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 Library 
 
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 SF 487.M23 
 
 Making poultry pay by the Phiio System N 
 
 3 1924 003 106 410 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this bool< is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003106410 
 
Making Poultry Pay 
 
 By the Philo System #(< 
 
 North, South, East and West 
 
 Written by 
 
 The Originator of the Philo System, the Editorial Staff of The 
 
 Poultry Review, and a Few of the Thousands 
 
 of Successful Users of the System 
 
 
 First Edition, 100,000 Copies 
 
 1911 
 
 II 1 1 
 
 Published by 
 
 E. R. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
J i ■ " 
 
 All: 
 
 303824 .A 
 
 'Q" *r^' ' (Lty^ . ^ 
 
 ifHCOPYRIGHTED 1911 
 BY ' 
 E. R, PHILO 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 3 
 
 The Possibilities and Advantages of Intensive 
 
 Poultry Culture 
 
 By E. W. PHILO 
 
 The possibilities for a profitable business with intensive poultry culture have 
 never been so plainly visible as at the present time. We believe that greater strides 
 in scientific poultry breeding will be made during the next five years than have been 
 made in all the time past. 
 
 While it is possible for one person to accomplish wonderful results in any one 
 line of work, the greatest successes are had when the combined efforts of many 
 people of ability are concentrated on a certain line of. work. 
 
 This Philo System Booklet is published for the purpose of bringing together the 
 experiences of successful poultry keepers, that the combined efforts of some of the 
 best talent may be used for the advancement of our chosen occupation in a way to do 
 the greatest amount of good to the largest number of people. 
 
 We could not be of greater service to mankind than in helping to provide away 
 by which waste material may be converted into the most valuable food. While we 
 hope and expect to help many more thousands of people to establish a profitable poul- 
 try business, we would be satisfied if able to do no more than to help many to a bet- 
 ter living and happier homes by utilizing waste material and to provide means for them 
 to study nature and the natural instinct of birds. 
 
 The table scraps that are now being thrown away in thousands of homes may 
 be used to produce more eggs than an equal number of families have to use, and there 
 are many things in the city garden and on the farm that can be turne4i into the niost 
 valuable food. There is nothing in our opinion that would mftre surely help to correct 
 the evil of trusts and the unnecessarily high prices of food than to provide tneans| 
 that would enable every family to produce the most delicious food right in their own 
 yards at less than half the cost of other food at trust prices. Conditions are not as 
 they should be when it is necessary to pay the price of a half day's wages to buy meat 
 for the dinner of a small family. 
 
 There is nothing of greater value for the production of eggs or growing the 
 broilers, than lawn clippings, either green or dried. At present they are generally 
 thrown away or burned. Our lawn has never been more attractive to us than when 
 its weekly returns in fine clippings are converted into valuable eggs or poultry, and it 
 has never looked right to us to see so much good land and labor for ornamental purposes 
 only, when there are not sufficient means to provide the necessary food from the reg- 
 ular income. We certainly approve of attractive homes, but we are sure they will be 
 a greater source of pleasure if every inch of land is made to pay, as well as to look at- 
 tractive. 
 
 While the improved methods of poultry keeping have already been tested and 
 have proven a success, it is also true that the mbst beautiful flowers, vegetables, ber- 
 ries and poultry can be raised on the same plot of ground with the most abundant 
 yield and a better quality, by the combination of poultry with the garden. 
 
 The best people are no longer ashamed to be connected with the poultry in- 
 dustry as in former years, when it was considered a side issue to a farm or something 
 for people to do whose time was not very valuable. This accounts for the thousands 
 of years required to master the problems of scientific poultry breeding. With the co- 
 operation of the half million readers of this publication we hope to do much to 
 advance the intesest and knowledge of poultry. 
 
i MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Two and a Half Yearns Experience With the 
 
 Philo System 
 
 By W. W. Cox. Associate Editor of The Poultry Review 
 
 THE BEGINNING 
 
 Though I had been quite well acquainted with the inception and development 
 of the Philo System, having known Mr. Philo for several years, and having visited his 
 plant in Elmira two summers in succession, noting, the practical and profitable work- 
 ing of the new System, yet it was not until the fall of 1908, while pastor of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church in Valley Falls, N. Y., that I really started a plant of my 
 own. 
 
 I commenced with six hens and a cockerel from Mr. Philo's choice White Or- 
 pington fowls upon which he had expended several years of painstaking breeding, 
 thus bringing them to an advanced stage of development as utility fowls. These 
 were housed in a Winter Colony Coop, and for several weeks I studied them carefully 
 until I knew them as individuals, and distinguished them as easily as I would the 
 same number of children. I watched their egg laying, and soon found that each one 
 laid a characteristic egg, so that it was easy to identify the egg laid by each hen. 
 Every day each egg laid was marked with date and the number of the hen that laid 
 it, and a record was kept showing the number of eggs produced by each hen, and the 
 dates when laid. This record was extended to include the entire history of all the 
 eggs, as to the time when put into the hatchers, and what was the result of the pro- 
 cess, of incubation. 
 
 , By a careful study pi this record, it was possible to decide which hen produced 
 the rtiost eggs and, what was of more importance, which one gave us the most and 
 best chickens, and this record was of great value in selecting pullets to be kept over 
 for our next year's breeding pen, as every chick hatched was marked by punching 
 the web of the feet and by putting on a numbered legband. 
 
 MOVING TO ELMIRA 
 
 We moved to Elmira the last week of April, 1909, bringing with us our pen of 
 mature fowls and a fine lot of youngsters hatched between November and moving 
 time. 
 
 As the flock grew during that first winter, coops were provided to house them, 
 and these were shipped with our household goods. It was during that fall and win- 
 ter that we had our first experiences with the fireless brooders. To be sure of having 
 enough chickens to be cared for in this way, we set a lot of Barred Plymouth Rock 
 eggs at the same time as our Orpingtons, and so we had a brooder full of downy 
 chicks, some white and some black, and although we had some misgivings, we put 
 them inside a well-built brooder coop, and by using some good judgment with the 
 changing weather conditions, they wefe comfortable and grew rapidly, and developed 
 into a fine lot of healthy and vigorous youngsters. 
 
 We continued incubating all the eggs during the first summer in Elmira, and 
 learned some valuable lessons as to summer hatching and rearing of chicks. 
 
 A PROFIT OF $500 THE FIRST YEAR 
 
 As we were running a plant of six hens as an experiment, and had neither time 
 nor room to enlarge the plant, we selected six of the best of the hens as breeders for 
 another season, and disposed of everything else at prices ranging from $2 to $25, and 
 
 J 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 found after deducting all the expenses (not counting work) that there was a balance 
 of a little more than $500 as the net profits for the year. 
 
 THE SECOND YEAR AND ITS RESULTS 
 
 The experience gained during the first year was worth much in carrying on the 
 work during the second year, so that the net results were nearly twice as much as the 
 first. We were able easily to dispose of everything we raised, and could have sold 
 many more fowls if we had had them. 
 
 HOW THE MATURING STOCK WAS SOLD 
 
 The process of selling was very simple. As soon as the young stock came 
 towards maturity an advertisement was inserted in The Poultry Review, and very 
 soon letters of inquiry began to come from all parts of the country, and also from 
 Canada. 
 
 As we had continued our hatching without interruption, there was a constant 
 supply of young stock always ready for sale, and in this way the selling season was 
 greatly extended, and we are satisfied as to the expediency of this method ot produc- 
 ing and raising poultry for breeding purposes. 
 
 MY SUCCESS due TO USING THE PHILO SYSTEM 
 
 The fact that from forty to a hundred thousand people each month for two years 
 and a half have been reading in The Poultry Review the story of my work under the 
 caption — "Notes From a Plant of Six Hens," has been the means of creating a wide- 
 spread interest in the experiment, and it is only fair to Mr. Philo and to the Philo 
 System that I thus publicly acknowledge my appreciation of the marked success at- 
 tained while following closely all the suggestions and methods so concisely and yet so 
 fully set forth in the Philo Book. 
 
 those who use the philo SYSTEM SHOULD FOLLOW IT CLOSELY 
 
 And right here let me say, that while people are entitled to the use of their own 
 judgment as to the details of poultry management, after they have really mastered 
 the business, yet for the amateur there is no better way, when taking up this Philo 
 System, than to follow it. strictly, relying upon the information and advice given in 
 the book, not allowing themselves to be pushed aside in any particular by the volun- 
 teered advice of other parties who do not really understand this System. 
 
 THE PHILO SYSTEM A GREAT BOON TO PEOPLE WHO HAVE BUT LITTLE ROOM 
 
 The Philo System is applicable to large plants, as is clearly demonstrated in 
 Mr. Philo's new quarters where he has from three to five thousand fowls of all ages. 
 Many other people are using it for keeping several hundred fowls, and all reports are 
 favorable. 
 
 But its especial advantage is found in the fact that by means of this System it 
 is possible for almost any family to keep at least one coop of fowls, as the room re- 
 quired is only just enough for the coop, three feet by six, and enough more for work- 
 ing in front of it. And nearly half of what the fowls need can be furnished from the 
 kitchen and table refuse which ordinarily is thrown away. 
 
 If half a dozen hens are kept simply for furnishing eggs for family use, no male 
 bird is needed, so only the hens that are producers need be fed. The care of such a 
 pen of fowls is never burdensome, the only requirements being to see that proper 
 food and fresh water are furnished, and that the coop is kept clean. 
 
 The expense of such an outfit is very small, and the coop can be picked up by 
 
6 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 two men and put on a wagon whenever it is necessary to move from one place to an- 
 other, so that no family need hesitate to make a trial of the System. 
 
 The Philo Book, which sells for a dollar, gives full particulars as to establishing 
 and maintaining a poultry plant from beginning to end, on either a small or large 
 scale, with detailed information concerning every phase of the work. It is simply 
 invaluable to the beginner, and experienced poultrymen find many things that are 
 suggestive and helpful. 
 
 Plaster of Paris For Lice 
 
 An excellent lice powder at low cost may be made as follows : To a mixture of 
 3 parts gasoline and one part of crude carbolic acid stir in all of the plaster of paris it 
 will moisten. When enough plaster has been added, the powder will be dry, brownish 
 pink in color, and have a pronounced odor of carbolic acid and gasoline. 
 
 A second application of the powder should be made at the end of one week to 
 catch any lice that escaped the first dusting or had hatched from eggs in the mean- 
 time. 
 
 Sitting hens should be thoroughly dusted when eggs are placed under them, 
 and again at the end of the first and second weeks. This insures them being free 
 from lice when the chicks are hatched. 
 
 To kill the lice upon the chicks, dust the mother hen, or paint the walls of the 
 coop with some liquid lice killer or disinfectant. 
 
 Especial care should be taken to dust the male of the flock thoroughly, as the 
 quickest way to spread lice through a flock is by means of a lousy male bird. 
 
 Daily Routine and Schedule 
 
 We give a schedule for the care of fowls during the summer, such as we are 
 using in our poultry plant. Where but a few are kept, it may not be practicable to 
 follow such a schedule as closely as we do, and yet the more systematic and methodical 
 we are in caring for the poultry, the better the results are likely to be. 
 
 MORNING 10th. Fill water dishes. 
 
 1st. Feed young stock. 11th. 3:30, Feed lawn clippings. 
 
 2nd. Spade in oats. 12th. Spade in two parts buckwheat, 1 
 
 3rd. Clean roost boards. part cracked corn, 1 part wheat. 
 
 4th. Water. Fill bran dishes. 
 
 5th. Feed dry bran. 13th. Return broody hens to coops, if 
 
 6th. 10:30, Feed lawn clippings. cured. 
 7th. See that all coops have shells. Clean 14th. 5:30, gather eggs, coop broody hens, 
 
 brooders, coops, etc., that need keep record and adjust roosts. 
 
 cleaning. 15th. 5:45, Finish feeding, where fowls, 
 
 8th. Gather eggs. and chicks were not given enough 
 
 AFTERNOON at 3:30. 
 
 9th. Feed mash. 16th. Close coops. 
 
 Clover contains more mineral matter than grain, and fowls are fond of it. 
 Bulky food is an essential for successful poultry culture. If your hens are not doing 
 well, cut down the amount of heavy, rich grain, and give more clover and sprouted 
 oats, and you will soon see good results. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 7 
 
 Our Experience in Poultry Keeping 
 
 By A. E. MoUenkop, Lorain. Ohio. June 13, 1911. 
 
 Having always kept some poultry at a loss, I had talked the matter over with my 
 wife, and tried to convince her, that there was no benefit derived from keeping our 
 flock, which at that time consisted of mongrels, yet she insisted on keeping them, as 
 she is a great lover of poultry. 
 
 It was in the winter of 1909, that I saw an ad in the New York Journal, stating 
 what could be done with the Philo System, and the book telling all about it, for the 
 small sum of $1.00. As our lot is very small, I believed that if the Philo System was 
 what the ad said it was, that it would be just the thing for us. Being skeptical my- 
 self, I did not believe that poultry could be raised in this way; however, I suggested to 
 the Mrs. that we squander a dollar on that book, and she agreed with me, so we sent 
 and got the book, and the only way to prove its merits, was to give it a fair trial. 
 
 Poultry plant successfully'conducted by A. E. MoUenkop, Lorain, Ohio. He sells eggs to private trade, at 
 
 extra price, and cannotjSupply half the demand. Hens are kept in Philo Coops and get only the best of 
 
 food, not having access to all kinds of filth, as hens do that run at large. 
 
 Having had three years' experience at the carpenter trade, I forthwith pro- 
 ceeded to build me a brooder coop and sent for a Cycle Hatcher, and some S. C. Rhode 
 Island Red eggs, and then proceeded as per instructions obtained from the book. All 
 this while I did not believe the system would prove a success, however was determined 
 to give it a fair trial. The chicks came along in due time, and the Mrs. took the care 
 of them upon herself for the first three weeks, and to my surprise she never lost a 
 chick. I went ahead with the building of the coops, until I had completed four 
 of the Colony coops and two Brooder coops, meanwhile the chicks grew like 
 weeds, and I made up my mind to trap nest them to see just what they would do, but 
 did not think they would lay in such a small space as the coops looked to be, but 
 
1 
 
 18 
 
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 15 
 
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 191 
 
 20 
 
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 213 
 
 19 
 
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 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 162 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 144 
 
 8 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 when they were about six and a half months old, they started, and how they laid was 
 a caution I give below a record of the first pen that I ever owned, that were raised 
 and kept at all times in a Philo coop. 
 
 1909-1910 
 
 Hen No. Dec. Jany. Feby. Mar. April, May, June, July, Aug, Sept. Oct. Nov. Total 
 
 16 13 12 5 130^ 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 •—__»..„ 24 
 
 Total 100 135 118 127 137 130 99 73 25 36 14 24 1018. 
 
 Being so well pleased with the Philo System, to say nothing of being surprised, 
 I continued to build coops until I had the yard filled, having thirteen colony coops, 
 and two brooder coops, and at this writing have 203 chickens all told, of which 142 are 
 this year's hatch, and nearly all hatched with the Cycle Hatcher. We set two hens, 
 the Mrs. setting one of them with 15 eggs and received 15 good chicks, while I set the 
 other, with 15 eggs and received 10 chicks. They were taken away frqm the hens as 
 soon as hatched and placed with the ones hatched with the Cycle hatcher, and all 
 raised so far in the Philo coops. Out of 147 hatched we only lost five, two were weak 
 when hatched, and died the third day and one got sick when a week .'old, and fearing 
 it had some contagious disease, I killed it, and the other two were trampled to death 
 by the rest, caused by having too many in the brooder box. 
 
 Our hatches with the Cycle hatcher were as follows, the best hatch, 42 out of 
 48 fertile eggs, the poorest 28 out of 36 fertile eggs. 
 
 It would take too much space to give a record of our sixty hens now on hand ; 
 suffice it to say that we received 1221 eggs in April, and 1083 in May, this after laying 
 during the winter. 
 
 We always demand a few cents above the highest market price for eggs, and 
 sell entirely to private trade, and cannot supply half the demand. People come for 
 miles to sge the plant, and every one knows that our eggs are the best to be had, as 
 the hens are in the Philo coops at all times, and get the best of food, and cannot get 
 access to all kinds of filth, as most of the hens do that run at large. Besides they are 
 trap-nested, which necessitates gathering often, thus preventing them from getting 
 chilled in winter as well as preventing incubation in sumfflif , 
 
 We do not aim to have any show birds, but were offered $15.00 for the cock that 
 heads our stock. We are breeding for laying purposes, at the same time holding the 
 color and shape as near as possible, and think by next season, we will having a laying 
 strain that will be unexcelled. 
 
 We have tested the Philo System from A to Z, as well as the Cycle hatcher, and 
 have found it in every way to be what it is represented to be, and found it good 
 enough for us, and think it the best system for the small breeder ; and the Cycle Hatcher 
 is just the thing, for it is cheap and does the work as well as any machine, as well as 
 being fire proof, and the greatest oil saver of any machine on the market ; besides, 
 once filling the lamp is all that is required for the entire hatch. 
 
 Yours truly, A. E. Mollenkop, 832 11th St., Lorain, Ohio. 
 P. S. We also successfully hatched and reared a hatch, in the month of Decem- 
 ber, and we found them entirely covered with snow, all except just one end ' of the 
 brooder coop roof sticking out, several mornings, and zero weather, with very heavy 
 cold winds, and they seemed happy and brought a good price in the early spring, as 
 we raised them only for an experiment, or rather a test, to prove the statement, that 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 9 
 
 they could be raised in the winter in this climate, in the brooder coop without arti- 
 ficial heat, therefore we used common stock for the test, and sold them in the spring; 
 did not lose any of them. 
 
 Father and Son in Ohio Have Success With the Philo System 
 
 McCOMB, Ohio, June 11, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Kind Sir : I promised to let you know how we got along with your system. I 
 would say good. We had to learn of course just as others do. 
 
 I am a shoe and harness maker and also carpenter, but I had to learn it all; so 
 with this. We have four Economy Coops and also three coops about 15x20 feet, park 
 and all. We started September 6, 1910, with chicks just out of the shell, (full 
 blooded Barred Rocks.) We got most of them through all right. Some died of course 
 and some made broilers. 
 
 We also bought a pen, that is six hens and a cockerel, of White Wyandottes. 
 People said, " They will all die. You can't raise chickens that way. They won't lay 
 any eggs shut up in pens 3x6 feet." Well, we said, " Wait and see. Time tells all 
 things, and frost tries potatoes." Well, time has told. They laid a few eggs in Feb- 
 ruary. We kept no account of eggs or broilers we sold until the first of May. We 
 let that go for the raising, and made our own coops, so we started in the first of May. 
 
 During last month, from 19 pullets we got just 400 eggs, and until last evening, 
 June 10, we got 109. Now I call that good for a beginning and greenies in the bargain. 
 
 Our neighbors just across the way from us have 45 Silverlaced Wyandottes and 
 they run where they please. They said they got 8 or 9 eggs per day. 
 
 For a few days we got one egg from each of the 19 hens, and we often got 6 
 eggs from the white ones shut up in the 3x6 pens. We started on the lowest rung of 
 the ladder and got clear imder that before we got to the second one. 
 
 If you want to use this in The Review, I will add this : 
 If at first you don't succeed, 
 
 Try again ; 
 
 That that other folks can do, 
 
 Why, with patience, may not you ! 
 
 There is the point, if you wish to win, stick to it and don't be blown about 
 with every wind and doctrine. We are following the System as closely as we can. 
 It isn't all the time we can get just what we should have, but we are coming as near 
 as possible. I will close ; more anon. Yours truly, 
 
 T. J. Ogle & Son, R. F. D. No. 23. 
 
 P. S. I wish to state after reading in the Review about pullets laying eggs, we 
 have one Barred Rock pullet that gave us 35 eggs before any rest, then after a rest of 
 a week, commenced again, never stopping more than one or two days. The eggs 
 hatch too ; from 13 to 14 chicks from 15 eggs. T. J. O. & Son. 
 
 What a Man 74 Years Old Has Done in Oregon With the Philo System. 
 
 Portland, Oregon, June 8, 1911. 
 EbiTOR Poultry Review : 
 
 I am 74 years old. Have kept a few hens all my life; Lived several years in 
 Sonoma county, California, where chickens are trumps and nearly every man has a 
 full hand, ranging from 15 to 15,000 and some have more. 
 
 Now any respectable, well-behaved hen, with fair opportunities, will pay a net 
 profit of $1 per year. If better provided for, $1.50, and with extra care, sometimes a 
 
10 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 little more. All the above when kept in flocks of from 250 to 500 hens with ample 
 room. 
 
 About a year ago I came to Portland, Oregon, and saw E. R. Philo's ad. in the 
 Christian Herald, N. Y. Did not credit quite one-half, took the other half with two 
 grains of salt, but sent for his System and The Review. 
 
 All the same, built a No. 1 Economy Coop, bought four Barred Rocks. Think 
 they must have been six months old. They were running in a pen, the chief accom- 
 modation being filth and puddles of cold, dirty, stagnant water. Their roosting place 
 ditto ! They were as poor as Job's proverbial turkey, that had to lean up along 
 side the fence to gobble. I fed them up according to Hoyle (E. W. Philo). In two 
 months they commenced to lay and now for five months have averaged three eggs 
 per day. 
 
 This System beats the Dutch ! I am fully prepared to believe all and more 
 than this System recommends about keeping poultry. 
 
 I have now three coops. Am going to keep Buff Orpingtons and if I don't make 
 a rattling success, it won't be the fault of the System. The whole secret is, get good 
 birds ; take good care of them ; don't be stingy with their food, either in quantity or 
 quality ; darn up that hole in your pocket until the money runs out at the top, and 
 you won't have to be buried in the potter's field. Ira Wakefield, 825 Haight Ave. 
 
 Has Changed From Free Range Plan to the Philo System 
 
 Califon, N. J., June 20, 1911. 
 Mr. E. R. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. ., 
 
 Dear Sir : I am enclosing a picture which I thought might interest you. 
 
 Have been raising chickens on the open range plan for some time and about 
 six months ago started to test this way out. 
 
 I bought 100 day-old chicks some time ago,, and put them in two of these brooder 
 coops and they are as healthy looking chicks to-day as I have ever had. 
 
 Instead of giving them sprouted oats, I cut a sod of clover every morning and 
 put it in the coop. 
 
 I certainly regret that I have not time to write a more detailed account of same, 
 but will try to do so later. Yours very truly, James T. Crystell. 
 
 What Mr. Owen, of Owen Farms, Thinks of the Philo System 
 
 Vineyard Haven, Mass., Dec 1, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Dear Sir : Your kind letter of the 25th at hand and I thank you for it. I have 
 already written you how strongly I am recommending your system, Mr. Philo. I am 
 constantly saying that I consider you have done more for the poultry business than 
 any other man in the world. I believe in the principle that there is a certain amount 
 of space and confinement that will give the highest laying results and also the devel- 
 opment of growing chicks, and I believe you have done more to introduce and to ad- 
 vance upon original lines this idea, which is proving true, than anybody ever did I 
 want to repeat my congratulations to you. I may say that I was one of the old school 
 who did not think it possible that your ideas were correct, and it was only the urgent 
 solicitation and almost compulsion of Mrs. Owen that finally caused the truth of your 
 methods to be known on Owen Farms. 
 
 Very truly yours, Wm. Barry Owen. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 11 
 
 What the English Think About the Philo System 
 
 A New System of Poultry-Keeping 
 
 The Practicability of Raising Young Stock and Keeping Laying Birds in Health, and With Profit on 
 
 Small Areas of Ground. 
 
 By Major Mansfield, M. B.. R. A. M. C. 
 
 [The following article is reproduced from " The Poultry World," of London, 
 England, one of the most prominent and conservative poultry papers of that country. 
 Just a short time before this article was published, they gave an elaborate setting 
 forth of the merits of the intensive method of poultry culture and of the possibilities 
 of successfully raising poultry in close confinement. 
 
 The English people are conservative, but they are becoming aroused as to the 
 necessity and advisability of caring for poultry in limited quarters and without free 
 range. And The London Poultry World makes this significant statement : 
 
 " This system of rearing and feeding to produce eggs or poultry is not imagin- 
 ary, but is being most successfully worked in America to-day." 
 
 From the present outlook it is certain that a new era is beginning to dawn in 
 the poultry world, and henceforth an untold and countless number of people who 
 have but little ground room will find it possible to keep a few fowls for family 
 use, and many of these people will find themselves growing into a poultry business 
 that will yield them an assured income and a comfortable living. A careful reading 
 of the article that follows will be worth while.— Editors, Poultry Review]. 
 
 " The system I am about to describe is an adaptation to our own conditions and 
 climate of that known in America as the " Philo " System. 
 
 I have had a good many private letters concerning my experiences, and, not hav- 
 ing time to explain the whole system to private correspondents, I take this opportunity 
 of placing before the poultry public, through the medium of the Poultry World, the 
 .advantages of this method of poultry-keeping. 
 
 First as regards its advantages, according to conclusions I have myself formed. 
 I think, for the so-called " back-yarder " it is superior to the ordinary house, scratch- 
 ing shed, and earth run, likewise for the " small-holder " who wants to keep a consid- 
 erable number of birds on a limited area. What labor is required is light, and is as 
 easily done by a woman as by a man. I find that, owing to protection from weather, 
 laying hens are less affected by cold spells than under other conditions. The pullets 
 in these coops last year laid more eggs than similar pullets in an adjoining house 
 and run, with a scratching shed and similarly fed. Further, the brooding and rearing 
 of chicks on this system is a crowning success, and will, I hold, be largely adopted by 
 practical men in future. 
 
 I have reared chicks artificially, for some years, both abroad and in England, 
 and never have I had better results than I have had with this system, in which no heat 
 is employed after the fourth or fifth day. 
 
 Lastly an advantage that does not appeal so much to me as a utiUty breeder as 
 to the "fancier" is that show birds with white plumage can be kept in splendid health, 
 and shaded as required, at the same time becoming exceedingly tame and easily 
 handled in these coops. 
 
 I will first take the coops or houses, that I have used, and which are of two 
 patterns. The first of these is essential as it is that used for brooding chicks, though 
 it will also accommodate five or six laying hens; the second is a better house for lay- 
 
12 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 ing stock, and is two-storied. The upper story can be used (and I have done so suc- 
 cessfully) for brooding chicks, though I prefer the other coop for that purpose. It also 
 holds six hens, or five and a cock. These coops only cover an area of ground six feet 
 by three feet, though it is better to allow double that area for change of ground every 
 three or four months. 
 
 The first pattern, as it is adaptable as a brooding coop, we will call the " Brooder 
 Coop," and is made in three sections, each of which fits over the other. 
 
 To convert it into a " brooder coop " the middle section is removed, leaving only 
 the foundation frame and top section, with glass front windows, fitting over it. The 
 measurements are 6 ft. x 3 ft. x 28 inches high, or 17 inches high, without the middle 
 section. 
 
 One half of the floor space is boarded, the wooden floor lying about two inches 
 above the ground ; the other half is bedded down with dry sifted earth or sand, about 
 four inches deep. 
 
 When in use for birds no longer requiring " brooding," the middle section is 
 added to the coop, and the partition removed. Another partition is placed in the 
 lower section dividing that only into two compartments. 
 
 The other form of coop which I consider the best for grown fowls is called the 
 " Winter Colony Coop," as it is splendidly adapted for all weathers, the hens laying in 
 it right well through the winter months, if properly fed and tended. 
 
 The coop is a two-storied coop, the upper story having a wooden floor, which I 
 treat with two coats of Stockholm tar and sand, each being allowed to dry and harden 
 separately. This floor is then bedded down about once in ten days or a fortnight (it 
 will vary a great deal with the dryness of the atmosphere) with a small bucketful of 
 straw chaff, and the same quantity of dry earth or sand. It is reached from below by 
 the fowls by a ladder, and this is hinged at the back, so that when spading in grain 
 below, the fowls can be driven to the upper floor, and the board pushed up to close 
 the opening. The coop is best made to rest on a framework of 2 in. x 4 in. timber, 
 well tarred. This framework is laid edgeways on the ground level, the object being 
 that the sand or eai^th about six inches deep, which is to be the floor of the coop, 
 should be as far as possible, above the level of the surrounding ground, so as to in- 
 sure dryness. This sand, or earth, will keep sweet for four to six months, if spaded 
 daily, and not allowed to get wet ; though this may be hardly credited, I have proved 
 it to my own satisfaction. 
 
 FEEDING 
 
 As regards feeding in this coop, and the attention required to keep it in order, . 
 the following is the routine : 
 
 The first thing in the morning, the earlier the better, the roost, attached to its 
 dropping board is lifted out, and the droppings brushed off into a bucket. It is replaced, 
 with a light dusting of earth or sand over it, the sand and chaff is raked inside from 
 one end of the upper story to the other, and the wooden floor brushed, and then back 
 again from the other end, so that the whole litter is well freshened up. Fresh water 
 and bran are put into the troughs, also grit or oyster shell, if required. The lower 
 frame is then taken out, the fowls driven up the ladder into the upper story, and the 
 ladder hitched up. A handful of oats is scattered over the sand or earth, and the 
 whole dug well over, so as to turn them completely in. 
 
 At ten o'clock a mash is fed with house scraps, and, if no meat is available, 
 beef scrap added. In the evening grain is fed again, a handful a bird being dug into 
 the earth, varying the grain as much as possible. Green food is given at midday, and 
 every three or four days " sprouted oats " are fed instead of the morning mash. This 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 13 
 
 latter is excellent food, easily prepared, and cheap. Dry bran is always kept before 
 them, as above mentioned, and they eat a good deal of it. Under these conditions fowls 
 that have been brought up on the system keep in perfect health and lay well. 
 
 The coops should be treated inside and out with some preservative twice a 
 year. I use tar and creosote mixed, for the outside, and creosote only inside. I also 
 apply paraffin to the perch occasionally. If the earth or sand in the lower story is kept 
 dry, it is good dusting material, as well as scratching ground, and I have never been 
 trovibled with lice ; nor have I had a case of disease in the two years I have experi- 
 mented with this plant. 
 
