CORNELL U N.tJ V E R S I T Y LIBRARY From the library of GORDON MESSING Professor of Classics & Linguistics Cornell University I CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 097 564 474 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924097564474 ^^ a MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO From, the bust in the Capitoline Museum 3>be O^rattnn ^hmm SELECTED ORATIOIS^S AND LETTERS OF CIOEEO TO WHICH IS ADDED THE CATILINE OF SALLUST WITH HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION, AN OUTLINE OP THE ROMAN CONSTITU- TION, NOTES, VOCABULARY AND INDEX HAROLD WHETSTONE JOHNSTON, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY REVISED BY HUGH MACMASTER KINGERY, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN WABASH COLLEOE SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY CHICAGO ATLANTA NEW YORK Copyright, 189.1, 1910 Br SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANX 244.5 ROBERT O. LAW COMPANY EDITION BOOK MANUFACTURERS CHICAGO. U. S. «. PREFACE In this revision the aim has been to preserve the spirit of the original edition, and with the spirit not a little of the matter has survived. The Introduction has been retained almost bodily — the Life of Cicero with condensation and addi- tions, the Roman Commonwealth with hardly any modifica- tion. Much of the annotation, too, on the four orations and eleven letters which appear in both editions has been retained with little or no change of phraseology; though new material has been added and an occasional statement simplified. The six orations contained' in this edition are those most commonly studied and- named by the American Philological Society's Commission of Fifteen as appropriate for use in prep- aration for college. The conventional arrangement is retained. The twelve letters range in time from B. C. 65 to 57, and give glimpses of the author's political methods, his relations with prominent contemporaries, his sufferings in exile, and his triumphant return. The introduction of the Catiline of Sallust is an innovation which it is beheved will meet the approval of teachers. The text is given in full, except for a few chapters which have no essential bearing on the history of the conspiracy This may be used merely for reference and parallel reading, or it may be read entire as an introduction to the study of the Catiline orations; and this reading may come at the opening of the 4 PREFACE third year, or, if the teacher finds it more convenient, at the end of the second. The notes and grammatical references have been made sufficiently full for such use. In regard to the text the same principles have been fol- lowed which ware adopted for the original edition. With very slight exceptions the stjindard text of C. F. W. Mueller and his associates is used. The employment of italics and brackets to indicate variations from manuscript readings has been dis- carded, and the few sentences in which the readings are hoper lessly corrupt or obscure have simply been omitted altogether; all this, to quote the original Preface, 'in order to furnish a clear, straightforward, readable-text which will render unneces- sary the suggestion or discussion of various readings.' For the convenience of both student and teacher the notes are placed on the same page with the text, but a separate text is supplied for use in the classroom. The notes are intended to afford the necessary help on difficulties of text, supply directly or by referenc3 such collateral information as is needed and so far as possible lead the student to some appreciation of the great orator's language and style and the life and thought of his time. They should be not merely glanced at for momentary aid in translation, but studied thoroughly, and the student should be held rigidly responsible for their content. The attempt has been made to maintain throughout the principles of annotation enunciated in the first edition; (1) The notes are brief and to the point, and are positive. In most cases, even where controversy is possible, only that explanation is given which seems to the editor most satisfactory; for the discussion which is so stimulating and profitable in college classes is likely to result only in confusion to younger students PREPAUE 5 (2) As a rule cross references are made only to text or notes preceding — backward, that is, not forward. (3) The refer- ences in the notes, though very numerous, are confined to the Introduction, four Grammars in common use, Abbott's Roman Political Institutions, and Johnston's Private Life of the Romans. A list of helpful books, to which the teacher may refer the pupil for wider information on special topics, is given on page 73. In the Index a star (*) indicates passages on which references to the grammars are given. Throughout the text long vowels are marked, hidden quan- tities being indicated in general accordance with the principles formulated in Bennett's Latin Language (1907). It has not seemed best to break up the text by the inser- tion of headings, but in the notes on the same page a running analysis in italics is given, which will prove helpful in 'keeping track of the thought.' But even this and the daily review are not sufficient alone. Reading a small amount each day and centering his attention on the difficulties of language and style the student is too apt to forget the larger purpose of the whole argument. It is a good practice, therefore, for the teacher on the completion of a given oration to take a recitation period and read the whole speech through at once — or, even better, have some member of the class do so, while the rest follow his translation with the text before them. One of the Catiline orations can be translated easily in less than forty minutes. Attention is called to the review of certain grammatical points at the close of the notes on each chapter in the first two orations, and to the alphabetical index of grammatical refer- ences on page 104, at the close of oration I, where the suggestion is offered that the student be reouired or encouraged to make 6 PREFACE for himself similar indexes of other orations. From the first, however, free use of the general index should be lu-ged, so that the student may have at his command the full equipment offered by the book. In his labors the reviser has enjoyed the cordial support and advice of the original editor and of the publishers. Help- ful hints have been given by Professor Lillian Gay Berry, of the Indiana University, while Mr. Keith Preston, instructor in the same institution, has read the proofs, with especial atten- tion to vowel quantities. Particular acknowledgment is due to Professor Frank Frost Abbott, of Princeton University, who made a careful review of the article on The Roman Common- wealth, and offered some valuable suggestions. Wabash College, July, 1910. R07BIHN EMPIRE. IN B. C. 63. ROMAN TERRITORi' AND PROVINCES. I I >^^ ALLIED STATES. C'"' !^ V^5 ^^^ Dotted Circle indicates the Limits of Cicero's Banishment. ROMAN MILES. ~ CONTENTS PAOB Preface 3 List of Maps and Illustrations 9 Introduction. Life of Cicero ' II Place in Roman History 11 To the Canvass for the Consulship 14 The Canvass of 64 18 His Consulship 21 His Exile and Return 33 His Later Life 39 Chronological Table 43 The Roman Commonwealth 47 The Roman People 47 The Assemblies 52 The Magistrates 56 Ministers of Religion 63 The Senate 66 How the Orations and Letters were Preserved 71 A Typical Oration Outline 72 Some Books for Reading and Reference 73 Abbreviations > 74 Orationes Selectae Prima in Catilinam 75 Index of Grammatical References on Oration 1 104 Secunda in Caiilinam 105 Tertia in Catilinam 129 Quarta in Catilinam 154 Pro Lege Manilla (de Imperio Pompei) 177 Pro Archia Poeta 222 Roman Correspondence. 245 Epistolae Selectae No. To Subject Matteb 1 Atticus. Politics; the birth of a son 249 2 Pompey. Protest at Pompey's coldness 250 3 Antony. Slanders; a favor for Atticus 252 4 Atticus. Premonitions of trouble 254 7 8 CXDNTENTS Epistolae Selectae No. To Subject Matter page 5 Atticus. Beginnings of exile , 256 6 Atticus. Despair; appeal to Atticus to 'come' 257 7 Atticus. Thanks; another appeal 257 8 Atticus. Plans for residence abroad 258 9 Family. DepMture from Italy; a farewell 259 10 Family. Six months later; hopes and fears 263 11 Family. Misery; business; a move homeward 265 12 Atticus. Return from exile; 'a new life' 268 Sallust's Bellum Catilinae 275 Vocabulary 1 Index 95 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS PAGB Marcus TuUius Cicero (bust in the Capitoline Museum) Frontispiece Roman Empire in B. C. 63 Following 6 Rome Following 74 Italy following 96 Pompey (bust in the Vatican Museum) Facing 178 The Roman Forum Today } je^dU^-^ng 224 A Plan of the Forum (From Huelsen) ) Gaius Julius Caesar (bust in the British Museum) *"*« ing 275 H^TRODUOTIOK LIFE OF CICERO PLACE IN ROMAN HISTORY Marcus Tuliius Cicero (106-43*) is the most prominent I figure in the history of the last years of the repubUc. Born in an obscure country town, his family of the middle class only, without the prestige of wealth or noble birth, brought into con- tact with some of the greatest men Rome ever produced — Sulla, Caesar, Pompey, Antony, Octavian — aided only by his natural talent, high ambition and tireless industry, he left a name remarkably free from moral reproach, prominent in politics, incomparable in literature, the second if not the first in oratory. His Private tife. — Judged by the standard of to-day — a 2 standard by which Cicero alone of all the Romans is ever judged — his character was not spotless. He was intensely vain, hot tempered, not always considerate of his friends, vindictive toward his enemies, extravagant and selfish. On the other hand his morals were conspicuously pure. In an age of corruption and social degeneracy he was always above all scandal and reproach. He was merciful and compassionate to his slaves; his dealings with the poor and helpless were just and humane. The lifelong devotion of Atticus and Tiro testifies 3 to his amiable and affectionate nature; his defense of Roscius, Sestius and Milo to his courage and loyalty. His tenderness to his daughter TuUia and his love for his brother Quintus touch us still. His wealth was acquired honorably, and, if spent lavishly, was spent on books and villas and works of *B. C. is to be understood with all dates in this book. n 12 INTRODUCTION art, not on the gratification of the meaner passions. His domestic relations became unhappy. After thirty years of married life he divorced Terentia. He married a young heiress and divorced her too. The sufferings of Tullia caused him the keenest sorrow, and his only son was dissipated and incapable. He found distraction, however, in his studies, and consolation in philosophy. His Political Career. — Cicero's political career began with 4 Lis quaestorship in Sicily in 75. At the earliest legal age he cecame aedile (69) and praetor (66). In 63 he was consul, and suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline. In 58 he was exiled, but was soon recalled. During the so-called first triumvirate he was kept in the background, neglected ahke by friends and foes. During the civil war (49-45), after long and anxious hesitation, he espoused the cause of Pompey against Caesar, but finally was reconciled to the latter and lived on friendly terms with him until his assassination. He took no part in the plot against Caesar's life, yet openly exulted in the deed of the conspirators. For a short time his early vigor reasserted itself, and he headed the patriotic party against the new triumvirate. When the cause of the republic was finally lost he was among the first to fall victim to the proscription He wai. murdered in 43 at the age of 63. Cicero was a patriot — as a politician he was a failure. He 5 seemed unable to comprehend the tendencies of the times, the fickleness of the people, the rottenness of the aristocracy, the insufficiency of the old constitution. He was short-sighted, hesitating, by turns lenient to weakness and harsh to cruelty. He was easily swayed by circumstances, and often the tool of unscrupulous men. He lacked the far-seeing statesmanship, self-control and resolute determination that gave Caesar the victory, and the disinterestedness of purpose and stubbornness of will that made Cato great in defeat. But Augustus said of him, 'He Ipved his country.' His motives were pure, his integrity unimpeached, and he laid down his life for the republic. LIFE OF CICERO 13 His Position in Literature. — To the pursuit of literature 6 Cicero brought extraordinary intellectual capabilities, a strong imagination, refined and elevated tastes and habits of appli- cation that excite our amazement. His learning was great — Var'ro alone of his contemporaries surpassed him — and to the end of his life he read and studied incessantly. His memory, like Macaulay's, was always in action, and he seems to have run easily over the immense accumulations of his intellect. He raised the Latin language to the highest plane .of its develop- ment; Ciceronian Latin means all that is clear, direct and forcible. It is doubtful whether any writer of any age has been more widely read; it is certain that none has exercised a more powerful influence upon the world. There is no style of literature that he did not attempt; but it is to rhetoric, philosophy and his letters that he chiefly owes his fame. In 7 the first two his services to the Roman world as the mediator of Greek culture are beyond estimation; he was the first apostle to the Romans. His letters are to us a still more priceless treasure. They are a complete history of the times, bringing before us most vividly the last days of the republic. They are more than eight hundred in number and of various styles, some mere records of the events of the day, a few carefully prepared for publication as political pamphlets, the larger number friendly communications on all sorts of subjects to all sorts of people, revealing the writer's most personal relations and thoughts with the most transparent and engaging candor. Many of the letters of his correspondents too are preserved among them, and add still more, if possible, to their value. Cicero as an Orator. — Quintilian says of him: ApudposterosS id eft consecutus, ut ' Cicero ' iam non hominis nomen sed eloquen- tiae habeatur. In clearness, fulness, life and energy of style he has never been surpassed. He made for every speech the most careful and conscientious preparation, and handled his subjects with the most consummate skill He could confuse a 14 INTRODUCTION thing when he chose, and weave a web of sophistry almost impos- sible to disentangle. What he wished to make clear he could put in the simplest, plainest, most forcible way, and he generally did it in the shortest sentences. He could be humorous, sarcas- 9 tic, pathetic, ironical, satirical, and when he was malignant his mouth was most foul and his bite most venomous. His orations are distinguished by variety and rapid change of senti- ment. His delivery was impassioned and fiery, his voice strong, full and sweet, his figure tall, graceful and impressive. He possessed a wonderful influence over the senses and feelings of his hearers, and when other counsel were associated with him it was usual for Cicero to be the last to address the jury. By universal consent he is placed side by side with Demosthenes, or at least close after him. He surpassed the great Attic orator in variety and brilliancy, but lacked his moral earnestness and consequent impressiveness. In all ages he has been the model 10 and despair of the greatest orators. Petrarch and Erasmus, Chatham and Burke, Webster, Everett and Choate, all have felt and owned the powerful influence of his example. We know of over one hundred orations which he delivered; fifty-seven have been preserved entire, some twenty others in a fragmentary condition. We do not have them, however, in the precise form in which they were delivered, because it was his custom to prepare his speeches for publication by removing the parts of less permanent interest, and revising the rest, TO THE CANVASS FOR THE CONSULSHIP His Early Education. — Cicero was born on the 3d of 1 1 January, 106, at Arpinum, an old town in the land of the Volsci and the birthplace of Gaius Marius also. His family belonged to the equestrian order, and none of his ancestors had ever been a magistrate. Forced, therefore, to rely upon 12 his own merits to recommend him to the people, he devoted himself with all his might to the study of oratory, which was LIFE OF CICERO 15 then, even more than law is now, the gateway to a political career. The best teachers of rhetoric — and they were chiefly Greeks — were his; but he visited the forum daily to listen to those orators of his own country* whose eloquence was most admired, especially Lucius Crassus and Marcus Antonius. He was a diligent student of Roman law also, under the Scaevolae, and this knowledge was afterwards of great value to him. He 13 Bead with unflagging zeal the best Greek writers, especially the poets, and of these Homer above all others; and from them he derived a wealth of noble and exalted ideas, and the beauty of style which he conspicuously possessed. But to complete his ideal of a well-rounded orator and statesman he added philosophy and logic to his studies, having for his teachers representatives of the three chief schools, Phaedrus the Epi- curean, Diodotus the Stoic, and Philo the Academic. To this list of his instructors must be added the famous rhetorician Molo, who had come to Roma as ambassadqr from Rhodes. His First Cases. — ^Thus prepared, Cicero "ti his twenty- 14 sixth year (81) commenced his career as an advocate. It was customary for young men to make their first bid for notoriety and public favor by bringing a criminal suit, on good grounds or none, against some prominent but unpopular man: so Caesar (77) unsuccessfully prosecuted Dolabella. Cicero, however, preferred the more honorable course of appearing for the defense, and in his first public case (80) he spoke in behalf of Sextius Roscius, charged with parricide. This was the justest case that Cicero ever championed; and the courage with which he opposed the favorite of the dictator Sulla, and exposed the corruption of the Sullan reign of terror, brought him into immediate prominence. It may be that he feared the resent- 15 ment of Sulla, for the next year (79), pleading ill health and the need of further study, he went to Athens and thence to Asia and Rhodes. In Athens he studied for six months under the most famous philosophers, and there formed his memorable friendship with Titus Pomponiu.'' Atticus. In Asia also he 16 INTRODUCTION visited the most distinguished masters of eloquence; but it was at Rhodes, and under the same Molo whose lectures he had heard at Rome, that he profited the most. Under the influence of his criticisms ' Cicero put aside 'the juvenile superfluities and redundancies' that had marred his earlier style. His Quaestorship, — Greatly improved — prope mutatus he 16 calls it — he returned to Rome in 77 (Sulla had died in 78) and resumed his labors in the courts. His talent, skill and unselfishness so recommended him to the people that when in 76 he offered himself for the quaestorship, an office carry- ing with it a seat in the senate, he was unanimously elected. As quaestor (75) he was sent to Sicily, at that time the chief source of the grain supply of Rome, where his honorable administration did much to reconcile the provincials to the burdensome exactions of the government. All his spare time was devoted to study, and at the expiration of his year of office he returned to Rome with the confidence and esteem of the whole province. In 70 he was elected aedile for 69, and took advantage 17 of the trial of Gaius Verres to pose as the zealous champion of the people's rights. Verres had been propraetor of Sicily for three years, and had shamefully abused and plundered the province. On the expiration of his term of ofiice the Sicilians brought suit against him for extortion, laying damages at 12,000,000. Bound by a promise given during his quaestor- ship Cicero departed from his custom and undertook their case, thus appearing for the first time as prosecutor in a public cause. He made the case a political one by publish- ing through Rome his intention to proceed against Verres not as an individual but as a type. He promised to expose in this trial the corruption of the senate's system of admin- istering the provinces, which had made the title of governor a sjoionym for plunderer and extortioner. The culprit did not venture to stand his trial. He went into exile, the Sici- LIFE OF CICERO 17 lians were avenged if not recompensed, and Cicero was acknowledged the first advocate of Rome. The next year (69) he was aedile. The aedileship was not 18 a necessary step in a political career, but it carried with it the management of certain of the public games, and upon these the aediles were expected and accustomed to spend immense sums of their own money in the hope of gaining popular favor. Such an expenditure was entirely beyond Cicero's means; but the Sicilians had not forgotten his upright- ness in his quaestorship and his eloquence in the prosecution of Verres. With their assistance he furnished grain at un- usually low rates, and the grateful people received with favor the comparatively modest games he was able to give them, while his popularity was undiminished. His Praetorship and the Oration for the Manilian 19 Law, — When the two years required by law between suc- cessive official terms had elapsed he became (67) a candidate for the praetorship. The election was several times inter- rupted and postponed, but on each occasion Cicero's name was at the top of the list of candidates in all the centuries. In his year of office he presided over one of the standing courts. Here his minute knowledge of the law was of great service to him, and his tribunal was thronged with young men listening to his decisions. The most important political event of the year was the proposal of the tribune, C. Manilius, to transfer the command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey. The latter was to have unlimited funds, unlimited 20 troops, unlimited authority over citizens and allies, in short such powers as not even the ancient kings had possessed. The measure was clearly unconstitutional, and as such was vigorously opposed by the conservatives. Besides, they hated Pompey for his own sake, because to him they owed the loss of the courts and the re-establishment of the tribunate. The bill was supported by Caesar and Cicero, by the latter, perhaps, because he felt it his duty to take the side approved 18 INTRODUCTION by the party to which he owed the very position that gave weight to his opinion. He therefore delivered in support of the Manilian law the eloquent oration De Imperio Cn. Pompei (see introductory note, p. 177), his first distinctively political address to the people from the rostra, though there had been no lack of politics in his speeches for Roscius and against Verres. The bill was carried, and the successful termination of the war seemed to vindicate the policy of Cicero, who, not- withstanding many rebuffs and wrongs, continued the ardent supporter and eloquent apologist of Pompey all his life. THE CANVASS OF 64 But the real-goal of Cicero's ambition was the consulship, 21 to which he had long looked forward (Ep. 1) and for which he became candidate in 64, suo anno. His most prominent and most dangerous competitor was Lucius Sergius Catilina, of patrician family, born about 108. In his early youth Catiline flung himself into all possible excesses, which, with- out undermining his gigantic strength, blunted his moral feeling and coupled with an inordinate ambition led him into a series of awful crimes almost beyond belief. He entered upon public life just at the time of Sulla's reign of terror, during which, stained by the guilt of a brother's murder, he had the murdered man's name put upon the proscription list as if he had still been living. He is also accused by Cicero of the murder of his wife and son to clear the way for a second marriage. He is supposed to have gone through the regular course of offices at the regular age for each, and, by his rare gift of attaching people to him, succeeded in spite of the stains upon his character in obtaining the praetorship in 68. Catiline's First Attempt at the Consulship. — The following year2 2 he administered as propraetor the province of Africa, which he left in the summer of 66 to appear in Rome as a candidate for the consulship. But even before his departure from the province LIFE OF CICERO 19 envoys from Africa had appeared before the senate to present complaints about the scandalous oppression of which he had been guilty; hence, threatened with a prosecution for mis- government, he was obliged to retire from his candidature. The (so-called) First Conspiracy. — The candidates elected 23 for 65 after Catihne's withdrawal were Publius Autronius Paetus and Publius Cornelius Sulla, and they were immediately brought to trial on the charge of bribery, were convicted and deposed. In their places were elected the rival candidates, Lucius Aurelius Cotta and Lucius ManHus Torquatus. Autro- nius is said to have conspired immediately with Catiline and Cn. Calpurnius Piso, a youth of good family but abandoned character, to murder the consuls at the very outset of their official career when they appeared in the Capitoline temple on the 1st of January to make the customary vows for the welfare of the state. Catiline and Autronius were to be pro- 24 claimed consuls and Piso was to be furnished with an army to gain fame and fortune in Spain. Sallust declares that the plot was formed early in December, 66, but became known before the end of the month, and a body-guard was provided by the senate for the consuls-elect. The execution of the plot was therefore postponed until the 5th of February, 65, and its scope was enlarged to include the murder of the leading senators. It was asserted that it failed only because on the appointed day Catiline gave the signal before a sufficient number of his followers appeared. Although tradition has assigned to Catiline the leading 25 part in this plot, and although it is usually called his first conspiracy, it is very doubtful whether he was actively engaged in it. He probably sympathized at the time with Autronius and Sulla in their disappointment, and was afterwards made their scapegoat when their sins were discovered. In fact, it became quite the usual thing at Rome to ascribe to Catihne all unfathered crimes and outrages. It is at least significant that after the failure of the plot he went on with his plans 20 INTRODUCTION to get place and power by the forms of law, even if his methods were violent and unscrupulous. His Second Attempt. — Again in 65 Catiline's candidacy 26 was defeated by prosecution for misgovernment. In 64 he was actively supported by the more radical democrats, the influence of Caesar and Crassus being secretly but no less effectively exerted for him. Besides Catiline and Cicero there were five candidates. Of these the most promising was Gaius Antonius Hybrida, who in character and antecedents strongly resembled Catiline. To him Catiline attached himself, and both resolved to leave untried no means of canvassing, lawful or unlawful, to defeat Cicero — of the other candidates they had no fears. Catiline found friends to assist him with their money and credit in the purchase of votes, and at the expense of other friends shows of gladiators were promised the people in his name. Finally, in June, Catiline called together his 27 trusted adherents and laid before them his plans and the means of executing them. To the ambitious he promised high posi- tions in the state, to the bankrupt complete or partial relief by legislation, to all alike the rich spoil of an unscrupulous administration and the plunder of the provinces. All was con- ditioned of course upon his success in the election of the follow- ing month; and so, after ratifying their engagements with the most fearful oaths (it is said that they pledged each other in wine mixed with human blood), they separated to work, each in his own way, for the election of Catiline and Antony. Cicero's Chances. — While Catiline was indulging in the 28 most confident hopes, the prospects of Cicero were by no means bright. He could count certainly upon the support of the knights only — the order to which his own family belonged. The nobles despised him as a homo novus, hated him for his attacks upon them in. his speeches against Verres and for the Manilian law, and feared that in the future he might work in the interests of the democrats, and further the ambitious designs of Pompey. LIFE OF CICERO 21 The Result, — A fortunate accident — providence, he would 29 have called it — turned the tide in his favor. Q. Curius, one of Catiline's penniless adventurers, began suddenly to set a day for the fulfilment of his long-standing promises to his mistress Fulvia: gold, jewels, everything should be hers — after the election. She told her friends of her expectations, of course with due exaggeration. The vaguest and most extravagant rumors spread through the city. The terrors of the SuUan revolution were revived in the minds of all who owned property, valued peace, and cared for their lives. The threatened danger broke the pride of the nobles, and they cast their votes for Cicero as the most conservative democrat among the candidaites. He was elected at the head of the list with Antony second and Catiline in the minority by a few centuries only. For the first and last time had a hoTtio novus been elected consul at the earliest age permitted by the laws. HIS CONSULSHIP His Official Duties. — Mr. Trollope has called attention 30 to the little that we know of the administrative work done by the great Roman officers of state: 'Though we can picture to ourselves a Cicero before the judges or addressing the people from the rostra, or uttering his opinions in the senate, we know nothing of him as he sat in his office and did his consular work. We cannot but suppose that there must have been an office and many clerks. There must have been heavy daily work. The whole operation of government was under the consul's charge, and to Cicero, with a Catiline on his hands, this must have been unusually heavy.' In spite of his 31 official duties Cicero continued his practice in the courts. He has given us a list of twelve speeches, consulares he calls them, delivered this year, four' of which are contained in this volume. He entered upon office on the 1st of January,' 63. The winter and spring were occupied with contentions about the agrarian 22 INTRODUCTION law of RuUus, the trial of Rabirius for the death of Saturninus, the proposal to restore to their rights the children of those whom Sulla had proscribed, Caesar's intrigues to secure the office of pontifex maximus, Cicero's law to check bribery, and above all the rivalry of the candidates for the consul- ship of 62. One of these candidates was Catiline. Catiline's Third Attempt. — Discouraged and disheartened 32 as Catiline was by his second failure, he could not give up and turn back. He had staked his all and his friends' all upon the consulship: he would make one more effort to secure the prize — if that failed there was nothing left him but ruin or civil war. He had already exhausted all means countenanced or employed by the Romans in their party struggles. One last resort remained, and so without openly renouncing the support of the democrats he strove to attach to himself a personal following, not a 'party,' of the bankrupt and the ruined. There was no lack of material to work upon. There 33 were the dissipated youth, those who had no possessions, the spendthrifts and criminals of all kinds, the veterans of Sulla who after quickly squandering their ill-gotten riches longed for new booty, the great mass of those who had been driven from house and home by the military colonies, and finally — the most dangerous element — the mob of the capital, always thirsting for pillage and blood. What hopes Catiline held up before these new supporters, cannot be definitely deter- mined; the designs of anarchists are not usually very precise and well defined. He undoubtedly promised a cancellation of debts {novae tabulae), and the spoils of office with hints at the proscription of the rich — just as he had promised in 64, but on a larger scale. The threats of fire, pillage, outrage and murder that we read of must have been the idle mouthings of his followers, or thrown back upon this time from the events of the following summer and fall. The Election of 63. — Cicero, who had kept accurately 34 informed of Catiline's designs, fully appreciated the critical LIFE OF CICERO 23 condition of the state. As Catiline had turned from the democrats to the anarchists, so Cicero turned to the conserv- atives. He tried to win the confidence of the senators, to open their eyes to the threatened danger, to arouse their energies in behalf of the republic which he believed could be saved by the senate alone. To convince them of his disinterestedness he had declined a province in advance of the lots. The rich one, Macedonia, which afterwards fell to him, he turned over to his doubtful colleague Antony as a bribe to win him from his connection with Catiline, or at least to secure his neutrality. The less desirable one he caused to be given to a stanch con- servative, Quintus Metellus Celer. He bribed Fulvia, and 35 through her Curius, to keep him informed of Catiline's plots. To counteract his election intrigues he proposed and carried through a law in reference to bribery, adding to the number of acts that were declared illegal, and increasing the severity of the penalties. He looked to his personal safety by form- ing a body-guard of friends and clients, who also served him as a secret police. Finally, in July, when news reached him of a secret meeting of a particularly atrocious character, he called the senate together the day before the election, and laid the danger before them. The senate determined to discuss the condition of the state the next day instead of holding the election. This was done, and when Cicero had acquainted them with all that he knew, he challenged Cati- line to reply to his charges. Nothing daunted, Catiline replied 36 in an exultant and defiant speech, for which, says Cicero, he ought not to have been allowed to leave the house alive. The senate, however, took no decisive steps, the election was no longer deferred, and Catiline left the senate house with an air of triumph. Fortunately the revelations of Cicero were noised about, and had more effect upon the better classes of citizens than upon the senate, and his conduct upon the day of the election increased their dread of violence. He appeared at the voting place wearing but half-concealed beneath his 24 INTRODUCTION official toga a glittering cuirass, and surrounded by a numerous body-guard. The expected attack was not made, but the people, duly impressed with a sense of the consul's danger, rejected Catiline for the last time, and elected Lucius Licinius Murena and Decimus Junius Silanus. The Conspiracy of Catiline. — It is at this point that 37 what is known as the conspiracy of Catiline really begins. However radical, however revolutionary his designs had been previous to his defeat, he had aimed at overthrowing the existing government only, not at subverting the very order of the state itself. Now, however, his. plans were changed. In despair he set about the utter destruction of the republic which he could no longer hope to rule. He col- lected stores of arms in various convenient places in and out of Rome. He sent money, raised upon his own and his friends' credit, to his trusted lieutenant Gains Manhus at Faesulae in Etruria. Three armies of Sulla's veterans and other dis-38 affected persons were to assemble in Etruria, Apulia and Picenum. Outbreaks of slaves, mostly gladiators, were arranged for. He counted also upon the aid of Piso in Spain and Antony in Rome, but both failed him. On the 27th of October Manlius was to raise the standard of rebellion at Faesulae; on the 28th Catiline himself was to put to the sword the leading men at Rome. But Cicero had contrived to keep informed of all these plans, and on the 21st of October he laid before the senate all the information he had gained. For the moment the senate awakened from its lethargy. It passed 39 the resolution always reserved for thq gravest crises, Videant CONSULBS NE QUID RES PUBLICA DETEIMENTI CAPIAT, equiv- alent, says Caesar, to calling the Roman people to arms. A few days later came the news that Manlius had done his part — desperate men of all sorts were gathering around him ready for open war. The senate sent the proconsuls Q. Marcius, Rex and Q. Metellus (Creticus) to Etruria and Apulia, and the praetors Q. Pomponius Rufus and Q.. Metellus Celer to LIFE OF CICERO -25 Capua and Picenum, with authority to raise troops as needed. Rewards were offered for information concerning the con- spiracy. The bands of gladiators in Rome were hurried away to distant points, and to lessen the danger from incendiaries armed watchmen patrolled the streets under the direction of the inferior magistrates. A week passed by. There was a report that an unsuc-40 cessful attempt had been made to surprise Praeneste, an important fortress east of Rome, but in the city itself noth- ing occurred to justify Cicero's extraordinary precautions. The senate began to believe that the upstart consul had been trifling with its fears, and Catiline assumed the air of injured innocence. In fact, when he was charged at last with treason, he offered, as if confiding in the purity of his motives, to sur- render himself to the watch and ward of any good citizen (custodia libera). All this time, however, he was getting ready to leave Rome and join Manlius. He saw clearly enough that the only chance of success lay in a sudden attack upon the city before the senate's forces were enrolled and equipped. For this reason, deceiving his guard or securing his connivance, 41 be gathered together at the house of the senator, M. Porcius Laeca, on the night of November 6th, the leaders of the con- spiracy. He informed them of his intended departure, assured them of his early return with an army, selected some to accom- pany him, despatched others to important points in Italy, and assigned to those who were to remain at Rome the duty of setting the city on fire in twelve places when his approach was announced. He spoke bitterly of Cicero's unusual watch- fulness, whereupon two knights volunteered to murder the consul at his house at daybreak. The night was so far spent, however, that the attempt was postponed for twenty-four hours. In the meantime Cicero was warned by Fulvia, and when, early in the morning of the 8th, the assassins presented themselves at Cicero's door as if to make the usual morning call, they were refused admittance. Several prominent men, 26 INTRODUCTION summoned by Cicero for the purpose, bore witness to the attempt, and helped to spread the news through the city. The First Oration against Catiline. — On the same day 42 (November 8th) Cicero assembled the senate in tne temple of Jupiter Stator, on the northern slope of the Palatine hill and probably within the original fortifications of the ancient city. Here lived Cicero and Catiline, here lived the aristoc-- racy, and hence is derived our word palace. The senators came in large numbers. The late hour of the day, the unusual place of meeting, and the supposed subject of deliberation, excited their liveliest anticipations. Among them came Cati- line, undismayed by the watchmen already patrolling the streets, by the guards already posted, by the crowds of people anxiously running to and fro, by the band of knights who surrounded the senate fully armed and who regarded him with no friendly eyes. As he made his way toward his usual place, where as ex-praetor he sat near the ex-consuls, no one spoke to him, no one greeted him, and as he took his seat those near him rose from theirs and left him alone. Cicero, 43 losing his self-control at this exhibition of Catiline's effrontery, broke forth in a fiery speech, upbraided him with the events of the last two nights, and demanded that he quit the city. Even now Catiline attempted a defense. He begged the sen- ators not to believe the charges too hastily: he was sprung from such a family, had so lived from his youth that he might hope for every success; they could not think that he, a patri- cian, needed the overthrow of the republic when Cicero, an immigrant into Rome, put himself forward as its savior. He was going on with further insults when the senate inter- rupted him with- cries of hostis, ■parricida. He rushed from the temple, and, after a last meeting with his accomplices, he left the city the same night to join Manlius. His friends spread the report that he was going into exile at Massilia, a report that Catiline craftily confirmed by letters written to prominent men at Rome. LIFE OF CICERO 27 The Second Oration. — The next day Cicero delivered 44 an address to the people, corresponding to a proclamation of the president of the United States or an 'inspired editorial' in a European court journal. He acquainted the citizens with the condition of affairs within and without the city, defended himself from a double charge, busily circulated by his enemies, that Catiline if guilty had been allowed to escape, if innocent had been driven into exile, encouraged those who were anxious over the result of the apprehended war, and finally tried to frighten from their purposes the conspirators that were in the city. In a few days, as Cicero had predicted, came the news that 45 Catiline, with the fasces and other insignia of a consul, had entered the camp of Manlius. The senate immediately declared them both outlaws and traitors, promised amnesty to their followers who should lay down their arms by a fixed day, and commissioned the consuls to raise troops. Antony was directed to take the field against Catiline, while Cicero took charge of the city. Days passed with no decisive action — outside the city both parties were gathering forces, inside they were watching and waiting. Catiline's Representatives at Rome. — Catiline had left 46 the senators Lentulus, Cassius and Cethegus to watch over his interests at Rome. