^ftilological Si^mtnaril t:ibrarg THE GIFT OF -^'..^,M.4-wA^.^2^.^ ODornen lEnittcrsftg _ Cornell University Library PA 258.W62 3 1924 021 601 491 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021601491 CORNEU "< .A UNIVERSITY. J thKEeIonths' peeparation for reading xenophon. ADAPTED TO BE USED /JV CONNECTIOIir WITH EADLEY AND ALLEN'S, AND GOODWIN'S GBAMMAB. BY JAMES MOKRIS WHITON, Ph. D., AND MARY BARTLETT WHITON, A. B. INBTBDOTOB IH GBKEE IH PAOKEB COLLSOIATS IHBTITirTX, BBOOELYIT. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 8, AMD 6 BOKD STEEET. 188r. OOPTBIOHT, 1885, Bt D. APPLETON AKD COMPAJSfT. NOTE TO TEACHERS. It is common to spend nearly all of the first year's study of Greek upon the elements of the language in a book of lessQns. So far as may be consistent with thdroTighness in, the riKjiments, many desire to abridge that time — ^partly to, begin the sooner in the reading ■which the colleges require, partly for the interest and the sense of progress, which the pupil finds greater in the pages of a classic than in the 't hash" of a drill- book. What has been successfully attempted for Latin pupils in the " Six "Weeks' Preparation for Reading Caesar," is here essayed for beginners in Greek. The first thing for them to acquire is the mfleo- tions of the language, rather than a vocabulary. Ac- cordingly, while the memory is burdened with a mul- titude of new forms, a comparatively small number of words is here used in varied and frequent repeti- tion. Large space is also devoted to the analysis of the verb, and to a simplified presentation of the use of the moods and tenses. The seven concluding ex- 4 NOTE TO TEACHERS. ereises, consisting of sentences mostly taken from the "Anabasis," illustrate whatever is more difficult in the verb, as well as all the common rules of syntax. Some parts of the exercises have been marked as optional. Other portions may be omitted at the dis- cretion of the teacher, according to the needs of the pupil. Exercises from English into Greek have been omitted in the latter part of the book. But it will be of use to extemporize a few every day from the material of the lesson, and to continue the practice in connection with the reading of Xenophon. After beginning Xenophon, instead of a strict reading in course, it is often better to defer the more difficult portions, such as the third and ninth chapters of the first book of the " Anabasis," until more facility has been acquired in the easier chapters of that book, and perhaps of the next. Those who are interested in learning Greek mainly in order to read the New Testament, will find these lessons adapted to their desire for a preparation that is expeditious as well as thorough. December, 188If. CONTENTS. PAGE I. Characters and Vocalization . . . .7 II. Verbs ...... 9 III. Nouns . . . . , . .18 IV. The Article ..... 20 V. Adjectives . . . . . .28 VI. Pronouns ...... 31 VII. Participles . . . . . .48 VIII. Prepositions ..... 54 VOCABULAaT . . . . . .83 I. CHAEACTEES AND YOCALIZATIOK [FuU-feced type refers to Hadley's Grammar ; common type, to Goodwin's Grammar (G.). The figures refer to gec- tions, except ■when preceded hj p., referring to the poffe.] The Alphabet. — Eepeat the alphabet. Write the same, setting down in parallel columns the Greek letters, their English equivalents, and their names in English. 5,6; 1. YowELS. — What are the vowels f the long vowels ? ih& short vowels? the doubtful vowels? Which are called the open vowels ? which the dose vowels ? The vowel sounds. 9, 11, 12 ; 2, p. xi. Diphthongs. — ^What are the diphthongs? How formed ? How sounded ? What are the so-called improper diphthongs ? 13, 14 ; 3, Beeathings. — ^What are the signs called hreath- vngs intended to show? 17 ; 4. How are the breath- ings placed on diphthongs f 17, a ; 4, note 1. . Write several vowels and diphthongs, both with the smooth and with the rov^h breathing, and pronounce them accordingly. 8 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION What consonant takes the breathing ? When ? 18; 4, 2. Consonants. — ^What classifications of the conso- nants ? Write the same, and memorize thoroughly. Which consonants can end a Greek word ? 19,22-27, 85 ; 6, 6, 7. Elision. — ^What is elision, and how marked ? 79 ; 12. Notice that elision occurs in English poetry, as in the line, "I sing th' Almighty Power of God." Syllabication. — What determines the numter of syllables in every Greek word ? Which is the penult ? the antepenult? In dividing a word into syllables, how are the consonants to be placed ? 89-91 ; 18, and note 1. EXEBCISE I. Turn to any of the exercises in this book, and name the consona/nU according to their classifications, as learned above. Take several words, and divide them into syllables according to the rules for placing consonants in syllabication. Name different syllables HBpewult, antepenult, and pure. QuANTmr.: — When is a syllable said to be long by natv/re? long hy position? common? 92-94; 19,20. Accent. — What accents ? What syUahles can re- ceive them? Where is the accent of a diphthong FOR READINa XENOFHON. 9 placed? What diphthongs are treated in accentua- tion the same as short vowels ? 95, 96 a, 99, 102 ; 21, 1, and note 2 ; 22, note 1. Define the terms oxytone, paroxytone, proparoxy- tone,perispomenon,jproperispoinenon, iarytone. Turn to any of the exercises in this book, and point out instances of each. What is recessive accent? 99, 104 b; 21,2,3. Commit to memory the primary rules of accent as affected by quantity and by connected discourse. 100, 101, 108 ; 22, 23. What happens to the accent in elision? 107; '24, 3. What punctuation ma/rks are used in Greek? 121; 31, Exercise II. Eead one or more of the exercises in this book for practice in pronunciation. In so doing be careful to lay the accent of the voice only on syllables marked •with the acute or the circumflex. n. VEEBS. SuMMAET. — ^What voices, moods, t6ns&i, nwmhers, and persons has the verb in Greek ? 298-301 ; 88-91. PsmciPAL Pakts. — A verb is described by giving its principal parts. 304 c ; 92, 5. 10 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION The Stem.— "What is the verb-stem ? 