 BROODING 
 
 I now come to the matter of brooding and rearing chicks, and the system for 
 this branch is, I think, the most successful I have ever tried. I may say that I have had 
 considerable experience abroad of breeding and rearing artificially, chiefly with 
 American appliances, and never had much difficulty in getting healthy stock, provided 
 eggs were well fertilized. But for smaller numbers, from 20 to 40 chicks at a time, 
 this system is, I think, the best, and certainly the cheapest I have ever come across. 
 
 The brooder I use consists simply of a box of 3-4 inch wood, 18 inches square, 
 and 8 inches deep, with the bottom covered with roofing material inside (paroid for 
 preference). An opening 3 1-2 inches square is cut in the middle of one side for the 
 chicks to enter by. 
 
 The brooder box is placed in the corner of the boarded end of the "brooder 
 coop " described before, and the chicks are confined to that end of the coop for the first 
 week ; after that they are allowed the use of the sanded or earthed end as well. The 
 floor of the boarded end is littered with sand or earth, and chopped clover for prefer- 
 ence, as the chicks eat a good deal of it, and enjoy scratching it. 
 
 FEEDING CHICKS 
 
 As regards feeding, there are so many opinions on the best methods that I 
 would not venture to say that mine is the best, but personally, I only feed soft food 
 once a day, commencing with bread crumbs dried in the oven and moistened with 
 milk. Besides this, I feed changes of rolled oats and a good chick feed, also chopped 
 green food, after the first few days. On one point I must be rather arbitrary, and that 
 is, the feeding of dry bran. This is kept before them, first in a little box, and later in. 
 a trough always ; if quite dry it is an excellent food, and won't scour. The box should 
 not be allowed to get empty, or they will, when it is again filled, eat too much. Water 
 and skim milk are always kept before them in any vessel in which they cannot wet 
 themselves. If milk is not given, a little raw or cooked meat may be given once a day. 
 They do quite well, however, with only the milk, as regards purely nitrogenous food. 
 As soon as they have the use of the other end of the coop, some of the chick feed must 
 be raked in, and the earth turned over daily with a little hand gardening fork. In 
 this brooder it is better not to put less than 15 chickens at first, and, better still, 20 to 
 30, especially in cold weather. In fine weather the lid of the brooder coop is open all 
 day and closed at night, partially closed when raining, and just sufficiently to keep 
 the rain out. The coop should be placed facing south or southeast. The litter in the 
 brooder box should be changed as often as it gets damp, which is about once the first 
 week, and twice a week afterwards. The cushions should be aired on sunny days too, 
 one at a time, and as often as they get at all damp. A spare cushion is an advantage. 
 The sand and clover chaff in the boarded end of the coop must also be changed as 
 often as required ; the box will accommodate about 40 chickens at first, and about 20 
 up till about the time they require no more brooding, in the coldest weather. When 
 
14 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 the chicks are well feathered, and too large to get into the little opening in the brooder 
 box, the latter is taken out, and the middle section of the coop is added to increase 
 the height. The perch, with its dropping board is placed first at the back of the 
 boarded end of the coop, and in the same position as where the nest box is eventually 
 put when occupied by laying hens. The chickens then hover underneath the drop- 
 ping board, but soon find their way on to the top, and gradually on to the perch itself. 
 The numbers must be reduced as they mature, first to 10 or 12 birds, and eventually 
 to six. When ultimately reduced it is better to move the perch over to the earth end 
 of the coop, reversing the top frame so that the muslin end lies over the perch. 
 
 As regards the possibilities of this system, I have no hesitation in saying that 
 one can raise healthy stock, and keep them laying well, under the conditions above 
 described, as I have done it myself and shall, I hope, continue to do so."* 
 
 [*The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Philo's book on 
 " The Philo System," some of the descriptions from which he has here used. — 
 Editor, " Poultry World."] 
 
 Table of Standard Weights 1910 
 
 Breed Cock CkrI. Hen Pul. Cock CkrL Hen Pol. 
 
 Plymouth Rocks, all varieties 9i 8 7i 6 White Holland 28 20 18 14 
 
 Wyandottes, all varieties S\ 7\ 6i 5* Black 27 18 18 12 
 
 Javas 9i 8 7J 6J Buff 27 18 18 12 
 
 Dominiques 7 6 5 4 siate . . 27 18 18 12 
 
 RhodeIslandReds,all varieties 8i 7i 6i 5 Bourbon Red 30 22 18 14 
 
 Buckeyes 9 8 6 5 
 
 Light Brahmas 12 10 9i 8 
 
 DarkBrahmas 11 9 8J 7 
 
 DUCKS 
 
 Cochins, all varieties. 11 9 9| 7 Adult Yonng Adnlt Young 
 
 Langshans, all varieties 9i 8 7i 6i Drake Drake Duck Duck 
 
 S. C. Black Minorcas. 9 7J 74 6i 
 
 R. C. Black Minorcas 8 6i 6i 54 Pekin — 9 8 8 7 
 
 S. C.White Minorcas. 8 6i 6i 5i Aylesbury 9 8 8 7 
 
 White faced Black Spanish 8 6i 64 54 Rouen 9 8 8 7 
 
 Blue Andalusians , 6 5 5 4 Cayuga 8 7 7 6 
 
 White Dorkings,. 74 64 6 5 Crested White 7 6 6 5 
 
 Silver Gray Dorkings. 8 7 64 54 Muscovy 10 8 7 6 
 
 Colored Dorkings 9 8 7 6 IndianRunner 44 4 
 
 Redcaps 74 6 6 5 BlueSwedish _.. 8 64 7 54 
 
 Orpingtons, all varieties 10 84 8 7 
 
 Houdans 74 64 64 54 GEESE 
 
 Crevecoeurs 8 7 7 6 
 
 LaFleche 84 74 74 64 Adult Young Adult Young 
 
 Cornish 9 8 7 6 Gander Gander Goose Goose 
 
 16 
 
 '^^'^y^ 9 7 7 5 Toulouse 25 20 20 
 
 TURKEYS Embden . 20 18 18 16 
 
 Adult Yearling African 20 16 18. 14 
 
 Cock Cock Ckrl. Hen Pullet Chinese 12 10 10 8 
 
 Bronze 36 33 25 20 16 Wild or Canadian 12 10 10 8 
 
 Narragansett 30 25 20 18 12 Egyptian 10 8! 8 6 
 
 Bear in mind that hens need about the same kind of food in winter as in. sum- 
 mer, and as they cannot get it for themselves, it must be furnishedi for them.. When 
 they have free range in summer they eat large quantities of green stuff and alsamany 
 worms and bugs ; and in winter something to take the place of these things must be 
 supplied. So provide cut clover, cabbage, beets, and sproutedoats, and also lean meat. 
 Such feeding will increase the number of eggs and will add to their fertility. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 15 
 
 Some Commonplace Suggestions 
 
 By Mrs. W. W. Cox. 
 
 In a few weeks many people will be experimenting with their first hatch of 
 chickens. Every spring brings forth a new army of discoverers who are going to 
 learn for themselves about the profits and losses of the chicken business. 
 
 To all those who feel that they are beginning, verdant as verdure, in the busi- 
 ness I would like to say that during the first thirty-six hours, or more, after the chicks 
 are hatched, while you are waiting for the yolk to be digested, and no food is given, 
 do not keep them in any sort of a place where they peep with discomfort. I have 
 heard of people who would take them from the hatcher, where of course the tempera- 
 ture was several degrees above one hundred, and put them in a box too deep and too 
 large to be suitable, throw over the top a cast off garment (which had not yet been 
 given away, as the buttons had not been cut off,) the box placed almost anywhere, 
 the temperature being much lower ; and while the newly hatched babies continuously 
 voiced their protests in their own language, easily understood, these chicken raisers 
 would pursue the even tenor of their way undisturbed by the distress expressed in the 
 cries of the little brood. 
 
 It has been my experience that if they are kept warm and comfortable they 
 will be almost perfectly quiet until ready to be fed. , Remember that fireless brooding 
 is not a system that purports to teach chickens how to be happy though cold ; they 
 must be warm, even in a fireless brooder. 
 
 A newly hatched chicken (also an older one) likes a covering that will settle 
 down on its back. If this is supplied and it is thick enough, they will keep quiet 
 through sheer comfortableness until it is time to open up the brooder for the first 
 feeding. If you have not one of the brooders supplied by the market, you can at least 
 make a cushion filled with cotton waste three inches in thickness, or better yet, three 
 cushions each an inch in thickness, so that later you can use them according to the 
 weather ; and keep the babies comfortable with this covering during the early hours 
 of their existence, as well as later. If your little box brooder is to be home made, do 
 not have it more than seven inches high, line it with paroid, make a frame to support 
 the cushion that the weight of it may not press too heavily upon the chickens. The 
 frame should be just large enough to fit snugly inside the box ; (narrow lath will 
 answer). On this frame tack something of the nature of outing flannel, and let it sag 
 a bit in the center. 
 
 In each corner of the box nail inch square supports, three or four inches long ; 
 let the covered frame rest on these little posts, place the cushion on top of the cov- 
 ered frame, and each chick can have a choice of the kind of hovering it wants ; the 
 sagging cloth lets the cushion down very low in the center and scarcely admits of 
 standing up, while everywhere else there is standing room. The bottom of the box 
 should be covered with a couple of inches of finely cut clover, and an opening should 
 be cut in the front side of the box for the chicks to use later on. This opening can be 
 covered in the beginning by a blotter or pasteboard in which a few air holes have 
 been punched. A box of this kind can be used in a brooder coop. I have one of these 
 home-made affairs, and have found it to answer very well. 
 
 Be careful not to use a small brooder too long. This small one of mine that I 
 have tried to describe is only suitable for a few weeks ; as the chickens grow, a larger 
 one can be made on the same plan, and this will keep the growing chicks from being 
 crowded. 
 
16 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 If you buy your brooders, get the nest of tHree, rather than one large one, for 
 the tiniest one is quite ideal for a small hatch during the first week, and is easily car- 
 ried about to follow up any streak of sunlight that may be coming in at any window. 
 
 Because the early part of a chicken's life counts for so much in its future de- 
 velopment, I never put a brood of chickens in an out door coop directly from the 
 hatcher in the winter time. In fact you could not do it safely with the little brood 
 raised from only six hens. To do it at all you should have at least twenty-five to thirty- 
 five chickens so that they themselves would supply sufficient warmth to keep them 
 comfortable. 
 
 The first year we were anxious to try the out-door brooding and by purchasing 
 Plymouth Rock eggs to supplement our own we raised flocks large enough for the 
 early out door life, and the results were very satisfactory. 
 
 Not wishing to raise anything but Orpingtons this year, as our hatches, will be 
 small, we have to change our plans accordingly, and I shall keep them in the house 
 until the few are large enough to generate the necessary bodily heat to keep them 
 from being chilled in the out door brooder coop ; and after being housed a few weeks, 
 it will be necessary to wait for a " warm spell " before starting them in on their life 
 out doors. This life out doors is not to begin with discomfort. 
 
 The surprising warmth of their outside home, because of its construction, has 
 been so often explained that I will not enlarge upon it here. No live stock can de- 
 velop at its best if it is inwardly or outwardly uncomfortable ; therefore if you want 
 to be a successful chicken raiser, from the very beginning let yourself be disturbed 
 by the uncomfortable peep of a chicken just as you would be by the cry of a baby, 
 and set yourself to find out what is the matter. A perfectly well chick that is neither 
 hungry nor cold has a happy little twitter that it is a pleasure to hear, and when this 
 twitter changes to a plaintive peep, it is not a theory but a condition that confronts 
 you, and that needs your investigation. 
 
 Chickens have a language much more simple than the English, and they are 
 born vdth a full knowledge of it, and never fail to use it correctly ; and you must set 
 yourself to learn this " Peep " language in order to establish the missing link of a 
 complete understanding between yourself and your little flock. When you become 
 familiar with this, you can readily distinguish between the peeps of illness, hunger, 
 and sheer weariness ; and if you have the knack of it in you, you will gradually learn 
 what to do for these various conditions. 
 
 To recapitulate then, as the ministers used to say, — Firstly, the chicks must be 
 comfortable. Secondly, they must be kept comfortable. Thirdly, see to it that " as 
 much as within you lies " they are kept comfortable. 
 
 Mrs. Goodrich Tells of Her Success for Ihe 
 
 First Year 
 
 Every mail brings letters from persons inquiring how I made $500.00 in one 
 year from six pedigreed hens and one cockerel. I have been unable to reply to all 
 letters promptly ; it would require much time to say all I wish to each one, so I have 
 decided to tell in this public way how I accomplished this— to many people- 
 seemingly wonderful feat. I wish to say beforehand that had I been experienced, I 
 could have made $1,000 just as easily as $500.00. 
 
 We placed six White Orpington hens and one cockerel in a Winter Colony coop 
 in September, 1908, but no eggs were received from them before the 30th day of 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 17 
 
 November. After that time every egg was marked with the date and number of the 
 hen that laid it, and ail were placed in the hatcher. Three times a fifty egg hatcher 
 was filled and every egg was found infertile. We knew it was not the fault of the 
 male bird, and were equally positive the hens were in no way to blame. We realized 
 that the feeding was not right, but we did not know what was lacking, or that the 
 food which hens ate had much to do with the fertility of the eggs. We asked Mr. 
 Philo's advice, and he very kindly told us the reason of the infertility of the eggs. 
 
 He also advised us what to do and what to feed to make them fertile. We fol- 
 lowed his advice, and in ten days time another lot of eggs were set and four of these 
 were fertile, and when the hatch came off we got one fine strong chicken ; the other three 
 eggs were not strong enough in fertility to carry them through. This one chick was 
 hatched the 20th of February, 1909 ; it proved to be a pullet and developed into a fine 
 bird. She is now in our No. 1 breeding pen, and has been laying regularly for some 
 time. I have related this circumstance of wrong feeding to bear me out in my state- 
 ment that had we been " wise ", we could have doubled the profit made ; you can 
 readily figure out that much valuable time was lost, and a hundred and fifty eggs 
 also, which, as shown by the way the eggs hatched after we changed the diet of the 
 breeders, meant a great loss, as we had from eighty to ninety per cent, hatches. We 
 were very successful in raising the chicks ; in some instances we raised every chick 
 hatched. 
 
 We sold no eggs, incubating every one. We sold baby chicks for one dollar 
 each, and could have sold at least a thousand at that price had we been able to fill all 
 orders. I have been asked the question if the chickens were sold to friends. I sold six 
 baby chicks one day old to a neighbor for six dollars ; he wished to buy ten, but I 
 could only spare six. This is the only sale made to friends. I presume a dollar for a 
 baby chick looks- big to many ; it did to us ; but we had good stock. Our hens were 
 not related to each other, and the cockerel was not related to either of the hens. 
 
 Many people visited our poultry yard and admired our beautiful birds ; the 
 hatchery too, seemed always to be an interesting place. We were offered twenty-five 
 dollars for twenty-five baby chicks, right from the hatcher, by an out of town visitor, 
 and were obliged;- to refuse the offer, as the chicks had to go to fill previous orders. 
 
 We were greatly surprised at the large number of orders coming from distant 
 States, as we were new in the business and had no idea we would do so well our first 
 year. Besides the sale of baby chicks which amounted to considerable, we sold sev- 
 eral loads of fertilizer. We used a large nun^ber of infertile eggs, charging ourselves 
 cold storage price for them. After selecting six of our finest pullets for one of our 
 breeding pens we sold the remainder of our young stock for $500.00. We made enough 
 on baby chicks, infertile eggs and fertilizer to buy all the feed necessary to feed the 
 stock sold in the fall ; so we have already made more than $500.00. 
 
 How we made this money can be summed up in a few words. We started out 
 with the intention of making a Uving in the poultry business ; we loved the chickens, 
 were not afraid of work, and applied ourselves to the task of looking after and caring 
 for our chickens, paying as much attention to little things as we did to large ones. I 
 am confident that anyone else who is willing to do the work can do as well and even 
 better than we did. Mrs. C. P. Goodrich. 
 
 The kind of feeding should be adapted to the purpose you have in mind, as 
 some kinds, such as green cut bone, will help to increase the number of eggs, but will 
 not make them as good for hatching purposes. 
 
18 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Mrs. Hobkirk-Johnson Reports Success. 
 
 " Nothing But Praise for the Philo System." 
 
 Melrose, Mass., June 21, 1911. 
 
 Mr. E. R. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : Our first year's work is nearly over and has been very successfuL 
 We operated 93 Cycle Hatchers, partly for custom hatching, with a profit to 
 
 ourselves and an experience that will lead to a larger plant and higher prices next 
 
 year. 
 
 We have nothing but praise for the Philo System we learned of you in Elmira, 
 
 and feel ourselves well started on the road to success in building a business confined 
 
 to the White Orpington stock we bought of you. 
 
 Mrs. Johnson, who was a resident student with Mr. Philo, has finished her first year's work, and ner success 
 has been so marked that she is enthusiastic as to the probabilities of the future. She has a model plant, 
 
 and follows the Philo System. 
 
 We were quite unable to fill the demand until lately. Being located within 15 
 minutes ride of the center of Boston and having the largest plant in this part of the 
 state, we are at times overrun with visitors, and it helps our sales, which is the real 
 object of the poultry business. Thanking you again for many favors, I am, 
 
 Respectfully yours, Mrs. Hobkirk-Johnson, 101 Cottage Street. 
 
 P. S. Will mail you photos to-morrow which you can use if you desire. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 19 
 
 Some Home Experiences in Rearing Chicks 
 
 From Inland Poultry Journal 
 
 The Philo System is too well known to need further introduction. It is a suc- 
 cess when instructions are followed, and no system of poultry raising can be a success 
 where details in management are neglected. At our home here in the city we have 
 the opportunity of studying several systems, two of which we will describe. Our 
 neighbors living just across the fence from us have a number of Philo boxes. This is 
 their first season with them, and they have at this writing quite a number of plump 
 broilers weighing about 1 1-2 pounds, that were hatched the early part of March and 
 have been raised in the Philo Coops. These chicks have been less trouble to raise 
 than any ever produced on this plant and have given a decidedly better account 
 of themselves both in size and general health, than any system heretofore tried. The 
 chicks are larger and decidedly better looking from a market standpoint than any 
 we have ever seen on this plant, and they are at least six weeks earlier in reaching 
 broiler size. All of the work of caring for some 250 chicks is left to the lady of the 
 house and she feels she is amply repaid by the toothsome broilers she has been able 
 to serve to the family at a very small cost so early in the season. There are practi- 
 cally no broilers on the Indianapolis market as yet. The only ones we have found 
 were hatched late in the winter and have grown under unfavorable conditions and are 
 far from tempting to look at, still they are bringing anywhere from 60c to 80c each, 
 and ready buyers for all of them. The Philo chicks referred to are not for sale, but 
 if placed on the market with the others that we find there would sell readily at $1.00 
 each. Still the Philo chicks were all of mixed breeds and not as good as they would 
 have been if better judgment had been used in selecting the eggs. 
 
 A Remarkable Success with the Philo System 
 
 1400 Chicks on a City Lot 
 (.From The American Poultry Journal) 
 
 The editor of this paper had occasion to visit Ft. Wayne, Ind., on the 29th day 
 of July, 1910, and while driving on St. Joe Boulevard his attention was called to a row 
 of brooders on the back end of a city lot and was informed that a gentleman by the 
 name of McFarland lived in the residence and was raising chickens by the Philo Sys- 
 tem. Being anxious to know what success Mr. McFarland was having we made it 
 our business to call on him the following morning. We must confess that we always 
 had more or less doubt about the possibilities claimed for the Philo System, but after 
 what we saw here we do not hesitate in saying that it is all that it is claimed to be. 
 
 Here we saw 1400 chicks, ranging from one day to six weeks of age, all being 
 brooded, fed and cared for under the Philo System, and this by people who had never 
 had any previous experience in hatching and rearing chickens, and there is no reason 
 why anyone cannot do the same. The one thing that impressed us the most was the 
 fact that there was not a sick or weakly chick in the 1400. This speaks volumes for 
 the Philo System. Read our article elsewhere in this issue about this plant. All we 
 have said can be verified by writing to Victor C. McFarland, 1428 St. Joe Boulevard, 
 Ft. Wayne, Indiana. JAS. W. Bell, Editor A. P. J. 
 
 P. S. The above was written without the knowledge of Mr. Philo, but we 
 believe in giving credit where it is due. 
 
20 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Caring For Young Chicks 
 
 By E. W. PHILO 
 
 It is a great source of pleasure in the midst of other duties to be able to find s 
 little time to devote to real poultry work and especially the care and handling of newly 
 hatched chickens fresh from the incubator. During the winter season when 
 there are so few things to show activity and new life, ' it is certainly a great 
 source of pleasure to handle the tiny balls of soft down with bright eyes, when they 
 can be kept comfortable and will show by their growth that they too are enjoying 
 some of the good things. When, for some unknown reason, they fail to respond to 
 the very best care and treatment we can give them, our fond hopes are crushed for at 
 least a short time. The poultryman who can stand a reasonable amount of discourage- 
 ment and some of the unpleasant things, will be the one to make the greatest success, 
 and some little mistakes at first should tend to brighten the intellect and lead the 
 poultryman to think and investigate the difficulties until they have been thoroughly 
 mastered. 
 
 I believe the poultryman's greatest source of revenue is in his ability to decide 
 correctly concerning the things that should receive his immediate attention and that 
 are of the greatest importance, and in being able to do these things at once, without 
 hesitation or delay. It is certainly so in all other business and especially so where 
 many people are eniployed and there are many complications that require close and 
 accurate calculations to get satisfactory results. The poultry business is not an ex- 
 ception and the one that has the ability to think along proper lines with some definite 
 object in view will make the greatest success. 
 
 I wish to impress upon your minds the importance of thinking and studying, 
 and will endeavor to give some helpful suggestions just at the season of the year 
 when they should do the most good. The varying conditions under which the eggs 
 are produced for incubation make it almost impossible to give a fixed set of rules that 
 can be used in the care of the baby chickens. The chicken that has been hatched 
 from an egg that has been produced by a system of feeding exceptionally rich in pro- 
 tein food will not require as much of the protein food the first week after being hatched, 
 as there will be sufficient amount of the strength-giving food in the yolk of the egg 
 which affords the chicken its first nourishment after it has been hatched. 
 
 Chickens hatched from eggs that have been produced under proper conditions 
 will grow and thrive on almost any kind of food or system of feeding the first week; 
 but when the eggs to be incubated have been produced by defective feeding it requires 
 more skill to raise the chickens from them, and a wider ration or a great variety of 
 food especially rich in protein should be fed, but Very sparingly at first, or until you can 
 see from the development of the chicken that it is being nourished by the food sup- 
 plied. Then a more liberal amount of food may be given, but the most painstaking 
 care should be used to induce the chicken to eat largely of wheat bran, and of the 
 sprouts of oats, or other green food, and the leaf from cut clover or alfalfa. The leaves 
 of the clover or alfalfa are essential for the best success, and the coarse, woody sub- 
 stance should be screened out leaving but the fine, crumbly portion of the dry leaves 
 for the baby chickens; and the chickens will also be strengthened if the same care is 
 taken in feeding the hens that produce the eggs for hatching. 
 
 When the chickens are especially strong at first as the result of feeding and 
 breeding the stock correctly, they will often develop too fast to give the bone and 
 muscle the necessary strength to support the heavy weight of the chickens. There is 
 nothing better than oat flakes or dry ground oats to grow bone and muscle; but if top 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 21 
 
 much of this is fed, the development will be too rapid to allow sufRcient time for the 
 bone and muscle to harden, and the muscles in the organs used to reduce the bone to 
 the stage where it can be assimilated, or used by the chickens to sustain life and con- 
 tinue the development, will be too soft to accomplish the task, and the chickens will be 
 lost or dwarfed and of but little value. 
 
 To harden the bone and muscle, a limited amount of oat feed should be used, 
 and a more liberal amount of green sprouts, wheat bran and clover or alfalfa leaves, 
 given during the day. The last feeding in the afternoon should consist of more solid 
 food such as finely ground grain; and whole wheat, buckwheat, or clipped oats may 
 be given at night after the chickens are a week or two old. 
 
 To develop the muscles of the crop, gizzard, etc., they must have excercise 
 which they should get in reducing the solid material to such a consistency that nourish- 
 ment can be derived from it. It is also easy to over-do the feeding of solid food, and 
 especially when the chickens seem to need strengthening. In such cases a very little 
 finely cut cooked lean meat will furnish nourishment very soon after it is fedand will 
 often save the chicken that would otherwise be lost. 
 
 If the breeding of all fowls were exactly the same it would not be difficult to 
 give fixed rules for'feeding that would bring uniform results, but since this is not pos- 
 sible we must learn to adapt the feed to the peculiar requirements of the birds we 
 have in our breeding pens, striving to overcome their inherited weaknesses by sup- 
 plying food best adapted to their particular needs, and by such a system of feeding 
 we can strengthen the weak places and thus build up a strain of fowls that will give 
 uniform results. 
 
 Our success in raising the chicks will depend largely on the care we give the 
 breeding stock, as they put into the egg the necessary material from which the chick 
 starts arid grows, and which nourishes it for a few days after it has been hatched. A 
 hen under artificial, and often under natural conditions, is helpless and must depend 
 upon the food given her; so the responsibility is thrown back on the keeper to supply her 
 with the kind of food and in proper proportions so that she may produce an 
 egg from which a strong chicken can be hatched. 
 
 Poultry Keeping as a Side Line and More 
 
 While it is true that a large number of people are now running their small 
 poultry plants as side lines, yet it is also true that in many cases it is much more than 
 that. There are numberless plants that are run entirely as business investments that 
 are paying handsome dividends on the capital invested. 
 
 There are some failures, of course, but the two classes that fail are, first, those 
 who have money and no experience, and who take no pains to inform themselves 
 thoroughly, and who leave everything to hired help, and, second, those who get tired 
 of their job and who say that they are going to " quit working and start in the chicken 
 business." Both these classes are doomed to failure, of course, but those who go 
 into the business determined to master it, and who are not afraid of work, and are 
 willing to stand by the business, seven days a week, holidays included, paying atten- 
 tion to all the details, and who " keep everlastingly at it," are sure to succeed. 
 
 In FEEDING meat to hens it is well to bear in mind that it is given to supply 
 nitrogen or albumen ; so do not use the fatty portions, as they will hinder the pro- 
 duction of eggs. The cheaper portions of beef, especially the lean from the neck, 
 give the best results with the least outlay. 
 
22 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 "P-h-i-l-o Certainly Spells Success" 
 
 Sullivan, Illinois, July 23, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir :— I sent for one of your poultry books this spring, and I want to tell 
 you that it was by far the best invested dollar that I ever spent. Mother had always 
 kept the chickens by the 'hit or miss' plan and thought she had had fairly good success, 
 but since I have been trying the Philo plan, she has had to acknowledge that she didn't 
 know what success in chickens meant. Within two weeks after I took charge of the 
 hens they began to lay, and have kept it up ever since. We have sold most of the 
 eggs that we didn't set ourselves, for hatching purposes. From the reports we got, I 
 think at least thirteen out of every fifteen eggs hatched and made good, strong 
 chickens. We only kept two-hundred twenty-five chickens, on account of not being 
 able to get coops ready for them, and have lost only seven altogether. People scoffed 
 at the idea of raising two-pound broilers in eight weeks, but five out of my first thir- 
 teen reached the two-pound mark easily. I have sold my broilers as fast as they be- 
 came large enough at from three to five cents above market price. People were glad 
 to get them at that, as they said the meat was the sweetest and tenderest they had 
 ever tasted. 
 
 We have five brooder coops, four summer colony and one winter colony coop, and 
 like them all fine for the purpose for which they are intended. 
 
 To our mind P-h-i-l-o certainly spells success, and I want to thank you heartily 
 for my share in that success. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 Eva Tichenor. 
 
 "A Fine System to Get Results From" 
 
 208 Laurel Street, Baton Rouge, La., November 9th, 1909. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y., 
 Dear Sir :— Some months ago, I got hold of one of your books from a friend of 
 mine, and got your idea on raising chickens, and I find that it is a fine system to get 
 results from here in this country. 
 
 Last spring I lost nearly 100 chickens from different causes, and was just about to 
 give up trying to do anything with them, until I by accident came across your book. Now 
 I have chickens that at five weeks old weighed ten pounds for thirteen chickens, and I 
 have quite a number of friends to call and see them, so you may rest assured that I 
 am boosting your system here quite a lot. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 H. C. Jennings. 
 
 "The Poultry Book is Worth Its Weight in Gold" 
 
 Yoakum, Texas, March 18, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y., 
 
 Dear Sir :— I received the Poultry Book and I was most agreeably surprised to 
 
 find so much good reading in it. It is well worth the price, just to read, and worth 
 
 its weight in gold to anyone who wishes to engage in the Poultry Business.' Wishing 
 
 you much success, 
 
 I am yours truly, 
 
 W. T. Dodd. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 23 
 
 Leg Weakness — How to Prevent It, and What to Do for It 
 
 It is not uncommon to find a chicken or two in the flock developing a weakness 
 in their legs when they are six to ten weeks old. This is caused by a lack of exer- 
 cise and because the chicks do not select the best food to develop perfect bone. Some 
 chickens will select only one kind of grain when several are fed at the same time, 
 while others will select a variety best adapted to their proper development. 
 
 Chickens, like people, differ greatly, making it almost impossible to get every 
 one of them to hustle for their living. Some are better satisfied to sit down ind take 
 almost anything that comes along, rather than to exercise themselves and work for 
 the things they most need. 
 
 While it is often possible to cure their habits by a little careful feeding of the 
 entire flock, it is sometimes advisable to place the afflicted chickens by themselves, 
 giving them a little special treatment, and the best treatment for them will depend 
 largely upon their condition. If too weak to scratch for every mouthful of grain they 
 get, it will be necessary to stimulate them at first until they have sufficient strength to 
 hustle for their living. 
 
 Raw or cooked lean beef fed several times each day in small quantities will 
 generally build them up quickly, giving them the necessary strength to scratch for 
 their food. Small bits of cooked meat buried in the litter or sand, will help induce 
 them to exercise, and to outgrow the habit of idleness. 
 
 It is also an advantage to swell the grain before feeding, aad if a portion of it 
 is allowed to sprout it will be more easily digested, and will help to supply the neces- 
 sary food elements to develop bone and muscle. 
 
