-ison 3762 62 1 ASIA i 1 at^om. ^tto fork CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 i9ia __ Cornell University Library DS 762.S62 The Tientsin massacre :being documents p 3 1924 023 144 573 pp Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023144573 THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE, BEING DOCUMENTS PUBLISHED IN THE From Jane letli to Sept. lOi, 1870, WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NARRATIVE. SECOND EDITION. SHANGHAI: A. H. D£ CaBVALHO) FjUNTER and PUBLISUKII. THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE, BEING DOCUMENTS PUBLISHED IN THE From June 16th to Sept. Ifllh, 1870, WITH AN INTRODUCTORY NARRATIVE. SECOND EDITION. SHANGHAI: A. H. DE CaHVALHO, rKI-MEK AM) Pl'BLlSBIH. THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. intokctoirg ^emwrRs. fT is hardly an over-statement to say that the great majority of those foreigners who felt an jinterest in the foreign relations with China, be- lieved that her misunderstandings and quarrels ^with the nations of the west were finally settled for a long time, when, in 1860, the boasted defences of northern cities were stormed, her armies scattered ) chaJP, and her capital entered by foreign troops, the most sumptuous palace of her semi-deified emperor razed to the ground, and the official representatives of foreign powers established as permanent residents at his Court. But it is difficidt to fathom the depths of semi-civilized duplicity, or to estimate how slow human pride and selfishness are to relin- quish exclusive privileges enjoyed for ages; into what volcanic energy popular prejudice and superstition can burst when they are stirred by an agency sufficiently powerful. For some years after the Peiho expedition had opened the way by which foreigners could, in all disputes with provincial satraps, appeal directly to the central government, there were several causes why the Chinese in their intercourse promised to prove all that foreigners expected. The stem lessons of war were stiU freshly remembered ; the Taiping, and thereafter the Nienfei, rebellion fully tasked the energies of the ruling classes and furnished scope for all the turbulent spirits of the IV INTHODUCTORY REMARKS. empire, and foreign munitions of war and active assistance were essential to the very existence of the body politic. But when the r,ebels were subdued; when their troops were being rapidly drilled to foreign tactics; when they^saw foreign arms and vessels of war beginning to issue from their own arsenals and dockyards; when their misinterpretation and flagrant evasions of numerous rights which the Treaty of Tientsin seemed to have secured for foreigners were quietly given up by the foreign representatives : then the dearly bought lessons of 1860 began to be rapidly forgotten, and the jealousy and apprehension with which the privileged classes of China re- garded the introduction of ideas and agencies calculated to overthrow their mischievous ascendency, began to show itself in many forms and places. This uneasiness and hostility were stimulated too by the knowledge that, about the end of 1868, foreigners were entitled to claim a Revision of the Treaty, and were almost certain to demand concessions which would greatly extend their influ- ence. The graind expedient by which, under foreign advice, they sought to ward off this new danger — ^while to well- intentioned theorists and persons of sanguine temperament it seemed admirably fitted to break down the wall of separation between China and other nations — ^was so conducted as to make her more haughty and exclusive than ever. For when Mr. Burlingame went forth on his mission to foreign nations, to deprecate any quickening on their part of the speed at which China was prepared to accept extended intercourse with for- eigners, he bore with him a commission, and was attended by associates of a character which clearly showed to those who know the Chinese, that his mission was an embodiment of the central error of Chinese policy — the idea namely that China is the one sovereignty of the world, and that all foreign nations are her feudal dependents. And when foreign governments, ignorant of such mischievous pretensions (though well warned of their practical tendency) received the Chinese embassy with cordiality and responded to its pleas for time and forbearance INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. V by engagements and promises that indefinitely postponed for- eign improvements; the Chinese government regarded this, or professed to regard it, as an acknowledgement on the part of the outside nations of the deference it became them to show to the "Middle Kingdom." Such ideas being carefully disseminated throughout China by the literati, a class much reverenced by the people, and directly interested in the perpetuation of existing misgovern- ment, it was not unnatural, however strange and unseasonable it might appear, that while Mr. Burlingame was drawing pic- tures as fair as they were false of China's rapid progress in all that constitutes national improvement, the misconceptions to which his friendly reception in Europe and America gave rise among the Chinese, became the fruitful cause of many deplor- able acts, which show how utterly false and misleading the Burlingame Mission was, both in its design and in its execution. The celebrated speech delivered by Mr. Burlingame in New York; his successful interviews with Lord Clarendon; and his grand reception in the centre of European diplomacy, were fittingly succeeded by the long smouldering troubles of For- mosa bursting into open violence, and were rapidly followed by those at Chefoo, in Szechuen, at Yangchow, and Swatow. It was supposed that such accumulated evidence of the false- hood of Burlingame's representations would have caused a reaction in England and America against his temporising policy; more especially as the repressive measures of Admiral Keppel and Consuls Medhurst, Gibson and Alabaster — men trained under the vigorous policy of our earlier Chinese inter- course — -proved in the highest degree successful. But, unhap- pily, Burlingame had so skilfully adapted his representations to the favorite ideas of some leading western statesmen — ideas which, however congenial to the condition of Europe at the close of the nineteenth century, are as inapplicable to China now as they would have been to Europe three centuries ago — that he was speedily able to notify to the Chinese that England disapproved of the action of her civil and naval officials in the Vi INTHODUCTORY REMARKS. suppression of the wide-spread disturbances above alluded to. The immediate consequence of this intimation was fresh outrages on both English and French missionaries at Nganking. These the English government speedily and without difficulty compromised for a money compensation. It was, perhaps, a significant hint of how the Chinese judged of this peaceable solution, that, when towards the close of 1869 Sir Rutherford Alcoek visited Nankin, so lately the scene of Mr. Medhurst'a triumph, he was subjected to an insulting slight of the Viceroy. But other wrongs against French subjects in Kiangse and Szechuen which the Peking government was unable or un- willing to punish, determined Count Rochechouart, Charg^ d' Affaires for France, to proceed up the Yangtsze in person to enforce the treaty rights of his nationals. And the firmness, energy and thoroughness with which he compelled the Viceroy Ma at Nankin to compensate the sufferers, to ptmish the ring- leaders, and to instruct in their duty to foreigners the people at Nganking; to wring from the governor of Kiangse full in- demnity for wrong done to French chapels with the cognizance of the Taotai at Kiukiang, and the pressure by which he obliged the Viceroy at Wuchang to exercise strict justice in respect of the oppressed Catholic communities of Szechuen; above all, the care he took to secure that the redress promised was actually carried into effect, had a repressive influence which can only be