tuscan Language. VAREN, or VARENIUS, Bernard, a geographer, was born, about the begin- ning of the seventeenth 'century, at Am- sterdam ; followed the profession of a physician ; and died about 16S0. He is the author of a well executed System of Geography, on which Newton did not dis- dain to comment; and A Description of Japan and Siam.'^ VARGAS Y PONCE, Don Joseph, a Spanish geographer and navigator, was born, about 1755, at Cadiz or Seville; assisted Tofino in forming the Atlas of the Spanish Coasts; and died, in 1821, at Madrid, a member of the Cortes. He 'wrote, among other works, A Duscrtption of the Pityusse and Balearic Isles; and A Relation of the last Voyage in the Straits of Magellan. VARIGNON, Peter, an eminent geo- metrician, the son of an architect, was born, in 1654, at Caen, in Normandy; was intended for tlie church, but became pro- fessor of mathematics at Mazarin College, and afterwards at the College of France; and died of apoplexy, in 1722. Varignon WIS one of the first to cultivate the science of infinitesimals. Among his works are. New Conjectures on Gravity; New Me- chanics or Statics; and Elements of Math- ematics. VARILLAS, Anthony, a French his- torian, was born, in 1624, at Gueret. After having been a private tutor in his native province, he went to Paris, where he was made historiographer to the duke of Orleans, and assistant librarian at the Royal Libi;ary. The last of these places, however, lie lost, in consequence of the careless manner in which he collated some manuscripts. His historical works were popular for a time, but, after his gross errors in The History of Heresies Irad been detected by Burnet and Larroque, no book- seller would purchase his productions. He died in 1696. Hi» principal work is A History of France. VARRO, Marcus TERE^TIUS, who VAU is regarded as the most learned c \rm ancient Romans, was bom B. c. Ii6 ; studied philosophy under Stilo and Antio- chus of Ascalon; filled the offices of trium- vir and tribune of the people ; espoused the cause of Pompey, but afterwards became the friend of Caesar, who confided to him the formation of a public library; nar- rowly escaped proscription by the triumvi- rate; and died B. c. 27. He is said to have written between four and five hundred volumes, of which only a Treatise on Agriculture, part of a Treatise on the Latin Language, and some fragments, are extant. VASARI, George, a Florentine artist and author, was born, in 1512, at Arezzo.; studied under Michael Angelo and other great masters; acquired a profound know- ledge of architecture as well as of paint- ing; was employed by Cosmo I. to super- intend the public buildings which he erected; and died in 1574. As a paintei he has merit, but he is best known by hijf valuable work. The Lives of the most excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Archi- tects. VAS1, Joseph, a designer and engrav- er, was born, in 1710, in Sicily; spent the greatest part of his life at Rome, and wis patronised by Benedict XJV. and by Charles Ill.-of Naples; and died in 1782 His two great works, ^e one in ten folio volumes, the other in two, represent all the remarkable objects in Rome and its environs. He was the instructor of J. B. Piranesi. VATER, John Seterihus, an emi- nent philologist, was born, in 1771, at Altenburg, in Saxony j and died, in 1826, professor of the oriental languages at Halle, after having filled the theological chair at Koenigsberg. He is the author of various works on the eastern tongues; the Con tinuation of Ade1uDg*s Miuiridates; Syn- chronistic Tables of Ecclesiastical Histo- ry; and a Universal and Chronological History of the Christian Church. VATTAL, Emmerick, a celebrated Swiss publicist, was born, in 1714, at Couret, in the principality of Neufchatel; became envoy from Saxony to Berne, and ' afterwards privy counsellor to Augustus ITT. of §axony; and died in 1767. The work on which his fame rests is. The Law of Nations, or Principles of Natural Law applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. It has been translated into various languages, and has partly superseded the productions of Gro- tius and Puffendorf. VAUBAN, Sebastian le PRES- TRE-de, a French marshal, the greatest of military engineers, was born, in 1633, at Saint fleger de Foucherer, in Burgundy. He first served in tlie Spanish army, undei VAU Gond^, bot, being taken prisoner by the r reach troops, Mazarin gave him a lieu- tenancy. The sieges of Yprea, Gravelines, and Oudenarde, in 1658, were his first essays in the science of attack. From that period till the peace of Ryswick be was incessantly employed, eiflier in erect- ing fortresses for the defence of France, or in reducing those which belonged to her enemies ; and in both cases his matchless skill was equally displayed. In 1703 hw reluctantly accepted the marshal's staff. The s'lese of Brisach was his last operation. He died in 1707. Vaubaa left a MS. col- lection, in twelve folio volumes, containing his ideas and projects on various branches of government. He also wrote various other works, principally on fortification. All contemporary writers agree in giving, the highest praise to bis private character. VAUCANSON, jAMESDE,an eminent mechanist, was born, in 1709, at Grenoble, and died in 1782. Among his automatical performances were a flute player, and a pipe and tabor player. But even these were surpassed by two ducks, which dab- bled with their beaks, ate grain, and voided it after it bad undergone a sort of digestive process. VAUGELAS, Clacde Favre de, a celebrated gramimirian, was born, about 1585, at Chambery, and died, at Paris, in 1650. His critical'knowledge of the French language caused him to be admitted into the Academy, and to be chosen to superin" tend the execution of the Dictionary. He wrote Remarks on the French Language; and translated Quintus Curtius. VAUVENARGUES, Loke de CLA- PIERS, marquis of, an eminent French writer on mora) philosophy, was born, in 1715, at Aix, in Provence, and entered the army at tlie age of seventeen. The fatigue wbicb he endured in the retreat from Prague undermined his constitution, and the small pox completed the niin.of bis health. To soothe his continual suffer- ings be resorted to meditation and com- position. He died in 1747. Voltaire was one of his warmest friends. The works of Vauvenargues form three volumes, and consist of Thoughts, Reflections, and Max- ims, Dialogues, Characters, &c. VAaVILUERS, John Francis, an eminent hellenist, was born, in 1737, at Paris; au;:ceeded his father as Greek pro- fessor at the university of that city; and died, in 1801, in Russia, in which country be had taken refuge, after being condemned to transportation, as a royalist, in 1*^7. Aming his works are. An Essay on Pin- dar; An Examination of the Government of Sparta; and Summary Ideas on Politi- cal SucietJes. Tlie last uf these, on which he was occupied during fifteen years, is ye) unpublii-hed. VEN 498 VEGETIUS RENATUS, Flayiits, the most celebrated Roman writer on the military art, flourished about the end of the fourth century, under Valentinian II. and is supposed to have been an inhabitant of Constantinople, and of a noble family. His work on Military Afiairs consists of five books, and has been commented upon by Turpin de Crisse. VELASQUEZ, James Roderpck de SILVA Y, a celebrated Sf»nish pa*?ter, was born, in 1599, at Seville; was a pupil of Herrera the Elder and Pacheco; was patronised and highly esteemed by Philip III. and XV.; and died in 166Q Among his greatest wt>rks are. The Expulsion of the Moors; The Crucifixion; Joseph's Coat; and several portraits. VELDE, Chari.es Francis, van DER, a romance writer, who has been call- ed the German Sir Walter ScoU, was born in 1799, at Breslau, and died in 1824. He began his career, in 1809, by writing short pieces for the journals; was after- wards a dramatist, in which he was not successful; and, lastly, became a popular novelist. His works form eighteen vol- umes. Among tliem are, Arwed Gyllen- stierna; The Patricians; The Anabaptists; The Hussites; Christina and her Court; and Tales and Legends. VELLY, Paol Francis, a French historian, was born, in 1711, or 1709, at Crugny, near Rheims; was at one period a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became a private tutor; and died in 1759. He is the author of a History of France, of which he completed eight quarto volumes, and which was continued by Villaret and Gar- nier. Velly is impartial, and accurate as far as his knowledge extends, but his in- formation is nut drawn from the fountain head. VENDOME, Louis Joseph, duke of, a great general, and a profligate man, th« grandson uf Henry IV., was born in 1654, and made his first campaign in 1672, at the invasion of Holland. After having distinguished himself in Flanders and Italy, he was, in 1695, appointed to command the army in Catalonia, where he reduced Barcelona with extraordinary celerity. From Italy, where, in the war of die suc- cession, he was opposed to Prince Eugene, he was recalled, in 1708, to remedy the disasters which Uie incapacity of Villeroi had occasioned in the Netherlands. He fiiiled, however, to accomplish thin' and was defeated at Oudenarde. In 1709 he was sent into Spain, wiiere he gained the decisive victory of Villa Viciosa, and es- tablished Philip on the throne. He died suddenly in 1712. Ve^dome possessed abilities, but he was dirty in his habits, and depraved in his morals. VEiNTENAT Stephen Peter, as 494 VER eminent French botanist, was bom, 1757, at Limoges ; was a re^lar canon of Saint Genevieve, but quitted thn order during the revolution, and married; lec- tured on botany at the Lyceum; became chief librarian of the Pantheon, and a member of the Institute; and died in 1808. Be:5ides ixanv papers in scientific Transac- tions, he published The Garden of Mal- maison, in two folio volumes; A Selection of P ants; A Dissertation on Mosses; and other works. VENTURt, John Baptist, an Italian natural philosopher, was born, in 1746, at Bibiano, in the duchy ofReggio; was successively professor of metaphysics and ■geometiy at lleggio, engineer and professor of philosophy at Modena, member of the legislative body of the Cisalpine republic, professor of physics at Pavia, and envoy from the kingdom of Italy to Berne. Na- poleon gave him the cross of the legion of honour and of the iron crown. Venturi died in 1822. Among his works are. Commentaries on the History and Theory of Optics; On the Origin and Progress of Artillery; and An Essay on the Physico- Mathematical Works of Leonardo da Vinci. VERE, Sir Francis, an English gen- eral, the grandson of the earl of Oxford, was born, in 1554, and served with dis- tinction in the-Netherlands, under the earl of Leicester, Lord Willoughby, and Prince Maarice, and also, as lord marshal, in the expedition against Cadiz, Bergenopzoom, Zutphen, Deventer, Nieuport, and Osteod were the principal scenes of his exploits. He died in 1608. He wrote Commenta- ries on the wars in which he had been engaged. — His younger brother, Horace, was also' a gallant officer. VERNET, Claudiqs Joseph, an em- inent French painter, was bom, in 1714, ftt Avignon, and at the age of eighteen he visited Rome, where he studied under Fergioni. His voyage to Italy turned his genius to marine painting, in which h& acquired almost unrivalled reputation. After an absence of twenty-two years he returned to France. On his homeward passage a storm arose, daring which he ordered himself to be tied to the mast, that he might make a faithful sketch of the scene. On his return he was employed by Louis XV. to delineate the principal ports, a Usk which occupied him for ten years. He died in 1789. VERNIER, Peter, a French mathe- matician, was bom, about 1680, at Ornans, in Burgundy, and died in 1637. He in- vented the astronomical instrument which bears his name, but which has sometimes been erroneously attributed to Nonius. VERNON, Ed WARD, a British admiral, leacended from a Staffordshire family, was VER bom, in 1684, at Westminster, and chose the naval profession, in opposition to the wishes of bis father, who was secretary, of state to William IIL After having served under Hopson, Rooke, and other com- manders, he rose, in 1739, to the rank of vice admiral of the blue. In that year he took the town of Porto Hello, and destroyed the fortifications. He was less fortunate in 1741, when, in conjunction with Went- worth, he failed at Carthagena. He died in 1759. VERRI, Peter, an Italian statesman and author, was horn, in 1728, at Milan; quitted the military service for the civil, and held several important offices under the Milanese government ; and died in 1797. His advice bad considerable influ- ence in inducing Beccaria to write the famous treatise on crimes and punishments. His principal work is, Meditations on Po- litical Economy. VERRI, Count Alexander, a brother of the foregoing,- was born, in 1741, at Milan; was brought up to the bar, but quitted it to devote himself to literature; and died in 1S16. Among his works are, A Life of Erostratus; the romance of Sap- pho ; An Essay on the General History of Italy; Analyses of and Criticisms upon the principal Grecian Orators; and The Roman Nights; the last of which has been translated into several languages. VERROCHIO, Andrew, a sculptor, was bom, in 1422, at Florence, and died in 1488. In bronze works he surpassed all his contemporaries. Among bis chief productions are, a Christ and St. Thomas, and an equestrian statue of Bartholomew Colleoni. Verrochio was also an able pain- ter, and one of the best musicians of his period. He invested the method of taking the features in a plaster mould. VERSTEGAN, Richard, an antiqua- ry, was born in London, and was educated at Oxford. Being a catholic, he settled at Antwerp, where, in 1592, he published his Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum, which gained him little credit, and was the cause of his being imprisoned when he subsequently visited Paris. As an anti- quary he was more fortunate. His most valuable work is The Restitution of de- cayed Intelligence, which has been more than once reprinted. He died in 1635. VERTOT, Rene Aubert, abbe de,a French historian, was born, in 1655, at Benetot, in Normandy, and was, succes- sively, a capuchin friar, a Premonstraten- sian, a secular ecclesiastic, prior of Joy- enval, and a parish minister. He was also secretary to the duchess of Orleans, histo- riographer of Malta, and an associate of the academy of belles lettres. He died ir. 1735. The principal works of Vertotare, A History of the Conspiracy of Portugal VES ■-^ the Revolations of Sweden — of the Revolations of the Roman Republic — and of Malta. The style of Vertot is pleaaiog, bot^ he is deficient in research, and is oc- casionally guilty of the serious historical feult of sacrificing correctness to dramatic effect. VERTUE, George, an able engraver, was born, in 1684, in Westminster ; was apprenticed to a plate engraver, and after- wards worked for seven years under Van- dergucht. In 1709 he began business for himself. He was patronised by Sir God- frey Kneller, the earls of Oxford and Bur- lington, and the prince of Wales. He died in 1756. Among bis engravings, which amouQt to five hundred, are the heads for Rapin's England, twelve heads of distinguished poets, and portraits of VEE 495 however, by the honour which Columbus had acquired, Vespucci quitted traffic, about 1499, to eater on the career of dis- covery. He subsequently made several voyages in ttie Spanish and Portaguese services, and explored a considerable ex- tent of the South American coast. He died in 1516. By an act of flagrant in- justice to Columbus, the name of one who was only his imitator was given to the new world. VICENTE, Git, the earliest and most eminent of the Portuguese comic poets, was born, about 14S0, at Gutmaraens, or at Barcellos; studied jurisprudence at the university of Lisbon ; became a popular dramatist, and brought the drama of his country to a much more perfect state; and died in 1557. His works were published Archbishop Tillotson and George I. It ' by his son; but complete copies of them was principally from the materials col- lected by Vertue that Horace Walpole drew his Anecdotes of Painting. VERUS, Lucius AcREi,ius,aRoman emperor, was bom in 130, and, with Mar- cus Aurelius, was adopte^l by Antoninus Pins. He filled the offices of qnestor and consul, and, after the death of Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius associated him in the government. Verus obtained a triumph, and the snmame of Parthicus, for the suc- cesses of his generals against the Parthi- ans. He died m 169. His manners were dissolute, but his disposition was not cruel. VESALIUS, Andrew, an eminent anatomist, was born, in 1514, at Brussels; was educated at Louvain and Paris ; was professor of anatomy at various Italian universities; and afterwards chief physi- cian to Charles V. and Philip TI. ; and died of hunger and fatigue, in 1563, in Zante, on which island he bad been shipwrecked as he was returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Vesalins displayed an extra- ordinary predilection for the