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura had been consul in 71, but had been removed from the senate on account of his immoral life, and, in order to regain his seat, had a second time stood for and obtained the praetorship. He was slow of thought and action, and extremely superstitious — at this time the victim of pretended soothsayers, who assured him he was the third Cornelius whom fate had destined to rule at Rome. L. Cassius Longinus had been one of Cicero's competitors for the consulship; he was looked upon as indolent and stupid rather than wicked, and people could scarcely believe him in the plot. C. Cethegus was a young man of 47 reckless life who was said to have been concerned in the con- 28 INTRODUCTION spiracy of 65. Besides these, the knights P. Gabinius Capito, whom Cicero calls Cimber Gabinius, and L. Statilius were especially active. Lentulus was the authorized leader, and he refused to resort to the torch and dagger until Catiline should move upon the city. At last his impatient and san- guine accomplices forced him to appoint the night of the 19th of December, the feast of Saturn, for the general rising. Cicero was convinced of their complicity in the plot, and was informed of their plans, but in the absence of legal proofs he could only wait for some overt act while providing for the safety of the city as best he could. The Arrest and the Third Oration. — ^There happened to 48 b? in Rome at this time envoys of the Allobroges, a Gallic people whose country lay between the Rhone and the Alps, trying to obtain from the senate some relief from the cruelty and avarice of the Roman governors. Their efforts had been fruitless, and in the worst of tempers they were preparing to return to their homes. With them Lentulus opened negotia- tions, using as go-betweens Cimber Gabinius and one P. Um- brenus, a freedman who had traded in Gaul and was personally known to the envoys. Lentulus promised the Gauls full relief under the new dispensation of Catiline, and asked in return that the warlike nation would assist Catiline in the field, especially with cavalry. The Allobroges hesitated for a while, and at length consulted their patronus, Q. Fabius Sanga. He revealed the plot to Cicero, and at the latter's, suggestion directed the envoys to feign the most active interest in the conspiracy but to demand from the leaders in it written pledges to show to their people at home. Lentulus, Statilius, 49 Gabinius and Cethegus fell into the trap, but Cassius explained that he was soon going to Gaul in person, and immediately left the city. The envoys also secured letters from the con- spirators to Catiline, by pretending that they meant to turn aside to see him on their journey. Finally, on the night of the 2d of December, they left Rome, having all these dam- LIFE OF CICERO 29 dging documents in their possession, and accompanied by T. Volturcius, who was to guide them to Catiline, In accordance with a pre-arranged plan they were arrested not far from the city gates, where the via Flaminia crosses the Tiber by the Mulvian bridge, and some show of violence was made to shield the Allobroges from suspicion of treachery. On the morning of the 3d of December the senate met in the temple of Con- cord. The meeting lasted all day, but in the evening Cicero gave to the expectant people a report of the proceedings in the Third Oration. The four leaders, Lentulus, StatiUus, 50 Gabinius and Cethegus, had been confronted in the presence of the senate by the envoys and by T. Volturcius, who had been allowed to turn state's evidence. The letters written by their own hands and attested by their seals had been pro- duced and read, and the culprits had confessed. The senate had ordered rewards to be given to the AUobroges, the four conspirators to be kept in custody, and others implicated to be arrested if possible. The effect of this speech upon the people was wonderful. Those who had been disposed to doubt could doubt no longer, and Sallust tells us that the lower classes, who had sympathized with Catiline more or less openly, now cursed him when they understood that their hereditary enemies, the Gauls, had been summoned to burn the city over their heads. The Punishment, — ^The fate of the conspirators was now .51 to be determined. Their guilt had been fully established. It was proved that they had formed a conspiracy against the government, that they had planned an uprising with torch and sword, that — a still more heinous offense in Roman eyes — they had summoned a foreign people to arms against their country, and had contemplated calling up the hordes of slaves against their masters. In a well-ordered commonwealth this would have been enough — the punishment of high treason has always in all communities been death. The civil courts would have dealt with the leaders in the city, and the army 30 INTRODUCTION with Catiline in the field. But the state was utterly dis-52 organized. In the first place, it was doubtful if the criminals could be held for trial. They had been put under the care of certain eminent men — Caesar and Crassus among them — who were responsible for their safe keeping, but the freedmen of the prisoners were stirring, Rome was full of desperadoes, the government had no efficient police or military force at its disposal, and finally Catiline was close at hand. In the second place, even if brought to trial, it was doubtful if they could be convicted. The courts of Rome were notoriously corrupt; if it was difficult to get a verdict against an influ- ential man in an ordinary criminal case, in a political one it would have been almost impossible. No one knew how far the conspiracy extended — Caesar and Crassus were suspected, though perhaps unjustly, of complicity in it — and the very jurors selected to try the accused might have proved to be their accomplices. In the third place, granting that the 53 prisoners could be held for trial, and that a fair trial was pos- sible, their punishment was a stiU more puzzling question. Penal imprisonment had never been known at Rome, and the death penalty, originally imposed by the people in full assem- bly only, had ceased to' be inflicted. In ordinary practice a criminal who looked upon his conviction as certain was allowed to escape the theoretical punishment of death by going into exile, but the courts no more imposed exile as a penalty then than our courts today banish defaulters. The criminal, by a legal fiction, left his country of his own accord and was merely forbidden to return. In the case of Lentulus and his associates this voluntary exile would have been farcical — they would simply have joined Catiline to take up arms against the. country. Such an act would have been a confession of weakness almost fatal to the govern- ment. The Consultum TJltimumi — It was therefore suggested54 that the prisoners be put to death without a trial, by the LIFE OF CICERO 31 mere order of the consul. It has been said that on the 21st of October the senate had passed the consultum ultimum, VlDEANT CONSULES NE QUID RES PUBLICA DETRIMENT! CAPIAT. Good constitutional lawyers, Cicero among them, had always maintained that by this decree the consuls were empowered to perform any act deemed necessary for the safety of the state, that the laws and constitution were temporarily sus- pended. On the other hand, authorities equally good, main- tained that by this decree the senate delegated only its own powers to the consuls, and that, as the senate had no judicial powers at all, it did not and could not give the consuls any authority over courts and processes of law. This is the great 55 constitutional question that had so much to do with Cicero's career. It was undecided in his day, and we cannot decide it now. Cicero had always asserted the unlimited powers of the consuls by this decree, but when he became the consul upon whom rested the fearful responsibility he hesitated to act. Convinced, however, that the death of the ringleaders was necessary to the security of the state, he resolved to incur the responsibility, but he felt that the senate should at least declare in set terms that it counseled and approved their execution. He therefore summoned the senate on the 5th of December, the fateful Nonae Decembres of which he so often speaks, to pronounce upon the fate of the conspirators. The Fourth Oration. — The first to give his opinion was 56 the consul-elect, D. Junius Silanus, who boldly declared for the death penalty. With him agreed the senators one by one, until it came Caesar's turn. He proposed imprison- ment for life in the country towns with confiscation of prop- erty, and in an eloquent speech dwelt upon the unconstitu- tionality of putting the men to death untried, and upon the vengeance the people would surely exact from the consul who should thus disregard their ancient right to impose the sentence. , His speech turned the tide. All who followed him, including Cicero's brother, voted with him, and many who 32 INTRODUCTION had followed Silanus changed their votes. The consul's friends crowded around his chair imploring hijn to think of his own safety and lend his eloquence to the support of the safer proposal. All eyes were turned upon him as he rose 57 to speak, as the consul had a right to do at any point in the debate. Without giving his voice outright for either pro- posal, he declared his belief that the prisoners, by confessing themselves hostes, had lost their rights as dves, and urged the senators to take no thought of his safety, but consider the interests of the state only. Still the senate wavered, and the decision was about to be postponed, when Cato in a vig- orous speech declared for death. The majority followed him, ana that night the five ringleaders were strangled in the TuUianum, the dungeon beneath the prison. The End of the Conspiracy. — This bold and decisive act 58 broke the backbone of the conspiracy. From this moment Catiline received no accessions of strength and his followers even began to desert him. His attempted retreat with his army into Gaul was blocked by the praetor Metellus Celer, while M. Petreius, the legatus of Antony, advanced against him from the south. Early in 62, when Cicero's year of office had expired, the opposing forces met near Pistoria in Etruria. Catiline and his followers, after fighting with the most des- perate courage, were defeated and slain to a man. The body of their leader was found far in advance of his men, covered by a heap of dead soldiers, grim evidence of Catiline's savage strength. But before Cicero's term had ended he received an earnest 59 of the reward he was to get for his boldness in behalf of the state. ' On the 3 1st of December, as he was about to lay down his office before the assembled people, and as he ascended the rostra to deliver the usual address, the newly elected tribune, Q. Metellus Nepos, forbade him to speak: 'A man who had put Roman citizens to death without a hearing did not him- self deserve a hearing.' He permitted the consul, however, LIFE OF CICERO 33 to take the customary oath that he had observed the laws, and Cicero added in a loud voice that he had saved the coun- try too. The people shouted their assent, hailed him as pater patriae and in crowds escorted him, now ex-consul, to his home. HIS EXILE AND RETURN Agitation of Nepos ; The Oration for Archias. — The 60 political disputes between the conservatives and democrats, which had ceased during the common danger from the con- spiracy, revived in the year 62. The tribune, Metellus Nepos, a friend of Pompey and initiated into his plans while his legatus in Asia, fiercely assailed Cicero and through him the whole senate. He denounced the execution of the conspirators as arbitrary and unconstitutional, and reproached the senate bitterly because of the continued prosecution of Catiline's associates. At last in connection with Caesar, who was now praetor and wished to lessen the power of the senate, he pro- posed a bill recalling Pompey with his army to defend the state endangered by Cicero's misrule. But the conservatives had gained courage by their victory over the anarchists, and strength by the better feeling which Cicero had fostered between the senate and the equites. They met the proposal of Metellus with such determined bravery that he left the city and returned to Pompey. For a time the democratic opposition languished, and with the ascendency of the con- servatives Cicero was secure. In this year occurred the trial of the poet Archias, in whose defense the celebrated oration was spoken (see introductory note, p. 222). The Affair of Olodius. — ^Toward the close of the year oc-6l curred a circumstance that excited party strife again, and exercised the most baneful influence over Cicero's later for- tunes. P. Clodius Pulcher, a young man of ancient and noble family, but guilty of all sorts of excesses, in prosecution of an intrigue with Caesar's wife ventured to disguise himself 34 INTRODUCTION as a daiicing-girl, and steal into Caesar's official' residence at the time when the mysteries of the Bona Dea, at which the presence of men was strictly forbidden, were being celebrated there. Caesar was then pontifex maximus, but absent as propraetor in Spain. Clodius was detected, but escaped. The high priests declared the act sacrilegious, and required the matrons and vestals to repeat the rites. Besides this the senate ordered a judicial inquiry, and for the purpose of securing greater rigor resolved that the jurors should be selected by the praetor, and not, as was usual, be drawn by lot. This required the assent of the people, and party feel- 62 ing prolonged the discussion into the year 61, when the senate was defeated. The jurors were selected by lot, and the money of Crassus, who, in concert with Caesar, used every oppor- tunity to humiliate the senate, secured the acquittal of Clodius by a vote of thirty-one to twenty-five. Cicero had from, the beginning championed the cause of the senate, but with- out personal bitterness toward Clodius. Now, however, for reasons unknown to us, he suddenly became his most vindic- tive foe. He not only destroyed during the trial the attempted alibi by testifying that Clodius was at his house when he claiiried to be mUes from Rome, but after the verdict was rendered he let no opportimity pass to twit him with the crime and the trial. Clodius soon went to Sicily as quaestor, but he had resolved on revenge, and was merely biding his time. The First Triumvirate. — In 61 Pompey returned vie- 63 torious from Asia, but was coldly received by the conserva- tives. A triumph was granted him and celebrated with great magnificence, but the arrangements made by him in the east and the rewards promised to his soldiers met with much opposition and delay. In 60 Caesar returned from Spain, and there was soon formed the so-called First Trium- virate between Pompey, Crassus and Caesar. Pompey con- tributed his military reputation, Crassus his wealth, and LIFE OF CICERO 35 Caesar his influenct as a political mampulator. United they were irresistible — the only opposition they feared came from Cato and Cicero. They silenced Cato by sending him to Cyprus on government business. They made every effort to win Cicero's support, and, when this had failed, to secure his silence and neutrality They tried to induce him to accom- 64 pany Caesar into Gaul as legatus on his staff, then to go abroad at public expense {libera legatio) as if on public busi- ness, and finally to preside over the board of twenty senators appointed to distribute lands in Campania — all with a view to getting him out of Italy, or at least out of Rome. Cicero declined all these offers. Even his unreasoning admiration for Pompey could not reconcile him to the desertion of the conservatives. His refusal to be silenced cost him dearly. Unable to cajole him, the regents resolved to coerce him, and employed as their tool for this purpose Clodius, who had now returned to Rome. Clodius' Bevenge. — Eager to wreak his vengeance upon 65 Cicero, Clodius had sought to arm himself with the formid- able power of the tribunate. For this purpose it was neces- sary that he, patrician born, should be adopted into a plebeian family, a proceeding violently resisted by the conservatives, and accomplished only by Caesar's help. Clodius entered upon his new office on the 10th of December, 59, and pro- ceeded, by various proposals, to attach to himself men of all parties, especially Cicero's personal or political enemies. As 66 soon as he had thus secured a following upon which he could rely he came forward early in 58, in the consulship of L. Calpurnius Piso and Aulus Gabinius, with a bill providing that any person who had caused a Ronian citizen to be put to death without a formal trial should be punished with banish- ment. Cicero's name was not mentioned, but it was easy to see that the law was aimed at the proceedings o^? the 5th of December, 63. Cicero seemed at once to lose all his wonted resolution. Without awaiting the progress of events, while 36 INTRODUCTION it wb,s yet uncertain that the bill would pass, he put off his senatorial dress> assumed that of a knight, and, in deep mourn- ing, went about appealing for sympathy and assistance as if already accused. There was no lack of sympathy: 20,000 citizens, knights and senators put on mourning too, although the consuls by edict forced the senate to resume its usual , dress. L. Ninnius, a tribune, and L. Lamia, a knight, were 67 especially active in' Cicero's behalf, until Clodius prevented the former from addressing the people, and Gabinius banished the latter from the city. Cicero's friends were harassed also at all times by Clodius' hired bullies. Opinions differed as to what Cicero ought to do. Some advised him to remain until a direct attack was made upon him; L. LucuUus in par- ticular was eager to resort to force in his behalf, knowing that the great mass of moderate and peaceful citizens, especially those in the country towns, were devoted to him. But others, among them many of his sincerest friends, counseled tem- porary submission, encouraging him to hope for an imme- diate recall. To these Cicero yielded, and, accompanied by crowds of those who loved and honored him, he left the city about the end of March, 58; into exile itself he was afterwards followed by clients, freedmen and slaves. Cicero's Banishment. — No sooner had he gone than 68 Clodius proposed his formal banishment, and the people voted it. He was forbidden the use of fire and water within 400 miles of Rome, all who sheltered him within these limits were threatened with punishment, and the senate and people were forbidden to agitate for his recall. Not a night was suffefered to pass before his property was seized by his unre- lenting enemies. His house on the Palatine was reduced to ashes, and on a part of its site a temple was consecrated by Clodius to the goddess Libertas. His villas at Formiae and Tusculum were pillaged and destroyed, and the consuls appro- priated a good deal of the spoil. Nor was his family spared, (-icero tells us that his children were sought that they might LIFE OF CICERC 37 be murdered. His wife, Terentia, fled to her half-sister Fabia, a vestal, and was dragged from Vesta's temple to a bank to give security for paying over Cicero's ready money to his enemies. The news of these outrages reached him before he left Italy, and he already regretted not having followed the advice of LucuUus. He had left Rome uncertain as to his 69 destination. He repaired at first to Vibo, in Bruttium, where he had a friend named Sicca, and there he first heard of the enactment of the law and of the limits fixed in it. He was refused an asylum in Sicily by the praetor, C. Vergilius, who feared the dominant party in Rome, although Cicero's serv- ices to the Sicilians would have insured a kindly reception by the proyincials. He went, therefore, to Dyrrachium, declining an invitation to the estate of Atticus and avoiding Greece for fear of meeting some Catilinarians who were living there in exile. In Macedonia he found a devoted friend in the quaestor, Cn. Plancius, who had hurried to meet him at DjTrachium and offered his hospitality. At his house, not far from Thessalonica, Cicero lived in security but in deep dejection. He apprehended that his brother Quintus, then returning from his administration of Asia, might be p^se- cuted for his sake, suspected false dealings on the part of Hortensius and others, and was tormented by fears for his wife and children. Efforts for His Recall. — Meanwhile, his friends in 70 Rome had not been idle. The conservatives felt bound to secure the recall of the man through whose exile their weak- ness had been so exposed. As early as the 1st of June the tribune L. Ninnius had proposed his recall before the senate, and, while the measure did not pass, it at least nerved the senate from this time to devote all its energies to Cicero's cause. On the 27th of October all the tribunes except Clodius and Aelius Ligus repeated the proposition. So long, however, as Clodius was in office nothing could be accom- plished; besides Caesar, who from Gaul exercised great influ- 38 INTRODUCTION ence on affairs at Rome, had not yet declared for Cicero, and Pompey, to whom Cicero had written in May, also failed him. At last Clodius quarreled with Pompey, and the latter determined, out of spite, to recall the former's arch-enemy Cicero. On the 1st of January, 57, two new consuls entered office, P. Lentulus Spinther and Q. Metellus Nepos. Lentulus was a devoted friend of Cicero, and Metellus gave up his enmity at the instance of Pompey. It was determined to 71 recall Cicero not by a decree of the senate but by a vote of the tribes, and the 25th of January was fixed for the attempt. Although Clodius was now out of office he was still as active and unscrupulous as ever in his opposition, and sought to make up for his loss of power by the use of force and arms. With a band of gladiators he took possession of the forum early in the morning of the appointed day, drove away the friends of Cicero, and spread terror through the streets. The tribunes Sestius and Milo, on the other side, adopted like tactics, and for weeks the city was the battle-ground of the two factions. Finally, as the tribes could not meet for the transaction of business, the senate determined to put an end to the struggle by a vote of the centuries, and sum- moned to Rome citizens from all parts of Italy. Pompey visited in person the towns and colonies, and exerted all his influence for Cicero, So, on the 4th of August, the resolu- tion for his recall was finally passed by an assembly that the Campus Martius could scarcely contain and Clodius could not daunt. The news ffiled the city with indescribable joy, Cicero's Return. — Cicero had not waited in Macedonia 72 for the decree to pass. Having learned from his friends that his recall was merely a question of time, he had returned in November, 58, to Dyrrachium, where he waited and watched the progress of events. He sailed for Brundisium as it chanced on the very day that the people authorized his return, and reached Italy on the 5th of August, 57, after an absence of about sixteen months. At Brundisium his daughter LIFE OF CICERO 39 TuUia met him — the 5th of August happened to be her birth- day — and here on the 8th he learned finally that his banish- ment was at an end. His return to Rome was a triumphal march. Crowds attended him; deputations from all over Italy met and welcomed him; no sign of joy or mark of honor was omitted on the way, and in the city itself the demonstra- tions were on the grandest scale (Ep. 12). During the remainder of the year 57 Cicero was employed 73 in recovering the remnants of his property and getting his affairs in order. The site of his town residence was restored to him, and damages paid for the destruction of his house and villas. In 56 he was busy as an advocate, taking but an insignificant part in affairs of state. The rival factions were employing the courts to annoy each other; suits and counter-suits were brought in rapid succession, and Cicero had ample opportunity to defend his friends and assail his enemies. Among the events of the next few years may be men- 74 tioned Caesar's conquest of Gaul; the renewal of the agree- ment among the triumvirs (56); the defeat and death of Crassus in the east (53) ; the death of Julia, daughter of Caesar and wife of Pompey (54), and the consequent estrangement of the two great rivals; the death of Clodius at the hands of Milo, and Cicero's defense of the latter when brought to trial (52). During the absence of Caesar in Gaul and Crassus in the east Pompey was in Rome, and everything pointed to his supremacy. As proconsul of Spain and as commis- sioner of the grain supply he was invested with the highest military authority, and by remaining at Rome he made his influence promptly felt. In 51 Cicero was made proconsul governing Cilicia, and 75 was absent from Italy for about eighteen months, May, 51, to November, 50, and from the city a little longer. To this period belong some of his most interesting letters, one of which is given in this volume (Ep. 13). He professed and perhaps felt reluctance to accept the appointment, but enjoyed 40 [NTRODUCTION the distinction it brought, and was very anxious to enjoy, on his return, the honor of a triumph — though his miUtary operations had been neither extensive nor dangerous to him- self — nor to the enemy.- Meantime the rivalry of Caesar and Pompey had reached 76 its culmination. Controlled by Pompey the senate had refused Caesar the privilege of standing in absence as candi- date for the consulship, and had ordered him to surrender the command of his army in Gaul at the expiration of his term, in March, 49. Realizing that this would place him at the mercy of his enemies Caesar led his armed forces across the Rubicon, a small stream that separated his province from Italy proper, and so began the civil war. Pompey had been organizing a defense, and among those 77 who supported him was Cicero, to whom was given oversight of the defensive preparations in Campania, with headquarters at Capua (Ep. 14). Caesar's advance was too prompt for Pompey to meet, who crossed over to Greece, there to com- plete the concentration of his forces. After much hesitation Cicero joined him there in June, 49, but was not present at the decisive battle ofPharsalus (48). He presently returned to Italy, remaining in retirement at Brundisium for a year. Toward the end of 47 he was invited by Caesar to Rome, and his opposition was forgiven. In letter 15 he explains his course in the civil war. From 47 to his death in 44 Caesar was dictator. Cicero 78 mourned the downfall of the republic, and took little part in public affairs. He attended meetings of the senate, but rarely spoke. This policy of silence was interrupted (in 46) by the oration for Marcellus (see introductory note, p. 288), an extravagant eulogy of the dictator's clemency in pardon- ing one who, hke the orator himself, had taken the side of Pompey against Caesar. To his grief at the state of his country were added troubles 79 of a domestic nature. His wife, Terentia, to whom he had LIFE OF CICERO 41 written so affectionately when an exile (Ep. 9), after thirty years of wedded life was divorced. He married a young woman named Publilia, but soon separated from her. But the crowning sorrow was the death of his daughter, TuUia, which almost crushed him. It was only by devoting him- self with tremendous energy and concentration to literary labors that he was able to forget his public and private cares. In these last years of his life he turned out an enormous amount of work, mostly on philosophical subjects. The year 44 was full of stirring events. In a letter to his 80 friend Curius (Ep. 18), written early in that year, Cicero describes with some humor the dictator's growing arrogance, afid in the light of what he tells we are not surprised to read a little later of the conspiracy and the assassination of Caesar. In Ep. 19, written on the Ides of March, Cicero seems to express his approval of the deed. In part because of the conspirator's failure to follow up their 81 blow, and in part because of the energy of Mark Antony and other friends of Caesar, the hoped-for restoration of the republic was not realized. For a time it appeared that the dictatorship was to continue, merely transferred from Caesar to Mark Antony. But presently the young Octavian, Caesar's nephew and heir, made his power felt, and the republicans began to cherish the hope that by playing these two ambitious leaders against each other they might yet succeed (Ep. 20). Toward the end of the year Antony's aggressions became so intolerable that Cicero, in the hope of discrediting and finally defeating him, uttered that remarkable series of invectives known as the fourteen Philippics. The fourth of these is given in this book (see introductory note, p. 322). and Ep. 21 deals with the events of the day on which that oration was delivered. In the end the sole effect of the orator's efforts was to arouse 82 the implacable hatred of Antony. Within a few months he and Octavian reached an understanding, and with Lepidus 42 INTRODUCTION formed the Second Triumvirate. Each of the three made a list of men whom he considered dangerous to the new regime, and these, to the number of some thousands, were put to death. As might have been expected, Cicero's name appeared on Antony's list. He started to- leave Italy, but was overtaken by cavalry and beheaded, Dec. 7, 43. He did not long survive the republic which in his consulship he had saved and throughout his life had served with all his wonderful talents. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE c. Coss., C. Atilius Serranus, Q. Servilius Caepio. Cicero boro Jan. 3d. Pompey born Sept. 30th. Coss., P. Rutilius Rufus, Cn. Manlius. Coss., C. Marius II, C. Flavius Fimbria. Coss., C. Marius III, L. Avirelius Orestes. Coss., C. Marius IV, Q. Lutatius Catulus. Marius defeats the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae. Birth of Q. Cicero. Coss., C. Marius V, M'. Aquilius. Marius defeats the Cimbri. Coss., C. Marius VI, L. Valerius Flaccus. Satuminus and Glaucia put to death. Birth of Caesar. Coss., M. Antonius, A. Postumius Albinus. Coss., Q. CaeciUus Metellus Nepos, T. Didius. Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, P. Licinius Crassus. Coss., C. Cassius Longinus, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. Coss., L. Licinius Crassus, Q. Mucius Scaevola. Coss., C. Caelius Caldus, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus. Coss., C. Valerius Flaccus, M. Herennius. Coss., C. Claudius Pulcher, M. Perpema. Coss., L. Marcius Philippus, Sex. lulius Caesar. Cicero assumes the toga virilis. Drusus is killed in a riot. Coss., L. lulius Caesar, P. Rutilius Rufus. Social War. Coss., Cn. Pompeius Strabo, L. Porcius Cato. Cicero serves his first and last campaign. 88 19 Coss., L. Cornelius Sulla, Q. Pompeius Rufus. Civil War. Marius is driven from Rome by Sulla. 87 20 Coss., Cn. Octavius, L. Cornelius Cirma. The consuls quarrel. Marius is recalled by Cinna. Reign of Twrror. 86 21 Coss., L. Cornelius Cinna II, C. Marius VII. Death of Marius. Birth of Sallust. 85 22 Coss., L. Cornelius Cinna III, Cn. Papirius Carbo. 84 23 Coss., Cn. Papirius Carbo II, L. Cornelius Cinna IV. Cinna, about to make war upon Sulla, in the east, is killed by his own soldiers. 83 24 Coss., L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, C. lunius Norbanus Bulbus. Sulla returns and begins the civil war by defeating Norbanus. 43 B.C. Aet. 106 1 105 2 104 3 103 4. 102 5 101 6 100 7 99 8 98 9 97 10 96 11 95 12 94 13 93 14 92 15 91 16 90 17 89 18 44 INTRODUCTION 82 25 Coss., C. Marius C. F., Cn. Papirius Carbo III. Sulla be- comes Dictator for life. Proscriptions. 81 26 _ Coss., M. Tullius Decula, A. Cornelius Dolabella. Sulla's Reforms. Courts restored to the Senate. 80 27 Coss., L. Cornelius Sulla II, Q. Caeeilius Metellus Pius. Cicero defends Roscius. Int. §14. 79 28 Coss. , P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, Appius Claudius Pulcher. , Abdication of Sulla. Cicero studies in the east. Int. §15. 78 29 Coss., M. Aemilius Lepidus, Q. Lutatius Catulus. Death of Sulla. Civil war between the consuls. 77 30 Coss., D. lunius Brutus, Mam. Aemilius Lepidus Livianus. Cicero returns to Rome and marries Terentia. Defeat of Lepidus. Pompey takes command against Sertorius. 