estimated by comparing the events of Nan- king, and other places on the Yangtsze this year, with those which have recently happened at Tientsin. — [Doct. No. l.J But among the retributive measures which Rochechouart •enforced during his visit to the Yangtsze was the degradation of an officer who was proved to have been an active instigator of the wrongs done to the French missionaries, their converts and property. Probably the Count did not know how thorough- ly he had earned his punishment. For that officer was Cheng- Kwo-Shwai, a short account of whose antecedents, character, influence and connection with the recent and existing troubles at Tientsin and Peking will be found in Nob. 41, 8, 9, 10, 35, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. VU 53, 60, 68, 74, 75 and 78 of the accompanying documents. From these it will be seen that his life has been devoted, with all the energy of a fearless and enthusiastic temperament, with all the stem fixity of purpose to be derived from an inherited vow, to the expulsion of foreigners from China. His degra- dation by Rochechouart lashed his ruling passion into im- govemable fury, the more intense because it now became con- centrated against the French. And this concentration, too, assisted him in giving it expression in action ; for it would be easier to induce the Chinese to attack one foreign power than all combined, and the more definite the object of attack, the more exactly could he fit his machinery to the work to be done. The circumstances of the case were not unfavorable. Bur- lingame was dead, and his death must have weakened the honestly pro-foreign party of Chinese pohticians (if there were any such), who hoped, through him, to introduce foreign im- provements with a gradualness which would obviate social convulsions. His death, too, made it unnecessary if not im- possible for the anti-foreign party to wear any longer the mask which the maintenance of his mission involved. England and America had shown how strongly disinclined they were to mingle unnecessarily in the wars of China. Political and re- ligious differences seemed likely to prevent any cordial co- operation between Russia and France. Germany has never had occasion to impress China with any idea of her power. France was isolated. Her military prestige has suffered a serious blow in the eyes of the Chinese by her expedition to the Corea. She alone had failed to give the Chinese embassy any assurances of co-operation and had in consequence got something like a menace from Burhngame; a fact of which the Chiiiese have doubtless been made aware. The political tiraining, experience and associates of Cheng-Kwo-Shwai war- rant ue in believing that he was fully able to appreciate these various aspects of the position of France in reference to China, But t(her« were other aspects Of the actual pogitibji of the great Viii INTRODUCTORY REMAEKS. bulk of French subjects in China, the value of which as a basis for inaugurating a national attack against them, this practised agitator has, by his subsequent conduct, only too clearly shown how thoroughly he understood. These aspects may be regarded as fourfold: — 1. The judicial and administrative system of China is so corrupt that the western nations, in making treaties with her, could not consent, as they do among themselves, that their subjects, when residing in China, should be judged by Chinese law administered by Chinese judges. They, therefore, availed themselves of the international expedient of extra-territorial jurisdiction, according to which foreigners in China commit- ting wrong are amenable only to officers of their own several nationalities. France claims to protect all ecclesiastical per- sons of the Roman Catholic church as her nationals. Wher- ever, therefore, a Catholic priest is found in China, he is independent of the local authorities. This makes him a person of considerable importance. Foreign treaties also guarantee that no Chinese subject shall be molested by the Chinese magistrates for becoming a Christian, and it naturally falls to the foreign priest to see that his converts have the full benefit of this proviso : and this priest having direct access, through the French minister at Peking, to the central government, the provincial magistrates dare not openly set his interference at naught. When to these considerations is added that reverence which the converts would naturally feel for their religious instructor, it can be readily understood how willingly, in aU their difficulties and disputes, they would have recourse to the house of the priest rather than to the yam6n of the mandarin, especially when, instead of the oppressive exactions of the latter (which make a Chinaman fear a magistrate almost as much as a robber), they found that their disputes were settled, and their wrongs redressed with disinterested justice and without expense. But it will also be easily understood how such a desertion of the yam^ns would move the bitter jealousy and hostility of the mandarins, and how eagerly they would en- INTHODUCTORY REMARKS. IX deavour to decry those who were not going beyond the plain duty of Christian priests, as the meddling partisans of a grasping foreign power. 2. One of the most beneficent and persuasive means by which foreign missionaries have sought to commend Christian- nity to the acceptance of the Chinese has been by dispensing among them the benefits of western medical science. But in the Chinese pharmacopoeia, parts of the human body are largely made use of as ingredients, and the more mysterious or vital the organ so made use of, the more does the drug compounded from it seem to be regarded as efficacious to secure the object for which it is used; and Chinese medical knowledge being much in the same state as it was among western nations two or three hundred years ago, it deals largely in charms, philtres^ potions, spells, and other magical absurdities. It may be doubted whether the horrible substances referred to are actually used, but it is an undoubted fact that Chinese books say so, and that the Chinese believe they are so used. It thus becomes easy to understand how simple a task it must be to persuade an ignorant and prejudiced people that foreign doctors make use of similar drugs for similar purposes — all the more so because they are known to practice anatomy and surgery, which are abhorrent to the Chinese mind. 3. Kidnapping of children has from the earliest historic times been prevalent in China; and the various Foreign and Mixed Courts established in China have made it indispiitable that the practice is still of daily occurrence. Female children 80 kidnapped are sold to brothels which, in fe,ct, are mostly replenished from this source, while male children are sold as slaves or are bought for adoption by childless persons. Now the Catholic missionaries have always devoted special attention to the young in China; their pecuhar view of the efficacy of infent baptism, their sagacious appreciation of the ultimate -influence of educating the yoiang, and the large number of children (especially females) exposed in China by poor parents, all combined to give this direction to their efforts. For the X INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. reception of these children they have erected capacious Orphan- ages and Industrial schools in many parts of China. It is not difficult to see how among a people to whom kidnapping is familiar and who are prejudiced against foreigners, the sight of large numbers of children collected by foreigners in their establishments, could be easily made the ground of a charge that they were gathered together by nefarious means and for unholy purposes. 