science of anatomy at a very early period, and his treatise on The Formation of the Human Body was comp ^9ed when he was only ei^teen. VESPASIAN, TiTUS FtAVius, a Ro- man emperor, was born, at Rieti, towards the close of the reign of Augustus; and, after leaving been edile, pretor, commander of a Ic^cn, consul, and proconsul of Alri- ea, and having distinguished himself in Germany, Britain, and Palestine, was raised to the empire, a. d. 69. He reigned ten years, and died, in 79, gene- rally regretted^ VESPUCCI, or VESPUCIUS, Ame- rigo, an eminent navigator, was born, in 1451, at Florence; was liberally educated; aiuf was brought np to cmimerce. Ig 1490 he was sent bv his father to conduct ]iis oonmercial a^irs IP Spain. Stimulated, | dowera. are now unattainable. VICQ D'AZYR, Felix, an able French anatomist and physician, was born, in 1748, at Valo^ne; lectured at Paris with great success upon anatomy; became principal physician to the queen; and died in 1794. Among his works are, A Treatise on Anatomy and Physiology; An Anatomical System of Quadrupeds; and A Treatise on the Curing of Homed Cattle. The whole of his productions have been collected in six volumes. VIDA, M,ARK Jerome, one of the most eminent of modern Latin poets, was born, in 1490, at Cremona; studied at Padua, Bologna, and Mantua; was raised to the bishopric of Alba by Clement VII. as a reward for having written The Christiad ; and died in 1566. His works ibrm two quarto volumes. Among them are. The Art of Poetry ; Chess ; The Christiad; The Silkworm; Hymns; and other poems. * VIEL, Charles Francis, an archi- tect, was born, in 1745, at Paris, and died there in 1817. He erected several splendid edifices in the French capital; and wrote a Letter on Ancient and Mod- ern Architecture; Principles of the Ar- rangements and Construction orBuildings; and other works. VIEW, Joseph Mary, an eminent French painter, was bom, in 1716, at Montpellier; studied at Paris, under Na- toire, and at Rome; was received a mem- ber of the Academy, in 1745, and became successively professor, rector, and direc- tor; and died in 18(^. Among his best works are, St. Denis preaching; a Sleep- ing Hermit ; the Parting -of Hector aLd Andrumache ; and Hector exhorting Paris to arm himself. David and Vincent were pupils of Vien. — His wife, Maria, who died in 1S05, aged seventy -seven, was an excellent painter of birds, shells, and 496 vn. VIETA, Francis, a celebrated -French mathematician, was born, in 1540, at Fontenai le CoiBte, in Lower Poiton, and died at Paris, in 1603. He is considered as one of the principal founders of mattie- matica) analysis, and made many improve- ments in algebra, among which is the use of letters as the symbols of quantities. Vieta was also celebrated as a decypherer. His works were edited, in a folio volume, by Schooten, with the assistance of Golius and Mersenne. VIGEE, Louis William Bernard Stephen, a French poet and dramatist, was born, in 1755, at Paris, and died there in 1820, reader to Louis XVIII. He is the author of many poems; a Course of Literature, delivered at the Athenxum; three comedip" ; and the Pro and Con, a religious, moral, political, and literary dial )giie. VIUNOLA, James, whose real name was BAROZZIO, a celebrated architect, was born, in 1507, at Vignola, in the Mo- denese territory, and relinquished paint- ing for architecture. He constructed va- rious magnificent edifices at Bologna, Par- ma, Perugia, and Rome ; but his master- piece is the Caprarola palace, and he was intrusted with the management of tlie works at St. Peter's after the death of Michael Angelo. For the king of Spain he drew the designs of the Escurial ; and in this instance his plans were preferred to those of twenty-two other artists. He died in 1573. He wrote treatises on Perspec- tive, and on the Five Orders. VILLAiN'I, John, a celebrated Italian historian, was born, before the close of the thirteenth century, at Florence ; travelled on various parts of the continent; filled several important offices in his native country ; and died of the plague in 1348. His History of Florence was continued by his brother Matthew and his nephew Philip, the latter of whom is also the au- thor of Lives of Illustrious Florentines. VILLARET, CLADDiDS,a French his- torian, was born, about 1715, at Paris, and was brought up to the bar, but quitted it for literature, and then we -t upon the stage, on which he remained till 1756. He subsequently obtained a place in the Chamber of Accounts, and was intrusted with tke arrangement of the archives of that oflScc — a task which led him to ex- amine into the sources of French history. In consequence of this, he was employed to continue the work of Velly, and he is allowed to have surpassed his predecessor His pnrti.in uf the Hi.'itory extends from 1329 to 1469. His other productiuns are forgotten. He did in 1766. V1LL.4RS, Loots Hector, marshal, duke of, one of the most eminent of the French generals, was born, in 1653, at VIL Moulins. He served his apf,reBticeilii|i to the art of war under Tureone,.Condey Luxembourg, and Crequi. Soon after the peace of Nimeguen, he was sent ambassa- dor to Vienna. In the war which was terminated by the treaty of Ryswick, he distinguished himself, and particularly at the combat of Leuze. In 1699, he was again appointed ambassador at Vienna, and ' in Uiis situation be displayed infinite diplomatic skill. During the war of the succession he was commander in chief in \arious quarters, and by numerous splendid achievements acquired a right to be con- sidered as one of the greatest generals of the age. He closed, in 1732, his military career, by the conquest of the Milanese and the Mantuan. Me died in 1734. VILLARS,MoNTFAOCON DE,aFrench abb?, was born, in 1635, in the neighbour- hood of Toulouse; and acquirea great reputation at Paris as a preacher, bnt was prohibited from preaching in consequence of his publishing The Count de Gabalis, hich his enemies pretended to be an irreligious work. He was assassinated in 1675. The idea of the sylphid machinery of the Rape of the Lock is borrowed firom The Count de Gabalis. VILLARS, Dominic, a French botan- ist, was born, in 1745, in a hamlet of the Gapeni^ois; received a scanty education, but improved it by study ; became eminent as a physician and botanical lecturer ; and died in 1814. Among his works are, A Natural History of the Plants of Dauphiny ; and Memoirs on Topography and Natural History. VILLEHARDOUIN, Geoffrt de, a French chronicler, was bom, in 1167, near Arcis sur Aube; held the office of marshal of Champagne; took a part in the crusade of 1 198, and was present at the capture of Constantinople; was ap- pointed marshal ol Romania ; and died in Thessaly, about 1213. He wrote a Hi»> tory of the Events from 1198 to 1207. VILLERS, Chakles Francis Do- minic, a French writer, was born, in 1767, at Boulay, in Lorraine ; served as a cap- tain of artillery, bat emigrated in 1792, and joined the army of Conde; subse- quently abandoned military for literaiy pursuits, settled in Germany, and became professor of French literature atGottingen; and died in 1815. His principal work ii An Essay on the Spirit and Influence of tlie Reformation brought about by Luther. VILLIERS. See Bockinoham. VILLIERS DE L'lSLE ADAM, Phi- lip DE,.the forty-third grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was a Frenchman, born in 1464. IJe was re- siding in France, as ambassadoi' from his order, wht^n, in 1521, he was raised to the grand-mastership, and he instantly hastened VIN back to Rhodes, which he knew to be threatened by the Turks. In the foUow- iug year he, for geveral months, defended the island with desperate valo.ir against the numerous forces of Soliman; bnt was at length obliged to acce[)t an honourable capiuilation. After having remained for some time with his knights at Viterbo, he took possession of Maka, which was ceded to the order by Charles V. He died in 1534. VIIXOISON, John Baptist d'Ansse DE, a celebrated French hellenist, was Dorn, in 1750, at Corbeil, and at the age of nineteen had read, and made critical notes on, all the Latin autht}rromote a union of the English and Gal- ican churches; a well-meant measure, for which he was grossly calumniated. Among his works are, Sermons; an Exposition of the Catechism; and a version of the Epis- tles of the Apostolical Fathers. WAKEFIELD, Gilbkrt, a scholar and critic, was born, in 1756, at Notting- ham, and was educated at Jesus College, Oxford. After having been a curate at Stockport, and also near Liverpool, he quitted the church, and became claaKical tutor at the Warrington Dissenting Acad- emy. In 1790 he was appoihted to the same office in Hackney College, but held it only a year. Being a warm friend to the French revolution, and as warmly hos- tile to the war against the republic, he took a decidtd part in the angry politics of that ditituibed period. In 17dS he was prosecuted for a Reply to the Bishop of WAL Llandaflf*s Address to the People of Great Britain, and was sentenced to an impris- onment of two years in Dorchester Gaol. During his captivity a subscription amount- ing to five thousand pounds was rai.sed for him. He died in 1801, soon after his liberation. Among his works are, his own Memoirs; a translation of the New Tes- tament; Silva Critica; a Reply to Paine's Age of Reason ; and editions of various classics, and of Pope'saHomer. WALES, WiLi.tAM, a matliematician and astronomer, was born about 1734; went to Hudson's Bay in 1769 to observe the transit of Venus ; accompanied Captain Cook in two voyages round the world; and died, in 1798, mathematical master at Christ's Hospital, and secretary to the board of longitude. An)ong his works are, Astronomical Observations in the Southern Hemisphere ; a treatise on the Discovery of the Longitude by means of Timepieces ; and an Inquiry into the Population of England and Wales. WALKER, Clement, a political wri- ter of the seventeenth century, was born at Cliffe, in Dorsetshire; was educated at Christ Church, Oxford ; and became M. P. for Wells. Being a zealous presbyterian, he was violently hostile to the Indepen- dents, against whom he published, in 1648, A History of Independency. He also at- tacked the protector in a treatise called Cromwell's Slaughter House. He was com- mitted to the Tower, and died there in 1651. WALKER, George, an Irish divine, was born, in the seventeenth century, in the county of Tyrone; was educated at the university of Glasgq^w; and became rector of Donoghmore. When James II. invaded Ireland, Walker raised a regi- ment, and successfully defended London- derry against him, after the governor had abandoned his poan,. He was nominated bishop of Derry, but was killed soon after at the battle of the Boyne. He wrote an Account of the Siege. WALKER, Adam, an astronomical lecturer and miscellaneous writer, was bom, in 1731, in Westmoreland, and very early displayed a turn for mechanics. Wliile following his father^s business of a woollen manufacturer, he used to amuse himself with making models of mills. He was, in succession, an usher, a mathemati- cal teacher, a tradesman, and the master of an academy; and al last became, and continued through life, a highly popular lecturer on astronomy. He died February 11, 1821. Among his works are, A System of Familiar Philosophy; Lectures on Ex- perimental Philosophy; A Treatise on Geographv; . and two 'J'ours. WALKER, John, a lexicographer, was born, in 1732, at Friern Baruet, in Hert- fordshire ; was, at first, master of an WAL 501 lecturer on academy, and, subsequently, elocution; and died in 1807. His princi- pal works are, A Pronouncing Dictionary; a Rhyming Dictionary; Elements of Elo- cution ; and a Rhetorical Grammar. WALKER, John, a physician and geo- graphical writer, was born, in 1769, at Cockermouth, and died June 23, 1830. Tnis singular character passed through the various occupations of engraver, smith, one of the crew of a privateer, school- master, and medical practitioner. In the latter capacity he .contributed greatly to diffuse vaccination, and at the time of his decease he was at the head of the Vacr.ine Institution. He published a Gazetteer and Atlas. WALL, John, a physician, was born, tp 1708, at Powick, in Worcestershire; was educated at Worcester Grammar School, and at Merton College, Oxford; settled at Worcester as a medical practi- tioner; and died in 1776. Wall first made known the virtues of the Malvern waters, and he contributed to establish the porce- lain manufactory at. Worcester. WALLACE, Sir William, a Scottish patriot and hero, the younger son of Sir Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Renfrew- shire, was born in 1276. Indignant at seeing his country enslaved by Edward I. he resolved to undertake its litieration. His success at the head of a small band of followers induced many of the barons to join him, and he^gained a splendid victory over Earl Warenne, at Cambuskenneth. He was appointed regent, but his elevation having excited jealousy among the nobles, he resigned the ofiice. The defeat of the Scots, at Falkirk, compelled Wallace to resort to his original system of predatory warfare, and for seven years he continued to harass the invaders ; but, in 1305, he was betrayed into the hands of Edward by Sir John Monteith, and the monarch stained his character by executing his captive as a traitor. WALLENSTEIN, WALSTEIN, >r WALDSTEIN, Albert Venck laus EusEBius, duke of Friedland, a celebra- ted German general, was born, in 1583, in Bohemia, and began life as page to the margrave of Burgau, son of the archduke Ferdinand. After having travelled over nearly the whole of Europe, he married a widow possessed of immense riches, who left him a widower at the end of four years. At the head of a formidable army raised by him for the service of the emperor, and paid from his own resources and from un- limited plunder, he, fur several years, dis- tinguished himself by his successes in Mor- avia, Bohemia, and Northern Germany, and was rewarded with the dukedoms of Mecklanburgh and Friedland. His ene- mies at length succeaded in procuring his B02 WAL dismlsflion, and he retired to Prague, where I he lived with all the state of a sovereign. ' The pfogress of Gustavus Afiolphus com- j pelled the emperor, in 1632, to place Wal- ' ienstein again in command of his forces, with almost regal autliority. He foiled Gustavus at Nuremberg, but was defeated at Leipsic. At length he was accused of treaaon, and \i\fi commission was revoked ; and, while he was meditating projects of revenge, he was assassinated, in 1634, by some of his own officers. WALLER, Sir William,, an eminent parliamentary general, was born, in 1597, in Kent, and was educated at Magdalen College and Hart Hall, Oxford. On his returning from serving as a volunteer in Germany, against the emperor, he was elected fur Andover as a member of the Long Parliament, ^e opposed the court, and, on the breaking out of the war, was made second in command under the ear] of Essex. He fought chiefly in the west of England, and with varied fortune. The self-denying ordinance excluded him from Bervice, and he became so much an object of suspicion to the republicans, that he was twice imprisoned. He died in 1668. He wrote Divine Meditations; and a Vindica- tion of his conduct. WALLER, Edmund, an elegant poet, the son of a Buckinghamshire gentleman of large fortune, was born, in 1603, at Coleshill, in Warwickshire, and was edu- cated at Eton, and at -King's College, Cambridge. In his sixteenth or seven- teenth year he sat in parliament, and in his eighteenth hs began to display his poetical talents. . His already large fortune he in- creased^by a marriage with a rich heiress, who soon left him a widower, and he then unsuccessfully paid court to Lady Dorothea Sidney, the Sacharissa of his verses. In the Long Parliament he was a moderate opponent of the court, and he was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with the king at Oxford. He was either already a secret royalist, or was converted by his intercourse with the monarch; for, soon after his visit to Oxford, he entered into a conspiracy against the house of commons. _t was discovered; but Waller saved his life; though at the expense of such cow- ardice, treachery, and cunning, as tho- roughly disgraced him. He was iined ten thousand pounds, and banished. Cromwell, however, permitted him to return, and treated him with favour; and the gratitude of the poet was displayed by a splendid panegyric, and, nubsequently, by the less questionable tribute of an elegy on the leath of the protector. During the reigns of Charles II. and James II. he was highly distinguished at court, and was generally admired for his abilities and his wit. He died in 1687. WAL WALLERIUS, John Gottschalk* a Swedish naturalist, was bora, in 1709, in the district of Necke, and died, in 1805, professor of chemistry, metallurgy, and pharmacy, at the university of Upsal. His countrymen consider him to have been one of those who, in the eighteenth century, contributed the most to the diffusion of science and literature among them. He wrote several works on mineralogy, me- tallurgy, chemistry, and