76 31 Cobs., Cn. Octavius, C. Scribonius Curio. Cicero elected to the quaestorship anno suo. Int. §16. Birth of TuUia; 75 32 Coss., C. Octavius, C. Aurelius Cotta. Cicero is Quaestor at Lilybaeum in Sicily. Int. §16. 74 33 Coss., L. Licinius Lucullus, M. Aurelius Cotta. Cicero returns to Rome. Lucullus appointed to command against Mithridates in the east. 73 34 Coss., M. Terentius Varro, C. Cassius Varus. Cicero labors in the forum. Spartacus heads the Servile War. 72 35 Coss., L. Gellius Poplicola, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. 71 36 Coss., Cn. Aufidius Orestes, P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Defeat of Spartacus. Conclusion of the war in Spain. 70 37 Coss., Cn. Pompeius Magnus, M. Licinius Crassus Dives. Cicero elected Aedile. Impeachment of Verres. Courts reformed by the lex Aurelia. Int. §17. C9 38 Coss., Q. Hortensius, Q. Caeeilius Metellus (Creticus). Cicero is Aedile. Lucullus defeats Tigranes. Int. §18. 68 39 Coss., L. Caeeilius Metellus, Q. Marcius Rex. Mithridates reconquers Armenia Minor. 67 40 Coss., C. Calpurnius Piso, M'. Acilius Glabrio. Cicero is elected Praetor. Pompey takes command against the Pirates. Mithridates resumes his throne. 66' 41 Coss., M'. Aemilius Lepidus, L. Volcatius Tullus. Cicero is Praetor. Supports the bill of Manilius, transferring the command against Mithridates from LucuUus to Pompey. Int. §§19, 20. 65 42 Coss., L. Aurelius Cotta, L. Manlius Torquatus. Cicero begins his canvass for the consulship. Birth of his son CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 45 Marcus. Pompey retakes Pontus and reduces Tigranes to submission. 'First Conspiracy.' Int. §§23-25. 64 43 Coss., L. lulius Caesar, C. Marcius Figulus. Cicero is elected Consul anno suo. Marriage of Tullia. Pompey makes Syria a Roman Province. Int. §§26-29. 63 44 Coss., M. Tdlutjs Cicero, C. Antonius Hybrida. Orations against Catiline and for Murena. Death of Mithridates. Pompey enters Jerusalem. Birth of C. Octavius, after- wards Caesar Augustus. Int. §§30-59. 62 45 Coss., D. lunius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena. Orations for Sulla and for Archias. Clodius violates mysteries of Bona Dea. Int. §§60, 61. 61 46 Coss., M. Pupius Piso Calpurnianus, M. Valerius Messalla Niger. Pompey triumphs. Trial of Clodius. Q. Cicero propraetor of Asia. Caesar propraetor of Spain. Int. §62. 60 47 Coss., L. Afranius, Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer. Coalition between Pompey, Crassus and Caesar. Int. §§63, 64. 59 48 Coss., C. lulius Caesar, M. Calpumius Bibulus. Clodius is adopted into a plebeian family and becomes Tribune. Int. §65. 58 49 Coss., L. Calpumius Piso Caesoninus, A. Gabinius. Cicero goes into exile. Int. §§66-69. 57 50 Coss., P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero is recalled. Int. §§70-72. 56 51 Coss., Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, L. Marcius Philippus. Cicero defends Sestius. Int. §73. 55 52 Coss., Cn. Pompeius Magnus II, M. Licinius Crassus Dives II. Caesar invades Britain. 54 53 Coss., L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Appius Claudius Pulcher. Crassus is defeated by the Parthians. 53 54 Coss., Cn. Domitius Calvinus, M. Valerius Messalla. Cicero is elected Augur in place of Crassus. 52 55 Coss., Cn. Pompeius Magnus III, sole Consul for seven months, then Cn. Pompeius Magnus III, Q. Metellus Scipio. Cicero defends Milo. 51 56 Coss., Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, M. Claudius Marcellus. Cicero goes as proconsul to Cilicia. Int. §75. 50 57 Coss., L. Aemilius Paulus, C. Claudius Marcellus. Cicero returns to Italy but not to Rome. 49 58 Coss., C. Claudius Marcellus, L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus. War begins between Caesar and Pompey. Cicero in June joins Pompey in Greece. Int. §§76, 77. 46 INTRODUCTION 48 59 Coss., C. Julius Caesar II, P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus. Pompey defeated at Pharsalia and murdered in Egypt. Cicero returns to Italy but remains at Brundisium. 47 60 Coss., Q. Fufius Calenus, P. Vatinius (only at end of year). Caesar becomes dictator, with M. Antonius as magister equitum. Cicero pardoned by Caesar. 46 61 Coss., C. Julius Caesar III, M. Aemilius Lepidus. Caesar finally crushes opposition and celebrates a fourfold triumph. Reforms the calendar. Cicero speaks his orations for Marcellus and Ligarius. Int. §78. 45 62 Coss., C. Julius Caesar IV, alone; also dictator with M. Aemilius Lepidus as magister equitum. Cicero divorces Terentia, marries and divorces Publilia. Death of TuUia. 44 63 Coss., C. Julius Caesar V, M. Antonius, P. Cornelius Dola- bella. Caesar dictator, with M. Aemilius Lepidus (II), C. Octavius and Cn. Domitius Calvinus as magistri equitum. Caesar assassinated March 15. Cicero speaks the first four Philippics against Antony. 43 64 Coss., C. Vibius Pansa, A. Hirtius, C. Julius Caesar Octa- vianus, C. Carrinas, Q. Pedius, P. Ventidius. Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form Second Triumvirate. Cicero speaks the last ten Philippics, is proscribed by the triumvirs, and behead'-d Dec. 7. The poet Ovid born. THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH ABOUT THE TIME OF CICERO'S CONSULSHIP [It is assumed that the student has studied some manual of E,oman history, and will understand in a gei^eral way the terms used without definition in the earlier sections. For a fuller discussion of the several topics see Abbott's Roman Political Institutions.'] THE ROMAN PEOPLE I. Citizenship.^The official designation of the Roman 1 people was Populus Romanus Quirites or Quikitium, or simply Populus Romanus. All inhabitants of Italy (exclud- ing women, children and slaves) were now citizens (cives) of Rome, but their rights and privileges differed. The full rights of citizenship, enjoyed by cives optima iure 2 only, were as follows: a. Private- Rights (privata iura) : (1) lus Commercii, right of holding property; (2) lus Conubii, right of contracting a legal marriage. b. Public Rights {puhlica iura): (1) lus Suffragii, right of voting; (2) 7ms Provocationis, right of appeal to the whole people on a criminal charge; (3) 7ws Honorum, right of holding office. These iura had belonged at first to the Patricians exclu- 3 sively, and were obtained by the Plebs only after a long and bitter struggle, the details of which belong to Roman history. The ius commercii was the first to be granted them; the Servian organization, date uncertain, in its later development gave them the suffragium in its systematic form; the lex Valeria (509), supplemented by certain later statutes, gave them the 47 48 INTRODUCTION ius provomtionis; the lex Canuleia (445) the ius conubii; and the lex Licinia (367) gave them the right to hold the consul- ship, and paved the way to unrestricted ius honorum by the year 300. Below the cives optimo iure came a numerous body, who 4 had either never enjoyed full citizenship, or had lost it in whole, or in part. Of the former the most important class were the freed slaves {Libertini), who stood to their former masters much as in earlier times the clients had stood to the patricians. They were enrolled as cives, held property and voted, but were practically denied the ius honorum uiitil the taint of their origin had been removed by several generations. There were several ways in which a citizen might lose some 5 or all of his civitas. Conviction for certain offenses (infamia), or going into exile to avoid condemnation on a capital charge, involved the loss of certain iura for life; while the censure of the Censors (ignominia) took away certain rights during their term of office. Citizenship was altogether lost by the citizen's transferring his allegiance to another state, or by his being taken captive in war and sold by the enemy into slavery; though in the latter case he recovered his rights (by what was called postliminium) on the recovery of his freedom by escape or release. From the standpoint of a magistrate each citizen was a 6 caput, a political unit, and the loss of citizenship to a less or greater extent was called Deminutio Capitis. Hence such expressions as crimen capitate, iudicium capitis,- poena capitis, do not mean a charge, trial or punishment in which the life of a citizen was at stake, but such a one as involved the whole or partial loss of his civitas. It is very important to remember this when reading of Roman courts. Citizenship was acquired by birth in lawful wedlock of parents 7 having the ius conubii, or was conferred by law, or was (rarely) given by some duly authorized magistrate. A citizen born Tifas enrolled as such on reaching his seventeenth year, taking THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 49 at once the class his father had, and thenceforth enjoyed all his rights. These rights were in force wherever in Roman territory he might talce up his abode, except that he must be in the city to vote. There were practically no burdens imposed 8 by citizenship. The citizen was theoretically liable for military duty from his seventeenth to his sixtieth year, and to pay a tax if such was found necessary in time of war. Since the time of Marius, however, citizens no longer served in the army against their will, and the rich revenues from the provinces made taxation unnecessary even in time of war. Entirely outside the pale of citizenship, and forming, of 9 course, no part of the Populus Romanus, were two numerous elements in the population of the city, foreigners {Peregrini) and slaves (Servi). The persons and property of the former were secured by law, though they might at any time be removed from the city by vote of the people. Slaves were looked upon as mere property, and had no rights of any sort. II. Class Distinctions. — Although the government of Rome 10 is called republican, and although the old distinction between patricians and plebeians had long since ceased to be of political importance, still there were differences of position between even the cives optimo iure that are entirely foreign to our ideas of republican equality. The government was really 11 aristocratic; and the preservation of its democratic features was due solely to the fact that there were two aristocracies, one of office-holders and the other of capitalists, which struggled most bitterly with each other during the last years of the Republic. a. The Nobles. — The Roman nobility was now a hereditary 12 rank, based not upon birth but upon the holding of office. Any man who h^ld any curule office, i.e., any dictator, consul, censor, praetor or curule aedile, secured to his descendants to the last generation the right (ius imaginum) to display in their halls and carry at funerals a wax mask representing his features. The possession of such a mask, or in other words descent from 13 56 INTRODUCTION a curule magistrate, was the patent of nobility, and all descen- dants of curule magistrates were, therefore, nobles (nobUes). The dignity of a noble depended upon the number of such masks that he could display. Ordo Senatorius. — Sulla had increased the number of senators 14 from 300 to 600 life-members, and had chosen the new members from ex-curule magistrates. He also provided that all holders of curule offices, or even of the quaestorship, should be ipso facto members of the senate. Such proved to be the influence 15 of the senate over the elections that it was able virtually to restrict the holding of office to persons of its own choice. The candidates supported by the senators were naturally members of their own families (therefore nobles), and so it came about that the Senatorial Order, and the Nobility were one and the same thing. Of course there might be exceptions. In the first place a man'l6 not a noble might be elected to office in spite of the senate. Such men (e.g., Cato the censor, Marius and Cicero) were con- temptuously called Homines Novi, 'Men without Ancestry,' and although their descendants would be nobiles, they were not so themselves. In the second place there were always nobles who 17 had not been elected to office, and were not therefore of the senatorial order. But men of these two classes were compara- tively so few in number that for practical purposes we may consider the Nobilitas and the Ordo Senatorius as identical. The senators wore as insignia the tunica laticlavia (with a broad purple stripe), and those who had also held curule magis- tracies wore the mulleus, a purple shoe. b. The Knights. — There had grown up since the second 18 Punic war a class of capitalists, bound loosely together by com- munity of interests. These were men who preferred trade and speculation to politics, and had amassed large fortunes by their business ventures. Until the time of Gracchus their position had been ill defined though their influence had been considerable. He won their support by securing the passage of a law by the 19 THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 51 people giving the right of serving on juries, which had formerly belonged to the senatorial order exclusively, to those persons not senators who were worth not less than 400,000 sesterces ($20,000). This gave the state a new order; and the nobles, prevented by law from engaging in trade, found themselves confronted by an aristocracy of wealth, which they in turn excluded from political preferment. To this second order the 20 name Ordo Equester was given, not that it had anything to do with military service, but because its census (400,000 sesterces) was the same that had in early times entitled a citizen to serve in the cavalry. The insignia of the knights were a gold ring and the tunica angusticlavia (with two narrow purple stripes). c. The Commons. — Below the Nobles and the Knights 21 came the great mass of the citizens, the Commons. They did not really form an order, had no insignia, and no distinctive name. They were called slightingly the Plebs, and flatteringly the Populus; but there were powerful plebeian families among the knights and nobles, and both these classes were also covered by the name Populus. The condition of the commons in 22 Cicero's time was pitiable. The combinations of capital shut them out of commerce and manufacture, while the competition of slave labor almost closed agriculture and the trades against them. Some found employment in the colonies and provinces, some eked out a scanty living on their farms, some made war their trade; but the idle and degraded flocked into the capital to live on the cheaip grain provided by the treasury, and to sell their votes to the highest bidder. It must be remembered, however, that no citizen was abso-23 lutely excluded from either of the ordines. The meanest citizen could become a Knight by amassing the required sum of 400,000 sesterces, and the poorest could make himself a senator and his descendants noble by beating the senatorial candidate for a quaestorship, and then gaining a curule office. Nothing certain is known of the number of citizens at this 24 time. The census of 241 showed 260,000 citizens of military 52 INTEODUCTION age (§ 8). That of 70, when the franchise had been extended over all Italy, showed 450,000, but probably only those were counted who presented themselves at Rome for the purpose. These figures would give a total free population of about 780,000 and 1,350,000 respectively for the area covered by each census. The census of 28 gave 4,063,000 for all Italy; but it is a matter of dispute whether this was the sum of the whole population, or of those only of military age. THE ASSEMBLIES For administrative purposes the citizens were divided into 25 various groups, as are those of all civilized communities to-day. During the regal period -the citizens were divided into thirty curiae, 'wards.' At a later (republican) period all the people of the city and adjacent territory were divided according to locality into tribus, 'tribes,' which in Cicero's time numbered thirty-five. At a still later date each tribe was subdivided on a basis of wealth and age into ten cehturiae, 'centuries,' making of course three hundred and fifty centuriae for all the people possessing the minimum of property required. Each citizen on being enrolled as such (§ 7) was assigned 26 by the censors to his proper tribe and century, and it was only as a member of such tribe or century that he could exer- cise that most important of his iura publica (§2) the ius suffragii. That is, each ward, or tribe, or century, was counted as a whole, its vote being determined, as is the electoral vote of one of our states, by the majority of the individual votes of the citizens who composed it. In accordance with this triple division of the citizens there 27 were three great popular assemblies {comitia, from cum and eo), known respectively as the Comitia Curiata, Comitia Tributa, and Comitia Centuriata. The word comitia is plural in Latin, but is used by English writers as a singular also, equivalent to assembly. THK ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 53 I. The Comitia Ouriata. — ^This ancient assembly had lost 28 all political power, and was called together merely as a matter of form to confer the imperium upon the consuls, to authorize adoptions, etc. Its authority was so shadowy that the curiae were merely represented by a single delegate each. II. The Comitia Tributa. — This had once been an assembly 2S of plebeians only, but had grown in influence until in Cicero's time it was the most important of the comitia, and all legislation had practically passed into its hands. It could be summoned by a consul, praetor or tribune. Its meetings were held in the forum. It elected tribunes, quaestors, aediles; and petty magistrates. Most of the laws that have come down to us were adopted in this assembly and were called plebiscita. III. The Comitia Centuriata. — Originally devised by 30 Servius Tullius this assembly had been reconstructed at about the time of the second Punic war. It was composed of the three hundred and fifty centuriae mentioned in § 25, formed by dividing each of the thirty-five tribes into five classes, according to wealth, and each of these classes into two centuriae according to age — one of Seniores (above 45), one of Juniores. To these were added eighteen centuriae of young nobles who had not been magistrates (§ 17), and five centuriae of smiths, trumpeters and citizens (called aerarii) who lacked the property qualification for the regular classes, making a total of three hundred and 31 seventy-three centuriae. This assembly could be summoned by a dictator, consul or praetor. It met on the Campus Martins. It elected consuls, praetors and censors. It possessed full rights of legislation, but almost never used them. It possessed judicial authority in criminal cases, but had delegated this to the standing courts. It had the power of declaring war, but had allowed the senate to usurp this function. The same method of voting was used in all assemblies. In S3 the comitia tributa the people arranged themselves by tribes in enclosures (saepta) marked off by ropes or other barriers. Each citizen was supplied with tickets marked 'for' and 'against' 54 INTRODUCTION when a law was proposed, or with the names of the candidates when an election was in progress. One tribe itrihus praero-33 gativa) was selected by lot to vote first; and the members of that tribe passed out of the saepta one by one through a narrow opening (pons), each depositing his ticket in a box provided for the purpose. The vote of this tribe was immediately 34 announced to the remaining thirty-four, and, (as the gods were supposed to direct the lot) it was usually confirmed by a majority of the others. The rest of the tribes then voted in the same manner as the first, but at the same time, and the matter was decided by a majority (eighteen) of the tribal votes. The comitia centuriata went through similar formalities. 35 The people were arranged, each century to itself, around the sides of the Campus Martius, a large space being left unoccupied in the centre. The seventy centuries of the first and wealthiest class cast lots to see which should vote first (centuria praero- gativa), and the result of its vote was announced. Then the 36 remaining centuries of the first class (sixty-nine) and the eighteen centuries of nobles (§ 30) voted at the same time. The other classes followed in order of wealth; but with each of these four classes voted an extra century made up of citizens who had arrived too late to vote with their proper centuries, thus making a total of three hundred and seventy-seven votes, a majority of which decided the matter. None of these assemblies were in any sense deliberative 37 bodies. They could assemble only when called together by the proper magistrate, and then only to vote 'yes' or 'no,' without the right to debate or amend, upon the question which he put before them, or to elect or reject some candidate whom he nominated to them. They were dissolved at any moment 38 when it was his pleasure to stop their proceedings, and if he saw fit he could annul the election of a successful candidate by simply refusing to proclaim the result oflticially. Nor were the assemblies at the mercy of the presiding magis-39 THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH . 55 orate only. After noticfe had been given of the meeting of the comitia it could be countermanded by any magistrate equal or superior in authority to the one appointing it. Even after the voting had begun it had to be suspended if lightning was seen, or if a storm arose, or if any one present had an epileptic fit, or if a tribune of the people interposed, or if night came on before the business was completed. After any such interrup-40 tion the proceedings had to be repeated from the very beginning — they could not be resumed at the point where they were dis- continued. Thus_ if at an election of the eight praetors an interruption took place after six had been chosen, their election was null and void; they had to take their chances again with the other two whenever the balloting was renewed. The time required for holding an election was therefore very uncertain, as, by one pretext or another, it might be postponed for weeks and months. As a citizen could vote at the elections only as a mere fraction 41 of a tribe, or ward, or century, and at the cost of a journey to Rome if he lived elsewhere, and at the risk of loss of time by interruptions and postponements, the comitia were, except in times of great excitement, very scantily attended. Some- times out of an entire century only five citizens would be present, and at all times the assembly was at the mercy of the demoralized rabble of the city (§ 22). Contiones. — In the comitia the people met to elect magis-42 trates and enact laws, but in another class of assemblies (con- tiones, from cum and venio) their part was a purely passive one. Any magistrate had a right to get the people together at any convenient time and place for the purpose of informing them about matters in which he or they might be interested. He 43 could address them himself or give any one else the right to speak. These assemblies had no powers of any kind, no resolutions were adopted, no voting was done, no debate was allowed; but they were the one means of acquainting the public, citizens and slaves and foreigners, , with public events before 56 • INTRODUCTION the days of Court Journals, Congressional Records or enterpris- ing newspapers. THE MAGISTRATES The principal magistrates, with the dates on which their 44 offices were created and thrown open -to the plebeians, are shown in the following table: Office Created Open to Plebeians Consul 509 367 Dictator (shortly after) 509 356 Censor 443 351 Praetor 366 337 Cunile Aedile 365 364 ♦Quaestor 509 421 Tribune of the Plebs 494 ) p^^g^^^ ^^ ^^^ pj^^^ Plebeian Aedile 494 \ These offices are classified in several ways by writers upon 45 Roman history and antiquities : I. (a) Extraordinary: Dictator, with his Master of the Horse, (b) Ordinary: Consul, censor, praetor, tribune, aedile, quaestor. II. (o) With imperium (military power): Dictator, con- sul, praetor. (b) Without imferium: Censor, tribune, aedile, quaestor. III. (a) Major (having the right to take the auspices [§ 87] anywhere): Dictator, consul, censor, praetor. (6) Minor (having the right to take the auspices at Rome only) : Tribune, aedile, quaestor. IV. (a) Curule (having an ivory chair): Dictator, consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile. (6) Non-curule: Tribune, plebeian aedile, quaestor. ♦Perhaps a development of the office of that name under the kings. THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 57 The duties of these magistrates, none of whom received salary, are given below in the order of I (a) and (b) . (a) The Extraordinary Magistrates. — In times of danger 46 without or of anarchy within the state, the senate might call upon one of the consuls to appoint, for six months only, an officer called Dictator, who had supreme and absolute authority in all matters concerning the state. The dictator appointed an assistant or vice-dictator, who ranked next to himself in authority and was called magister equitum. After 202 the 47 only dictators were Sulla and Caesar, who entirely changed the character of the office by taking it for life (perpetuus), and doing away with the magister equitum. The word dictator was also applied in a very different sense to a very insignificant person, the chief magistrate of certain free towns. (6) The Ordinary Magistrates. — These (excepting the 48 censor, § 56) were elected for a term of one year, the consuls, censors and praetors by the comitia centuriata (§ 31), the others by the comitia tributa (§ 29). All except the tribunes and quaestors entered upon office on the first of January; the official year of the quaestors began December 5, that of the tribunes December 10. All were elected in 'colleges' or 'boards' 49 of two or more — all members of a college having equal authority, and each having the right to veto the official acts of his col- leagues. All had civil authority (potestas), sufficient for their several duties, conferred upon them by the comitia at their election. This potestas varied in extent with the different 50 offices, but always included the right to make rules for the procedure of the office during the year, the right to punish those who violated these rules, and the right to hold contiones (§ 42). The consuls and praetors had, besides the potestas, imperium, 'military authority,' which was conferred upon them subsequent to their inauguration by the comitia curiata (§ 28). The 51 consuls, censors and curule aediles wore on ordinary occasions the official toga praetexta, a white toga with purple border; and 58 INTRODUCTION at public festivities a toga wholly of purple; they also sat upon an official chair made of ivory and called the sdla curulis (representing the ancient throne of the kings, whose authority had been divided among these magistrates), and hence were called curule magistrates (magistrattis curules). The tribunes, quaestors and plebeian aediles had no insignia. Magistrates 51 ! could not be dismissed during their year of office, and were not amenable to the courts while in office, though they were liable to prosecution for bribery at their election before their term began, and for misbehavior in office as soon as their terms expired. Hence no magistrate could be elected to successive terms of the same oflB.ce. (1) The Consules. — 'The consulship was the goal of every 53 Roman's ambition, the highest magistracy. The consuls were two in number, and were elected several months before their term began, usually in July, but the precise date was fixed by the senate or by the consuls. They were the ordinary presiding oflB-cers of the senate, directed its deliberations, and executed its orders. They took precedence over all other magistrates in summoning the senate and comitia centuriata, and presided 54 over the latter body at the election of all curule magistrates. They usually took turns in acting as head of the administration, each taking precedence for a month, beginning with the elder. During his month each consul was always attended in public by twelve Lictores, who marched before him in single file, each carrying upon his shoulder the fasces, a bundle of rods' typifying the consul's right to scourge. Originally an axe had been 55 bound up with the rods, but this was not carried in the city after the granting of the ius provocationis (§ 3). The consuls gave their names to their year of office, and as ex-consuls (consulares) retained much of their dignity, took precedence of other senators in debate, and were alone eligible to certain positions of honor-. (2) The Censores. — The censors were two in number, elected 58 from the consulares (§ 55), originally at the minimum interval THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 59 of four years, afterwards once in five years — the period called a lustrum — and holding office for eighteen months. Their duties were of three kinds: (o) They took the census, which was a register of the citizens with their families and the amount of their property, fixed, in accordance with this census, the position of each citizen in his tribe, class and century, and filled vacancies in the senate, (b) They had a general over- 57 sight of public morals, and could punish any citizen for scandal- ous conduct by removing him, if a senator or knight, from his ordo (§§ 14, 20), or, if a commoner, to a lower class in his tribe, or even into the ranks of the aerarii (§ 30). (c) They had general oversight of the public finances, collected the revenues 58 by 'farming' them to the highest bidders, let out contracts for public works, and superintended their construction. During the interval between the abdication of one board of censors and the election of their successors these last duties were dele- gated by the senate to the consuls, praetors, aediles Or other magistrates. (3) The Praetores. — The praetors were eight in number, and 59 corresponded to our higher judges, being assigned by lot to the several courts. The one to whom fell jurisdiction in civil cases between Roman citizens was called praetor urbanus; the one having civil jurisdiction between citizens and foreigners (§ 9) was called praetor peregrinus; the others had jurisdiction in criminal cases, presiding over six of the quaestiones perpetuae, 'standing courts.' The praetor urbanus was at the head of the 60 Roman judicial system, and while possessing no more real power than his colleagues was looked upon as of superior dignity. During the absence of both consuls from the city he presided over the senate. All the praetors had the right to summon the senate and comitia, and each was attended in the city by two lictors, without the city by six. (4) The Tribuni. — ^The tribunes of the plebs were ten in 61 number, elected from the plebeians only (but these now practi- cally included the whole populus), by the comitia tributa pre- 60 INTRODUCTION sided over by an actual tribune. They were the most powerful officers of the state, though their power was of a negative kind, and they had few specified duties. Their authority was con- fined to the city itself, and their persons were sacred, i.e., it was death to offer violence to a tribune in the exercise of his author- ity. They could summon, preside over, and bring business 62 before the senate, and in the right to summon the comitia tributa they took precedence over all other magistrates. But the real source of the tremendous power of the tribunes lay in their uiurestricted ius intercedendi, 'veto power.' They could veto any bill brought before the senate or the comitia, and in general any public act of any magistrate. They could thus 63 at any time bring about a 'deadlock,' completely stopping the wheels of government. The only constitutional checks upon the power of a tribune were the veto of his colleagues and the shortness of his term. They had no insignia, but each was attended in public by a single Viator (§ 71). (5) The Aediles. — The aediles were four in number, two 64 curule and two plebeian. Notwithstanding this distinction they were all elected in the comitia tributa and were practically of the same rank, differing but little in their duties, (o) They were the superintendents of the markets, and had tribunals in the forum from which they decided petty disputes between buyers and sellers. (&) They superintended the distribution of the grain furnished by the state at a low cost to the needy commons, (c) They had general police duties, including 65 oversight of public order, the water supply, streets and squares, and precautions against fire, (d) They had the management of certain public games. This last function made the office eagerly sought, for the commons took great delight in the shows, and the aedile who gratified them with expensive games would reap his reward when he ran for another office. (6) The Quaestores. — The quaestors were twenty in number, 66 and had duties connected more or less closely with the treasury. On the first day of their term (§ 48) they determined their THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 61 respective places by lot. Two, .called quaestores urbani, remained in the city, having charge of the treasury {aerarium) and of the laws, decrees of the senate and other archives which were deposited there for safe keeping. They kept the state accounts, received the taxes, and paid out moneys to the proper officers on order of the senate. Four others were 67 assigned to points in Italy where the public revenues required the presence of state agents. Others accompanied the gen- erals in the field as pay and quarter-masters, and the rest were sent to the provinces, where their duties resembled those of the city quaestors to whom they rendered their accounts. Petty Magistrates. — Besides these important magistrates 68 there were several boards of inferior magistrates charged with less extensive duties and elected in the comitia tributa. There was a Board of Ten, plebeian lawyers who advised the tribunes; a Board of Three, who looked after prisons and executions; another Board of Three, who superintended the coinage; a Board of Four, who, under the censors and aediles, cared for the streets of the city; and a Board of Two, who looked after 69 the roads outside of the city. There were also four Praefecti, 'circuit judges,' who represented the praetor in Campania. These petty magistrates are often grouped together under the title VigintisexviiH, 'Board of Twenty-six.' The Civil Service. — For the discharge of public business 70 an army of clerks and other attendants of the magistrates was maintained at public expense. Chief among these were the Scribae, 'clerks,' whole bureaus of whom were kept employed by the senate and all the higher magistrates. They were so numerous and important that they were called collectively the Ordo Scribarum. The Lictores were the attendants of the 71 dictators, consuls and praet 's, executed their orders when force was required, cleared a way for them through the streets, and dispersed disorderly crowds that impeded public business. The Viatores had similar duties and were the attendants especially of the tribunes. Praecones, 'criers,' were employed 62 INTRODUCTION on all occasions when it was necessary to make public proclamation by word of mouth. All these officers received pay for their services, and held their places during good behavior. Relative Rank of the Magistrates. — It has been said 72 (§ 49) that a magistrate had the right to veto the official acts of a colleague. Besides this a superior magistrate could thus annul any proceedings which had been directed by an inferior magistrate. For the exercise of this veto power the Extraordi- nary Magistrates were superior to all others. Of the Ordinary Magistrates the tribunes were supreme (§ 62) ; the consuls were superior to the censors and praetors, but the lower stages are uncertain. Promagistrates. — The consuls and praetors began their 7 i duties with potestas only (§ 50), but in case of sudden danger requiring their services in the field they were at once invested with the imperium (§ 28). Otherwise they did hot receive it, after Sulla's time, until their year of civil authority had expired, i.e., on Jan. 1, the day of the inauguration of their successors. They were then sent, under the titles of Pro consule and Pro praetore respectively, to govern the various provinces, and thus their term of office was extended for a year and might be further prolonged. As governors of provinces there was no 74 distinction between the proconsuls and propraetors, but the more lucrative provinces were usually assigned to the former. In his province the governor was supreme, at once commander of the army, chief executive and judge in both civil and criminal cases. In such a position there was abundant opportunity for gaining immense wealth. In times of peace there were a 75 thousand methods of extortion, and the average governor left none untried; in time of war there were cities to be plundered and captives to be sold as slaves. A provincial governorship was looked upon by Roman nobles as a gold mine from which to pay their debts and buy new pleasures and honors. It was under these proma,gistrates that the provincial quaestors (§ 67) THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 63 served, and the relations between them were naturally close and confidential. Under certain circumstances the senate might have the7S imperium conferred upon inferior magistrates or even