4. The whole life and object of a religious missionary can- not fail to be utterly incomprehensible to a people whose entire range of ideas is to a marked degree, of a secular and mate- riahstic type. And in the case of the Catholic missionaries this mystery is intensified by the air of solemnity and secresy which their impressive style of worship, and such religious exercises as Confession, throw over their whole procedure. This remark applies with special force to their Seminaries, where a considerable degree of seclusion is almost unavoidable. Those who have read the account of the Szechuen troubles published in the North China Daily News of December 1869. and who will read Document No. 51 of the present series, will observe what an effective use has been made of the first of the four aspects of Catholic missionary operations above enumerated, in fanning into a flame the anti-foreign spirit of China. But it was by a most skilful and masterly combination of the last three aspects that Cheng-Kwo-Shwai succeeded, during the past summer, in stirring up an intense anti-foreign and espe- cially anti-French excitement along the whole lower vaUey of the Yangtse, from the heart of Szechuen and Hunan to the Yellow Sea; an excitement which first assumed a threatening form around and in Nanking (Document No. 1), but being there repressed, was raised to the point of explosion by the arch- agitator on his way northwards through Shantung and Chihli, till, a few days after his arrival, and imder his personal leader- ship, it found a first, and fitting, but let us also hope a final, culmination in the Tientsin massacre of the 21st of June. IXTHODUCTORY REMARKS. XI All the offended pride and disappointed selfishness and awakened jealousies of the officials; all the fears of a supersti- tious people, and the deepest seated and most universal of hu- man instincts were appealed to against foreigners, but more especially against those whose plan of working seemed most liable to suspicion. The appeal was made by means of those way-side placards which in China form a miserable substitute for the newspaper press of western nations, and combine in a wonderful degree the minimum of its benefits with the maxi- mum of its abuses. These, diffused with organized diligence and universality, from the frontiers of Kweichow to beyond Peking, told the masses of China that foreign missionaries abetted and subsidized a system of kidnapping throughout the empire; that by means of devilish medicines supplied to aban- doned wretches, they exercised such a magical influence over children that they willingly followed them, though utter strangers; that by these scoundrels they were handed over to the missionaries, who collected them in their establishments and slaughtered them in secret, for the purpose of using their eyes and hearts and private parts for the manufacture of their abo- minable drugs. Great as was the popular excitement produced by such foul calumnies, it was fomented and legitimised by the timidity or stupidity of some mandarins, and the guilty complicity of others, from the Viceroy downwards to common village magistrates. For the officials everywhere issued proclamations annoimcing that the kidnappers were abroad, offering rewards for their detection, and insinuating more or less distinctly that they were the paid emissaries of foreigners. The popular fury thus called forth demanded some victims, and these a cowardly, time-serv- ing magistracy were bound to find. The result was that at Nanking no less than eighteen alleged kidnappers were beheaded in one day. On what kind of evidence these men were con- demned may be guessed from what is said of the two executed by the Che-fti of Tientsin (Doct. 8) in whose case even the literati felt called on to protest against the irregularity of the XU INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. proceedings. Such executions rather excited than satisfied the popular thirst for vengeance, and they were easily excited by the secret instigators and directors of the movement to invoke vengeance on the more guilty heads of the alleged paymasters of the kidnappers. The result may be seen in the "Nanking Tumults" described in Document No. 1. But the Catholic clergy made an appeal to Ma, the Viceroy, too direct and explicit to enable him to shirk the subsequent responsibility if mischief befell them. Besides, he could not so Soon forget the severe lessons taught him by Medhurst, at the end of 1868, and by Rochechouart at the end of 1869. He was forced to take energetic steps; and as surely as he did so, the tumult was eifectually queUed. The arch-agitator Cheng- Kwo-Shwai meanwhile, without awaiting results in the valley of the Yangtse, proceeded to fire his train, already laid, in some place where favorable influences might develope it into an ef- fectual conflagration. From his residence at Yangchow, whence, as from a centre, he had for years spread out in all directions the network of his machinations, he directed his course to the metropolitan province of Chihli. Various considerations may have determined this destination. It is the centre of official interest and cabal; it is under the government of his powerful friend Ts^ng-Kwo-Fan, the reputed head of the anti-foreign party in China. At Tientsin is the grave of his great foster- father San-Ko-Lin-Sin, a visit to whose tomb formed a specious pretext for his journey. With Taku forts greatly strengthened from what they were in 1860, and wanting only men, according to Chinese notions, to make impregnable; with a large force of foreign drilled troops, and a foreign arsenal and powder-mill close at hand; with large establishments of the hated Catholics both at Tientsin and Peking, and doubtless also with the know- ledge that under such a Governor-General the local magistrates tvould be willing tools for this work, we cannot wonder that Cheng-'Ewo-Shwai directed his journey northwards. He had indeed prepared his way before-hand. The accom- panying documents (Nos. 8, 9, 10 and 12) show how a month INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XJU before his arrival the cry of kidnappers had arisen; how the Ghe-fii had executed his victims, issued his incendiary procla- mation, and received the complimentary umbreHa and tablets, from the grateful abettors of the anti-foreign system; and how,; all over the country, between Tientsin and Yamgehow, as far as foreign observation reached, (nearly 200 miles), the country was filled with announcements of the impending doom of the foreigners, and more particularly of the French at Tientsin. It should be noticed that while the general substance of the placards was everywhere the same, they were skilfuUy varied to hit the peculiarities of different localities. At Nanking at- tention was called to the size of the vaults beneath the Gatholio premises, and the underbuilding, which was really intended to afford healthful drainage and ventilation, was alleged to be de- voted to the most fiendish purposes. At Tientsin the same skill in giving intensity to the general charges by calling in the aid of local purposes was shown by the use that was made of the transference of some coffins from an old burying ground to the cemetery surrounding the French cathedral. We are sorry that our having failed to obtain any authenticated copy of the placards diffused by Cheng-Kwo-Shwai along his journey northward, prevents us from saying positively whether the same adaptation to local peculiarities was observed in all his incen- diary effusions. What we do know is, that the popular excite- ment which marked his progress indicated his route as by a streak of fire. At length on the 18th June the whole aspect of things became so alarming; the offensive proclamation of the che-fu had so excited the people, and the warnings of friendly natives assumed such definiteness and consistency^ that H. B. M.'