agriculture. WALLIS, John, an eminent mathema- tician and divine, was born, in 1616, at Ashford, in Kent; was educated at Ema- nuel College, Cambridge; obtainedy^ in 1643, the living of St. Gabriel, Fenchurch Street; was chosen, in 1649, Savilian pro- fessor of geometry at Oxford ; was made keeper of the archives there, Ih 1658; re- tained his oflices at the Restoration, and was appointed one of the royal chaplains; was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society ; and died in 1703. Wallis had consummate skill in the art of deci- phering, and his talents were much called into use by the republican and succeeding regal governments. * He was also one of the first who gave the power of speech to the deaf and dumb. As a mathematician his fame stands high both in England and on the continent. Hismatliematical works form three volumes, and his theological a fourth. WALN, Robert, a miscellaneous wri- ter, was born in Philadelphia, and was liberally educated, but adopted no profes- sion. He was the author of The Hermit n Philadelphia, a satire; The American Bards, a satire; Sisyphi Opus, or Touches at the Times; a History of China; some of the lives in the Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence; a Life of Lafayette ; and an account of the Quaker HospUal at Frankford, near Philadelphia. He died in 1824, at the age of thirty-one. WALPOLE, Robert, earl of Oxford, a statesman, was born, in 1676, at Hough- tCLn, his father's seat, in Norfolk, and was educated at Eton, and at King's College, Cambridge. He first sat in parliament, in 1701, as member for Castle Rising; but in the following year he was elected for Lynn, which he thenceforth continued to represent. As a senator he soon distin- guished himself among tho whigs. In 1708 he was appointed secretary at war; in 1709, treasurer of the navy; and in 1710 one of the managers of Sacheverell's trial; but, on the triumph of the toricis, he lost his offices, and was expelled the bouse, and committed to the Tower, on an unproved charge of breach of trust and corruption. The accession of George I. restored the ascendancy of Walpole^s party, and he was made paymaster of the forces, and, subsequently, prime minister. Dispute! WAI. with h!s colleagues, however, induced bim to resign, in 1717, and he remained in Op- position till 1720, wh^n he once more became paymaster of the forces. On the retirement of Lord Sunderland, Walpole was again raised to the high situation of premier, and that situation he retained for two and twenty years, in spite of incessant attacks from political enemies of splendid talents. To maintain peace was one of the main objects of his administration. In 1742 he resigned, and was created earl of Orford. He died in 1745. " The pru- dence, steadiness, and vigilance of that man, joined to the greatest lenity in his character and politics (says Burke), pre- served the crown to this royal- family; and with it, their laws and liberties to this country." WALPOLE, Horatio, lord, brother of the foregoing, was bom in 1678; held various offices under the government; was employed as ambassador to France and Holland; was created a peer in 1756; and died in 1757. He wrote an answer to Bolingbroke's Letters on History; and some political pamphlets. WALPOLE, Horace, earl of Orford, the youngest son of Sir Robert, a man of varied and brilliant talents, was born in 1718, and was educated at Eton, and at Kind's College, Cambridge. In 1741 he entered parliament as member for Calling- ton, and he afterwards represented Castle Rising and Lynn. He was a steady whig and an independent senator, but took no active part in the business of the legisla- ture ; and in 1768 retired wholly fi-om it. Literature and virtu were the great occu- pations of his life ; and much of his exist- ence was dedicated to embellishing his villa at Strawberry Hill, near Twicken- ham, and forming a collection there. At that place he also established a private press, and printed several works. In 1791 he succeeded to the earldom ; an accession of dignity which he would have been glad to have avoided. He died in 1797. His works form several volumes in quarto, independent of his numerous Letters. WALSINGHAM, Sir Fbakcis, an eminent statesman, was born, in 1536, at Chiselhurst, in Kent; was educated at King's College, Cambridge ; and acquired a knowledge of men and modern languages by foreign travel. After having been am- bassador to France, he was, in 1573, ap- pointed one of the secretaries of state, and was knighted. In 1581 he was a second time sent to France, and in 1583 to Scot- land As a minister he was active and vigildfit, but his policy was of the Machi- aveliaa character, which cannot honestly be praised. In the final proceedings against Marj pieen of Scots he acted a conspicu- ous f>»n H» died poor in 1590. The WAL 603 papers relative to . bis second negotiations in France were published by Sir Dudleys Digges, in 1665, with the title of The Com- plete Ambassador.' , WALTER, John Theophh-us, a celebrated German anatomist, was born, in 1734, at Koenigsberg; studied at Frankfort on the Oder ; became professor of anatomy and midwifery at Berlin; and died in 1818. He performed more than eight thousand dissections, and formed a cabinet consisting of nearly three thousand highly interesting anatomical subjects. Among his works are, Anatt^ical Observations; and Treatises on Myofogy, Osteology, and Neurdlogy. WALTON, IZAAE, was bom, in 1593, at Stafford, and kept a 'linen draper's shop in London, first in the Royal Exchange, and lastly in Fleet Street, at the corner of Chancery Lane. About 1643 he quitted the metropolis, and he died at Winchester in 1683. His Complete Angler has long afibrded delight not only to those who are fond of angling, but to general readers of taste, and has passed through numerous editions. His Lives of Hooker, Sanderson, Wotton, Donne, and Herbert, exhibit him in a highly favourable light as a biogra- pher. 'Wordsworth says of them. The feather whence the pen Was shaped that traced tlie lives of thesa good men Dropped from an angel's wing. At a very advanced age Walton published, under the name of Chalkhill, Thealma and Clearchus, a Pastoral History. WALTON, Briam, a divine and orien- tal scholar, was born, in 1600, at Seymour in Cleveland, Yorkshire; was educated St Peter House, Cambridge ; obtained con- siderable ecclesiastical preferment, of which he was deprived" during the civil wars; published in 1657 his Polyglott Bible; and was made bishop of Chester at the Restor- ation, but died, shortly after, in 1661. He wrote Introductio ad Lectionem Lin- guarum Orientalium; a Defence of th« Polyglott Bible ; and a pamphlet on tithn fi04 WAE WALTON, George, a signer of the ^declaration of American independence, was born in Frederick county, Virginia, about the year 1740. He was early ap- prenticed to a carpenter, but at the expira- tion of his appreoticeship he removed to Georgia and entered the office of an attor- ney at law. In 1776 he was elected to the continental congress. At t'je siege of Savannah he was wonnded and taken pris- oner, but was exchanged in September, 1719. In the following month he was appointed goTemor of the state, and in the succeeding January was elected a member of congress for two j^ars. WARBURTON, WiLtiAMjjan eminent prelate and writer, was bom, in 1698, at Newark. After having been e lucated at Okeham and Newark schools, be served his clerkship to an attorney, and was admitted to practice. Tiring, however, of the law, he turned to the church, and took deacon's orders in 1723. In 1726 he ob- tained the vicarage of Greasley, and in 1729 the rectory of Brant Brooghton. Between 1723 and 1729 he pobliahed Mis- cellaneous Translations, An Inqniry into the Causes of Prodigies and Miracles, and a Treatise on the Legal Judicatnre of Chancery. These were preludes to his great works. The Alliance between Church Euid State, which appeared in 1738, and the first volume of bis Divine Legation, which was given to the world in 1738. His Vindicatiim of Pope's Essay on Han acquired for bim the friendship of that poet, who introduced him to Mr. Allen, of Batli, and dius laid the fonndatton of his fortune. He rose successively to be kiitf 's chapUiin, prebend of Dnriiain, dean of Bristol, and bi^op of Gloucester ; to the last of these dignities he attained in 1759. He died in 1779. His original works were collected in six quarto volumes by bis friendf Bishop Hard. The talents of Warbarton were great; bis erudition was still greater; and bis vanity and arro- gance were in fall proportion to his abili' ties and learning. WARD, Seth, a prelate and matbema' tician, was bom, in 1618, at Bnntingford; was educated at Sidney Collie, Cam- bridge; became Savilian professor of as- tronomy; was made bishop of Bxeter in 1662, whence, in 1677, he was translated to Salisbury; and died in 1689. He wrote various mathematical works ; Sermons ; a Treatise against Hobbes; and a Philc^n pbical E??ay on the Being and Attributes of God, the Immortality of tlie Soul, &c. WA RR, Sir J a n es, an Irifdi antiquary, was bjrn, in 1604, at Dublin; and was educated at Trinity College, in that city; succeeded his father, in 1^2, as auditor general, and secretary to the lonis justices ; was elected representative for his native WAR place, and made one of the pn^y comiefl; was an active partisan of the earl of Strafford and of Charles I.; was twice a captive to the parliament; resided in France for some years after bis liberation; accompanied Charles II. to England, and was restored to his posts; and died in 1666. Among his principal works are, De Scrisitori^s Hiberniae; De Hibemia et ejus Antiqaitatibus Disquisitions; Re- rum Hibemicarum Annales; andDe Pnes- nlibus Hibemise. WARE, James, an eminent surgeon and oculist, was bom, about 1756, at Ports- mouth, and was apprenficed to Mr. Karr, surgeon of the king's dockyard at that place. After having been demonstrator under Dr. Collignon, pressor of anatomy at Cambridge, he formed a partnership, in the metropolis, with Mr. WaUien, which continued tiil 1791. Subsequent to that period he practised on bis own account, and ranked high among British surgeons. He died in 1815. Among bis works are. Observations on Opthalmy; Remarks on Fistula Lachrymalis ; and C^imrgical Ob- servations. WARING,Edwabd, a mathematician, was bom, in 1734, at Fitz, in Shropshire; was educated at Shrewsbury free school, and at Magdalen Collie, Cambridge; was chosen Lacasian professor at the age <^ twenty-five; became a fellow of the Royal Society, and member of the board of longitude; and died in 1798. He wrote Miscellanea Analytica; Meditationes An- alytics ; Meditationes Algebraicas ; and An Essay on the principle of Human Knowfedge. WARREN, Sir Johh Bori^ase, an eminent naval officer, was bom, in 1754, in Cornwall; entered the naval eenrice at an early age from Winchester school; and completed his education subsequently at Emanuel College, Cambridge. Daring die American war he performed several gal- lant actions, and rose to the rank of post captain. In the two wars of the Freodi revolatioD, he equally distinguished him- self; particularly in capturing the Hoebe and BIX frigates; and be attained the rank of admiral in 1810. After the peace of Amiens, he was appointed ambassador to Russia, in which post he remained till 1805. He sat in parliament in 1774 and 1780 for Great Marlow, and m 1796 and 1802 for Nottingham. He died February 27, 1822. Sir J. B. Wanen is the author of A View of the Naval Force of Great Britain. WARREN, Charles, an eminent en- graver, died suddenly, of an enlargeioenl of the heart, April 21, 1823. To WarrOT the arts are indebted for having brought to perfection the process of engravii^ o> steel. WAR WARREN, Joseph, a patriot of the American revolution, was horn in Roxhnry, near Boston, in 1741, and was graduated ■t Harvard College in 1759. I^ pursued the profession of medicine, and soon after commenciu^ the practice, distinguished Himself by nis successful treatment of the small i>ox. Earl;^ engaging in politics, he obtained great influence, and rendered efficient service by his writings and .ad- dresses. He was twice elected to deliver the oration in commemoration of the mas- sacre on the fiilh of March. IaJunel77S, he provincial congress of Massachusetts, of which he was at this time president, made him a major-general of their' lorces. At the battle of Bunker Hill he fought as a volunteer, and was slain within a few yards of the breast work as he was among the last slowly retiring from it. He was~ a man of the most generous and intrepid spirit, much elegance of manners, and of commanding eloquence. His loss was deeply felt and regretted. In 1776 his remains were removed from the battle ground, and interred in Boston. WARREN, JitMEs, was bom at Plym- outh in 1726, and was graduated at Har- vard College in 1745. He took an early and active part in tDe cause of the colonies against the aggressions of the mother country, was a member of the general court, proposed the establishment of com- mittees of correspondence, and after the death of general Warren, was appointed president of the provincial congress. He was afterwards appointed a major general of the militia. On the adoption of the constitution of Massachusetts, he was for many years speaker of the House of Rep- resentatives. He died at Plymouth in 1808. WARREN, Mebcy, the wife of -general James Warren, was the author of a valu- able History of the American Revolution: The Adulator, and the Group, two political pieces before the revolution ; and a volume of poems. She died at Plymouth, in 1814. WARREN. John, a celebrated phy- cician, was borC; in 1753, at Roxbury, Massachusetts, and was graduated at Har- vard College. He delivered the first course of lectures on anatomy, ever giv'n in New- England, and was appointed professor on the foundation of Dr. Hersey. Through life, he enjoyed a very high reputation, as a physician and anatomist. « He died in 1815. , . . WARTON, Joseph, a poet and critic, was bom, in 1722, at Diinsiold, in Surrey ; was educated at Winchester school, and at Oriel College, Oxford; took his degree of I). D. in 1763; held, at various periods, the livings of Wiuslade, Tamworth, Thor- ley, Easton, and Wickham, and prebends ft St. Paiu's and Winchester, and was 22 WAS 50» head master of Winchester school from 1760 to 1793. He died in 1800. He wrote Poems; and An Essay on Pope: contrib- uted to the Adventurer; traaslated the Eclogues and Georgics; and edited the works of Dryden and Pope. WARTON, Thomas, a poet, critic, and miscellaneous writer, brother of the fore- going, was bom, in 1723, at Bassingstoke ; and was educated at Winchester school, and at Trinity College, Oxford. His first poetical work was The Triumph of Isis ; the next. The Progress of Discontent. As a poet he was mncn superior to his brother. In 1757 he was chosen poetry professor at Oxford ; in 1771 obtained the living of Eiddington ; in 1781 that of Hill Farrance ; and in 1785 was appointed Camden pro- fessor of history aiul poet laureat. He died in 1790. His prmcipal works are, Poems ; Observations on the Faery Queen ; and The History of English Poetry. Of the last work an elegant and enlarged edition was published a few years since by Mr. Price. WASHINGTON, Geobgb, the illui- trious foimder of American independence, was born, in 1732, in the county of Fair- fax, in Vi^inia, where his father was pos- sessed of great landed property. He was educated under the care of a private tutor, and paid much attention to the stndy of mathematics and engineering. He was first employed officially by General Din- widdie, m 1753, in remonstrating to the French commander on the Ohio, for the infraction of the treaty between the two nations. He subsequently negotiated a treaty of amity with the Indians on the back settlements, and for his honourable services rece>ved the thanks ot the British government. In the unfortunate expedi- tion of general Braddock he served as aid- de-camp, and on the fall of that brave but rash commander, he conducted the retreat to the corps under colonel Dunbar in i manner that displayed great military ulent. He retired from the service with the rank of colonel ; but while engaged in agricul- ture at his favourite seat of Mount Ver- non, he was elected senator in the nauonaJ 506 WAS council for Frederic county, and afterwards for Fairfax. At the commencement of the revolutionary war, he was selected as the most proper person to take the chief com- mand of the provincial troops. From the moment of taking upon himself this im- portant office, in June, 1775, he employed the great powers of his mind to his favour- ite object, and by his prudence, his valour, and presence of mind he deserved and obtained the confidence and gratitude of his country, and finally triumphed over all opposition. The record of his services iS' the history of the whtjle war. He joined the army at Cambridge in July, 1775. On the evacuation of Boston in March, 1776, he proceeded to New-York. The battle of Long Island was fought on the 27th of August, and the battle of White-plains on the 23th of