307 ; 92. The simple idea predicated by the verb is expressed in its «fem. The requisite modifications of that idea are expressed in the modilications added by the other elements of the full form; as, the augmeni, the tense-sign, the personal ending, etc. Yeebs in -a AUD -fit. — The present tense of about nineteen out of every twenty Greek verbs ends in -w. The present of the others ends in -fii. The two main forms of conjiigation are thus constituted. Mute Veebs, etc. — ^What classification of verbs according to the fncd letter of the theme or stem ? 309 ; 92, 3, and note. The Augment. — To express past time, the stem of verbs beginning with a consonant receives, in the past tenses of the indicative, the prefix e, which is called the syllabic augment. 354, 355 ; 100, 1. The Personal Ending^ — The endings of the verb-form express the person of the 8ubject,"singu]ar, dual, and plural. They are, in their origin, frag- ments of pronouns of the first, second, and third per- son. Consequently it is unnecessary, in Greek, to express the subject pronoun separately, as in English, except for emphasis or distinction. Learn the endings of the active voice, indicative, subjunctive, and optative. 376, 378, 379 ; 112, 2, and note. The Connecting VowELS.r— In -a verbs, a variable vowel connects the stem with the ending. This vowel, FOB REABINO XENOPHOK. H in the present and imperfect, the future and the sec- ond aorist, is o before jj. and v, and in the optative ; elsewhere, e. o and e are lengthened to a and i), re- spectively, in the subjunctive. In the singular of the present and future indicative active, the loss of the personal endings lengthens o and e to w and et. The several elements of the verb form are distinguished by hyphens in the following paradigm, which ia to be leai-ned, together with the English equivalents. Paradigm of the Present and Imperfect Indicative of the €i conjugation, Active Voice. •nse-Stem, xa-. Present. I loose, or am loosing. Sing. 1. \y-o) 2. -et-? Iwcu Imperfect. 1 loosing, or I loosed. e-Xu-o-v -e-S 3. Dual 2. -et -e-Tov -e -e-rov 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. -e-rov -o-fiev -e-re -ov-ari (for o-p(Ti). -i-Trjv -o/iev -e-re -o-j;(314; 96). Observe that the long vowel, in the ending of the third person dual of the imperfect, draws the accent from the ante- penult to the penult. 100 b, 386; 26. Observe the compensative lengthening of the 3d plural pres- ent. 34; 16, 6. 12 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION Commit the following verbs to memory, and in- flect each stem according to the paradigm, pronounc- ing as accented. StcoK-ca pursue du-a sacrifice KeXev-a command Xey-o) say, speak •jraC-m strike irk/i'Tr-fo send Write out the inflection of one or more of these, with the accents. EXEECISE in. Translate. — 1. XiJere. 2. Suokovo-iv.^ 3. 6vet. 4. eXeyei/.' 5. i-rralo/iev. 6. eKeyirriv. 7. Ke\evei 2. -eir, to lean forward). Ill ; 29. Observe that the interrogative tI {what ? or, why f) never changes its acute accent to the grave before a word following. 277, a ; 84, note 2. 18 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION EXEKCISE Y. Trcmalate. — 1. ov Xiyo/iep. 2. /jut) TUyta/iev. 3. eav lit) Xeya/j^u, ov Sui^eTe. 4. Xlyere, on BicoKovaiv 5. eXeyere, oti, SicoKoiev. 6. eXeyov, on Sim^oiev. 7. fii} Xeyoai ; 8. ri Bicofiev ; 9. el KeKevoil, ovk av 66oi- fiep. 10. /lii Ke\e6oiTe. 11. el irifmoi, Xeyoi^ av. 12. eav KekjEUTjTe, irifi'fj/r]i oSo?, the road out of the village. See 666, a, b ; 142, note. EXEECISE YI. Translate. — 1. ''EXe7ej;, on tov? \'riKoi. 3. 01 iroXirat oil Sim^ova-i rov Xjjotjjj'. 3. rl Xiyiofiev tq5 veavla ; ' 4. fit) Xiym/iev rot? veavCaK. 5. fi^ oi Xgaral rr)v ye^vpav Xvoiev. 6. ihv KeXewjre, ire/ju^o- fjLeu TUi dfid^a<;. 7. el KeXevoire, "rre/iiroi/iev av ttjp afia^av. 8. el fir] KeKevoii, ovie av Tre/juTroi ra? 6v 763, 764 ; 184. 1. ' riiv 6S6v ; sec p. 23, top. FOR MEASma XENOPHON. 23 In like manner inflect, with the article, o deo^, the god, ■fi oSo?, the way, ro ottKov, the weaj)on. See 155 ; 42, note. "Write out one or more of these forms, with the accent, marking the quantity of a short. EXEECISE VII. Translate. — 1. Ol 6eo\ rot? avOpayjroii; B&pa vifi- irovaiv. 2. jov XjiaTriv tow ottXois^ Stco^ofiev. 3. ra? oSoiis Tg) avdpatirtp eKeye?.^ 4. tow t^? X^P"^ 6eoipa<; Qeolfs eirefiirov. Translate into Greek. — il. The men were sending gifts to the gods. 2. Let us pursue the men of the village. 3. The robbers will strike the men with their' weapons. 4. They said, that the two robbers would strike the men. 5. "What will you sacrifice to the god of the land? 6. May the gods tell (say to) the men* their' way. 7. If the gods do not tell the man his' way, he will not break the bridge. 8. If you should not tell the man the way, he would not send the wagon. 9. May the robbers not strike the ' 776 ; 188. • Kir^a = to tea. » 6S8 ; 141, note 2. < 763, 764 ; 184, 1. 24: THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION citizens with their weapons. 10. Why are we to send gifts? Tlie Imperative and Injmitive Moods. Imv. — The imperative, expressing comTwawa!^ etc., is used only in the second and third persons. As it refers to futurity, it has, like the subjunctive, no special form for the future tense. 873 ; 252. Inf. — The only peculiarity of the Greek infinitive, which requires special notice here, is its use as a verbal noun in connection with the neuter article. In this use it corresponds with the use of the English verbal noun in -^ng. 938, 959 ; 258. TO \veiv TTjv ye^vpav, the hreaking the bridge. TO Tr/v iiriarroXriv ypdtjieiv, the writing the letter. CoNNEOTiNO Vowels. — The connecting vowels of the imperative and infinitive present and future are the same as those of the indicative in the same tenses, before v, elsewhere, e. Endings. — Learn the Toible of the endings of the imperative active. The ebding of the present and future infinitive active is -ev, contracted with a con- necting e to 6t. 380, 381, 383, 2 ; 116, 1, 117, 1. Not with the imperative is /*^. 1019 ; 283, 2. Not with the infinitive is /*?;, except in narration or indirect discourse, where the ov of direct discourse is generally retained. 1023, 1024 ; 283, 3. FOR READma XENOPHON. £5 Paradigm, of the Present Imperative, a/nd Present and Future Infinitive, Q, conjugation. Tense^stems, \u-, Xva-. Imv. Sing. 2. \v-e loose (thou) 3. -e-To> let him loose Dual 2. -e-Tov 3. e-^(ov Plur. 2. -e-re Zoose (ye) 3. i-Toaaav, or Inf. Pres. \i-eirv to loose Put. 