* Consul Mr. W. H. Lay felt called on to draw the a,ttention of Chung-How to the state of affairs. Chung-How is a man of all but the highest rank, who, as superintendent of the northern ports, has the supreme control of Tientsin and its neighbourhood, a post he has held since the close of the last war. (Document 48.) He sent no reply to Mr, Lay's represmtatign of the 18th. Xiv INTRODUCTORY RBMARKB. Allowing Sunday, the 19th, to pass Mr. Lay again wrote on tibe 20th still more urgently, requesting Chung-How's inter- ference. This also remained unanswered, as was another similar communication sent on the morning of the 21st, when the crowds were already assembling for their work of blood. (Document No. 2.) And be it here remarked that, amid all the light which subsequent proceedings have cast on these transactions while it has been again and again repeated that all the foreign ministers have exculpated Chung-How of all guilty connection with the massacre, we have not yet seen any explanation of his failing to answer Mr. Lay's repeated warnings and remonstrances. On the other hand, and in contradiction to an attempt made to prove that the defection of his troops had rendered him powerless, (Document 48) it is distinctly stated that when he interfered to keep the rioters from extending their attack to the foreign settlement, his interference was successful (Document No, 8). In Document No. 50 it will be observed that an attempt is is made by the Chinese authorities to represent the massacre at Tientsin as the result of a mob, collected by rumours of kidnapping at the Catholic establishments, and excited to open violence by the imprudent discharge of a weapon by the French Consul. To this view of the case we oppose a state- ment of well ascertained facts, which will be found narrated in detail in the various documents referred to. . It was known hundreds of miles round Tientsin, as far south as Tsinanfoo the capital of the province of Shantung, that foreigners and espedially the French were to be attacked on the 21st June. (Document 8.) On the morning of the massacre the fire guilds went in from Pukow, 35 K (12 miles) from Tientsin to be in time for the massacre, and the same is said of other places within a 40 li radius. The attack was not made by a pro- miscuous mob assembled at random, but by two well known organised bodies, the fire guilds and the volunteers, whose leaders are members of the ruling class, (Literati) their names Ijeing regularly enrolled in the court of the city magistrate. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XY And the fact that the firemen were eq^uipped, not as usual with buckets, but with fighting weapons, and that they were summon- ed to and recalled from the attack by the regular official call, show indisputably that the attack was premeditated and organ- ised (Document 8 and 12). Further, the attack was not commenced by the French Consul firing a pistol. The evidence of documents Nos. 2, 8 and 12 shows that the first blood-shed took place at the French Consulate during Fontanier's absence trying to obtain assistance from Chung-How. The number of yamen runners too who were observed among the rioters, (Document 28) the fact that the auxiliaries who came to the attack from the east of the river were lead on and encouraged by well known high military officers, (Document 8) and the statement borne out by the fans, on which the massacre has since been depicted, that the che-fu was present and saw the destruction of the Consulate and Cathedral (Doct. No. 8), all show how completely the native magistracy were implicated in the occurrence. What followed when the slaughter was fairly commenced, it is sad to follow out in all its ghastly detail; how Monsieur and Madame Thomassin, a newly married pair en route from Paris to the Legation at Peking, fell under many wounds in the French Consulate during the Consul's absence, the priest Chevrier and his attendants speedily sharing the same fate; how the Consul after having been repeatedly at Chung^How's yamSn, finally went there again at 2 p. M. accompanied by his chancellor M. Simon in his official dress and armed, how his ap- peals to Chung-How were unheeded and he was dismissed by that official with insult; how, as it would seem in the very pre- cincts of the yam^n, they were forced to use their weapons in self defence; how in a wounded state they tried to push on for the Consulate till they were literally cut to pieces by the raging crowd; how Monsieur and Madame Chalmaison living within the native city were attacked almost at the same time, and how when the lady having first escaped was impelled by natural affection to seek for her husband's corpse under cover of the XVI INTHODrCTORY REMAHKS. suceeeding night, she was seized and ruthlessly butchered; how to the east of the river a Russian gentleman with his wife married four days previously, and a friend, were assaulted in their chairs, and though they used 'the plea that they were English were slain without mercy, the lady being also exposed to brutal indignities; how the crowd having finished their work of blood and fire at the Consulate and Cathedral made for the Hospital of the Sisters of Mercy, situated half a mile off and were joined by a number of fire guilds from the east of the river; how the noble ladies used every means to disarm their fury, and finding all means useless begged them at least to spare their Chinese converts; how they were insulted, stripped, impaled, ripped open, cut to pieces, thrown into heaps and made so that out of nine only four bodies have been re- ceived, and of these most have been mere unrecognisable frag- ments; how as a fit accompany ment to the rest, 30 or 40 of the children of the Hospital were smothered in the vaults where they had taken refuge, while a still larger number of older persons were carried away to the prisons of the city to be there subjected to tortures of which they bore such terrible evidence when their release was at length effected (Documents 2, 8, 10, 12, 25, 28, 32, 36, 39, 42, 45 and 56). From evidence given in Document 28 it will be seen, that the instigators of these outrages prepared the minds of their tools gradually, till they were at last worked up to the requisite pitch of fanaticism. And it seems to have been intended by •some of them that the destruction of the French would be the signal for a descent on the foreign settlement, while the minds ■of the populace were still excited. But if this were the inten- tion, it miscarried. There seemed to be a widespread under- standing that the attack on the Settlement was to be deferred to the 24th June. As it was, 200 men attempted to make a raid into the Settlement; but the authority of Chung-How, and of the che-hsien were exerted to prevent it, (Document 8). It is also said that some shopkeepers friendly to foreigners damped the ardour of the rioters (Document 32). The delay INTHODUCTORY REMARKS. Xvii thus gained enabled the foreigners in the Settlement to take such measures for defence as sufficed so keep the enemy at bay till gun-boats enough arrived to put an end to all hazard of an immediate attack. But wherever foreign property coul4 be reached it was attacked and destroyed. Thus 8 Protestant and 8 Roman Catholics chapels were destroyed, while the converts of both all over the country have been subjected to personal outrage and spoliation. It does not excite surprise to learn in these circumstances that such foreigners as happened to be in the country round Tientsin made their escape with great difficulty, it being found necessary to send a guard for one of them (Doccument 36). The condition of the bodies as ihey were recovered is detailed in document No. 2, where there will also be found a singular instance of Chung-How's attemps at mystifieatiou throughout this whole affair. H. B. M.'s Consul, Mr. Lay, having been requested to act as French Consul in room of the deceased Fontanier, it thus fell to him to see to the burial of the thirteen bodied that were recovered, which were interred in the English Cemetery provisionally till their ultimate dis- posal should be decided on by Count Rochechouart. Funeral services in honour of the dead were held in most of the foreign communities in China. An account of that held in Shanghai will be found in Document 18. The universal sentiment of grief and indignation felt by foreigners of all nations was also well expressed by many addresses of condo- lence of which specimens^ will be found in Documents 15, 16 and 17. The news of the massacre naturally excited the fears of fo- reigners at the different ports, encouraged unfriendly manifes,- tations on the part of the unruly and has disquieted the minds even of the peaceable by ever varying rumoui's. Thus from Peking (Docts. 