October. On the 2olh of December he crossed the Delaware, and soon gained the victories at Trenton and Princeton. The battle of Brandywine was fought on September llth, 1777; of Ger- mantown, October 4th; of Monmouth, February 2Sth, 1778. In 1779 and 1780 he continued in the vicinity of New- York, and closed the important military opera- tions of the war by the capture of Com- wallis, at Yorktown, in 1781. When the independence of his country was establish- ed by the treaty of peace, Washington resigned his high office to the congress, and, followed by the applause, and the grateful admiration of his fellow citizens, retired into private life. His high charac- ter and services naturally entitled him to the highest gifts his colintry could bestow, and on the organization of the government he was called upon to be the first president of the states which he had preserved and established. It was a period of great difficulty and danger. The unsubdued spirit of liberty had been roused and kind- led by the revolution of France, and many Americans were eager that the freedom and equality which they themselves enjoy- ed should be extended to the subjects of th< French monarch. Washington anticipated the plans of the factious, and by prudence and firmness subdued insurrection, and silenced discontent, till the parties which the intrigues of Genet the French envoy had roused to rebellion, were convinced of the wildness of their measures and of the wisdom of their governor. ,The presi- dent completed, in 1796, the business of his office by signing a commercial treaty with Great Britain, and then voluntarily re- signed his power at a moment when all hands and all hearts were united, again to confer upon him the sovereignty of the country. Restored to the peaceful retire- ment of Monnt Vernon, he devoted himself to the pursuits of agriculture ; and though he accepted the command of the army in WAT 1798, it was merely to unite the afieo- tions of his fellow citizens to the geneml food, and was one more sacrifice to his igh sense of duty. He died after a short illness on the 14th of December 1799. He was buried with the honours due to the noble founder of a happy and prosperous republic. History furnisnes no parallel to the character of Washington. He .stands on an unapproached eminence ; distinguish- ed almost beyond humanity for self com- mand, intrepidity, soundness of judgment, rectitude of^ purpose, and deep ever-active piety. WASHINGTON, Busheod, an emi- nent judge, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, and was educated at William and Mary's College. He pursued the study of the law in the office of Mr. Wilson of Philadelphia, and commenced its practice with great success in his native county. In 1781 he was a member of the house of delegates of Virginia. He after- wards remov^ to Alexandria, and thence to Ricl^mond, where he published two vol- umes of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Virginia. In 1798 he was ap- pointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and continued to hold this situation till his death in November, 1829. He was the favourite nephew of President Washington, and was the devisee of Mount Vernon. WATELET, Claudius Heket, a French writer, was bom, in 1718, at Paris; was receiver general of th^ finan- ces; patronised and understood the arts, being himself- a . proficient in painting, engraving, and sculpture; was a member of the French Academy, and of other bodies connected with literature and the arts ; and died in 1786. Among his works are. The Art of Painting, a poem ; Essay on Gardens ; and A Dictionary of Painting, Engraving, and Sculpture. WATERLA^ro, Daniel, a learned divine and contfovefsialist, was bom, in 1 683, at Wasely, in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Lincoln free schooL and at Magdalen College, Cambridge, of the last of which seminaries he became master. He died, in 1740, chancellor of York, archdeacon of Middlesex, canon of Wind- sor, and vicar of Twickenham. Among his works are, A History of the Athanasian Creed; Scripture Vindicated; A Defence of Christ's JDivinity; A Review of the Doctrine of The Eucharist; and Remarks on Dr. Clarke'? Exposition of the Church Catechism. WATSON, Robert, an historian, was born, in 1730, at St. Andrews; was edu- cated at thai university, and at Glasgow and Edinburgh ; became professor of logic, rhetoric, and belles lettres at St. Andrew's, and subseaueiitly principal; and died in WAT 1T80. lie wrote The Hisloi-y »!' i-iiiliii U, »f Spain j and left unfinished A llisiory of Philip m. ; which was completed by Dr. Thompson. WATSON, Henry, a celebrated en- gineer, the son of a grazier, was born, aboat 1737, at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire ; was one of the most remarkable mathemat- ical contributors to the Lady's Diary at the age of sixteen ; completed his educa- tion at the Royal Academy at Woolwich : and obtained a commission in the corps of engineers. He so much distin^ished nim- self at the sieges of Belleisle and the Havannah, that Lord Clive took him to Bengal, as chief engineer. Among the yorts which Watson executed are the fortifications of Fort William, and those at Budge Budge and Melancholy Point. He died in 1786, soon after his return to England. • WAXSON, Richard, an eminent pre- late and writer, was born, in 1737, at HaTcrshamj in Westmoreland. He com- menced his education under his father, who was master of the free grammar school at his native place,, and he com- pleted it at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied with unremitting appli- cation. In 1764 he was chosen professor of chemistry, and, in 1771, regius profes- sor of divinity. In politics he was of the liberal school, and he made a full avowal of his opinions in a sermon, called The Principles of the Revolution vindicated, which he preached before the university in 1776, and which excited much comment. In the same year he published his Apelogy for Christianity, in answer to Gibbon. In 1782 he was made bishop of Llaudaff; but George III. having imbibed a prejudice a^fainst him, he obtained no further promo- tion. He died July 4, 1816. Among his other works are. Chemical Essays ; Apology for the Bible ; and his own Me- moirs. WAT ftOT WATT, James, a celebrated natural philosopher and engineer, the son of a tradesman, was born, in 1736, at Green- ock, in Scotland, and began life as a mathematical instrument maker. In that L-apTjicity Tie \va.-i ei.ijiioyo;! by tlie utiiver- siiy of his native place from 1757 to 1763. It was, in 1764, while he was engaged in repairing the model of a steam engine, that the idea of improving the construction arose in his mind. His first discovery was that of the mode of avoiding the enormous loss of power occasioned by cooling the cylinder ; his next was the substitution of the expansive power of steam instead of the aimospueric pressure. To these he subsequently added many others, which brought the steam engine to its present state of perfection. ' In 1774 he entered into partnership with pr. Boulton, of Bir- mingham. His subsequent life was cheer- ed by extensive fame and ample fortune. He died August 25, 1819. Among his other inventions are a micrometer, a copy- ing machine, and a machine for makine drawings in perspective. Watt possessed an extraordinary memory, a more than superficial acquaintance with many sciences and arts, and a knowledge of several modern languages. Some of his chemical papers are prmted in the Philosophical Transactions. WATT, RoBBET, a physician and bib- liographer, was born, in 1774, in Ayrshire ; became president of the faculty of- physi- cians and surgeons at Glasgow; and died in that city, March 12, 1819. He compil- ed the Bibiiotheca Britannica ; and wrote a Treatise on Chincough j and some medi- WATTEAU, Anthony, a IVenoh ar- tist, was born, in 1684, at Valenciennes. He received little instruction, and began by bein^ a scene painter at Paris, but his admirable genius soon raised him above that humble occupation. He gained the prize of the Academy for a picture, and thenceforth continued to increase in fame. He died in 1721. The engravings from his compositions, to the number of five hundred and sixty-three, form three vol- umes. Comic conversations, movements of armies, landscapes, and grotesques, are his principal subjects. WATTS, Dr. Isaac, a pious and highly gifted nonconformist divine, was born in 1674, at Southampton, and was educated at the free school there, aijd also at a dis- senting academy in London. In his twen- ty-second year he became tutor to the sou of Sir John Hartopp, and in 1702 he suc- ceeded Dr. Chauncey as minister of b con- gregation in the metropolis. Nearly the last forty years of his blameless life were spent in the family of his friend, . Sir Thomas Abney, at Stoke Newington. His theological and miscellaneous works torm six quarto volumes, and many of them are still popular. His poems have a place in the collections of the standard British poets. .8 WEB WATTS, Jane, an accomplished fe- male, -whose maiden name was Waldie, was born, in 1792, at Hendersyde Park, in Roxburgshirc ; displayed precocious tal- ents ; acquired music, Frencli, Italian, Spanish, and Latin, without assistance, and paiuting with very little ; gave proof of superior Sterary powers in her Sketches of Italy, Journal of a Tour in Flanders, and many smaller pieces ; and died July 6, 1826. Several of her pictures were exhibited at the Royal Academy and the British Gallery, and were admired even by the most fastidious judges, WAYNE Anthony, major general in the army of the United States, was bom, in 1745, in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Hs entered the army as colonel m 1775, served under Gates' at Ticonderoga, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. He \yas engaged in the battles of Braadywine, Germantown, and Mon- mouth, in 177d captured the fortress at Stony Pointj and rendered other important services during the war. In 1787 he was a member of the Pennsylvanian convention which ratified the constitution of the Unit- ed States. In 1792 be succeeded St. Clair in the command of the vrestern army, and gained a complete victory at the battle of the Miamis in 1794. He died at Fresque Isle in 1796. WAYNFLETE, Wihiam of, a muni- ficent prelate of the fifteenth century, whose real name was Patten, derived his adopt- ed name from the place of his birth in Lincolnshire ; and was educated at Win- chester school, and at Oxford. He was made provost of Eton, in 1442 ; bishop of Winchester in 1447 ; and lord chancellor in 1456; and died in 1486. Magdalen College at Oxford, and a free school at Wainfleet, were founded by him. WEBBE, Samuel, an eminent musician, Earticularly celebrated for his glees, was om in 1740. His mother being left desti- tute, he was bound apprentice to a cabinet- maker, but, when his term of servitude expired, he abandoned his trade, and gained a subsistence by copying music. By dint of incessant study he became an excellent composer, and also acquired several lan- guages and elegant accomplishments. He died in 1816. His glees and part songs form three volumes. WEBBER, Samuel, ^president of Har- < vd College, was born in Byfield, Massa- chusetts, and was educated at the college of which he afterwards became the heaa. His displayed an early fondness for mathe- matics, and in 1789 became professior of mathematics cind natural history. In 1806 he was raised to the presidency of Harvard College, and discharged the duties of this office till his death in 1810. He published, in 1801, a system of mathematics, in two vols. 8vo., intended as a text book for the university. WEBiiR, Hbnby William, an ar- chseologist and editor, was born, in 1783, at Saint Petersburgh, of German parents ; studied medicine at Edinburgh and at Jena ; settled in Scotland, and devoted himself to literary pursuits ; and died in 1818, after having for some time beer disordered in his intellect. Among his publications are. Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries j The Battle of Flodden Field, a poem of the sixteenth century ; and edi- tions of Ford and Beaumont and Fletcher ; of which the last two subjected him to se- vere criticism. WEBER, Caul Mahia von, one of the most eminent of modern composers, was bom, in 1786, at Eutin, in Holstein, and was liberally educated. To music lie displayed the warmest attachment at an early age. His instmctors in the sTcience were Heuschel, Michael Haydn, Valesi, Kalcher, and the Abbi Vogler. For a while, however, he abandoned his favour- ite art to practise that of lithography, but he soon returned to it. His first' ope- ras were Das Wa'dmunchen, and Peter SchmoU, the first of which was produced in 1800. He made professional tours through various parts of Germany, and was, successively, chapel master at Bres- lau and at Carlesruhe, and conductor of the opera of Prague. In 1816 he was in vited to Dresden by the elector of Saxony, to form a national opera, and was appoint- ed director of music to the court. His Freischotz was brought out in 1821, a Berlin, a nd rapidly became popular through out Europe. In 1826 he visited London and brought out the opera of Oberon ; but his health was now completely broken, and he died suddenly, on the third of June. Weber left a prose work in manuscript, called Lives of Artists, which possesses considerable merit. WEDGEWOOD, Jobiah, an eminent manufacturer of pottery, was bora in 1730. He succeeded to the business of his father, and, in 1760, began his improvements in porcelain and earthenware, which have changed the current of trade in those arti- cles, and rendered England an extensive exporting instead of an importing countir. He invented the ware which Dears the name of the queen, and various other kinds. Wedgewood was also the inventor of the prrometer, and the projector of the Grand Trunk Canal. He diedin 179S. WEISSE, Christian Felix, a Ger- man poet and dramatist, was bom, in 1726, at Annaberg, in Saxon;y; was edu- cated at Altenberg and Leipsic; estab- lished and conducted two periodicals named the Library of elegant Literature WES and The Children's Friend, from -which latter work Berquin borrowed his plan and part of his materials; succeeded in 1790 to a good estate; and died in 1S04. His original works consist of tragedies, comedies, comic operas, and lyrical po- ems I and he translated no less than one hundred and forty volumes from the Eng- lish and Frencli languages. WELLS, Edward, a theologian and scholar, was born, in 1663, at Oorsham, m Wiitshire ; was educated at Winchester, and at Christchurch, Oxford: became Greek professor, and rector of Cotesbach, in Leicestershire; and died in 1727. His principal works are, A Paraphrase with Annotations on the Old and New Testa- ment ; Historical Geography of the Old and New Testament; and The Young Gentleman's Mathematics. WELLS, William Chahles, a pljy- sician, was born, in 1753, at Charleston, in South Carolina. His parents were Scotch, and he was educated at Dumfries and Edinburgh, after which he returned ' to his native province. Being a loyalist, he quitted America at the close of the war, and settled in London, where he died in 1817. He is the author of an Essay on single Vision with two Eyes, and of some valuable papers on the lormation of dew, for which he received the gold and silver medals of the Royal Society. WERNER, Abraham Tiieophilits, one of the most eminent of modem mineralo- gists, was born, in 17S0, at Wehlau, in Upper Lusatia. He studied at the min- eralogical school of Freyberg, in Saxony, and at Leipsic ; and, in his twenty-fourth year, he published an excellent Treatise on me Characters of Minerals. In 1775 he was appointed lecturer on mineralogy at Freyberg, and inspector of the cabinet of mines. His lectures soon extended his reputation throughout Europe. He died in 1817. Among ms works are, A New Theory of Veins, with its apphcation to the art of working mines; Cui^sification and distribution of Mountains ; and a trans- lation of Cronstadt's Mineralogy. His system is now very generally received. WERNER, Frederick Lodis Zaoh- ariah, a German poet and dramatist, was born, in 1768, at Kcenigsberg, in Prus- sia; held for some years an employment under the Prussian government ; abjured protestantism, and went to Vienna, where Be became a popular preacher; and died in the Austrian capital in 1823. Among his Works are. Confessions; Poems; and Tragedies. WESLEY, Samuel, a divine and po- et, was born, in 1662, at Whitchurch, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at Exeter Col- lege, Oxford ; obtained the living of South Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories 509 of Epworth and Wroot; and died in 1735. He wrote a volume of poems, with the title of Maggots ; The Life of Christ, in verse ; The Histories of the Old and New Testa- ment, in verse; Elegies on Queen Mary and Arclibishop Tillotson; and Disserta- tions on the Book of Job. WESLEY, John, second son of the foregoing, the founder of the sect of the Methodists, was born, June 17, 1703, at Epworth. He was educated at the Char- terhouse, and Christchurch, Oxford, and was ordained in 1725. Naturally of a se- rious disposition, he was rendered still more so by the reading of devotional trea- tises ; and, in conjunction with his brother Charles and some friends, he formed a re- ligious society ; to the members of which, with reference to a sect of Roman phy- sicians, his gay fellow collegians gave the name of Methodists. Jii 1735, with Charles Wesley and other missionaries^ he went to Georgia to convert the Indians; but, after a residence of less than two years in the colony, during which he was ex- tremely unpopular, he returned to Eng- land. In 1738 he began those public la- bours which ultimately produced such a mighty effect, and in 1739 the first meet- inghouse was built at Bristol. For some time he E(cted in conjunction with White- field, but the radical difierence in their tenets at length produced a separation. Over the sect which he had founded, Wes- ley obtained an unbounded infiuence ; and it must be; owned that he earned it by his zeal and his unwearied and astonishing ex- ertions. Two sermons he usually preached every day, and often four or five. In the course of his peregrinations be is said to have preached more than forty, thousand sermons, and to have travelled three hun- dred thousand miles, or nearly fifteen times the circumference of the globe ! On the 17th of February 1791, he took cold, after preaching at Lambeth, For some days he struggled against an increasing fever, and continued to preach until the Wednesday following, when he delivered his last sermon. From that time he be- came daily weaker and more lethargic. He died on the second of March, 1791, ' being in the eig|hty-eighth year of ms age, and the sixty-fifth oi his ministry. His works are published in sixteen volumes, 8vo. He also published the " Christian Library; or, Extracts and Abridgments, &c., from various Writers," fifty vols. 12mo.; "The Arminian Magazine," a monthly publication, now continued under the title of " The Methodist Magazine ;" &c. &c. — His brother and fellow labourer, Charles, was bom, in 1708, at Epworth; was educated at Westminster school and at Christchurch; and died in 1788. Ha wrote Hymns; Poems; and Seimons. 