private citizens, and send them to the provinces as promagistrates, though they had not filled the magistracies themselves. No person having the imperium was allowed to enter Rome, and promagistrates were not permitted to return from their provinces cum, imperio until relieved by their successors. In case of a proconsul's withdrawal before the arrival of his successor his duties devolved upon the quaestor. The Cursus Honorum. — The road to the gold mine of the 77 provinces was not, however, a short and easy one. The laws fixed directly or indirectly the age at which each magistracy could be held, and provided that they should be taken in regular order. This fixed order was called the cursus honorum; the first step was the quaestorship, legal age thirty; then the praetorship, legal age forty; then the consulship, legal age forty-three. Two years had to elapse after one curule office 78 had been held before the next higher could be taken, no matter what was the age of the candidate. A man standing for (or elected to) an office at the earliest date permitted by these rules was said to have stood (or been elected) suo anno. An aspirant for political honors liked to hold the aedileship (see § 65 [d]) or the tribuneship between the quaestorship and consul- ship, but was not required to do so. MINISTERS OF RELIGION The Roman commonwealth was conceived of as founded by 79 the gods, and continuously and directly dependent upon them. The national religion was a stately ceremonial having little to do with the lives and morals of the citizens, but maintained upon a lavish scale for the purpose of securing the favor of the gods, and with it the perpetuity of the state. Sa INTRODUCTION These ceremonies were directed by various priests, or colleges 8G of priests, religious guilds and societies. The priests, however, had none of the characteristics which we are accustomed to asso- ciate with the word. They did not form an exclusive class or caste, nor did they require preliminary training or education. They were not excluded from other offices; on the contrary, the more important priesthoods were filled by the greatest states- men and generals — Julius Caesar was Pontifex Maximus while he was fighting in Gaul. The Pontifices. — The most important of the priestly 81 colleges was that of the Pontifices, who had the supervision of the whole state religion, including general oversight of all the other ministers of religion, thus exerting a vast political influ- ence. The president of the college was called Pontifex Maxi- mus, and the position was upon the whole the first in dignity and importance in Rome. He was originally chosen by his colleagues, who -had formed a self-perpetuating body, but in 82 Cicero's time all were appointed by the vote of seventeen tribes selected by lot from the thirty-five. He held office for life, lived in the ancient palace of the kings, the Regia, appointed the fifteen flamines (priests of particular gods), selected the Vestal Virgins, superintended religious marriages and other important family ceremonies, and with the aid of his colleagues regulated and published the calendar. The Augures. — Next in dignity came the college of augurs, 83 also fifteen in number, and elected in the same way as the pontif- ices. They were charged with the interpretation of the auspices {aus-pida), which played a very important part in political affairs. The auspices were entirely distinct from omens [omina) , being simply answers 'Yes' or 'No' to questions put to the j^ods in regard to the propriety of some contemplated act which was distinctly specified. Custom required that the gods 84 should thus be consulted on all important public occasions. Favorable auspices, i.e., the permission of the gods, were required before the comitia could be held, the senate convoked. THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 66 magistrates inaugurated, battles fought, or any act affecting the commonwealth performed. These questions the • gods would answer only when put to them by a duly authorized person, and the answers were given by the peculiar chirp or flight of birds. The right to put the questions for the state 85 {auspicia publico) was vested in each of the higher magistrates, who was said habere auspicia; the interpretation was a science {iv^ augurium), the special study -and care of the augurs. Magistrates and augurs were therefore dependent upon each other; neither alone could get the information desired. For taking the auspices an open space was marked out by 86 the augurs, called templum, the original sense of the word not implying at all a sacred building. The proper templum for auspicia publica was the auguraculum upon the Capitol, but for convenience other places, e.g., the Rostra in the forum, the hortus Scipionis in the Campus Martius, and the buildings erected as homes of the gods (templa, in our sense), were 'inaugurated,' but only by direct permission of the auspices taken in the auguraculum. Similarly, generals before going on a campaigns? took the auspices on the Capitol, and were said to 'carry their auspices' with them; if they were unsuccessful they were thought to have 'lost their auspices,' and had in early days to return to Rome for new ones (auspicia repetere). The incon- venience of this rule led to the invention of a new method of taking auspices, by watching the feeding of sacred chickens which the general took along with him wherever he went. Hence the classification of magistrates in § 45, III. To both the augur and the magistrate the auspices were a 88 source of great political power. So minute and intricate were the rules and regulations of augury that a zealous augur could pick a flaw in almost any auspices, and thus effectually prevent action on the part of magistrate, senate and people. And, besides, it was a principle of augural law, confirmed by statute law, that no action could be taken by a magistrate if he was notified that another was engaged in taking auspices. This 66 INTRODUCTION was because it was thought that the will of the gods was not yet fully ascertained. If therefore a magistrate gave notice that on 89 a certain- day, or series of days, he intended to 'watch the heavens' (servare de caelo), none of the acts requiring auspices (§ 84) could be performed on that day or that series of days. This notice was called obnuntiatio, and was frequently employed against an obstinate tribune by magistrates who had other- wise no power over him (§ 72), as well as by the other magis-90 trates against each other. From this it will be seen that a position in the college of augurs was one to be coveted by men of the greatest dignity and highest rank — Cicero himself became a member of the college ten years after his consulship. The insignia of the office were the toga praetexta, the purple striped tunic (trabea) and a curved staff (lituus). Other Boards.^Below the augurs were numerous other 91 boards and guilds. The Quindecemviri Sacris Fadundis had charge of the prophetic books {libri Sibyllini) which the Cumaean Sibyl had sold to Tarquinius Superbus. They con- tained oracles relating to the state, and could be consulted and interpreted by the board only by direct command of the senate. The Haruspices were an unofficial guild, though they were some- 92 times consulted by the senate when unusual omens or portents were announced. They foretold the future by lightning and the entrails of victims slain in sacrifice, and thus claimed to do much more than the augurs, who could at best only get responses to such questions as could be answered 'Yes' or 'No.' On the other hand the augurs ridiculed the pretensions of the haruspices, and asserted that they merely worked upon the superstitious fears of the .ignorant. THE SENATE The senate was originally the body of old men (senatus, cf. 93 tenex) called upon by the King to advise him when in doubt. It had never acquired any additional rights by law, in fact it had no constitutional powers at all, but it had 'come to dominate THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 67 all departments of state, to be in itself the government with the magistrates as its servants. One source of its power was its membership, the ordo senato- 94 rius described in § 14. All the higher magistrates became members of the senate for life as soon as their term of office ended, and all but the quaestors were senators before their term began. The senate thus contained by indirect election all the picked men of the state. Its leaders were men trained from boyhood in the principles of government, with all the advan- tages of experience. All great generals, all the men who had acquaintance with foreign countries from having "lived in them as governors or ambassadors, all distinguished jurists and economists, all the higher priests even were in the senate. The 95 influence of such a body was irresistible. It is true that it could not enforce its recommendations, but we can easily see that its advice would not be lightly disregarded, or its good opinion forfeited, by magistrates who for one year only, and with little previous experience, were charged with the enormous responsi- bility of government. The senate took cognizance of all affairs of administration, 96 but it concerned itself chiefly with foreign affairs, finance and religion. In these its second source of influence was felt — its permanence. It was the only organized body in the state that possessed a continuous knowledge of public affairs. To it 97 therefore the foreign nations sent embassies; with it they made treaties. Appointing as it did all promagistrates with imperium (§ 73), it virtually directed war and concluded peace, although constitutionally this was the right of the comitia centuriata (§31). Its control over the finances was due to the interval 98 between the abdication of one board of censors (§ 56) and the election of their successors. In this period of from two-and- one-half to three-and-one-half years there was at all times money to receive and to pay out on orders and contracts, with which the magistrates for the time had had nothing to do. To the senate, therefore, as the one continuous body, fell the right 68 INTRODUCTION to direct financial matters during this period (§ 58); and to it the next board would naturally look for advice in all questions of taxation and expenditure. In religious matters its influence 99 was due to the fact that the priests (§ 80), as such, had no mag- isterial powers, and had to act through the regular magistrates. The influence of the senate over them has been explained in § 95. In all these matters, and in the countless others on which 100 the senate acted, it must be remembered that it ruled wholly by moral influence. At any time a magistrate might become recalcitrant, and carry a question, in spite of the senate, to the only constitutionally authoritative bodies — the comitia. In §uch a case the senate could only oppose its influence, to his, and, if the people were on his side, either give way, or try to tire out the opposition by the many means of delay that could be practiced in the comitia (§§ 39, 89). Meetings of the Senate. — The senate came together at 101 the call of any qualified magistrate (consul, praetor, tribune), who, by virtue of having summoned it, was its president for the time. It was the only deliberative assembly in Rome, i.e., the only one in which debate was allowed. Of course it could 102 discuss only such questions as the president laid before it; but among the twenty magistrates who possessed the right it could always find one who would ask its advice about the business it wished to discuss. The time and place for meeting 103 were always named in the call, which was made either through the praecones (§ 71) or by a written notice posted in the forum. The senate had no fixed hour or place for meeting, though usually the time was early in the day, because sunset put an end to all deliberations, and the place had to be a temflum (§ 86). The auspices were always taken before the meeting began (§ 84) . The president laid (referre) the matters about which he 104 desired 'advice' (§ 102), before the senate in general terms, and in such order as he pleased. No one could make a motion without his permission, and no one could give an opinion unless called upon by him. He might at once demand a vote; but if THE ROMAN COMMONWEALTH 69 debate was allowed he called upon the members to express their views in a regular order, . sanctioned by ancient custom, giving his. own opinion at any point he pleased. The first to be called 105 upon was the Princeps Senatus, an honorary title given by the censors to the senator (generally a patri'>ian) whom they deemed most worthy. After him came the consulares, praetorii and aedilicii, i.e., such members as sat in the senate by virtue of having held these offices. If, however, the debate occurred 106 between the time of the annual elections and the inauguration of the successful candidates, these magistrates-elect (designati) took precedence over ex-magistrates of the same rank. It is a matter of dispute whether or not the pedarii (those who had held no curule [§ 45, IV, b] office) had the ius sententiae, 'right of debate.' The president might, however, vary the regular 107 order, and thus honor or slight any senator by calling him out of turn, or by passing him over altogether. As each senator was called upon he could give his opinion in full {sententiam dicer e), or simply express his agreement with a previous speaker (verba assentiri). He might also include in his remarks any other matters that he pleased, and this made it easier than now to prevent action by talking against time (diem dicendo consumere) until sunset (§ 103). The final vote was taken by 108 division (discessio). If several conflicting sententiae had been expressed the magistrate presiding put such as he pleased to the house, and they were voted upon singly until one received a majority of the members present. All present, except actual magistrates, were obliged to vote, but there was no rule as to a quorum. When a sententia had been adopted it was written 109 out, after the adjournment of the senate, by the scribae (§ 70), in the presence of the president and of its principal supporters, who attested its genuineness by their signatures. There are frequent complaints of forged sententiae. Decrees of the Senate. — ^The senate had no power to HO pass laws; it could merely express its opinion in the form of advice to the magistrate who convoked it. This advice might 70 INTRODUCTION be rejected by that magistrate, or, even if he adopted it, might be vetoed by any magistrate equal or superior to him (§ 72). If it successfully ran the gantlet of these vetoes, it was taken for granted that itwoi'ld find no sufficient opposition in the comi- tia (where alone laws cjuld be passed), and was promulgated as a senatus consultum, 'ordinance of the senate.' If vetoed by a Hi superior magistrate it was put forth as auctoritas senatus, 'the deliberate utterance of the senate,' having all the moral weight attaching to such a body as that described in § 94, but no binding force with either magistrates or people. If its friends 112 looked upon the opposition to it as capricious or weak, proceed- ing, e.g., frorn the personal feeling of the individual who vetoed it, they brought to bear upon him every possible influence and argument to induce him to withdraw his opposition. If he remained firm they might still get a superior magistrate, if there was such, to bring it before the comitia, with the hope of getting it passed by the people as a regular and authoritative law. INTRODUCTION 71 HOW CICERO'S WORKS WERE PRESERVED Of Cicero's orations we have fifty-seven complete or nearly so, with portions of twenty others and the titles of thirty more. Some were written carefully before delivery, and at least one — cum senatui gratias egit, on his return from exile — was read from manuscript. On the other hand the first oration against Catiline, delivered impromptu, was ' afterward written out and published' (Sail. 31)., In his defense of Milo the orator broke down, and what we know as pro Milone was written afterward to show what he had meant to say. Sometimes a mere outline was used in speaking and the full text written out later. In some cases omissions have been made in preparing for publica- tion, in others new matter has been inserted (see note in italics atendof I. 10). For much of the text we are indebted to Cicero's faithful secretary, Tiro, who had a system of shorthand of his own; and for its preservation to Atticus, who as a publisher handled many of the orations and letters (for the methods followed see Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, §§ 393-402). Of the 864 letters extant all but about ninety are Cicero's own. They are assembled in 'books' — two to M. Brutus, three to Q. Cicero, sixteen to Atticus and sixteen to various intimate friends (ad Familiar es). The selections in this volume are taken from the books ad Familiares and ad Atticum. The oldest manuscript copy we have of the orations against Catiline was made nearly a thousand years after their delivery, and except for some fragments dating perhaps to the fourth or fifth century a.d. the same is true of all Cicero's works. The orations were first printed {editio princeps) at Rome (or Venice?) in 1471, and the complete works at Venice in 1534-37. 72 INTRODUCTION A TYPICAL ORATION OUTLINE Oratory was an art most thoroughly studied and diligently practiced by the Romans, and precise rules were laid down for every phase. The great rhetorician Quintilian outlines an argument as consisting of five parts: Exordium, Narratio, Probatio, Refutatio and Peroratio. In many speeches this formal arrangement is modified or covered up,- but it is admirably exemplified in the oration for the Manilian Law. DE IMFEBIO FOMFEn I. Exordium (introduction), §§1-3. II. Nakratio (statement of the case), §§4, 5. III. Probatio (affirmative argument), §§6-49. (Partitio— division of theme, §6, 11. 19, 20) 1 Genus belli, §§6-19. a Gloria populi Romani agitur, §§7-12. b Salus sociorum agitur, §§12, 13. c Vectigalia aguntur, §§14-16. d Bona civium aguntur, §§17-19. (Recapitulatio) 2 Magnitude belU, §§20-26. 3 de Imperatore deligendo, §§27-49. a Res in summo imperatore, §§27-48. (1) Scientia rei militaris, §28. (2) Virtus, §§29-42. (a) Pompeii res gestae, §§29^35! (6) Artes comites virtutis, §§36-42. (3) Auctoritas, §§43-46. (4) FeUcitas, §§47, 48. (Recapitulatio, §49) ly. Refutatio, §§50-68. 1 Hortensius: 'Omnia non uni tribuenda.' — At Pompeius imperio simili bene est usus, §§51-58. 2 Catulus: 'Nequid novi fiat.' — At multa nova, Catulo auctore, in Pompeio iam sunt constituta, §§59-67. 3 Auctores alterius partis, §68. V. Peroratio, §§69-71. The terminology is not always the same, but this is a typical form. It will be a good exercise to see how it will apply to other orations in this bo.ik SOME BOOKS FOR READING AND REFERENCE \lt is not intended nor desired to give a bibliography, but merely to name a few books most of which are easily obtainable and should be in the school libraries.] HISTORY DuRuY, Victor— 'History ol Rome, trans, by Ripley and Clarke, 8 vols. Jewett Publishing Co., Bostorj. Fbrreko, Guguelmo — Greatness and Decline ot Rome, trans, by A. E. Zimmern and H. J. Chaytor. Putnams, N. Y. See especially vols. I-liI. Long, George — Uepline of the Roman Republic, 5 vols. Bell & Sons, London. MoMMsEN, Theodor — Hlstory ot Rome, 4 vols., trans, by W. P. Dickson. Scrib- ners, N. Y. Smaller Roman Histories by F. F. Abbott (Scott, Foresman & Co., Chicago); W. F. Allen (Ginn & Co., Boston); Arthur Gilman, in Stories of the Nations (Putnart, N. Y.); W. W. How and H. D. Leigh (Longmans. N. Y.); R. F. Leighton (Maynard, Merrill & Co., N, Y.);' H. G. Llddell (Harpers, N. Y.); Charles Merivale, in Students' Series (Harper, N. Y.); Mommsen, abridged by C. Bryan and F. J. R. Hendy (Scribners, N. Y.); P. V. N. Myers (Ginn & Co., Boston); H. F. Pelham (Putnams, N. Y.); E. S. Shuckburgh (Macmillan, N. Y.). Greenidge, a. H. J., and Clay, A. M., Sources of Roman History, B. C. 133-70. Clarendon Press, Oxford. MuNRO, D. C. — Sourcebook of Roman History. D. C. Heath, Boston. ANTIQUITIES AND THE LIFE OF THE TIME Becker, W. A. — Gallus, trans, by Frederick Metcalfe. Longmans, Green & Co., N. Y. BoissiER, Gaston — Cicero and his Friends, trans, by A. D. Jones. Putnams, N. Y. Church, A. J. — Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. Fowler, W. Warde — Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero. Macmillan, N. Y. Guhl (E.) and Koner (W.) — Life of the Greeks and Romans, trans, by F. Hueffer, Chatto & Windus, London. HuELSEN, Ch. — The Roman Forum, its history and monuments, trans, by Jesse B. Carter. Loescher & Co., Rome. Johnston, H. W. — private Life of the Romans. Scott, Foresman & Co., Chicago. Lanciani, Rodolfo — The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Platneh, S. B. — Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome. Allyn & Bacon Boston. Ramsay, Wm. — Manual of Roman Antiquities, revised by R. Lanciani. Scribners, N. Y. Rich, Anthony — Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities. Longmans, N. Y. RoDONACEi, E. — The Roman Capitol, trans, by Frederick Lawton. Heinemann, London. The Ufe of the times is illustrated also in such stories as A. J. Church's Two Thou- sand Years Ago (Dodd, Mead & Co., N. Y.) and W. S. Davis's A Friend of Caesar (Macmillan, N. Y.); and in such plays as Addison's Cato, Ben Jonson's Catiline, Shakspere's Julius Caesar. CICEBO'S LIFE The classical biography is that of Plutarch. Modern 'Lives' will be found in any cyclopedia or classical dictionary, as well as in the formal biographies of Wm. Forsyth (Scribners, N. Y.), Conyers Middleton and Anthony TroUope (Har- pers, N. Y.). HIS PLACE IN LITEBATUBE Teuffel, W. 8. — History of Roman Literature, revised by Ludwig Schwabe and trans, by G. C. W. Warr. George Bell & Sons, London. Middleton (Geoi^qb) and Mills (T. R.)— Companion to Latin Authors. Mac- millan, N. Y. Gives original authorities for all statements. 73 74 INTRODUCTION There are also histories of Latin {or Roman) literature by E. W. Browne (Bentley & Son, London); C. T. Cruttwell (Scribners, N. Y.); H. N. Fowler (D. Apple- ton & Co., N. Y.); W. C. Lawton (Scribners, N. Y.); J. W. Mackail (Scribners); G. A. Simcox (Harpers, N. Y.). Interesting discussions are found in Collins' Cicero in the series of Ancient Classics (or English Readers, and in DeQuincey's essay on Cicero. BOIMAN INSTITUTIOirS AND LEGAL METHODS Abbott, F. F. — Roman Political Institutions. Ginn ife Co., Boston. FoKSYTH, Wm. — Hortensius the Advocate. John Murray, London. Gbanrud, J. E. — Roman Constitutional History, 753-44 B. C. Allyn & Bacon, Boston. Gbeenidge, a. H. J. — The Legal Procedure of Qcero's Time. Oxford Press. — Roman Public Lite. Macmillan, N. Y. ABBREVIATIONS References to Latin Grammars are made thus, with article-number: — A. = Allen and Greenough (1903) B. = Bennett (1908) H. = Harkness (1898) H.-B. = Hale and Buck (1903) Cross references to the various parts of this volume are made as follows: — I, II, III, IV = The four orations against Sail. = The CatiUne of Sallust. Catiline. Verr. = The oration against Verres. Ax., Arch. = The oration for Archias. Introd. = The Introduction, to which Ep. = Epistle, Letter. reference is made by page and section. Lig. = The oration for Ligarius. C. T. = Excursus on Roman Criminal Mar. = The oration for Marcellus. Trials. M. L. = The oration for the Manilian R. C. = Excursus on Roman Corre- Law (de Imperio Pompeii). spondence. Phil. = The fourth Philippic. A black-face numeral referr to the chapter of an oration or of Sallust, or to one of the Letters, while a plain Arabic numeral refers to the line. Thus I. 7. 19 means the first oration against Catiline, chapter 7, line 19; Lig. 3. 12 means chapter 3, Mne 12 of the oration for Ligarius; Sail. 51. 98 means chapter 51, line 98 of Sallust's Catiline; Ep. 9. 32 means line 32 of the ninth letter in this selection. cf. = confer, compare. init. = at or near the beginning, oh. = chapter, chapters. 1., 11, = line, lines, e.g. = exempli gratia, for instance. p., pp. = page, pages. f., ff. = following. sc. = understand, supply. Sn. = at or near the end (chapter or note), tr., trans. =: translate. ROME M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO m CATIL^AM PRIMA IN SENATTJ HABITA 1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? 1 quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum prae- sidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil con- 5 cursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie munitissimus habendi Title. — M. Tulll Clceronls: On the three names of. A. 108; B. 373; H. 354, 3; H.-B. 678; on the gen. -1 tor -U see A. 49, b; B. 25, 1; H. 83, 6; H.-B. 71, 2. Cicero is said to be derived from deer, 'asmall pfia.' Decline the three names side by side. Oratio. nom., used absolutely in the title of books, etc. In Catillnam: ' against Catiline.' prima: there are four orations commonly called ■against Catiline.' In senatu: explain the circumstances under . which this oration was delivered. See Introduction. Catiline's audacity in appearing in the senate, where his guilt was known, §§1, 2. 1, t. tandem: 'I pray,' in interroga- tive and imperative sentences is the sign of intense feeling, abutere: 'use up.' 'exhaust' (not 'abuse,' 'misuse'); observe the quantity of penult and thus deter- mine tense. Cf. also tense of eludet and iadabit in the two following questions. 2. etlam: "still,' in temporal mean- ing. Is** alone means 'that of yours' 75 (A. 297, c; B. 87; H. SOS; H.-B. 271); here it is strengthened by addition of tuus. 3. Nlhllne: an emphatic nonne. Note the repetition (anaphora) of the same word nihil at the beginning of suc- cessive clauses instead of a connective. Nihil is adv. ace. (A. 390 d, note 2; B. 176, 3; H. 416, 2; H.-B. 387, III), and -ne, attached to the first nihil, is the question-mark for the whole sentence. 4. Palati : mons Palatinus. This hill was the, original seat of Rome, and re- mained a point of great strategic im- portance, always promptly garrisoned when danger within the city was appre- hended. On the brow of the hill toward the Via Sacra stood the temple of Jupiter Stator, where the senate was now as- sembled. Cicero had increased the guards for political effect. vlgUlae: an ab- stract noun here with concrete meaning. 5. bonorum: 'loyal men;' the politi- cal sense of the word, including all per- sons in the speakers' party, and exclud- 76 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA se.iatus locus, nihil horum ora volttisque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis, constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri conitirationem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaverls, quid JO consilii ceperis, quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? tempora, 2 o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit publici consilii particeps, notat et designat oculls ad caedem -unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem fortes viri satis facers rei 15 publicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussti consulis iam pridem oportebat, in te conferrl pestem, quam tu in nos machinaris. An vero vir 3 ing all others; opposed to it are the words improbi, perditi. The gen. here is subjective (A. 343 note 1; B. 199; H. 440, 1; H.-B. 344); what in PcOati, urbis, populi, senatus J 6. locus: see on 1. 4. horum: the senators. So in next line, ora vol- tusque: 'expression on the faces.' The conveying of an idea by two connected nouns instead of by a single modified noun is called hendiadys. 7, constrictam teneri: how differ- ent in meaning from constrictam esse? (A. 497, b; H.-B. 60S, 6.) Haheo is more common than teneo in this use. sciential 1. c, is powerless, because every one knows of it. The strength of a conspiracy lies in secrecy. 8-11; What places, times and meas- ures are meant ? Some of the men called together are named in Sallust's account Qf the Conspiracy. Among them were ten senators, four knights, and many from places in Italy outside of Eome. quem . . . arbitraris: 'Who of us do you suppose does not know?' This is the principal clause, and all preceding (what kind of clause are they?) are objects of "'onorare. Explain mood and tense Oi egeris. etc. nostrum: gen. plu. of ego, how used? arbitraris: In the present indicative of deponent verbs Cicero writes ■ris not -re. What does he write in the future tense? cf.l. 1. tempora, mores: ace. in ex- clamation (A. 397, d; B. 183; H. 421; H.-B. 399). 12. Immo vero is used to correct a previous statement as either too weak or too strong: which here? Trans. ' Lives, did I say? nay, he even," etc. publlcl consilii: 'a council p( the state,' hfere the senate. The word consilium Is used of any organized body taking com- mon action, Cf. meaning and construc- tion of consilii here and in 1. 11. 13, 14. unum quemque nostrum: ' every single one of us.' Nos : A. 295, a; B. 242, 1; H. 500; H.-B. 257. vlrl fortes: nom. The epithet is ironical. 15. lstlus=Co(iii7iae. This is the demonstrative used most frequently of one's opponent in court, debate, etc., and thus it often has a certain contempt- uous force (A. 297, c; B. 246, 4; H. 507, 3 ; H.-B. 274, 4). See note'on iste, 1. 2. 16. oportebat: literally 'It was fit- ting;' an impersonal verb with the infin- itive clauses te duci and pestem conferri as its subjects. Precedents for summary action, which nevertheless is postponed, §§3-5. 17. an: See A. 335, b; B. 162, 4, a; H. 380, 3; H.-B. 236. an vero: the words go with both interfecit and perfe- Temus. Note the exact parallel and con- GAP. 1, §§ 1-3 77 amplissumus, P. ScTpio, pontifcx maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rel publicae priyatus. inter- 20 fecit; Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendils vastare cupientem nos consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis antlqua praetereo, quod C. Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu sua occldit. Fuit, fuit ifita quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perni- ■25 ciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave, non deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. trast between the two members of the sentence in their subjects (.vir and nos'), appositives (privatus and consules), objects {Gracchum and Catilinam)^ participial modifiers (mediocriter labe- factantem and orbem vastare . . . cupien- tem), and verbs (interfecit and perfere- mus). 18. P. Scipio Nasica was at the head of the optimates who (133) killed Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. 19. privatUE: Though pontifex max- imus, Nasica held no political office at the time of the death of Gracchus. Privatum is opposed in meaning to magistratus, the general term for political officials, and here in particular to consules. 20. orbem terrae: 'the circle of land' around the Mediterranean, 'the whole earth.' 21. lUa: 'the following precedents' explained by the clause quod . , . occldit (A. 297, b, c; B. 246, 2; H. 507; H.-B. 273, a). The plural is used either to imply that more precedents might be given, or with deliberate exaggeration. nlmls antlqua: 'as too ancient.' 22. praetereo: Though he says "I pass over,' the mere mention of the case called it before his hearer's minds. This is a favorite device of CScero's. Sp. Maelium: Maelius was a rich plebeian who sold grain to the poor at low rates during the famine of 439. He was accused of courting the favor of the people, with a view to making himself king, and was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus to answer to the charge. On his hesitating to obey he was killed by Ahala, the magrister equitum, noTls rebus: See A. 367; B. 187 II, a; H. 426; H.-B. 364, 1, For mean- ing see phrase in Vocabulary under novus, 23. Ista: 'such,' not used of an op- ponent here, and so not contemptuous (see notes on 2 and 15). Note the strict use of the 'demonstrative of tl^p second person': bravery on the part of such men as you (senators), in earlier times. 26. consultum: 'decree.' For the formalities attending the passage of a 'consultum,' and the distinction betweeo a consuitum and auctoritas see Abbotts B. P. I. §1276, 287. Sallust (Cat. 29) says it conferred the right 'to raise an aimy, conduct war, restrain allies and citizens in every manner, and hold su- preme authority, military and judi- cial.' 27. consilium: 'wisdom,' "advice,' 'statesmanship.' In how many mean- ings is consilium used in this chapter? huius ordinis: the senate. Explain the case of patlentia (1. 1), consllia (7), nocte (9), consilli, quern (10), vin, rei publicae (14), consules <21), and mood of coercerent (25). 78 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret, 4 ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet; nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasda'm seditionura susplciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus, occisus est cum 5 llberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res publica; num unum diem postea L. Saturninum tribtinum pi. et C. Servilium prae- torem mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At nos vice- simum iam diem patimur'hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. 10 Habemus enim huiusce mo,di senatus consultum, vervim 2. 1. quondam: In 121 Gaius Grac- chus, tribune 123-122, had carried a series of measures tending to overtiirow the power of the senate. The senate took advantage of a riot to pass the consul-' turn uUimum (Abbott, R. P. I. §287), arming L. Opimius, the one consul then at Rome, against the revolutionists. Gracchus himself, his chief supporter M. Fulvius Flaccus, with the latter's young son and three thousand of their followers, were l^illed. 2. quid detrimenti: 'any harm' ;iit,, 'anything of harm'). For indefi- nite force of quid see A. 149, b; B. 91; H. 186; H.-B. 276, 1. 4. claVlssimo patre: abl. of quality The construction is slightly irregular. Such an abl., or equivalent gen., or adj., usually modifies a generic noun (homo, vir) in apposition to the proper name; but the generic noun is often omitted as here. The whole phrase means 'of most illustrious ancestry.^ occisus est: Note the position of this verb and' the preceding in their respective clauses, gaining emphasis by inversion. The same is true cf decrevit, 1. 1. 5. llberis: Really but one son was killed in the riot, and the plural is used by rhetorical exaggeration, as ilia, 1. 24. C. IMarlo; What does 0. stand for? (A. 108, o; B. 373; H. 354, 6; H.-B. 678, 3). Write the full name. Mario et Valerio: During their consulship (100) revolutionary measures were proposed by L. Saturninus and C. Glaucia. In fear of violence the senate passed the consultUTn vMimum; and, in the conflict that followed, Saturninus and his fol- lowers were stoned to death in the senate house. 7. pi. = plebis. 8. mors ac rei p. poena: 'the death penalty fixed by the State.' Name the grammatical figure, and quote an illustration from §1. rei publicae: subjective gen. ; the Romans looked upon all punishments (originally fines) as be- longing to the injured party, to whom the flneo were in early times given as recompense or damages, remorata est: 'caused to wait.' The criminal is represented as always expecting punish- ment, and waiting for it to overtake him. The sentence in brief means, ' The nation's vengeance did not keep Satur- ninus and Servilius in nuspense, did it?' vlcesimum: in round numbers. Find the exact number (Oct. 22 — Nov. 8), remembering that the Romans counted in the starting-point. 9. diem: as in 1. 7 (A.. 423, 2; B. 181; H. 417; H.-B. 387 and II). hebescere aciem: The authority conferred by the senatus consultum is spoken of as a sword whose edge is growing dull from disuse. The same figure is continued in vagina, 1. 11. 10. 11. huiusce modi: A. 345, a; E. 203, 1 ; H. 440,3; H.-B. 365. For the form CAP. 2, §§ 4-5 7S inclusum in tabulls tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, con- venit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse cleraentem, cupio 15 in tantis rei publicae periculls me non dissolutum videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemns. Castra sunt in Italia 5 contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; eorum autem cas- trorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque 20 adeo in senatu ;v/ldemus intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rel public^gje-^olientem. Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni serins a me quam quisquam criidelius factum esse huiusce see A. 146, note 1 ; B. 87, toot- note 1; H. 178, 3; H -B. 138, 2, c. In- clusum in tabulls: With what is the decree compared? Tabulae are here the blocks of stone or metal on which the laws were inscribed. They were hung up in public tor seventeen days, and then deposited in the aerarium, the public treasury, In the temple of Sat- urn, in care of the quaestors. 12. Interfectum esse . . . con- venlt: Give the tense and subject of convenit. What tense might have been expected for interfectum esse! See duci . . . oportebat, 1. 18 (A. 486, a; B. 270, 2; H. 618, 2). Sometimes with such verLs as convenit, oportuit, potui, etc., an ap- parent pert, passive (not active) infin. is found. In such cases the participle is to be regarded as a predicate adj. (ct. Gallia est omnis divisa), and not as forming a true perfect. 