10, 14, 53, &c.), from Chinkiang (19 and 40), from Newchwang (27), from Chefoo (13) and from Ningpo (73) there are rumours tending to keep people's minds in an uncomfortable and unsettled state. XVIU INTHODUCTORY REMARKS. ' In the case of the river ports Chinkiang, Kiukiang and Han- kow, a certain amount of confidence has been restored by the presence at each of a British gun-boat, and at Shanghai, Chefoo and Tientsin naval assistance has been supplemented by the organisation of a Volunteer force, that of Shanghai numbering over 600 men, though that is of course by far the largest. The force is under the control of the Municipal Council (Doct. 30). Immediately on the news from Tientsin arriving all eyes were naturally turned to Peking to see what action would be taken by the Foreign Ministers. It is understood that some delay occurred in getting authentic news of the massacre to Peking, so that telegraphic news does not seem to have been forwarded to Europe till the 26th July. But even that message seems to have been delayed by a series of unfortunate and most suspicious accidents, so that while private telegrams have gone safely and been duly replied to, this a matter of the deepest in- terest and importance to so many different nations, does not seem as yet to have elicited a reply. At Peking all seems uncertainty : the English speaking Lega- tions, representing by far the greater number «f foreigners in China give no sign of any policy; while already the American missionaries at Tungchow have been forced to seek for safety under the protection of British guns at Chefoo, and families are preparing to migrate from Peking, Tientsin andNewchwang. The assassination of the Viceroy Ma at Nanking on the 23 rd August which is said to be an act of vengeance for the part he took in behalf of foreigners in the troubles of June (although this is disputed) adds another element of disturbance and ap- prenension to the minds both of natives and foreigners (Docu- ment 70). In connexion with this, too, we have fluctuating, yet on the whole consistent, accounts of the concentration of 100,000 troops within a day's jomrney of Tientsin, while five of the most distinguished generals have been summoned from all parts of the empire to the same centre of operations. Meanwhile what are the Ministers doing? Nothing as yet That they should delay taldng action till they saw what the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XIX Chinese Government proposed to do was only reasonable. But when TsSng-Kwo-Fan, the commissioner appointed by the Chi- nese Government, has reported that foreigners are forsooth in- nocent of kidnapping, and that those who killed the foreigners should be punished; while now at the end of 3 months no effort is made to seize the guilty, and a decided and contemptuous refusal is given to the request that the chief and well known criminals should be brought to justice, surely it is high time that some decided policy should be adopted. The unhappy complications which have arisen in Europe may for a time pa- ralyse the action of Count Rochechouart, but England, Ame- rica and Russia are free to act and are incurring a heavy, it may be a fatal, responsibility in keeping both Chinese and for- eigners longer in suspense. THE Tientsin massacre. 1 No. 1. THE NANION TUMULT. Ju7ie I6th, 1870. The disturbance at Nankin threatens to be one of the most serious that has yet occurred in connection with the residence of foreigners in the interior. As yet the history of the movement is not accurately known, for the excitement prevaiUng- in the city prevents the transmission of authentic information. But the general character of the tumult is tolerably well understood. A cry is set up that certain infamous people are engaged in kidnap- ping children, not an uncommon practice, and therefore, not at all incredible. Such rumours are born and die a hundred times without exciting public attention, and so it might have happened in the present case, but for what appears to have been the in- discreet conduct of the city authorities at Nankin. Instead of ignoring the foolish rumour, or issuing proclamations forbidding its spread, the civic dignataries seem to have entered most fully into the spirit of it. They might, indeed, for some occult purpose have been feigning alarm, while they worked on the popular frenzy 5 or they might have been sincerely overcome by the panic of the moment; but the action they took was of all things the most calculated to fan the smoking fire into a flame. Proclama- tions were issued offering rewards of 100 dollars for the appre- hension of the kidnappers. By this means of course all lingering doubts were dispelled; and the populace thus forcibly convinced of the reality of the alleged crimes, became excited to an extra- ordinary degree. The authorities appear to have lost their heads, and in their attempt to allay the tumult which they have done so much to create, they have only made matters worse and worse. People were arrested in the street on suspicion, and no stranger could safely shew himself in public for fear of being immediately thrown into prison. When the affair had grown to this extent it began to take on a new phase, and the cry spread like wild-fire, that the foreigners were the culprits for whom the people were in search. It would only be a conjecture to say that in this, as in all other similar cases, it was the mandarins and literati who gave this particular direction to the popular clamour, but if they did, they soon found that they had raised a spirit 2 THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. which they could not control. The only foreigners in Nankin are 1 ranch and English missionaries ; and they were immediately besieged by the howling mob, and menaced in person and pro- perty. Mr. Hudson Taylor, late of Yangchow, mindful of the retreating attitude of the British government, and of the distinct advice of Lord Clarendon to run away from danger j conscious also, no doubt, that if he by remaining in Nankin became the hero of another disturbance, he might not only become a martyr, but be afterwards held up to the execration of the English public by the Times and its following, ordered his party away from the city. The French missionaries and their congregations were thus left to bear the whole brunt of the storm. Their houses were carefully searched by the mandarins, and no limbs of kid- fiapped bodies were found lying about the neat little whitewashed rooms of the missionaries or their neophytes. But it appeared as if all attempts to satisfy the mob only goaded them to farther excesses; and the mandarins now found it necessary to put their prisoners to the torture in order to get confessions out of them. Under this cruel process a number of them actually confessed to having kidnapped children at the instigation of foreigners. These poor wretches were beheaded for the gratification of the mob- some accounts say to the number of seventeen — and among them at least one Christian. Everything having been thus done, wit- tingly or unwittingly, to stimulate the popular hostility to for- eigners, the last accounts that have reached us from the city are to the effect that the French missionaries are in hourly expectation of being attacked and pillaged, if not killed. It is needless to Say that this is not a contingency which the authorities con- template with satisfaction. With Yangchow, Nankin and Nan- chang so fresh in his memory, the Vice-roy is not likely to provoke another quarrel with foreigners; and he has accordingly issued proclamations defending the foreigners from the absurd allegations that have been worked up against them. This tardy measure of the Vice-roy's seems however to be as yet without effect. The peculiarity of the present excitement is, that it has spread into