'Kv-a'-eirv to intend to loose (314, 315 ; 96). Observe the forms in which the lengthening of the final syllable draws the accent upon the penult. Observe that, in XCf, the shortening of the final syllable requires the long penult to take the circumfiex. Form each of the stems thus far given {Bicok-, 6v-, KeKev-, Xey-, Trair, Tre/iTr-) in the present imperative and present and future infinitive. Inflect the imperative tenses thus formed according to the paradigm. Write out one or more of the tenses thus formed. YOCABULAET 1. ySXeTTffl, see : impf. e^eirov, fnt. jSXe^o). iypa,ep(o, bring " eepov " ourw (irreg). ap'xp, rule " , . ^pxov " dp^a, aya>, conduct " ^yov " a^ca. 2 26 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION Observe the Tbmpobai Attqmbnt (instead of the syllabic €-) in the imperfect (and aorist) tenses of verbs beginning with a short vowel. 354, 356, 357; 100, 3, 103. Inflect the verbs above given in the several moods and tenses, according to the paradigms thus far learned. Write out one or more of them fully. For the consonant changes in /SXc'^o) for /SXeV-tro), ypa^m for ypafft-tra, Sp$a for apx-ara, a^a for aytra, see 421 a; 110, II. YOCABULAET 2. iirioToXi], letter, -fj, like Tt/*iJ, Dee. 1. \o7o?, word, story, 6, like dv0pa)iro/jbijv woKlrri ypd^jro/ieu CTTtoToXa?. 2. ^ oSo9 e« rij? j^m/aas ^761'. 3. ifiKeirere Toiii WTTrous Kul Tci t^s r/e^vpa<{. 10. ypdcjiere ra av6pd)'ir

fj,r}epoiep avi 14. eXerjev, on, ol deal rSav cajOpmiroav apy(piev. 15. e\67e9, on to ap'xeiv t^? X'^P"^ n/irjv ov (^epoi. 16. t/' ypdcfxa/iev ra? eTrttrroXa? ; 17. ot avOpavot Toiii Oeoiii; oil ^Xeiroviriv. 18. Kekeve t§) peavla fifj Xveiv rov vjmov. Translate into Greek. — 1. The road will conduct into the village. 2. Let the young men bring the letters. 3. You will rule the land.' 4. To rule the land will bring honor to the citizen. 5. Command the young man to write a letter. 6. Let him conduct the robber's out of the land. 7. "We will tell the men the word of (the*) God. 8. (The) God will see the men. 9. Let (the) men bring, gifts to (the) God. 10. We commanded to pursue the robber with the horses.' 11. Why did you write not to send the letters? * 13. If we rule the land, we shall bring honor to the citizens. 14. If you should sacrifice, you would bring honor to the gods. 15. They said, that they did not see the wagon. 16. You said, that to send the gifts would bring honor to the men. 17. Let us not write the letters. 18. Let the young man write; 19. Command the man not to loose the horses. » 741; 171, 3. . » 776; 188, 1. » 719 c; 160, 2, note. < 660 b ; 141, note 1. 28 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION Y. ADJECTIYES. The Vowel {or. First and Second) Declension. Most of these have, like the article, forms for each of the three genders, and agree with the gender, number, and case of the connected noun. See 222 ; 62, 1 and 2. Inflection. — Inflect iKavot, able, sufficient, like dyaOoi, 222, or ao^ot, 62, 3. Inflect TrXoiJo-tos, rich, like ^tXto?, 222, or a^io<}, 62, 3. In inflecting it is convenient to give the full form in the masculine of each case, and merely the endings for the other cases; thus: nom. iKoiiis, -^, -iv, gen. iiro<}, the man (who is) rich. In like manner join Ikovos with ^ ti/i^, and n&pos with 6 Xiyos, both attributively and predicatively. A tense of the verb to he (elfiC) may often be sup- plied, when the adjective is in the predicative posi- tion; as, ucavol oi iTnrot Bia>Keiv, able (are) the horses to pursue. 30 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION An adjective preceded by tlie article is often used suislantively, without a noun, especially in the plural. 621; 139. ol irKovffioii, the rich, ol fi&poi., fools. 6 irXovcFWi, the rioh mom. For the sake of review, the following exercise upon adjec- tives k made up of sentences taken from preceding exercises. Exercise IX. ' Translate. — 1. Aiyafiev rm veavla fMopfp. 2. iap Kekevrjre, Sva-o/iev Ta? ducrtwi 'ucavasTaTaf;. 3. oi QeoX TOVi fi^poK avOptuTTOK "irKovcria S&pa irefnTOvariv. 4-. 61 fir) Bimfcoiev, •irefiiroifiev av t^ ' Bwpa tcL TrXouo'UiSTara. 5. TO apj(eiv r&v TrXova-lav Kca/i&v^ ri(i.r)v eipepe "rat irXovtrltp iroKlrg. 6. to ap'xeiv r&v irXovatcav^ Tifirji/ oiiK otaei rots /jtatpoK. Y. iKaval at afui^ai tA ottXa iftepeiv. 8. iKavol ol XyoTal rot?* oTrXot?' irateiv. 9. ov^ Ixavb'S 6 iiSspo^? x*"/"*' oSov. 10. SuoKovrmv tovredicative position, that is, either before tlie .article or after the noun; as, ixeivri jj 6S6<;, or ij oSov eKeivT), that way, 673 ; 142, 4. But the meaning of the intensive pronoun, avToi, depends on its position, as attributive or predicative. 679, 680, 1 ; 79, 2, 142, 4, note 6. Attributive position : o avTo^ XSyo'}, the same story. Predicative position : outos o yJy^o'i, the very story j or, o 'Kiorio'i a^rdf, the story itself. Observe that the breathing and accent distinguish aunj, fem. sing, of o5toi, from oir^ " " " air&s. Peeson. — apTO'}, without the article, in the geni- tive, dative, and accusative, is used as the pronoun of the third person, his, him, her, it. In the nominative it is intensive. 683, 680, 2 ; 145, 1 and 2. \eyei ahtf^, he says to him, or, tells hi/m. avTo, dWb FOR READING XENOPHON. 35 a\} Sito^eK avTOV'i, 8. Xeye /loi ttjv eh ttjv X^P"^ °"°" oSop. 9. T^ aiiT^ OTrXp TrcwWt ifie ical ae. 10. aiiro^ fwi eXeye ttjv oSov. Translate into Greek. — 1. If / should command, the yoBng men would strike you. 2. Will you tell me the road out of your village ? 3. They sent the same gifts to you and to us. 4. He did not mean me, but he meant you. 5. Sufficient (is) the same weapon for you and for me. 6. You said, that the road itself would conduct me into the village. 7. He himself Wrote me this letter. 8. Send me the young man himself. 9. They themselves will see that the rich rule our land. 10. We sent your letters to the man himself. The First Aorist Jndicatvoe Active. SiGNiFioATioN.^The word aorist (d6piaTo s. 1. 'i-iiM-a-a 2. -ar■ or in a given Ova-ov, sacrifice, I ■ f KeXeviTov Bva-ai, command to saeriflce, J Mahe th,ese distinctions thoroughly familiar. The optative and infinitive, when used in quoting a speaker or writer, must use the same tense that the person quoted used ; as, 6vio, lam, saciriJuAng, tKcyev, on diioi, he said (pi was say- ing), that he was sacrifieing. edvov, I was saarifidng, tkeyev, on tdvev, rarely 6voi, he , said (or was saying), that he was sacrificing. BitrcD, I shall sacrifice, eXcyev, on 6i 668 ; 142, 2, Rem. ' 939 ; 1S4, 2. 4:0 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION Translate into Greek. — 1. E^ot to me, but to you he wrote this letter. 