14. patres conscripti: The original members of the senate were all patri- cians, and were called patres; but, after the expulsion of the kings (509), some of the leading plebeians were admitted to the republican senate under the title of 'conscripti,' 'added to the roll.' The term patres conscripti is therefore short- ened from patres et conscripti; but so thoroughly was the origin of the phrase forgotten that CScero calls a single sen- ator pater conscriptus. 15. dissolutum: 'lax.' 16. Inertiae: case? (A. 352; B. 208, 2, a, H. 456; H.-B. 342). 17. In . . . faucibus: 'In the moun- tain passes of Etruria,' near Faesulae. This camp was temporarily under com- mand of C. Manlius. 19 atque adeo: either corrects a previous statement, 'or rather,' or adds to and intensifies it, 'and actually.' Which here? Cf. immo vera, 1. 12. 21. moUentem: What difference of sense would the use of infinitive moliri have given? comprehendi: same mood a,s interfici. si: What other conjunction might have been used? See on 1. 3. 22. iussero : translate a Latin future perfect after si, cum, ubi, by an English present. For the form of the condition see A. 516, a, c; B. 302, 1; H. 574; H.-B. 579, a. erit verendum . . . dicat: credo it parenthetical and iron- ical. Cicero might tear two opposite criticisms upon his conduct: (a) ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant; (6) ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. He really tears (o), so when speaking ironically be reverses the case and says: 'I shall have to tear, I suppose, not (a) rather than (6).' Trans, the whole: 'I ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, 25 certa de causa nondum addticor ut faciam. Turn denique inter- ficiere, cum iam nemo tam inprobus, tam perditus, tam tui similis invenirl poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. Quamdiii quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives, et ( vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et ftrmis praesidiis obsessus, ne 30 commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et ayres non sentientem, sicut adhuc feceru'nt, specu- labuntur atque custodient. 3. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius expectes, si neque ncJx tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios nee privata domus parietibus continere _ voces coniurationis tuae potest, si illiis- trantur, si erumpunt omnia? Mtita iam istam mentem, mihi 3 crede, obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consOia omnia; quae iam mecum licet shall have to fear, I suppose, not that all loyal men will call my action tardy, but that some one will call it excessively cruel.' ne: What force after a verb meaning 'fear'? (A. 564 and note; -B. 296, 2; H. 567, 1; H.-B. S02, 4). 25. certa de causa: explained by the rest of the chapter. Begin the translation with this phrase. 26-28. tui slmlUs: In Cicero similis nearly always takes the gen. of nouns and pronouns denoting persons; and with nouns denoting things the gen. is rather more common than the dative. qui ( = ^d is) . . . fateatur: expresses result (A. 537, 2; B. 284, 2; H. 591, 2; H.-B. 521, 1), while qui . . . audeat gives the closely related idea of char- acteristic (A. 535; B. 283; H. 691, 1; H.-B. 502, 1). Explain the case of detrlmentl (2), Mario (5), aciem (9), rei publicae (21), mlhi (22), me (23); mood of possis (30). Give principal parts of decrevlt (1), cupio (14), crescit (18), audeat (28). Warning and proof that the conspir- ators' plana are known, §§6-9. 3. 1. Etenim quid est, etc.: gives the reason for vives, et vives, etc., 2. 2S, and prepares the way for the general theme 'Leave the city!' quod . . . expectes: characteristic (see on 2. 27), with result idea prominent — 'what is there of such character that you should await it further!' 2. coeptus: a very rare noun; the usual word is conatus. 3-5. parietibus: Synonyms: mwus, wall in general; paries, wall of a house; moenia (cf. munire), walls of a city for defense, lllustrantur: repeats the thought of 710X . . . obscurare . . . potest; ■ erumpunt that of domus . . . continue . . . potest, istam mentem: 'that pur- pose of yours' (see on 1. 2). mlhi crede: 'follow my advice' (A. 367; B. 187, 11, a; H. 426; H.-B. 364, 1). For case of caedis and incendiorum see A. 360, b; B. 206, 2; H. 454; H.-B. 360. 6, 7. licet recognoscas : See A. 666, note 2; B. 295, 6, 8; H. 664, II, 1; H.-B. 531, 2. What other mood might have been used for recognoscas? Meminls- tine: =norme merrtinisH; -ne is often used for nonne, especially in questions CAP. 2-3, §§ 5-8 81 recognoscas. Meministine me ante diem xii Kalendas No- 7 vembris dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem vi Kal. Novembrls, C. Manlium, audaciae 10 satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admlrandum, dies? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optumatium contulisse in ante diem v Kalen- das Novembris, tum cum multi principes eivitatis Roma non 15 tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo ipso die mefe praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum esse dicebas? Quid?S 20 cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Novembribus oceupaturum nocturne impetti esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo of a rhetorical nature and in colloquial language. It is probable that it had originally a negative torce. ante diem zli Kal. Not.: The full phrase would naturally be die duodecimo ante Kalendas Novemtn-es (A. 424, g; S31; B. 371, 372; H. 754, 7S6; H.-B. 664 ff.). What should we expect for the same words in 11. 9 and 13? zU here, vi in 1. 9 and V in 1. 13 stand for what kind of numeral? Give each in full. 8. dicere: represents the imperfect indicative in direct discourse (A. 584, a, note; H.-B. 593, b). What tense_ should we expect? 10. fefellit: from fallo. .Its subjects are res and dies, but the sentence should be recast in English, * I was not deceived in, etc' 11. res: Think what 'the thing' Tneant really is, and translate accord- ingly, never using the vague 'event,' ■fact,' etc., where definiteness is possible. 12. idem: nom. (A. 298, b; B. 248 1; H. 508, 3: H.-B. 270, a). 13. In ante diem: the prep, in governs the date-phrase as if the latter were one word. 14. turn cum: 'at the time when.' 15. sui conservandi: see A. 504, c; B. 339, 5; H. 626, 3; H.-B. 614. Gender, number and caae of suit Is conservandi gerund or gerundive? How determined? The sentence is bitterly Ironical, a with- ering rebuke to the cowardice of the senate. 18, 19. nostra . . . qui: The posses- sive pronoun nostra (agreeing with caede) is equivalent to noatri, the gen. pi. of ego, and from this gen. pi. as its true antecedent qui takes its gender and number (A. 302, a; B. 243, 2 and 251 2; H. 601, 2). Quid: This little anticipa- tory question draws attention to what follows; its full meaning is 'What do you' think of what I am going to say?' 20. Praeneste: A town twenty miles southeast of Rome, in the Hernican mountains. It had been the last strong- hold of the younger Marius in 82, and on its capitulation Sulla had put most of its citizens to death. He subse- quently established one of his colonies on its site, and Catiline hoped to use it ( as a fortified post. «2 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA iussti meis praesidils, custodiis, yigilils esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem iUam superiorem; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad ■ perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse inter lalcarios (non agam obscure) in M. Laecae domum; convenisse 5 eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? Convincam, si negas. Video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. di9 inmortales! ubinam gentium sumus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam rem publicam habemus? Hic, hic sunt in nostro nuniero, 10 patres conscripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitii, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent! Hos ego video consul et de re piiblica sententiam rogo et, quos ferro trucidari 22. praesidils: Synonyms: prae- sidia, a * garrison 'onthewalls; custodiae, the 'sentinels' at tlie gates; mffiliae, the 'night watch.' 23, 24. quod . . . sentiam: char- acteristic, as in 2. 28 and 3. 1. non (23) modifies audiam, videam and sen- iiam, while non modo and sed etiam dis- tribute its force between the clauses. audiam: 'hear ot'.' Explain the case of luce (6), te (16), i.mpetu (21), quod (23); mood of obllTlscere (5), tuturus esset (8), remanslssemus (19). 4. 1. Secognosce: Imperative here is used in place of the protasis (condi- tion) frhose apodosis (conclusion) is in- telleges. tandem: see on 1. 1. supe- riorem noctem: 'night before last' (Nov. 6), as in 1. 9. * 3, 4. inter falcarlos: 'into the street of the scytheraakera.' Several streets of Rome were called after the tradesmen who lived upon them. For the prepositional phrase as a name cf. the famous avenue of Berlin, ' Unter den Linden.' non agam obscure: antici- pates the more precise statement which follows. In M. Laecae domum: When accompanied by a possessive pro- noun or a genitive domum- (whither) may or may not have a preposition. 7, 8. esse . . . quosdam: '(the fact that) there are some in the senate.' video quosdam without esse would mean 'I see some men in the senate' (cf. ducem . . . videmus . . . molientem, 2.19-21). dl Immortales : 'ye gods!' How does this exclamation differ from tempora, o mores, 1. 10? ubinam gentium: 'where in the world?' Case of gentium (A. 346, 4; B. 201, 3; H. 443; H.-B. 346). 11. nostro omnium: The adjective agrees with the gen. pi. of the personal pronoun implied in the possessive nosiTo\ see 3. 18, and cf. A. 302, e; B. 243, 3, a; H. 446, 3; H.-B. 339, b. atque adeo: see on 2. 19. 13. sententiam rogo: As presiding officer the consul would call upon the senators in order for their vote on ques- tions before the body, and those in- CAP. 3-4, §§ 8-10 83 oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero! FuistI igitur apud 15 Laecam iila nocte, Catilina, distribuisti partes Italiae, statuisti, quo quemque proficisci placeret, delegisti, quos Romae relin- queres, quos tecum educeres, discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia, conflrmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum, dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc moras, quod ego viverem. yReperti 20 sunt duo equites RomanI, qui te ista cura liberarent et sese iirs, ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo interfecturos poUicerentur. Haec ego omnia vixdum etiam coetu vestro 10 dimisso ■ comperi; domi^n meam maioribus praesidiis munivi atque iirmavi, exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum mane 25 miseras, cum illi ip?i venissent, quos ego iam multls ac ^ummis viris ad me id tempdris venturos esse praedixeram. volved in the conspiracy, not yet con- victed or deposed, could still vote with the others, trucldarl: regular or irregular tense? See on 2. 12, 1. 16. 14. fulstl: placed first, in emphatic repetition of the statement in 11. 3 fS. Igltur: 'well then.' In this its so- called 'resumptive' use igitur is often employed to pick up the broken thread of a sentence or train of thought. Here it recalls attention to the unanswered challenge num audes, 1. 6, the thought having been interrupted by the digres- sion on the senators. 16. quo: interrogative adverb. Give its correlatives (A. 152; B. 140; H.-B. 144). placeret: sc. tibi — 'You decided to what point it pleased you each should set out.' 18. lam: best rendered 'soon' with a future verb. 19. morae: partitive with paidum. 20. equites: The two men were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius. The latter is called a senator by Sallust (Cat. 28), but it is supposed that he had lost his seat by some judicial proceedings, and so ranked as eques. 21-23. lucetn: 'daybreak.' lectulo: For the termination se« A. 243; B. 148, 1; H. 340, 1; H.-B. 207, 1. Interfecturos polllcerentur : 'prom- ised to kill.' For the future inf. with subj. ace. where the English idiom has a present' complementary see A. 580, c; B. 331, I; H. 619, 1; H.-B. 593, a. Could the English idiom have been used? vlzdum . . . dlmlsso: 'when your meeting had barely ad- journed.' 24, 25. ad me: depends on miseras, salutatum: 'to pay their respects;' a supine (A. 509; B. 340, 1; H. 633; H.-B. 618). It was the custom at Rome for prominent men to hold levees in the early morning (ante lucem, 1. 21). Hence the coming of the assassins at that time would excite no suspicion. 1111 Ipsl: the two assassins. 26. Id temporls: 'at that hour' (A. 346, 3; 397, a; B. 185, 2; H. 416, 2; H.-B. 388, b). For case of id cf. nihil, 1. 3; for that of temparis cf. gentium, 1. 8; the phrase =«o tempore. Explain the case of multo (2), sen- tentiam (13), Bomae (16), tlbl (19), cura (20), coetu (22); mood of cogl- tent (12), placeret (16), viverem (19), polllcerentur (22), venturos esse (26). What part of speech is eodem (5), una (7)? ^ ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 6. Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge, quo coepisti, egredere aliquando ex urbe; patent portae; proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus^ quagn j^uyimos; ptirga 6 urbem. Magno me metti llberabis, gu m modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari iam diutius non potes; non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis inmortalibus 11 habenda est atque huic ipsi lovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc tarn taetram, tam horribilem 10 tamque infestam rei publicae pestenj totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei publicae. Quamditi mihi consull designate, Catilina, insidiatus Leave Borne, Catiline, as you have planned, §§10-12. 6. 1. quae . . . slnt: 'since this is so.' In Latin a relative often'occurs at the beginning: of a sentence when the English would have a personal or ^a demonstrative; this is especially notice- able when (as here) the verb is intro- duced by a subordinating conjunction. quo: = (ad eum I^cum) ad quern; sc. ire. How does this 5W0 differ from the one in 4. 167 3. Imperatorem: While Manlius (see on 2. 17 and 3. 9) was in charge of the insurgents' camp at present the real commander (2. 19), under whose aus- picia the campaign was to be con- ducted, was Catiline, and he here is ex- horted to go and take up his duties as such. Manliana :->ili'an2i. Explain the adj. Educ: What verbs lose the final -e in this form? (A. 182; B. 116, 3; H. 241; H.-B. 164, 1). 4. si minus: i.e., si minus {=non) omnes educere poteris, quam plurimos educ. 6. murus: see on parietibus, 3. 3. 7. non feram, patiar, slnam: This is not an example of climax, but a device, very common in Latin, for emphasizing an idea by an accumulation of synon- ymous "words. Trans. 'I may not, can- not, will not endure it,' or 'I'll not bear it, submit to it, permit it,' dis . . . atque . . . lovl: (not dat. of agent), 'to (all) the gods, but especially to, etc' 8. huic: Why is the demonstrative of the first person used? See on 1. 4. Statori: '(flight) stayer.' Tradition said that a temple was dedicated to Jupiter under this name by Romulus for having stopped the flight/ of the Romans during the decisive battle in the war with the Sabines. Hence anti- quissimo custodi. Decline lovi Statori (A. 79 and b; B. 41; H. 107, 3; H.-B. 92). 9. hanc tam taetram: The tam is not to be translated. When a demon- strative and a positive adjective of quality modify a noun the Latin idiom inserts a tam; so hie iantus (,=tam mag- nus) ^vir, haec tot i = tam mutta) peri- cula, etc. 11. uno homine: 'in the person of one man' — often taken as referring to Catiline, but better to C!icero, as shown in 11. IS, 19 below, summa salus^rei publicae: 'the best interests of the nation,' a very common phrase for which summa res publica is often used with no difference in ^ meaning. 12. consuli designato: A man was consul designatus, 'consul elect,' from his election in July to his inauguration, Jan. 1st ; consul during his year of office, and consularis, 'ex-consul,' during the cap; 5, §§ 10-13 ' 85 es, non publics me praesidio, sed privata dfligentia defend!. Cum proximis comitils consularibus me consulem in campo et 15 competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatus tuos nefarios amieorum praesidio et copiis ntilio tumultu publice coneitato; denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. Nunc iam aperte 12 20 rem publicam universam petis, templa deorum inmortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. Quare, quoniam id, quod est primum, et quod huius imperii disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius 25 et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interfici iupsero, residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus; sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. Quid est, 13 rest of his life: when was Cicero consul dengnatust 14. proximis comitils: 'at the last election.' Who presided at this election? Who were the successful compelitoresl In what comitia were the consuls elected? See Abbott, R. P. I. 27, 301, and Chron- ological Table lor the year 62. campo: sc. Martio. 16. nullo tumiultu publice con- eitato: abl. abs. — 'without an official summons to arms.' Publice should never be translated by 'publicly.' 17. per me: 'by personal means,' not pubUc or official. 18. quamquam . . . coniunctam: 'though I saw all the time (force of tense) that my destruction was linked inteparably with disaster to the state' (see note on uno homine, 1. 11). 22, 23. est primum: The English idiom would suggest the subjunctive, meaning 'would be,' but in certain short phrases with adjectives the indicative is always used in Latin (A. 437, a; B. 271, 1, b) ; H. 525, b ; H.-B. 582, b). primum : may mean 'first to suggest itself.' and so 'most obvious,' or 'foremost in im- portance.' imperil: case? (A. 385, c; B. 204, 2; H. 435, 4; H.-B. 339, c); the word refers to the special powers conferred by the consuttum uUimum (seeonl.26). 24. ad severitatem: 'if you look at severity.' There is no point to the phrase in itself, but it is inserted to .balance ad communem salutem which, is necessary to define utilius. 27. iam dudum: moves a present back in time to a perfect, and an imper- fect to a pluperl. So also iam diu, iam pridem (A. 466; B. 259, 4; H. 533, 1; H.-B. 485). exhaurietur: 'there will be drained off' as through a sewer — a metaphor appropriate to the literal meaning of the subject sentina, here applied contemptuously to Catiline and his followers. 28. sentina rei publicae: 'dregs of the state,' forms a single expression upon which depends the explanatory genitive tujyrum comitum, 'consisting ol your companions.' Notice that the word comitum denotes the same objects as ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA Catilina? num dubitas id me imperante facere, quod iam tua 30 sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Inter- rogas me, nuir in exilium; non iubeo, sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 6. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod' te iam in hac urbe delectare possit? in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum, qui te non metuat, nemo, qui non Qderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitiidinis non inusta vitae tuae "est? quod e privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama? quae lubido ab oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? cui tu adulescentul5, quern corruptSlarum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad lubidinem facem praetulisti? Quid vero? niiper cum morte 14 sentina, but does not agree in ease. For this use of the genitive in place of an appositive see A. 343, d; B. 202; H. 440, 4l H.-B. 341. 30. faciebas: force of imperfect? (A. 471, c; B. 260, 3; H. 530; H.-B. 484). hosteiii: 'the enemy of his country;' inimicus would mean a per- sonal enemy. 31, 32. num in exlllum: sc. te ire iubeam. For num see A. 332, b, note; B. 300, 1 b; H. 649, II, 2; H.-B. 538, d, 2; how does it differ from num in 1. 29? si me consulis: 'if you ask my advice.' suadeo: What must be supplied to complete the sen ■ tence? Explain the case of metu (5), dls (7), praesldlo (13), tlbl (17), sponte (30). Give the principal parts of perge (1), sinam (7), compressl (15), petlstl (17), suadeo (32). Your character and fortune are gone, §§13, 14. 6. 1. quid . . . possit: as at the opening of ch. 3. 2-4. perditorum: for meaning see on 1. 5. Do not translate 'perditions;' there is no such English word, homi- uum: When the word 'man* is accom- panied by an adjective implying re- proach homo must be used, by one implying a compliment either homo or (more commonly) vir. See an example of the latter in 1. 17. oderlt: though a different tense, denotes the same time as metuat (A. 476; B. 133, 2; H. 299, 2; H.-B. 199, 1). nota: an expression borrowed from slave life; branding was the regular punishment for heinous, ofTeiises. domesticae turpi tudlnis : 'infamy in your home.» quod: Why not quid? (A. 148 and b; B. 90; H. 184 and 1; H.-B. 141 and a). 5. privatarum.rerum: 'private life,' a wider reference than in domesticae turpitudinis above, as it includes his rela^ tions with persons outside of his own family, haeret in fama: 'is not at- tached to your reputation.* For case of fama see A. 368, 3, n.; B. 228, d; H. 486, 1; H.-B. 436. 7, 8. quem . . . inretisses: 'whom you had ensnared by the allurements of your corrupting arts.' Catiline is said to have had a wonderful influence over all witlji whom he came into intimate relations, and especially over the young. inretisses: subj. of characteristic (see on 2. 28). In what does the charac- teristic lie? 9. facem: to guide him to places of dissipation which would naturally be CAP. 5-6, §§ 13-15 87 10 superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibill scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? quod ego praetermitto et facile patlor sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti faci- noris inmanitas aut extitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. . PraetermittS rulnas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis inpendere 15 tibi proxumis Idibus senties; ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignSminiam vitiorurii tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpittidinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catillna, aut huius caeli spiritus esse 15 . 20 iucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem, qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et TuUo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consulum et principum civitatis ' ■visited at night; yet a figurative sense is easily seen — ' a firebrand to Icindle liis e\il passions.' Quid vero: see on quid, 3. 19. morte superioris uxoris: The second wife was Aurelia Orestilla. a woman of great beauty, but infamous lite, morte: intentionally ambiguous; it might be ablative of time, but Cicero intends it to be taken as means (.=nece, caede). 11. IncredUilll scelere: the murder of his son. Orestilla objected to marry- ing a man with children. 12. praetermitto, etc.: ». common rhetorical trick (praeleritio, occuUalio), by which the speaker, affecting for- bearance, carefully says what he pre- tends to leave unsaid. Give example from ch. 1. sllerl: 'be passed over in silence.' 13. non: may be rendered by English prefix un- ; n(m vindicata = * unpunished . ' 15. Idibus: what day of the month? Now that Catiline's hopes were blighted his creditors would not be likely to show further forbearance, and the Ides and Kalends were the regular days for the settlement of accounts. The orator intimates that Catiline's financial ruin will be accomplished within six days (Roman count) from the time he is speaking. 17, 18. dlllicultatem: 'embarrass- ment,' i.e., in money matters; see pre- ceding note, summam rem publi- cam: what is the fuller expression? See on 5. 11. nostrum: gen. pi. of ego, denoting possession. What is the regular construction? See on 3. 18. This use of the genitive is allowable only when the pronoun is accompanied by omnium, and even then the regular con- struction is as common (see on 4. 11). You are accomplishing nothing herCt §15. 19-21. caell: 'atmosphere.' cum: causal, but to be translated ' when. ' te : subject of stetisse and paravisse. prldle Kalendas: see A. 432, a; B. 144, 2; H. 420, 5; H.-B. 380, c. Lepido, etc.: B. C. 66 — see Chron. Table. Cicero puts the time one day earlier than other authorities. It was the very next year (65) that Cicero in a letter to his friend Atticus (Ep. 1) mentions his purpose to defend Catiline against the prosecution for misgovernment as propraetor in Africa in the hope of winning Catiline's support in his own (Cicero's) candidacy for the consulship — the election of 64. 22. comltlo: In the singular the word denotes a part of the forum where meetings of the people were held, cuw telo: (=telo armatum), a legal term 88 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA irilerficiendSrum causa paravisse, scelerl ac furori tuo non men- tem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam popvill Romani 85 obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto (neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea); quotiens tti me designatum, quotigns consulem interficere conatus es! quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniectas, ut vitarl posse non viderentur, parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpora efftigi! Nihil adse- 30 queris neque tamen conarl ac veUe desistis. Quotiens tibi iam 16, extorta est ista sica de manibus, quotiSns excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est! quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacrls ac devota sit, nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum implying criminal intent, manum: 'a band,' i.e., of desperate men. con- sulum et prindpum: to be taken, of course, with intsrficiendoruTn. 23. scelerl ac furori: (hendiadys), after obstitisse; how governed? men- tem; 'thought,' 'consideration.' 25. llla: those earUer acts, in con- trast with the more ' recent ones which he proceeds to enumerate, neque, etc. : 'for your crimes committed since then are neither few (lit. 'not many') nor hidden.' oznltto: Name the rhetorical figure (12). 26. designatum, consulem: i.e., before and after the active duties of the office had been assumed (see on 6. 12). 28, 29. petitiones: the technical term for the thrusts of a gladiator, ut . . . Tlderentur: 'that it did not seem possible to avoid them.' The English idiom requires the impersonal form, though the Latin prefers the personal (A. 682; B. 322, b; H. 611, n. 2; H.-B. 590). declinatione et corpore: See on 1. 6, and quote two examples. Tr. 'bending of the body,' 'side-stepping.' ut alunt : frequently used to introduce a proverbial or technical expression, as virvore, borrowed from the prize ring. 30-32. Quotiens . . . elapsa est: A figurative way of .saying, 'How often have your attempts at assassination been defeated (1) through active resist- ance, (2) through mere chancel' tlbl: 'your,' a dat. of reference or relation (A. 376; B. 188; H. 425, 4; H.-B. 368). extorta est: 'been wrested (twisted) from your hands' (by your opponent), ijuae . . . nescio: 'which (dagger) has been consecrated with I- know-not-what solemn rites.' Inltlata, etc.: The weapons with which some successful deed had been accomplished were often dedicated to some deity or other. 33. quod: there is a slight ellipsis, as quod gives the reason not for the con- secration of the weapon, but for (3icero's assertion that it had been consecrated: ' (I say you have conaccrated it) for you think, etc.'' In corpore: Why not accusative after rfe/i^ere = ' plunge into'? (A. 430; B. 228; H. 418, 3; H.-B. 433, c). Explain the case of nuptlls (10), Idlbus (15), Lepldo (21), consulum, clTltatls (22), casu (31); mood of pos- slt (2), Tacuefeclsses (10), viderentur (28), yelle (30), devota sit, esse (33), defigere (34). CAP. 6-7, §§ 15-17 89 loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulp ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, totque tuis amicis 5 ac necessarils salutavit? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis expectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicip taciturnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tu6 ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, 10 partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferundum putas? Servi mehercule 17 mei si me isto pacts metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, You are hated and despised by all, §§16, 17. 7. 2, 3. quo debeo: sc. permotus esse, ut: sc. permotus esse videar. quae nulla: besides the adjs. of quan- tity, multi, paud, etc., nullus is put in a^eement with relatives and demon- stratives where the whole and not a part only is meant. Nullus is then equiv- alent to an emphatic non. What other word may be used for nonl Cf. 1. 3. 4. hac tanta: 'this great,' not 'so great' (see on 6. 9). 6. contigit: generally used of good fortune, unless accompanied by a nega- tive, as nemini here; for bad fortune accidit is the usual word, cum: see on 6. 20, and point out another example in this chapter. 7. Quid, quod, etc.: 'what do you think of this, that, etc.?' For quid, see on 3. 19; for quod, on ilia, 1. 21. Note that in this use quid is often followed by a second question, here quo tandem ani- mo, etc., 1. 11. Ista subsellia: 'the benches near you' (see on 1. 2). The senators sat on benches without backs, probably in the order of their rank, the consulares together and near them the praetorii, the class to which Catiline be- longed. What sort of a seat had the consul? 8. tlbl: agent. What would be the regular construction? The dative of the agent is used by CScero with the gerundive regularly (e^g. in 1. 11), and the perfect participle fre- quently, but with no other parts of the verb (A. 374, 375; B. 189: H. 431; H.-B. 373). 9. constituti fuerunt: not a mere variation for constituti sunt, though the distinction cannot be expressed con- cisely in English ; with fuerunt the mean- ing is 'have been (but are no longt») doomed ; ' with sunt the words in paren- thesis would not necessarily be implied (A. 495, u.; H. 538, 1). adsedisti : 'had taken your seat near (ad-) them;' for the tense see A. 543; B. 287; H. 602; H.-B. 557. 11. quo . . . putas: 'In what spirit, pray, do you think you ought to take (bear)this?' mehercule: 'byheavens;' the full form, me Hercules juvet, meant '30 help me Hercules,' but the idea of invocation shrank with the words to the meaning and form here used. 12. si: notice how far it is crowded from its proper place (where?) to make servi emphatic. pa,eto:=modo, metu- erent: what time and thought does the imperfect subj. express in conditional sentences? (A. 517; B. 304; H. 579; H.-B. 681). ut: with ind. 'as' or 'when;' which here? So in lines 20 and 31 below, elves: 'fellow citizens;' so in 11. 14, 15.' 90 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA domum meam relinquendam putarem; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? et, si me mels civibus iniuria suspectum tam IS graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis omnium oculis conspici mallem; tu cum consci- entia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, qu5rum mantes sensusque volneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vltare? Si te parentes time- 20 rent atque odissent tui neque eos tilla ratione placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et iam diti nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare; huius tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee indicium sequere nee vim 25 pertimesces? Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quBdam modo 18 tacita loquitur: 'Niillum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi per te, niil],um flagitium sine te; tibi un| multorum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptiSque sociorum inpiinita fuit ac libera; I 13. urbem: sc. relinquendam esse. 14. iniuria: 'without cause,' an abl. of manner, tam graTlter: there is often a slight ellipsis with tam, tot and tantus; here, qtiam tu. 45. carere: depends, like conspici, on mallem. The subj. ace. me is not really needed here, but serves to em- phasize the personal side of the asser- tion. For case of aspectu see A. 401; B. 214, 1, c; H. 462; H.-B. 425. 16. cum . . . agncscas: as in 6.20. 18. dubitas: Where dubitare means 'to hesitate' (about a course of action), and the sentence is negative (or inter- rogative assuming a negative answer, as here), an infinitive regularly follows, as irUare, 1. 19 (cf. 5. 29). 20. placare: does not mean 'please.' 21. ali(iVLo:=aliquem in locum (see on quo, B. 1). Nunc: 'now, as it is,' not a mere temporal idea, but serving to introduce an actual fact in contrast to the supposition si . . . concederes.^ 22. nostrum: see on 6. 18. odlt ac metuit: tenses? See limerent and odissent, U. 19, 20, and note on oderit, 6. 3. 23. ludlcat: see on iam dvdum, 5.27. parricidio: instead of caede, because the country is our communis parens. 24. verebere: In the indicative ol dep. verbs how are the endings -ris and -re used by Cicero? See on 1. 10. Note the difference of meaning in verebere and The naiion's appeal, §18. 25, 26. quodam modo: used to soften an unusually free or bold use of language, here tacita loquitur, tacita loquitur: the rhetorical figure called oxymoron, the use of contradictory words in the same phrase (A. 641; B. 375, 2; H. 752, 12; H.-B. 632, 3). 28. vexatio, etc. : Catihne's first can- didacy for the consulship had been brought to naught by a prosecution based on his oppression of the inhabi- tants of the province Africa (see on 6. 21). He had not been formally con- victed and punished, hence the phrase impunita ac libera. CAP. 7-8, §§ 17-19 91 tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam 30 ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quam- quam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tull; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilinam timeri, nullum viderl contra me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem 35 discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe; si est verus, ne oppri- mar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' 8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 19 debeat, etiamsivim adhiberenon possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti? A quo non receptus etiam 5 ad me venire ausus es atque, ut domi meae te adservarem. 29. tu: ' You have been able not only to evade but utterly to subvert justice.' quaestiones: courts of special juris- diction. 30. superiora Ilia : ' those former acts of lawlessness' (cf. iUa, 6. 25 and note). 31-33. The three infinitive clauses ime . . . esse, Caiilinam timeri, nullum . . . posse) are subjects of est ferendum. quicquid Increpuerit : ' at the slightest sound;' what literally? qulcquld:=ii quid (A. 519; B. 312, 1; H. 593; H.-B. 577). Increpuerit: (A. 593; B. 324, 2; H. 652; H.-B. 539). The clause is sub- ordinate to timeri. viderl . . . cou- slUum . . . posse :=nuHwm consilium ('plan,' 'design') videri posse iniri ('formed') con(ra me. For English idiom ^ee on 6. 28. 34. abhorreat: 'is inconsistent with;' subj. of characteristic or by attraction. 35. St est verus: 'If it is well grounded.' With verus and falsus sc. timor, and understand each conditional clause as having eripe for its apodosis. Explain the ablatives mlserlcordla, paulo (3), amlds (4), ludlclo, ad- ventu (7), anlmo (11), pacto (12), consclentla (16), ratlone (20), te (25), annls (26); the infinitives cogltare (23), timere 'M). Catiline's vain pretense^ of innocence; the senate's silent verdict, §§19-21. 8. 1. loquatur: What time and thought does the present subj. express in conditional sentences? (A. 514, B. 2, a; 516, 2, b; B. 303; H. 576r H.-B. 580). Impetrare: 'obtain her wish.' often thus used absolutely. 2. Quid, quod: as in 7. 7. tu te Ipse : The Latin idiom connects the in- tensive pronoun with the subject rather than the object, even when the latter seems to us to be the emphatic word. 3. In custodiam: A citizen was not ordinarily imprisoned pending his trial. He usually gave bail for his appearance, though sometimes he was put under the charge of some man of reputation who became responsible for his safe keeping; this was called in custodiam liberam dari. ad M'. Lepidum: 'at the house of Manius Lepidus.' In this sense of ad the prep, apud is more common. Lep- idus was consul in 66 (cf. 6. 21). What dc M., M'. and Mam. stand for? See on 2. 5. 5. domi meae: for case of each word see A. 427, 3; 428, k; B. 232, ?; H. 484, 2, n. 1; H.-B. 449, a, 454, 1 What other common nouns have a loca- tive case? 92 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA rogastl. Cum a me quoque id responsum tulisses, me null5 modo posse isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod Isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem 10 tuum, virum optumum, M. Metellum, demigrasti; quem tu videlicet et ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putastl. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia itidicarit! Quae cum ita sint, 20 15 Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis suppliciis iustis debitisque ereptam fugae solittidinique mandare? 'Refer,' inquis, 'ad senatum' ; id enim postulas et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exilium, optemperaturum te esse 20 dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus, et tamen 7. parietibus; for meaning see on 3. 