 Stale wheat bread moistened with sour milk and mixed with an equal amount 
 of bran, will also help to restore strength to the chickens that have already developed 
 leg weakness. 
 
 When a good quality of cut clover can be had a liberal amount should be added 
 to the milk, bread and bran. 
 
 It will not answer to cut the supply of feed short. The crop must be completely 
 filled at night if we are to restore the birds to a healthy condition. 
 
 "It is a Pleasure for Me to Recommend Your System" 
 
 Pueblo, Colorado, August 12, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Mr. Philo : — It is a pleasure for me to recommend your System. 
 If handled according to your directions and teachings, success will be sure to 
 follow. I am proud of my knowledge in poultry that I acquired during the two 
 months that I spent with you taking the Resident Course. 
 
 I am not sorry either for the money or the time spent with you, as I have the 
 returns. Yours very truly, 
 
 John Church. 
 
 If you really want to be sure of a profit in your poultry business, do not keep more 
 fowls than you can care for, as there is more to be made from a small flock well cared 
 for than from a number so large that they cannot have proper attention. The weeding 
 out process must be a continuous one, and no bird should be kept that does not amply 
 repay you for money and time spent upon it. 
 
24 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 The Philo System of Special Value in Caring 
 
 For Young Chicks 
 
 By Mrs. H.J. Burt. Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 In choosing a subject from the many sides of poultry work from which to write 
 an article for publication, that portion of "The Philo System" which I make daily 
 practical use of comes to me, namely, that of brooding and raising the young chicks 
 from the shells to maturity, and I often wonder what one would do now with a flock 
 of chicks without the Philo System; I confess I should be "lost and undone" without 
 it. I am an enthusiastic advocate of it. I do not make use of the entire system in 
 the housing of the grown stock for winter, on account of the arrangement of the pens 
 already in use in the barn, also a double pen with the scratching shed attached, large 
 enough for two breeding pens in the yard. These seem to make the labor of caring 
 for grown fowls less than housing in smaller quarters. And where one woman with 
 the help of a young boy, looks after the entire plant with its numerous cares, that 
 part of keeping the work within your grasp needs to be studied. 
 
 Mrs. Burt, a part of whose plant is here shown, says : " I often wonder what one would do 
 
 now with a fiock of chicks without the Philo System. I confess I should be lost 
 
 and undone without it." 
 
 In almost all branches of industry a certain amount of time is given in appren- 
 ticeship to acquire the art; but there seems to prevail among all classes the idea that 
 anyone can be a poultryman without any previous knowledge, adaptability, capital, 
 or experience, little realizing the long period of patient toil it requires to build up a 
 successful business. And there is no place where one needs to be more keenly alert 
 to master the varied experiences that confront one, than in poultry work. 
 
 I always observe with interest the way in which the beginner takes care of the 
 baby chicks, which tells plainly the quality of the poultryman. There are many 
 natural mothers who do not wear feathers. 
 
 The little cut enclosed shows about one half of my yards. 
 
 No. 622 Penn. Ave. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 25 
 
 The New Philo Adjustable Coop 
 
 By Rev. E. B. Templer, Valley Falls, N. Y. 
 
 After a winter's experience with this style of a house, I can say that it is par- 
 excellence. Every one who has seen it has been impressed with it. Its adaptability 
 to various conditions of the weather makes it a coop to be considered for an all around 
 coop. It can be opened during the summer so that it is practically an open air coop, but 
 so closed in the winter that it affords the best of protection with the proper amount 
 of ventilation. During the winter the birds were comfortable at night, even during 
 the coldest weather. Not a single comb or wattle was frozen, and there was no 
 huddling on cold winter mornings. The air had been good during the night and they 
 were perfectly contented. During the day the muslin slide was opened. On some of 
 the cold, stormy days the coop was closed as for the night, but just as soon as there was 
 a ray of sunlight the slide was thrown back and the sun admitted. On account of 
 having this slide open so much, there was a tendency to have frozen ground unless 
 it was spaded each morning. If it were allowed to go two or three mornings there 
 would be a crust of frozen ground, but even then it could be broken up. I found it was 
 better to spade every morning so as to keep the ground in the best possible condition. 
 The hens confined in this coop were the pen of Columbian Wyandottes. They made a 
 remarkable record for egg production. The eggs have been quite strong in fertiUty 
 and the chicks hatched unusually vigorous. A sitting sold to a party in this place 
 produced some fine chicks. They have grown rapidly, despite the unfavorable weather 
 conditions this spring. 
 
 Now a word as to the litter used in this style of coop. I have been using barn chaff 
 and find it an excellent absorbent of the droppings. I covered the floor with about two 
 inches of the chaff and did not find it necessary to renew it until the close of the sec- 
 ond week. It would have gone another week if I had cared' to let it remain there. 
 The floor of the coop on the litter side remained dry,and it was but a slight task to 
 clean out the old litter and put in the fresh. 
 
 To sum up the matter, would say that this makes an ideal house for caring for a 
 pen of birds. It has certainly proved very satisfactory with me. 
 
 "No More Lamp Brooders For Me" 
 
 Mt. Kisco, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1909. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Dear Sir :— I raised about 200 chicks in Philo Eonomy Coops with fireless 
 brooder boxes this season and must say these did better than those raised in the heated 
 brooders. No more lamp brooders for me after this season. Had many cockerels 
 weigh two pounds at eight to nine weeks old and four pounds at three months. These 
 were not forced either. 
 
 Yours truly, j 
 
 f^ A. S. Brian. ' ' 
 
 For the ordinary poultryman one breed is better than several. The best 
 birds possible should be bought, and should be from a good laying strain from a well 
 bred ancestry. From stock thus procured you can do your own improving and assort- 
 ing, and in the course of a year or two you will have a flock of known quality, and 
 those that can be depended upon to give satisfactory results. 
 
26 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Increase Your Salary 
 
 By J. F. Laughlin. Elmira. N. Y. 
 
 It seems to be the height of every man's ambition to earn a good salary; hardly 
 any man is satisfied with what he is receiving; it is not human nature to be satisfied. 
 No matter what his present salary is, he wants more, and it is the increase in the cost 
 of the necessaries of life that puts him to thinking. I am speaking now of the wage 
 earner who earns from ten to thirty dollars a week. Almost everything we use in 
 every day life has advanced in cost nearly one-third, and in some instances has ad- 
 vanced one-half in price in the last five years. Wages have remained about the same. 
 Now, dear reader, are you ready and willing to do something to increase your own 
 salary? If you are like me and have not nerve enough to quit your present position 
 where you know you are not getting salary enough, and go on a farm, then my next 
 advice to you would be to utilize your spare time in the backyard poultry business. 
 You have been reading the accounts of the back yard poultry business now for a 
 number of years, so at least you should be convinced by this time that backyard poul- 
 try culture is not a joke, but a profitable business. Now while you wage earners are 
 fighting for more salary, we will suppose that your employer offered to help you by 
 giving you six dozen eggs a week, every week in the year. What would this mean ? 
 $93.60, quite a nice increase, $1.80 a week; and this is figuring eggs at thirty cents a 
 dozen, which is a fair average price for a year. 
 
 Now we will suppose that your good employer gave you a dressed fowl every 
 two weeks for one year, valued at market price $.75, or $19.50 for the year. Now the 
 eggs and the dressed fowl look like $113.10. This increase in salary of $113.10 can be 
 obtained from a flock of thirty hens and they will need to produce only about 124 
 eggs each in the year. The fowls that you are to use for table use, or to obtain 
 the $19.50 above mentioned, would be 26 of your original 30 breeders, allowing 
 4 for death loss during the year. The above is obtainable the first year, without tak- 
 ing any chances whatever. Now out of $113.10 we will subtract $45.00 for feed, or 
 $1.50 per bird a year, leaving you $68.10 for your trouble with 30 hens, and I think we 
 make the egg yield low enough when we put 124 eggs per bird per year or about 10 1-2 
 dozen per bird a year, and certainly we put the price of eggs and dressed poultry low 
 enough. $68.10 is what we are sure we can clear in one year at market prices from 
 30 hens, a clear profit of $2.27 per hen. This is for your labor, and you have the hens 
 left which represent your original investment, or you may use them as your table 
 fowls. 
 
 Now we have not mentioned the fact that it is possible for the backyard poul- 
 tryman to raise a few young chicks. Young chicks are profitable as well as grown 
 ones. My plant is a backyard plant, and a side line at that. I do not sell any eggs in 
 the market or for household use, except in the winter when they bring fancy prices. 
 I have gone beyond that stage. 
 
 I advertise freely in the local papers and in three poultry journals. I have now 
 a hundred and fifty head of breeding stock, Rose and Single Comb Rhode Island Reds, 
 good as any in the country, and I must admit I was crowded a little during April this 
 year and turned away customers looking for Red baby chicks, many of them my last 
 year's customers. Of course all the eggs from 150 hens are not fit for hatching; only 
 the best looking from the best pens are sent out for hatching purposes, and I think 
 about one-half of the eggs sold for hatching were sold in one and two hundred lots. 
 I have already sold over 450 baby chicks, and have at least 300 for myself and my cus- 
 tomers, of the real early ones. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 27 
 
 I shipped 100 chicks to Cumberland Mills, Maine, April 19, this year and sent 
 four hens by same express. Only four chicks died on the way, and on arrival, each of 
 the four hens claimed a brood of chicks. and took care of them as though never dis- 
 turbed. The hundred chicks were hatched by eleven hens. There seems to be a 
 great demand for Rhode Island Red chicks and I found it very profitable. Last year 
 I sold 954 baby chicks besides raising enough for myself to pick out a first cockerel, a 
 first pen, and second and third pullet for our local show. All my chickens are hen- 
 hatched and afterwards raised to a certain age in the Philo Economy Coops and fed 
 according to the first book that Mr. Philo ever published. My best month in the busi- 
 ness last year was $66.25 net, month of May. This year my best month was April, 
 with $97.62 net. The most I ever sold a sitting of eggs for was $2.00, and the most I 
 ever paid for one bird as a breeder was $25.00. This was three years ago; he is now 
 the foundation of my present stock of Rhode Island Reds. 
 
 I feed the best food that money can buy, and keep everything clean, and I must 
 say I have been successful. I have visited the Philo Plant many times, and always 
 read The Poultry Review as well as many other papers on poultry. 
 
 Now Mr. Wage Earner, or prospective poultry keeper, if you should decide to 
 increase your salary and start with ten, twenty or thirty hens and clear $1.00, $2.00 or 
 more per bird, don't stop at that, but look around you and you will see large mills, 
 large factories, large farms; and if you trace them back, you will find that none of the 
 really successful ones started on top of the ladder, nor on a large scale, but started 
 small and went slow, and worked hard studied the business, watched for the small leaks 
 and became successful. So it is with the person who engages in poultry work. He 
 soon learns, then improves his birds, breeds his stock more carefully, culls a little 
 closer each year, marks his great layers, exhibits his grand specimens, and then ad- 
 vertises his business in general and swears that he will endeavor to suit all customers. 
 Now at about this stage you are getting away from the market price of eggs; you are 
 now ready to furnish good hatching eggs, good baby chicks, good breeding stock; and 
 don't forget this point when selUng breeding stock — "If the stock I shipped you today 
 does not suit you for the price, send it back and get your money." When you can 
 say that in a letter to a customer, and mean what you say, and receive the stock back 
 cheerfully, you will get a dozen more good orders, where you wouldn't get one by 
 trying to make a customer take something he did not want. Some people are hard to 
 suit; try to satisfy them at any cost. You will be the winner in the end. 
 
 An Egg Laying Record From Canada 
 
 Oakville, Ont., Can., June 21, 1911. 
 The Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y., 
 
 Dear Sirs : Noting several poultry laying records in The Review, of which I 
 am a subscriber, would like to give ybu a record of nine White Wyandottes and seven 
 Rhode Island Red pullets, making sixteen in all. 
 
 In twenty-one days we gathered 260 eggs. Now those pullets never had any 
 green bone or meat scraps, just oats, wheat, oyster shells and plenty of grit, clean 
 water and a large barn, well covered with clean straw. I have kept them working, 
 and also clean, and the eggs were so fertile they hatched eleven out of twelve and 
 fifteen out of sixteen. 
 
 I have made money out of my small flock and have had such good results I am 
 raising one hundred of the same breed. I might say those fowls are thoroughbreds 
 Thanking you for your patience, I am, Yours truly, • J. H. Knowles. 
 
28 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Three Years With the Philo System 
 
 By E. B. Tempter, Valleu Falls. N. Y. 
 
 After having a severe nervous trouble I was forced to give up the work of the 
 ministry and return to my native village where providentially I owned a home. It 
 had always been on my mind to do something with " chickens " when I was old and 
 ^he churches continued their demands for young men. When sickness overtook me. 
 this thing came up to me, and after getting on my feet a little I went to work. Fortu- 
 nately T lived in the same town where Rev. W. W. Cox was then preaching, and who had 
 a small Philo System plant. His success with this plant led me to adopt the methods 
 he employed. The first thing I had was a Brooder-Hatcher which did splendid work 
 and brought me out a fine lot of chicks the first year. Then the Brooder-Coops were 
 used. I would build them as I needed them until now I have one plot in my yard just 
 full of them. The fireless brooders proved a great success and during the three years 
 I have used nothing else. From what experience I have had, and from observation, 
 I believe it is the ideal way of raising chicks. During the very first of the season 
 when we have snow and cold,, the chicks are kept in the house until I am convinced 
 that they are hover-broken and know when to go in the brooder for warmth and rest. 
 Then they are put of out doors in the Brooder-Coops until fall, when they are trans- 
 ferred to the Economy Coop, or to my experimental coop of which I will write in an- 
 other article. As the weather becomes warmer, and the chicks larger, the fireless 
 brooders are taken out of the Brooder Coops, and the chicks sleep in the litter side of 
 the coop where they get along very comfortably. These coops are easily cleaned, 
 and I have never had any trouble with lice on my little chicks. In saying this I suppose 
 I should " pound wood," because lice are bound to come unless great precautions are 
 taken. When the litter is cleaned out of these coops they are thoroughly sprayed 
 with a solution of kerosene and carbolic acid. This helps to keep out the vermin and 
 make for cleanliness. 
 
 The breed that I chose for my work seemed especially adapted to the coops and 
 I never had any trouble with them. The White Wyandottes were the variety, and 
 they have proven their worth during the past three years. It was my purpose to build 
 up a strain of great layers. This I did by getting birds from good sources and then 
 by using the trap nest. I have in this way worked carefully for a great egg yield, 
 and have succeeded in getting it. The Economy Coops being quite warm even during 
 the winter, the birds have laid right through. The small number together has been 
 an incentive for greater individual attention on my part, and it is well known that a 
 few together will do better than where there are a large number in a single coop or 
 pen. You are given the opportunity of knowing what each small flock is doing, and 
 if they are not laying well there is a chance to do something for them. By keeping 
 an accurate record of the egg production of each pen I have been able to find out 
 which were the best layers. With this system of housing there is a chance for careful 
 selection that you cannot possibly get with a long house with a lot of birds together. 
 The small houses give each individual hen a chance to make a good record and be 
 credited for her egg production. In a small house like this it is very easy to discover 
 the drone. When you never see a certain hen on the nest, and have come to learn 
 which hen lays which egg, you will soon be able to pick out the unprofitable layers. 
 
 The mortality has been very small with the Economy Coops, ahd sickness of 
 any kind has been rare during these years. I do not recall losing more than two or 
 three birds from the Economy Coops. In my long experimental house recently con- 
 structed I have lost a couple which apparently had suffered from crop trouble. Even 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 29 
 
 if cold or roup should break out in one of these coops you have the birds isolated 
 from the rest and there is no fear of a general epidemic. But any contagious 
 disease will spread quickly in a long house, and it is uncomfortable to feel that a hun- 
 dred or more birds are in range of some dreaded disease. 
 
 There has been a constant demand for birds that have been bred in these coops. 
 During the hatching season I have been well booked with orders for eggs, and have 
 had to book orders way ahead in order to get places for eggs at the time that.peoole 
 wanted them. Some of my customers ordered months ahead and had the order 
 placed at just the time they wanted the eggs for hatching. 
 
 The merits of the Philo System are too generally known by all to attempt to 
 tell more, but to sum it all up I may say that for the town man or woman who wants 
 a plant either for egg production or for show purposes, they can find no way of keep- 
 ing the birds that will give better satisfaction than the Philo System. It has proven 
 its worth to me, and many in my own village, after watching my work for a couple 
 of seasons, have started in with a plant themselves and have been able to do just as 
 good work. 
 
 Poultry For Boys and Girls 
 
 By W. W. COX 
 
 If there is one disadvantage under which the average boy and girl of today suf- 
 fers it is that of not hajVing any regular work to do in connection with the home. 
 They are compelled to be systematic and regular in their school life, but outside of 
 that it is play and frolic. The modern home life is of such a character that there is not 
 much that a boy can do, and so he is allowed to run about at his own pleasure, much 
 to his disadvantage so far as drill and discipline go. 
 
 And it is under such circumstances as these that a small poultry plant will be 
 worth much to boys and girls, as it will give them an opportunity to spend some of 
 their spare moments profitably, both in the habits they form and the results accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The care of a few hens, say five or six, is not hard work. It will require regu- 
 larity and methodical attention to details; but any boy or girl with grit and gumption 
 can do all that is needed, and be a regular attendant at school at the same time. 
 
 At the first the newness of the work will keep the youngsters at it; after this 
 there will come a reaction, and the thing will grow monotonous, but it will not do to 
 grow careless. If you are busy with some interesting game, do not allow yourself to 
 say that the hens can get along without their regular meal. Perhaps the skipping of 
 one might not be a serious matter, but as they are in confinement, and absolutely de- 
 pendent upon you for food and water, it will not be kind nor safe to neglect them. And 
 the effort at self denial will be of advantage to you. 
 
 As so MANY people will soon be hatching chicks for the first time it may be 
 well to state again that when chicks are hatched they are provided with enough 
 nourishment to carry them through for 48 hours, or more, and it is because of this 
 fact that they may be safely shipped as soon as hatched, needing nothing to eat or 
 drink for two or three days. And when you begin to feed them, do not let your heart 
 run away with your head, so that you overfeed, or improperly feed them. It is better 
 to feed a little at a time and often. They should not be given any food so soft as to 
 be sloppy. Be careful also that they do not get chilled during the first few days, for 
 that means danger or death. 
 
30 
 
 MAKmO POULTRY PAY 
 
 Likes The Philo System And Uses It Exclusively 
 
 Kansas City, Mo., July 7, 1911. 
 
 The TtoELTRY Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen :— I am a good advocate of the Philo System and use it exclusively, 
 and find that chickens can be raised to advantage by the system; they grow quicker 
 and Day better, and are always in good condition for market, and will sell for more 
 money than chickens which have large yards to run in. Enclosed you will find three- 
 pictures of my plant which you may use for your journal if you wish. I have 20' 
 coops in .all, and at present have 60 one-year old hens and about 200 chickens ranging 
 in age irom four weeks to four months old. I bought a pen of Orpingtons from 
 the Cyde Hatcher Co. late last fall and have about 60 chicks from them. When f our: 
 
 Mr. Jackson uses the Philo System exclusively, because chickens grow quicker and lay better, and are alwaya 
 
 in good condition for market, and bring better prices than those that have large 
 
 yards. His plant is in Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 months old they weighed, pullets, 3 1-2 pounds and cockerels, 4 1-2 pounds. They are a 
 beautiful lot of chickens. I started last season with Golden Wyandottes and below 
 will give you number of eggs laid to July 1. Number of chickens 62. They com- 
 menced laying October 10, and they are still laying on an average of 22 eggs per day. 
 
 October, 25; November, 135; December, 464; January, 636; February, 924; March 
 1213; April, 1070; May, 1159; June, 817, Total, 6443. • ' . ' 
 
 I have built all my coops and done all the work so far and will say if you go 
 into the chicken business you have got to work if you expect to make it pay. I have 
 found the business profitable on a small scale, and know there is a good living in the 
 poultry business if a man will give it attention. We are living in the city and our entire 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 31 
 
 lot is oiiiy 50 x 135, and not over 40 feet square is used for the coops. I have a small 
 garden, and a good lawn in front and side of house. When the year is up will send 
 statement if you wrould like to see it. I keep strict account of everything. 
 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 James A. Jackson, 
 
 2522 Chestnut St., 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 The Philo System Came in Time to Save 
 
 The Day 
 
 Camden, N. J., June 18, 1911. 
 Mr. E. R. Philo, Esq., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : I am in receipt of your favor of June 14 and gladly and voluntarily 
 give you report of my personal experience with your System for the benefit of many 
 friends and competitors in the same line of business and for the sole purpose of rais- 
 ing better poultry by amateurs reducing loss to a minimum which I claim is the main 
 idea in the Philo System. 
 
 About three years ago I got struck with the poultry fever like many others and 
 thinking about as much as many others before, I started with a few hens in the back 
 yard, doing the same as my neighbors and most everybody, building some kind of" a 
 contrivance for a coop, pay little attention to his hens, now and then throw a little 
 cracked corn and turn them loose. Result, complete failure. My start was with 20 
 hens and 2 cocks (White Wyandottes and Barred Rocks). 
 
 Of course under above conditions after the first hatch (with hens) I owned the 
 best lot of mongrels in this section and for egg supply we had to go to the grocer. 
 There is no doubt I was the most disgusted person around here, but still I was not 
 disheartened and commenced again the next year, with nearly the same results as be- 
 fore and worse, and if you had seen the way those chicks contributed towards fertiliz- 
 ing my garden, it was a pity. They simply died, nobody knew how. Anyway I raised 
 about 55 out of 245, (such failure) but I was still there and I believe a good many 
 others have been in the ship before. 
 
 I always have been and will be a lover of chickens, but after such disaster, I 
 considered to sell out for good. At this juncture a friend of mine recommended your 
 book, " The Philo System," to me and as a final trial I got one. . I only wish I had 
 known two years sooner, but it was not too late yet and I did get busy. 
 
 First of all I selected my breeders, 28 hens and 3 cocks of my own stock and 
 being handy with tools, I fell to work with a will and built the coops according to 
 your drawings and some even to my own ideas. Next I commenced to feed as per 
 your directions and the way those hens behaved after a few weeks was wonderful. In 
 fact I consider this my starting point in the poultry business. It only cost $1.00 and 
 yet this $1.00 is the best investment I ever made, and until the present moment, I am 
 the most pleased poultry keeper in this part of the statel 
 
 Then I studied the hatching and raising of chicks as given in your book, and 
 the result beat everything I ever saw for success. 
 
 All my chicks are raised in fireless brooders with the best results, as my 
 record can prove. 
 
 Following your instructions as closely as possible, I only wish you could see the 
 great change in my poultry now. Hereby follows a detailed report from last season 
 for the above mentioned 28 hens :— 
 
32 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Eggs, broilers, etc., for our own family supply $59.10 
 
 Eggs sold Z['.''."'''Z. 27.03 
 
 Broilers sold 43.43 
 
 Pullets for breeders 48.00 
 
 Total _:$177.56 
 
 Expense, feed and incidentals 67.54 
 
 Balance in my favor $110.02 
 
 which will nearly mark every hen to $4.00~ and I honestly confess this result due to 
 your book, " The Philo System." Besides this, I have at present the best vegetables 
 in my garden for a side line. I think I can do better yet this season and will let you 
 know in due time. 
 
 Before closing, one more word about raising chicks, which I believe from former 
 experience the most important question, thanks to your instructions. I have this 
 
 Mr. Meng, a portion of whose plant is here shown, has made his hens return 
 a nice profit and attributes his success to his use of the Philo System, 
 
 season so far raised about 300 chicks, a good many sold already, and honestly state 
 I have only lost about 14 in all. The rest are on the way to good maturity. My hens 
 have done well ever since. They have been laying in the most severe weather-con- 
 ditions, so there is no kick coming, and if I had known your ideas two years sooner, I 
 would be established now with a good paying business, but I think my next re- 
 port will be mailed from a different place. I have already selected one of 10 acres and 
 should be able to stretch a little more. 
 
 Hope to see you later on and wish you success for the future benefit of poultry- 
 dom. Several photos enclosed ; good many more to be developed. 
 
 Very truly yours, Harry A. Meng, 1204 Everett Ave. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 33 
 
 The Balanced Ration 
 
 By C. H. SA YRB, Chemist for the Philo National Pouitry InstUute 
 
 In my last three articles I have spoken separately of each of the three principal 
 nutrients, of protein, carbohydrates and ash matter. There are still left to be consid- 
 ered the free fats, the water, and other nutrients of less value but because of their les- 
 ser importance it is not practical to consider each one of them separately. The two 
 named are the only ones that could be consistently spoken of alone. But as the free 
 fats have practically the same uses to the body as the carbohydrates, and because of 
 every poultryman knowing the value of good clean water three times a day, I do not 
 think it necessary to dwell longer on either one of these subjects. 
 
 Here is a small back yard poultry plant, showing three Philo Brooder Coops built by the 
 
 Owner from the description given in the Philo book. There is nothing better for 
 
 raising young chicks than these low brooder coops. 
 
 We have heard considerable, at different times, as to the value of the balanced 
 ration and in all probability, a great many of you have had more or less experience 
 in regard to the proper mixing of grains and other food stuffs, that you might secure 
 the best results. However, this subject is one that is likened to the old adage that like 
 wine and meerschaum pipes, it improves with age. 
 
 According to Jordan, in the Feeding of Animals, W. P. Wheeler found that five 
 hundred pounds of laying hens would require each day to be kept in the best of con- 
 dition : 
 
 Dry Matter. .27.50 lbs. or .5004% of ration 
 
 Ash Matter 1-50 lbs. or .0275% of ration 
 
 Protein '•• 5.00 lbs. or .0902% of ration 
 
 Carbohydrates 18.75 lbs. or .3440% of ration 
 
 Pat 1-75 lbs. or .0321% of ration 
 
 Having ascertained the above proportions, and knowing the analysis of different 
 grains, which I w^ill give you, it would seem that we would have but little trouble now, 
 
34 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 in mixing a ration to best suit our own conditions and having it conform, as nearly as 
 possible, with the above ration. It has been found by quantitative analysis that the 
 grains and feed contain the proportion of the nutrients found in the table. Also in 
 this table, for future reference, I will ^ve the percentage of water and dry matter. 
 In preparing this table I have added to the weight of the carbohydrates 2 1-4 times the 
 weight of the fat, and considered them both as carbohydrates. You will notice that 
 the feeds richest in protein are placed nearest the top. 
 
 Feed 
 
 Water 
 
 DryM. Ash M. 
 
 Prot. ( 
 
 ;. H. Fats 
 
 Meat Scraps. 
 
 .107 
 
 .893 .041 
 
 .662 
 
 .331 
 
 Dried Fish 
 
 .108 
 
 .892 .392 
 
 .441 
 
 .232 
 
 Animal Meal 
 
 073 
 
 .927 .195 
 .910 .053 
 
 .320 
 .293 
 
 .230 
 
 Oil Meal 
 
 .090 
 
 .485 
 
 Gluten Meal 
 
 090 
 
 .130 
 
 .920 .008 
 .870 .048 
 
 .258 
 .220 
 
 .656 
 
 Buckwheat Middlings 
 
 .456 
 
 Gluten Feed 
 
 , :080 
 
 .920 .011 
 
 .194 
 
 .633 
 
 Green Cut Bone 
 
 .342 
 
 .658 .215 
 
 .180 
 
 .430 
 
 Peas....: - --- - 
 
 :- 100 
 
 .900 .026 
 
 .168 
 
 .534 
 
 Wheat Middlings 
 
 .120 
 
 .880 .038 
 
 .128 
 
 .607 
 
 "Wheat Bran 
 
 .120 
 
 .880 .058 
 .925 .026 
 
 .122 
 .121 
 
 .453 
 
 Sunflower Seeds 
 
 .075 
 
 .858 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 .080 
 
 .920 .074 
 .900 .018 
 
 .110 
 .102 
 
 .423 
 
 Wheat; 
 
 .100 
 
 .730 
 
 Rye 
 
 120 
 
 .888 .019 
 .884 .029 
 
 .099 
 .098 
 
 .700 
 
 Wheat Screenings 
 
 .116 
 
 .559 
 
 Oats . 
 
 .110 
 
 .890 .030 
 .860 .033 
 
 .092 
 .089 
 
 .568 
 
 Millet 
 
 .140 
 
 .522 
 
 Barley 
 
 110 
 
 .890 .024 
 
 .089 
 
 .692 
 
 Com 
 
 .110 
 
 .890 .015 
 
 .079 
 
 .764 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 130 
 
 .870 .020 
 
 .077 
 
 .533 
 
 Hominy Chops 
 
 .110 
 
 .890 .025 
 
 .075 
 
 .705 
 
 Skimmed Milk . 
 
 906 
 
 .094 .007 
 
 .029 
 
 .059 
 
 Clover, green 
 
 .710 
 
 .290 .021 
 
 .029 
 
 .164 
 
 Cabbage... 
 
 850 
 
 .150 .014 
 
 .018 
 
 .091 
 
 Beets 
 
 .870 
 
 .130 .011 
 
 .011. 
 
 .104 
 
 Turnips 
 
 905 
 
 .095 .008 
 
 .010 
 
 .0765 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 .790 
 
 .210 .010 
 
 .009 
 
 .165 
 
 Under different conditions this table varies somewhat, but as given here is near 
 enough for all calculations in poultry feeding. 
 
 Common knowledge of feeding, enough for practical use, may be acquired by 
 close observation, but there are many of us who have not the time or do not care to 
 try the experiments. From a scientific standpoint it is easy to sit down and with a lit- 
 tle figuring know the results, that would otherwise be acquired by days and weeks of 
 observation, and what is more, know the results to be satisfactory, whereas, some- 
 times by a thrown-together ration after weeks of observation and considerable 
 thought and study, we find that our result has not been accomplished. Then is when 
 we blame the hens. Of course, when we are feeding known feeds these statements 
 are probably useless as we have unconsciously observed the rules beforehand. It is when 
 we are about to use new feeds, that the above table will come in handy and with but 
 a little thought, we are able to accomplish the desired results. With but an element- 
 ary knowledge of the science of feeding, the use of this table makes it possible for 
 one to formulate rations with absolute certainty as to their theoretical value and 
 with reasonable anticipation of the results desired. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 35 
 
 First, it is necessary to find the nutritive ratio, or the ratio between the carbo- 
 hydrates and fats and the protein, and to do this we multiply the weight of the clear 
 fat by 2 14 because it is considered 2 1-4 times as valuable to the digestion as the car- 
 bohydrates. 
 