2. Command the young man ^ to bring me* that letter. 3. They said, that they themselves had told the young man' the way into the village. 4. May the gods themselves send us' richer gifts. 5. Do not command me to write a letter to this man (who is) foolish. 6. Let us not tell this man the way. 7. They wrote to us, that they had seen your land. 8. We sent the same gifts to you and to them. * 9. "Write to them, not to send the same horses. 10. He himself saw the same village. 11. If we should command him to write a letter, what would he say ? 12. May they attain rule of the land (which is) richest. 13. They wrote to us, that the robbers had broken the bridge. 14. We said, that we had seen the man himself. 15. If you strike the man, God will see (it). 16. Do not send us out of the land. 17. He said, that he had commanded — would command — ^you to send our weapons. The First Perfect and Pluperfect Active. The perfect tense is more common in the indica- tive than in the other moods. The pluperfect, like the iniperfect, is used only in the indicative. Elements. — For the stem, see 446; 110, lY, b. The tense-sign is « ; the characteristic vowels, perfect, '768,764,1; 184,1. FOR READINa XENOPHOHT. 41 a, pluperfect, 17, or et ; the personal endings, perfect, primary ; pluperfect, secondary. 301, 376 ; 90, 2, 112, 2. for the reduplication and augment, see 363, 364, 367, 358 ; 101, 1, 3, 4. For the signilication of these tenses, see 847 ; 200. Paradigm of the First Perfect and Pluperfect, In- dicative a/nd Infinitime, 12 conjugation. Tense-stem, "KeKiKOr. S. 1. \e-\w- ■K-a Plpf • S. 1. i-Xe-\v-K-^,-eirP 2. -a-oi;(6v. 932, 8 ; 939 ; 946 ; 243 ; 184, 2 ; 260, 2. FOR BEADma XENOPBON. 43 6. evrivoj(aei d/jui^ag irkr'ipeis KKifia,- Kcov KoX uvBp&u. 6. TO ^efiKe 719 a ; 160, 2. » 715 a ; 169. « 866, 3 ; 266. FOR READINa XENOFHON. 49 Stems. — Participle-stems, in the tenses tlius far learned, add vt (with a connecting o or a), pf. ot, to the tense-stem. 241, 244; 117, 2, and note. Accent. — The perfect active participle is oxytone. The present, future, and first aorist participles have recessive accent. In inflection, the accent of partici- ples follows the rule for that of nouns. 128 ; 25, 1. Tense. — The- tenses of the participle denote time relatively to that of the verb they depend on. 856 ; 204. Paeadigms. — Learn the j>a/radigms, \v(ov, loosing, and \e\u«w9, having loosed. 242, 244; 68. Like \va>v inflect Xia-mv, fut. intending to loose. Like TTw, 240, or, G. l(TTd<;, 68, inflect \va-a<;, 1 aor. having loosed. Observe, however, that the accent, as in the nominative, falls on the v, or as near it as the quantity of the ultima ■will permit. The vocative sing, is Xva-as, and the neuter is XOo-Sk. Observe that a occurs in the feminine singular, nom. ace. and voc, according to 139 a ; 37, 2, notes 3 and 3. What is the present participle of dvm ? the future of ^kpa ? the first aorist of ^iirm ? the first perfect of ypd^eo ? Inflect each of these four according to the para- digm, giving in each instance the participle stem. Remember that the distinction between the aorist and per- fect in their signification is that between indefinite past time, aid completed action. Xia-as and XfXu/cmr both signify having 50 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION loosed, but XeXvKa>f means that the loosing is complete — hcmng ahready loosed. Sraopsis. — The full synopsis of the several verb systems thus far learaed may now be given in each tense. 313; 95. Model. — Present system, ind. pres. Xva>, impf. cXvov, subj. Xvoi, opt. Tivoiiu, imv. XvE, inf. Xvew, pt. Xvcdv. With the Aktiole. — The participle with the ar- ticle is often used in Greek where a relative clause is used in English. ' 966, and examples under 856 ; 276, 2. Models. — oi ^keirovre^, those who see. 01 /3\e^oin-e?, those who will see. oi ^Kh^avrei, those who saw. 01 fiefiKe6Te'!, those who have seen. Bat where the idea expressed by the participle is to be as- serted, as a fact, the relative clause must be used instead. With ov and /iij. — oii with the participle expresses B,yact. fi^ with the participle expresses a supposition. 1025 ; 283, 4. o ov lypcufmif, = one who actually does not write. o fiij ypd^v, = one who by supposition does not write. EXEECISE XVI. Translate. — 1. 'B\hjravTe67a\a? eKer/ov. 5. a^ovaw ajui^a^ oirXa ^epovatn. 6. Tratrt tok tjiuv •yer/ptuftoaiv ■^/le'k ypci\lrofiev. 7. oi 6eoi Tou? oil dvovrat pKeirovaiv. 8. toi? p.rj dvovaiv ol 6eo\ Ti/iTjp ovK olaovGiv. Translate imto Greek. — ;1. Those who sacrifice do not see the gods. 2. We have already written letters to those who rule your city. 3. The watchmen brought into the city those who had already broken the bridge. 4. What have you said to those who struck your father? 5. They had seen the young men writing letters to their mothers. 6. The young men were leading horses carrying (which carried) our things, Y. Command those who intend to pursue the man not to strike him. The Irregular Yerbs el/il and ijyrjfiL Paradigms. — Learn the paradigms. 478 with 479, 481 ; 127, I, lY. Inflect the participle &v, like Xvoov. Observe, that the future, etrofiai, has the endings of the middle voice, for which see following lessons. Observe, that, in the participle &v, the stem h has disap- peared, and only the connecting vowel and ending remain. For elfil as copula, see 596 ; 133, note 1. ArxiLiABT. — For the use of el/il in compound forms of the perfect, see 457; 118, 2, 4. Sq in Latin the verb sum. Accent. — For elfil and tprj/il as enclitics.^ see 480, 481a; 27,3. 52 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION CoNSTEucnoN. — For et/ti with genitive and dative, see 732; 169; 768; 184,4. For ^jii, with the infinitive, see 846 b ; 260, 2, note 1. Phrases. — ov vpav ala')(p6v? 15. ov i], form a-vy-ypd^lxo, I com- pose y irvv, and Tieyco, form a-vX-Xiryo), J ffat/ier. 55 ; 16, 6 and 6. But, in the augmented tenses, the final consonant of the preposition returns to its proper form before the vowel of the augment ; as, ev-ij3XeTrov, avv-eypay^a, avv-eKe^a. These words would appear in the dictionary under their changed form, ifi^ina, etc. Augment. — The! augment, whether syllabic or temporal, and also the reduplication, are preceded by the preposition. 360, 370 ; 105. €« before the augment becomes ef ; as, i/c-vefiirv, I send out, impf. i^eirefiirov. So before any vowel or diphthong. 