3; (or case see A. 429, 2; B. 228, 1, b; H. 491, 2; H.-B. 436. tuto esse: 'be safe.' Adverbs are thus used in pred. with esse, when (a) esse has the idea of 'living,' 'existing,' 'staying,' etc., or (b) when the adverbs indicate (1) general relations of space, e.g., prove, procul; or (2) general relations of quality, e.g., ut, sic, ita, aitter, contra; or (3) a certain state of mind or body, e.g., bene, male, comTtwde, recte, tuto. qui . . . essem, quod , . . contineremur: Each of these subjunctives may be accounted for in either of two ways — how? 10. ylrum optumum: how used? Cf. mri fortes, 1. 14. M. Kletellum: nothing more is known of him than can be gathered from tliis passage. What? quem . . . putasti: 'who, of course, you thought would be,' etc. Avoid the common error of saying 'whom' in such connection (so in 1. 10). custodien- dum, 'etc. : gerund or gerundive? How determined? 11. videlicet: compounded of videre + Kce<, 'one may see,' 'evidently.' The "Sentence is ironical. 13. quam longe . . debere: 'how far does it seem he ought to be,' etc. The antecedent of qui may be nom., subj. of videtur (et. 6. 28 and note), or ace, subj. of debere, in wliich case tyide- tur is impersonal, carcere: The Ro- mans did not use the prison as a place of penal confinement, but for _ merely temporaary detention, or as a place of execution. 14. Quae cum ita Sint: 'under these circumstances,' a favorite formula of Cicero (see on 6, 1). Explain the mood of sint and use of the relative. For ita cf. tuto, 1. 7. b. (2). 15. emori: by the hand of an execu- tioner or as a suicide, abire: for the mood see on 7. 18. 18. refer: For form cf. educ, 5. 3 and note. Referre meant to lay a question before the senate for action (Abbott, R. P. I. §272). Mc ordo: 'this body,' i.e., the senate, as in 1. 27. 19. placere: 'that its pleasure is.' The subject is te ire. decreverit (.de- cgrno): what mood and tense In direct discourse? How is that tense to be translated? See on 2. 22. 20. Non referam: his real reason was that the senate, not being a judicial CAP. 8, §§ 19-21 93 faciam, ut intellegas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catiljna, libera rem pablicam mettl, in exilium, si hanc vocem expectas, proficiscere. Quid est, Catillna? ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. 25 Quid expectas auctoritatem loquentiura, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optirao, 21 P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mihi consull hoc ipso in templQ iure optimo senatus vim et manus intuUsset. De te autem, Catillna, cum quiescunt, probant, 30 cum patiuntur, decernunt, cum tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vllissima, sed etiam illl equites RomanI, honestissimi atque optimi virl, ceterique fortissimi elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paul5 35 ante exaudire potuistl. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diti mantis ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec, quae body, had no power to impose a sen- tence upon any one; a fact that Cicero ignored to his cost a little later. Id (appositive to the clause non referam) quod: 'an act which.' 21. hi: the senators, as horum, 1. 6 and in 1. 24 below. 22. hanc vocem: 'this word,' i.e., exiliUTn. After proficiscere Cicero pauses for a moment ; as no one gives any sign of disapproval he proceeds Quid est. etc. ecquid: case? Cf. id, 4. 26: nihil, 1. 3. 25, auctoritatem loquentlum: cf. vocis contumeliam, 7. 6, 26, 27. optlmo: how different in sense from optumum, 1. 10? Show the same variation in the force of an adj. in eh. I. P. Sestio: the friend for whom Cicero a few years later delivered the oration pro Sestio. si . . . dixissem: Note the force of mood and tense in the condition — 'It I had said' (but I didn't) —A. 517: B. 304; H. 579; H.-B. 581. fortissimo vlrot could he have used hominil See on 6. 3. M. Marcello: probably the consul of 61, a bitter foe of Caesar, but pardoned by him after the civil war. The oration pro Marcello was delivered on the occasion of the par- don. 28, 29. hoc templo: see no,tes on 1. 4andB. 8. vim et manus: 'violent hands,' what figure of speech? quies- cunt, prohant, etc.: oxymoron (see on 7. 26). 30-33 hi, equites, elves: the three 'orders' (ordines) of the Roman state. There was great excitement in the city, and citizens of all degrees had gathered about the meeting place of the senate, eager to hear the latest news, vide- licet: as in 1.11. cara: 'precious,' ex- plained 11. 18-20. vllissima: 'most cheap,' explained by 7. 8, 9. 34, 35. paulo ante: 'a little while ago.' Construction of paulof exau- dire : ' have heard ; ' the word means to hear with difficulty, whether owing to distance, noise, or the low tones of the speaker. Is the tense . regular or irreg- ular? See on 2. 12. quorum . . . tela: They were ready to mob Catiline. 36. haec: 'these things ' = ' this city:' it is object of relinquentem. 94 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. 9. Quamquam quid loquor? te ut ulla res frangat, tu ut22 umquam te corrigas, tu ut ullam fugam meditere, tu ut tillum exilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di inmortales duint! tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus Ire in exilium 5 animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, dum inodo ista sit privata calamitas et a rel publicae periculis seiungatur. Sed ta ut vitiis tuls commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut 10 temporibus rei publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpittidine aut 37. studes: tor tense see on B. 27. usque ad: 'all the way to.' 38. prosequantur: A distinguished man leaving the city was often attended by crowds of citizens to indicate their esteem for him. Cicero speaks ironically here, for Catiline's escort would be of a different character. Explain the case of causa (3), te (4), moenlbus (8), Metellum (10), cus- todla (14), anlmo (15), metu (22), mim (27), quorum (33), te (36); mood of adseryarem (5), debere (13), ludlcaret (14), optemperaturum esse (19), faclam, Intellegas, sentlant, egredere (21). prosequantur (38). Your going into exile would ruin me; but yeu will go not into exile but to war against our country. Your preparations «rc made, §§22-24. 9. 1 . Quamquam and tametsi (1.4) at the beginning of a sentence have a 'corrective' force, meaning 'and yet.' ut . . . frangat: 'anything break you down?' an 'exclamatory question' (A. 462,a;B.277anda;H. 559,5 ;H.-B. 503). 3. Utinam . . . dulnt : On the form of the verb see A. 183, 2; B. 127, 2; H. 244, 3; H.-B. 197, a; for the mood see A. 441; B. 279; H 558 and 2; H.-B. 511. 1. mentem: 'state of mind.' 5. animum Induzerls: 'make up your mind,' 'determine.' quanta . , , impendeat: indirect question, object of video, nobis: number? (A. 143, a; B. 242, 3; H. 500, 2; H.-B. 259). Note the collocation of the singular possessive mea, 1. 4, with this plural personal refer- ring to the same person; nostra in 1. 4 or mihi here would have been better, si minus: 'if not' (cf. S. 4). From this use of minus (, = non) is derived the Eng- lish mis- 6. In praesens tempus: 'for the present.' In posteritatem: the words were prophetic, as Cicero did suffer for his act in condemning citizens un- heard. 7. est tantl: 'it is worth the cost' (A. 417; B. 203, 3; H. 448, 1; H.-B. 356). dum seiungatur: proviso (A. 528; B. 310; H. 587; H.-B. 529). 8. privata: 'personal,' concerning myself alone. 9. commoveare: In the pres. subj. of deponent and passive verbs Cicero usually writes -re, very rarely -ris; what in the pres. and fut. ind.? 10. temporibus: 'necessities,' 'per- ils,' a very common meaning in Cicero, in the singular as well as plural. 11. ls:=toKs 'such/ when followed by ut and subj. CAP. 8-9, §§ 21-24 95 metus a perlculS aut rati5 a furore revocarit. Quam ob rem, 23 ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exilium; vix feram 15 sermones hominum, si id feceris, vix molem istius invidiae, si in exilium iussQ consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum inportuna sceleratonim manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos cives, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a 20 me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invltatus ad tuos Isse videaris. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse prae-24 missos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati, cui iam sciam pactam et constitQtam cum Manlio diem, a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus 25 confido perniciosam ac fQnestam futuram, cui domi tuae 13. Ut praedicas: 'as you affirm,' a parenthetical clause. Note quantity of i and distinguisli tliis verb from tlie other whose first form is the same. 14. tuo: with inimico; what case and why? Distinguish inimicus and hostis (see on 5. 30). Cicero insisted that Cati- line was hostis. What does inimico sug- gest as Catiline's contention? recta: "straightway' {rerte = ' correctly'); for the form see A. 214, e; H. 307, 2; H.-B. 126, 4, and cf. obscure, 4. 4. perge: cf. -5. 1. Principal parts? For this form of a conditional sentence and especially for the imperative in the apodosis (conclu- sion) see A. 515, a; B. 302, 4; H. 581; H.-B. 582, 1. 15. sermones: 'reproaches.' Istlus Invldlae: 'that (caused by you) unpop- ularity.' So ista in I. 7 (see on 1. 23). 17. laudl et gloriae: Account for case (A. 367; B. 187, II, a; H. 426, 1; H.-B. 362, footnote 3 (b) ). 19. Implo latrocinio: 'treasonable brigandage;' case? (A. 404, a; B. 219; H. 475, H.-B. 444). Impius is applied to any crime against the gods, the coun- try, or the family. 20. non: with eiectus. alienos: a possessive adj. derived from atiits and meaning 'another's.' It is here con- trasted with tuos, next line. Supply with each some such word as amicot or sodales (cf. 8. 9). iFse: principal parts? 21. Quamquam: set on 1. 1. Invl- tern: what Icind of question? U-. 444; B. 277; H. 557; H.-B. 503). a quo: = cum a te (A. 535, e, note 1; B. 283, 3: H. 592; H.-B. 523). esse praemlssos: The subject is the (omitted) antecedent of qui. qul: = trf ii (A. 531, 2; B. 282, 2; H. 590 (cf. 568); H.-B. 502, 2). 22. Forum Aurelium: an unim- portant village about fifty miles iroro Rome on the Aurelian Way. 23. cui := cum tibi; for case see on 7. 8. pactam: from yodscor; from what might it come? 24. aquilam: subj. of esse praemis- sam, 1. 26. C. Marius introduced the emblem as the legionary standard, and Sallust (Cat. 59) says of the one men- tioned here: quam {aquilam'] bello Cim^ brico [104-101] C. Marius in exerdm habuisse dicebatur. 25. cul: ind. obj doml tuae : cases/ See on 8. 5. 96 OR.ATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA sacrarium constitutum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti? 10. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua25 cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad f hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit, fortuna e servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concuplsti. Nactus es ex perditis atque_ ab omnl non modo fortuna, verurii etiam spe derelictis conflatam inpro- borum manum. Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudiis 26 exultabis, quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero 10 tuorum neque- audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis! Ad huius vitae studium meditati illi sunt, qui feruntur, labores 26, 27. sacrarium: 'a sanctuary.' The eagles of the legion when in camp were kept in a sacrecl place, and Cati- line, as commander of his army, was said to have a similar shrine for this eagle — tor which he seems to have had a superstitious regard, ut . . . possis: see on 1. 1. lUa: cf. as-peciu, 7. 15. 2S. altaribus: 'altar,' more com- mon in the plural than in the singular. Explain the subjunctives Impendeat, sit (7), comzuoTeare (9), reTocarlt (12), vldearis (20); the datives tlW (3), nobis (5), temporlbus (10), Inlznlco (13), Point out (our kinds of questions and xplain the use of the mood in each. ■ That task and the company there will be congenizi §§25, 26. 10. 1-2. tandem aliquando: 'some- t.*me at length' = an impatient 'at last.' 8o aliquaTido alone is sometimes used (cf. 5. 2). quo:=eo quo (see on 5. 1). lam pridem rapiebat: cf. etudes, 8. 37. The tense has here its true force — 'already was hurrying you.' haec res; 'civil war' (see qn 3. 11). 4. peperit: from pario. 5. Numquam . . . non modo, etc.: In Latin as in English two negatives are usually equivalent to an affirmative, but a' general negative (here numquam) is not destroyed by a following non modo, 'not only,' or ne . . . quidem, 'not even.' Notice that the verb cancupisH goes with both otium and bellum. Trans.: 'Not only have you never desired peace, but you have not even desired any war ex- cept one which was infamous.' 6-9. ab . . . fortuna: The preposi- tion ab (a) with a passive verb ordinarily distinguishes the agent (a person) from the means or instrument (a thing). When, as here, it accompanies a com- mon noun it shows that the thing is personified, a rhetorical figure which is sometimes marked in English by a cap- ital, 'by Fortune and by Hope.' Ex- plain the ablatives in these lines, per- fruere: How may the tense be deter- mined? See on abutere, 1. 1. 10. bonum: 'loyal,' 'patriotic' (cf. bonorum, 1. 5). 11-13. hulus vltae: i.e., in a bandit camp, meditati : How is the deponent used here? What part of a deponent is CAP. 9-11, §§ 24-27 07 tul, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare n5n s5lum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes, 16 ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profecl tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, 27 ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod asset a te scelerate susceptum. latro- 20 cinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 11. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaeso, diligenter, quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim, si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo 6 est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res publica loquatur: 'M. always passive in meaning? What part is sometimes (frequently) passive? qui feruntur: .'boasted,' lit. 'which are talked about.' Catiline's physical powers were extraordinary, and his followers boasted of his ability to endure hunger, cold, fatigue and loss of sleep. Cicero, however, insists that these qualities are virtues only when used for good pur- poses, iacere, ylgilare: in apposition to labores. huml: case? (see on 8. 5). obsidendum stuprum: 'watch for an intrigue.' lacinus obeundum: 'commit a crime,' i.e., theft, robbery, etc. insidiantem: agrees with te, to be supplied with ia£ere and vigilare. 14. somno maritorum: balances and explains stuprum above, as bonis otiosorum corresponds to facinus. Con- struction of somno and bonis? 15. ubl ostentes: 'an opportunity to display.' Ubi here is a relative (not interrogative) adverb, and ostentes is therefore subjunctive not of indirect question but of characteristic. 16. quibus: the antecedent is not rerum.. 17. 18. Tantun:< profecl . . . ut, etc.: 'So much I accomplished, viz., that,' etc. tum, cum . . . reppuU: at the time when I itept you from.' He means by his influence in the elec- tion of 63. Note the antithesis of the cognate nouns exsul and consul, temp- tare: 'annoy.' vexare: 'harm,' 'ruin.' [It is probable that Cicero inserted I §27- 30, or parts of them, containing an elab- orate explanation of his course, at the time he revised the orations for publica- tion, when he felt bitterly the consequences of his illegal punishment of the con- spirators.l Point out the correlatives in chapter 10. Give the principal parts of raple- bat (2), peperit (4), concuplsti, nac- tus es, perdltis (6), confectum esse (16), reppuli (17). A natural criticism of the consul's for- bearance, §§27, 28. 11. 2. detester ac deprecer: 'avert by entreaty and prayer.' 3-5. quae dlcam: quae is a relative, not interrogative; will this fact fix the mood of dicam? (cf. 10. 15). ea penitus . . . mandate: 'let these words sink deep into.' Construction of animis men- tibusque? si . . . loquatur: The apod- osis ought to appear in the present subjunctive, but owing to the long quota- tion Cicero abandons the logical form and leaves the condition incomplete. m ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA TuUi, quid agis? Tune eum, quem esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem expectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem coniti- rationis, evocatorem servQrum et civium perditorum, exire 10 patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Nonne hunc in vincla duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari imperabis? Quid tandem te28 impedit? mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publics, perniciosos pives morte multarunt. An leges, quae IS de civium Romanorum supplicio rpgatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe, qui a re publica defecerunt, civiurri iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praeclaram vero populo 6. tu-ne:=2u (subj. of patiere, 1. 10) plus the enclitic mark of interrogation. comperisti: IN CATILINAM PRIMA plurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat, ne quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsl 10 ea mihi maxime inpenderet, tamen hoc animo ful semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam non nuUi sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea, quae 30 inminent, non videant aut ea, quae vident, dissimulent; qui spem Catillnae molhbus sententiis aluerunt coniurationemque 15 nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi, verum etiam inperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crtideliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manhana castra perve- nerit, neminem tarn stultum fore, qui non videat coniurationem 20 esse factam, neminem tam improbum, qui non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulis- 8. mihi: agent with verendum erat, must be supplied as ind. obj. with redun- daret, 1. 9. quid: governs the part. gen. invidiae, I. 9. hoc parricida Inter- fecto := si hunc parricidam interfecis- sem; for parricida see on 7. 23. 9. redundaret: metaphor from the overflowing of a stream, "that any flood of unpopularitv would for the future overwhelm me.' Quodsl: in connec- tion with si the adverbial accusative guod has become a mere connective 'but.' 10. ea: sc. invidia. maxime: 'ever so much,' intensifies the si. Inpenderet: conditional in form, but with concessive (or adversativfe) suggestion, as shown by tamen following, hoc anlmo: what use of case? (cf. 2. 4). fui: There is really a slight ellipsis: tamen hoc animo [easem atque'] semper fui, ut, etc. As the indicative clause expresses a fact that is true independently of the concession, it alone is retained. 11. partam {parioy, 'acquired,* 'won.' 12. Quamquam: What is this use of the word called? See on 9. 1. non nuUi: 'some,' entirely indefinite, per- haps few, perhaps many. 12-17. The relative clauses in these lines are worthy of study. Note that while qui in line 12 has the subjunctive, qui in line 13 has the indicative. The former expresses a characteristic (what is it?); the latter is a mere connective = ii autem. Again quorum (15), still co-ordinate with qui, is followed by a potential subjunctive in apodosis to si . . . animadvertisset. On the other hand the subordinate clauses quae im- minent . . . vident, dealing with facts, have indicative, dissimulent: sc, se videre. Improbi : corresponds to qui dissimulent above; Inperiti: to qui nan videant. 18. Nunc: see on 7. 21. Iste: see on 1. 15. quo:=i7t quae (cf. S. 1). What is its antecedent? 19. qui . . . Tideat . . . fateatur: result, as in 2. 27. . Here again the adjective correspond, stulti to imperiti (16) and improbum to the same word in 1. 16 (see on 12-17). 20. hoc . . . Interfecto: abl. abs. expressing condition, as in 1. 9. 21. 22. Note the repetition of the letter p in these lines, repriml . . , compriml: see on 11. 10. Cicero is CAP. 12-13, §§ 29-38 101 per reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique coUectos naufra^Qs adgregarit, extinguetur atque delebitur 25 non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscrlpti, in his periculis con- 3 1 iurationis Insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pact^j^mnjum scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nosM coii- sulattis tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto latrocinio iste unus 5 toUetur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati, periculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in visceribus rel publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravl cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevarl videntur, deinde multo ; , 10 gravius vehementiusque adfllctantur, sic hie morbus, qui est in ^ re publica, relevatus istlus poena vehementius reliquls vivis ingravescet. Quare secedant inprobi, secernant se a bonis, 32 unum in locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixi, secernantur a nobis; desinant Insidiarl domi suae consuli, very fond of playing on words (1) of the same stem, but compounded with dif- ferent prepositions, or (2) of different stems to which the same preposition is prefixed. 25. adulta: 'fully developed.' This word, with the nouns stirps and semen (26), suggests a comparison of the rise of treason with the growth of a plant. Explain the case of hoznlnum (2), mlbl (10), quae (12), quae (13), neml- nem (20), pestem (21), semen (26); mood of multarl (4), putarem (11), anlmadvertlssem (17), pervenerlt (18), eiecerit (23). Halfway measures will not serve; every citizen must declare his position, §§31, 32. 13. 1. lam dlu: has what effect upon a tense? (see on 6. 27). patres con- scrlpti: explain the origin of the phrase (cf. 2. 14). 2. nesclo qud pacto: 'somehow or other.' For pacto see on 7. 12. tlesclo quis is sometimes in effect a mere indef- inite pronoun without influence upon the rest of the sentence (A. 575, d; B. 253, 6; H. 512, 7; H.-B. 537, e). Some- times the nescio retains its verbal force, and is followed by the subjunctive of ind. question; which here? Which In 6.33? 4. Compare this whole sentence care- fully with S. 25 fl. Quodsi: see on 12. 9. latrocinio: 'band of brigands;' the abstract noun is here used in a col- lective sense. 7. ut: 'as,' corrdative to sic, 1. 10. 8. cum: not the preposition. 11. reliquls vlvls: abl. abs. What kind of clause will best translate it? 13. quod: relative, with clause secer- nantur as antecedent; may here be ren- dered 'as' (cf. ut saepe, 1. 7). 14, IS. doml suae: see on 8. 5. The allusion is to the attempt of the 102 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 15 circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque, quid de re pu- blica sentiat. PoUiceor hoc vobis, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctori- 20 tatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtiitem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae salute, 33 cum tua peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum 25 omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt,'-proficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, qui isdem quibus haec two knights to assassinate Cicero (4. 19-26). circumstare: 'surround' tor the purpose of intimidation — not greatly different in force from obsidere, next line, tribunal praetoris urbani : The city praetor seems to have had a fixed place for his judgment-seat in the forum, while the other praetors set up their tribunals wherever it was convenient, cum eladlis : see on 6. 22. Notice in these lines the reference to the three departments of government — executive, judicial, legislative. 16. malleolos: hammers, the hollow beads of which were filled with tow and pitch. They were thrown upon the roofs while the faces were applied below. 19. nobis consulibus: Cicero's col- league, C. Antonius Hybrida, was in sympathy with the conspirators. To prevent his active opposition Cicero yielded to him his own claim to a pro- consulship for the following year. He promises here the loyalty of both con- suls in the hope of committing Antony still further to his policy of non-resist- ance. In this plural, with vobis (the senators), equitibus and omnibus bonis, the orator endeavors again to show how general is the support h6 can command. 21. bonis: see on 1.5. Observe how the different orders ot the state are mentioned, profectione: The abl. of time is common in such words as anno^ die, hora, etc. (A. 423, 1; B. 230, 1; H. 486, 1; H.-B. 439); less so with words which do not themselves suggest the idea of time. 22. patefacta, etc.: The tour parti- ciples are to be taken in two groups of two each, a very common arrangement in Cicero. This may be brought out in English by inserting 'not only' before patefacta and 'but also' before oppressa. Go, and may the gods destroy you! §33. 23. Hlsce: form? (A. 146, n. 1; B. 87, footnote 1; H. 178, 3; H.-B. 138. 2, c). ominibus: explained by the three cwm- phrases that follow. 25. omnl: 'every sort of,' a very common meaning in both singular and plural. 26. Tu: subject of arcebis, 1. 30, and mactabis, 1. 33. luppiter: He turns to the statue near him. Isdem . . . aus- plclls: We should expect isdem aus- piciis quibus, but in Latin it is a regular usage to incorporate the antecedent in the relative clause (A. 307, b; B. 261, 4; H. 399, 3; H.-B. 284, 6). Things done 'under the same auspices' must be done at the same time; and the words, there- fore, are equivalent to eodem tempore. This is, of course, an exaggeration, aa the temple was not vowed, much less CAP. 13 §§ 32-33 103 urbs auspicils a Romulo es cSnstitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperil vere nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita 30 fortQnisque civium arcebis et homines bonorum inimlcos, hostis patriae, latrones ItaUae scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conitinctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. built, for years after the founding of the city (see on 6. 8). 27. Statorem: 'stay, support,' in a slightly different sense from its original one (see on S. 8). 28. hunc: (Catiline), object of arcebis, 1. 30 and maclatis, 33. Explain the case of patres, periculls (1), pacto (2), tempus (4), consul! (14), consullbus (19), homines (30), suppliciis (32); mood of secedant (12), Insldiarl (14), vldeatls (22), proflcls- cere (25). Plutarch in his life of Cicero (ch. 16) says: 'Cicero summoned the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stator, at the end of the Via Sacra. When Catiline came, as if to make a defense, none would sit near him, and when he began to speak he was shouted down. ... At length Cicero arose and ordered him to leave the city, saying that as he himself was ruling by speech and the other by force of arms there ought to be a wall between them. CatiUne speedily left the city with three hundred men, and having surrounded himself as if consul with the fasces and military standards be set out to Manlius.' Of the first oration Sallust (Cat. 31. 13 ff.) says: 'Turn M. Tullius consul .... orationem hahuit luculentam atque utilem rei publicae. INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES IN THE NOTES ON THE FIRST ORATION Adjectives in gen. w. noun in loc, 8.5. Adverbs: in -a, 9.14. pridie w. ace, 6.20. QUO (interrog.), 4.16. an, an vero, 1.17. Cases — Genitive: appositional, 6.28. partitive (w. adv.), 4.8; id tem- poris, 4.26. quality, 2.10; value, 9.7. subjective, 1.5. of the crime, 2.16. with noun in loc, 8.5; possessive pron., 4.11; verb of memory, 3.5. Dative: of agent, 7.8. reference, 6.30. with special verbs, 1.22. Accusative: adverbial, 1.3; id tem- poris, 4.26. cognate, 12.2. in exclamations, 1.10. time, 2.9. with pridie, 6.20, Ablative: of cause, 9.19. place within which, 8.7. price (penalty), 11.14. separation, 7.15. with in after defigere, 6.34; after kaerere, 6.5. Conditions: Indicative, fut. pf. and fut., 2.22. Subjunctive, primary tenses, 8.1, in clauses of proviso, 9.7. impf. in both clauses, 7.12. plupf. in both clauses, 8.26. impf. and plupf., 12.3. Imperative In conclusion, 9.14. Dates, how expressed, 3.7. Diminutives, 4.21, due, etc., 5.3. duint, 9.3. luppiter, inflection, 5.8, Moods — Imperative in apodosis, 9.14. Indicative: est primum, 5.22, M OODS — Continued Infinitive in ind. disc, for Indie, impf, of direct, 3.8. Subjunctive; characteristic, 2.28. in conditions — see Conditions. optative, 9.3. result in rel. clause, 2.27. after licet, 3.7. subord. clauses in ind. disc, 7.32. Supine in -um, 4.24; in -u, 12.3. Names: I, title; 2.5. ne after expression of fear, 2.22. num, 'whether,' 6.31. OXYMORON, 7.26. PERSONAL constr, w. videH, 6.28. Pronouns: hisce, Uuiusce, 2.10. idem, 'also,' 3.12. ilia w. appositive clause, 1.21. isle, meanings, 1,2, 1.15. nescio quis, 13.2. nos expressed, 1.14; for ego, 9.5, nostra , . , qui, 3.18. quicquid for siquid, 7.32. quid indef., 2.2. quod interrog., 6.4. sui w. gerund., 3.15. relative clauses: charact jristic, 2.28; result, 2.27; incorporation of an- tecedent, 13.26. Tenses: Indie impf. conative, 5.30. perf., 'had done,' 7.9; w. pf. part., 7.9. iam diu, etc., 5.27. fut. pf. in. conditions, 2.22 Subjunc in conditions — see Condi- tions. Infin. w. polliceri, 4.21; w. oportet, etc, 2.12. videri, personal constr., 6.28. Students will find at the end of the volume an exhaustive Index of grammatical (and also historical) subjects. To it reference should be made hereafter. 104 M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO m CATILlNAM SECUI^DA AD POPULUM 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catillnam furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem ex urbe vel eiecimus yel emisimus vel ipsum egredientem verbis 5 prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam Title. Read the notes on I, Title. Ad populum: A speech delivered ad populum, 'before the people,' was called a contio; and a gathering of the people to hear the speech was called by the same name. For the circumstances under which this conlio was delivered see Introductioh. Catiline is gojie; we have him where we want him, §§1, 2. 1. 1. Tandem allQuando: see on I. 10. 1; which word might be omitted? Quirites: the formal title of the Ro- man people when assembled in their civil capacity and addressed by a Roman. The derivation and meaning of the word are uncertain. What is the formal title of the senators as a body? 3. vobls and urbl are indirect ob- jects, ierro and ftam?na are ablatives of instrument; instead of the ablatives accusatives might have been used: we can say minitari alicui aliqua re or mi- nitari alicui aliquid. 4. vel . . . vel . . . vel: imply lib- erty of choice, 'either . . or ... or, as you please.' In this passage each vel substitutes a milder form of expres- sion for the preceding, because Cicero does not yet feel quite sure of the atti- tude of the people. He speaks more boldly in the third oration. The sen- tence may be translated: 'We have driven him out — let him go, if you will — at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.' In the next sentence each word is stronger than the preceding, thus reversing the order here. Ipsum =£ua sponte, uUro, as some- times in colloquial EngUsh. verbis prosecuti sumus: ironical; quote a similar ironical expression from I. 8. 35-38. What are the verba he speaks of? 5. Abllt, excessit, evasit, erupit: the tour words are to be taken in two pairs, i.e., with a slight pause after excessit; see on I. 5. 7, and quote a parallel from I. 13. 22. Nulla lam: 'no longer,' a little more emphatic than non iam, I. 8; cf. I. 7. 3. Note that all the verbs so far have been perfect, tell- 105 106 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur, non in campo, non in 10 foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nuUo inpediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. 15 Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod 2 vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflictum et profllgatum putatis? lacet ille nunc prostratus, Quirltes, et se perculsum atque ao abiectum esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad banc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. ing what has been accomplished; the n^xt one is future, and then to 1. 14 the tenses alternate almost exactly. 8. domestlcl: 'civil.' Do not trans- late the word hy 'domestic' sine con- troversial sine dubio, 'without doubt,' 'undoubtedly,' 'beyond question.' 9,10. sica ilia: 'the famous,' a com- mon meaning of iUe; for sica cf. I. 6. 31. versabitur: 'be busy.' In campo: what occasion is meant? See on I. 6. 14 ff. in curia: the Curia Hostilia, the original senate house. It was built by Tullus Hostilius. domesticos pari- etes: 'the walls of our own houses.' Explain the difference in meaning be- tween parietes and moennms, 1. 6. 11. Loco motus est: 'he was forced from his position (vantage ground),' a phrase borrowed from the gladiators' vocabulary; give two other words from the same source, I. 6. 28. 29. 12. nullo: does not modify hoste, but represents the missing form of nemo (A. 314, a; B. 57, 3; H. 513, 2; H.-B. 106, 3) in the abl. absolute with impediente. bellum Iustum: 'regular war,' i.e., against an open and declared enemy, opposed to tumultus and latro- cinium. 13. Sine dubio =what phrase above? 15. non cruentum: 'unstained' with our blood, as is shown by vivis nobis. 16. nobis: abl. abs. ei . . . e mani- bus: cases? See on I. 6. 30. 17. quanto tandem: for position of interrogative clause cf. I. 7. 7 ff; for tandem 1. 11. 12. 20. retorquet oculos: as a wild beast driven from its prey. The met- aphor is continued in the next line. 21-23. quam=e< earn, quae qui- dem: 'but it, on the contrary;' guidem is used in its so-called 'adversative' sense, quod . . . proiecerit: cf. quod . . . extulit, 1. 15. Notice that the two clauses are precisely parallel, each CAP. 1-2, §§ 1-3 107 2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui in 3 hoc ipso, in quo exultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem n5n comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa, Quirites, sed 5 temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catillnam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperil severitas et res ptiblica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, non crederent, quam multos, qui etiam defenderent! Ac, si illo 10 sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae depending upon a word of 'emotion' or 'feeling' (.laelari, 1. 22, and maerore, I. 18), and explain the difference in the moods (A, 540; B. 286, 1; H. 588; H.-B. 555 535, 2, a), foras: this so-called adverb and the related form foris are really plural cases of the obsolete forae, -arum, meaning probably 'openings;' foras (ace.) therefore answers the ques- tion 'whither?' and foris (loc.) the ques- tion "where?' Explain case of Catilinam (1), ver- bis (4), monstro moenlbus (7), maerore (18), quam (21), mlhl (22). Give the principal parts of eruplt (5), Ticimus (8), pertlmescemus, motus est, depulsus est (11), geremus (12), per(Udlm.us (13), eztullt (15), eztorsi- mus (16), perculsum (19). First Part: Why Catiline was allowed to escape, §§3-16: (1) To convince doubt- ers that a conspiracy exists, §§3, 4. 2. 1,2 qui =-ui is, introducing result clause (cf. I. 2. 27). In hoc Ipso: 'in this very point.' Explained by the clause quod . comprehenderim, 1. 3. 3, 4. comprehenderim : what mood should we expect? Why subjunctive here? Cf. 1. 22. potius quam emi- serim: the mood is due not merely to the quod but to potius quam, which in Cicero is always followed by the sub- junctive of the act to be avoided, with or (usually) without ut (see A. 571, a; B. 284, 4; H. 570, 1; H.-B. 521, 2, c). non est ista: sUghtly elliptical; the real apodosis should be 'I reply that;' for a similar ellipsis see on I. 6. 33. 5. Interfectum esse: regular or irregular tense? See on I. 2. 12. et: 'that is,' the so-called 'explanatory' use of et to define a word or phrase by a more exact term. Here we would other- wise have an extreme instance of hys~ teron proteron, a reversal of the natural order of ideas. 6, 7. mos maiorum: see on 1. 11. 13. hulus Imperii : for translation see on I. 5. 23. res publlca: 'the public interests.' This phrase, as all contain ing res, must always be translate^ according to the context. It seldom means 'republic,' usually 'nation.' 'con- stitution,' 'politics,' 'public life,' etc. postulabat: why singular? 8. quae deferrem: 'the facts which I laid before them for their information ;' referre would mean 'lay before them for action' (I. 8. 18); deferrem is subj. by attraction; what attracts it? 9. crederent, defenderent: char- acteristic (cf. I. 2. 28); how else may the mood be accounted for? defen- derent: 'tried to justify,' sc. ea quae deferrem, not Catilinam. 10. iudicarem . , , sustulissem (I. 12): for tenses see on 1. 12. 3. 11. invidiae . . . vitae perlculo: 'at the risk of unpopularity ... at the 108 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 15 periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem 4 omnibus re etiam tum probata si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intel- legatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxisset! Tongilium jxyii. eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, Ptiblicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum rel publicae motum adferre poterat; reliquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentis, quam nobills! 