 To find the nutritive ratio of the first table : 
 
 1.75 lbs. of fat multiplied by 2 1-4 equals 3.94. This plus 18.75 (carbohydrates) 
 equals 22.69 or total carbohydrates. In order to reduce the proportion to its lowest 
 terms this 22.69 is divided by the weight of protein or 5 and gives the proportion of 1 
 to 4,6 or is often written 1 : (4.6) and is the nutritive ratio. Now the object is to com- 
 pute a ration that has the ratio of 1 : (4.6) or as near ks possible to it. If the ratio is 
 more than 1 : (4.6) as 1 : 8 the ration is what is known as a narrow ration and will 
 serve as a fattening one but will not be as valuable as an egg producer. If you have 
 a ration as 1 : 6 and you wish it nearer an egg ration you must add food rich in pro- 
 tein. For example given : 
 
 Ash Prot. C. B. Fats N. Ratio 
 
 251bCom 375 1.975 19.10 1 : (9.7) 
 
 10 It) Buckwheat .200 .770 5.33 1 : (6.9) 
 
 5 lb Potatoes. 050 .045 .825 1: (18.3) 
 
 '5 lb Turnips .040 .050 .382 1: (7.7) 
 
 45 lbs 665 2.84 25.637 1 : (9.6) 
 
 Now this ration as you will see is a fattening ration being more than 1 : (4.6) 
 and to make it more of an egg ration we must add some substance rich in protein to 
 bring it to the desired proportion, Let us add meat scraps say 5 1-4 lbs. and then we 
 have ash .6865, protein 6.315. carbohydrates 27.366 and nutritive ratio of 1 : (4.5) which 
 is near enough to the 1 : (4.6) for practical purposes. 
 
 A balanced ration is one that contains a proper proportion of all nutrients. As 
 I have shown in my previous article the protein goes to build up the body and for re- 
 production by the way of the egg while the carbonaceous elements consisting of the 
 carbohydrates and fats are burned in the body and turned into warmth and energy, 
 much the same as coal burned under a boiler goes to make both warmth and energy, 
 the latter in the form of steam. The fowl's constitution does not always require the nu- 
 trients in the same proportion, as it has within itself a power to throw off that which is 
 in excess, to use one nutrient as a substitute for another, or in short, it has a limited 
 power to balance the ration devoured. Close observaton will soon teach one how to 
 vary the ration to the betterment of the fowls. One great fault is, generally, an ex- 
 cess of carbohydrates over the quantity of protein, and the exercise the fowl has is 
 not enough to throw off the surplus heat. 
 
 Having once found a ration that proves satisfactory it should be used as long 
 as it continues to give the wished-for results, but if at any time it becomes necessary 
 to change the ration, it should never be changed abruptly but as gradually as the cir- 
 cumstances permit. An abrupt change in diet always has more or less bad results, 
 especially if the fowl has become accustomed to a certain ration. In this case it will 
 take some time before the fowl will freely partake of new feed. In the meantime be- 
 cause of the light eating, the egg yield in the layers, or the flesh in the broilers is 
 bound to suffer. In the thoroughly mixed ration it stands to reason that a bird will 
 have its prefereince and like many a spoiled child, will eat that, and that only, but 
 will rarely go himgry for lack of nourishment, as when driven by hunger, it will, at 
 last, eat what is put before it. 
 
 Balanced rations may be of four or more different kinds. The one which I have 
 given statistics for is what could be called an egg producing ration. But besides this 
 
36 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 tliere are the growth ration, as fed to growing fowls; the maintenance ration, that 
 which is enough for life, and the fattening ration, as used when preparing birds for 
 the market. All four pf these are somewhat similar, the first and second practically 
 the same, while the third has a less amount of carbohydrates and protein and more of 
 the ash matter and water. ' The fourth is weaker in protein but stronger in car- 
 bohydrates. Of course, the method used in caring for fowls has a great deal to do 
 with this, as the same ration fed three times a day as an egg ration to hens with mod- 
 erate exercise, would be a fattening ration fed to hens in close cpnfinement, which 
 had but to pick their feed from hoppers; and a ration fed four or five times a day to 
 free range chicks would force fowls kept in confinement. 
 
 The feed is responsible for the health, growth, flesh and egg production of the 
 fowls. Young chicks are often overfed and many times fed in filthy places or in un- 
 clear! troughs and dishes. More chicks die from over feeding and sour, fermenting, 
 decomposing food than from any other cause. Especially is this true when mashes, 
 liquid or moist food is used. Some poultrymen Use milk with bread or coarse meal in 
 it. Milk is a good food but if given to chickens it should be fresh or boiled. Always 
 feed in clean dishes in limited quantities and only what will be eaten up thoroughly. 
 Look well to the patent feeds. Many of them are made of refuse corn, wheat, 
 sorghum and other by products. As a rule it is best to make your own mixed feed 
 and then you will know the quality of each ingredient and will not be compelled to 
 pay grain prices for the heavy grit, that is so plentiful in the average mixed feeds. It 
 is cheapest, and safest, and best, for the health and growth of the fowls to buy sepa- 
 rate grains and grit and do your own mixing. 
 
 Mating, Feeding, Incubating 
 
 By Mrs. Fred Wilcox, 389 Warren St.. Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 In mating the birds in the breeding pens, make sure to throw out every bird, 
 no matter how fair he may be, if it lacks in vigor, or has at any time shown the least 
 sign of weakness. Above everything else comes the health and vigor of a breeder. A 
 healthy bird has lots of ambition and is quick to move about. Its eyes are keen and 
 bright, and it has a general air of activity. Next to health comes type, I think. If we 
 are breeding Wyandottes, we want birds of the standard Wyandotte type, not birds 
 shaped like Leghorns. If Orpingtons are the ideal, don't breed birds of the Wyan- 
 dotte type, and so we might go on. Every breed has a type peculiar to itself, and 
 every fancier ought to know what the ideal shape of his favorite breed is. 
 
 Mate only birds of good size. Give close attention to color, comb, earlobes, and 
 other points that go to make up a good bird. I have found it possible to breed my 
 White Wyandottes very close to Standard requirements and yet they are splendid lay- 
 ers. Some people criticise the Standard, saying that it is impossible to breed a bird 
 with so many curves and yet have an egg machine. My best layers are my best win- 
 ners. Would it not be well for the critics to visit the poultry shows and study the 
 type of the birds that are winning to-day and learn something of their egg records ? 
 
 It is impossible to have all perfect birds in our breeding pens, but if we do have 
 some birds that are lacking in points, we can at least have birds that , are thrifty and 
 full of vigor. I would rather take my chances with a small flock of birds of this 
 class than to have a whole yard full of birds that are deficient in vitality. 
 
 Don't wait until next spring to make preparations for incubating your eggs. If 
 you do, you will meet with disappointment in your hatches. We hear many complaints 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 37 
 
 each year about eggs not hatching well. Usually the trouble is all laid to the incu- 
 bator. I have had experience with several different makes of incubators. I have 
 come to the conclusion that nearly all standard machines will hatch good eggs, if they 
 are run properly and according to directions. Some machines will hatch stronger 
 chicks than others, and of course, I give the preference to the machine that will hatch 
 the best chicks, and chicks that are easiest to raise. I have seen large hatches of 
 chicks that it was simply impossible to raise. On the other hand I have never seen a 
 machine that will hatch poor eggs successfully. . I believe that poor eggs are the real 
 cause of inability to hatch chicks, and the trouble I think lies in the poor breeding, 
 poor vigor and poor feeding of the breeding stock. Fowls must be comfortably 
 housed. I do not mean that they must be kept in close, stuffy houses. We never feel 
 comfortable in a close, ill-ventilated room, no matter how warm it is. Fresh air> 
 plenty of it, is our watchword. We must avoid drafts, however. 
 
 Now comes the question of feeding. We want eggs, but more particularly, we 
 want eggs that will hatch well, and produce good strong chicks. I am often asked 
 for my method of feeding ; I believe it will not come amiss to give it here. I have 
 been striving to get a method that will require as little work as possible and still bring 
 about the desired results, and I believe the following is very nearly correct. I am using 
 small coops, and have twenty-two of them. In the morning, as early as possible, I 
 have spaded into the dirt end of the coop a mixture of one part wheat and two parts 
 oats, I clean all the coops and do all the work except the spading. That I have to 
 leave to some one who is stronger than I. . fiext comes the watering. I know that 
 our birds want to drink the last thing at night and the first thing in the morning. 
 When I feed at night I fill the little galvanized troughs with fresh water. In this 
 weather the water in the troughs freezes solid during the night. In the morning I 
 havs a teakettle full of boiling water. I collect the troughs, take them to one side of 
 the garden, turn them upside down and pour enough boiling water over the bottoms 
 to loosen the ice. The whole cake will fall out and carry all dirt with it, leaving the 
 trough clean as can be. I find this much easier than trying to empty and pound out 
 the icy water before going to bed. 
 
 The fowls will keep busy and happy scratching in the dirt until noon. Then I 
 feed a mash composed as follows,, and wet with very hot water to a crumbly mixture. 
 One part each, by measure, of ground oats, corn meal, wheat middlings, and beef 
 scrap; three parts of wheat bran, eight parts of ; short-cut alfalfa, one-fourth part of 
 charcoal. . ' 
 
 I use a. large sized dishpan full of the mash, and I add a scant handful of salt to 
 the hot water, before inixing. This mash can be used dry if preferred, but I find that 
 the fowls waste a great deal of it when fed dry in the galvanized troughs, so I feed it 
 wet. However, I have had excellent results from feeding dry mash both as to the 
 number and fertility of eggs. I keep oyster shells, grit and dry wheat bran before 
 the fowls all the time. At night I feed grain, one part oats, one part wheat, oiie part 
 buckwheat, two parts cracked corn. In cold weather I warm this mixture and feed 
 all they will eat. 
 
 By paying strict attention to health, breeding and feeding, I have been able to 
 get good iaatchable eggs and chicks that are easily raised, and I count these things 
 cheaper and easier than buying a new make of incubator every year and trying to 
 hatch poor eggs. 
 
 One thing more in closing : I hdve found it very difficult to run different kinds 
 of machines at the same time. Each kind requires different care and one is liable to 
 become confused as it were, and failure results. 
 
38 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Bush's Hens Are After Egg Record 
 
 March 13, 1910. 
 Editor Scranton Times :— 
 
 Having read numerous letters' from poultrymen of this locality relative to re- 
 markable egg yields, if "you can spare the space, permit me to add one more to the 
 Hst. 
 
 I have a pen of five pullets and a cockerel pf Single Comb Buff , Orpingtons, 
 hatched the last week of April, 1909. The cockerel, when seven months old, weighed 
 8 1-2 lbs. The first pullet laid her first egg on November 19th, since which date we 
 have never received fewer than two eggs a dky from the pen. The fifth pullet did 
 not begin to lay until Dec. 5th. Total eggs from the five pullets for December, 116 ; 
 for January, 106 ; February, 108 ; March to date, 53, Total since Nov. 19th, 403. You 
 
 Part of the Plant of Anderson-Walker, Showing how a Poultry Yard Can Be Made ' 
 Beauty" from an Artistic Standpoint 
 
 ' A Thing of 
 
 see, I get eggs when the prices are up, which is the time so lew do get them. Many 
 times during the winter I have had fifteen eggs in three days, nineteen in four days, 
 thirty-one in seven days. The poorest pullet laid 19 eggs in a month ; the best one 
 laid 27 in December, 28 in January, 25 in February, and 12 to date for March. Her 
 100th egg in her first 114 days was laid to-day. She has also laid nineteen days at 
 a stretch. 
 
 Their individual egg record is open for inspection by anyone who is inclined to 
 doubt this record. 
 
 I use the " Philo System " exclusively, to which I place the credit for this egg 
 record. A. B. Bush, 2 Prescott Place. 
 
iAaking poultry pay 
 
 39 
 
 The Story Told by Two Young Women Who 
 
 Are Optimists 
 
 By Anderson- Walker, Weymouth, Mass. 
 
 Mary had a little hen 
 
 Upon her little farm. 
 Against the wolf before the door. 
 
 It proved to be a charm. 
 
 Each day it laid a little egg 
 
 Which Mary sold at town, 
 And thus she bought her groceries, 
 
 And now and then a gown. 
 
 The years they passed, ~end,Mary paid 
 The little mortgage due. 
 
 And sent her girl to boarding school, 
 Her boy to college too. 
 
 She has a nest egg in the bank. 
 
 And even keeps a cook, 
 And everything about her has 
 
 A thrifty well kept look. 
 
 Says she, to those who daily fail 
 With needle, brush and pen, 
 
 " If you would do as well as I, 
 Just keep a little hen." 
 
 To "just keep a little hen," sounds simple enough, and judging from " Mary's " 
 triumph one would jump to the conclusion that however " Mary " of the olden days 
 may have kept her "little lamb," this " Mary " most surely kept her little hen accord- 
 ing to Philo. 
 
 We have followed in the foot-steps of Mary and are glad. It is evident to us as 
 we notice the results of the ordinary barn yard hennery, and of the intensive poultry 
 plants of various descriptions, that he who has adopted the Philo System has (to use 
 a slang expression) the bulge on all the rest. 
 
 In the first place this system lends itself to more methodical management, and 
 is better adapted to women as managers than any others. We have been able to care 
 for our poultry during Winter's cold and snows, and Summer's heat, attending to all 
 the work ourselves (even to the building of the coops), thereby saving the extra cost 
 of labor. 
 
 From incubator to breeding pen everything is made simple and easy for the 
 poultryman who follows Mr. Philo's methods, if he will use common sense and be 
 careful to do as he is told. 
 
 There are some people who adopt part of a system and throw out the rest, and 
 then when failure comes, label the whole thing no good. That seems to us most unfair. 
 
 When we started in business we knew nothing of poultry. Our wish was to 
 select a system of poultry culture which would be clear and simple for the beginner. 
 
 Mr. Philo has written a book which made it possible for us to plunge right in, 
 and by following his advice, we found each step, froni beginning to, end, perfectly 
 clear and lucid, and the losses that we had are just those to be expected in any new 
 business. 
 
 To have incubators that hatch, to have sturdy, lively little chicks, and to have 
 those chickens safe and sound in little bro6det'-coops, are quite enviable features of 
 our plant, and while many bewail their hard luck from poor incubation and weak 
 stock, and grieve over their losses from rain and hawk, we smile with satisfaction at 
 our snug little outfit. There is great comfort in knowing just where one's chickes are. 
 
 The other day some one who was visiting our plant said, " Why, I wouldn't 
 mind raising chickens like this. I thought hens were such dirty things, and my 
 notion of a poultry-yard was a place to instinctively avoid." Cleanliness, healthiness ; 
 one follows the other, and why not point out the advantages of this System from an 
 artistic stand point ? Did anyone ever before see a really attractive hen-yard ? 
 
 The new adjustable coops, filled with handsome fowls, back of which are 
 
40 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 planted rows of sunflowers (these we hope to have next year) are quite worth looking 
 at, while the Economy and Brooder Coops filled with youngsters and baby chicks are 
 an addition to any yard. 
 
 We have had the pleasure of showing our plant to many people this season, arid 
 the general exclamation has been, " Oh, what fine looking hens, how clean they are ! 
 and have they been in these coops all winter, and their combs haven't frozen " ? We 
 pointed out the fact that we not only kept our stock in these coops without freezing 
 their combs, but that not one of the hens has had even a sick day. 
 
 It is a sad truth that ".there are none so blind as those who won't see," and 
 hence the dirty poultry-yard will continue to be, and mongrels, of such varied plum- 
 age that " Solomon in all his glory." would surely have been eclipsed by any " one of 
 these," will continue to occupy the place that the thoroughbreds should have, and' the 
 , days of the long, filthy, unventilated hen house are not of the past, by any means. 
 
 But there is light for those who will see, and more and more light being shed 
 all the time, and we mean to be in the fore ranks of that procession which is grate- 
 fully moving on toward further achievement. June 25, 1011. 
 
 " I Am Enthusiastic About Your System" 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : To the many testimonials of your most worthy " System," I would 
 like to add mine, which as you know is entirely without solicitation. 
 
 I have six White Orpingtons in a Winter Colony Coop, four of them hatched in 
 May, and have never been out of the coop. Am getting two and sometimes three 
 eggs a day from them at this date and have been for the last ten days. But the mar- 
 vel of my plant is a Buff Orpington hen, which has not been out of the coop since last 
 February, except to break her up when she became broody, which was twice last 
 summer. This hen has laid 68 eggs since September 9th, or in other words she had 
 laid 68 eggs in 85 days, in the hardest season of the year. Twenty-three of these she 
 laid in 24 days. What she did before Septemder 9th, I do not know,- as she was in 
 with other hens and I did not keep her record. 
 
 I had pullets laying in October, and neighbors who have Leghorns, hatched 
 ahead of mine, and are keeping them under the old system, haven't had a sign of an 
 egg yet, and by the looks of their pullets they won't get any much before January 1st. 
 
 Have made this rather a lengthy letter, but I am enthusiastic about your " Sys- 
 tem," and also think that the Orpingtons are the only fowls. 
 
 Yours very truly, Edw. E. Bxjnnell, 401 Main St. 
 
 How an 18-Years-Old Poultryman Succeeds With The Philo System 
 
 Brockton, Mass., August 4, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 Dear Sir : — I write to let you know what success I am having in raising poul- 
 try by your Philo System. I have raised this spring 111 chicks. 
 
 I think I hold the record for a laying pullet. I have one White Plymouth Rock 
 that laid its first egg when it was four months and two days old, and still continues. 
 Let me know if this record stands good. You will find enclosed a few snap shots of 
 same. From an 18-years-old poultrvman, 
 
 Jos. F. O'Brien, Jr., 
 
 391 Forest Avenue. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 41 
 
 Breeding Vigor Into The Flock 
 
 By MRS. FRED WILCOX, Elmira. N. Y. 
 
 In another article entitled "Not all for Show— Something Better," I spoke of the 
 demand for good stock that can and will produce eggs. We all agree that it is pos- 
 sible to buy beautiful birds, but if those birds are lacking in vitality or are not pro- 
 ductive, the bottom of the poultry business, which we hoped to build up, drops out at 
 the very beginning. Our dream of golden eggs combined with silver dollars is shat- 
 tered, and, ever after, we are apt to hold a pessimistic view on the subject which is 
 holding the attention of many thousands of people today— "Money Gleaning from 
 Poultry." 
 
 It is an easy task, before we enter into the practical work of poultry keeping, 
 to take a pencil and paper and figure out a nice round sum to the credit side of our 
 first year's account. But -the hen is a perverse creature, and when one takes a flock 
 of this perverseness and starts in to amass a fortune, he often finds that he has left 
 out of his calculations the most essential factor— the hen herself. 
 
 An exhibition bird is to be desired from the fact that a beautiful bird conform- 
 ing to the color, lines and curves of the ideal is so pleasing to the eye. Therei is great 
 pleasure to be derived from the sense of ownership and care of such a uniform class 
 of birds. Still of what use is all this beauty if the birds are failures as breeders^ 
 or if they fail to lay the eggs whereby to reproduce themselves ? 
 
 A little over a year ago I bought a pullet. She is a veritable creation of beauty. 
 She laid well through her pullet year, but she lacked the vitality necessaiy to produce 
 eggs and at the same time transmit vigor to her progeny. But a very small percent- 
 age of her eggs were fertile and only three chicks were raised to maturity, although 
 every egg laid by her was incubated. We did hot consider those three birds worthy 
 of a place in our breeding pens. I have kept this hen oveir, and now as a hen she is 
 still a failure. No doubt you will wonder why I haye kept her. I will candidly admit 
 that I don't know why unless I might confess that I love to look at her. She represents 
 to me a neat little sum of money invested, not considering her board. A whole flock of 
 such hens would soon force a person into bankruptcy. 
 
 The unprofitableness of this one hen proves to me that if a person starting in 
 the poultry business would succeed, he must exercise great care and caution in buy- 
 ing his foundation stock. Especial thought should be given to the choice of a male 
 bird. It is an old saying that the male bird is one half the flock. Recent tests go to 
 show that he is fully two-thirds of the flock. After seeing the results of the tests of 
 different matings tried out at an experiment station I realize more fully than ever before, 
 how easy it is to make or mar a whole year's work when choosing the head of the 
 breeding pen. 
 
 Give me a bird with a keen, bright eye, even if it should be a shade light in 
 color, a broad head, a broad back, and a broad breast, legs spread well apart, and 
 above all, an energetic bird, one ever busy and alert. With such a bird my fears are 
 slight as to the outcome of the year's work, if I have good, healthy hens or pullets 
 mated to him. A hen or pullet that is low in vitality cannot lay an egg that will pro- 
 duce a good, strong chick, so it stands us in hand to expel from the breeding pens all 
 hens that show any signs of weakness. I think it is a mistake to breed any birds that 
 have been affected by colds, roup, or sickness of any kind. 
 
 Sometimes heavy egg production, during the close confinement of winter, will 
 prove such a strain on the system that a hen will be out of condition before we know 
 
42 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 it. We must be intimately acquainted with our birds so we may he able to detect 
 the least sign of any thing tending to reduce a hen's value as a breeder. 
 
 I find if I can keep my hens exercising in bright sanitary houses, and can get 
 them to consume large quantities of green food such as cabbage, alfalfa, vegetable 
 refuse from the house, sprouted grain, etc., that they come through a long period of 
 heavy egg production during the winter months in good health, and when the breed- 
 ing reason comes on the fertility of the eggs is abbve the average and the chicks live 
 and abound in vitality. 
 
 To sum it all up in a few words, when starting in the poultry business, select 
 good stock to begin with. Give them good care. To do this one must exercise a 
 great deal of common sense, and keep a vigilant out-look for all signs of trouble. Then 
 it is ncessary to give much thought to the breeding of the future generation. No hap- 
 hazard methods will do. Use the trap nest. This will quickly tell you which hen's 
 eggs should be used in order to perpetuate a race of profitable poultry. Certain it is 
 that a trap nest will soon tell you things about your flock that you never would have 
 known without its help. Then if one turns the things he learns to good accouut, I 
 can see no reason why he should not reach the height of success in his chosen voca- 
 tion. 
 
 The hen is coming to her kingdom; many good things are being said about her 
 and she deserves them all. She has always been the farmer's friend and helper, 
 though he has not always given her all the credit due her. She has not only furnished 
 a few groceries for family use, but has helped over many a tight place when inoney 
 was scarce, and, when other crops have been short, she has kept steadily at work and 
 helped to kee;p things easy and smooth. 
 
 It will pay the farmer to select or secure a dozen hens of superior breeding, and 
 these will furnish him with as many chicks each year as he will care to have hatched. 
 If these are mated to a well bred cock, in a little while a new generation of fowls quite 
 uniform in size and appearance will take the place of the mongrels of all shapes and 
 colors. 
 
 Each year a dozen of the best can be remated to a new male, and kept by them- 
 selves for breeding purposes. 
 
 Perfectly Satisfied With Phild Fireless Brooder 
 
 Marion, N. Y., April 10, 1911. 
 Cycle Hatcher Co., Elmira, N. Y. 
 Gentlemen :— Words fail the whole length of a dictionary to express my satis- 
 faction with that Fireless Brooder received recently. Why I had to laugh upon 
 seeing how comfortable the little downy balls were after the first night (a cold one, 
 too) being in it, and I frankly tell you that I exclaimed "Great" then and there. 
 
 Well, I made a nice nest of clover chaff and put 33 chickens in it with the wire 
 cushion holder down in the third notch and on the edge of nest. Oh ! but say, "its 
 great." Why I'm smiling as I write this, and you have got all other systems skinned 
 from ocean to ocean. > 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 James E. Stoner. 
 P. S. Would say, the night chicks first occupied Fireless Brooder (Saturday the 
 8th.) there was two inches of snow fell, and freezing here. J. E. S. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 43 
 
 The Philo System Brings Good Results in Georgia 
 
 DouGLASViLLE, Ga., June 19, 1911. 
 Mr. E. R. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir :•— As we have been readers of your valuable paper and are employ- 
 ing the Philo System, I believe it my duty to tell you of the luck we have had and are 
 now having. When my wife and I started we knew nothing of the business as to 
 Starting or how to start. I must give Mrs. Gibson the credit for good management, 
 for she is my standby in the rearing of the chicks. 
 
 As to breed, we have chosen the Plymouth Rocks and at present have two 
 strains, Fishel's White Rocks, purchased from a man who was compelled to sell off 
 his breeding stock in order to move, and the Barred Rocks which we purchased when 
 1 hey were young, but we knew they were from a good strain. 
 
 A Weil-Guarded Poultry Plant, E. M. Page, Mendon, Ohio. 
 
 The Picture shows several Philo Economy Coops, where fowls are kept in comfort at all times of the year. 
 
 A small yard will accommodate a dozen or more coops. 
 
 Our first incubator experience was as follows. With a 25-egg machine, no 
 chicks; we tried again with the same results. Then we set a hen and out of fifteen 
 eggs she hatched nine hardy little fellows, broke three eggs and three eggs proved to 
 be infertile, which I think was good. Next we purchased a Cycle Hatcher and also 
 39 eggs, 26 of these to be White Rocks and 13 to be Barred Rocks. 13 were placed 
 under a hen and the remaining 26 were placed in our new hatcher with 21 of our own 
 eggs. The eggs were separated by a piece of cardboard set up edgewise. In the first 
 test we candled out three of our own eggs and did hot bother about the boughten 
 ones, but on the twelfth day I found that 2 more of our own eggs were bad, but how 
 
44 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 about the others ? Well, we had 7 left under hen and all. Out of them we hatched 
 3 White Rock chickens, the color of Jacob's coat, and out of our 14 remaining eggs 
 there were 12 nice Barred Rock chickens. There was one that hatched late and was 
 deformed, so I simply cut its head off and didn't call it hatched. 
 
 We do all our own work besides my working ten hours a day in the mill, which 
 keeps me on the trot from 4:30 a. m. until 7:30 at night. The coops are cheap to us 
 as I am a jack-of-all-trades. I can construct one for the amount of $3.00 by having a 
 good set of tools. I shiplap all edges and creosote the foundation, the entire coop be- 
 ing made of dressed one inch lumber. Now for profit. ' Is there any ? Well I guess 
 yes. If you could only look at the difference between our chicks and our neighbor's. 
 Our chicks are as large as his and are not one half as old. Most of theirs drooped 
 when they were getting their wing feathers but ours are just as pert as crickets. 
 
 We are only breeding this year for a start and experience, so will only have a 
 small lot for sale, besides what we use for the table, but if we do not have any more 
 deaths than we have had, the next time you hear from us we will have about 10 or 15 
 pens of birds that will be worth at least $50 per pen of six. 
 
 The egg production more than pays for cost of feed, for our hens have made an 
 average of seven eggs a day since they commenced laying. Now they are cackling 
 and singing as if they were far above the average audit makes one feel about the same 
 way, but it takes hard work and long hours, and more than all, is good, hard down 
 willingness to bring results. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 J. W. GiFSON, c)o Lois Mills. 
 
 Description of a Hen's Egg 
 
 From a Lecture by Prof. Louis Agassiz, afBarre, Mass,, Dec'., 1872. 
 
 A hen's egg surrounded by its shell, which is calcareous, is lined on the interior 
 by a double membrane. A skin extends over the whole internal surface, and that 
 skin is double ;'and in one part of the shell it recedes from the shell and leaves an 
 open space, which is the air chamber of the egg. These are only protections of the 
 egg, and are formed last upon it. In the interior of the egg we have a round ball of 
 yolk which is suspended in the egg by two cords of somewhat harder albumen than 
 that which surrounds the yolk. These two cords keep the yolk so suspended in the 
 egg that whatever position you give the egg, certain parts always remain uppermost. 
 You may open any number of eggs, and you will always find that a little white speck 
 stares you in the face. You may turn the egg as you please, but that little speck will 
 always be uppermost. This is owing to the fact that the yolk is heavier in one por- 
 tion and lighter in another, and that it may swing upon the two strings of albumen 
 by which it is suspended. This speck, called blastoderm by embryologists, is the part 
 from which the young chick is developed when the egg is brought under proper con- 
 ditions of temperature, etc. 
 
 As to the albumen, or white, it is not one mass ; it consists of a number of lay- 
 ers ; and when you boil an egg so that the whole is hardened, it is easy to see that it 
 peels off in these layers, which are deposited one after another. Now such an egg has 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 45 
 
 a history. It does not begin to be an egg of that size ; it doco not begin with having a 
 shell ; it does not begin with having these membranes within the shell ; it does not 
 begin with having the white around the yolk. There is a time when the egg has 
 neither shell nor these membranes, nor the white, but when the whole egg is yolk; and 
 you may find such eggs in the organ called the ovary, in which the eggs are produced. 
 
 If we look carefully at the ovary of the hen, we find that it contains a variety 
 of eggs. It has eggs which have attained to their full size — they are about the size of 
 a small walnut — it may contain a certain number of these — but by the side of these 
 large yolks there are smaller yolks of various dimensions, and if you will examine 
 minutely you will soon see that there are those which, at the distance you are from 
 me, you could not see at all, even if I represented them magnified a great many times ; 
 and you gradually, by learning to watch more and more closely, detect among this 
 mass of eggs which are readily visible others which are less and less distinct to the 
 eye ; and if you take a magnifying glass you find that there are others which had 
 escaped your eye when you had no magnifying power to help you ; and if you use 
 higher and higher power you begin to find that there are more and more of these 
 eggs, which loom up to your eye in proportion as you use a higher power of the 
 microscope. It is like the starry heavens, where you have stars of first, second, fourth 
 . and tenth magnitude, some of which are visible to the naked eye, and others only 
 through the telescope of our observatories. Yet all these small specks in the ovary, in. 
 visible to the naked eye, are bona fide eggs. As soon as one of the full grown 
 yolks drops, to be taken up through the oviduct, and to be surrounded by albumen 
 and then by shell, another grows larger, and when all those which are at any 
 moment of full size have been laid, they are followed by another crop, and crop 
 after crop comes to the surface of the organ, ready to be laid in succession. If 
 you watch their growth, it is easy to see that each one passes into the condition 
 of the eggs higher in size by a process of increase which is similar to 
 the process by which a young animal grows to acquire the dimensions of an adult. 
 Nobody now doubts that these small granules scattered through the ovary are really 
 eggs in their incipient condition. 
 