88, c ; 13, 2. YoCABtTLAET. dir-dryw, f. oTT-a^o) (airSj/rom), lead away. BM-^ipco, f. Si-o((Ta>, 1 aor. Sir^veyKa {Bid, through), differ. (Bid here, as originally, = asunder.) 56 TEREE MONTHS' PREPARATION eK-Trkjivoa, f. iK-Trifi^frco, 1 aor. ef-eTre/i-^a, 1 pf. iK-iri-nofji^a, send forth. ifju-^hra, f. ifirjSXe^Ira, 1 aor. iv-i^Ke^jra, 1 pf. ifj,-^£^e(})a, look upon. irdp-eifu, f. Trap-iaofiai, ie present: ol •jrapome;, the tyslandeTs. a-vy-ypdipecv. 17. ravra ov Siola-eiv ifiaalv. 18. fir] avKKeye^ roii^ avZpa 866, 3 ; 256. ' Gen. reflexive, limiting the word for things, omitted. 783 ; 169. FOB READINQ XENOPHON. 61 ot our land. 12. Whatever he may say,* let no one' strike him. 13. All these weapons are very bad. 14. Those horses were worse than these.* 15. We gathered three or four young men, and they pursued the robber. 16. Of whatever city you may attain rule, you will be most fortunate. The Middle cmd Passive Voices. General View. — For the uses and significations of the middle and passive, see 811-814, 818 ; 196-199. In Latin the active voice with a reflexive pronoun is the general equivalent of the middle voice in Greek ; but the passive of the Latin verb is sometimes used as a middle. Chaeacteeistios. — ^As regards the form, the gen- eral difference of the middle and passive from the active appears in the personal endings, except that the perfect sign, «, is wanting. The special passive forms of the aorist and future will appear hereafter. 302 ; 88, note 1. Peesoital Endings. — Learn the Tahle of personal endings in the middle and passive. 375, 376, 379, 380, 381, 382 ; 112,, 2, 116, 1, 117. Which are the primar!/, and which the secondary, or historical, tenses ? 301 ; 90, 2. The subjunctive ' See note 1, p. 60 : " whatever " = !i ti Sv, or & Sy. » /mSefe, 1018 ; 283. » 755 ; 175. 62 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION takes the endings of the former ; the optative, of the latter. For the use of moods and tenses, the same rules obtain in all voices of the verb. Keview what has been learned of this on pages 14-17 ; 37, 38. Paradigms cfihe Middle and Passive, CI conjugation. Present, I^tnire, and First Aiorist. Present Tense-stem, \v-. Pres. Ind. Mid. and Pass. Impf . Ind. Mid. and Pass. I loose myself, or I was loosing myself, or lam loosed. I was loosed. S. \v-0-/JUU S. i-\v-6-fMjv -77, or -e( ; (for -e-trai, -e-ai) -ov (for -e-vo, -e-o) -e-Tui -e-To D. -e-aQov D. -e-aOov -e-adov -i-adijv P. -6-fie0a P. -6-fie0a -e-ade -e-ade -O-VTCU, -OVTO Pres. Subj. Mid. and Pass. Pres. Opt. Mid. and Pass. The signification of the subj. and opt. varies according to their use, the same as in the active voice. See pages 14-17. S. \va>-fjuu S. "Kvoififfjv ■y (for -r)- -OrO-Bov -d-a6a)v -a-a-de -iirtrdmaav, or -adtov FOR READINa XENOPEOHT. 65 1 Aor. Inf. Mid. 1 Aor. Particip. Mid. to loose one's self. Juming loosed one's self. \v = I am first; hence, I rule, or, Ihegin: apxopua, pres. fut. aor., begin; or, pres. and fut., am ruled. BemarJcs on the Bignifieation. — irauo), / stop (some person or thing); iravojiai, I stop myself, cease, rest, rda-a-a, I arrange (persons or things); Tda-a-ofuu, I fall into the a/rrangement, or, form in order, rpeira, I turn (another) ; Tpdiro/juu, I turn my- self, I turn. ^vXacnra), T gua/rd (another) ; (pyXatriroiiai, I am on my guaird, guard myself. , Peculiarities. — Bvm, Isaerifiee; 6vop.ai, I consult the auspices (by sacrifice) ; &pxa, I begin (in advance of others) ; apxa/uu, I begin (my own work without regard to others). Note. — Tk?'s exercise, and those which follow, must be translated by the aid of the general vocabu- lary, at the end of the book, and the references to the grammar carefully learned. 66 THREE MONTUa' PREPARATION ExEBCISE XX. Translate. — 1. "E/j^erat TKoxk o* Ta/«B.' 2. iror peKeKsvero rot? "EWijo-ti/. 3. v/uv' e^frovrai. 4. /Sou-' Xofievot a-a^eaalv iavrbv^ hruT<^^aa-0(u inraffdfievov^^ tow** cucivdieqv. 16. ^ Xatpa ttoKKt] kc^ ar^aOrj i. ' Paradigm 206 ; 64. » 749 . 175, 2. ' 782 ; 189. '» 953 ; 266, 1. " 913, 916 ; 231, note, 232, 3. " Object ace. expressed for emphasis. 812 b. » 814 ; 199, 3. " 668 ; 141, note 2. FOB READINQ XENOPHON. 57 AccEjrr. — For the rules of accent in contract forms, see 105 ; 24. Peoteacted Aoeists. — The first aorist of liquid verbs, formed not by contraction, but by protraction, may here be learned in connection with their peculiar future form. 431 ; 110, III, 2. Observe that verbs in -aa>, -ia, -6a, and all verbs whose stem ends in a sh&rt vowel, protract that nowel before the tense- sign , -ea>,-6a). 323, 324, 325 ; 98. Observe that in the forms n/iaijv, (jtiKoiiju, BrjXoltjv, the opta- tive mode-dgn is hj. Also, the paradigms of ^e participles of the same. 243; 69. Also, the paradigms of the contract future and the protracted aorist of liquid verbs. 326, 327 ; pp. 106-109. CoNTEACT N0TJN8 AND ADJECTIVES. — The para- digms of contract nouns (144, 157 ; 38, 43) and adjeo- tives (223, 224 ; 65) are to be learned here. The full synopsis of verbs in -dm, -ia, -6a> will be seen in 337-341. Write the paradigms, placing the uncontracted and the contracted forms in parallel columns, untU the laws of con- traction and accent become familiar. 68 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION ExEBCISE XXI. Tra/nslate. — 1. 'O 'K.vpo ; 9, note 2. ' 412 ; 98, note 2. '" Observe the predicative position. " 776 ; 188, 1. " 881 ; 215, 216. >« 742 ; 171, 2. "724; 164. " Tlie indef . lel. here = tttch a one as. 699 a. For the mood, see 911 ; 236. " 359 ; 104. " Attic M. of KaBiia. 425 ; p. 136 (c), (d), see paradigm of future of KOfilCa. 348. '8 257, 259 ; 74, 75. " 424, end, p. 136 (b) end. »« 885 ; 217. " 1030 ; 283, 9. FOR REAHINQ- XMNOPHON. (59 iBoKovp ol "EWjji'e? Toiio$ w/ca tow? irpb ySocrtXe©?'' T6Tay/iivou9. 14. ^airiKeii'i irpovipyerai, w? et? iw/xysv irapea-Kevaerjjbivo?.^ 15. eZ;^oi» Ta SpeTrava ex t&v a^o- v(ov uirorerafieva.^ 16. avaiivi^, V is. short, contrary to the general rule of vowel stems. Observe, that, except this difference in the v, Aii^jjO-o/iat, fut. pass., differs in fonn from Xt^o-ojuat, fat. mid., only by the insertion of the passive sign, Br;, before the tense-sign a-. Observe, also, that while the passive aorist takes the active secondly endings, without connecting vowels, the passive future takes the middle primary endings, with connecting voweh. For Avdijrt, instead of \i6ri6i, 2 sing, imv., see 73 B ; 17, 3. See the paradigms of XeiVo), 344 ; iKiyxt, 328 ; oXXao'O'a), 346 ; irovivTei e^exjyov. 