every part of the province, and may produce a dangerous outbreak at any point. Yangchow, Chinkiang and Tanyang, and doubtless other cities from which we have no exact informa- tion, are in a ferment; vague but horrible suspicions about for- eigners have taken possession of the minds of the ignorant people everywhere, and as a story does not lose in the telling, even the THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. monstrous accusations of Nankin are probably found in an ex- aggerated form in the distant cities. This unfortunate aifair will probably be used in argument by those who maintain that there is a danger to the public peace in admitting foreigners into the interior of China; for here, it will be said, the demonstration is entirely spontaneous on the part qf of the people and the authorities have been powerless to keep down the excitement. The latter has undoubtedly been shewn to be true, but it still remains to be proved that the authorities had no share in instigating the affair, or, at all events, in directing it against the foreigners. It may be said also that merchants would never be Ukely tp attract the hostility of a Chinese mob, at least not for any any such chimera as has moved the populace of Nankin, for a merchant's motives are perfectly intelligible to the Chinese. It is different with a missionary. He is an utterly incomprehensible man to the Chinese; his motives are to them unfathomable, and there is, consequently, nothing too extrava- gant for them to believe about him. One of his objects is to collect children about him and teach them gratuitously, if he does not even pay them for coming to him. Why an intelligent man should forsake his country and his kindred, and travel over sea and land to do that, will perhaps always remain a puzzle to the Chinese. Nor is it to be much wondered at, that when questions of kidnapping children crop up, the well known habits of the missionary should expose him to the most absurd suspi- cions. Were the missionaries known to levy black-mail on the Chinese, they would probably inspire more confidence, by supply- ing the natives with a rational theory of their existence. No. 2. THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. (From our Correspondent.) Tientsin, 22nd to 27th June, 1870. The account given in the Eoming Courier of June 16tb, of proceedings at Nankin, would be an accurate description of tbe preliminary part of our troubles here connected with missionary THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. matters; tlie same story of kidnapping children, of the missiona- ries purchasing them and taking out their eyes for medicine, &c., the same knowledge of the authorities of what was going on, the same (apparent) indifference on their, part to the probable con- sequences, were conspicuously displayed here some time before the massacre. Threatenings of this kind had become so frequent that to a certain extent, they, came to be treated like the cry of Wolf! Wolf! in the fable, so that when the sad reality did come, no one was prepared. The first intimation we had of trouble to our friends in the city was the sight of fire, which proved to be caused by the burning of the French cathedral and consulate adjoining, and the premises of the Sisters of Mercy, some half mile nearer the Settlement. Almost immediately after, news reached us of the murder of three foreigners; and, a little later, we heard of the terrible deaths of no less than fifteen to eighteen foreigners, all of whom were French, and including the consul, Fontanier; M. and Madame Thomasin who had only arrived a day or two before en route for Peking; the chancelier, M. Simon ; a Jesuit father, M. Chevrier, and, saddest of all, the poor Sisters of Mercy, nine in number. To them indeed no mercy was shown : the cruel outrages upon them are horrible even to relate; their clothes are said to have been torn off them, their bodies stabbed and ripped open, their breasts cut off, and their eyes dug out. To crown all, the Chinese report this morning that all that is left of them are two charred masses, some distance apart, and quite impossible to be recognised. Truly a crown of martyrdom have they received from the ungrateful people in whose service, and for whose welfare, their lives were being spent here. M. and Madame Chalmaison, French, are also said to have been killed while attempting to reach the foreign settlement. Three Rus- sian subjects, Mr. and Mrs. Protopopoff and Mr. Basoff met with the same fate on the other side of the river close to the salt- stacks which are near the foreign settlement. The above took place about 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 21st. To show that the attack was premeditated and threatened, I may mention that my workmen two miles or more from the scene of action said to me on seeing the fire that Englishmen had nothing to fear, for the attack' was only on the French. Whether the Chinese ap- prehended immedia6e retribution or not, I cannot say, but hardly a man was to be seen in the settlement after the first fire took place; on the following day labour was partially resumed. THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. O 22nd. To-day H. E. Chung-How met the consuls at the house of the commissioner of customs. He seemed bewildered, and intimated that the day's work had made him a poor man, and that he would now be responsible for the lives of foreigners j at the same time he offered to send down a guard of six hundred soldiers. But the British consul strongly objected to any such step, while another gentleman, a consul for more than one treaty power, and at the same time occupying the anomalous position of paid servant of His Excellency, was for leaving everything as in duty hound to His Excellency! The foreign residents from the first took steps to protect themselves, and during the last two nights have kept watch and guard. The Manchu was fortunately here, and by the kindness of her agent and captain, was a refuge for all who might require it, and is to remain here until another steamer of the same Company arrives. The Appin also arrived here to-day; so that if an attack on the Settlement takes place, the two steamers could protect all foreigners. The Drago^ left Taku on the morning of the 22nd with the Macer, a dismasted vessel, in tow and with news of the attack here which overtook her at Taku, together with a request from the British consul for the Opossum gun-boat to come on here from Chefoo. This morning early, three foreigners, Mr. Cox, British, and Messrs. Cordes and Perizot, North-German subjects, came down to the Settlement from the city. This morning also a Chinaman was found in the steeple or tower of the Protestant church built on mission ground, close to the Settlement, with balls of combus- tible materials for the apparent purpose of firing the church. During the day a Chinaman in the Settlement was found with a revolver up his sleeve, who finding he was being caught, suc- ceeded in throwing the weapon into the river. Both these Chinese have been handed to the native authorities. 