 How do they look when examined under the microscope — say under a micro- 
 scope magnifying two hundred and fifty times the diameter — an egg, therefore, which 
 could not be seen by any human eye ? You magnify it, as I have said, two hundred 
 and fifty times, and you will see that that €gg is a sphere, which you may, with the 
 microscope magnify to look as large as a full grown yolk. It is then perfectly trans- 
 parent, as if it were full of a uniform fluid. Tike water ; but at some places on the side 
 it has a little vesicle, a little bag, which is also transparent, and may only be seen 
 under skillful management ; in this again still another which appears Hke a small dot. 
 Now, you examine an egg a little larger than that, and you will perceive that in it the 
 fluid mass is obscured slightly by small dots. If you apply the highest power of the 
 microscope to these dots you very soon find that they are not solid granules, but that 
 they are hollow vesicles which in their turn, produce other granules within them- 
 selves, so that the growth of an egg is in fact the enlargement of little granule-like 
 masses of animal substance which are transformed into bag-like bodies within which 
 the same process is repeated over and over again. These little granules inside, as the 
 whole egg grows larger, burst and scatter their contents throughout it ; and the egg, 
 from perfectly white, becomes slightly tinged with yellow and finally grows more and 
 more opaque, and, when the yolk has acquired its fiill size and is ready to drop, it is 
 really an opaque mass, but consisting throughout of these minute granules. 
 
46 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Woman's Work With Poultry 
 
 Mrs. C. P. Goodrich. Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 We very often hear the question discussed : " Can a woman do the necessary 
 work in the care of poultry, and make a success of the business ? " I am sure she 
 can ; but I think it is much better for two to be engaged in the work than for one to 
 work alone. Two people, be they man and woman, two men, or two women, can 
 accomplish better results by working together than could either one by his or herself. 
 This is an age of specializing, and the one who can do some one thing better than 
 some one else, is the one who is going to make the greatest success of his or her special 
 work. This is as true in the poultry business as in any other occupation in which 
 one may be engaged. 
 
 Mr. D. D. Weaver, of Fostoria, Ohio, came to Elmira in February, 1911, and after a careful study of the Philo 
 
 System in operation under the care of the originator, he decided to start a plant of his own. He gave an 
 
 order for a large number of Brooder Coops and of the Adjustable Coops, with directions that they 
 
 should be painted white, as he intended to call his plant " The White House Poultry Farm." This 
 
 picture gives a bird's eye vi6w of the plant as he started it. 
 
 One may excel in some one thing that the other cannot do passably well. For 
 instance one may have the ability of caring for and starting baby chicks for the first 
 few weeks of their life. This may seem of little consequence, and you may think it 
 very easy, but it is one of the most important and difficult of all things to do in the rais- 
 ing of chickens.. Another might be fitted to take the chicks after they are four, five or 
 six weeks old, and grow them to maturity faster and better tha^ the other can. One may 
 have a fine eye for detecting a very good bird at an early age, and so be able to cull the 
 flock much sooner, which is a great advantage when one is selecting broilers, and 
 does not wish to make the mistake of killing an usually fine cockerel or pullet which, 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 47 
 
 if full grown, would bring a good many dollars. Still another may. be capable of 
 handling the advertising and correspondence more successfully. And one may dress 
 a fowl and have it look much better than you could, even though you took all the 
 pains in the world with your work ; and you know it is the nicest looking fowls that 
 " bring the highest prices. And so on down the line ; every branch of poultry work may^ 
 be made a specialty. I do not mean to infer that there should be some one person tO' 
 perform each duty mentioned, but I do mean just this, that " two heads are better 
 than one," and the work could be so arranged that each one would have the work best 
 suited to him, and in which he could excel his partner. Besides there is much to be 
 gained by the hearty, co-operation of two people ; it means that you have someone 
 that is just as much interested as you to talk things over, and discuss new and puzzling 
 problems which are sure to confront one, some one to lend a helping hand when you 
 are most in need of help. There is also that bond of friendship, that feeling of " we " 
 which makes tHe loyal partner anxious to do his part well for the other's good as well 
 as his own. 
 
 I know two young women, daughters of clergymen, educated, refined, neither 
 of them particularly robust, but rather inclined to be delicate ; yet these two young 
 girls, in the face of strong opposition from their families, and absolutely no encour- 
 agement from anyone, have established themselves firmly in the poultry world. One 
 of the girls keeps house, cooks, feeds chickens, takes care of the incubators, and 
 doesn't neglect to tell a laughable story, when the spirits of her running mate are 
 drooping. This was often necessary during their first year's experience in the poultry 
 business on a broiler plant, and I doubt not the story was often told when the cheery 
 girl had to struggle to keep back the tears. The other dear girl, the smaller of the 
 two, is one of the daintiest, pluckiest little women one would care to see. She is the 
 carpenter, builds all the coops, saws, hammers, planes, and uses her tools in a way 
 that shows she knows how. Together they handle their correspondence and look 
 after the business end. They are rapidly coming to the front, and have demonstrated 
 the fact beyond a doubt that women can carry on a poultry business, and do all the 
 work as well as a man, 
 
 Mr. Better is Sattsfied With Results From Philo Coops and Fireless Brooders, 
 
 Allentown, Penna., May 29, 1911, 
 The Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen : Some months ago I sent for your book on raising poultry and it 
 was duly received. I was well pleased with contents of same. I had at that time 
 sixty chicks, that were hatched January 27, in a heated brooder which was not giving 
 me satisfaction as in former years. Temperature was all right but moisture accumu- 
 lated on walls and roof to such an extent a person could scrape it off with his finger. 
 Changed position of brooder several times in yard, thinking I might remedy it. but to 
 no avail. 
 
 Got busy after receiving your book and built an Economy Coop with fireless 
 hover, and put 58 chicks into it. Lost 7 in two nights through being overcrowded, ■ 
 until built second coop, when I divided them, and raised every one, and at this writing 
 have pullets laying, which is certainly remarkable considering breed, (Barred Rocks.) 
 First pullet laid when exactly 113 days old and laid two eggs, on alternate days, folr 
 lowed by five eggs on five successive days. Now others are laying, and around this 
 locality people can hardly believe it, pullets so young and laying, but my plant is open 
 for inspection and they can come and watch if they are skeptical. 
 
48 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 At present have nine Economy Coops and am building them as fast as I can in 
 my spare moments, when not at my daily work. Next spring intend launching into 
 business on a large scale, and I know success is sure, as without faithful attention a 
 person can have no success in the poultry business. I have so many visitors on Sun- 
 days, sometimes I get tired showing them around. Will send you a picture of place 
 when I have it all finished, for it certainly looks fine, as my yard is on a slope and I 
 leveled it in tiers with one row six inches higher than the other. I had been using 
 hciated brooders for the last ten years, but fireless are the coming brooders. 
 
 You can publish this if you feel so inclined, and if it will be of interest to the 
 subscribers of Poultry Review, will write an article for publication on " How I Feed 
 My Pullets to Lay in Less Than Four Months.'' 
 
 Wishing you success, I remain. Respectfully, 
 
 Alexander Beiter, 951 No. Fifth St. 
 
 What I Saw at Philo's Own Plant 
 
 An Account of a Summer Trip to the Home Plant of E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y., Originator of the 
 
 Philo System of Poultry Keeping 
 By W. L.JANSENln the Standard and Poultry World 
 
 I have been interested in chickens since boyhood, but I was never able to keep 
 poultry on account of lack of space. I saw the Philo System book advertised and I 
 sent for one. After reading it I decided I could keep chickens by following this plan. 
 
 I sent for one of their Winter Colony Coops, an incubator, a cockerel and four 
 White Orpington pullets. I received my outfit about February 1st this year. I now 
 have the old birds and eighty-three youngsters of various ages. 
 
 In planning my summer vacation trip I decided to spend a couple of days in 
 Elmira and see the plant. After dinner at the hotel I took the street car to the Philo 
 plant and was impressed with it. To the south of the main buildings there were some 
 300 coops with over 3,000 chickens of various ages. In the incubator house were 58 
 incubators. 
 
 I saw a number of students taking the Philo course. They came from all over 
 the country, from far away Utah, Virginia, Colorado, etc. All were very enthusiastic. 
 
 Mr. Philo is as fine a man as I ever met. He was very busy, but found time to 
 talk to me and tell me all about his plant. He gave me lots of information, of which 
 he is chuck full. He sent me to his house, or original plant, where he has his finest 
 fowls. 
 
 I was introduced to Mr. Goodrich and went over to see his Philo System plant. 
 He had several hundred chickens, and 72 incubators in his cellar. Mrs. Goodrich was 
 just as enthusiastic. 
 
 The first six months of 1910 Mr. Philo was unable to supply orders for baby 
 chicks, even after taking all Mr. Goodrich hatched in addition to what were hatched 
 at the institute. 
 
 They ship incubators all over the world. I saw eggs and baby chicks going 
 everywhere in^ijie United States. Everybody about the plant was pleasant and cour- 
 teous, and thinksTtik„Ehilo the finest man ever happened. I enjoyed my trip and 
 hope to go again. \ 
 
 (Editorial Note: iMr. Jansen is the Vice-President of the Quincy Poultry, 
 Pigeon and Pet Stock Association, and assistant cashier of the Mercantile Bank here. 
 He is a warm friend of the Philo System, and his trip to Elmira, which he relates as 
 a banker does, in few words much to the point, has made him believe in it more than 
 ever. It's a system everyone can profit by understanding.) 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 49 
 
 A Model Poultry Farm 
 
 Ira A. South, of Slewartsville, Demonstrates What Can be Done in a Small Space in Chicken 
 
 Culture 
 From The Call, PhilUpsburg, N. J. 
 
 A " Call " representative with a number of Phillipsburgers spent last Sunday at 
 Stewartsville, N. J., and during the day we were taken to the chicken farm of Mr. Ira 
 A. South, at that place. Had the gentlemen known that in the party was a news- 
 paperman who blabs everything he sees and hears, perhaps we should not have re- 
 ceived the welcome he accorded us. But we are told that hospitality and a hearty 
 reception are two of the reasons why so many visitors are seen at the South poultry 
 farm. 
 
 Mr. South is a devotee of the Philo system of chicken culture, and what he has 
 accomplished on a small plot of ground is a revelation to behold. We were shown 
 pen after pen of fine, healthy White Wyandottes and Leghorns, all from registered 
 stock, and as beautiful birds as one would care to see. These strains seem to be a 
 specialty at this well appointed ," chickering." During the course of our stay Mr. 
 South modestly displayed a number of prize ribbons, trophies awarded him at various 
 poultry shows. 
 
 " The secret of the success of Philo's system of housing," said Mr. South, " is 
 ventilation and temperature, the latter of which is determined and regulated naturally 
 by a given number of square feet for each feathered occupant of the coop, which is 
 so constructed that in winter the natural heat of the chickens keeps the pen at the 
 proper temperature. This is one of the chief considerations if you wish to get eggs 
 ■when they are bringing forty-five and fifty cents per dozen." 
 
 We were shown brooders and incubators in operation, the latter of which have 
 a capacity of eight hundred eggs. A short time after the hatch the chicks are placed 
 in a Philo pen and there left to thrive. Six or seven hens and one cock occupy each 
 pen, which has automatic feeding and watering devices, and is fitted with glass win- 
 dows, screen doors and hinged roof, insuring perfect ventilation and temperature in 
 all kinds of weather. 
 
 By this method the ground space required for each fowl is about three square 
 feet, and a glance at several of the nests, each well filled with freshly-laid eggs, was 
 ample evidence that the hen that runs about freely is not the only egg producer. 
 
 In the care of this feathered community Mr. South has the co-operation of his 
 industrious wife, who seems to get as much pleasare out of the work as does her hus- 
 band. They are pleased to show visitors their achievements, and what can be accom- 
 plished if one has eighteen or twenty square feet available at the rear of his yard. 
 
 "Grow— I Never Saw Anything Like It!" 
 
 Onset, Mass., Sept. 26, 1909. 
 :Mr. Philo, 
 
 Dear Sir : I sent to you last Spring for your book and thought, I would try 
 one sitting and see what I could do, and I got nine chicks, and J never lost one, and 
 not one has ever had a thing the matter with it. But grow— I never saw anything 
 like it ! They are now five months old, and the roosters will go over six pounds, and 
 the pullets five ; when they were ten weeks old they weighed three pounds, four 
 ounces. I did not weigh them when they were eight weeks old, I forgot to do so, but 
 after I began to weigh them one rooster gained eight ounces, and one nine ounces in 
 one week. Mrs. C. F. Marshall. 
 
50 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 "I Knew Nothing About Chickens, and Was Willing to Sit at the 
 Feet of Some One Who Did " 
 
 By Miss R. S. Barter. 
 
 Elmira, N. Y., July 2, 1911. 
 There was a time when double-entry and the routine of a great business office 
 were more familiar to me than rearing baby chicks, when a high stool and stifling 
 atmosphere were preferable to kneeling on the bare earth handling animated bits of 
 down and feathers, and breathing God's out-of-doors. It took two years of insistence 
 on the part of a medical man before I would go a few blocks from my home to visit 
 the poultry plant of Mrs. H. J. Burt, and inquire into the Philo System of breeding 
 poultry. I went one September day and was so delighted with the appearance of the 
 rows of brooder coops and their busy occupants, set in avenues of sunflowers, planted 
 for shade and later on for seed, that I invested in a pen of her choicest breeding stock 
 
 This is another view of the plant of Mr. Weaver, of Fostoria, Ohio, with the coops facing the north during the 
 
 summer. The raised lids cut off the rays of the sun during the hottest part of the day, and, being wide 
 
 open, there is always plenty of fresh air and good ventilation. It is only the work of a moment to 
 
 lower them at night, or before a shower. 
 
 of White Orpih^ons. Poultry Journals had not been included in my line of reading ; 
 all chickens up to fR^ime had looked alike to me, and no one advised me in buying 
 the best stock that I was Tfaking the first approved step in the poultry business, but I 
 bought that pen of birds ¥rom an innate love of good things. Then I visited the 
 Philo Institute and bought a book. I started in unhampered and unprejudiced, 
 with no fads or pet ideas as to how things should be done. I knew nothing about 
 chickens, and was willing to sit at the feet of someone who did. I was determined 
 to try no experiments, but to profit by those of others, a determination that has 
 
• MAKING POULTRY PAY 51 
 
 not been abandoned, and to it I attribute success in using the System. Since then 
 I have run the whole gamut of experiences, from helping a baby chick out of an 
 unfriendly shell, bathing his feet, and administering hot pepperniint when he assumes 
 that humped-up appearance that to the experienced eye denotes that that chick, if 
 left to his own devices, will soon be only a sojourner and stranger, as many of his fathers 
 were, to assisting at the operation for crop-bound on one of my choicest breeders. 
 
 When I bought the pen of breeding stock, my dealer presented me with three 
 day-old chicks, hatched on the thirtieth of September, with the injunction that the , 
 care of them was to be the foundation of future poultry experience. And it was. 
 Blissfully unconscious of what was in store for me, I accepted the gift, but since then, 
 in journeyings often (to the little brooder) in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, 
 (that never materialized) in perils in the city, (I am a city lot holder) in weariness and 
 painfulnesSj in watchings often, have I learned that the breeding of winter chicks is 
 not exectly a gala holiday. It is safe to say that a person with no previous knowledge 
 of the work who has the perseverance successfully to carry through a breed of winter 
 chicks, nursing them through leg-weakness and the other ills, in a climate where 
 the bottom sometimes falls out of the thermometer, has some peculiar adaptability 
 for the work. 
 
 The three chicks proved to be cockerels and were Philo-bred to the letter. They 
 were placed on the ground at once, and they worked in their three-feet square of 
 earth in all weathers. One of them was shipped to Atlanta, Ga., and brought me my 
 first return for my investment, barring the eggs sold from my breeding pen. Another, 
 so unfortunate as not to conform to type, was handed over with tears to the execu- 
 tioner, and the third, the choicest of the lot, is now a man of family in one of my own 
 pens, and his chicks, pronounced by experienced dealers to be the finest seen this 
 season, will be ready to set up housekeeping for themselves in the fall. 
 
 This experience with the three chicks has been the least interesting that I have 
 had, but I mention it because I demonstrated to my own satisfaction, at least, that 
 anyone with suflScient common sense and judgment can apply the principles of the 
 Philo System to as difiicult a branch of the work as the breeding of winter chicks, and 
 secure the results the originator claims for it. But common sense is as useful a factor 
 here as anywhere. I have heard of a woman who took twenty baby chicks and 
 placed them on the frozen earth of a brooder and abandoned them to their fate, not 
 waiting to see if they would find their way unhelped into their hover, with the result 
 that the greater number were frozen to death. Philo said that chicks should work in 
 the earth, and she simply put them there. 
 
 A too liberal interpretation of any set of rules often leads to grief, as witness 
 Epaminondas, who when warned by his mammy to be careful how he stepped on the 
 mince pies, calculated the distance to a nicety and landed in the middle of every one. 
 
 Text Books of the Correspondence Course are Giving Satisfaction. 
 
 5335 Burgess Ave., Indianapolis, Ind., July 3, 1911. 
 Philo National Poultry Institute, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sirs : I now have the ten Text-books of your Correspondence Course and 
 they form an important part of my library of Poultry Literature. 
 
 Am giving close study and find the information and instruction contained in them 
 very complete, and satisfactory. 
 
 Your work in the field of Poultry Culture is certainly doing much for the in- 
 dustry. Respectfully, B. C. Sherrick. 
 
52 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Satisfactory Results Obtained From Using the Philo System in Florida. 
 
 Crescent Beach, Fla., June 4, 1911. 
 Cycle Hatcher Co., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen : On the 7th of last November, I received my birds, coops and incubators 
 from you, and thinking it may be of interest to you, will write a short history of my 
 winter's work. 
 
 I started with 21 breeders, took my first hatch off December 31. Out of the first 
 46 White Orpingtons hatched, had only one cockerel. Up to May 4, when I left off in- 
 cubating, I had hatched 1,165 chicks, sold 50 and have 1,034 nice, live chicks, ranging 
 
 A portion of J. A. Jackson's poultry farm at Crescent Beach, Florida, where natural conditions are favorable 
 
 for growing the finest poultry. ■ His soil is composed largely of crumbled shell, furnishing 
 
 an abundant supply of lime and grit 
 
 from four weeks to five months and all raised by the Philo System. My oldest pullets 
 laid in four months and twenty-two days and up to date have received 55 eggs from 
 them. 
 
 I am sending you a photo of my plant, which I have named the " Crescent 
 Beach Poultry Farm." It speaks for itself and gives evidence of the satisfactory re- 
 sults to be obtained from the Philo method of poultry raising. 
 
 Very truly yours, J. Addison Jackson. . 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 53 
 
 Proper Feeding Necessary for Getting Eggs That Will Hatch 
 
 It has been many years since we learned that fertile eggs cannot always be 
 hatched, and it seems strange to us that many of our best educated poultry keepers 
 still think that unless every fertile egg produces a chicken the process of incubation 
 has not been properly carried out. 
 
 The fertility of an egg is simply the germ of life. When brought into activity 
 by the process of heating in incubation, the purpose for which it was designed has 
 been attained, and the development of the chicken from the very moment the germ 
 is transformed into a living embryo is carried on only by the food supplied within the 
 egg. Unless the food has the necessary elements to nourish the delicate embryo, its 
 life will be of but short duration. The quality of the food within the egg is governed 
 only by the quality of food supplied the hen. The food given the hen may be of a 
 nature to supply the food in the egg with the necessary ingredients to start the growth 
 of the embryo for a week or more, yet there may be food elements lacking to grow a 
 perfect chicken, and the process of development will not continue to the end. 
 
 In ninety-nine cases out of every hundred where the poultry keeper is unable to 
 hatch a good percentage of the eggs set, and raise nearly all the chicks hatched, to 
 maturity, the trouble can be traced directly to improper feeding for the production of 
 the eggs. The time required to correct the system of feeding will depend upon the 
 former feeding and the age of the hens. Pullets or young hens respond more quickly 
 to correct feeding than do older hens. When the feeding has not been greatly lack- 
 ing in bulky food the results from a better system of feeding may be noted in two or 
 more weeks after making the change. 
 
 Small leaves of white clover, either green or dried, will improve conditions in 
 the shortest space of time. Sprouted oats are probably the next best food and they 
 can be supplied with but little trouble at any season of the year. 
 
 A Varying Temperature Not Harmful to Incubation 
 
 It is a mistaken idea that eggs, to be well incubated, should be subjected to a 
 temperature not varying a fraction of a degree. We know for a fact that a variation 
 of a few degrees, say from 100 to 105 degrees every twenty-four hours, will give a bet- 
 ter hatch and stronger chicks than is possible to get when the temperature never 
 varies from 103 degrees. 
 
 When incubating eggs by artificial means we cannot do better than to follow 
 nature's laws, and in so doing we shall find it necessary to provide a slightly varying 
 temperature. 
 
 The heat supplied by the hen will vary at least three degrees every twenty-four 
 hours and besides, the eggs that come in contact with the body of the hen will be 
 supplied a higher temperature than those in the edge of the nest, which get their, sup- 
 ply of heat largely by coming in contact with the eggs next to the hen's body, and the 
 only possible way by which the eggs can be incubated under the hen is in changing 
 their position in the nest several times daily that every egg may come in contact with 
 hen's body at least three times every twenty-four hours. This is also the reason why 
 eggs in incubators should be turned more than is generally recommended by the 
 manufacturers of incubators. Besides bringing all the eggsunder exactly the same con- 
 ditions many times during the day, it strengthens the growing chicken by changing 
 its position in the egg, providing the exercise to develop it into a perfect specimen, 
 thereby preventing the deformities common when eggs sfe turned but once or twice 
 daily. 
 
54 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 After Using the Philo System Two Years in Nebraska, Mr. Lyman has 
 Transferred His Plant to California 
 
 Encinitas, California, June 17, ,1911. 
 Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gents : After using the Philo System for six months, I took a little vacation 
 and went from Lincoln, Nebraska to Elmira, N. Y., just to see the original plant and 
 
 the new one; also to learn a little 
 more about the system, but found 
 after spending ten days at the plant 
 that outside of seeing the actual 
 plant, the Philo System Book ex- 
 plains nearly everything that you 
 can learn at the plant unless you 
 take a course at the school. 
 
 I have used the Philo System 
 nearly two years and find it, to 
 my knowledge, the best way of rais- 
 nig and keeping chickens that there 
 is, even to the use of the Cycle 
 Hatchers which I don't believe can 
 be surpassed as an incubator. 
 
 And to prove my statements, will 
 say that at the Nebraska State 
 Show, held January, 1911, in a class 
 of nearly 100 Black Orpingtons, I 
 carried off the honors by 1st and 4th 
 cock, 1st, 4th and 5th hen, 1st, 2nd, 
 3rd and 4th cockerel, 4th and 5th pul- 
 let, and 1st and 4th pen, also the " Loving Cup," awarded for the best exhibit in the Eng. 
 lish Class, all in less than two years, done by the Philo System. The birds are now 
 at Encinitas, California, in the land of sunshine and flowers. Yours truly, 
 
 Hal C. Lyman. 
 
 TJiis is one of the Black Orpingtons that won the prizes for 
 
 Hal C. Lyman at the Nebraska State Show in January, 
 
 1911. Mr. Lyman is an enthusiastic user of the Philo 
 
 System, having made a personal study of it at Mr. 
 
 , Philo's Plant in Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Notes From a Chicken Crank 
 
 Btj C. H. BURNETT. St. John, N. B., Canada, in American Poultry Advocate 
 
 I have been breeding and keeping poultry intermittently from my youth up, 
 some twenty-five years or thereabouts. 
 
 This year has been my first experience with an incubator. I live in the city 
 where yard room is scant, so cannot keep fowls in large numbers as I would like, and 
 have always depended on the old hen or a nearby farmer to supply me with my win. 
 ter layers. When I saw the Philo System advertised I bought the book and was im- 
 pressed by some of the radical and new views there presented. I resolved to try rais- 
 ing my chickens by artificial means and bought a Cycle hatcher and installed it with 
 fifty eggs on March 15th. 
 
 The eggs used were from my own flock, which consisted of nine pure bred Buff 
 Orpingtons and fourteen mixed breeds of pullets hatched last year, and a pure bred 
 Buff Orpington cock. These pullets had been laying well since December and I 
 doubted if eggs would prove fertile from so large a flock with one cock. 
 
 When I tested the egg? the second week, six proved infertile. On April 4th I 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 55 
 
 heard the first " peep," and my heart thumped with excitement. I had never run an 
 incubator or seen chickens hatched this way before and I was naturally anxious to 
 see how I would succeed. The next day several eggs were pipped and the " peeps " 
 were numerous and insistent. 
 
 The machine was brought from the cellar to the dining room and carefully 
 watched. 
 
 After tea time on April 5th, several chickens were out, and although the books 
 .say you must not open your machine, I could not resist the temptation just to take a 
 look. My fireless brooder was in readiness in a cozy corner of the room, well bedded 
 with cut clover. That night I awoke often and about two o'clock the next morning I 
 got up and looked again. 
 
 When I opened the machine it seemed alive with fluffy little creatures tumbling 
 over each other and broken egg shells. 
 
 I lifted 26 little fellows, which were nicely dried, into the brooder and left the 
 machine till morning. The result of the hatch was 42 chickens hatched from 46 
 fertile eggs, and I raised 36 of them. 
 
 They were kept in the dining-room for about three days and then were removed 
 to the brooder coop, which set upon the ground outdoors ; and, although the weather 
 was cold for the season and we had many rain and snow storms, I had little difficulty 
 in raising them without heat. The Philo System is all right, but common sense m us 
 be mixed with the treatment of the fowls. 
 
 On June 2nd, when the first hatcl;i of chickens were just eight weeks old, I sold 
 ten cockerels undressed for $1.00 per pair. They weighed 22 pounds or an average of 
 over 2 pounds each. 
 
 At this date (Sept. 18th) I have 16 fine pullets whose combs are reddening, and a 
 neighbor mistook them for grown hens. The feed consisted of wheat bran and mid- 
 dlings, cracked corn and oats, and sprouted oats, with plenty of grit, ground bone and 
 cut clover. ' ■ 
 
 Very Encouraging Results With Philo System in South Dakota 
 
 P. O. Box No. 356, Rapid City, South Dakota, Jan. 9, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : I thought I would drop you a few lines, in which I will relate our 
 experience with your System of Progressive Poultry Keeping. A little over a year 
 ago, my wife and I became interested in poultry. We purchased some mixed stock 
 and started in under the old system of poultry keeping, that is, with an ordinary 
 house and large yard for the fowls to run in. We soon saw it didn't pay to bother 
 with anything but good stock, so When spring opened up, we got some good Leghorn 
 eggs, from which we hatched 14 pullets and 9 cockerels. 
 
 I'saw your ad in a paper about confining fowls to a 3x6 coop, 24 inches deep. I 
 asked some about it, and every one said it didn't look reasonable. Well, I got hold 
 of a poultry journal in which there was an article written about your System, also 
 giving or showing cuts of your Economy Coops. Then I sent for your book on Pro- 
 gressive Poultry Keeping and made a Brooder Coop from common lumber 12 inches 
 wide. I made it 3 feet wide, 6 feet long and 12 inches deep. Then I got some cheese 
 boxes from which I made the hovers. 
 
 April 23, 1910, two hens hatched 25 White Leghorn chicks. We took the chick- 
 ens from the hens and put them in the cheese box hover. We then put this in the 
 Brooder Coop. Well, it worked fine and they were in the fireless brooder during some 
 very cold, wet, chilly days. It was a surprise to every one who saw them. Out of 
 
56 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 the 25 chickens hatched we raised 23, fourteen of these being pullets and nine cock- 
 erels, which we sold for friers. 
 
 When the pullets were two months old I made two Economy Coops out of 
 nicely matched lumber and put seven pullets in each coop. One of these White Leg- 
 horn pullets began to lay one day before she was five months old and the 14 laid 40 
 eggs before they were six months old. For the month of November, 1910, we received 
 eleven dozen eggs from th^ 14 pullets. This may sound big to some but we can prove 
 what we say. , 
 
 Some say your System is best adapted for heavy breeds, but could a heavy 
 breed beat this ? Altogether we raised one hundred chickens under your System last 
 summer. 
 
 IJiave read and heard so much about the Famous White Orpingtons that I have 
 always wanted to purchase a pen of them. But I have been able to get a pen of the 
 Buff Orpingtons consisting of 5 hens and a cockerel. These are confined in one of 
 your Winter Colony Coops, and I must say it makes a nice house, as it gives the fowls 
 a 3x6 dirt yard downstairs and the second story for their laying and roosting room. 
 I keep a good litter on this floor, also their drinking vessel and bran trough. They 
 feel right at home and are laying every day. This year we hope to be able to raise 
 some nice Buff Orpingtons and White Leghorns and I must say the Leghorns in our 
 coops are very tame. They are a surprise to everyone who sees them. The Orping- 
 tons are very quiet and make good fowls to handle in this System. 
 
 Our Philo plant consists of three Economy Coops and one Winter Colony Coop, 
 making four coops in all, which give us a good start in the Philo System. 
 
 We are doing all we can to boost it out here. Our plant is open at all times to 
 anyone's inspection. Yours respectfully, N. W. Caldwell. 
 
 Miss Hard's Investment Earned 22 per cent, the First Year. She Also 
 
 Regained Her Health. 
 
 Westminster, Mass., April 21, 1911. 
 To Philo Institute : 
 
 Am forwarding to you answers to lessons three to six inclusive. Have still 
 lessons seven and eight to prepare, but have run short of paper. Wish to thank you 
 for your approval of lessons one and two and trust these may be equally satisfactory. 
 . Am certainly enjoying the work, and find the lessons of great value in many ways. 
 
 My year's work with poultry has been most interesting, and there is certainly 
 nothing monotonous about it. Find that in spite of my mistakes and misfortunes, 
 the money invested has earned twenty-two per cent. 
 