16. o Tta-a-a(J3epvTjv dirriWdyri. 17. efewXay?;" 8e yirai /SoffiXeus. ' 712 ; 158, note 2. « 254, 4 ; 73, 6. ' Notice that of, article, ot, relative, and of, personal and reflexive, are distinguished by accent, of, enclitic, keeps its accent here for em- phasis. Pee, also, 685 ; 144, 2. * i^dyu. ' The aor, pass, of oipew, unlike most vowel verbs, does not protract the final vowel of the stem. See also 816, 1. • 887 ; 218. So, in Latin, ne, with present or past subjunctive. ' Neuter : " these (things)." « 970 ; 278. 9 916; 232,3. >» 981 ; 279, 2. " The future consequence is here expressed as present. " 827 end, and a; 200, note 3 (a). " For the respective significations of the 1 and 2 aor. pass, of ^tva. see 498 ; p. 9b (middle). " Passive with middle meaning. "^ 791, Phrases ; 141, note 3, end. " eiiTTw, 74 c ; 17, 2, note; 881 ; 216. " 669 ; 141, note 8. '^ 254, 3 ; 73, 6. nitov i)(av = with disadvantage. For 2 aor., Bee paradigm of a\Ai£ira'ai, 346. " 471 a ; p. 141, note 2. 4 74 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION 18. Et eXaeiai,^ avKK'q^B'qiTerai? 19. t/ irpayBr^- aerai ; 20. ^ye/ioip ouSeh ^/uv {fjaveirai. 21. ttro>? Tiv^i^ ^avovvrat Uavol ■^fid's axpeKeiv. 22. aXeeivov*' -Mt Forms. Peculiaeities. — The general peculiarity of verbs of the -Ilk conjugation (so called from the present tense active ending in -fu instead of -w) is the absence of connecting vowels between the stem and ending in certain tenses, of which only the jareseTvt mtd imper- fect require to be studied here. This peculiarity has already appeared in the irreg- ular verbs eliil and ^p-l, and in the perfect middle and the aorist passive systems of the to conjugation. It will also appear in the second aorist and second perfect systems hereafter. Review here the Tables of the personal endings. 376, 380, 381, 382; 113, 2; 116, 1; 117. For the special peculiarities of the -pA conjugation, see 385, 414r-419 ; 121, 1 and 2 ; 122, notes. Accent. — For the accent of the i/nfinitive and participle, active, see 389 d, e ; 26, note 3, (1), (2). ' 828 a, end, 893 ; 200, note 3, (i), 221. < viWofipivu. ' Why does the enclitic retain its accent ? < 617 ; 138, note 2, (c). » 776 ; 187. ' vapappia, 49 ; 16, 2. The passive aorist of ^4a has an active meaning. Fur the mood, see 914, B. (2) ; 233. FOR READING XENOFHON. 75 Paeadigm.— Learn the paradigms of rldrnxi, BlBca/u, lOTTjfii, Selicw/ii, present system. 329-332 ; pp. 160, 161, 163, 164. For the reduplication of the stems, ora-, 6e-, see 70, 73 a; 121, 3, 17, 3. Learn the paradigms of the participles TiBek, 68 (like \veei 898 and a ; 223. * Neuter, mhatever thing: for gen., see 743 ; 172, 1. °914,B.(2); 233. For the uncontracted verb, see 411 ; p.118, notel. ' The imperfect denotes the action as repeatedly done. 76 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION aWi}\o{9. Y. Ta &- (a) = Icfi- ; sJ + fii. (a). s 719 b i 74/ 2. > 898 and a; 223. * 480, 1 ; 28, note 1, end. ' 366 ; 101, 2. See paradigm, 343. * 661, and a. So, in Latin, quam intensifies the superlative. '269; 75. 8 8851,; 217, note 1. » 777 ; 188, note 2.' >» 412 ; p. 118, note 2. " Shooting. 938 ; 258. " Mv omitted : see note 2, p. 76. " Subject of ^SttoTo. " To whoever wished; equivalent to if any one tcished. 902; 226. Literally, to tbe one wishing, or who wished. 966 ; 276, 2. " 720 ; 161. " 972 a ; 278, 1, note. " 360 a ; 106, note 1. " Translate the sentence, he went off. See 279, 4, note, and com- pare 984. "973; 278,2: participle of ^Ieitti : trtaiah.te, as if it wei'e possible. FOR READING XENOPHON. ' 77 The Second Aorist System, Active and Middle, and the Second Perfect System, Active. Chaeacteeistics. — The difference between the second and the first aorist and perfect is, that the second tenses show a different and simpler form of the verh-stem, and do not show the tense-signs, a or k, of the first tenses. In signification generally the same, they have almost always the same augment, or reduplication, as the first tenses, as well as the same endings. For connecting vowels see p. 10. Few verbs have both the first and the second tenses. Stems. — ^For the stem of the second aorist, active and middle, see 435, 438 ; 110, V. For thie stem of the second perfect and pluperfect active, see 450, 451 ; 110, IV, (d). Some perfects, -whose tense-stem ends in a rough conso- nant, as yey parfi-a, are differently classified by grammarians as first or second. 450 ; 1 10, IV (6). -Mt FoEMs. — The second tenses of the -lu form are those which affix the endings to the stem without connecting vowels. 439-445, 454 ; p. 166, Eem, Accent. — The penAJblt is accented in the ^ pf. inf. and % aor. inf. mid.) the ultima, in the 2 pf. and 2 aor. act. pa/rt. and the 2 a,or. inf. act. and imv. rfiid., 2 pers. sing. The two latter, as contracted forms (see p. 67), are circumflex. 387, 389 ; 26, note 3 ; 101 ; 22, 2. See also 242 a ; 25, 3, note 2. 78 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION Paeadigms. — Learn the paradigms of the second aorist, active and middle, -a> conjugation. 320; pp. 104-107. Also, the same of the -/u conjugation. 333-335 ; pp. 161, 162, 164, 165. Learn the paradigms of the second perfect and pluperfect active, -w conjugation. 321 ; pp. 104, 105. Also, the same of the -/tt conjugation, 338; p. 167; together with the participle earm. 244; 69, note. Inflect each participle given in the above paradignis, and compare the 3 aor. part, of the -fii form with the present, as learned on page 75. Learn also the paradigms of the second aorist of "rffii, 476 ; 127, III ; and the irregular second per- fect and pluperfect, olZa, yhuv. 491, 849 b ; 127, VII, 200, note 6. Borne verbs, especially umnu, and its compounds, having both the first and second tenses, use the first as transitive and the second as intransitive ; as, eo-n/o-a, I set, or placed, ttrnp/, I stood. EXEEOISE XXV. Translate. — 1. OiSei? ijX^e* rSiv 'jro7\£/ila>v. 2. SiSoiKa^ /jLTj Xa^oiv /jlc SIktjv iiriOy.^ 3. fiuepov* Si > ipxa/iot. <■ 490, 5, 849 b ; 200, note 6. ' 887 ; 21-8. (The accent can not be iirlSy, because the uncon- tracted form is iirtBep.) * Neuter : a bit. FOR HEABINQ XENOPHON. Y9 Sttvov Xax&v^ eZSei;* ovap? 4. o Se ehrev* avr^. 5. eiradeu^ otiSel? oihiv.^ 6. tov doapuKa eviSv. 1. tou? arpandnTWi airriycvysv.'' 8. r)fil ifia(; ■xprjvai, Bca^rjvM TOV irarafiov. 