3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus 5 peril of my life.' There is a slight change of standpoint; what should we expect for vitae? 12. vobis: contrasted with multos, 1. 8; it is dat. of ind. obj. 13-15. re . . . probata: 'as his guilt was not even then proved to you either.' si . . . miiltassem fore ut . . . non possem: the sentence is thrown into the indirect form by cum viderem, the direct form being si mul- lavero, mm poiero. The change of the protasis is perfectly regular and that of the apodosis is due to the lack of a supine stem in posse (A. 569, 3, a; B. 270, 3; H. 571, 1; 619, 2; H.-B. 472, c). hue: { = ad hoc) explained by the clause ut , . . possetis — 'to such a point that you could,' etc. 17. quam vehementer: ironical. foris: why not /ora« as in 1. 22? licet hinc intellegatis: what mood might have been used? See on I. 3. 7. hinc: ( = ea; hoc) explained by the clause quod . . . fero; cf. in hoc, 1. 2. 18,19. quod: 'that;' so twice in this line, quod . . . exierit: appositive to illud. parum comitatus: Sallust. (Cat. 32) says of Catiline's departure: node intempesta cum paucis in Man- liana castra profectus est. comitatus: voice? Cf. medUati, I 10. 11. exierit: mood? See on 1. 22. omnis: ace. pi. Note the other ending in 1. 1. 20. eduxisset: what kind of wish is expressed by the pluperfect sub].? See on I. 9. 3. mllil: not to be trans- lated (A. 380; B. 188, 2, b); H. 432; H.-B. 372). eduxit: 'He did take.' in praetexta: 'in boyhood.' The prac- iexla, or toga praetexta, had a purple border, and was worn by boys until about the seventeenth year, and by magis- trates; the toga of the private citizen of full age was not dyed. Nothing more is known of the three men named here. 21. aes alienum: 'debt,' literally, ■'other people's money.' The clause means that these men would jiot have been dangerous even if they had re- mained at Rome. 23. quos, quanto, quam: interrog- ative words used in exclamation (A. 333, note; H.-B. 228, 3). Explain the sub]., accuset (3), sustu- lissem, viderem (12), possem, pos- setis (15), videretis (16), putem (17). (2) He and his army are less to be fearedtkanhisconfederatesin Rome, §§5, 6. 3. 1. ilium exercitum: Catiline's. prae: 'in comparison with.' It gov- CAP. 2-3, §§ 4-5 iO0 et hoc dllectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallic5 Q. Metellus habuit, et his copils, quae a nobis cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno coUectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti s luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitiis nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetQris osten^ dero, concident. Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, q\ii nitent unguentis, ■"0 qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos milites edtixisset; qui si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, me erns^ dilectu and coplia as well as legio- nibus. Galllcanls legionlbus : a small standing army was kept in Gallia Cisal- pina in view of possible danger from the Gauls, and to these troops Quintus Metellus (as praetor) was adding rein- forcements by a fresh levy. 2. agro Piceno et Galileo: point out upon Map. The ager Gallicus is the district lying along the coast north of Picenum, and once held by the Galli Senanes. i. collectum: agrees with exercitum in 1. 1. senibus desperatis: the veterans of Sulla, of whom Sallust (Oat. 28) says: quibus lubido atgue luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat. ex agresti luxuria: 'of boorish high- livers;' for this use of the abstract noun see on I. 13. 4, and give two examples. 5. vadimonia deserere, etc.: 'to desert their bonds [men] rather than, etc' Vadimonium was a promise, secured by bail, to appear in court on a fixed day, and vadimonium deserere = 'to forfeit bail.' The plural is here accommodated to that af maluerunt. 6-8. ciulbus ego iX = qui, si ego eis; the Latin idiom prefers to put the rela- tive in the subordinate clause; tr., 'and they will collapse not merely if I show them our army's array, but even if I show them the praetor's proclamation' • — i.e., it will be sufficient simply to read them the riot act, without resorting to force. This, of course, is hyperbolical, for Catiline's forces proved the following spring at Fistoria that they could and would fight, non modo . . - verum etiam: with these correlatives a weaker expression may be followed by a stronger (a-|-B), 'not only . . . but also ' or a stronger by a weaker (A-f-b), 'I do not say . . . but . . . .' Which here? video volitare: translate the infinitive by a present participle, which might have been used in the Latin (A. 497, d; B. 337, 3; H. 613, 4; H.-B. 605, 1). Volitare in these orations has always a contemptuous force. 9-11. The use of perfumes and the wearing of colors in public excited the contempt of the sober-minded Romans. mallem: potential in mild statement ■ — 'I'd rather,' etc; the tense retains its proper force (A. 447, 1, note; B. 280, 4; H. 556; H.-B. 518, b). eduxlsset: see A. 565, note 1; 442, b; B. 296, 1, a; H. 565, 2; 614, 1; H.-B. 519, 1, c. SUOS mllltes: 'as his own corps,' in apposi- tion to hos, 1. 8. qui si permanent: Indicative here suggests an almost causal idea — 'since they remain.' 12. pertimescendos esse: The sub- jects are exercitum and hos,. 13. hoc: abl. of cause. 110 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA scire sentiunt neque tamen permoventur. Video, eui sit 6 15 Apulia adtributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; patefecl in senatti hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit; hi quid expectant? Ne illi 20 vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 4. Quod expectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte coniiirationem contra rem publicam videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similis cum Gatilina seati re non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. 5 tTnum etiam nunc concedam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demon- 14-17. cul Bit: what kind of clause? Cf. those that follow — quis habeat, etc. quis . . . depoposcerit: Sallust (Cat. 43) gives the names of Lentulus, Bestia, Statilius, Gahlnius and Cethegus as Catiline's agents in the city. superioris noctis: 'of that former night,' i.e., the night of the meeting at Laeca's (see on I. 4. 1). The report of Cicero's first oration had spread so widely through the city that his hearers would readily understand the allusion, and not take the words in their literal sense, 'night before last.' 18. patefecl hesterno die: see I. 4. 14 fl. 19,20. Ne vehementer errant, etc.: 'truly they make a great mistake if, etc' ne: interjection (not adv. or conj.) ; in classical prose it is always at the beginning of the sentence, and always followed by a personal or demon- strative pronoun. Explain case of exercltum (1), agro (2), coplls, nobis (3), exercltum, qulbus (6), hos, quos (8), se (10), nobis (12), hoc (13), sibi (16), die (18). 4. 1-3. Quod: explained by the clause vi. .. videretis, which is appositive to id, omitted antecedent of quod and obj.of adsecutus; give example Horn §4. expectavi: 'have been waiting for,' not 'have expected;' the three perfects in these lines are 'definite' (A. 473; B. 257, 2; H. 637, 1; H.-B. 468, 4, foot- note 2). aperte: modifies videretis,' in spite of its position; cf. 2. 16. vide- retis: 'can now see.' The tense here follows the form rather than the -actual time of the principal verb (A. 485; B, 268, 1; H. 546; H.-B. 476). nisi vero: the regular phrase to introduce an ironical exception (here to omnes, I. 1); it always takes the indicative. nisi si : the addition of si to nisi gives the latter an adverbial force, 'unless/ perhaps.' Catilinae: gen. or dat.7 See on I. 2. 26. similis: for case cf. omnis, 2. 19. 5. Unum . , . concedam: 'make one concession.' Exeant: mood? (A. 439 and note 2; B. 275; H. 559, 2; H.-B. 501, 3; cf. secedant, I. 13. 12). So profteiscaniur and patiantuf.. 6. sui: object, gen.: number? mi- serum: 'poor Catiline.' His evfl associates; our danger is from suck men within the state, §§7-11. CAP. 4, §§ 6-8 111 strabo iter:, Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. fortunatam rem ptiblicam, si 7 quidem banc sentinam urbis eiecerit! tTno mehercule Catilina 10 exhausto levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit? quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nep5s, quis adulter, quae 15 mulier infamis, quis corrupter iuventiitis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non familiarissimc vixisse fateatur? quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium? lam vero quae 8 tanta umquam in iillo iuventiitis inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo? 20 qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, aliis frtictum lubidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo inpellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem numerum perditorum hominum coUegerat! 25 Nemo non modb Romae, sed Qllo in angulo totius Italiae 7, 8. Aurelia Tla: the road along the west coast leading from Rome to Pisa, the direct route to Etruria, the land route to Massilia. ad vesperam: 'by evening;' in this phrase vesperum (.vesper) is more common, rem publl- cam: of. I. 1. 10. 9, 10. El quidem: 'at least if,' the 'restrictive' use of guidem. eiecerit: for tense see on I. 2. 22. sentinam . . . exhausto: cf. I. 5. 27, 28. 12. quis: What is the more usual adjective form? 14. nepos: 'spendthrift.' 16, 17. q\il . . . fateatur: char- acteristic (see on I. 2. 28); so in 1. 3. per hosoe annos: 'in all these years;' for the use of per and ace. where we should expect to find the abl. of 'time within which' see A. 424, a; B. 181, 2; H. 417, 1; H.-B. 387, II, a. hosce: (or the form see on I. 13. 23. 18. per Ilium: 'by his agency.' lam vero: 'now, again,' marks the transition to a new point; so nunc vero, 1. 23. quae tanta, etc.: see on I. 6. 7-9. 21. fructum: 'enjoyment,' 'grati- fication.' 22. non modo . . . verum etiam: see on 3. 6, and give the formula for this passage. Notice the accumulation of these correlatives in the next few lines. 23. Nunc vero: see above, 1. 18. 25, 26. Nemo non modo Bomae, sed, etc.: 'there was no one, I don't say at Rome, but in, etc' Nemo goes with both clauses. See on I. 10. 5. The formula for these correlatives is either a-|-B or A-t-b; which here? Explain the subjunctives vlderetls (2), putet (4), conceperit (12), fate- atur (17), asclvent (27); the case of deslderlo (6), via (7), CatlUna (9), mall (11), Italia (12), iuventutls (15), Bomae (25). 112 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA oppressus acre alieno fuit, quem non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asciverit. 5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimill ratione perspicere 9 possitis, nemo est in Itido gladiatorio paulo ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fateatur, nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse 5 commemoret. , Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame et siti et vigilils perferundis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque instriimenta virtutis in lubidine audaciaque consumeret. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 10 10 exierint desperatorimi hominum flagitiosi greges, o nos beatos, o rem publicam fortunatam, o praeclaram laudem consulatus mei! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum lubidines, non hiimanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patrimonia sua profiiderunt, forttinas 6. 1, 2. ut . . . possltis: the sen- tence is elliptical, and the verb upon which this clause depends must be sup- plied, 'I tell you this;' such final clauses are said to denote 'the purpose, not of the action, but of the mentum of the action.' Cf. the similar ellipses with si, 2. 4, and guod I. 6. 34. dissimill ratione: 'in different directions, lines.' ludo gladiatorio: there were regular training schools for gladiators, some of the most famous at Capua. Gladiators and actors were usually slaves, and held in about as high estimation as prize- fighters and variety dancers now. auda- cior: 'more reckless' than his fellows; standard of comparison omitted (A. 291, a; B. 240, 1; H. 498; H.-B. 241, 2). So levior and nequior. 4, 5. sodalem: 'brother,' a stronger word than intimum, as it signified a leilow member of an {originally reU- gious) order or fraternity. It gradually lost this meaning, and sank (as here) to 'pal,' 'crony.' commemoret: 'as- sert,' always in Cicero a word of 'say- ing,' never of 'reminding' or 'remem- bering.' 6, 7. exercitatione adsuefactus, etc.: 'trained by his practice of de- bauchery and crime to bear cold,' etc.; Exercitatione is ablative of means, mod- ifying the whole phrase adsuefactus . . . perferundis', for frigore . . , perferundis see B. 222, A; H. 476, 3; H.-B. 431. We may perhaps regard the phrase as a mere ablative of respect, and tr., 'trained in.' Istis: note the contempt implied (cf. I. 1. 15). cum: con- cessive. 10. o nos, etc.: for this form of the apodosis, see on I. 9. 14, Give example from §7. 13. audaciae : ' acts of recklessness ; ' the word in good writers has almost always a, bad sense. The plural of abstract nouns may be rendered 'acts of,' 'instances of,' or the Eng. singular may be used, nihil nisi: 'nothing but;' nisi, as a mere connective, takes the same construction after as before it ; but cf. I. 7. 23. CAP. 4-5, §§ 8-11 113 15 suas obligaverunt; res eos iam pridem deseruit, fides nuper deficere coepit; eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, lubido permanet. Quodsi in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines 20 fortissimis viris insidiarl, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilantibus? qui, mihi accubantes in conviviis conplexi mulieres inpudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eruc- tant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 25 Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam iam 11 diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est 30 enim natio, quam pertimescamus, nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa iinius virtute terra marique pacata; domesticum bellum manet, intus insidiae sunt, intus incliisum periculum est, intus est hostis. Cum Itixiu-ia nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic 35 ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum; quae sanari poterunt, quacumque 15. res: 'cash;* contrasted with fides, 'credit,' as iam pridem 'long ago,' with nuper, 'recently.' nuper: see on I. 6. 15. For tacts ct. Sallust, Cat. 16. 16, 17. In abundantia: 'in the days of their plenty;' in this sense abun- dantia is usually accompanied by rerum. Quodsi: see on I. 12. 9. 18. quidem desperandi, etc.: 'be- yond redemption, I admit, but still,' etc.; a good instance of the 'con- cessive' use of quidem. What other use in $7? 19-21. Notice the absence of con- nectives between the pairs of words: this is called asyndeton, mlhl: see on 2. 20. 23. oMltl: from oblino; how does it differ from the participle of obliviscorf 26. aut Instare, etc.: 'is either now actually pressing upon them, or at least Hearing them' (see on I. 2. 8); the sub- ject is poenam. 28, 29. sustulerit: from toUo,, 're- move,' 'do away with.' Explain mood and tense, nescio quod: how many uses? See on I. IS. 2. Which here? propagarit: 'will have added.' rel publicae : dative. 31. unlus: Pompey, who had swept the sea of pirates and conquered the east. 34, 35. luzurla, amentia, scelere: see on luxuria, 3. 5. hulc bello: 'for this war,' against the vices just named. Quirites: see on 1. 1. 36, 37. Metaphors from surgery, qua- cumque ratlone: sc. pbtero, 'by any possible means.' 114 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA ratione sanabo, quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea, quae merentur, •w sxpectent. 6. At etiam sunt, qui dicant, Quirites, a me eiectum inl2 exilium esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec locuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit; 6 simul atque ire in exilium iussus est, paruit, ivit. Hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patr6s conscriptos detuli. ' Quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum sena- tor appellavit, quis salutavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut 10 perditum civem ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem? Quin etiam principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum. 38, 39, 40. exeant, quiescant, ex- pectent: as in 4. 6. in urbe et In, etc.: 'in the city, and of the same mind.* Notice the literal and meta- phorical uses of in so closely con nected. Explain mood of fateatur (3), defl- cere (16), quaererent (18), terre (19), Insldlarl (20), Impendere (25), pro- pagarit (29), pertlmescamus (30), ex- pectent (40); case of scaena (3), Istis (7), nos (10), consulatus (11), vlrls (20), sermonibus (24). Having answered the boni, who might think his measures not .strong enough (§§3-11), Cicero now turns his attention to the iraprobi, who might think them too strong (§§12-16)., 6. 2. in exBillum: It was claimed by Catiline's friends that he had been driven by the consul's tyranny to Mar- seilles, there to live in exile, racero is so sure of Catiline's real destination that he ridicules the claim. Quod ego si: quod is object of adsequi, 'effect;' cf. 4. 1. How does this differ from the use of quod (also with si) in I. 13. 4? 3. Homo: 'the fellow' — slightly contemptuous; cf. 1. 13. videlicet; 'of course,' giving the sentence its iron- ical tinge. Yesterday's scene in the senate. §§12, 13. 5. iussus est: tense? See on I. 7. 9. Hesterno die: really modi- fies interfectus essem, but by its posi- tion is ambiguous; his hearers might connect it with convocavi only. For a similar (intentional?) ambiguity, see on 1.6.10. paruit, ivit: figure of speech? See on 5. 19-21. 8. detuli: 'reported.' Compare with the whole passage §16 of oration I. quo: part of speech? Ct.I. 12. 18. Point out another example in this chapter. The Latin sentence begins with two relative words, one of which must be rendered by an English demon- strative — 'when he had come there.' quis: though in effect adjective with senator, quis has the substantive form here as in the following clauses, where it stands alone (cf. 4. 12). 11. Quin etiam: 'Whyl even.' In this use of quin ( = gui ne 'why not'), developed from the interrogative, it is always fcilowed by a startling state- CAP. 5-6, §§ 11-14 lis ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem rellquerunt^ Hic ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exilium eicio, 13 quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam 15 fuisset necne. Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia con- victus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera; quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo iam pridem pararet, 20 cum arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In exilium 14 eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano 25 castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem expectant, et ille eiectus in exilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. ment and is exclamatory in nature; cf. the English 'why?' and 'why I' prln- cipes eius ordinls = omne^ consulares, I. 7. 8. suttselUorum: describe them (see on I. 7. 8). 13. Hlc: 'hereupon.' This adverb is used (a) of place, (b) of time, (c) of circumstances: which here? Give an example of (a) from I. §9. vehemens . . . elcio: Cicero quotes ironically the charge of the improbi. vehemens Ille consul: The Latin idiom does not ordinarily connect adjectives of praise and blame directly with names and titles of persons. Instead, the adjective is usually separated from the noun by (a) an appositive (see on I. 2. 4), or (b) ille. clvls: case? cf. similis, 4. 3. verbo: 'a mere word:' what is referred to? 14, 15. a Catilina: 'asked CatiUne.' Do not translate a (A. 396, a; B. 178, 1, a; H. 411, 4; H.-B. 393, c). fuisset necne: 'whether or not' (A. 335, a; B. 162, 4; H. 380, 1; H.-B. 234, a). How is the mood accounted for here? homo: could vir have been used? See on I. 6. 3. 16-18. ea nocte: at Laeca's house (I. 4. 14 ft), in proximam consti- tuisset: the assassination of Cicero (I. 4. 22-30). quem ad modum: 'how.' ei: case? See on I. 7. 8. ratio totius belli: 'the whole campaign.' 19-21. proficisci: mood? See on I. 7. 21. cum: causal, with — ? cum arma, cum secures, cum, etc.: What figure of speech? See on I. 1. 3. Arma, secures, etc., indicate his usurpation of the consular power, aquilam: see on I. 9. 24. illam: meaning? See on 1. 9. sacrarium: see on 1. 9. 26. 24. credo: parenthetical and ironical as often (not always): give an example from I. 2. 22. iste: meaning here? See on I. 1. 15. 27. Massiliam: construction? A city (originally a Greek colony) in the south of Gaul, of considerable size, wealth and culture, and a favorite refuge for Ro- mans avoiding punishment by going into exile, ut aiunt: 'as they say', (cf. 1. 1). Explain mood of dicant (1), possem (2), eicerem (3), interfectus essem 116 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 7. condicionem miseram non modo administrandae .verum etiam conservandae rei publicae! Nunc si L. Catilina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis" circumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuefit, "sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit et ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus,' sed indem- natus innocens in exilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt, qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint! Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius 15 invidiae falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum inodo a vobis huius horribiUs belli ac nefarii perlculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego ab dis inmor- talibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam diicere exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare (6), fulsset (15), eglsset (16), sclrem (22), atunt (27). Define the following 'figures of speech,' and give an example of each from these orations: anaphora, asyndeton, hendiadys, ellipsis. Catiline has gone not ^to exile but to war against us, §§14-16. 7. 1-3. condicionem: 'terms,' 'task;' case? See on I. 1. 10. con- siliis, laboribus, periculis: figure of speech? Point out other examples in this chapter. 4. pertlmuerlt . . . et converterit: Note the series of five future perfects, of which the last two only are con- nected by et. In such enumerations, when the several units are regarded as of equal importance, either (a) the con- nective is written between each two, or (b) is omitted altogether, or (c) -que is attached to the last. When, as here, et (or atque) is placed between the last Ubo, the units ar« not of equal impor- tance, but those before the et are to be taken collectively (a + b-t-c-fd)-fe' This should be carefully indicated by the translation: 'Now, if Catiline . . . not only becomes suddenly frightened, changes his mind, deserts his friends, and gives up his plan of making war, but also turns,' etc. 7. spoliatus: predicate with esse dicetur (9), as are the other parti- ciples except indemnatus, which like innocens is attributive. 12. Est tanti: subject of estl Case of tantil See on I. 9. 7. huius invi- diae: i.e., arising from excessive rigor. 14. depellatur: for mood see note on I. 9. 8. 15. dicatur: subject? How deter- mined? sane: 'for all I care,' con- cessive. 16. mllil credite: "take my word for it;' in a different sense, I. 3. 4. ab dis optabo: same construction as with some 'verbs of asking (see on 6. 14), 18. ducere, volitare : for translation see on 3. 8. CAP. 7-8, §§14-17 117 audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis illud timeo, 20 ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint iiomines, qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, idem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire 16 dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo 25 est istorum tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc, quod agit, numquam antea eogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum ei niiiil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque acciderit, 30 nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius, ut eat inexilium, quam queramur. 8. Sed cur tam diii de tino hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste, 17 qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod semper volui, mGrus interest, non timeo; de his, qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus? Quos 19-21. triduo. 'within three days;' 'in two days,' by our reckoning. lUud: explained' by ne . . . sit. Explain use of vt and ne atter a verb of fear (of. I. 2. 22). quod emlseTlm . . . eiecerim: mood? See on 1. 22. 22-24. Idem: nom. plural, quid: crowded out of its place before idem (ct. SI, I. 7. 12). Quamquam: what is this use called? See on 1. 12. 12. Istl: cf. 6. 24. dictitant: for form see A. 263, 2; B. 1S5, 2; H. 364; H.-B. 212, 1. 25-27. It would be better for him to go into exile at Massilia than to meet the fate that will surely be his in war, but his accomplices prefer the latter course for him. mehercule: full form? See on I. 7. 11. si . . - tamen: cf. I. 12. 10. 31. queramur: mood? See on emiserim, 2. 4. Explain case of rel publlcae (2), faclendl (5), me (6), armls C7), dlli- gentla, spe C8), me (11), mlhl (12), causa (17), triduo. multo (IBX noWs (30); mood of fecerlt (10), vellnt (12), sit (20), accident (29), optemus (30). Second part: Cicero now (§§17-23) turns his attention from Catiline to his followers in the city. They are of several classes, §17. 8. 2-3. quem, quia, quod, etc.: an excellent example of the important principle of 'suspension of clauses.' Any clause, principal or subordinate, is suspended when any subordinate connective appears between the first and last words of that clause; and the rest of the clause does not appear until the whole of the subordinate clause is finished. Here we have three clauses: quem non timeo, quia murus interest^ quod semper volui, and the suspension may be indicated best by different types: QUEM, QUIA, quod semper volui, murus INTEREST, NON TIMEO. Almost any complex sentence will furnish illustra- tions, quod: relative, with the fact murus interest as antecedent. Ills: the 118 DRATIO IN OATILINAM SECUNDA 5 quidem ego, si uUo modo fieri possit, non tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae, neque, id quare fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur; deinde singulis medicinam consilii atque 10 orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. Unum genus est 18 eorum, qui magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi ntillo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima (sunt enim locu- pletes), voluntas vero et causa inpudentissima. Tu agris, tu 16 aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis et dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad fidem? Quid enim expectas? bellum? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras choice of the demonstrative of the first person is explained by the clause qui noMecum sunt, dlsslznulant: so, a clause from line 2. 5, 6. si . . . studeo: note the sub- junctive in protasis and the indicative in apodosis, the idea of contingency be- ing sufficiently indicated by the mean- ing (not mood) of studeo. So in I. 1. 15: videmur, si vUemus. slbi: 'for their own good/ dat. of reference. Really of no special point in itself, but inserted for the sake of symmetry to balance rei publicae. ipsos: agrees with guos, 1. 4. 8. ez qnlbns g'enerlbuB : Cicero di- vides the followers of Catiline into six classes, and then describes the circum- stances and needs of each. 9, 10. singulis: 'one by one,' sc. generibus. si quam: sc. medicinam adferre. 10-28. The First Class: Rich land- holders, but greatly in debt — they must pay their debts by selling all or part of their land, §18. 10. Unum: 'the first.' In enumer- ations unus and alter ialius) are gen- erally used before tertius, quartus, etc., instead of the ordinals primus and secun- dus. est eorum: 'consists of those:' case? (A. 344; B. 197; H. 440, 3; 447; H.-B. 349.) 11. in aere alieno: see on 2. 25. The phrase has a concessive force 'al- though in — .' possessiones: always of 'landed property.' 12. dissolTi: 'free themselves from debt,' with perhaps a second sense, 'separate themselves from their pos- sessions.' For the reflexive or 'middle' force of the passive see A. 156, a; B. 256, 1; H. 517; H.-B. 288, 3. 13-17. species: 'outward appear- ance.' voluntas, etc.: 'intentions and principles.' Tu . . . sis et dubites: 'would you be . . . and hesitate?' Mood? See on I. 9. 21. Each tu would naturally be accompanied by a gesture toward some person present or imagined, argento: 'silver-plate.' familia; 'slaves,' never 'family' in the English sense, fidem: as in 5. 15. 18. omnium: neut. — 'all things,' a very rare use of the adj. as a sub- stantive for omnium rerum (A. 288, b; B. 236, 2; H. 494; H.-B. 250, 2, b). CAP. 8-9, §§ 17-19 1/9 putas? An tabulas novas? Errant, qui istas a Catilina 20 expectantj meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione villa salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum tisuris fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus 25 civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimes- cendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permane- bunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma latiiri. 9. Alterum genus est eorum, qui quamquam premuntur aere 19 alieno, dominationem tamen expectant, rerum potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta - re publica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum 5 videtur, Qnum scilicet et idem quod reliquis omnibus, ut 19. tabulas novas: 'new account books,' the watchword of Catiline's needy followers. This expression in a political sense always denotes an alter- ation of debts in favor of the debtor, whether the creditors were compelled by law to sacrifice a part only of their claims or the whole, as the conspiracy promised. 20-22. meo lieneficlo, etc.: 'thanks to me' (lit. 'by my kindness'), 'new account books shall be introduced, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he will propose a law compelling these debtors to sell and pay. qui habent; the class of conspirators just described, salvl: 'solvent,' 'safe' in a financial sense. Quod si: case of quo(n See on 6. 2. 23. Id quod: see A. 307, d; B. 247, 1, b; H. 399, 6; H.-B. 325, a, note 2. Id: in apposition to the clause to which the relative refers; when, as here, the antecedent clause is not substantive, and has no case, we may consider id to be used independently, as in titles (see on title of I), certare: depends upon maluissent to be supplied from voluis- sent. cum usuTls: 'against the pay- ment of interest:' use of cunt? (A. 413, b; H. 429, 5, footnote; H.-B. 419, 4). Give examples from 5. 33 f. 24, 25. fructibus praediorum: 'the income from their farms.' fructibus: a simple abl. of means, locupletio- ribus . . . uteremur: 'we should find in these men richer and better citizens.' mlnlme: 'the least' (not 'by no means,' 'very little'), i.e., of the six classes this is least formidable. 27, 28. facturi, laturl: 'likely to make,' 'likely to bear.' Compare the adjectives magno (11), honestlsslma (13), Inpudentisslma (14), coplosus (16), stultissimum (23) locupletioribus, melioribus (24). 9. 1-16. Second Class: Men whose ambition lias been disappointed — iJtej/ must give up their hopes of power, §19. 1. Alterum genus est eorum.: see on 8. 11. qui,, quamquam: suspen- sion: see on 8. 2. 2-5. dominationem: 'a despotism,' always the rule of one person, rerum potiri: 'to get control of the su- preme power;' potior always governs the genitive of res in this senae; some- 120 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA desperent se id, quod conantur, consequi posse: primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam concordiam, magnas praeterea militum copias; deos denique inmortalis 10 huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra tantam vim sceleris praes^ntis auxilium esse laturos. Quodsi iam sint id, quod summo furore cupiunt, adept!, num illi in cinfere urbis "et in sanguine civium, quae mente conscele- rata ac nefaria concupiverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut J 6 etiam reges sperant futures? Non vident id se cupere, quod si • adept! sint, fugit!vo alicui aut gladiator! concedi sit necesse? times too of other words. What is the regular construction? honores: 'pub- lic ofBce' {cf. comules, dictatores, 1. 14). A Roman's political career was called cursus honoruw (see on I. 11. 19). per- tuTbata: so. re publica; opposed to quieta above. What construction? hoc praecliiienduin: 'this warning should be given;' hoc is explained by the infin- itive clauses in 11. 7-11. Ut desperent expresses the purpose of praecipiendum — 'that they may lay aside the hope of being able to gain what they are attempting.' sclllcet=scire licet; 'any one may know,' 'self -evidently' (cf. mdelicel, I. 8. 11). 6, 7. prlmum omnium: see on 8. 18. In this phrase ' the genitive plur. neuter is common as a substantive, the gender being suggested by primum. Note the series primuTn, deivde, denique, introducing co-^aelerqruam. ( = msi) is a mere connective, triumphos: i.e., trium- phal processions, not 'victories.' 7. elusmodl quod: see on 10. 21, 26. minus dlgnl: 'the less worthy:' there is no idea of comparison, the words being merely a polite form of indigni. In Qcero's time honors went by intrigue rather than by merit. 9,10. sermonibus: 'your daily con- versations,' in which these events would naturally be discussed, litterarum monumentis : 'history.' Invete- raseent et corroborabuntur: 'will gather strength and vigor.' eandem diem, etc.; '1 know that one and the same term — a term which I hope will have no end — has been extended to the safe existence of the state and to the recollection of my consulship.' diem: (note the gender) means 'time,' 'term,' 'period.' Cicero means that he has CAP. 10-12, §§ 25-27 15J aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque tempore in hae re publica duos civis extitisse, quorum alter finis vestrl imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperii domi- 15 cilium sedesque servaret. 12. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non eadem27 est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppresses reliquerunt, vestrum 5 est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissi- m5rum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere possent, ego providi, ne mihi noceant, vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. 10 Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perp6tuum comparatum est, magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that so long as the state endures his fame will last. The idea might have been more clearly expressed thus: ad eandem diem propagatas esse et salutem urbis et memoriam, etc. 13-15. duos clvls: Pompey and Cicero, alter . . . terminaret: Pom- pey had fought successfully .against Ser- torius in Spain and Mithridates in Asia, thus giving CScero opportunity for a most extravagant compliment which he knew would please the people, terrae: join with regionibus, not finis, domi- cillum sedesque: 'the capital.' At any cost I vnll defend the govern- ment which I have saved, §§27-29. 12. 1. Sed quoniam marks a transi- tion to a new point, as et quoniam, 6. 4. What other words are used for the same purpose in II. 4. 18, 23? 2. condlclo: as in 1.9. quae: 'as;' sc. fortuna atgue -tondicio. i. nil: sc. qui externa bella gesserunt. Note the asyndeton (II. 5. 20). hostes: ace. vestrum est: 'It is your part,' 'it is for you' (A. 343, c, note 2; B. 198, 3; H. 447; H.-B. 340). Of course the subject of est is providere. 5. sua: refers to ceteris, which is the logical though not the grammatical sub- ject: 'if others are benefited, as is right, by their deeds' (A. 301, b; B. 244, 4; H. 503, 4; H.-B. 264, 2). recte: (. = merito) is introduced expressly to show that he has no feeling of envy for them, mlhl mea: Latin writers have a fondness for putting together different pronouns or different forms of the same pronoun (see 11. 12, 13). 9, 10. nihil: as in I. 1. 3. noceri: Intransitive verbs are how used in the passive? (A. 372; B. 187, II, a, b; H. 426, 2; H.-B. 290, a, 1; 362, footnote 3). Magnum . . . praesidium: 'The defense of loyal men dbunts for much;' so magna est below, honls: as In I. 1. 5. 11-13. semper: with defendet. vis consclentlae : i.e., the inner con- sciousness or conviction that Cicero had really saved the state, quam qui =^l, Ki qui earn; for qui = si quis ct. 152 ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA V\ tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui Jleglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. Est enim in nobis 28 is animus, Quirltes, ut non modo nuUius audaciae cedamus, 15 sed etiam omnis inprobos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis impetus domesticorum hostium depulsus a vobis se in me iinum convorterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute ve'stra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus; mihi quidem ipsi to quid est quod iam ad vltae fructum possit adquirl, cum praeser- tim neque in hOnore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam altiusf quo mihi lubeat ascendere? lUud perficiam29 profecto, Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda re ptiblica ^5 suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper, quae gesserim, ciiremque, ut ea virttite, non casti gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam est nox, venerati lovem ilium, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite et ea, quam- 30 quam iam est periculum depulsum, tainen aeque ac priore nocte II. 12. 