 There is also one asset on which I cannot place a money value, for money can- 
 not purchase it ; am referring to my health. Have been perfectly well this winter for 
 for the first time since a severe attack of grippe which left me a nervous invalid. Pro- 
 vided myself with arctics, slicker and helmet and have taken care of my coops every 
 day this winter. The only help I have required was twice a week when they were 
 thoroughly cleaned. 
 
 The health of my fowls has been as good as my own, and they have given me 
 great pleasure. My pullets' eggs gave me a fifty percent hatch the last time and the 
 chicks are doing finely. 
 
 Many of my neighbors are losing their chicks, but the Galvanized Brooders and 
 Brooder Coops are surely ideal for raising chickens, and keep them comfortable in 
 the most trying kind of weather. 
 
 Have many visitors to see my little plant, and take great pleasure in showing 
 the Philo Coops and appliances, and also my beautiful fowls. 
 
 Very truly, (Miss) Frances Hard. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 57 
 
 "Have Tried Free Range, But Have Concluded Better Results Can be 
 Accomplished With Close Confinement" 
 
 South Britain, Conn., June 10, 1911. 
 Mr. E. R. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : No doubt you would like to hear how I have progressed of late with 
 the Philo System. Well, I am more convinced than ever that it is all you claim it to 
 be. 
 
 Since I last wrote you, I have rented 
 a farm and raise about all the feed for 
 about 108 breeding hens, 2 horses, 2 
 cows and 4 head of young cattle. The 
 ads. in the Poultry Review bring me 
 more orders than I can fill. 
 
 I have tried free range for the poultry 
 this season but have concuded better 
 results can be accomplished with close 
 confinement. 
 
 As the owner of this place intends to 
 occupy it next year, I will have to move, 
 so I have decided to buy a small place 
 somewhere. No more factory work 
 for mine, as I can do better with poul- 
 ti*y the Philo way. 
 
 I am a boiler-maker by trade. My 
 average salary at that was $26.00 a 
 week. 
 
 When I started in the poultry business, the best advice I got was to get as good 
 stock as possible to start with. I did the best I could, but if it hadn't been for the 
 little book, " Philo System of Progressive Poultry Keeping," I don't believe I would be 
 in the poultry business to-day. Very truly yours, A. E. Nelson, Prop., 
 
 Golden Rule Poultry Farm. 
 
 This pu lun -how-i put ot iht pKiut cil Mr Nulson, South 
 Britain., Conn., who began using the Philo System 
 nearly three years ago, and who has found it so valu- 
 able that he continues to use it, as shown in various 
 letters, the most recent of which is the first of 
 the three here given. 
 
 Tivo Other Earlier Reports From Mr. Nelson 
 
 A Very Successful Season. 
 
 This has been a very successful season for me, but I will have to give the Philo 
 System the credit for most of it ; of course I didn't put two or three chicks in a brooder, 
 give them ten or fifteen cents worth of feed and not see to them any more for eight 
 weeks, and then find two pound broilers; neither did I lie awake nights for fear the 
 lamp would go out. 
 
 But this is what I did ; I hatched them mostly in the Cycle hatcher ; at hatching 
 time I took them out as fast as dry, two or three at a time. One party who knows 
 it all about poultry was to see me one day when the hatch came off ; when he saw me 
 take the first ones out, he said the rest would never hatch, but that was where I got 
 him, for I got 46 chicks, every fertile egg, having tested out 5 out of 51. 
 
 As soon as they are strong enough to stand and run around, which is about twelve 
 hours after the last one comes out, I take the brooder out in the Brooder coop, sprinkle 
 
58 
 
 MAKING POULTRY 'PAY 
 
 a little hard boiled egg crumbled ; in about 20 minutes I look at them again ; if they 
 look comfortable I let them go a little longer, but if they huddle into a bunch, I put 
 themba ck in the brooder and then my wife tends to them again in about two or three 
 hours. We seldom have to show them more than once or twice. A. E. Nelson 
 
 P. S. I always keep the hatcher in a warm room at hatching time. A. E. N. 
 
 Pleased With the Philo System 
 
 Enclosed you will find two photos, which I send to show my appreciation of what 
 you have done for me. The Philo System is the only way to raise chickens as far as 
 I know. Some time ago I got your book, and now am a subscriber to The Poultry 
 Review which is the best poultry paper I know of, and I take six others. 
 
 I have followed your system as closely as I could, and the result is a complete suc- 
 cess. If there 
 can be any 
 improvement 
 on nature, 
 your brooder 
 is it. I got a 
 Cycle hatcher 
 sometime ago 
 and am going 
 to get six 
 more soon. 
 From 43 eggs 
 I got36 chicks, 
 took them out 
 
 as soon as 
 hatched, they 
 are three 
 weeks old 
 now, and I 
 never saw a more uniform bunch. 
 
 The first experience I had with your system was last December. I hatched seven- 
 teen chicks under two hens and put them in one of your fireless brooders out of doors 
 as soon as hatched. When they were three months old Isold them at thirty-five cents 
 a pound. They then averaged two and one-half pounds each, and the party to whom 
 they were sold said they were the finest he ever saw, and will take all I can spare this 
 season. 
 
 I will say one thing more : Your way of mating and feeding is as valuable as the 
 rest ; I now have as healthy and vigorous a flock as ever lived, for which I thank you 
 very much. A. E. Nelson, So. Britain, Conn. 
 
 This picture of the Goodrich Hatchery shows how an ordinary house cellar may be utilized 
 for running a large number of Hatchers for your own eggs, or for doing a com- 
 mercial hatching business. There are 77 Cycle Hatchers in this cellar. 
 
 What Philo System Feeding has Done in Illinois 
 
 Sherrard, 111., July 24, 1911. 
 Poultry Review : Being a reader of your paper, noticed on cover of last issue 
 picture of three White Orpington cockerels that weighed 3 1-2 lbs. when 3 1-2 mos. 
 old ; so thought I would tell you about my Buff cockerels. I have three cockerels that 
 were hatched March 17th, and they now weigh 5 lbs. 10 oz. each. (Four months and 
 seven days old). They were fed by the Philo System. 
 
 Yours respectfully, Mrs. H. Irwin, Box 14. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 59 
 
 Systems of Housing Compared 
 
 Rev. E. B. Templer. Valley Falls, N. Y. 
 
 There has been so much discussion on the merits and demerits of the Philo 
 System of housing poultry, that I would like to give my testimony after using side by 
 side the two methods. 
 
 A year ago I constructed a long house 12x30 feet with which to do some experi- 
 mental work in connection with my poultry writings. This building was divided into 
 three parts by tight board partitions and solid doors. This was to act as a barrier to 
 
 draughts and the spreading 
 of contagious diseases, if 
 any were to get started. 
 The roosting arrangement 
 was made after the Cornell 
 plan with an air chamber 
 at the back of the platform 
 and over it, sd that the air 
 from without would be 
 warmed by the inside tem- 
 perature as it passed 
 through the outer boards 
 of the house. This worked 
 very well, and there was but 
 little frost in the coop 
 throughout the entire win- 
 ter. The front at the top 
 was opened across the en- 
 tire length of the house, 
 and muslin on frames 
 were swung so that they 
 could be opened or closed. 
 The width of this opening 
 was about 25 inches. The 
 other . house arrangements 
 were, made practically after 
 the ordinary plans for hous- 
 ing. While this house would 
 have kept possibly 75 
 birds, I divided my flock so that there were about 30 there during the breeding season. 
 I took about an equal number of birds and confined them in the Economy Coops in 
 order to note the comparative conditions. Some of these coops were home made and 
 some were direct from the Philo people. There was no slighting of one lot or the 
 other, and while they were good birds in both houses, or styles of house, it behooved 
 me to look after them to the best of my skill, as the birds were valuable. 
 
 Now I simply want to to sum up my experience in thematter inthis way. It took 
 a lot more litter to give the birds in the long house proper working material than in 
 the Economy Coops, and while that in the latter was changed more frequently, it 
 took less in the long run, and the litter side was in a much better condition. Then 
 again the birds in the Economy Coops had soft moist dirt to work in, which the other 
 
 Mr. E. J. Delamarter, Dow, Mich,, sends this picture, and calls it "Friday's 
 
 Luck." It shows the result of his first hatch with an incubator, which was 
 
 a Cycle Hatcher. The little home-made fireless brooder was made at a 
 
 cost of a few cents, and when placed inside a brooder coop, affords 
 
 ample protection for the young chicks. 
 
60 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 birds did not have. The birds in the Philo Coops kept in better condition on less 
 food than did the others, for their house was warmer, and at the same time as well 
 ventilated. I lost several birds in my long house from various causes, but none from 
 the small houses. The egg production was quite a bit better from the small coops 
 than from the large one, although all of my birds are noted layers and did remark- 
 ably well in both houses. The White Wyandottes which I have been breeding for 
 heavy egg production would lay well no matter where kept or what the conditions 
 were. 
 
 There may have been a little more work attached to the caring for the birds 
 in the smaller house, but it is so easy to get the habit of caring for the birds in a 
 methodical way that even this is not noticed. It is as easy to raise the cover of the 
 small coop as it is to open the door of the larger house. There is no more walking, 
 for you have to travel about so far in the long house anyway to get where the birds 
 are. If you have the small houses arranged in a convenient manner, you will leave 
 off caring for the birds just about where you commenced. You don't have to travel 
 way through the long house, which means time and effort. As to the storms in 
 winter making it inconvenient to care for the birds, I would say that anything that is 
 work means effort, and as you would have to get out in the storm to go to the long 
 house, what difference would worTting a little in the storm make ? 
 
 On the whole the Philo Coops have made wonderful records for me, and the 
 brooding of the chicks by this system cannot be beaten. There is no better way in 
 the world to brood chicks than in the Fireless Brooders and the small Brooder Coop. 
 It is simply ideal and all who try it will agree with me. If you want to try it out, get 
 a coop or two and make the start, and you will never regret it. 
 
 Laying Hens Should be Fed Correctly 
 
 Because of its general applicability and of its importance to poultry raisers, we 
 reproduce the substance of a letter written by Mr. Philo in answer to some questions 
 asked by a lady in Northern New York. 
 
 " In regard to raising chicks in a Brooder-house, I know personally that this can 
 be successfully done, as I have been through the experiment several times. It, how- 
 ever, requires a little more skill, and the treatment is not just like that given to the 
 chicks in the Brooder Coop out of doors. I am inclined to think that your principal 
 trouble is in feeding the stock from which you get your eggs for hatching ; that the 
 eggs do not contain enough protein food from which to hatch strong chicks, and to 
 give them a good start in life before they are old enough to get their nourishment 
 from the food given them. 
 
 We have found by experimenting the past few months that we have still better 
 success by increasing the amount of cut clover or alfalfa until more than half of the 
 noon mash is composed of this material. We run the alfalfa through a fine screen, 
 taking out about 50 per cent of the stalks or woody fiber, which is of but little account 
 as a poultry food. 
 
 Of course you know that the chick is formed almost entirely from the albumen, 
 or white of the egg, the yolk being practically unchanged until the day the chick 
 hatches. 
 
 Should the quality of the food in either the yolk or albumen not be up to stand- 
 ard, or deficient in protein, the results will not be satisfactory. It sometimes happens 
 that the feed is fairly good for the production of the white, or the albumen ; in that 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 61 
 
 case the chicks would hatch well, but the yolk not being of the proper quality for 
 food for them, they would be likely to weaken and drop before they could be nour- 
 ished by the food you furnish. 
 
 If, on the other hand, the white should be defective, the chick will grow and de- 
 velop in the egg until certain qualities of the albumen have been consumed, when it 
 will starve for lack of nourishment. 
 
 If you have an orchard, or shade trees near the house, it may be well to utilize it for your poultry plant during 
 
 the summei^! and if you use Philo Coops, you can easily move them to a sunny spot for winter. In this 
 
 picture of his plant, sent by M. C. Jester, of Cannonsville, N. Y., one can see how fine summer 
 
 conditions are secured by placing the coops under the trees. 
 
 This happens at any time during the period of incubation after about the fifth 
 day, and until time for the chicken to hatch. If the egg is fertile, even if it is 
 not supplied with proper food, the chick will grow about five days : then, as the food 
 requirements are greater for each succeeding day, the length of the chick's life will 
 dependaltogether on the quality of the food in the egg. This also has much to do 
 with the final hatching. If the egg is up to the standard in quality, and the chick 
 grows naturally until hatching time, it will always leave the shell without assistance, 
 and no moisture will need to be supplied. 
 
 From what we can learn from your letter I am almost positive that your trouble 
 is due to the feeding of the laying hens. In my own yard on William street we are 
 able to raise three chicks from every four eggs placed in the incubators. Some of the 
 hens in this yard are seven years old, and other younger hens are the seventh genera- 
 tion raised and confined in 3 by 6 feet coops. Thus you will see that if they have 
 proper care, and the work is thoroughly understood, there should be no difficulty in 
 getting even better results than we have been 5;etting in the past." 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 63 
 
 Our Experience With the Philo System 
 
 Editor Poultry Review : We Ijave noticed your request for letters along the 
 above lines. Our plant has won for itself a state-wide reputation because of its prac- 
 ticability and consequent success. 
 
 Our start was made with eighteen Leghorn chicks hatched in our cellar in Febru- 
 ary and put out of doors in an Economy Coop on the south side of the house the first 
 of March. The chicks grew like weeds despite temperature around zero until the 
 middle of the month. The little cockerels began crowing in their fourth week and 
 the entire brood matured at an early period. 
 
 As soon as we were satisfied that the Philo System was practical we purchased 
 three hundred day-old chicks from the best strains in Leghorns, Orpingtons and 
 Rhode Island Reds. They tiegan arriving in March and the last lot came the middle 
 of April. In June we sold our first broilers. 
 
 The three breeds have done well on the system. We have found it very eaSy 
 to obtain two pound chicks in eight weeks or less from the Orpington and Rhode Is- 
 land Red breeds. The Leghorns made good growth, but of course are a lighter fowl. 
 
 We have had numbers of visitors from this and other cities who knew about 
 the system, some of them having had the System Book before we knew about it, who 
 were afraid to make a trial of it because its principles are so far removed from the 
 old time ideas of poultry culture. Since our plant has shown such excellent results, 
 little Philo plants are starting up all over, even out on the farms. 
 
 We unhesitatingly advise any of your readers who may have some doubt as to 
 their individual ability to handle the system to go ahead and try it. They will be sur- 
 prised by its simplicity and practicability. And 'others seeing their success will take 
 up the system and require sittings of eggs and the day-old chicks, so that the system 
 is capable of considerable income aside from the table eggs and broiler features. We 
 have found that numbers of those who have the Philo System Book do not feel satis- 
 hed until they have asked some one " who knows " about it, and we suggest that if 
 such is the case with any of your readers we will be glad to supply them with infor- 
 mation if stamp is enclosed for reply. The Dubois Utility Plant, 
 I Lansing, Michigan. 
 
 The Experience of a Novice With the Philo System 
 
 St. Johnsbury Center, Vt., July 19, 1911 
 A few words from a "novice" in the chicken business may encourage some one, 
 therefore I write this to say that three years ago we were broken in health and igno- 
 rant of what a chick needed to eat ; we borrowed a copy of the Poultry Review, and 
 read it over many times. Now we have a copy every month, also one of the Philo 
 Books. 
 
 We procured 21 eggs of a dealer in Hyde Park, Mass., two 'years ago and raised 
 five thoroughbred R. I. Red pullets, hatcliing them in a small incubator. They were 
 beauties, and from them we raised (the following spring) seven March pullets and 
 twelve April pullets. In 1911 we raised two pullets hatched January 30 or 31, and on June 
 9 one of them laid her first egg and every day since, except one, and then the day fol- 
 lowing she gave us (early in the morning) a soft-shelled egg, and before night a good 
 hard egg, and every day since. The two January pullets have regularly given us their 
 handsome donation. They are kept very clean and have never been mixed with other 
 hens. 
 
64 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 About three weeks ago they were given a larger home, having been raised in a 
 soap box coop, all clean and freshly white-washed, and have for company twelve April 
 pullets of this year, and they are very companionable, but the two January pullets are 
 quite chummy ; where one goes the other surely must follow. They are R. I. Reds, 
 and one of them especially is dark and beautiful in color. People here are surprised 
 that a chicken four months and nine days old has laid an egg every day since that 
 day. 
 
 This Picture Shows the Compact Form in Which C. E. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, Mich., Places His Philo Economy 
 
 Coops, Eight Rows With Six Coops in Each Row. These 48 Coops Which Will Accommodate 336 Mature 
 
 Fowls are Placed on a Space of Ground 48 Feet by 54 Feet. 
 
 We want to say we enjoy the Poultry Review, also the work (our work) and 
 especially the surprises. No patent food have our chicks ever had except a little 
 chick food. We have lost one by her crowding under the rest. We think the hard 
 part is in getting them hatched. However, 80 per cent, of the January eggs hatched 
 out in the cold under a hen. We took the chicks as soon as hatched and raised 
 them in a box in the house. We study the Poultry Review and Mr. Philo's book, 
 and try to do the best we can. They are fed very regularly and kept very clean. We 
 think our good success is due, in a great measure, to having good stock to start with. 
 
 People look surprised when we say Dolly was four months and nine days old 
 when she began to give us her eggs, and Jeane just one day later, and perhaps no 
 older, for she might have hatched February first, as part of the hatch came off then. 
 We are thankful for the Poultry Review. 
 
 Accept this from a subscriber. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 65 
 
 A Living From Six Hens 
 
 ByE. W. PHILO 
 
 Without any knowledge of the Philo System of scientific poultry keeping, it 
 would hardly seem possible that a family of six people could make a comfortable liv- 
 ing from six hens, properly housed and mated for the reproduction of their kind. 
 
 Many readers of this article may not fully understand the difference in value 
 between common thoroughbred poi:Ii,ry and pedigreed poultry raised by scientific 
 methods. The difference in the breeding and care makes all the difference between a 
 class of fowls valued at 50 cents to $1.00 each and those having a fancy market, 
 valued at from $5.00 to $100 each. 
 
 When raising the inexpensive kind of poultry, the poultryman is in competition 
 with millions of other people who are doing the same kind of work, and their profits 
 are small as compared with the profits realized from the poultry business when the 
 system of improved methods is being used. 
 
 It is often difficult to find a market for common thoroughbred poultry at a sat- 
 isfactory price. It is quite different, however, with the better grade, as there has never 
 been enough of the finest poultry to supply the demand, even at prices ranging from 
 $5.00 to $1,000 each for individual specimens. 
 
 A little more capital is required at first to get the breeding stock of the best 
 quality, but after that the work of producing the most valuable birds is comparatively 
 easy. The better birds, when produced by truly scientific methods, are not only su- 
 perior in the show room, but will mature at an earlier age and develop into mature 
 fowls that can withstand the strain of heavy egg production. 
 
 With several thousands of pedigreed White Orpingtons in my yard, there has 
 never been enough to supply the demand for breeders having an actual value of $5.00 
 to $100 each, and thousands of dollars have been returned to my customers because 
 the orders were too many for the supply. The demand for $200, $500 and $1,000 
 birds has not been so great as the demand for birds ranging in price from $5.00 to $50 
 each. This was an advantage to me, as I have thus been able to keep many of my 
 very best birds, ten of them having a value of $1,000 each, selected from over 7,000 
 raised. From these I have sold eggs at $65 per sitting and baby chicks at $10 each. 
 After selling hundreds of dollars worth of eggs and b"aby chickens from the ten breed- 
 ers, there were many chickens left that were raised at home and you can imagine 
 something of the quality of these chickens, as the parents were the finest selected 
 from such a large flock. It did not cost any more to raise these chickens, now worth 
 from $20 to $1,000 each than to raise the more common kind having a value of 50 
 cents to $1 each. 
 
 These facts are given as a sample to show how it is possible to make a good 
 "living from a few hens, and while my claims might seem extravagant to some people, 
 I can actually show how one pair of birds during the present year have given me a 
 net profit of over $5,000. 
 
 Please, understand, however, that these are exceptional cases, and are the only pair 
 of birds in the several thousand now in my yard that will give me such an income. 
 The profits from all others show a decline in net receipts in proportion to their value, 
 as compared with the value of our very best breeders. 
 
 The larger portion of our breeding pens have been filled with fowls valued at 
 $25 each, which are the kind we sell for $25. From the sale of baby chickens and eggs 
 from these pens, the net profits have been a little over $50 from each hen. Thus you 
 
66 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 see that from six hens of the $25 quality, the profits have been over $300 in less than 
 a year ; from six hens of the $50 quality, the profits have been over $600 ; from six hens 
 of the $100 quality, the profits have been over $1,000. A gradual increase in profits 
 has been realized, as the breeders increase in value until the climax is reached, when 
 one pair of birds have produced a profit of over $5,000 in one year. 
 
 To show you how one can get such prices and at the same time help the party 
 who makes a purchase to still greater profits, I will refer to one of thousands of my 
 customers and give an exact copy of his letter. 
 
 Part of the yards in front of the brooder house on the Wilpen Poultry Poultry Farm, Sewickley, Penna., contain- 
 ing twenty-seven Philo coop^ in which the Philo Educator Brooders were used and hundreds of 
 pedigreed White Orpington, White Wyandotte and White Leghorn chicks were 
 successfully brooded during the hatching season just closed. 
 
 On the 5th of June, 1911, Mr. John W. Bess of Murray, Ohio, mailed me an order 
 for four baby chicks at $4 each, enclosing $16. The hens that produced the eggs from 
 which these chickens were hatched have each been laying at the rate of 200 eggs per 
 year. From these eggs we have often had 90 per cent hatches, furnishing us more 
 than 100 chickens per year from each hen, and giving me an income of over $400 
 from one hen, or over $2,400 from six hens, valued at $500 each. 
 
 I herewith give an exact copy of a letter I received from Mr. John W. Bess, 
 written August 28, 2911 : 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 67 
 
 E. W. PHILO, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 DEAR SIR : I have four chicks I bought from you the 5th of June last. I paid you 
 $16.00 for them and I would not take a hundred for them to-day. They surely are 
 beauties. I have two pullets and" two cockerel^, which I can breed next year, as they 
 are not related and I can breed their stock the next year. I think I have the foundation 
 stock for as fine a flock as there is in the State. With best wishes, I remain, 
 
 Yours truly, JOHN W. BESS, MURRAY, Ohio. 
 
 In getting these returns, we are simply applying the principles in breeding and 
 selling poultry that have been used in breeding and selling fine cattle. A little ex- 
 perience of my own during the past year shows plainly how it is possible to make 
 large profits from the very best breeding stock. I bought a farm for the purpose of 
 raising poultry food and with the farm I had a lot of grade cows. They were paying 
 a little more than the running expenses and I decided to keep them. After reading 
 everything I could find about dairying and registered cattle, it was noted that some cows 
 would produce three times the quantity of milk and butter that we were getting from 
 our grade cows, and so I decided to start a herd of registered Guernseys. It was not 
 long before I learned that to get the best registered stock, a large, well-filled pocket- 
 book was necessary. A few fine cows were purchased by getting one or two from 
 a place, when I was offered a whole dairy, including their very best cows at a price 
 that seemed prohibitive at first. After considering their breeding, the amount and 
 quality of milk they gave, it was not difficult to see how much greater profits could be 
 had by keeping cattle of this quality than from the grades originally purchased with 
 the farm. After making the purchase, and before they were delivered to me, one of 
 the number gave me a fine heifer calf. The man who sold the cows immediately of- 
 fered $200 for this calf before it was a week old. I had been previously getting $2 
 each for the calves from our grade cows, which cost as much to produce as the kind 
 that sell for $200 each. The better quality of milk and the larger production from 
 the Guernseys pay good interest on the investment. 
 
 Like the breeding of fine cattle, the profits from a half dozen hens can only be 
 measured by the quality of the original breeding stock and the ability of the poultry- 
 man to read and follow instructions to produce and sell the largest number of fine 
 birds from each hen. 
 
 Not many years ago, most people who were attempting the poultry business 
 were those who had not been successful in other lines of business, and the fact that 
 some were successful even without definite plans to follow, makes it all the more en- 
 couraging for others to undertake the work, as they can now have definite plans that 
 Willi lead them to financial success and always bring the desired results. Great 
 changes have taken place during the last few years, not only in the quality of poultry 
 and the methods of producing it, but in the class of people who are now interested. 
 As stated before, people who had been unsuccessful in other lines of business were 
 about the only ones who undertook poultry work, while those who are now interested 
 are found in all classes of professional life, and among those who have been success- 
 ful in other undertakings and have plenty of funds to invest for the very best quality 
 -of poultry. With many of them, it is not so much the price asked as the quality 
 offered, and birds of " top-notch " quality find ready purchasers at prices that seem 
 extravagant to those not educated in scientific poultry keeping. 
 
 I have referred briefly to the most profitable branch of the poultry business, to 
 show that a family of six people can make a good living from six hens. 
 
 In another article I have referred to my experience with seven common White 
 Leghorn hens, showing how a good living can be made keeping hens largely for 
 market eggs and selling some stock at the lower prices. 
 
68 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Profitable Poultry Keeping in Florida 
 
 Some Information Relative to the Cost of Producing Eggs. Comparative Figures with Citrus Fruit 
 Growing and the Possibilities for Combining It with Poultry Culture 
 
 By E. W. PHILO 
 
 There is no longer a question as to the possibilities of profitable poultry keep- 
 ing in Florida. I have studied poultry keeping from the North to the South of Florida, . 
 during December, January and February, and have learned many things that I trust, 
 will be a help to us and our subscribers not only here but in every section of the 
 country where poultry is kept, and I am sure some things have been learned during 
 the past two weeks (the first half of March) that will save us several hundred dollars 
 this season at our Elmira Poultry Plant. 
 
 I have been so busy, trying to learn something new about poultry, that I 
 haven't really had much time to write for the Review, but have saved notes and made 
 sketches that will help to give our readers all the particulars about my poultry work 
 and experiments during the winter, while down here in Southern Florida. 
 
 Growing Grape-Fruit for market is probably one of the most profitable and 
 widely known industries here, and in order to compare poultry keeping with the 
 several other industries, it has been necessary to study each of them so as to make a 
 more accurate estimate as to the comparative results, and from the knowledge al- 
 ready gained, it is believed that the combination of poultry and grape-fruit would be- 
 more profitable than raising them each separately. 
 
 The Citrus fruit groves make an ideal place for the poultry. The land most de- 
 sirable for the fruit is the very best for the poultry, and when every tree furnishes 
 shade for a coop of fowls or chickens set closely under the north side, the hens will do 
 the cultivating better than the average grove is cultivated and furnish and apply a 
 better grade of fertilizer for growing the trees than is generally used. With the ad- 
 dition of a little potash, the crop of fruit would be larger than when all commercial 
 fertilizer is used. A saving of about $100 per acre for labor and material is furnished 
 by the hens. Thus it can easily be seen that by combining the two industries, there 
 would be larger profits obtained than when running each separately. 
 
 CULTIVATION AND IRRIGATION 
 
 To keep the ground properly cultivated to let in oxygen and retain the dust 
 mulch, weekly cultivation is necessary, which would add about $25.00 per acre to the cost 
 of keeping the grove in the best condition. Eight hens under a tree when kept as I am 
 keeping them, will do better cultivating, besides adding a constant, daily supply of 
 the best quality of plant food for growing the trees. 
 
 Some groves have expensive irrigating systems to provide moisture. It is plain- 
 ly noted, however that the groves under thorough cultivation are more thrifty than 
 those where water is supplied daily. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS 
 
 From my recent experiments, I find it practicable to keep eight laying hens in 
 the New Adjustable Coop, 3x6 feet, and in order to fertilize and cultivate the tree 
 more thoroughly, an additional 3x6 feet of wire enclosure connected to the south side 
 of the coop can be used to advantage. There are generally about 100 Grape-Fruit 
 trees to the acre of land, and one coop of eight hens to each tree would make a poul- 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 69 
 
 J:ry plant of 800 laying hens to the acre. While from four to six times as many fowls 
 can be profitably kept on an acre, it would probably pay better, here, to increase the 
 acreage of grape-fruit or oranges when one wishes to enlarge the flock of fowls. 
 
 COMPARATIVE FIGURES 
 
 Each of the 8 hens in one of these coops at a 50 per cent egg production, will fur 
 nish 182 eggs per year. It should not be difficult to get at least 200 eggs from each hen 
 down here. The average price for fresh laid eggs is about three and one-half cents each. 
 Eggs bring the highest price here at the season of the year when hens are naturally the 
 most productive. Owing to these facts, $6.37 worth of eggs per hen in one year is a 
 conservative estimate. I am now producing eggs at a cost of 6.97 mills before the 
 
 This picture shows eggs produced by the Philo System, and chicks hatched in the Cycle Hatcher on the 
 poultry plant of Mrs. Earnest Randall, Grand Bay, Alabama. 
 
 hens have fully recovered from the hardships of being shipped from Elmira. I expect 
 to do even better before the end of March. This low cost of food for egg production 
 is due to the fact that their food is prepared for them in a way to make it the most 
 available at the smallest cost of energy and at the same time furnishing the require- 
 ments to keep them in perfect health without too much exercise to use up a percent- 
 age of the food for the work that should go into the production of eggs. 
 
 Nearly all hens here are allowed a free range and the common practice of feed- 
 ing makes the cost of producing the eggs from one and a half to two cents 
 each. The average egg production here is generally about 25 per cent, and this small 
 yield is due to the fact that their food as given is not easily converted into eggs, and 
 too much of it is used to supply the wasted energy. 
 
70 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 The food I used to make eggs at a little less than three-quarters of a cent^ 
 each, comes from the same stores and costs the same as that used in making eggs at" 
 a cost of two cents each. (And by the way it is delivered to us on a motor cycle). 
 This does not give me any advantage in buying, and the only difference in getting the 
 eggs at a lower rate is in the preparation of the food and the system of feeding it. 
 
 With a 65 per cent, egg production last week, each of my hens consumed on an 
 average, exactly twelve ounces of food and water per day. Nine ounces of this was 
 water and three ounces dry matter that cost on an average approximately two cents 
 per pound. 
 
 In the next article, I will describe fully the kind of raw material I use, the way 
 it is prepared, and give full particulars regarding the care of the hens. 
 