9. eirijpeTo tov 'AttoWo),' o? ayetXev' avrm. 10. avwyvcv<;^'' ttjv itrurTdk-qv crvWafi^dvet 'OpovTav. 11. ekd^ovTO^^ t?)^ 5'^'"?"'*' '''O'' 'OpovTav, airavreg ava(TTdvTe irArxo). ' 1030 ; 283, 9. ' 436 ; 100, 2, note 4. ' 185, 186; 47, note 1 ; 25, 1, note, end. ' lu'cupea. '" iraytyviiiTKO. " 814, examples ; 199, note 1. " 738 a ; 171, note. " I, temporal augment. " hriaxvioiuu. For the article with eKmrros, see 673 a ; p. 204, note 2." "881; 216. " 719 h; 74, 2. " irpoepxo/uoi. 970; 278. '8 887; 218. "759; 179. s» iari omitted. " 900 ; 224. s' 903 ; 226, 2, (J). ^ 772 ; 186. M Instead of ai/. 994; 153. ■' 917 ; 232, 4. 80 THREE MONTHS' PREPARATION eirecrdiu, /jltj ■^fidi ayar/r/^ oOev^ ovx olov re' etrroi i^eXOelv, ^ov7Ml/j,r)v * S' av aicovTO 23. Auo KoKat re Ka/yaOo)^^ avSpe Teffparov.^ 24. ovK ySeaav K.vpov redvrjKora.^ 25. eS tare on e^ovrat vfuv. 26. dXV lovTcov, eiSdre? on kukIov^ elttiv eKei- v(ov}^ 27. op&fiev Toii9 " awo Arjfutpa- Tov. 30. OTTO)? Se etS^Tfi" eis olow epyeaOe ^&va,^ ijw ifjLws etSo)? StSa^co. 31. hnrov ov etX,jj^6t'' StSoxrt T^'^ap/3dpm, SeStft)?" fir] airoddvi},^ ifeeKdKtoro yap. ' See note 8, p. 78. ° Omitted antecedent, ^KcTire, Mi^Aer. 997 a ; 162, note 1. > 1000 ; 161, note 4, end ; neuter, because predicate to the infini- tive. «900; 224. « 902 ; 226. • ivros omitted. 972 1». ' 984 ; 279, 4 ; translate, to depart withfywt his knowing it. «859; 104. ' 267 ; 84, 3. i &KKos, in agreement with a substantive = ihe rest of. •« 742 ; 171, 2. "77c; 11,(6). « 490, 4 ; 126, 4. " 982 ; 280. " 765 ; 176. " 878. The subject of the dependent verb here becomes the object of the pi-incipal verb. " niax''- " 194 ; 52, note 3. '8 490, 3 ; 125, 4. " 881 ; 216. "^ Words belonging together, as mov and hySiva, are made emphatic by separation. " ?utn$ii/a. 366 ; 101, 1, note. " 490, S ; 128, 4. FOB READma XENOFHON. 81 Verbals in -reo?, Correlatives, Particles. For the formation, signification, and construction of verbal at^ectmes in -reo^, see 476, 988-991 ; 117, 3, 281. For the Tables of correlates, see 282, 283 ; 87, 1, 2. EZEEOISE XXVI. Translate. — ^1, 'Eytioi tovto ov iroi/qriov. 2. r)n% Be ye irdvra iroiryrea. 3. ov S' o)? * rnuv ye a6vfi7}reov. 4. iropevreov 8' rfjuv ro\j° 959 ; 268, 262, 2.. '• 759 ; 179. " 906. 82 TBMEE MONTHS' PREPARATION a/rnkvAi ^a-lv. 12. touttjv rrjv yvd>fu^p, etfyi), to vvv elpM^ ey( avTov eKeKevera. 17. el d 6eoi} irariip v/i&u jjv, TjyaTraTe av efie. Is. ^ yvvrj" avrov eireia-ev. 19. iiSt^/sa^ woWA exaiov. 20. ^i!et Ta> Atl' tqj ^curOui. > 956 a ; 268, note. < 723 ; 163. ' See note 8, p. 81. * 895 ; 222. « 216, 4 ; p. 60, 1. • 218 ; p. Bl, 27. ' 216, 6 ; p. BO, 10. VOCABULAEY. The following Vocabulary is intended to serve for Exercises XX- XXVI. For verbs that are fully described in the grammar, the sign * refers the pupil to the Alphabetical last or Catalogue of Verbs. Keferences in the Vocabutary to the grammar are mostly upon the formation of words : r. = root. Other necessary references have already been given in connection with the exercises. The parts of compound verbs are distinguished by the hyphen. Some derived and cognate words in English are inserted in small capitals : c. = cognate, cp. = eompotmd. The class to which a verb marked * belongs (see 392-404 ; 108) will be seen by referring to the grammar. Terbs not so marked have the number of their class bracketed In the Vocabulary, unless they are of theirs* class, in which case the number is omitted. The gender of nouns is indicated by the article. a &,ya9ii, -^, -iv, good. i,ya,ira (-ia), f . -^ira, etc., reg. to love. 'A.yaa-la.% -av, 6, Agasias, a Greek. £,-yY^^°'i ^- 477'^"! *• fiyyeiXa, pf. J^TVeAica, pf. m. and p. {fTYeX/uu, a. m. i\yyit\Aii.riv, a. p. iiYyf\6riv, f. p. iyye\6'li(rofuii (4), to an- nounce. 4-f7€\os. -OB, 6, messenger. 548 ; 129, 1. Fr. Iiyy4?y\tti. anqel. ayiiv, -iavos, S, contest. 655. Fr. Syv, agokt. aSCxS (-CO)), f. .^aa, etc., reg., 496 a, to injure, 671, 3 ; 130. Fr. SSikos, unjust. 84: VOCABULARY. a9v|niT^ov, verbal fr. afiu/tu {-ia), to despond. atpu (-c»),* to take: m. to choou: p. fo he chosen, bebest. al(rxl). f. -iiffu, etc, reg. to osi. &Kiv^Ki|s, i, ace. sing. -i)k, ace. pi. -as, a short sword. ci.Kov(i>,* 495, to hear, acoustic. &Kpov, -ov, ■t6, a height: pi. rh &Kpa, the hdghts: neut. of adj. &itpos, whence acrostic ; arixos, a verse, cp. Kkuv [a], Sxovaa, hmv, unwilling: contr. for &-eK»v (tK^v, willing). 689 ; 131, 4, (a). d\c£ivaS| -4, -ii>', warm. cjiiiva, f . cl/uiyw, a. ^juiipa, f. m. ifiSmviuu, a. m. iinvvd/aiv (4), to defend; m. to rfe/airf one's se^/: &)i,C, 791 ; 191, YI, 1, abovi. amfbi- in compounds. . ava-^iYV^o-Ku,* to hnow again, or weU ; to read, as a letter. &v-aipm (-CO)),* to take up ; to respond, as an oracle. dva-Koivu {-ia), f. -itra, etc., reg. to commamicate: m. to omsu^f. 671, 1 ; 130, 8. Fr. Koivis, common. &va-|U|i.v^irKo,* to remind. i,Viik-irvfi^a,* to turn about, anastbofbe. dvo-T«£vc»,* to lift up. tonic, fr. relva. &va-TC8i))ii,* to ptit or set upon, ahatheha. ov-CoTnni,* to raise ; intrans. and m. to rise. dvo, upward. &|u>s, -a, -OK, worthy, meet. d|ta Ma)) f- -licrai, etc., reg. to demand. 671, 1; 130, S. axiom. r. in ^f los. d|a>v, -ora^, J, an AXJ.E, c. dir-^yiB,* to lead away, act, c. with S7«. dir-a\Xd(rira,* to /mt aioay / p. and m. to ^e< or come off. parallax, fr. &\A(£ir(rai, cp, with itapi. Airas, Sirtnri!, &irai>, intensiTC form of irSs : pi. ivavrts, all together. VOCABULARY. gg ttTr-«i|ii,* to go away : used as f . of ojre'pxo/uu. fi.ir-vXauva>,* to drive atday, ride off. fi.ir-^pxoF""')* '" 9° away. £,iro-8y^crKa>,* to die, to he slain. 820. oliro-Kptva,* to neparaie ; m. to answer. CBIIIC, f r. xplva. ' AiroXXuv, -tfcos, 6, the god Apollo. iiro-irXew,* to sail away. diropra (-£&>), t. -^(roi, etc., reg. to be destitute. 671, 3 ; 130, 2. Fr, ^iro^o;, destitute. Airo-TsCvw,* to extend, tone, fr. rctfai. Awo-tCvu,* to joay hack ; m. to />umsA. diro-ij>a(vu,* to show forth; m. to show fm-th from oneh self to express, as opinions, ilpa, -£lni,* to se«-iKvov|iai (-ioiuu),* to arrive at, arrive. d6-C(rTii|u,* a. and trans, to remove ; m. and intrans. to stand aloof. APOSTATE. P pdpPapos, -oy. 225, 226 ; 63. babbabian, i. e. foreign. ' BovXevu, f . -ffu, etc., reg. to take counsel ; m. to deliberate. 571, 4 ; ISO, 4. Fr. Pm\ii, caimsel. ^aSKofHU,,* to wish, will, c. Pou (-liw), f. Pafinoiuu. 