23rd. — This morning there was found in the river, quite fresh, the bodies of the two Russians before named, man and wife, whose wedding had been celebrated less than a week ago amid great rejoicings. The bodies were stripped, and the young wife, only about 16, had her arm broken and cuts on face and body, and three fingers cut off, apparently for the sake of the rings. The freshness of these bodies is supposed to be due to their contact with the salt-stacks where they were killed. They had only been a short time in the water. Another body found at the same time could not be recognised, and is believed to be Chinese. Since 6 THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. then a fourth body found in the water horribly cut about the head and face, and with part of one hand cut ofF, was recog'nised by two French subjects, Messrs. Borel (2) and Courtraix, who have made their escape from the city, as being the body of the French consul, M. Fontanier; his socks also bore the initials H.F. This body was also stripped; at the time he met his death he wore the consular uniform. Yesterday H. E. Chungs-How said the consul's body was one of seven taken out of the water and put in coffins. These bodies ai'e to be kept until the arrival of the French authorities from Peking, expected here to-day or to- morrow. Mr. and Mrs. Stamman, and Mr. Meyer, came down to the Settlement this morning under an escort from Chung-How; they are believed to be the sole survivors of the foreigners who were in the city; twenty or twenty-one -are dead or missing, and of these, twelve are women — nine sisters, Mr;S. Thomasin, Mrs, Chalmaison, French, and Mrs. Protopopoff, Russian. It appears the French consul, on the attack being made, had gone to Chung-How's yamto, and induced Chung- How to ac- company him to the consulate. On their way thither they met the che-hsien, and Chung-How's story is that the consul fired at the che-hsien, whereupon the mob rose and cut him down, killing him on the spot. Mr. and Mrs. Thomasin were killed inside the consulate. Mrs. Chalmaison got on her horse and escaped, her husband being killed in his door-way as he was coming out. Mrs. Chalmaison returned to the house in the evening in Chinese dress, but it seems the omission to change her foreign boots led to her detection, and she was slaughtered in the street. Full particulars of these transactions may never be known, but already a good deal of light is thrown on the affair from various quarters. We hear from a distance in the country often days' journey that proclamations were up against Catholics on account of their malpractices; but as the people could not discriminate between Catholic and Protestant, they were advised to take them all to the yam^nfor examination. One of Tseng-Kwo-Fan's lieutenants is now here with an es- cort of 80 to 100 troops, with no ostensible object. It is somewhat curious that when Ts^ng-Kwo-Fan himself was down here last year, one of the rumours accounting for his visit was his intention to sei?e the French consulate, it being imperial property; and it is also note-worthy that when some of us in 1861 endeavoured to THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. 7 purchase this same property, we were told it could not be sold, Es it belonged to the emperor. 24th. — The two Russian bodies were buried in the British ce- metery yesterday afternoon, and shortly after, the body of the third Russian was found in the river, and was buried this morn- ing'. Yesterday the Chinese authorities sent down to the British consulate five coffins containing bodies which were recognised as those of Mr. and Mrs. Thomasin of the French legation, M. Simon of the consulate. Father Chevrier and a Chinese priest. M. Simon was so hacked as to be hardly recognisable. Mrs. Thomasin was cut in the back of the neck. She had her clothes on. These bodies with the French consul's, six in number, have all been placed to-day in the British cemetery, pending instructions from the French authorities, as it was impossible to keep them above ground any longer. Reports this evening are to the eflFect that Ts^ng-Kwo-Fan is now on his way down here with 5,000 troops to investigate into this sad affair. Despatches from the North-German consul for Peking- had been stopped and returned to the consul, his courier had been taken to the magistrate in the city and bambooedj but a despatch from the British consul to the minister had reached Peking, and an answer from Mr. Adkins received here last night. At the same time came letters from the French minister asking for further particulars, having heard of the death of the consul and others. All was quiet in Peking. The attempt of the au- thorities to interrupt communication between officials at Peking and Tientsin is however a suspicious circumstance. On the 24th the body of a Chinese woman was found in the river; by the ornaments about her neck she was a Catholic, and beUeved to have been a teacher in the Sisters' school. She. was much cut and disfigured; the body was buried with the other six. 26th. — This morning six coffins were sent down from the city, the contents of which on examination proved to be, the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Chalmaison ; of the remaining four, two contained bodies half burnt, one of which had evidently been in the water and had apparently been partially eaten; the second was in much the same horrible state ; the remaining two were burnt to a cinder ; in one, only the scull and a few bones remained. I forced myself to look upon these six, and hope I may never see such another sight. Whether the four were the remains of Sisters or of Chinese 8 THE TIENTSIN MASSACHE, it is impossible to say. The six coffins were placed side by side with the other seven, one large mound covering the whole thir- teen coffins. The Chinese who brought them said the four were Sisters; they lay close to the gates, first one, then two, then onej there were also Chinese bodies there which they had instructions not to touch; but there were no other foreign bodies there. 27th. — Word has been sent down to the effect that no more foreign bodies are to be found; thus five sisters are still missing, allowing the four coffins sent to have contained the remains of foiir of them. A gentleman who has seen the whole of the bodies has kindly given me the following account of their condition. "M. H. Fontanier. — Head and face cloven to pieces with sword cuts. One spear wound through the chest. M. Simon. — Head and face covered with sword cuts; body covered with numerous wounds; bowels protruding. M. Thomasin. — Head and face covered with sword cuts; a few spear wounds on the body. Madame Thomasin. — A sword cut through the back of the neck. M. de Chalmaison. — Left side of the face cut away; eyes scooped out; numerous wounds in the body and extremities. Madame de Chalmaison. — A deep sword cut across the face, just below the eyes; left arm and side hacked with sword cuts. Father Chevrier. — Scull cloven in several places; chest and abdomen laid open ; bowels protruding. The coffins supposed to contain four of the Sisters were filled with charred pieces of flesh and bone. Mr. Protopopoff, Kussian. — Sword cut 5 inches long on the left side of the head; a spear wound through the chest, and one on the left hip. Mrs. Protopopoff. — Body literally covered with sword cuts and spear vpounds. Mr. Basoff, Russian.— Head covered with sword cuts, chest pierced with numerous spear wounds. Most of the bodies were in an advanced stage of decomposition, having been probably a good deal exposed to the sun on the banks of the river. They were all more or less naked, except Mr. Thomasin and wife. It is reported that 180 children were brought to the yamSn the I day of the massacre;- 30 children were found smothered in vaults, THE TIENTSI>' MASSACRE. 