510 WHA Wli/ST, GiLBEET, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, was bom in 1706: was educated at Eton and at Christchurch, Oxford: obtained, through the influence of his friend Mr. Pitt, the offices of clerk to the privy council, and treasurer of Chelsea CoDege; and died in 1756. He wrote Poems; and Observations on the Resurrection ; and translated Pindar. WEST, Benjamin, an eminent pain- ter, was born, in 173S, at Springfield, near Philadelphia, of quaker parents. At the age of seven years he began to manifest his pictorial talents by sketching with pen and ink an infant sleeping in a cradle. From some Indians he obtained red and yellow, and his mother gave him a piece of indigo; and as camel's hair pencils were wanting, he supplied the want by clipping the rar of the cat. Improving as he advanced in years, he became a portrait painter of considerable repute, and pro- duced some meritorious historical pictures. In his twenty-second year he visited Italy, where he remained for some time. In 1763 he settled in England, where he soon acquired reputation. Among hispatrons was Archbishop Dmmmond of York, by whose means he was introduced to George the Third, who immediately gave him a commission to paint The Death of Regnlus, and continued ever afterwards to employ him. In I79I he was chosen president of the Royal Acadeiny. Among nis last and ferha^ his best works are. Death on the ale Horse, and Christ healing the Sick. He Ued March 18, 1820. WETSTEIN, John James, a learned Swiss, was bom, in 1693, at Basil; was a pupil of the younger BeraouilU ; entered the church, but was compelled by persecu- tion to quit his country ; settled in Holland, where he became professor of theology and ecclesiastical history at Amsterdam; and died there in 1734. Among his works is an edition of the New Testament, in two folio volumes, with the various readings which he collected from numerous manu- scripts. WHARTON, Philip, dnke of, whom Pope has so admirably characterised in WHl his Epistle on the Knowledge and Cbaiae< ters of Men, was bom in 1669, and very early gave signs of those talents which he aftei'wards displayed and disgraced. After having, during his travels, accepted the title of duke from the Pretender, he re- lumed to England, and became a warm champion of the ' existing government. Having dissipated his fortyne, be changed his politics again, retired to tne continent, intngued with the Stuarts, entered into the Spanish service, and died, in indi- gence, in Spain, in 1731. His poems and miscellaneous works form two octavo vol- umes. WHEELOCK, John, was bom at Le- banon, Connecticut, in 17S4. Duri^ the revolution he held the commission of^ieu- tenant coloneL and obtained some military reputation. In 1779 he became president 01 Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, and in 1782 visited Europe to obtain con- tributions for that seminary. He remained in that office for thirty-six years. His death took place in 1817. WHELER, Sir Geobge, a divine and traveller, (sometimes erroneously called Wheeler), was bom, in 16S0, at Charing, in £ent; was educated at Lincoln Hall, Oxford ; travelled into Greece and Asia Minor ; became a prebendary of Durham, vicar of Basingstokcj and rector of Hough- ton le Spring; and died in 1723-4. Besides his Travels, he wrote the Protestant Mo- nastery ; and An Account of the Churches of the Primitive Christians. WHIPPLE, William, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was bom in Maine in 1730, and engaged in commercial pursuits. He took an earlj part in the controversy with Great Britain, and in 1776 was sent as a delegate from New Hampshire to the continental con- gress. He was afterwards brigadier-gen- eral of the troops of that state, and held several civil offices of importance. He died in 1785. WHISTON, William, an eminent divine and mathematician, was bom, in 1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and was educated at Tamwoith school, and at Clare Hall, Cambridge. In 1698 he ob- tained the hving of Lowestofie, in Suffolk, which he resigned, in 1703, when he suc- ceeded Sir Isaac Newton in the mathe- matical professorship at Cambridge. At length he adopted Arian .principles, in consequence of which he was expelled from the university in 1710, lost his offices of professor and cata^hetical lecturer, and was even prosecuted as a heretic. Late in life he became a baptist. He died iu 1752. Among his works are, A Theory of the Earth ; Sermons ; Primitive Chris tianity revivol; and a translation of Jo- sephus. WHl WHITAKER, John, a divine, critic, ■ntiqaary, and historian, was born, in 1735, at Manchester; was educated at the free school ot that place, and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; and died in 1808, rector of Ruan Lanyhome, in Cornwall. His princ^^ works are. The History of Man- chester; A Vindication of Hary, Queen of Scots ; The Course of Hannibal over the Alps ; Criticisms on Gibbon's History ; The Ancient Cathedral of Cornwall ; and The Orittin of Gkivemment. He also con- tributedlargely to The British Critic, and the English and Antijacobin Reviews. WHlTAKER, Thomas Dunham, an antiquary and historian, was bom, in 1739, at Bainham, in Norfolk ; was educated at St. John's CoUecre; Cambridge; obtained the vicarages of Whalley and Blackburne ; and died in 1821. His principal works are. Histories of Yorkshire, — the Deaneiy of Craven, — Richmondshire and Lnnedale, — the Parish of Whalley, — and the Rebel- lion in 1745. WHITEBREAD, Samdel, an able sen- ator, son of the eminent porter brewer in Chiswell Street, was bom there, in 1758 ; was educated at Eton and St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge; travelled on the conti- nent, accompanied by Mr. Coxe the his- torian; was elected member for Steyning in 1790, but subsequently represented Bed- ford ; and put an end to his existence, in a temporary fit of insanity, July 6, 1815. He was one of tLe most active and' intelli- gent of the whig party, and to him was in- trusted the management of Lord Melville's impeachment. WHITBY, David, a leamed divine, was born, in 1633, at Rushden, in North- amptonshire, and was educated at Trinity College, Oxford. His controversial zeal agsunst the catholics gained for him the patronage of Bishop Ward, who gave him a prebend of Salisbury and the rectory of St. Edmnnd in that city, with the pre- centorship.' In his latter days he became an Arian. He died in 1726. His great- est work is a Paraphrase and Commenta- ry on the New Testament. WHITE, Sir Thomas, a native of Read- ing, was bom in 1492 ; acquired a fortune by trade in London, and served the office of lord mayor ; was knighted for his con- duct on Wyatt's Rebellion; and died in 1566. He is the founder of St. John's College, Oxford, the patent for which he obtainM in 1S57. WHITE, Tnoitis, a divine, was bom, in the sixteenth contunr, at Bristol, and was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford ; obtained considerable church preferment, among which were a prebend of St. Paul's, and eanonries of Chnstchnroh and Wind- sor ; and died in 1623. He founded Sion College, in the metropolis, and a hospital WHI at Bristol, and was a benefactor to Magda- len College, Oxford, WHITE, Gilbert, a naturiUist and antiquary, was bdm, in 1720, at Seji..ii singstoke school, and at Oriel Gi I'ege Oxford. After having taken a ii asier's degree, and been senior proctor oJ iht university, he retired to resic'e ci hit property in his native village; nor uijld he be tempted to quit it by tl;e olft r n/ valuable church preferment. He d ed ii 1793. He wrote the Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, one of the most amusmg of books ; The Naturalist's Ca! endar ; and Miscellaneous Observations WHITE, Joseph, an eminent divine anu oriental scholar, the sou of a weaver, wa> born, in 1746, at Stroud, in Gloucestershire and received his education at Gloucester school and Wadham College, Oxford. In 1755 he was appointed Laudian professoi of Arabic, and in 1783 he delivered the Bampton lecture. In the composition at the lectures he was assisted by Dr. Parr and Mr. Badcock. He obtained a prebcnr^ of Gloucester, and the rectory of Melton in Suffolk; and died in 1814. . Among hit works are, i£gn>tiaca; Diatessaroo; and editions of the Philoxenic Syrian versions of the four Gospels, and of Griesbach'* Greek Testament. WHITE, Hbnby KiBKE, a poet, war bom, in 1785, at Nottingham, and was the son of a butcher. His delicate health protected him from being brought up to his father's trade, and he was placed with a stocking weaver, but was subsequently removed to an attorney's office. He pro- duced several prose and verse compositions at an early age, and devoted his leisure hours to reMing, and to the study of Greek and Latin. To obtain a universi- ty education, for the purpose of entering into the church, was the main object of his wishes. By the generosily of Mr. Wilberforce and some other friends, he was at length enabled to become a stu- dent at St. John's CoU^e, Cambridge. His progress was rapid, but his intense application destroyed the vital powers, and he died October 19, 1806. He pub- lished Clifton Grove, with other poems ; and his Remains were edited by Southey, WHITEFIELD, Geobse, a celebrated divine, the fonnder of the Calvinistic- Methodists, was bora, in 1714, at Glou- cester, where his &ther kept the Bell inn. He was educated at the Crypt school- of his native city, and at Pembroke College, Oxford. At the university he was one or the members of the society formed by Wesley, and inflicted on himself many ascetic privations. He was ordained a deacon in 1736, and his pulpit eloquence soon became highly popiilar. In 1737 he 512 WHI sailed to Georgia, and he remained in the colony for nearly two years. He relumed to America in 1739, made a tour throu^fh several of the provinces, and resided m Greorgia till 1741 ; and he subsequently made five visits to that quarter of the elobe. The foundation of (he onihan house was one of the benefits which White- field conferred on Gieorgia. In England he first introduced, in 1739, the practice of preaching in the open air, and the effect of his oratory was astonishing. The Taber- nacles in Moorfields and Tottenham Court Road were erected by his followers, and among his oonverts was the countess of Huntmgdon. In 1741 the breach took place between him and Wesley. He died September 30, 1770, at Newbnryport, in New England. Under the name of ]Leu- eonomuSj the character of Whitefield is well delmeated by Cowper. His works form six volumes. WHITEHEAD, Gbobge, one of the early preachers among the^uakers, was born, m 1636, at Orton, in Westmoreland, and was educated at Blenclow free school, io^^umberland. At the age of eighteen he began to propagate those religious doc- trines whicn he had embraced, and he con- tinued his labours, in various parts of Eng- land, in spite of the severest persecntion. After the Revolution, his exertions pro- cared firom the legislature the admission of a qtiaker's affirmation instead of an oath. He died, generally respected, in 1722-3. He wrote his own Memoirs; and some other works. WHITEHEAD, Paul, a poet, was bom, in 1710, in Holbora ; was apprenticed to a mercer, but quitted trade to study law in the Temple ; acquired considerable popu- larity as a satirist; was appointed deputy treasurer of the exchequer ; and died in 1774. He wrote the State Dunces ; Manners ; Honour; The Gymnasiad ; and other poems. WHITEHEAD, William, a poet and dramatist, was bora, in 1716, at Cam- bridge, and was the son of a baker. He was educated at Winchester school, and at Clare Hall, Cambridge ; became travelling tutor to Lord Nnneham and the earl of Jersey's son ; obtained the registrarship to the order of the Bath ; and, on the death of Clbber, was appointed poet laureat. He died in 1785. Among bis works are the tragedies of the Roman Father and Creusa ; The School of Lovers, a comedy ; Poems, and some miscellaneous pieces. WHITEHEAD, John, a physician and Wesleyan minister, was onginally a lay preacher among the methodists ; then be- came a linendraper at Bristol ; next es- poused the tenets of the quakers^ and opened a school; subsequently studied at Leyden, and to exist. The pope insisted on his being brought to trial as a heretic, hut he was efiectually protect- ed by his patron, the duke of Lancaster. He died in 1384. His works are .very numerous. Among them are, Trialogus; Wicklifi's Wicket; and a version of the Old and New Testament. WICaUEFORT, Abraham de, a Dutch diplomatist and writer, was bom, in 1598, at Amsterdam; served the elector of Eran- denburgb and the duke of Brunswick Lu- nenberg in a diplomatic capadty ; was im- prisoned in France, on suspicion of having conveyed intelligence to Holland; and in Holland, on a charge of corresponding with the enemies of his country ; and died about 1682. He wrote A History of the United Provinces ; The Ambassador and his Fmic- tions ; and some other works. WIELAND, Chbistopher Mabtin, a German writer, who rivals Voltaire ia universality of talent and literary fertility, was bom, in 1733, at Holtzheim, near Biberach, in Soabisu He was educated by his father, a clergyman, and completed bis studies at Kiosterbeigen and Tubingen. In his tvjrteenth year he began to compose Latin and German verses. His first pub- lished work was The Nature of Things, in six cantos, which appeared ia ITSl. In She following year he went to reside in Switzerland, whence, in 1760, he returned to Biberach, where he was appointed to a municipal office. His jirodnctions in prose and verse, which rapidly succeeded each other, raised him to the summit of literary reputation. The elector of Mentz :;uuu- nated him professor of philosophy and belles lettres at Erfurt; and, in 1772, the duchess Dowager of Saie Weimar gave him the tuition of her two sons. He died January 20, 1813. His original works form mrty-two volumes quarto; and he translated Lncian, Shaksjieare, Cicero's Epistles, and Horace's Satires. WILFOBD, Fhancis, an eminent ori- entalist, was born, about 1760, at Hanover ; was for maiiy years in the service of the Bast India Company in Hindostan; and 3&t WEL. 513 died in IS22. Many of his papers are printed in the Asiatic Kesearches. WILKES, JoHS, a celebrated political character, was bora, in 1717, in Clerken- well, and was the son of a rich distiller. His studies, which he commenced under private tutors, he completed at Leyden. He began his public career as member for Aylesbury, and lieutenant colonel of the Buckinghamshire militia. By some pam- phlets which he wrote against the Bute ad- ministration, in 1762, he gained reputation ; but it was to his periodical paper. The North Briton, and especially to No. 45 of it, that he was indebted for his popularity, liiat number the goveminent detennined to prosecute, and, accordingly, a general warrant was issued against the author, printer, and publisher. Wilkes contended that the warrant was illegal; obtained a decision to that efiect in the court of Com- mon Pleas, and large damages from the secretary of state and his subordinate myr- midons. Still bent on his ruin, the min- istry renewed the prosecution in a regulai manner, and commenced another for an ob- scene poem. He was also dangerously wounded in a duel with Mr. Martin, one of their partisans. Giving way to the storm, he retired to France: upon which he was outlawed, and expellea from his seat. In 1768, being Reeled for Middle- sex, he returned, and was condemned to a fine of one thousand pounds, and twenty- two months imprisonment, and was subse- quently expelled a second time for a libel. Again he was chosen, but, in utter con- tempt of all right, the house declared him ineligible to sit in that parliament, and seated Colonel Luttrell, who had but a small number of votes. 