 It is not possible that any mistake has been made in these figures, as every 
 ounce of food the hens get is accurately weighed, just as it is given to them. The 
 meal and water for making the mash are weighed, which gives the correct 
 amount of dry grain in a pound of mash food. The sprouted oats are weighed dry 
 and then after they have sprouted and are ready to feed, so that by weighing the re- 
 quired amount of sprouted grain at feeding time, an accurate record of its cost may be 
 kept; 6.97 mills per egg makes the food cost of producing 182 eggs $1.26. 
 
 I could care for 100 coops of eight hens each, down here, (as the labor is not so 
 great as in the North during the cold weather), making 800 hens in all. At $3.00 per 
 day for one's labor, the care of each hen would amount to $1.35, or $2.61 for food and 
 labor; and a liberal allowance for depreciation, and 6 per cent, interest on the neces- 
 sary investment, would amount to 35 cents on each hen, with a total cost of $2.96, and 
 a net profit of $3.41 per hen, and a profit of $27.20 from the hens under each tree, 
 which is nearly four times greater than the profit from the average Grape-Fruit tree. 
 $2,728 from 800 hens, for the production of market eggs alone, is an attractive figure, 
 and when the $1,095 for one's labor for 365 days is added, making $3,823 net gain to 
 the man who furnishes the capital and does the work, there should be enough to keep 
 a large family, having many luxuries, besides a snug little sum left, to place on interest. 
 
 PROFITS FROM GRAPEFRUIT 
 
 The average production from a good grove of Grape-Fruit, under favorable con- 
 ditions is about five boxes per tree. As many as fifteen boxes of fruit are often picked 
 from a single tree, yet to take 100 trees on an acre for several years, the average pro- 
 duction as stated above, is practically correct, as some trees only bear fruit every 
 other year, and others yield a large crop one year and a small one the next. 
 
 When all the expenses of fertilizing, tilling, pruning, picking, packing and ship- 
 ping have been paid, there is generally about $1.50 per box left to the grower. The net 
 profit would then be about $7.50 per tree or $750 per acre, which I think is a larger sum 
 than is realized from the average grove, although I believe it possible to get even better re- 
 sults when conditions are most favorable, and by combining it with poultry culture 
 as outlined above. This is only a little more than one-fourth of the profits that can 
 be had from poultry on the same ground. Yet thousands of people are interested, 
 who are investing millions of dollars to grow Grape-Fruit for the market. 
 
 In growing fruit, one must take chances on the season and weather conditions, 
 and without the most favorable conditions, at certain seasons of the year, the best 
 success cannot be had. It is not so in the poultry business since improved methods 
 have made it possible to get the very best results regardless of the weather con- 
 ditions. Even during the hottest, driest, dampest and coldest weather, the hens will 
 continue to be productive without stopping to consider whether the conditions are 
 suitable to egg production. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 71 
 
 One more advantage of poultry'keeping over fruit growing, alone, is in getting 
 returns for our labor and from the food supplied every day when the baskets of eggs 
 are gathered. They also have a cash market value in almost every section of the 
 country, furnishing the necessary funds for purchasing the food and to pay for labor, 
 which should appeal to many people who are limited for the necessary funds to run a 
 business and pay living expenses a full year before getting returns, as is necessary 
 when fruit growing is the only business. 
 
 By combining poultry keeping with fruit growing, the necessary funds will be 
 furnished by the poultry, not only to care for them, but to keep the grove in the best 
 condition, furnishing the necessary funds to grow, harvest and market the fruit. 
 
 It is not necessary to depend upon the statement of any person to know just how 
 much profit can be made keeping poultry. 
 
 This is a picture of a Philo plant owned by T. H. Fatzinger,' Allentown, Pa., a city of 52,000 inhabitants, and 
 
 is an instance of what can be done in keeping poultry in a back yard, even in a good sized city. There 
 
 are many thousands of families who could easily keep a few hens, even if not more than one small 
 
 coop will hold. Fresh eggs from your own hens are a luxury within your reach, if you have a 
 
 ground space of four by six feet. 
 
 A few dollars invested in a coop, a few hens, and the necessary instructions, 
 will enable anyone to tell from their own experience just how much it costs to pro- 
 duce an egg. 
 
 Since the introduction of the Philo small coop system, a hundred, or even a 
 thousand coops can be kept under exactly the same conditions as in a single coop, 
 producing eggs at the same cost as those produced in a single coop with a few hens. 
 
 In fruit growing alone one must depend entirely upon what others say before 
 investing in a grove, as it is not possible, as with the poultry, to make a practical or 
 reliable test in a few weeks. 
 
 Shade for the poultry is as necessary as food, and when in connection with the 
 poultry business fruit trees are grown to furnish shade, several hundred dollars profit 
 
72 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 can be added to the income each year, with but little trouble and expense as compared 
 with fruit growing alone. 
 
 Since these days of insects and bugs, it is necessary to spray the trees many 
 times during the year. When poultry is kept under the trees, many of the insects are 
 caught before laying their eggs. Apple trees are often killed by the "Borer" which 
 enters the trunk near the ground. It would be impossible for the "Borer" to injure 
 the tree with a few hens on guard right at the seat of the trouble. 
 
 This article is not written to discourage fruit growing, but to show the many 
 advantages of poultry culture. 
 
 I am expecting to plant from ten to fifty acres of fruit trees during the next two 
 months, and shall place a coop of poultry under each tree just as soon as the trees are 
 large enough to furnish a little shade. In my next article full particulars will be given, 
 with an accurate account, showing how it possible to produce eggs at about 8 1-2 
 cents per dozen, even down here where all kinds of grain cost more than in Elmira, N. 
 Y., and othsr places in the North, East and West. 
 
 Mr. Dallas Tuttle, of Thompson, Ohio, and 38 chicks which he hatched from 43 eggs in a Cycle Hatcher. 
 
 Mr. Weaver Likes the Philo System Because by Its Use He is Able to Secure a 
 Large Proportion of Fertile Eggs 
 
 FosTORiA, Ohio, August 10, 1911. 
 Cycle Hatcher Co., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen : In March of this year, we purchased of you 12 Adjustable Coops, 
 25 Brooder Coops, 25 Brooders, 5 Summer Coops, 21 Cycle Hatchers, 60 pullets and 10 
 cockerels of your pedigreed Utility stock, the total costing over $1,500. 
 
 We put up a building 75 feet by 10 feet for our hatchery and feed room, and to- 
 day we have 700 birds of all sizes on a space 50 by 60 feet. There are four acres in 
 our place and all of it is in fruit and alfalfa, except the space used for coops. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 73 
 
 We have sold over 150 one-day-old chicks so far this season besides the eggs for 
 hatching, which we think is good for getting such a late start. 
 
 The hens produced 2,500 eggs from March 15 to June 15, which we think is 
 quite an egg production. 
 
 We are very much pleased with the Philo System up to this date, and believe 
 that it is the greatest fertile egg producing system on the market to-day. 
 
 Yours truly. The White House Poultry Farm, D. D. Weaver, Manager. 
 
 This picture of the plant of D. D. Weaver, of Fostoria, Ohio, gives a good idea of how the coops look as you 
 
 approach the plant from the north during the summer. The low brooder coops give absolute protection 
 
 from birds and animals, and chicks confined in them are never out in the wet grass in the early 
 
 morning, they are not caught in sudden showers, they do not have the gapes, and they live and 
 
 grow under ideal conditions. The Adjustable Coops afford the most perfect housing for 
 
 mature fowls during both summer and winter. 
 
 She Finds The Summer Colony Coop Very Satisfactory 
 
 3853 Flad Avenue, St. Louis, Mo., June 9, 1911. 
 Editor Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir :— Enclosed find a poor photograph of a very satisfactory coop. This 
 was copied from the Philo Summer Colony Coop but has been made in such a way 
 that it is equally practical for winter use. The measurements are exactly the same 
 as the regular coop, the only difference is that the houses are enclosed, having small 
 openings for the purpose of ventilation, and doors in both houses which may be raised 
 during the day and when the house is cleaned. We generally have the door open 
 above and close the lower door, allowing the sunshine to make it more sanitary. 
 
 I have three hens and a rooster, all White Plymouth Rocks. The hens all lay 
 regularly each day and are all fed according to the Philo directions. We have one 
 
71 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 small brood of chicks now, all healthy and lively, and another, larger, which will 
 hatch in ten days. These are all raised for our own use. 
 
 The other photograph shows the youngest member of the family with one of 
 the youngest chickens. In the background may be seen the Philo Coop for the Ban- 
 tams, kept to amuse the children. 
 
 Our back yard is only about 25 x 50, but we expect to raise enough chickens to 
 supply our own table. 
 
 Would it interest you to hear how we progress ? 
 
 Very truly, Mrs. E. C. Bennett. 
 
 This picture of the plant of Mr. and Mrs. C. P. Goodrich, of Elmira, N. Y., shows the view they have looking 
 
 from their house over the plant, with the beautiful setting of the hills in the background, and 
 
 the fertile fields lying between. The artistic eye is not offended by the poultry 
 
 plant in the foreground ; on the contrary, the beautiful effect of 
 
 the landscape is greatly heightened by it. 
 
 3550 Flora Ave., Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 24, 1909 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, 
 
 Dear Sir : How can we chicken raisers ever be grateful enough to you for 
 discovering this System ? I have always been fairly successful with my poultry, but 
 never had such results as this System has brought me. Out of 89 chickens hatched I 
 raised 87, two being killed by accident. Very sincerely, 
 
 (Miss) Alice Rogers. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 75 
 
 How to Feed for Market Eggs in the South 
 
 Feeding to Produce Eggs at the Lowest Cost. Wet, Moist, or Dry Mash. 
 
 Poultry in Florida. 
 
 By E. W. PHILO 
 
 Ten days' experience in feeding for market eggs from March 10 to 20th inclusive 
 has brought to light some facts regarding the cost of producing eggs not generally 
 understood, and some of the things learned should reduce the cost of food and increase 
 the profits from the poultry business. 
 
 With exactly the same kind of food and grain prepared and fed under different 
 conditions, the cost of an egg may be varied from a half cent to two cents each. In 
 previous experiments it has been noted that by changing the plan of preparing the 
 food and the system of feeding it, there will be a slight change in the cost of the egg 
 produced. In all previous experiments, there has never been such a wide range or so 
 much difference in the cost of eggs as under the present experiments, Poultrymen 
 and chemists have gained much knowledge and benefit by studying the analysis of 
 the several kinds of food used for poultry. Still the hens have a way of using the 
 food given them that does not correspond to the analysis of the food as compared 
 with the analysis of an egg. If so, a slight change in the preparation of food would 
 not make such a marked difference in the cost of an egg. 
 
 During a twenty-five days' test, eggs were produced for five and four-tenths 
 mills each. After changing the manner of preparing food taken from the same bar- 
 rels and sacks, the cost of production has been increased about 40 per cent with prac- 
 tically the same percentage of egg production. 
 
 After repeated changes in preparing the food and feeding it, it has only re- 
 quired three to five days to change the cost of eggs from a half cent to one cent each, 
 or from one cent back to a half cent each. Since making these discoveries, I am 
 anxious to continue the test, to see if it is not' possible to produce eggs at half a cent 
 each, while paying an average price of two cents per pound for the food given the 
 fowls, which is approximately the price for the food purchased here in small quanti- 
 ties, and the quality of the food is not equal to that we are using at our National 
 Poultry Institute, with the exception of fertile egg mash food which was shipped from 
 Elmira, and used later in the tests. 
 
 FEEDING TO PRODUCE EGGS AT THE LOWEST COST 
 
 Several days trial feeding by weight was made before commencing the actual 
 test when it was discovered that with a short supply of sprouted oats, and the mash 
 fed moist and uncooked, a much larger percentage of food in its dry state was neces- 
 sary to produce an egg than when larger quantities of the sprouted oats were given, 
 and the food cooked with boiling hot water, using two and one-half pounds of water 
 to one pound of food, in place of an equal quantity of dry mash and water, to make 
 an uncooked, crumbly, moist mash so often recommended. 
 
 After the fertile egg mash was prepared by scalding with two and one-half 
 pounds of water to a pound of feed, and left to steam and cook for several hours be- 
 fore feeding, we had fully twice as much food in bulk, which was in condition to be 
 used by the hen and converted into eggs with a minimum amount of energy. When 
 the preparation of the food is such that a large amount of energy is required in re- 
 ducing it, so that the eggs may be produced from its elements, there is an unneces- 
 
76 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 sary amount of waste, principally in carbo-hydrates, or that portion of the feed used 
 to produce energy when the food is not prepared in the most available form for the 
 production of eggs. 
 
 Thus it may be noted that to produce eggs at the minimum cost, we must assist 
 the hens by preparing the food in the most available form for egg production. 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE,EOOD AND FEEDING DURING THE TEN DAYS' TEST 
 
 Seven hens were confined in the Adjustable Coop, 3x6 feet, and never allowed 
 to range, making it necessary to supply every ounce of food and water to sustain life 
 and for the production of eggs. Clean water was supplied three times daily, and the 
 average consumption of water for ten days was three pounds per day, or a little less 
 than a half pound for each hen , 
 
 Mr. C. C. Watson, of 2530 Prospect St., Indianapolis, Ind., Sends This View of His Poultry Plant Which Shows How 
 
 He Utilizes a Portion of His Back Yard for Raising Poultry That Furnishes Him With Eggs and Meat for His 
 
 Family at a Minimum Cost, Together With the Added Pleasure of Having Strictly 
 
 Fresh Fggs for Table Use. 
 
 Between six and seven o'clock in the morning, four ounces of whole oats were 
 scattered over the sand, in the feeding end of the coop and spaded in, to give the hens 
 exercise early in the morning when scratching for their breakfast. Just a little later 
 in the forenoon, they were given six ounces of sprouted oats in a galvanized trough, 
 with the sprouts about a half inch and the roots a little over an inch long. 
 
 ~ One pound of dry oats makes approximately three pounds of sprouted oats 
 when fed as above. The noon mash was prepared early in the forenoon, for about 
 forty hens and half-grown chickens. Before receiving our fertile egg mash, we used 
 six ounces of corn meal, ten ounces of wheat bran, one teaspoonf ul of salt and two 
 and one-half pounds of boiling water. When first stirring in the boiling water, the 
 mash appeared to be very wet. It soon thickened however, and after standing an 
 hour or more, it was ready to feed and we had approximately three and one-half 
 pounds of food, using only one pound of ground grain, and the food was in more 
 available form for the production of eggs than when fed uncooked. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 77 
 
 We only had about half as much in bulk of the uncooked food made with one 
 pound of dry feed, and judging from the cost of eggs under this system of feeding, 
 there must have been nearly twice as much food made immediately available for the 
 production of eggs. About one o'clock, the seven hens were given from eighteen to 
 twenty-four ounces of this cooked mash, in the same galvariized trough used earlier 
 in the day for the sprouted oats. The appetites of the hens seemed to vary with their 
 egg production. When we could get six or seven eggs every day for a week, the hens 
 would consume twenty-four ounces of the mash in about two hours after feeding. 
 .When the egg production would drop for two or three days to four or five eggs a day, 
 eighteen ounces of food was plenty enough. We could generally tell the amount of 
 the mash food to furnish by remembering the number of eggs gathered the day before. 
 When six or seven eggs were gathered, we always fed twenty-four ounces, and when 
 there were only four or five eggs, eighteen ounces of the mash was given them the 
 following day. , / ,' 
 
 As soon as the mash was consumed, they were given six ounces of sprouted 
 oats. At five or six o'clock in the "af ternpon, four to six ounces of mixed grain, con- 
 sisting of about 6qual parts of whole wheat, buckwheat and cracked corn was scat- 
 tered in the sand. Like feeding the mash, the amount suppUed was governed by the 
 number of eggs laid on the previous day ; sometime during the day four ounces of dry 
 bran was given in the hoppers which were not filled, as it was necessary to learn the 
 amount consumed every day, and we found by experiments that when the other feed- 
 ing was given as above stated, four ounces of dry bran was approximately the re- 
 quired amount. 
 
 Small pieces of marl rock, which has a large percentage of lime, was used for 
 shell and grit, furnishing ^an abundant supply of lime to form a perfect shell on every 
 egg, even during the time wheii we had a hundred per cent egg production. Later, 
 fine shells were supplied from the ocean beach, which they seemed to prefer to the| 
 marl rock; possibly on account of the salt they contained. When both were supplied 
 at the same time, ther$ was more shell than marl rock consumed. 
 
 - , ;_ . With the ten days' feeding as above, the seven hens produced fifty-four eggs ; 
 the total cost for all food ponsumed was 29 cents, at a cost of 2 cents a pound for the 
 raw material. The small cost of the food consumed was on account of tjie largeri 
 percentage given being cooked and swollen, making nearly four times the bulk of' 
 dry food and the food more available for the production of eggs. 
 
 By feeding the sprouted pats at just the right stage of development, as above 
 stated, a large percentage of the very best digested material is furnished, helping to 
 make the elements of the other food more available. 
 
 To get eggs at the smallest cost, we must, as far as possible, assist the hens in 
 changing the raw material into the finished product. When only whole grain is fed, 
 the larger portion is used in furnishing energy to reduce it to a pulp which must be 
 accomplished before any of it is used in the formation of an egg. A very large per- 
 centage, and often all the grain given is used to furnish energy to sustain the life of 
 the hens, without having a supply left for the formation of eggs. 
 
 This method of whole grain feeding is most commonly practiced in the South, 
 and is the principal reason why the eggs laid there are produced at a cost of about 
 2 cents each. The above system of feeding is best adapted' to the South, and in the 
 North during the warmest weather. In colder climates and during cold weather, the 
 proportion of grain should be increased, and the amount of sprouted oats and cooked 
 mash slightly decreased, to keep the iowls in the best physical condition,, and this 
 would also add to the cost of food for the productibtfot eggs; 
 
78 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Exercise is important, but when excessive, much food will be lost in wasted 
 energy, especially when the weather is warm, as with the more available food ele- 
 ments but little exercise is required and only enough whole grain should be given to 
 keep the birds in perfect health. 
 
 The results from the ten days' test may be summed up as follows : Seven hens 
 consumed eight and one-eighth pounds of dry food material during the ten days' test, 
 and six and two-thirds pounds of whole oats were used for sprouting, making a total 
 of fourteen and three-eighths pounds of unprepared food used during the ten days' 
 test. Each hen consumed approximately twelve ounces of water and raw food ma- 
 terial per day, in the proportion of about three ounces of the dry food and nine 
 ounces of water. 
 
 These White Orpingtons belong to Mrs. W. J. Tiffany, 920 S. Wash., Aberdeen, S. D. The old pair in the back- 
 ground were raised by E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y., and are the seventh generation raised by the Philo System 
 
 With the addition of a little ground oats in the mash, (which we were unable to 
 get) the egg production would have increased about 10 per cent. The eggs produced 
 from this system of feeding were of exceptionally good quality for the table, but not 
 the best for incubation. Even though a fair percentage of fertility could be had, the 
 chicks would not be especially strong when produced under this system of feeding. 
 
 The fertile egg mash, when used in place of the mash above described, would 
 produce eggs of a better quality for incubation, and the chicks hatched from them 
 would be easily raised. Under this system of feeding, eggs can be produced in Florida 
 at a little less than seven cents per dozen for the actual cost of food. The market 
 price for table eggs during November, December and January was 60 cents per dozen, 
 leaving a margin of profit that should induce poultrymen to use more scientific 
 methods of feeding for the production of market eggs. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 79 
 
 Profits from Seven Utility White Leghorns and 
 Experiments in Breeding Polish 
 
 By E. W. PHILO 
 
 Several years ago when the Philo System was being perfected, the larger breeds of 
 fowls were used in making our tests. After several thousand copies of the book were 
 sold we received many letters asking our advice as to the possibilities of the poultry 
 business by our System in keeping Leghorns and other more active varieties in such 
 close confinement, and in getting as good results as we were having from the larger 
 and less active kinds of poultry. 
 
 To advise all inquirers correctly it was necessary to make a practical test, using 
 several varieties belonging to the more active class. The Polish were first selected on 
 account of their weakened condition due to excessive inbreeding, as this would make 
 the severest kind of a test. By using unrelated birds in mating them for the produc- 
 tion of their kind, a great iniprovement was noted the second year, and by continuing 
 the same methods and never allowing the fowls and chickens to range outside the 
 3x6 coops, we have developed a strain of Polish that are as easily raised as our hardy 
 White Orpingtons. The Polish we now have are the fourth and fifth generations that 
 have been raised in the small coops and never allowed to range. 
 
 When commencing the work with the Polish we purchased twelve White Leg- 
 horn baby chickens during the month of March and gave them to one of the first 
 three students at the Philo National Poultry Institute to raise in a new brooder with- 
 out heat. From this lot seven fine pullets were raised, and they were mated to an 
 unrelated male. The eight birds were kept in one of the Economy Coops, 3x6. It 
 was not an uncommon occurrence to find seven eggs in the nest daily, and from forty 
 to forty-nine eggs a week were produced by them during the first seven months. In 
 the early fall and winter the eggs were marketed for table use at prices ranging from 
 40c to 50c per dozen. Early in March all eggs were incubated with the exception of a 
 few sittings, v/hich were sold at $1.00 per sitting, and 150 baby chickens were sold at 
 12c each. Nearly every egg incubated produced a chick, and to see them grow was a 
 pleasure to all who enjoy the things of nature when they are developing into the most 
 perfect specimens. For lack of room over forty chickens were often left in each of 
 the small coops until they were fully half grown. In fact, when they were all in one 
 end of the coop, in a space 3x3, there was barely standing room, and the mass of 
 healthy specimens attracted the attention of thousands of visitors from nearly every 
 state in the Union. At $1.00 each the cockerels and pullets were easily sold. Over 
 100 cockerels were sold for broilers when weighing one and a half to two pounds each. - 
 After deducting the cost of feed, labor and the interest on the investment for coops 
 and supplies we had left $13.47 net profit from each of the seven hens. Had we 
 incubated all the eggs and kept all the baby chicks, with the same degree of success, 
 in place of selling them, each of the seven hens would have been credited with a net 
 profit of a little over $26.00 as the results of a single year's work. 
 
 The prices received for the eggs, baby chicks, broilers and mature fowls was 
 just a common every-day price, and one that can easily be had when breeding just 
 ordinary thoroughbred utility birds. Such results from utility poultry can never be 
 accomplished without using scientific methods of breeding and feeding. To get eggs 
 at all seasons that will produce such uniform results, the eggs must be composed not 
 only of the right kind of food, but in just the right quantity of each kind of material, 
 
•80 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 as the chickens grow and develop from the food supplied within the egg, and the 
 quality of the food in the egg will be governed by the kind of food supplied the hens. 
 Thus it may be seen that the amount of profit received from poultry when bred and 
 fed by scientific methods will increase in proportion to the quality and breeding of the 
 parent stock and the system used in feeding and caring for them. 
 
 ThePhilo System as an Aid to the Establishment of a Model Plant 
 
 By L. E. Smith. Salem, Mass. 
 
 System is a keynote to success. It therefore follows that any business to be 
 successful must have a system, or be conducted along systematic lines. The most 
 successful business concerns or corporations are those which are well organized, and 
 where system has been highly developed. 
 
 When taking up my work with poultry two years ago, I considered the matter 
 from this standpoint and decided that the following plan would aid greatly in the 
 building of a successful poultry plant business ; second, fowls bred for hardiness and egg 
 production ; third, combine these with a system of feeding and care which has proven 
 successful, and the results will be almost certain. 
 
 The System of housing enters largely into the effectiveness of a model plant. 
 The various styles of poultry houses in general use did not meet the idea I had in 
 mind for my plant. I wanted a house that would be attractive and lend itself readily 
 to the establishment of such a plant. The new house must of course be thoroughly 
 practical and give excellent results. 
 
 I had decided that my poultry should be kept in small flocks of from six to ten, 
 and the system originated by Mr. Philo appeared to be possible of great results. I 
 adopted the 3x6 Economy Coops, and have added a runway of the same size placed at 
 the end of the coop. I like the small run as it shows the fowls to a somewhat better 
 advantage, although of course taking more room. Each new coop as set out is placed 
 perfectly level, and on a line with every other coop, with a space of two feet between 
 each. A plum tree is planted by the side of each run, also sunflowers. All coops are 
 kept clean, runs are raked and spaded every day, and everything made as attractive as 
 possible. 
 
 The first impression one gets is a lasting one, and many more sales are made if 
 the appearance of the article and the place where manufactured or grown is pleasing 
 to the eye. Here is where one using the small coops has an advantage. A series of 
 these pens, filled with handsome fowls, the grounds about them being kept in perfect 
 order, is a great recommendation to visitors, and the fowls sell themselves. The 
 small houses attract attention which leads to questions regarding the system, and 
 often times a sale is the result. A model poultry plant may of course be established 
 with the old style long continuous house, or large colony houses, but a plant built like 
 a village, we might say, of little houses, and a family to each, is certainly a novelty, 
 and leads to business. 
 
 Having decided on my style of houses, my next proposition was to select a 
 breed which would appear to the best advantage in these small coops, keeping in 
 mind, of course, utility first and then attractiveness. The White Plymouth Rock was 
 was my choice, and being fortunate enough to have the advice of a well known au- 
 thority, I was able, to purchase my foundation stock from one of the leading breeders 
 of utility birds in the country. 
 
 I believe that birds bred f o"r utility will take the the lead, as the increasing de- 
 mand for eggs and table poultry must be met. A bird that is hardy, and comes from 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 81 
 
 a strain that has been bred to lay, and from whose eggs you can raise chickens that 
 will live, is a valuable fowl indeed. With small coops one can keep a pretty close Une 
 on the layers and non-layers, as I have done, without the aid of the trap nest, but I 
 shall trap nest this year, so that next Spring I can offer pedigreed Chickens. 
 
 I purchased this Spring of Mr. Philo, White Orpington chicks from which I ex- 
 pect fine results, and shall have a limited number of chicks next year from this stock. 
 
 This system of small flocks in small houses has one.other feature which I think 
 is of great value. It provides one with the opportunity on a very small plot of land, 
 of laying the foundation of what may develop into a business which will give excel- 
 lent returns. June 27, 1911. 
 
 Likes Both The Poultry Review And The Philo System 
 
 Brimfield, III., June 15, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y., 
 Dear Sir : — Last winter I sent for one of your Philo System Books and the 
 Poultry Review. Read these now with great interest and think your system is O. K. 
 Built me two of the Economy coops and kept six hens in each coop and during 
 March got 233 eggs, April got 199 eggs and in May I got 177 eggs. I think this is a 
 pretty good, record for a beginner, and besides the chickens were not thoroughbreds 
 and were mixed also. 
 
 I am enclosing a photo of the coops as they are for the summer. They are in a 
 cherry grove which makes a very cool place for them. Some day I hope to have more 
 coops filled with thoroughbreds; am contemplating buying a Metal Mother next year. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 D. H. Johnson. 
 
 Mr. McCoy Raises Chickens According to the Philo System, and is Greatly 
 
 Pleased With It 
 
 Vandergrift, Pa.( July 20, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : Sometime ago I sent you several snap shots of my ," Philo Poultry 
 Plant " and did not accompany them with a description, so I am going- to write now 
 and tell you how I like the system and my success with same. 
 
 I started early in the spring with six hens and a cockerel of the Ferris tjrpe of 
 White Leghorns. I also installed three incubators, one of which I used for myself 
 and the other two I used for my trade. 
 
 I built one winter coop to start with and my hens laid fine through the coldest 
 weather. 
 
 Shortly after building my first winter coop, I built another and bought a trio of 
 the best Brahmas procurable. As soon as my chickens came out, I built two Fireless 
 Philo Brooders and had no trouble raising all my chicks through the cold weather. As 
 soon as summer had come to stay, I finished my plant for this season with two sum- 
 mer coops. 
 
 I have raised for my own use about 150 Leghorns and about 20 Brahmas and 
 have hatched quite a number for other people. I find that early chickens cannot be 
 raised successfully without the Philo System and I cannot speak too highly in favor 
 of it. Thanking you for your trouble in reading this, I am, 
 
 Yours truly, H. P. McCoy, Box 206, 
 
82 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 What the Philo System and the Cycle Hatchers Have Done in Montana 
 
 Butte, Montana, April 5, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : I have studied several incubator catalogues. Most of them pub- 
 lish a more or less detailed treatise on the supply of moisture. Some of them claim 
 that moisture is required only in high altitudes or in an extra dry climate, advising 
 different operation for different localities. 
 
 It is a fact that a hen is a hen. No one questions her ability, and all testify to her 
 successful hatches in any altitude. I write to say that I have three '" Cycle Hatchers." 
 My percentages of hatches have been greater from the " Cycle " than from the hens. 
 This, not counting the breakage. These machines were operated" in a cellar with a 
 cement floor. The cellar is well ventilated by a window. Moisture has never been 
 supplied. I am satisfied that the " Cycle Hatcher " hatched for us every egg that a 
 hen could have hatched. We have operated the " Cycle " both in straight and con- 
 tinuous hatches with satisfactory results at an altitude of about five thousand six 
 hundred (5600) feet with no other moisture than that in a fresh-laid egg. 
 
 Three White Orpington Pullets Raised by H, S. Bates, of Butte, Montana. They laid Three Eggs in the morning 
 
 Before the Picture was Taken. They are 10 1-2 Months Old and Weigh 23 Pounds. They Were 
 
 Hatched in a Cycle Hatcher at an Altitude of 5,600 feet. Brooded in a Philo Flreless Brooder 
 
 Coop Shown in the Picture, and Raised in a Philo Economy Coop. 
 
 Attest my confidence in the " Cycle '' by this fact : I received (15) White Or- 
 pington eggs from Mr. and Mrs. C. P. Goodrich, Elmira, N. Y. (The Goodrich 
 Hatchery.) They were in express about four days. I put them all in the " Cycle " in 
 preference to giving them to a hen, although I had a good sitting hen at the time. 
 
 Last year from four hens purchased in April, with no knowledge of their ances- 
 try, care or feeding, we hatched thirty-eight (38) chicks. Thirty-three (33) were raised 
 
I^^KiNS POULTRY FAY CZ 
 
 to maturity. These chicks were raised in a Philo Economy Coop. The development 
 was rapid and most satisfactory. 
 