9 supposed to be those either of the church or European hospital. I consider that between 50 and 60 people must have perished in the Sisters' places alone." As a proof that the Chinese generally knew of the intended attack, it may be mentioned that for several days previously parents had been comings by day and night to take away their children from the schools, so that out of about 450, only about 200 remained on the day of the fire. The 30 who were found smothered must have run into the vault on the first alarm being; given. The shop-keepers about the Sisters' place also had for some days been removing from their shops. The chefoo, or head city magistrate, had posted a proclamation similar to those at Chiakiang, and tending to excite the people against the foreign^ ers. H. B. M.'s consul called the attention of Chung-How to this proclamation on the IStibi, three clear days before the out- break, requesting him to pacify the people as the chefoo's pro- ■ceedings were creating great disturbance in the city. On the 20th be again wrote to Chung-How, and for the third time, on the morning of the 21st, the consul addressed an urgent despatch to Cbung-How, but received no reply to any of his communica- tions. I have noticed Chung-How's statement to the effect that he accompanied M. Pontanier on his way back to the consulate. At the meeting of the consuls he stated that M. Fontanier had •twice fired on him. Another mandarin told a foreign resident here that he was one of two who were deputed by Chung-How to accompany M. Fontanier to the consulate, that on the way M. Fontanier said he did not want them, but 200 soldiers to drive away the mob. A disturbance here arose close to the cathedral and Fontanier and Simon were both killed. The story of Fon- tanier firing on Chung-How loots extremely like a fabrication of the last named "excellent" gentleman. There can be no doubt at all about the connivance of the au- thorities at this dreadful massacre, for even if it did not originate with them, it was perfectly in their power to put down all display of bad feehng when they were first requested to do so. They did not choose to move a finger in this direction, but treated the urgent appeals of the British consul with supercilious contempt. No sooner, however, had the atrocious deed been perpetrated than -the authorities began to awake to a^ense of what they had done, and dread the consequences. This was first shewn when they 10 THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. sent down the five coffins containing bodies, and with them three empty coffins. The mandarin who brought them requested from the British consul a receipt for the bodies, naming the consul's as one of them. Again on the following day Chung-How sent a special messenger to request a receipt for the six bodies, also men- tioning the Consul's as being one of them, the request being of course still refused. Once more the demand was made, and the mandarin on this occasion received for answer that the body of the consul which he professed to have brought, had actually been j picked up in the river on the previous evening ; that it had been recognised by several of deceased's friends, as well as identified by I the initials " H. P." on the socks. The mandarin feebly attempt- i ed to maintain that the consul's body was nevertheless one of the five which he had brought, and for which he was ordered to bring back a receipt to Chung-How. It must be remembered that Chung-How had said the consul was killed by his side, and that he had the body in his keeping. There was indeed one gen- tleman who was quite unable to recognise the body of poor M. Fontanier, and he was a brother consul too. Perhaps he saw with Chinese eyes, and believed against the evidence of his senses that the murdered consul "might have been" in one of the cof- fins. Fortunately all foreigners who happen to be in Chinese employ are not so easily converted to the Chinese mode of view- ing things. The Chinese authorities, cowardly as they are cruel, have be- trayed abject fear of the consequences of what they have done, in many ways since the dreadful occurrence took place. They have requested the French minister at Peking to name his own terms for compensation. They have asked the Russian friends of the deceased here to name their conpensation, but were properly an- swered that they would know that from the Russian authorities. At Taku they had couriers waiting, and two hours before the ar- rival of the Opossum gun-boat on the 26tli, H. M.'s consul had a letter requesting him not to allow the gun-boat to fire upon the city. To-day again (27th) H. E. has asked the British consul to apply for the acting appointment of French consul, when they two could settle all matters between them. Altogether it seems as if the native authorities had taken leave of their senses. While deploring this melancholy occurrence I cannot help thinking that it will result in good to China as well as to for- eigners; and that the poor Sisters' death will bring forth more THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. 11 fruit than they were permitted in their life time to see. The French nation cannot allow this deadly insult to pags unpunished — memhers of the embassy, of the consulate, and of the priest- •hood — men and women — cruelly and treacherously murdered. Were they indeed to permit this crime to pass unpunished, no foreigner could with safety remain in China. The Chinese are, naturally, endeavouring- to conciHate the other Treaty-powers, it is to be hoped without effect; united they are as a bundle of sticks, strong, while individually they may easily be disposed of. I understand 8 Protestant chapels in and about the city, are looted; 16 places of worship in all are said to have been destroyed. Many Catholic Christians are said to be murdered and thrown into the river; we have seen a good many bodies floating down with the tide. No Protestant converts have been killed, so far as is known, but they have been beaten and their houses pillaged, the Chinese afterwards offering to sell them the property they had stolen. There are any number of guilds here, banded to- gether for mischief, and the fire brigade are the parties who are said to have had the management of setting the buildings on fire, having the mob perfectly under control, calling them away when all was finished by the sound of the bell. More than one for- eigner heard this. The soldiers were present at the fires, and are said to have aided in the mischief, at least no one reports that they interfered in any way to prevent it. Now we hear that the city mob are turning against Chung- How, denouncing him as a friend to foreigners. His Excellency is evidently a weak-mided man, better suited for peace and war. He has been believed to be well-disposed to foreigners, though he has never shown it on any important occasion. To-night a meeting has been held and a defence committee resolved upon, Mr. Hannen, Dr. Fraser and Mr. Hanna being members. The city is not yet quite quiet. No. 3. PLOCLAMATION BY CHUNG-HOW. June 22nd, 1870. A memorial has been presented to the throne by me, relating all the facts of the late strife stirred up by you people with the 12 THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. Prench missionaries, and I am awaiting the miperial edict in answer. Whereas ever since Tientsin was opened as a porty all classes of Aatives and fiweigoei'S hdve always maintained friend- ship, it is incumhent on you to continue these peaceful relations with the foreigners who are living here. No disturbance can be permitted, and I have given orders to the civil and military au- thorities to apprehend and severely punish any persons who are found abusing or contending with foreigners in the streets or markets. This proclamation is further issued to enjoin all classes to fol- low their peaceable callings. Arrest and execution will inevitably follow any attempt at a popular outbreak. No consideration will te entertained. Let none disregard this special notice. No. 4. TROCLAMATION BY THE TIENTSIN CHE-KSIEN. June 2ifd, 1870. The che-hsien has received the following despatch from th« Commissioner of trade (Chung-How):^ — " I have already issued a notice on the subject of the massacre of missionaries and the burning of their churches, perpetrated by the mob on the 21st, in which the people Were warned that imme- diate arrest and execution would overtake all who again attempted in their ignorance and stupidity to molest or loot any of the foreign hongs. We must now redouble our eflforts to protect the consuls and all other foreigners in the various hofigs in order to preserve amicable relations. I have therefore to direct the che-hsien to exercise his personal surveillance in protecting the foreign hongs, the customs, and the consulate in and about the Tze-Chu-Lin « Settlement. If any malignant ruffians dare continue these disturbances, the cte-hsien will Immediately arrest and execute them without the least mercyj and hfe Shfeli be answerable for any disturbances that may further take plaee through the laxity of his discipline." THE TIENTSIN MASSACRE. 13 Having received this despatch, the che-bsieni sent