'This infamous vote was afterwards expunged from the Journals. In 1770 he was chosen an alder- man of London, in which capacity he set at defiance the mandates of the House ; in 1772 he was sheriff; in 1774, lord mayor ; and in 1779 he became chamberlain of^the city. In 1775 he was once more sent to parliament by Middlesex, and he was a steady opponent of the American war. He died Dec. '26, 1797. Two collections of his Correspondence have been published sii>~ hi; ueath. The purity of Wilkes's political motives has Ceen doubted; but there can be no donbi as to the beneficial effect produced by his persevering strag- gles against the encroacoments of power. WILKINS, JoHS, a prelate and mathe- matician, was born, in 1614, at Fawsley, in Northamptonshire, and was educated at New Inn Hall, and Magdalen Hall, Ox- ford. Having espoused the popular cause, and being married to Cromwell's sister, he was mada warden of Wadham College ; and, by Richard Cromwell, was appointed master of Trinity College. The RestoiSr 114 WU. Uon depnved liiin of these preterments, but he soon ohtained others, and, in 1668, was raised to the hishopric of Chester. Hedied in 1672. He was the founder of that association which afterwards hecame the Royal Society. Besides his mathe- matical works, reprinted in two volumes, he wrote an Essay towards a real Charac- ter and Philosophical Language ; and vari- ous theological pieces. WILKINSON, Jemima, a hold and art- ful religious impostor, was born in Cumber- land, Rhode Island, about the year 17S3. Racovering suddenly from an apparent sus- pension of hfe in 1773, she gave out that she had been raised from tne dead, and laid claim to supernatural power and authority. Making a few proselytes, she removed with them to the neighbourhood of Crooked Lake in New- York, where she died in 1819. WiLLAN, RoBEET, an able physician and medical writer, was bom, in 1757, at Hill, in Yorkshire; studied medicine at Edinburgh ; and settled as a physician at Darlington, whence he removed to Lon- don, wnere he was appointed physician to the Carey Street Dispensary. He was brought up a quaker, but quitted the socie- ty. He died m 1812. Among his works are, A Treatise on Cutaneous Diseases; A Treatise on V«coination; Reports on the Diseases of London ; and The Life of Christ. WILLARD, Samcel, an eminent di- vine, was born in Massachusetts, and re- ceived his education at Harvard College, where he was graduated in 1650. He was settled over the old south church in Bos- ton, and became the mca: celebrated among his contemporarieis in the ministry. In 1701 he was made vice president of Har- vard CoUege, and continued in this office till his death in 1707. He published a large number of sermons, and a folio vol ume of divinity. WILLDENOW, Chaeleb Lonis, an eminent botanist, was bom, in 1765, at Berlin ; studied at Halle and Langensafza ; became professor of natui:at history and botany, and superintendent of the botanic garden, at his native city; and died in 1S12. He was an associate of four and twenty scientific bodies. His principal works are, Elements of Botany; Hist. Amaranthoram; and Species Fiantarum. WILLIAMS, John, a divine and statesman, was bom, in 1582, at Abercon- way, in Wales, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. After having held several minor but valuable preferments, he was made bishop of Lincoln, and keep- er of the great seal, in 1621. Of the office of lord keeper he was deprived by Charles I. on his accession. He was sub- ceciuentlv ornsernted in the star-chamber WIL and sentenced to a fine of ten thousand pounds and imprisonment in the Tower, The proceedings were, however, rescinded in 1640, and in the following year he was translated to the see of York. During the civil war he made an ineffectual attempt to hold out Conway Castle against the parliament. He died in 1650. Williams was a strenuous opponent to Land. WILLIAMS, Sir Chaeles Hasbu- BT, a poet and diplomatist, was bora in 1709; was educated at Eton; was for g considerable period one' of the members for the county of Monmouth ; held the pay- mastership of the marines ; was employed as ambassador to Dresden and St. Peters- burgh; and died insane in 1759. His poems are spirited and witty, but licen- tious. WILLIAMS, David, a miscellaneous writer, was born, in 1738, in Cardigan- shire; was educated at a dissenting acad- emy; and became a dissenting minister. Changing to a deist, he opened a chapel to diffiise his newly adopted opinions, and for some time his hearers were numerous. The subsequent part of his life was dedi- cated to hterary pursuits and to private teashing. The Literary Fund was founded by him. He died June 29, 1816. Among lus chief works are. Lectures on the Prin- ciples and Duties of Religion and Morali- ty; Lectures on Education; Lectures on Political Principles; and a History, of Monmouthshire. WILLIAMS, Helen Mabia, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was bom, in 1762, in the north of England, and was usherad into public notice, when she was eighteen, by Dr. Kippis. Between 1782 and 1788 she published Edwin and Eltra- da, a poem; Pern, a poem; and other pieces, which were afterwards collected in two volumes. In 1790 she settled in Paris. There she became intimate with the mcsC eminent of the Girondists, and, in 1794, was imraisoned, and nearly shared their fete. She escaped, and took refuge in Switzerland, but returned to the French capital in 1796, where she continued to reside till her decease, December IS, 1827. Among her numerous works may be men- tioned, Julia, a novel ; Letters from France ; Travels in Switzerland; A Narrative of Events in France; and a translation of Humboldt and Bonpland's Personal Narra- tive. WILLIAMS, Rogeb, one of the found- ers of Rhode Island, was bora in Wales:, in 1599, and received liis education at Oxford. He was for some time a minister of the established church, but dissenting, he removed, in 1631, to New England, and preached till 1636 at Salem and Ply- mouth. Being banished from the colony on account of his religious opinipns, hi WIL removed with several others to Rhode Isl- and, and laid the foundation of ProTidence. They there established the first society in \rhich was enjoyed perfect liberty of con- science. For several years Williams was president of the colony. He died in 1683. WILLIAMS, Otho Holland, an officer in the American army, was bom in Mary- land in 1748, served in various capacities during the revolutionary war, and fought It the batdes of Guilford, Hobkirk's Hill uid the Elutaws. Before ^the disbanding of the army he was made brieadier generaT Por several years he was collector at Bal- timore. He died in 1794. WILLIAMS, William, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1731, and was educated at Harvard College. From the university he returned home, &d for some time devoted himself to the study of t^ology. Al au early period of the revolution, he embarked in the cause of his country, and was a delegate from his na- tive stale to the continental Congress. He died in 1811. WILLIS, BaowNE, an eminent anti- quary, was bom, in 1683, at Blandford, in Dorsetshire ; studied at Westminster School, :md at Christ Church, Oxford; was elected M. P. for Buckinghamshire in 1705 ; became a member of the society of antiquaries in 1717 ; and died in 1760. Willis was a man of an eccentric charac- ter. Miss Talbot, who gives a ludicrous description of him, decmres, that " with one of^the honestest hearts in the world he "las one of the oddest heads that ever drop- ped out of the moon." His principal works are, Notitia Parliamentaria ; A Survey of the Cathedrals of England; History of the Mitred Parliamentary Ab- bies ; and a History of Buckii^ham. WILLIS, Fbanois, a physician, cele- brated for his skill in cases of insanity, was bom, about 1718, in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Brazennose College, Oxford. He was brought up to the church, and obtained a college living in the metro- polis ; but subsequently took the degree of M. D. and practised as a physician. He restored Otorge III to samty, and was amply rewarded by a parliamentary giant. He died m i807. WILLUGHBY, Phancis, an eminent naturalist, was bom, in 1635, in Lincoln- shire, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Ray was his tutor, and was 5ubseqaently his fellow traveller on the »intinent, his frequent guest, and bis exe- cutor. In 1662 he became a member of the Royal Society. He died in 1674. He vrote a Latin treatise on Ornithology; mother on Ichthyolcey ; and some papers m the Philosophical Transactions. The WIL 519 treatises were edited, after Willughby's death, by Ray. WILMOT. See Rochesteb. WILSON, Alexander, the celebrated omithologist, was bom at Paisley, Scot- land, and came to Delaware in 1794. Removing to Philadelphia he became ac- quainted with Mr. Bartram, the naturalist, and devoted himself to the cultivation of natural history. His great work is the American Ornithology m seven volumes, quarto, splendidly executed, and very ao- curate and comprehensive. He possessed considerable taste for literature, and pub- lished several small poems of much beauty. He died in 1813. WILSON, Jahes, a signer of the de- claration of American independence, was bom in Scotland, about the year 1742. He was well educated, and after complet- ing his studies emigrated to America. Settling at Philadelphia, he received an offer to enter the office of Mr. John Dick- inson and pursue the study of the law. He soon distmguished' himself, and was ap- pointed a delegate to the continental Con- gress, where he continued from 1775 to 1777. He was a member of Che conven- tions which framed the constitution of Pennsylvania and that of the United States, and in 1789 was appointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1797 he was made professor of law in the university of Pennsylvania, and in this capacity defivered a course of lec- tures, afterwards published in three volumes 8vo. He died in 1798. WILSON, Thomas, a prelate eminent for piety, was bom, in 1663, at Barton, in Cheshire. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. The earl of Derby,. to whom he was chaplain, and whose son he accompanied to the continent as tutor, nominated him, in 1697, bishop of the isle of Man. He held the see during fifty-eight years, and though his annual income was only three hundred pounds, he reftised to accept an English bishopric. Scanty as were his means, be was benevolent to the poor, built a new chapel at Castleton, founded parochial libraries, and introduc- ed important improvements in the ^[ricul- ture of the island. He died in 1755. His works form two vols, folio. WILSON, Richard, a celebrated pain- ter, was bom, in 1714, at Penegos, in Montgomeryshire. He received a liberal education, and, having manifested a genius for painting, he was placed under an ob- scure portrait painter named Wright. He himself began his career in the same branch of art. On his visiting Italy, however, he was advised by Zuccarelli to devote him- self to landscape, and, fortunately, he fol- lowed that advice. His picture of Niob« was exhibited in 1760. He attained great 916 WIN lejmtation, bnt, nererthelesg, the latter part ^bis life was clouded by poverty. He died io 17S2. Fuseli declares that " Wil- son's taste was so exquisite, and his eye so chaste, that whatever came from his easel bore the stamp of ele^mce and truth." WINCHESTER, Elhanak, an Amer- ican divine, who visited England about 1788, attempted to found a Pniladelphian society, and disseminated bis peculiar te- n'.ta DT means of preaching, and of a Philadelphian magazine. He succeeded in establishing a sect called Winchestarians, or UniversalistSj which is still in existence. His distingmshing tenet was the ultimate redemption of all mankind, and even of the devils. He returned, in 1792, to his native conntry, and died there. Among his works are. Lectures 'on the Prophecies ; The Universal Restoration; and an heroic poem on Christ. WINCKELMAN, Johu Joachim, a celebrated German antiquary, was bom, in 1717, at Steindall, in Brandenburg. After having been professor of the belles lettres at Seehaosen, and librarian to Count Bn- nan, he became a catholic, and went to Rome, where the pope appointed him president of antiquities, and librarian of the Vatican. He was murderedj in 1768, at Trieste, while on his return from Ger- many to Italy. His principal works are, A History of Art among the Ancients; Ancient inedited Monuments; Reflections on the Imitation of the Productions of the Greeks in Painting and Sculpture; On Alle^ry ; and Letters on Hercnlanenm. WlPTOER, William H. an officer in the American army, was bora in Mary- land in 1775, was educated for the bar, and pursued his profession in Baltimore with great success. 7n 1812 he received a colonel's commission, was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, and served with rspntation during the war with Great Britain. He commanded the troops at the battle of Bladensbnrg. On the declara- tion of peace he resimied the practice of 'hisprofession. He died in 1824. WINDHAM, William, a statesman, was bom, in 17S0, at Felbiig, in Norfolk, and was educated at Eton, Gla^ow, and University College, Oxford. In 1782 he was elected M. P. mr Norwich, and for a short time secretary to the viceroy of Ireland. He continued to act with the whigs till 1793, when he adopted the sen- timents of Burke ; and, in the ibllowing year, he was appointed secretary at war, with a seat in the cabinet. In 1801 he resigned. To the peace of Amiens he was strenHonsIy hostile. During the brief pos- session of power by the whigs in 1806, be held his former office. He died in ISIO. His speeches have been published in three volumes octavn Windham was a man of WIN extensive reading, and no mean mathemar tician. WINGATE, Edwabd, a lawyer and mathematician, was bom, in 1593, m York- shire ; studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and at Gray's Inn ; was sent to France to instract Henrietta Maria in the English language; took the popular side in the civU war; and died in 1656. Among hia works are. Natural and Artificial Arith- metic; The Exact Surveyor; Ludus Ma- thematicus ; Maxims of Reason ; and an Abridgment of the Statutes. WINSLOW, Edwahd, was bora in Worcestershire in 1594. He was among the first settlers of New England, in 1620, asd was repeatedly elected governor of the colony they founded at Plymouth. He went several times as an agent to Eng- land, and in 1655 was nipointed a com- missioner to superintend the expedition against the Spaniards in the West Indies. • He died near Jamaica in the May of that year. WINSLOW, Jah£8 Benignds, a cel- ebrated Danish anatomist^ was bom, in 1 669, at Odensee ; settled in Fiance ; and, in 1699, became a catholic. In 1743 he succeeded M. Hunald as professor of ana- tomy and physiology at the Royal Botanic Garden. He died in 1760. Winslow was a member of several learned bodies. His principal work, which still preserves its reputation undiminished, is An Anatomical Exposition of the Stracture of the Human Body. WINTHROP, John, first governor of Massachusetts, was born at G^oton, Eng- land, in 1587. He arrived with the colo- nists in Salem in 1630, having a cammis- sion as their governor, and held this office, with the exception of six or seven years, till bis death m 1649. He kent a minute C' mal of the affairs of the colony, which been published, and possesses much value. WINTHROP, John, son of the fore- going, was bom in England, -in Ij605, and received his education at Cambridge. He came to Massachusetts in 1633, and sub- sequently visiting England, retumed rnd established a colony, at Saybrook, Con- nectir^t. In 1657 he was chosen gornaor of that colony, and remained so till hia death in 1676. He was dLstingoishel for his love of natural philosophy, and ws s one of the founders of the Royal Society of London. WINTHROP, James, a man of letters, was bom at Cambridge, Massachusel'.