495, a. a. ifii-nira, to shoot. PpoS^diS, slowly, adv. fr. PpaSis, -tta, -i. y yii>,for. yi, enclitic, at least. ■y£7V0|i.oi,* to become, to take place ; yeyov&s, deseendea. begin, e. 86 VOCABULARY. rXovs, -oB, aco. -ovv, i, Glm,aa officer of Cyrus, B. c. 401. yv&f.i\, -7IS, 4, an ojnnion. 651 3, a ; 129, 3, note 1. r. in yt-yr^-ffnu, to ENOW, c. ^vv^, yvraiK6s, ^, woman, queen, c. S 8sSi<£s, fearing, S/Souco, am afraid. 490, 6 ; 126, 4. Sti,* impers. it is necessary. SeCkvvju,* to slum, paradigm ; ■nofi, cp, 8e£u>s, -i, -6v, right, aa opposed to left : f) Se^ii, the righi hand, des- TESOUS, c. hia,* to want; m. Sda/Mi, used as dep. Ai]p.apaTos, -ov, i, DemarOtas, King of Sparta, b. c. 610-491. Sia-paCv(i>,* to go through, or cross, as a river, diabetes. Sui-pdXXai,* to slander, diabolic. Sui-voa3)UU (eojuu), f. -^(ro/iai, a. Sicvo^Sqi', pf. SiavEV(!i]/Mi, dep. to in- tend. 671, 3 ; 130, 2. Pr. vovs, mind. Sia-irovi> (ew), f. -^iru, etc., reg. to labor diligentli/ on anything; m. to work hard. 671, 8 ; 130, 2. Fr. ir6ms, work, pendht, c. Sia-iroplvu, f. -as, passage, whence pore. 8iOi-n'pd9ECpu,* to aCva,* to display ; m. to appear, phenomenon, f r. cdra. {iropiai,* to follow, sequel, c. ip^alofttu,,* 359 ; 104, dep., to wokk, li. organ, fr, stem ipy. 8pxo|ioi,* to come or go. 88 VOCABULARY. IpS, shall lay. See etmy, 639, 8. 6* IpuTu (-i^cb), impf . iipiraii ; other tenses supplied from Upoiuu : * to mk, as a question, in, yet, still. cv, well ; used as adv. of iiyaeSs, good, eulogt ; A^'yai, cp. CVV0V5, -ovv, 223, 22S ; 65, well minded, liiis, immediately. IxSpos, -cE, Sp, 2S3 ; 12, 1, iMsiile. 669, 6 ; 129, 11. r. in ^x^oj, Aa* to kindle, burn. OAnsTic. KXKos, -4), -iv, bad, iff. Koxta {6u), f. -lia-a, etc. reg. to injure. 571, 1; 130, 8. t. in Keuc6s, HI. K^^Xos, -^, -ivr 254, 6 ; 73, 3, /air, noble. KaXiis, fairly : Kx\as «x«», to be wells adv. of iai\.is,/air. Kard-Kcijiat,* to lie doum. KOTa-KBirT»,* to cut down, comma, fr. mdrru. Kara-XtCira,* to leave behind or remaining. KaTa-irl|iiru,* to send down, pomp, fr. iri/nra. Kovioprds, -ov, 6, a rising or cloud of dust (fr. leiyts, dust, and ipwfu, to raUe). 675, 582, o, 685, a ; 131, 1, 132, 1. Kpavos, -ou;, t6, 190 ; 62, a helmet, hard, c. KTti^ai (-ao/toi),* to acquire, pf. m. kekt9;jueu, as pres. I possess. KivO\.a (-(ia>), f. -(Sirai, etc., reg. to swrroimrf. 671, 1; 130, 3. r. in Kix\os, a circle, cycle. KOpos, -ou, i, Cyrus, prince of Persia, slain B. o. 401. K^uy, gen. Km6s, i, ii, 127 ; 33, note 2, a dog. CYSia. X XoTx^VM,* to obtain as by lot, to ^let Xajipdyo,* to to^e, dilemma ; Sid, between, cp. Xav8d.va,* to escape notice by any one. Lethe, fr. stem \a$. \(hta,* 496, to leave, c. eclipse ; Ik, cp. \oxay6s, -ov, i, a captain of a company (IW men). (Fr. A.<(xo^ « eo»»- />a«^, and ^yov/uii, to feoA d Doric for %) 575, 683, c, 586, a ; 131, 1, 132, 1. I* (id, a particle used in oaths ; by. jiaKpdi, -i, •6ii, long, tall, mackocosm ; K6aiMs, world, cp. |iidxo|i,ni,* to fight. (teCuv, ntwv, -ovos, less, miocene ; Kaiv6s, new, cp. 90 . VOCABULARY. |icXera {-in), f. -^iira, etc., reg. to practice. 571, 2 ; 180, 1. Fr. liehdrii, care. |ifl^u,* to care. /i^Aei, impers. it concerns, it is one's care. f.iva,* to rcMAiN (c), wait for. |iera-8ffij)|u,* to impart, dislribwte. |UTa-irl|iiru,* to send after ; m. to summon. MiSpiSdTT]S, -ov, i, MUhridaies, a Persian. IJLucpds, -i, -iv, small. Utile, micbocosm ; k6ixiu>s, vxyrld, cp. pfiv^o-Ku,* to remind; pf. m. /ic/ifii/uu, as pres. / remember ; Latin memini. unemonic. |uw, that. VOCABULARY. 91 'OpovTOS, -0, 6, 149; 89, 3, end, Oronies, a Persian. opu (-da),* to see. Fi,NORAUA ; teas, cp. Stos, -1), -ay, OS mucA as ; pi. as many as. ovSI, anc2 not, not eoem. oiSeCs, ouSejufd, ovSei', no one, no, nothing. oJiKovv, interrogative, not tliereforel answered by yes. oSkovv, negative, therefore not. olv, therefore. oliiroTe, ««;«»•. iravu, 57«ife, very. Fr. irSi, whence pan- in compounds. irapa-SC8iii|ii,* to give up. irapa-Kc\|f, f. pass, -dfl^o-o/jm, dep. to try. 671, 2 ; 180, 1. Fr. ■Ketpa, trial. PQtATE. ir^vre, FIVE, c. pentateuch; tcSxoj, hook, cp. irtpi-vtTVoiioi,* to 6e superioi; overcome. wot, whillier ? vo\.r\Tlov, verbal of iroiS. iroii5 (-«»), f. -^triu, etc., reg. to maie, (fo. poem. iro\^|UOS, -a, -ov, hostile; oi iroXc/iioi, , etc., reg. to ««•»« itt the army, march ; so in m. as if dep. 671,4; 130,4. Yv. arf&Tis, an army. (prpaniYds, -ov, i, a general. Fr. arpmii, an army, and Tfymiim, to lead. 676, 682 o, 685 a ; 131, 1, 132, 1. strategy. KrrpaTuiTTis, -iro, i, a soldier. 657, 2 j 129, 2, (6). Fv.arpartd, an army. VOCABULARY. 93 miX (ami) -tiajifiinu,* to take and bring together, to sdze, stllable. o-£|i;:aXos, -ou, j, a» a%. FT.irvi',andr.iniuixoitai,toJigIU. 648; 129,1. o-w-^iroitov,* to follow with. <|)riYM,* 495, to flee, fugitite, c. if>f\os, -OV, 6, a friend. PHIL- or philo- in many compounds. ^dpos, -OV, S, fear, 648 ; 129, 1. Fr. ^e^ojuu, to be afraid, hydbo- PHOBIA ; iiap, water, cp. ({>opd> (-€»), f. -^^<">l'«h "■ ™- ^XPViM-'ny, pf. m. xixfU"^! ^- P- ^Xf^"^") dep. to JMe. XopCov, -ou, T<(, o fortified place, ttronghold. 558, 1 ; 129, 8. Fr. X' pr ce. Adams's Greek Prepositions 10 60 Arnold's Greek Prose Composition 1 OS Bluke's Uoraeiio Lexicon 1 00 Boise's Three Books of the Anabasis, with Lexicon $0 75 1 05 Boise's Five Books of the Anabasis, with Lexicon 1 25 1 40 Boise's Greek Prose Composition 1 05 Boise's Anabasis 1 40 Cro«by'8 Sophooles's (Edipus Tyiannus 105 Coy's Mayor's Greek for Bef;inncrs 75 1 00 Allen-Hadley's Greek Grammar (1884) 100 150 Hadley's Greek Grammar. New edition 1 25 1 40 Hadley's Elements of Greek Grammar 1 05 Hadley's Greek Verbs i 21 Harkness's First Greek Book. 15 1 05 Johnson's Three Books of the Iliad (with Notes) 112 Johnson's Herodotus 1 05 Johnson's lonio Dialect 16 Keep's Greek Lessons 1 20 Eendrick's Greek Ollendorff 1 22 Efihner's Greek Grammar 1 40 Owen's Xenophon's Anabasis 140 Owen's Homer's Hiad 1 40 Owen's Greek Beader 140 Owen's Acts of the Apostles 1 22 Owen's Homer's Odyssey 1 40 Owen's Thuoydides 1 75 Owen's Xenophon's Cyropsedia 1 75 Bobbins'.'! Xenophon's Memorabilia 1 40 Smcad's Antigone 1 22 Smead's Philippics of Demosthenes 1 05 Tyler's Plato's Apology and Crito. New edition 1 05 Tyler's Plutarch 105 Whiton's Three Month"' Preparation for Keading Xenophon 43 Winohell's Elementary Lessons in Greek Syntax B4 Descriptive Educational Catalogue, containing full list of Latin and Greek text-books, sent to any teacher on application, D. 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