 One, a pullet, weighed seven pounds, two ounces at the age of just under eight 
 months, and won third prize at the Silverbow County Show held in Butte, Montana, 
 January, 1911. This pullet was also a member of third pen. These pullets are not of 
 a definite egg-strain, but as individual layers are good ones. To-day, April 5, we have 
 eight eggs from a possible ten. 
 
 That, for me, is sufficient evidence as to the success of the Philo Economy 
 Coop. These pullets have not been out of the Philo Coop this winter, except the 
 time they spent at the show. 
 
 This Picture Shows a Part of the Plant of Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich, of Elmira, N. Y., Looking Toward Their House, 
 
 the Dark one. With Wires Coming From the House to the Pole in the Center Where an Electric Light is Kept 
 
 Burning Every Night. Mr. Goodrich Built Ail These Coops inVhich He has Raised so Many Choice White 
 
 Orpingtons for Supplying the Demands of His Customers for Eggs, Baby Chicks, and Mature Fowls. 
 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich Appear in the Picture, It Was in this Yard That They Made $500 
 
 Durmg Their First Year of Caring for Poultry by the Philo System 
 
 The weather was as cold as 20 degrees below zero. They were comfortable day 
 and night. Two cockerels' combs frosted slightly, but it was because I did not close 
 the coop properly. 
 
 I made my own coops, also brooders, from directions published in the Philo 
 System book. This book cost me but $1.00. Indications are, at this date, for a 
 maximum success. Yours truly, Harry S. Bates, Box No. 768. 
 
84 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 How a Philo Poultry Plant Can Be Kept in the Midst of a Beautiful 
 
 Lawn or Flower Garden 
 
 By W. W. COX 
 
 Mr. Henry Wilcox, of Denver, Colorado, whose wife has a small poultry plant, 
 called on us recently, at his wife's request. He showed us numerous views of his 
 house and grounds, which are beautiful with trees, shrubbery and flowers, all laid 
 out artistically. They have several Philo coops, nicely built, and painted in colors to 
 match the house. These coops are set in the midst of the flowers, and quite near a 
 lot of rosebushes, where they add to the landscape effect of the lawn and flower 
 garden. The fowls are kept within the little coops, where they do not disturb any- 
 thing nor anybody, and they keep healthy and lay lots of eggs. 
 
 This picture shows a part of the plant of Mr. Henry Wilcox, Denver, Col., with some of 
 
 the coops in the flower garden. The roost board stands against the wall where 
 
 the water and droppings are easily carried down to the roots of the 
 
 flowers. Mrs. Wilcox is holding one of her pets. 
 
 The climate and soil of Denver are such that nothing grows except when arti- 
 ficially watered ; but an abundance of water is supplied at reasonable rates, and 
 everybody keeps his lawn and garden in fine condition. In Mr. Wilcox's yard they 
 utilize some of the water for a double purpose. The roostboards are taken from the 
 coops in the morning and placed among the rose bushes so that the water from a 
 hose can be used for cleaning them, and the fertilizer is washed down to the roots of 
 the bushes, where both water and fertilizer will do the most good. In order to utilize 
 all the water used for wetting the ground, all beds, both of flowers and vegetables, 
 are placed lower than the walks, so as to catch and retain every drop of water used. 
 
 The pictures Mr. Wilcox had with him show that a few nice coops of fowls can. 
 be kept in the midst of the most beautiful surroundings without in any measure marring 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 85 
 
 the pleasing effect of the landscape. And as the fowls are kept in confinement, there 
 is no annoyance such as usually accompanies the keeping of fowls when they run at 
 large. They do not pick the foliage, nor scratch among the roots, nor soil the walks 
 with their droppings. 
 
 By following the methods of the Philo System, all of the benefits of having a 
 few fowls of your own may be had, such as a constant supply of fresh eggs, chicks for 
 fryers or broilers, and larger fowls for roasters, and none of the disadvantages of the 
 free range plan. And all these can be had by well-to-do city people who have a choice 
 flower garden in which they take a reasonable pride. The coops can be built artisti- 
 cally, and nicely painted, so as to add to the beauty of the lawn and garden. 
 
 Mr. Wilcox never would consent to the keeping of fowls in his attractive yard 
 until the Philo method came in vogue ; but he and his family are enthusiastic over 
 the new method, and many of their neighbors have installed one or more coops in 
 their own well-kept yards. This plan is more and more commending itself to people 
 of means who are quick to realize its advantages. 
 
 The Philo System and Its Advantages 
 
 By Dr. F. M. Wood, Edison Park Station, Chicago, III. 
 
 / ■ 
 
 The writing on such a subject would come most naturally from the originator 
 of such an excellent system. And yet there is satisfaction to one who has won 
 desired success in establishing -the system to know that many, many poultry breeders 
 appreciate the value of this system. 
 
 The Philo System is of an advantage to both the small and large breeder. It 
 intensifies the work for both classes. It saves time for both. The main distinction 
 for the Philo System is found in the fact that, it makes it convenient to take care of 
 the birds. 
 
 CONVENIENCE 
 
 Ease of management and rapidity of execution are two valuable essentials in 
 this age of intensity. The small breeder who keeps the plant of six hens in his 
 Economy Coop can easily feed and care for them at odd times when at home from 
 business. Even the busy housewife enjoys feeding the scraps to the plump and 
 hungry biddies. 
 
 THE RESULTS 
 
 The simplest way to state the case is to say that the results, in size of birds 
 grown, rapidity of development and egg yield, have been better under this system 
 than under ariy other. The main reasons for this are : The birds are kept eternally 
 at the business of growing and procuring, by exercise, plenty of good, wholesome 
 food of the proper quality, and they simply cannot help giving back what is given to 
 them whereas if they have a wide range, they certainly do waste some of the food 
 energy in running. 
 
 ONE OR SEVERAL BREEDS MAY BE KEPT 
 
 By no means a small advantage is this, because it makes it possible for every 
 small breeder to become a fancier, if he so desires. He may keep as many breeds as 
 he has coops, and try his hand at producing new strains, or even new breeds, if he 
 selects. My reasons for stating the above facts are that I have not read it so stated 
 elsewhere and feel that appreciation is due the one presenting so valuable a system to 
 the people. Flowers are beautiful when the one that could have seen them is gone 
 but their fragrance is best while he lives, and their beauty, seen by mortal eye, was 
 the intent of the Maker. 
 
86 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 THE FLOWERS 
 
 I forgot the flowers and the garden. To the suburbanite the poultry droppings 
 are an invaluable boon for his garden, especially in the days of the auto and the 
 disappearing horse and stable. Yes, we can indeed thank Mr. Philo for many 
 beautiful flowers and the finest and best of garden vegetables. 
 
 "Have Been Using Your System About Three Years, and Realize Its Value 
 
 More and More." 
 
 Edison Park Station, Chicago, III., June 29, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Editor Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Friend : I am sending you this little article of appreciation. I have been 
 using your system now about three years, and realize its value more and more. I 
 haven't any photos of my little plant, but I have sixty growing White Orpington 
 chicks. I am pleased to call them my " Mammoth Strain of Pure White Orpingtons." 
 Every one of them is worth its weight in gold, for I have produced very large chicks 
 and they are certainly beauties. 
 
 Yours very truly, Dr. F. M.Wood. 
 
 Why We Use the Philo System 
 
 By Elmer F. Haag, Norwood Park, Chicago, III. 
 
 The writer has always contended that it is not so much the bird or breed that 
 gives the results as the style of house and the system of care. The size of coop has 
 never entered our head, but rather the style. It remained for Mr. Philo to tell us the 
 style of coop best adapted for all general purposes. This in a nut-shell is our reason 
 for adopting the system. 
 
 People intimately acquainted with our method of handling chicks know that we 
 have stuck closely to the Winter Colony Coop, first, because it is more substantial 
 than any other and therefore best suited to the climatic conditions of this territory, 
 and second, because it serves for both summer and winter, and where space is valua- 
 ble, requires no run. " , 
 
 What other style of coop will you find that gives you such outdoor conditions all 
 the year round, and yet in a moment can be closed almost air-tight without the aid of 
 so much as a wrench. The lower story with its earth floor, which might even be 
 called a parkway, can be so shielded or protected by the aid of the covers or doors, 
 that no matter whether it rains or shines, the fowls are never exposed. You can have 
 the sunlight or shut it out, whichever is most desirable, and yet there is always a con- 
 stant flow of fresh air passing through the coop. In a biting wind it only takes a 
 moment to hook down the doors on whatever side protection is necessary. 
 
 As for feeding, all grains are raked into the soil every morning or evening as the 
 case may be, thus necessitating good vigorous work on the part of the hen before she 
 gets her proportion. Compare this with the old style way of dumping out a quantity 
 of grains on the ground or floor where it is all devoured in the space of a few moments, 
 and you can appreciate the new way of f eedmg. 
 
 What are the fowls to do after such a feast ? Walk around ! That is all they can 
 do. And we doubt if they enjoy their walks half as much as our hens do their exer- 
 cise scratching. 
 
 * We hear so much nowadays about the open front house, the inventor of which no 
 doubt had his good intentions, but like most coops, they serve the purpose for either 
 summer or winter, but very seldom all the year round. It is impossible to keep the 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 87 
 
 soil from freezing in an open front house of any reasonable size, and simply scratch- 
 ing in litter is not sufficient exercise in zero weather to keep the birds even comforta- 
 ble, to say nothing about expecting them to lay. The same apphes to the old fash- 
 ioned laying house with a scratching shed. The scratching shed is a great improve- 
 ment over the house without it, but even it can be improved upon. There is a certain 
 season of the year when it is absolutely necessary to keep the fowls shut in, up here 
 in the Northern States, and it is at this particular time that a coop is subjected to its 
 severest test. 
 
 As already stated, a scratching shed is a good addition to an ordinary roosting 
 coop, and a great many breeders are highly successful with it, but even scratching in 
 deep litter does not compare with the soft earth floor, and it is only by trying it out, 
 that one can be convinced of the advantage. It is not a difl&cult matter to scratch all 
 the litter into one corner of the shed in the space of half an hour, but it is impossible 
 to scratch all the dirt in our coop into one corner in double this time, if one is careful 
 to fill the coop with sifted dirt at the start. There is a double advantage in doing 
 this, as it will never freeze if put in dry before the frost comes. 
 
 The fowls are also more hardy when 
 allowed to scratch in dirt than when they 
 live entirely on a wooden floor. To test 
 this assertion, simply keep two pens of 
 birds over the winter, one in a coop with 
 an earth floor and the other in a coop 
 with a wooden floor, and you will soon 
 see the difference. We have yet to find 
 a single hen that ever showed a sign of 
 Jeg-weakness, and our birds are never 
 allowed outside of their coop from Novem- 
 ber 15th to March 15th, but we remember 
 parj;icularly this last winter a flock of 
 White Leghorns housed all season in a 
 coop with a wooden floor scratching-shed 
 that were crawling on their elbows long 
 before the winter was over, and they had 
 deep litter to scratch in all this time. It 
 simply shows that they obtain and retain 
 their strength by coming in close contact 
 with Mother Earth. 
 The same thing is true of little chicks. How long can you keep them on a wood- 
 en floor, even with cut clover for litter, before they show signs of leg-weakness ? 
 Transfer them to a coop with a ground floor, or cover the wooden floor with an inch 
 or two of sand, and immediately they regain their strength. That is why the brooder 
 coop is such a success. It puts them on their feet, and with proper care they stay on 
 their feet. 
 
 It is not a difficult matter to rig up a house to accommodate your hens and chicks 
 during the summer months, but it requires deep thought to provide suitable quarters 
 that will keep your birds in laying condition during the three winter months. 
 
 As for feeding, the carefully planned Philo method of preparing and administering 
 the different foods can hardly be improved upon. There may be a difference of opinion 
 as to the time of feeding and the quantity, but on the whole, one can not go amiss by 
 carrying out Mr. Philo's instructions faithfully. 
 
 This picture shows two coops almost buried in the snow, 
 
 where the owner, H. S. Colton, of Montpelier, Vt., 
 
 writes that he kept his fowls entirely comfortable 
 
 during a long and severe New England winter. 
 
88 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 A Small Poultry Plant 
 
 The following is taken from " Poultry " from the pen of Judge Miller Purvis, its 
 editor, who is one of the foremost judges and poultry writers in America. 
 
 " We recently had an opportunity to study quite closely the details of several 
 small poultry plants. These were not quite small enough to be called back yard poul- 
 try farms, but some of them were considerably less than a half an acre, while others 
 were larger. All of these were paying, and in all of them the birds were perfectly 
 healthy. 
 
 " All over the country may be found people who love poultry, would take de- 
 light in caring for a flock of fowls, and would be successful at the business, who are 
 deterred from beginning because they think they have not room enough to make it 
 an object. When a poultry plant covering a space of only 50x140 feet carries 340 lay- 
 ing hens, every one as lively as a cricket, and returning to the owner more than $60 
 in one month, after deducting the feed bills, one can readily see that it does not re- 
 quire a very large farm in order to make a living from poultry if it is given proper 
 care. 
 
 " We feel more like encouraging the poultry lover who has a small place at his 
 disposal than we do one who has large space and plenty of means, because the one 
 who starts in a small way is likely to have plenty of time to give his birds good care 
 and to make them pay a large interest on the investment. Very frequently the one 
 who begins with a small plant developes into a very successful operator of a large 
 plant. This is because, while caring for the small flock, he attended to all the small 
 details and so grew into the habit of attending to his work properly and promptly, 
 and as his flock increases in size, the habit of thorough work persists and success 
 follows. 
 
 " There are a good many abandoned poultry plants in this country, but we do 
 not remember that a single one of them is a monument to the failure of a poultry 
 man who began in a small way. Invariably they show lack of success on the part of 
 one who began with plenty of means and a paucity of skill and experience. 
 
 " From the small poultry plants of the country will come the famous fanciers of 
 the future. They will grow up to success from small beginnings and be models which 
 beginners may copy after with benefit. 
 
 " The fancier can be just as much a fancier on a town lot as he can on one of 
 the government grants of the Great West. It is just as easy to produce high-scoring 
 birds on a poultry plant of an acre as it is on the largest one in the country. No one 
 need be deprived of the pleasure of keeping poultry who has a back yard or a vacant 
 lot" 
 
 wnat Mr. terkins, a successful Breeder of S. C. W. Leghorns 
 Thinks of the Philo System 
 
 Midland Park, N. J., July 31, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Esq., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : Some years ago I decided to start in the chicken business. Like 
 many others who come to this decision, who have been born and brought up in the 
 city, my experience with poultry had been limited mostly to the consumption of its 
 table products. Before starting in the business, therefore, I procured as much-infor- 
 mation as possible from every available source. 
 
 I studied the Philo System thoroughly, and finally made a start in a small way. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 89 
 
 keeping my flock largely according to the principles and directions fully described in 
 the Philo System Book. I wish to say that by following your system, I was enabled 
 from the start to keep my birds in excellent condition, and have procured highly satis- 
 factory results in general. A combination of the Philo System, good breeding stock, 
 a little brains (ordinarily termed " common sense"), and a little more brawn, forms 
 an excellent foundation on which a successful poultry business can be built. 
 
 Judging from my own past experience in the poultry business and from the ex- 
 periences of others that have come under my notice from time to time I firmly believe 
 that for the beginner the Philo System is indispensable ! Its clear and concise direc- 
 tions, covering, as they do every branch of the business, makes the keeping of poultry 
 a matter of comparative ease, for even the most inexperienced. The helpful, practi- 
 cal suggestions and interesting data which the Philo System Book also contains make 
 it valuable to the practical poultryman as well. Wishing you success, I am. 
 
 Very truly yours, C. N. Perkins. 
 
 What a Philo Institute Graduate Has to Say 
 
 ViNELAND, N. J., June 22, 1911. 
 Editor The Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : As a graduate of the Philo National Poultry Institute, it may not 
 be considered inappropriate to give briefly a synopsis of my present views regarding 
 the Philo System. 
 
 For several years it was my aim and desire to get into the "Chicken Business;" 
 and to secure what would satisfy me as a thorough business-like basis upon which to 
 proceed in establishing a poultry plant that would meet my requirements was the per- 
 plexing problem upon which I spent considerable time and money in study and 
 travel which finally resulted in placing my faith in the Philo System as the most 
 practical for the beginner, especially one with limited space and working capital, be- 
 cause it afforded all the detailed information necessary for guidance of the amateur 
 from incubation to market or the show room. I availed myself not only of all the 
 facts set forth in the Philo System Book but as well the full course of the Philo Na- 
 tional Poultry Institute. The value of this to me in one season has been many times 
 the amount expended. Have not once hesitated to follow every instruction implicitly 
 with the confidence that it is the gist of Mr. E. W. Philo's many years' experience hon- 
 estly given in such form and language that any ordinarily intelligent person could 
 scarcely fail to comprehend every step. 
 
 Gave several of the Cycle Hatchers a pretty severe test during this season by 
 running them successfully in a room where the temperature at times varied, fully 40 
 degrees in 24 hours. The little chicks hatched from eggs produced by my own hens, 
 housed, fed and cared for according to the "Philo " way, came from the shells with a 
 bound and more than 80 per cent, are now alive and doing well. Have them ranging 
 in age from one to nearly four months. The 'Fireless Brooders, also the Educator 
 Brooders used this season gave excellent satisfaction and I expect to use many more 
 next season. 
 
 My present location I consider ideal for poultry culture, a southern exposure 
 on a main avenue with a frontage of nearly 400 feet. Land consists of ten acres with 
 half an acre at present devoted to housing and parks and five acres in cultivation .for 
 for growing food for the poultry. 
 
 Am well pleased with present progress and working partnership with my poul- 
 try. Together w* ar« w»ll and happy in our efforts on the "Scratch to Live" plan. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. A. Reinhart, R. R. No. 3. 
 
' MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 "Might Fill Several Pages Telling Why We Like the Philo System." 
 
 Casey, Illinois. June 21, 1911. 
 Editor Poultry Review, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Dear Sir : We have been using the Philo System three years arid like it better 
 each year, as we more fully understand its many advantages over the old way of hatch, 
 ing and raising chickens. We not only like the Cycle Hatcher, but coops and brooders 
 as well. Among the many good poultry appliances, the Fireless Brooder and Brooder 
 Coops stand out as the best and to us the most useful. 
 
 As our business in the springtime is hatching and selling White Orpington 
 baby chicks, you can easily understand why we so much appreciate them. 
 
 We might fill several pages telling why we like the Philo System, but will close 
 by wishing you many years of prosperity. Very truly, C. H. HiGBEE, 614 E. Main St- 
 
 Here was Mrs. Higbee's first hatch with the Cycle Hatcher, getting 47 chicks from 51 eggs set, and her next 
 
 three hatches were all good. Her hens were fed according to the Philo System, which she has continued 
 
 to use for more than two years from that time. 
 
 Mr. Meng Tells of His Success With The Philo System 
 
 Camden, N. J., January 19, 1910. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo, Esq., Elmira, N. Y. 
 Dear Sir :— Since I received your valuable book about poultry keeping, I 1 ~^-i 
 studied your system as closely as ever anybody could, and it still is my c ?t 
 pleasure to read same over and over again. 
 
 By following your system, I will with pleasure state that I made my hcii.. . ■ 
 turn a nice profit, and I attribute my success mainly and absolutely to your system 
 alone. In brief, I would let you know that I started with 19 hens last spring, of 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 91 
 
 course some of my yearlings, but I would tell you that the same stock was the poorest 
 you did ever see; consequently I could never show any returns and was so disheart- 
 ened that if anybody spoke to me about chickens, I would turn around disgusted. 
 
 I saw your ad. in the Garden Magazine and at first sight said to myself, fake, 
 excuse me. Later on I ordered the book and after reading it the first time, com- 
 menced over again until I knew it by memory. Then I started building coops, brooders 
 and so on, feeding and keeping my hens according to your directions, until my folks 
 thought I would go nutty, but after a while when my poor hens began to shell 
 out 118 and 122 eggs a week, they were doing some thinking. In short, I have not 
 got any valuable breed of chickens, but I am proud to state to you that each and 
 every hen mentioned, returned to me a net profit of $3.39-1-2 and therefore, dear sir, 
 receive my sincere thanks. 
 
 A Section of the Plant of the Misses Anderson-Walker, Weymouth, Mass., Where Chicks are 
 Raised by the Philo System 
 
 I enclose a few cuts of my own handwork whereby you can see that I am in 
 close connection with the System and I am one of the so-called stickers too, meaning 
 that I may improve in it yet I am also expecting to do better this year as my hens 
 have been laying since December of last year. In fact they only stopped long enough 
 to get a new coat on, and this year I am starting with sixty first-class, of course my 
 own stock, which, by the way, are Wyandottes, Blue Andalusians and a few Barred 
 Plymouth Rocks. 
 
 Please excuse my long letter but I wanted to let you know about my success. By 
 
92 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 the way, let me know something of your incubator, as I intend gradually to take this 
 figure up too, for I am as sure now of the returns as I am to figure myself in the busi- 
 ness some day. 
 
 Once more receive my best regards, and I remain 
 
 Yours truly, H. A. Meng, 1204 Everett St. 
 
 Is Trying Out Philo System 
 
 Charles M. Chase Raising Chickens After a New Method 
 From the North Adams, (Massachusetts.) Evening Transcript 
 
 In the back yard of Charles M. Chase of 77 Hall street are four small neat look- 
 ing structures, three of them about a foot high and four or five feet square, and the 
 fourth about three feet high, which are of a considerable interest to Mr. Chase this 
 Spring. They represent his interest and accomplishment in the raising of poultry, an- 
 avocation he took , up for the first time about three months ago, and which has, 
 brought him considerable satisfaction in the results already obtained. 
 
 In the small space at his disposal Mr. Chase has about 50 chicks and five hens, 
 and he is caring for them after the Philo System. There has been considerable inter- 
 est in his brooding pens and breeding pens, and in the success he has already had, and 
 poultry raisers from this city and other towns have inspected the outfit. A farmer 
 from Williamstown who was .skeptical at first of the methods Mr. Chase is using 
 finally admitted that the brooders were about the best thing he had ever seen. Mr. 
 Chase has followed out the teachings of the Philo System in detail, and his neighbor, 
 William Eddy has become so interested in the system that he is already having coops 
 built in his yard to try it himself. , 
 
 In the breeding pen are six hens, and in the last month they have laid 116 eggs. 
 Mr. Chase has kept a close account of the profit from the eggs, and finds that the 
 hens are paying for their own feed and for the feed of the chicks that he is raising. 
 He purchased the chicks, which are high grade Rhode Island Reds, from Mrs. Leon C. 
 Downing, of Enfield, who was the only woman exhibitor at the recent poultry show, 
 and who took several prizes. The chicks require considerable care and frequent feed- 
 ing, but Mr. Chase expects to have some two-pounders by the first of June. 
 
 Van Buren Woman a Successful Chicken Grower 
 
 From Times Record, Fort Smith, Ark. 
 
 If spring chickens were gold nuggets, Mrs. Hal Brown, of Van Buren, would 
 not be much richer, for she has recently converted 8-weeks old chickens, broilers, 
 into money at the rate of 30 cents apiece. Mrs. Brown is one of the most progressive 
 chicken raisers across the river. She knows her business from start to finish and is 
 getting results by scientific methods. 
 
 Mrs. Brown has two incubators in her back yard and uses the Philo system ex- 
 clusively ; that is, keeping the chicks in pens and feeding them a certain amount of 
 food at certain periods, etc. Seven hundred chickens have been raised by Mrs. 
 Brown this spring and she has received high prices for them on the market. The last 
 lot sold numbered 114, and, as stated above, the price received for the 8-weeks-old 
 chicks averaged 30 cents each. Mrs. Brown states that she will raise 1,000 chickens 
 with the two incubators this spring and then continue the hatching in the fall. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 93 
 
 Pullets Began Laying When Four and a Half Months Old. 
 
 Dalton, Mass., July 28, 1911. 
 Mr. E. W. Philo. 
 
 Dear Sir : The following may not be of great interest to you, but thought it 
 might show something. I got your book last fall, and have kept a pen of White 
 Wyandottes in a Winter Colony Coop all winter. My first eggs were set in one of 
 your incubators, February 20, 1911 ; they were hatched March 13. I used your regu- 
 lation Brooder Coop and Colony Coop. I have four pullets from my first hatch, they 
 are fine ones. I got my first eggs to-day, July 28, the pullets being 4 months and 15 
 days old. I think that is a very good record, especially as they have not had the finest 
 care. I am at business 10 hours of the day, and have four other pens, besides a garden 
 that I look after. Yours truly, J. W. Hagar. 
 
 A Summer View of the Clover Lawn Poultry Yards, Owned by H. S. Shinn, Delhi, 111., Showing How Coops Can be 
 
 Arranged Close Together Under the Trees, Thus Securing Protection From the Sun During the Heated 
 
 Season, and Requiring but Little Space for Housing a Large Number of Fowls. 
 
 Good Results in Using the Philo System 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, August 21, 1911. 
 Cycle Hatcher Company, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen : — Yours of the 8th inst. received and contents noted. 
 The Philo System is sure a success. From four hens last year I cleared $54.15, 
 besides the pleasure I got out of it. 
 
 Out of the baby chicks I got of you June 23, 1910, 1 saved three pullets which 
 have averaged 179 eggs each to date, and I have a cockerel for which I refused $50. 
 
 Yours truly, E. G. Applet ON. 
 
94 
 
 MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Mr. Shinn, After Taking the Philo Institute Correspondence Course, is 
 
 Delighted With the Results 
 
 Delhi, III, July 28, 1911 
 The Philo National Poultry Institute, Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 Gentlemen : Permit us to say that having just completed the Correspondence 
 Course you sent us, " with credit ", we hope, and having back of that eight years of 
 practical experience raising and selling thoroughbred poultry, we find it difficult to 
 express our gratitude to you for the practical help it has been to us in filling our yards 
 with such wonderful White Orpingtons. 
 
 By this system we have, in a number of cases, beaten the Philo records as laid 
 down in the Philo System Book, and we now have many pullets just five months old 
 laying almost every day. 
 
 Those who will follow your practical, simple instructions must be delighted 
 with the wonderful results they are sure to have. We predict a revolution in the poul- 
 try industry along these practical lines, and nothing is too good as your reward. 
 Believe us, Yours truly, Clover Lawn Poultry Yards, 
 
 H. S. Shinn, Prop. 
 
 a Beautiful Winter View of a Section of the Poultry Plant of H. S. Shinn, Delhi, 111. Fowls Kept in These Economy 
 
 Coops are Comfortable and Healthy During the Long and Severe Winters of the North, and When 
 
 Properly Fed, Lay as Well as in the Warm Weather. 
 
 Two Winters' Experience With Philo Coops 
 
 Michigan City, Ind., June 30, 1911. 
 
 I have used the Philo coops, three double deckers and two brooder coops, 
 
 through two winters, and consider them the best things on the market with which to 
 
 raise chickens. If I get a chick out of the shell, and it lives a week, I raise him every 
 
 time. Yours very truly, H. M. Barnes. 
 
MAKING POULTRY PAY 
 
 Mrs. Hamilton, of the Woodlawn Poultry Yards, Elmira, N. Y., Tells of 
 Her Success in the Use of the Philo System 
 
 ■ T'T 7r ^^^? ?^''^" ^^^'"2 ^ *^^ ^°2^n ^Sgs a year was the kind kept by the 
 majority but the Philo System has so thoroughly demonstrated what may be done 
 with birds of pure blood that when one sees a flock of mongrels now, he knows the 
 owner IS not progressive, for fowls of quality will command respect of the passers by 
 as well as of yourself. f j 
 
 After deciding the breed of which you desire to make a specialty, the next very 
 importantpomt is the strain, for chicks hatched from healthy stock which has been 
 trapnested, pedigreed, and record-kept, must give one a much larger per cent of heavy 
 
 layers, conforming well with 
 
 the standard, than do other 
 methods requiring less work. 
 
 For a number of reasons 
 I breed White Wyandottes 
 exclusively. They do well in 
 the small coops, and are one 
 of the best for table use and 
 for laying. As I use all of the 
 methods for improvement 
 mentioned before, I expect 
 to produce still better results 
 
 If I should refer to my re- 
 cord and tell just how few 
 chicks I have lost this season 
 I fear some might doubt 
 my veracity; yet from an 
 experience of several years, 
 I say it is possible to raise 
 chicks with practically no 
 loss. But to do this your 
 breeders must be in perfect 
 health. 
 
 As for housing young 
 chicks, I have never used any 
 thing so satisfactory in every 
 way as the Philo Brooder 
 
 Well located brooder coops in Woodlawn Poultry Yard, where Mrs. Nellie W. 
 Hamilton, of Elmira, N. Y., has such gratifying success in 
 raising her choice White Wyandotte chickens. 
 
 Coop. The chicks are perfectly safe from all enemies, can get plenty of sunshine, 
 which is very essential, and yet are dry and comfortable during rainy days. If there 
 is anything around a city lot that will give more satisfaction per square foot than a 
 flock of healthy, happy, growing chicks, I would like to be shown. 
 
 Much of the mortality in young chicks is due to their becoming tired and chilled ; 
 they need to be kept very warm until they have been fed. They are warm little 
 bundles, but cannot heat the universe ; so when you put them into the brooder coop, 
 see that they are tucked in the little brooder that they may be rested and the animal 
 heat confined to thoroughly warm them, and in a very few days they will have 
 learned the trick and will care for themselves in this respect. 
 
 By this method I have succeeded in raising White Wyandottes that are both 
 
 profitable and attractive, and I am sure it would work equally as well for other breeds. 
 
 Mrs. Nellie W. Hamilton, 318 Woodlawn Ave., Elmira, N. Y.' 
 
NOTICE 
 
 New and enlarged edition of the Philo System Book, postpaid $1.00. 
 
 The Poultry Review, a monthly magazine, postpaid, $1.00 per year 
 
 New Edition of the Philo System Book, Poultry Review one year, and 
 A Little Poultry and A Living, all for $1.50, postpaid, E. R. Philo, Clover 
 and Lake St., Elmira, N. Y. 
 
 NOTICE 
 
 All appliances used in connection with the Philo System can be 
 purchased of the Cycle Hatcher Co., Grand Central Ave., Elmira, N. Y. 
 Catalogue free.