*, in 1752, and was graduated at Harvard Col- lege. He was for twenty years lib arian 01 that institution. Hb acqniremetits io the exact sciences, the ancient and modem languages, and in biblici I vA polite litera- ture were extensive. U 'in 1821. WIT WINWOOD, Sir Ralph, a statesman, was bom, about 1566, at Ayiihoe, in Nortb- amptODsbire ; was educated at St. Jobn's and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford ; was twice sent as envoy to Holland; and was secre- tary of state iiom 1614 tiU his decease in 1617. Memorialsof Affairs of State, three volumes . folio, were published from his papers in 1723. WXSHART, Geokge, a Scotch pro- testant martyr, was bom at the commence- ment of the sixteenth century. Little is known of his early life ; but he is said to have embraced the protestant faith while travelling in Germany; to have resided for some years at Cambridge ; and to have taught at Bene't College. In 1S44 he re- turned to his native land, and exerted him- self zealnosly in preaching the doctrines of the Reformation. In 1546 he was seized by Cardinal Beaton, was brought to trial, and was mercilessly condemned to the flames. WISTAB, Caspab, a celebrated physi- cian, was bom in Philadelphia, in 1761. He studied medicine under Br. John Red- man, and completed his professional course at the schools in London and Gdinbu^h. Returning in 1787 to his native city, he soon distinguished himself in his profes- sion, and in 1789 was elected professor of chemistry in the college of Philadelphia. In 1792 be became adjunct professor of anatomy, midwifery, and sn^ep^] with Dr. Shippen |_ and on the decease of that gen- tleman, in 1808, sole professor. GQs ac- quirements in professional knowledge were very extensive, and he obtained much pop- ularity as a lecturer. He died in 1818. His wiei work is a valuable System of An- atomy, in two volumes. WITHKR, Geobse, a poet, was bom, in 1583, at Bentwortb, in Hampshire, and was educated at Magdalen College, Ox- ford. . He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but did not practise. In 1613 he was com- mitted to prison for his satires, .called Abuses Stnpt and Whipt. In the civil war he espoused the ^pular cause, and rose to the rank of major general. After the Restoration he was again incarcerated for his writings, and remained for more than three years in durance. He died in 1667. Of his numerous works many are hasty and incorrect, but in his Shepherds Hunting, and .some of his other pieces, there is much of genuine poetry. WITHERINGi, WitLiAM, a physician, was bom, in 1741, at Wellington, in Shrop- shire ; studied at Edinburgh ; practised successfully, first at Stafford, and after- wards at Birmingham; and died in 1799. His cSiief work is a Systematic Arrange- ment of British Plants. The native car- bonate of barytes was discovered and first described by him. WOL 517 WITHERSPOON, John, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was born in Scotland, in 172^, and was educated at the university of Edinburgh, He studied divinity, and became one of the most influential and distinguished of the Scottish clergy. Being induce^ to accept the presidency of the college at P|inceton, he removed to New Jersey with his femily in 1768. In 1776 he was appointed a dele- gate to the continental congress, and re- tained a seat there dunng the war. On the return of peace he resumed his duties at the college. He died in 1794. His works have been collected, in four volumes octavo. WOODHTJLL, Michael, a poet, was bom, in 1740, at Thenford, m Northamp- tonshire ; was educated at Winchester School, and at Brazennose College, Ox- ford ; lived on his paternal est^e, and amused his leisure hours with literature ; and diedinl816. He wrote Poems^ which have a considerable portion of merit ; and translated the tragedies of Euripides. WODROW, RoEEBT, a Scotch histo- rian, was bom, in 1679, at Glasgow; studied at the nniversiw of that city, of which he afterwards became librarian; and died in 1734, minister of the parish of Eastwood. He wrote a valuable but prolix History of the Sufferings of the Church of ScoUand ; and left unfinished a Biography of the principal Persons concerned in intro- ducing the Reformation of Religion into Scot^d. WOLCOTT, John, a poet, better known by the name of Peter Pindar, was bom, in 1738, at Dodbrook, in Devonshire: was educated at private seminaries; and was apprenticed to his uncle, an apothe- cary at Truro, who tdtimately left him the bulk of his property. Having taken a de- gree, he accompanied Sir William Tre- lavraey to the government of Jamaica, as physician. While residing in that island he took orJers, and was presented to a liv- ing. On his retum to England he settlea at Truro, ^whence he removed to Hefstone. It was while he was living in Cornwall that be drew from obscurity the painter 518 WOL Opie; and m 1780 he went with him to settle in London. Wolcott's fit^t pablica- lion, An Epistle to the Reviewers, ap- peared in 1778. After his arrival in the metropolis, his productions rapidly suc- ceeded each other, and were highly popular. Among his most finished works are, Lvric Odes to the Royal Academicians ; and the Lousiad. In the decline of life he became blind, and he died January 14, 1819. His works form fire octaro volumes. Wolcott also possessed considerable talents in draw- ing and music. WOLCOTT, Oliver, governor of Con- necticut, was bom in 1727, and received his education at Yale College. He served as captain in the French war, and studied medicine though be nevA practised. He was a delegate to the congress of 1776, signed the declaration of independence and the artinles of confederation, and remained a member till 1785. In 1785 he was elected deputy governor, and was i«-elected till 1796, when he was made governor. He died in. 1797. WOLF, Fkederic AtJGnsTua, an emi- nent German philologist, was born, in 1 759, at Haynrode, in Holstein; was educated at Gottingeu ; was appointed professor, in 1783, at the university of Halle, where he remained for fwenty-three years ; had a considerable share in founding and organ- izing the new university at Berlin, in 1808, and became professor of it; and died in 1324: He emted, and added notes and dissertations to, many Greek and Roman classics ; and wrote A Histoty of Roman Literature; and other works. WOLFE, Jahes, a distinguished gen- eral, the son of a lieutenant general, was bom, in 1726, at Westerham, in Kent, and distinguished himself, before he was twenty, at the battle of Laffeldt. He in- creased his reputation so much by his con- duct at Minden and Louisbuj^h, that Pitt selected I 'm to command the expedition against (Quebec. Wolfe overcame all ob- stacles, scaled the heights of Abraham, and compelled the enemy to risk the pro- vince on the issue of a battle. In the mo- ment ol victory he fell, mortally wounded. Cries of "they mn!" stracfc his ear. Rousing himselfnom the feiutness of death, he inquired, "who mn?" and being told that It was the French, he exclaimed, " Thank God, then I die contented !" and immediately expired. He died September 13 1759. WOLFE, Chables, an Irish divine and poet, was bom, in 1791, at Dublin; was educated at Trinity Collie, Dublin ; sbtained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he exchanged for that of Castle Caulfield ; and died of consumption in Februaty, 1823. He wrote the well known Ode on the Death of Sir John Moore, beginning with " Not WOL a drum was heard ;" and the praise which, after his decease, was bestowed upon thai piece, induced his friends to publish a volume of his Remains. WOLFF, or WOLFIUS, John Chris- tian, a -celebrated German philosopher and mathematician, was bom, in 1679, at Breslaw, in Silesia; studied at Jena and Leipsic; and gave early indications of talent. By the advice'of^Leibnitz, he de- clined becoming a preacher, and dedicated himself to philosophy. In 1707 he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Halle ^- and he filled this office with high reputation, for several years, till, in 1732, his enemies, by repre- senting his doctrines as dangerous, suc- ceeded in prevailing on the king of Prussia to order Wolfi' to quit his territories in two days, on pain of^death. He was sub- sequently professor at Marpurg. Frederic the Great recalled him to Halle, made him professor of the law of nature and nations as well as of mathematics, and pensioned him, and the elector of Bavana created him a baron.' He died in 1754, chancellor of the university. It was Wolff who ac- complished the espulsionof the Aristotelian philosophy from tne Grerman schools. His philosophical, metaphysical, and mathe- maticai works are numerous ; the Latin philosophical productions alone forming twenty-three volumes quarto. WOLLASTON, William, an ethical and theqlogiGal writer, was bom, in 1659, at Cotton Clanfoid, in Stafibrdsniro ; was educated at Sidney College, Cambridge ; took orders ; but obtained an independence . which turned his views from church pre- ferment; and died in 1724. His principal work is, The Religion of Nature Deline- ated. WOLLASTON, William Htde, a phy- siciau and experimental philosopher, the great-grandson of the forgoing, was bom m 1766, and was educatea at Caius Col- lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for the in- terests of scienmatical lecturer to the East India Company ; and diedinI61S. The trae method ol divid- ing the meridian line was first discovered by him. He wrote The Correction of certain Errors in Navigation; ana The Haven finding Art. WRIGHT, Joseph, an eminent pain- ter, commonly known as Wright of Derby, was bora in that town, in 1734, and was a pupil of Hudson, after which he studied in Italy. On returning to England he re- sided for two years at Bath, and then set- tled at Derby, where he died in 1797. He displayed no common talents in portrait, landscape, and historical painting. Among his principal works are, the eruption of Vesuvius, the head of Ulleswater Lake, the Dead Soldier, the destraction of the Float- ing Batteries at Gibraltar, Belshazzar's Feast, Hero and Leander, and the Lady in Com us. WYAT, Sir Thomas, a statesman and poet, was bora, in 1503, at Allington, in Kent; was educated at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, and at Oxford; was a iavoorite of Henry VIII.; was employed on various diplomatic missions ; and died in 1541 . His poems have very considerable merit, and were printed with those of bis iriend, the accomplished carl of Surrey. WYATT, James, an eminent architect, was bora, about 1743, at Burton, in Staf- fordshire ; studied architecture and paint- ing at Rome ; succeeded Sir Wuliam Chambers as surveyor of the board of works ; was for a while president of the Royal Academy ; and was killed, Septem- ber 5, 1813, by the overturning of a car- riage. Among bis works are, the Pan- theon, Kew Palace, Foothill Abbey, various improvements at Windsorj Westminster, and Salisbury, and the wmgs to the duke of Devonshire's villa at Chiswick. WYCHERLEY, William, a wit and dramatist, was bora, about 1640, at Cleve, in Shropshire. He studied at Queen's College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple, but paid little attention to law. His L^ve in a Wood, which was acted in 1678, gave him popularity, and be became a favourite of Charles II. and the duke of Bucking- ham. His marriage with the countess of Dro^heda, however, deprived him of the smiles of the sovereign, and her jealousy embittered bis existence. After her death, the succession to her property involved him in lawsuits, and he spent several years in 922 XEN prison, till he was released by James II. He died in 1715. He wrote, besides the comedy already mentioned. The Gentle- man Dancing Master ; The Conntry Wife ; The Plain Dealer ; Poems ; and some pieces which were published after his de- WYKEHAM, WitLiAM of, an eminent prelate, derived his name from a Hamp- shire Tillage, in which he was bom in 1324. His parents, though respectable, were poor, and he was indebted for his education to Nicholas Uvedale, lord of the manor of Wykeham, and governor of Winchester Castle. Uvedale not only educated him, but made him his secretary, and eventually recommended him to Edward UI. By the monarch he was employed to superinte^ the building of Wmdsor Castle. After having held some minor church preferment, he was raised, in 1366, to the see of Win- chester, and in 1367 was made chancellor of England. In 1371 the party of the duke of Lancaster compelled him to resign the seals, and he was persecuted by it for sev- eral years. Richard II., however, restored him to his dignities. He died in 1404. New College, Oxford, and Winchester school, were founded by Wykeham. WYTHE, George, a signer of the de- claration of American independence, was bom in Virginia in 1726. His early course XIM was dissipated, but at the age of thirty ht refonned, tumed his attention to literature, studied law and commenced its practice. At the breaking out of the revolution he was a distinguished leader of the popular party. He was for some time speaker ol the nouse of burgesses, and in 1779 was elected a member of congress. He was one of the committee to revise the laws of Virginia in 1776, and had a principal share in preparing the code adopted m 1779. Soon after De was appointed one of the three judges of the high court of chancery, and subsequently sole counsellor. He was a member of the convention of Virginia to consider the constitution of the United States. His death, which was attributed to poison, took place in 1806. WYTTENBACH, Daniei, a learned philologist, was bom, in 1746, at Beme ; studied at Marburg, and at Gottingen, un- der Heyne ; and became professor of phi- losophy and literature at the Remonstrants Colfege at Amsterdam. He was subse- quently appointed philosophical professor at the institution called the Illustrious Athenseum, in the same city ; ^nd, in 1799, he succeeded Ruhnken at Leyden. He died in 1820. Among his productions are, an edition of the moral works of Plutarch; Precepta Philosophiae Logicee; and Epis- tola Critica. X XAVTER, St. Prakcis, denominated the Apostle of the Indies, was bora, in 1506, at the castle of Xavier, in Navarre ; studied at Paris ; became one of the first and most zealous disciples of Ignatius Loyola ; was sent to the East by John HI. of Portugal, to propagate the gospel ; per- formed his mission in Hindostan, the Mo- luccas, and Japan ; and was on the point of landing in China, when he di«l, in 1552. XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher, was bom, b. c. 406, at Chalcedon ; was a disciple of Plato; succeeded Speusippus in the Platonic school ; and died about b. c. 314. Such was his command oyer his passions, that the beautiful Phyme in vain endeavoured to rouse them, though she had confidently wagered upon her success. His works are lost, with the exception of a Treatise on Death. XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher, was bom in the seventh century B. c. at Colophon, in Asia Minor ; settled at Elea in his eightieth year; and died there at the a^e of more than a hundred. He founded the Eleatic sect, and his doctrines were delivered in verse. XENOPHON, a celebrated philosopher, hi^orian, and genera], a native of Alhens, was bora about b. c. 445, and was a dis- ciple of Socrates. After having borae arms at the battle of Delium, and in the Peloponnesian war, he became one of the body of Greek anxiliaries, who fought on the side of the younger Cyrus against Ar- taxerxes. When the Grecian leaders wera treacherously slain, after the battle of Cu- naxa, the arduous task of conducting the retreat was intrusted to Xenophon, and he performed it with consummate skill. Sub- sequently he served under the banners of Tmrace and of Lacedsemon. He died at Corinth b. c. 360. Of his works, the style of which is admirable for sweetness, purity, and perspicuity, the principal are, the Anabasis ; the Cyropaedia ; and Hel- lenics, or Grecian History. XIMENES DE CISNEROS, Catdi- nal Frakcib, an eminent Spanish slates- man, was Ijora, in 1437, at Torrelaeuna, in Old Castile, and was educated at Aicala and Salamanca. After having filled van ous benefices, he became a monk of the Franciscan order, and obtained great repu- tation as a preacher. In hi» fifty-nzth VOR Tear, Queen Isabella made him her con- fessor, and, two years afterwards, he was raisea to the archbishopric of Toledo. It was not, however, till ne received the ex- press iamnction of the pope that he would accept the arohiepiscopar dignity, and he continued to preserve the austere habits of a Franciscan. He subsequently became prime minister, and a cardmal, and Ferdi- nand, on his cfeathbed, appointed him re- gent tiU the arrival of Charles V. He died in 1517. Few ministers have gov- erned with as much ability and firmness as YOU S2i Ximenes. He was also the patron of learning; founded various academical and other establishments ; and employed the most erudite men of all countries to edit the iamousComplutensian Polyglott Bible. XYLANDER, William, a learned cri- tic, whose real name was Holtzemami7, was born, in 1532, at Augsburgh ; display- ed a profound knowledge of the classics at an early age ; was .chosen Greek professor at Heidelberg, in 1558 ; and died in 1576. He translated and edited various Greek and Latin authors. YALDEN, Thouas, a divme and poet, was bom, in 1671, at Exeter; was edu- cated at Magdalen College, Oxford; ob- tained, successively, the livings of Wil- loughby, Chalton, and Clanfield, and the preachership of Bridewell Hospital ; was inrplicated with Bishop Atterbury, but was soon released; and died in 1736. His poems have been admitted into the collect- ed works of the British poets. ' YEARSLEY, Anne, a writer of poems, uovelsj and dramas, was bom, about 1756, at Bristol, and was originallT a milk- woman. Some of her verses obtained for her the patronage of Miss Hannah More, under whose auspices a volume of her pro- ductions was published by subscription, in 17S5. The profits enabled her to open a circulating library, at the Hot Wells. She died in 1806. Among her works are.. Poems; Earl Godwyn, a tragedy; and The Royal Captives, a Romance. YERMAK, a Cossack chiefj who was bom on the banks of the Don, m the last half of the sixteenth century. With only six thousand men he conquered Siberia. The subjugated territoiy he .transferred to the czar oiMuscovy, who loaded him with honours and presents. He was drowned in 15S3. YORK, Fbedebick, duke of, second son of George III., was bom, in 1763, at Buckingham House, Westminster. In 1 784 he received the title which he bore till the end of his Uie, and in 1787 he took his seat in the upper house. He narrowly escaped death, m 1789, in a duel with Colonel Lenox. In 1791 he married the eldest daughter of the king of Prussia. He was fla(»d at the head of the British army in 'landers in 1793, and, after alternate suc- cess, weis expelled from that country by the French. Nor was he more fortunate, in 1799, when he was employed in Hol- land ; he being under the necessity of sign- ing a disadvantageous^ convention. His office of commai^er in chief, to which he was appointed in 1795, he resigned m 1809, in consequence of the charges which were brought against hiin by Colonel Wardle. He was, however, reinstated by the prince regent, and held it till his de- cease, on the 5th of January, 1827. It is but justice to say that he ajdministered it in a maimer which was highly beneficial to the army. YORKE. See Hardwicke. YOUNG, EowASD, a poet and miscel- ianeous writer, was bom, in 1681, or, according to some, in 1679, at Upham, in Hants, and was educated at Winchester school, and at New College, Oxford. Ife was designed for the law, and took his degree of doctor, but he at length' chose the clerical profession, and, in 1728, was ordained, and appointed chaplain to the king. His poetical reputation he had alr^dy established by the poems of Tlie Last Day, The Force of Religion, and The Love of Fame ; and the tragedies of The Revenge, and Busiris. In 1730 he ob- tained the living of Welwyn, and though for several years he (to use his own words) "besieged court favour," he received no further church promotion. His Night Thoughts are supposed to have been prompted by the death of his wife, whom he lost in 1741. He died in 1765. Hk poetical and prose works form four voln. 324 ZAC YOUNG, AsTHus, an eminent agri- cultural writer, was bom, m 1741, at Brad- field, in Sutfolk. He was apprenticed to 1 wine merchant, at Lynn, in Norfolk ; but quitted that business to engage in farming. ;n furtherance of his wish to improve the husbandry of his country, he not only made innumerable exiieriments on his own land, but also travelled over the greatest gart of the British islands, and in France, pain, and Italy. In 1770 he published his Farmer's Calendar, which became a popular work; and in 1774 he established The Annals of Agriculture. On tfie estab- lishment of the Board of Agrictilture he was appointed secretary, an office which he held till his decease in 1820. Among his principal works, besides those already mentionedLare his Toufs in England, Ire- land, and France. YOXlNGr, Matthew, a mathematician and divine, was born, in 1750, in the coun- ty of lUfscommon ; was educated at Trini- ty College, Dublin, at which, in 1786, he became professor of philosophy ; was rais- ed to ttie see of Clonfert by Marquis Cornwatlis ; and died in 1800. He wrote An Essay on Sounds ; An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy; and The Method of prime and ultimate Ra- tios. YOUNG, Sir William, a miscellane- ous writer, was bom, in 1750, at Charlton House, near Canterbury ; was educated at Eton, Clare Hall, Cambridge, and Uni- versity CciBege, Oxford; was M. P. for St. Mawes, in 1783, and F. R. S. in 1786; and died, in 1815, governor of Tobago. His principal works are. The History of Athens; raid The West India Common Place Book. YOUNG, Thomas, an eminent philos- opher and physician, a nephew of Dr. ^ocklesby, was bom in 1774; was edu- ZAC cated at Gottingen and Edinbui^h; wat physician to St. George's Hospital, and foreign secretary of the Royal Society; and died May 10, 1829. Besides contri- buting a great number of valnahte papers to the Supplement to the Encvclop»dia firitannica, and to many scientiHc periodi- cals, he wrote several works, of which the chief are, A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy; An Introduction to Medical Literature; A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Disease; and Elementary Illustration of the Celestial Mechanics of La Place. To Dr. Young belongs the merit, which has been claimed for M. Champollion, of having discovered the means of deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphics. YPSILANTI, Prince Alex^.vdeb^ son of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia in 1802, accompanied his father when he took refuge in Russia. He entered into the Russian army, attained the rank of major- general, and was made aid-de-camp to the emperor. When the Greek revolution broke out he was chosen to hoist the stand- ard of freedom in Wallachia and Moldavia. He was, however, routed by the Turks, and was forced to fly into Austria, where he was long held captive in the fortress of Mongatz. He died at Vienna in 1821. Ypsilanti possessed courage and military knowledge, but his almost insane pride wholly unfitted him for being the leader of an insurrection. YRIARTE, Don Thomas de, an emi- nent Spanish poet, was bom, about 1750, at Tenerifle ; studiediat Madrid ; held office under government, and was made editor of the Madrid Mercury; and died in 1791. Of his works, which form eight volumes, the principal are. Comedies; Music, a poem; Literary Fables ; Moral Epistles ; and Mis- cellanies. z ZABAGLIA, Nicholas, an architect, was bora, in 1674, at Rome, and died there in 1750. His first occupation was that of a carpenter at the Vatican ; but the various masterly mechanical engines which, he in- vented, and the abilities which he display- ed, caused him to be appmnted architect of St. Peter's. Zabaglia is the inventor of the method by which fresco paintings are transferred from the plaster on which they were originally executed. ZACCARIA, FBANcii- Anthony, a Jesuit, was liorn, in 1714, at Venice ; suc- ceeded Muratori as Ulirarian at Modena; retired to Rome after the dissolution of his order; and died there, in 1795, pro- fessor of ecclesiastical history at the Sapi- enza College. Of his one hundred and six Erinted works, the most important are, literary History of Italy, sixteen vols.; Literary Annals of Italy ; Anecdotes of the Middle Age ; and Numismatic Institutions. ZACHARIA, Justus PnEnEBic Wil- liam, a German poet, was bom, in 1726, at Frankenhausen, in Thuringia ; was edu- cated at Leipsic ; was appointed professor of poetry in the Caroline College at Bmns- wick ; and died in 1777. His poems, among the best of which are, Phaeton, the Four Parts of the Day, and Woman in the Four Stages of her Life', form nine volumes octavo. • ZEN ZAIONCZEK, Joseph, a PoUsh gen- eral, of a noble but poor family, was bora, in 1752, at Kaminieck, and entered the military gerrice at an early period. In tfie diets from 1783 to 1792, he espoused the cause of freedom, and for that cause he fought braTely in 1792 and 1794. It was he who commanded at Praga when that unfortunate suburb of Warsaw was carried by assault, and on that occasion he is said to have displayed more bravery than military skill. Severely wounded, he sought an asylum in Moravia, and was sent prisoner to the fortress of Josephstadt, where he remained till after the death of Catherine of Russia. On his being libera- ted be entered into the service of France, and fought under her banners, &om 1797 till 1812, in Italy, Egypt, Prussia, Poland, and Russia, When the congress of Vienna assigned Poland to the Russian emperor, that monarch conferred on the Polish gen- eral the title of prince and the office of viceroy. These favours were filial to the glory of Zaiopczek. He forgot all his TOtnotism, became the devoid slave of Russia, and died universally bated by his fellow citizens, July 23, 1826. ZARCO, JoHU Gonzales, a Portuguese navigator of the fifteenth century. He discovered, in 1417 and 1419, the isUmds of Porto Santo and Madeira. In 1421 he was made governor of a part of the latter island, and founded Fnnchal. Zarco is said to have introduced the use of artillery in ships. ZBNDRINI, Bebnabd, an eminent Italian mathematiciau, but especially cele- brated for his skill in hydrauhcs, was born, in 1679, at Saviore; studied at Padua; and settled at Venice as a physician. His profound knowledge of the subject caused him to he appointed chief hydraulic engi- neer at Ferrata, aiul the same office, with the superintendence of all the waters, rivers, and ports, was afterwards conferred on him by the Venetiaji republic. He was also employed by the Austrian govern- ment and the republic of Lucca. Many works of great importance were executed by him. He died m 1747. ZENO, of Elea, a philosopher, was born, about b.-c. 463, at Elea, in H^^a Graecia, and was a disciple of Parmenides. The invention of dialectics"is ascribed to him. His native city having &llen under the dominion of a despot, he endeavoured to deliver it, but failed ; and, being put to the torture, he is said to have bitten off his tongue, and spit it into the face of the tyrant. ZENO, the founder of the sect of the St"ics, was bom about b. c. 362, at Citium, in the isle of Cyprus, and quitted mercan- tile pursuits to become a philosopher. After having received the lessons of Crates, ZIM S2i Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon, he him- self opened a school of philosophy in the Stoa, or painted portico, whence his fol- lowers were called Stoics. He taught for nearly fifty years ; was highly respected by the Athenians; and died B. c. 264. ZENO, Nicholas and Aicthosv, two brothers, natives of Venice, who, about 1388, are believed to have discovered the Feroe islands, Greenland, and Newfound- land. Their voyages were first published, in 1558, by Mercolini. ZENO, Afostolo, an eminent Italian writer, was bom, in 1668, at Venice. In 1691 he founded the academy " degli Animosi," and in 1710 he began The Literary Jouraal, of which the first twenty volumes are from bis pen ; the remainder lieing the composition of ^ brother. Havmg obtained reputation m his dra- matic compositions, Charles VI., in 1718, invited him to Vienna, and appointed him his historiographer and laoreat. Zeno re- sided for eleven years at the imperial court, and produced nearly fisrty pieces. He returned to his own country in 1731, and died in 1750-' His theatrical compo- sitions form ten volumes ; and his Letters, and other prose compositions, nearly twenty. ZENOBIA, Septiha, queen of Pal; myra. She was descended from the Plo- lemys, and her mind was cultivated by the lessons of Longinus. After the deatn of Odenatus, in whose labours of war and government she bad participated, she as sumed the title of Queen of the East pushed her conquests in various directions and rendered Palmyra one of the most splendid of oriental cities. Aurelian made war against her, and, after having gained two battles, laid siege to Palmyra. She was taken while attempting to escape; was carried to Rome to g^ce his triumph ; and died there, in private life, about a. d. 300. ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter of antiq- uity, is believed to have been bora about B. c. 497, and to have died about b. c. 400. He was a native of Heraclea, but of which of the cities bearing that name is not known, though it is supposed to be the Heraclea of Magna Graecia. He brought to perfection the management of light and shade. Of his own merit he had a sufficiently lofty idea; for, having become rich, he gave away liis pictures, on the ground that no price was equal to their worth. ZIMMERMAN, John G£obge, a physician and miscellaneous writer, was bora, in 172S, at Bragg, in the canton of Berae; studied medicine under Haller in Gottin^en ; practised for some years at his native place ; was appointed, in 1768| chief physician to the king of England al S2S ZOE Hanover ; attended Frederic of Prussia on his death bed ; w%3 a violent literary op- ponent of the lUiuninati and the French revolutionists ; and died, in 1795, a victim to hypoctiondriac disease. Among his ■works are, A Treatise on Solitude (once highly popular) ; An Essay on National Pnde ; and A Treatise on tne Experience of Medicine, ZINCKE, Cheibtian Fbedbbic, a German painter, was bom, about 1684, at Dresden; studied under Boit; settled in England in his" twenty-second year; be- came justly celebrated for the beauty of his enamelportraits ; and died in 1767. ZINZENDORF, I^icholas Louis, Count, the restorer of the Moravian sect, \\as born, in J 700, at Dresden ; was a son ol the elector of Saxony's chamberlain; and studied at Halle and Wittenberg. He early manifested an enthusiastic turn of mind wiW respect to religious concerns. In 1721, having given an asylum on his estate to some of the persecuted Moravian brethren, he espoused J^heir doctrineSj and became the head of their church. To spread those doctrines, and procure tole- ration for the professors of them, he tra- velled over a large part of Europe, visited England, and even made two voyages to America. He died in 1760. The Mora- vians, and their head, were long the subject of many gross calumnies, from which, how- ever, their meritorious conduct has amply vindicated them. ZISCA, John, a celebrated Bohemian warrior, was bom about 1380, of a noble family. His real name was TROCH- ZNOW, but he received the appellation of Zisca, or one-eyed, after having lost an eye in battle. When the Hussites rose in arms, to oppose the succession of Sigis- mund to the crown of Bohemia, they placed Zisca at their head, and he justified their choice by numerous victories over the ene- my. Though he lost his other eye during the contest, he compelled Sigi^und to submit to humiliating terms of peace. He died in 1424. ZOEGA, Geokge, an eminent Danish ■rcheeologist, was bom, in 176S, at Dahler, ZUK in Jutland; was educated at Altona and Gottingen; resided for many years at Rome, as consul for Denmark, and was much esteemed by Pius VI. ; ani died in 1809. Among tis works are, a treatise de Origine et Usu Obeliscorum; Numi .Sgyptii ; and the Ancient Basso KeUevos of Rome. ZOLLIKOPPER, Geoege Joachim, a Swiss divine, was bom, in 1730, at Saint Gall ; was educated at Bremen and Utrecht; was, successively, a minister in the Pays de Vaud, the Gnsons, and at Leipsic ; and died in 1798. Of his Sermons, wliich form fifteen volumes, a part have been translated into English. ZOROASTER, an ancient philosopher, of whose history little or nothing that is authentic is known. There are supposed to have been several of the name. The most celebrated, however, the Zerdusht of the Persians, is believed to have been the reformer of the Magian system of religion, and the author of the Zendavesta, which contains the doctrines that be taught. Irre- concileable differences esst among the learned as to the time in which he flou- rished. Volney fixes his birth B. c. 1250. ZOUCH, Richard, a distinguished ci-, vilian^ was bom, about 1590, at Anstey,* in Wiltshire ; was educated at Winchester school, and at New College, Oxford ; be- came regius professor of law at Oxford, principal of St. Alban's Hall, warden at the cmque ports, and judge of the admi- ralty; and died in 1660. His numerous works in civil, military, and maritime jurispmdence, all of them in Latin, are still esteemed. ZOUCH, Thomas, a divine and bio- grapher, was bom, in 1737, at SandaL in Yorkshire ; was educated at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge ; and died in 1806, rector of Scrayingha'm, and prebendary of Dur- ham. Late in hfe the bishopric of Carlisle was ofiered to him, but he reiiised it. Among his works are. Memoirs of Sir P. Sidney, — of Dean Sudbury, — and of Sir Georee Wheler ; An Inquiry into the pro- phefit Character of the Romans ; and The Crucifixion, a Seatonian prize poem. ZUMBO, Gaetano Julicb, a celebra- ted modeller in wax, was bom, in 1656, at Syracuse, in Sicily ; and died at Paris in 1701. For the grand duke of Tuscany he executed, in coloured wax, several admi- rable works. The most celebrated of these bears the name of the Putrefaction. It exhibits five figures — a dying person, a dead body, a corp.se in a state of incipient corruption, one half cormpted, and another in the last stage of corraption and a prey to worms. His masteipieces, a Nativity and a Descent from the Cross, are at Genoa.