22. se Ipsl: for case of the intensive see on I. 8. 2. 14, 15. Is: as in I. 9. 11. cedamus, lacessamus: 'do not retreat before, but take tile offensive myself.' Inpro- bos: see on I. 1. 5 ad fin.; give a synonym, ultro: 'unprovoked:' of. 9. 29. Quodsi: cf. I. 12. 9. 17. ent videndum: i.e., if tliey deserted Mm, no one would dare tliere- after to defend their interests at tlie risk of his own. This phrase is prac- tically equivalent to vestrum est pro- mdere used above, 20-22. vltae tructum: 'life's re- wards.' cum praesertlm: has th6 same meaning as praesertim cum. ho- nore vestro: 'the distinctions within your gift;* honor is regularly used of 'office,' and CScero means that, having held the highest office, there was noth- ing more he could aspire to. quo= ad quod (cf. I. 12. 18). What is its antecedent here? 23-25. ut . . . ornem: 'that I shall support and dignify.' The clause is in apposition to illud. How does it differ from ut . . . statueretur, 9. 10-12? from ut , . . anteponereni, 9. 26-31? pri- vatus: 'in private life.' Invldla, In- vidos : the two cognate words are used purposely. 26. me . . . tractabo: 'I shall so conduct myself in political life.' Point out a synonym for tractabo in ch. 10 ad fin. 28, 29. iam est nox: The day had been taken up with the meeting of the senate, and this speech to the people was made late in the afternoon (cf. note on 1. 4). vestrum: probably the rare objective gen. plur. of tu, but pos- sibly from vester (see on I. 6. 18). 30-32. est depulsum: for mood see CAP. 12, §§ 27-29 153 custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis dititius faciundum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse possitis, providebo. A. 527, d; B. 309, 2; H. 586, I; H.-B. 556. aeque ac: see on 8. 26. priore nocte: 'last night,' the night of the arrest, custodiis vlglUlsque: for dis- tinction see on I. 3. 22. proTldebo: a hint at the action yet to be talcen in regard to the prisoners, who were stiU in custody. Plutarch (Cic. 19), after telling of the arrest and examination of the conspirators, and the senate's decree, adds: 'As it was now evening and the people were lingering about in crowds, Cicero came forth and told them of the senate's action.' The third oration is not mentioned by Sallust except by casual refer- ence in an ablative absolute in ch. 48. 1: 'Plebs, coniuratione patefacta, . . . Ciceronem ad caelum tolleri.' Omission of the word-lists at the close of the notes on each chapter does not imply that such review is no longer needed. The exercises may be varied, however, as the teacher may see fit. For example the great number of ablatives in chapter 1 may be examined and classified by the student; so may the expressions of time in chapter 2, the sub- ject of letterwriting in chapter 5,. and so on, according to the needs or interest of the class. The grammatical points brought out in the notes on this oration may well be added to the student's index on orations I and II, ^hough by this time he should have learned sufficiently the use and the value of the general index. M. TULLI CICERONIS m CATIL^AM ORATIO QUARTA HABITA IN SENATtr 1. Video, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora 1 atque oculos esse converses, video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls et grata in dolore s vestra erga me voluntas, sed eam, per deos inmortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de vobis ac de vestris liberls cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam lubenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populo- 10 que Romano dignitas salQsque pariatur. Ego sum ille consul, 2 patrgs conscripti, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas contine- TiTLE. — Oratlo Quarta.' Delivered in the senate on December 5, 'the fatal Nones.' The leaders of the 6on- spiracy were still in custody, and the sen- ate had met to decide on their punish- ment. Two propositions were made (ch. 4.), and this is Cicero's speech in the debate. See Introduction. Exordium: Do not think of my safety . . . the stoie itself is in danger, §§1-3. 1. 1-3. me: case? omnium ves- trum: ' see on I. 6. 18. converses: agrees with what? vestro: with peri- culo, 1. 3. depulsum sit: the mood is due to the indirect statement, 4. Iucunda, ?rata: the former 154 is used of anything causing pleasure, the latter of anything exciting grati- tude. S, 6. sed . . . deponite: put briefly for sed imploro ut deponatis; see on II. 10. IS. per deos: 'by the gods.' oblltl: from obliviscor; how does it differ from obliti in II. 5. 23? salutis: for case see on I. 3, 5. 7-10. condicio consulatus: cf. III. 12. 2; 1. 9. Turn in English: 'If the consulship has been given me on these terms,' etc. laboribus, vobis: ex- plain their case, pariatur: for mood see on II. 7. 14. 11-15. cui: with vacua . . . fuit, 1. 15, dat. of reference, forum . . . CAP. 1-2, §§ 1-3 155 tur, non campus consularibus auspicils consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes 15 honoris umquam vacua mortis perlculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo / qu odam dolore i n vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatQs mei dTTnmortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populum- que Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges llberosque vestros 20 virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex . foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi unl proponetur , f ortuna, s ubeatur. Etenim, si P. Lentulus suum nomen inductus a vatibusTItale ad 25 perniciem rei publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad saliitem populi Romani prope fatalem extitisse? 2. Quare, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite pa- 3 triae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunasque vestras, aequitas: because the praetors* courts were held in the forum or in adjacent buildings, campus . . . consularibus: notice that tiie campus Martins was not a templum, i.e., a consecrated place, but on the occasion of each consular elec- tion the part used for the purpose was consecrated for the time by the taking of the auspices (Ep. 18. 11). curia . . . auxlUum: because the senate had charge of all foreign affairs, domus, lectus: in allusion to the attempt to assassinate him (I. 4. 19 ff.). haec sedes: the ivory curule chair, official seat of the consul and other magis- trates, vacua . . . Insldlls: This sentence implies repeated attempts upon his life, though we have definite account of but one. 16, 17. multa . . . concessi: the references are too vague to be fully understood, but may imply among other matters his surrender of the right to a proconsulship (I. 13. 19). meo quo- dam dolore: 'with pain, so to speak. to myself.' This is the third occurrence of this word in ch. 1. The abl. is that of price. 20, 21. vlrglnes Vestales: see on III. i. 20. omnium nostrum: what might be substituted for the personal pronoun here? 23-26. subeatur, laeter: these sub- junctives are rtot due to the conditional sentence at all (see on I. 9. 14), but are to be explained independently; for the former see on II. 4.5; for the lat- ter on I. 9. 21. nomen . . . putavit: see III. 4. 14-18. prope: as in III. 8. 23; here perhaps because fatalis is generally used in a bad sense, exti- tisse =/ume; from what present? 2. 1. consulite vobis: 'consult for yourselves,' i.e., for your own interests; note the other meaning and construc- tion of this verb in I. 6. 31. Vobis is dat. of reference or of interest (A. 376; B. 188, 1; H. 425, 2; H.-B. 367); so patriae. 156 IN CATILINAM OEATIO QUARTA populi RomanI nSmen salutemque defendite; mihi parcere ac de pae cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare omnis 6 deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi, ac mereor, rela- turos esse gratiam; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum Ule ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque aman- 10 tissimi praesentis maerore non movear horumque omnium lacrumis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus filius, quem mihi videtur amplecti res pubhca tamquam obsidem consulatus mei, neque ille, qui expec- 15 tans huius exitum die! stat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiamsi me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius, quam et illi et nos iina rei publicae peste pereamus. Quare, patres con- 4 3. mlhl: see on I. 1. 22. 5, 6. pro eo ac mereor: 'accord- ing to my deserts;' pro eo ac for ut occurs only here in the orations but is common in the letters; the lit. is *in proportion to this as,' etc. relaturos eratlam: 'will' repay,' 'requite;' used_ of either good or evil as in English; which here? For the phrase cf. I. 5, 7; III. 6. 7. si quid obtigerit: sc.miM — 'if anything happens to me;' a euphem- ism as in English for 'if I die,' in which meaning accidit is more common. 7-9. turpis . . . vlro: i.e.. No form of death would be degrading to a really strong ijaan. Immatura consular!: see on III. 12. 20-22 ad fin. misera sapienti: a ma,xim of the Stoic philos- ophy which Cicero sometimes held up for ridicule. lUe ferreus: 'that man of flint,' i.e., that the Stoics look upon as their ideal, qui . . . movear: char- acteristic, fratris: Q. Cicero, at this time praetor designatus. 10-12. omnium: those senators who were most friendly to him. lacrumis: both Greeks and Romans were accus- tomed to give way to their emotions with a freedom entirely inconsistent with our ideas of manly dignity. Neque non saepe: may be translated, 'and often,' as the second negative (modify- ing the adverb saepe) cancels the first CA. 326; B. 347, 2; H. 656; H.-B. 298, 2). uxor: Terentia, married about 77. 13. fllla: the dearly loved TulUa, now about 13 years old. parvulus filius: Marcus, about two years old; the diminutive here expresses tender- ness. 15. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso, Tul- ha's husband; but the date of their marriage is unknown. Piso was not a senator, and so must have been one of the guard of equites who surrounded the temple in arms, and were visible through the open doors. Note the demonstra- tive used with gener. 16. In cam partem: sc. movear, 'I am moved to the purpose' (lit. 'in that direction '). 18, 19. una peste: abl. of instru- ment. We should say: 'in the general {una = communi) destruction.' pere* CAP. 2-3, § § 3-5 157 script!, incumbite ad saltitem rei publicae, circumspicite omnes 20 procellas, quae inpendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, in discrimen ahquod atque in vestrae severitatis itidicium adducitur; tenentur ii, qui ad. urbis incen- 25 dium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum Romae restiterunt, tenentur litterae, signa,. manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; soUicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina accersitur; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi 30 Romani nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamita- tem relinquatur. 3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, vos5 multis iam iudiciis iudicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis et mea yirtiite atque diligentia amus: tor mood see on II. 2. 4. In- cumbite: nautical metaphor — 'bend to the oars.' Propositio: (a) The manifest guilt of the ■prisoners, §§4-6. 20. Non Ti. Gracchus: the nega- tives go closely with the nouns, and the tense of adducitur (1. 24) is emphatic: 'It is not a Tiberius Gracchus, tor hav- ing, etc., not a Gains Gracchus, for hav- ing, etc , that is now brought,' etc. 21, 22. Iterum: in the time of the elder Gracchus a tribune could not legally succeed himself, and Tiberius, tribune in 133, was killed while trying to secure his re-election for the follow- ing year. C. Gracchus: see on I. 2. 1. agrarios: 'tho?e interested in the dis- tribution of the public lands.' This was a part, but a part only, of the pro- gramme of the younger Gracchus. L. Saturninus: see I. 2. 6-8. 23, 24. C. Memmium: a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine war. He changed sides and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia (cf. III. 6. 39) while opposing the latter in the con- sular election for 99. in . . . iudlcium: 'before the bar of your severity.' 25, 26. vestram omnium: explain the use of the possessive (see I. 4. 11), and substitute a personal pronoun for it (cf. 1. 1, 21). Bomae: case? 27-29. servitia: 'bands of slaves.' What kind of a noun is sermtiuml How used here? Of. audaciae. III. 9. 25. id . . . consilium: sums up the pfe- ceding statements, the passion of which is shown by the asyndeton, nemo ne . . . Quidem: 'no one . . . even;' see on I. 10. 5. init., and contrast neque non, 11. 11, 12. Give the gen. and abl. of nemo. 3. 1-3. rei: not from res. iudiciis iudicavistis : ' have decided by judicial decisions,' a skilful turn of expression covertly reminding the senate that it is bound in its judgment by its own decrees of the last two days, eC" hint which he repeats in 11. 6, 12. With the substance of the following quod-c\a,uses cf. III. 6. 6-32, where the senate's action was 158 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam esse deere- 6 vistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praetura coegistis, turn quod eum et ceter5s, de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; pos- tremo hesterno die praemia legatis AUobrogum Titoque 10 Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine tilla dubita- tione a vobis damnati esse videantur. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tamquam 6 integrum, et de facto quid iiidicetis, et de poena quid censeatis. 15 Ilia praedicain, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re pii- blica versari furorem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam, sed hanc tantam, tam exitiosam haberi coniiirationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes incllnant atque sententiae, 20 statuendum. vobis ante noctem est.. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si pauc§s putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc reported to the people. For the rhetor- ical figure see on 111. 12. 24. gratias eglstls: cf. 2. 6; 111. 6. 6; I. 5. 7. v. dandos: sc. esse. What are the subjects? 9. hesterno die: the 4th of Dec. What was done at this meeting beyond the iixing of rewards, as mentioned here, we do not know, praemia: the re- wards actually given are unknown. Ac- cording to Sallust (Cat. 30) the senate had offered to any slave giving infor- mation concerning the conspiracy his freedom and $5,000; to a free man, impunity and SIO.OOO. 11. in custodiam: cf. III. 6. 14. Sallust gives the names of their sureties as P. Lentulus Spinther for Lentulus; Q. Cornificius for Cethegus; C. Caesar for Statilius: M. Crassus for Gabinius and the senator Cn. Terentius for Cae- parius. For the function of these sureties see I. 8. 3. sine ulla dubl- tatlone: goes closely with dammiti; to bring this out clearly turn the clause into the active voice, 13-17- Instltul: 'I have begun.' tamquam Integrum: 'as if it were still an open question,' referring to Quae . , , videantur above,. What does integrum agree with? et . .-. et: cor- relative, introducing the two questions. praedlcam: 'I will first state,' a rare use of the word, consults: see on III. 12. 4. Ego . . . videbam: 'I had long seen that a dangerous mad- ness was abroad, and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stir- ring in the state.' lam pridem has what effect upon the tense? See on I. 6. 27. 20-22. ante noctem: because the safety of the state admits of no longer delay. There may be also an allusion to the fact that a decree of the senate was not valid unless passed before sun- CAP. 3-4, §§ 5-7 159 malum; manavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam tran- scendit Alpes et obscure serpens multas iam provincias occu- 25 pavit. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nuUo pacto potest; quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 4. VideS duas adhuc esse sententias, unam D. Silanl, qnf.7 censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos, alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro 5 sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos omnis vita privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen extinguere, pQnctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritii non putat oportere atque hoc genus poenae saepe in inprobos civis in hac 10 re piiblica esse iisiirpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem set. Hulc adflnes: 'adherents to it:' the gen. is also found with this adj. Latlus oplnlone: 'more widely than you think' (A. 406, a; B. 217, 4; H. 471: H.-B. 416, e). 24, 25. multas provincias: rhetor- ical exaggeration. Catiline had hoped lor aid from Piso in Spain, and, accord- ing to Sallust, from Mauretania. nullo pacto: cf. I. 7. 12. Propositio: (ft) The Two Proposals —•Death' and. 'life,' §§7-10. 4. 1, 2. duas sententias: 'proposi- tions,' 'motions.' D. Silanl: the con- sul-elect. For order in debate see on I. 4. 13. censet: 'proposes,' 'votes,' not 'thinks.' haec: as in I. 8. 36. What is its meaning in III. 9. 2? conati sunt: for mood cf. III. 9. 3. 3. C. Caesaris: at this time praetor designatus: what was his nomen? Give the name of one of his colleagues (see 2.9). removet: 'puts aside,' 'rejects;' the strictly accurate phrase would be removendam censet, but in such summaries the shorter (pregnant) form is common. 4-6. acerbitates: In his speech Caesar declared that 'all torments were too mild for such crimes' (cf. our slang phrase, 'hanging is too good for him'). This speech is reported at length by Sallust (Cat. 51). amplectitur: 'adopts;' for the omission of the connective see on II. 6. 20. When, as here, the omitted conjunction is 'but,' the asyndeton is called adver- sative, pro . . . magnitudine, etc.: ' as his own high character, etc., demand.' in . . - versatur: 'exl^bits.' alter: Silanus, correlative to dlter in 1. 10 — 'the one' . . . 'the other.' In 1. 1 unam might be replaced by alteram. eos : subject of frui, 1. 8, which in turn is subject of the impersonal oportere. 8-10. punctum: construction? splrltu: as in I. 6. 19. saepe: see on multas provincias, 3. 24. recor- datur: 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection influenced Silanus, but does not assert that he actually mentioned the precedents, mortem, etc.: The view that death was either the natural end common to all men, or sought by individuals (i.e., suicides) to escape the greater ills of life, was held by the Epicureans, a school of philos- ophy to which Caesar adhered. 160 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA ab dis inmortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam lubenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe IE ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Muni- cipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquitatem, SI imperare velis, difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut sperO, reperiam, qui id, 8 quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non puteiwt esse suae 20 dignitatis recusare; Adiungit gravem poenam municipils, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum perditorum; sancit, ne quis eorum poenam, quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit; eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis 25 consolari solet. Bona praeterea ptiblicarl iubet, vitam solam relinquit nefariis hominibus; quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademis- set. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido inprobis esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis 14-16. et ea: cf. III. 9. 5. Muni- cipils . . . iubet: Caesar's concluding words, according to Sallust, were: 'I vote that their money be confiscated and their persons be held in bonds in the strongest of the municipia; that no man hereafter make any motion regard- ing them in the senate nor discuss the matter in the popular assembly.* For municipia see on II. 11. 8. Habere: 'involve;' in this sense often accom- panied by in se. 17. veils: for mood see A. 518, a; B. 302, 2; H. 578, 2; H.-B. 504, 2. Notice that neither Caesar nor the sen- ate is addressed. Decernatur: for mood cf. subeatur, 1. 23. tamen: refers to difficultatem and to iniquitatem, 1. 16: 'in spite of this fact.' Gaesar's proposition really the more cruel, 5 §8-10. 18. reperiam: sc. eos. qui . . . putent: what kind of clause? 19, 20. statueritis: mood and tense? Why? What of ruperit, 1. 217 dig- nitatis: for case cf. consulis, 3. 15; references on III. 12. 4. What is the subject of esse? adiungit: sc. Caesar. 22, 23. sancit: 'ordains,' under pen- alties, eorum: not partitive; how in 1. 21? per senatum, etc.; i.e., either by 'an executive decree (see on I. 1, 26) or by a formal law passed by the comitia (see quotation on 1. 16). 26 multos . . ademlsset: see on mortem 1, 10. 28y30. in vita: "on earth.' inpro- bis: 'the wicked,' not in the political sense of 1. 9; II. 13. 6. 1111 antiqui: 'the well-known (writers) of old.' quae- dam supplicia . . . esse: 'that cer- tain punishments had been appointed.* voluerunt: 'would have it,'" 'asserted,' CAP. 4-5, §§ 7-10 161 30 constittita esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant his retnotis non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. 5. Nunc, patres conscript!, ego mea video quid intersit. Si 9 eritis seciiti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc is in re pUblica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt hoe auctore et cognitore huiusce sententiae mihi 5 populares impetus pertimescendl; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum pericu- lorum rationes utilitas rei ptiblicae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem 10 pilblicam voluntatis. Intellectum est, quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere popularem saliiti 'pretended,' a common meaning of the word, videlicet, see on I. 8. 11. 31. non . . . pertimescendam: contrast this language with that of III. 8. 2, addressed to the people, and I. 13. 26-33, spoken before the senate itself. In Cicero's time the higher classes were losing all faith in the na- tional religion, which was maintained largely for political purposes. 5. 1-3. Nunc, as in 1. 17. mea: for case see A. 355, a; B. 211, 1, a; H. 449, 1; H.-B. 345. It should stand after quid, but is placed next to ego for the reason given on III. 12. 5. Tr. 'what is to my interest.' In re pu- Mlca: as in III. 12. 26; the phrase goes closely with viam (see on III. 5. 12). popularis: 'democratic,' not 'popular.' * 4. cognitore; 'voucher,' 'advocate,' properly used of one who acts for an- other in a lawsuit. The meaning is that if the senate adopts Caesar's opinion he will have to defend it whenever it is attacked. 5. Illam: not hanc, because the pro- posal of Silanus was first mentioned (4. 1). alteram: sc. sententiam secuti eritis. nescio an: lit. 'I don't know whether,' is used affirmatively by Cicero in the sense of 'perhaps,' 'probably,' and is followed by the subj. of indirect question. 6, 7. ampUus . . . negotii: 'more trouble.' Sed tamen: 'But, notwith- standing all this, let,' etc. rationes: ' considerations.' vincat : ' outweigh.' Habemus enlm: 'We have, I say.' With these words Cicero goes back to sententiam (1. 2), and resumes the dis- cussion of Caesar's proposal; enim is often thus used to introduce a narra- tive or discussion of a point (cf. I. 2. 10). 8. maiorum . . . amplitudo: Though none of Caesar's ancestors figure prominently in Roman history, still the Julian gens was one of the most ancient and most noble of the patrician fam- ilies, and claimed lulus, the son of Aeneas and grandson of the goddess Venus, as its founder. 9. obsidem: 'a pledge,' i.e., Caesar's proposal to punish the prisoners com- mits him to the support of the govern- ment against the anarchists. It must be remembered that Caesar was sus- pected of complicity in the plot. In: cf. the use of erga me voluntas, 1. 5. 10. 11. Intellectum est : at the con- clusion of Caesar's speech: see quotation on 1. 14-16. quid Interesset: 'what 162 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUAr'I'A populi consulentem. Video de istis, qui se populares haberilO volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custo- 16 diam cives Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse de civibus 20 Romanis constitutam; qui autem rei pQblicae sit hostis, eum civem esse nuUo modo posse; denique ipsum latorem a difference there is;' for another mean- ing of the verb cf. 1. 1; for its mood cf. corUrahatur, 1. 6; for tense see on III. 5. 27. contlonatOTum: 'dema- gogues.' 12, 13. de Istls: for case see A. 346, c; B. 201, 1, e; H. 444; H.-B. 346, e; for force see I. 1. 15; for the form of attack which Cicero expected that these demagogues would adopt cf. II. 7. 10-12. se populares haberl volunt: 'pretend that they are regarded as democrats;' for this sense of volunt cf. i. 30. non neminem: 'one or more,' in sense plural, though treated as a singular: cf. ferat, and Is, 1. 14. de capite: 'in a matter of life and death.' Sometimes caput refers merely to one's" civil status; its special sense here is Shown by the context. 14. sententiam ferat: 'give their votes;' i.e., they were absent to avoid 'going on record;' there were differences of opinion among good lawyers regard- ing the legality of this trial, is: any ome of those indicated by the indefinite non neminem, 1. 13. nudius tertius = num: dies tertius, 'day before yester- day' (Dec. 3) by the inclusive reckon- ing of the Romans. ■15-17. dedlt, decrevit, adfecit: i.e., gave his vote for these acts (see on remOMet, 4. 3, and give the more precise form); point out three other instances in the remainder of the chapter, hoc: explained by quid , . . iudicarit, qui: has for its antecedent the unexpressed subject of iudicarit. reo: the same word as r^, 3. 1. quaesitori: the Investigator, prosecutor, Cicero. ■ 18. .decrerit: principal parts? Cicero means that the absent senators have already gone on record by the unan- imous (cf. III. 6. 4) decrees of Dec. 3. 19. legem Semproniam: It is not certain just what this law of Ti. Sem- pronius Gracchus (2. 20) was, but it seems to have confirmed the right of appeal granted to citizens by the earlier leges Parciae and lex Valeria (see on I. 11. 14). Cicero mentions it here in allusion to portions of Caesar's speech because it was the most recent legisla- tion upon the question before the sen- ate, and because the fate of its proposer could be used as an argument against Caesar. Notice that Roman laws are described by the noviina of their pro- posers (cf, our usage in speaking of ' the Sherman law,' 'McKinley bill,' etc.). 20, 21. qui . . . posse: Here are the two premises of a syllogism: (1) The law applies (only) to citizens: (2) these men are not citizens — the conclusion being so evident that the orator does not stop to state it. The weakness of Cicero's argument is this: The question whether or not the prisoners were rei publicae hostes was precisely the point for a court (not the senate) to decide. Cicero probably argued in his ovPn mind that the confessions of Lentulus (III. CAP. 5-6, §§ 10-U 163 Seraproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi Romani, exitio huius urbis tam acerbe, tam 25 crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellarl posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in pernicie populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit. Adiungit eti^m publica- 30 tionem bonorum, ut omnis animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 6. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comi-11 tem ad contionem populo carum atque iiicundum, sive Silanl sententiam sequi malueritiS, facile me atque vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo atque obtinebo eam 6. 28) and Gabinius (III. 5. 42) made a formal trial unnecessary, but he no- where puts this idea forward in set terms. 22. iniussu populi: for the fate of Gracchus see on 1. 1. 18. The precedent is exactly suited to the punishment of the conspirators, but the legality of the act had never been admitted by the democratic opposition, rei publicae: dative; see on I. 2. 8, and note the different case there, dependisse : 'paid.' 23. Idem: Caesar, largitorem et prodigum: 'however lavish a giver;' the appositives have a concessive force, and can best be translated as hen- diadys. 25,26. etiam: asinl. 1.2. homo: 'a human being.' dubitat: see on I. 7. 18. 28. se iactare: 'show (himself) off,' "make himself conspicuous.' 30. omnls cruciatus: case? Ex- plain the number of conseqttatur. Contentio: The general (1) M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 126) (2) M. Fulvius Flaccus (3) L. Julius r (cos. 64) (4) JuUa = Tlr f ortlsslmus : cf. III. 2. 22; merely a complimentary phrase, not to be dis- tinguished from vir probus, lumestus, etc. Could homo have been used? Cf. I. 6. 3. 37, 38. crudelior: cf. remissiores, 1. 34. nudius tertius: as in 5. 14; what day? sororis suae: No. 4 in table above, feminae: appositive to sororis; for the adjective see on I. 2. 4. vlrum: 'husband,' as often; No. 5 in table above. 39, 40. avum suum: No. 1 in table above: see on I. 2. 1. consulis: who? flllum eius Inpuberem: No. 2 in table, sent by his father to negotiate (fegaium) with the consul, but thrown into prison and afterwards executed, though but eighteen years old. L. Caesar (No. 3) cited this act as a prec- edent for vigorous proceedings against the conspirators, legatum: appositive. 41-44. Quorum . . . factum: 'What deed of theirs [was] like [this conspiracy)?' factum, here a noun; sc. Fulvia = L. Julius Caesar (cos. 90) a. M. Antonius Creticus b. (5) P. Cornelius Lentulus. gltlonls voluntas, etc.: 'A disposi- tion for lavish grants then prevailed in the state and a clashing, so to speak, of parties.' Larffitionis refers to a lex frumentaria of Gaius Gracchus which provided for the distribution of food among the poor, and also perhaps to his agrarian law (2. 22). quaedam: cf. 1. 10. contentio: caused by Gaius Gracchus, who (in 122) transferred from the senators to the equites the privilege of serving as jurors. In 82 Sulla restored the privilege to the senators, but added 300 equites to the senate. The lex Aurelia (70) provided for three classes of jurors — senators, equites and irilmni aerarii (explained in note on 7. 27) in equal numbers — which arrange- ment was in force till 46. avus: see on III. 5. 15. 45-47. nie . . . hlc: explain their use. ne quid . . . deminueretur: 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree impaired. CAP. 6-7, §§ 13-14 167 Gallos accersit, servitia concitat, Catilinam vocat, adtribuit nos trucidandos Cethego et ceteros civis interficiendos Gabinio, 50 urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam diripiendamque Catillnae. Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse videa- minl; multo magis est verendum, ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehemen- 55 tes in acerbissimos hostis fuisse videamur. 7. Sed ea, quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dissimulare non 14 possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad auris meas j eorum, qui vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidivad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno die, transigunda. Omnia et 5 provisa et parata et constituta ' sunt, patres conscript!, cum mea summa ciira atque diligentia, tum etiam multo maiore popul! Roman! ad summum imperium retinendum et ad com- munes forttinas conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium generum, omnium deni- ip que aetatum; plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum, 48, 49. servitia . . . vocat: read the letter of Lentulus in III. S. 36 ff. nos: perhaps intentionally ambiguous: it may=me as In I. 9. 5. or me et vos as in 1. 28; the former meaning is con- flrmed by Sallust, who says (Cat. 43) that to Cethegus was assigned the duty of attacking Qcero. trucidandos: for the gerundive see on III. 8. 31; so those in 11. 50, 51. Do the datives with them denote the agent or the indirect object? 51. Vereamini censeo: 'you may fear, I suppose' — ^potential. The sense is ironical, as with credo, III. 3. 8; II. 6. 24. 53. remissione, 'mitigation,' 'mild- ness,' not 'remission.' 54, 55. vehementes in hostis: cf. 11. 28-34, and notice the change in con- struction and sUghtly different meaning. Some fear we are not strong enough to use vigorous measures; but in fad all classes of loyal citizens are with us, from senators to commons — and so are the freedmen and even the slaves! §§14-19. 7. 1. exaudio: see on I. 8.35: dis- simulare: cf. II. 8. 3. 2, 3. laciuntur voces: 'There are repeated in my hearing the words of,' etc. eorum: possessive with voces. ut: meaning after a verb of fearing? See on I. 2.22. satis praesidii : 'suffi- cient support.' In 9. 2. we meet prae- sidia in the same sense. 6-9. summa . . . maiore: see on III. 5. 43; note there also the same use of cum . . . tum. voluntate; notice its emphatic position, ordinum, generum: the second word is a little wider ii^ its extent than the first. 10-13. plenum: 'crowded.' cir- cum forum: for the phrase cf. 5. 2, and give the more correct form, templl ac loci: a pleonasm common in Cicero, the order bemg sometimes reversed; it is probably a part of an old legal or religious fornula. The temple of Con- 168 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA plenl omnes aditus huius tempi! ac loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem praeter eos, qui cum sibi viderent esse pere- undum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 15 Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno lubenter neque in inpro- 15 borum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, di inmortales! qua frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt! Quid ego hie equites Romanes commemorem? qui vobis ita 20 summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore rel publicae certent; qiios ex multorum annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si coniunc- tionem in consulatu confirmatam meo perpetuam in re ptiblica 15 tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad tillam rei publicae partem esse ventiirum. Pari studio defendundae rei publicae convenisse video tribunes cord is meant, post urbem condi- tam: Such combination of noun and participle is common in Latin where we should expect an abstract noun and a genitive; tr. 'since the founding of the city' (A. 497; B. 337, 6; H. 636, 4; H.-B. 608, 2). sentirent Idem: 'had one and the same thought.' esse pereundum: see on III. 12. 9. 15-17. Inproborum: as in 4. 9 or 4. 28? Ceterl: he now goes through all the classes by turns, mentioning first the Icnights (the disposition of the sen- ate being clear), then the official classes (the -Civil Service, we might call them), then the general body of freeborn cit- izens, and lastly the freedmen and slaves. As subject of habendos esse supply hosce from 1. 15; what is it there? 18. consentiunt: 'show their ap- proval.' 19, 20. commemorem: lor mean- ing see on II. 5. 5; for mood ct. laeter, 1. 25 Ita . . . ut: the so-called restric- tive use of these correlatives, showing with what reservation the main state- ment Is to be accepted; it may be vari- ously rendered, 'with this limitation . . . that,' 'only . . . to,' 'I admit . . . but,' etc. summam: 'precedence;' how does it differ from the word in 1. 6? 21,22. dissensione: caused by Gains Gracchus (see on contentio, 6. 44). huius ordinis = ordinis senatorCi, as in I. 1. 27. The phrase here depends upon societatem concordiamque, and may be translated, 'fellowship and harmony vyith this order.' The phrase ex , . , dissensione depends on revocatos. revo- catos: by the lex Aurelia (see on 6. 44); the participle agrees with the ob- ject of coniungit; what is it? 23. Toblscum: tor position see on 6. 14; where would it naturally stand? conlunctlonem: this union of the knights and senators in opposition to the democrats was Cicero's most cher- ished political object, but it was of very brief duration. 27, 28. trlbunos aerarios: 'district presidents.' The Roman people were CAP. 7-8, §§ 14-16 169 aerariSs, fortissimSs viros; scribas item Qniversos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video ab expectatione 30 sortis ad salutem communem esse converses. Omnis ingenuo- 16 rum adest multitude, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim, cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum, turn vero dulce atque iucundum? 8. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertlnorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius civitatis consecuti vere hanc suam esse patriam iudicant, quam quidam hie nati, et summo nati loco, non patriam suam, sed divided for administTative and financial purposes Into 35 tribes whose 'presi- dents' or 'deans' were elected from the wealthiest and most respectable ple- beians, and had formed a distinet ordo in the state since the lex Aurelia (1. 22). As^their duties were largely connected with the revenue they were called tribune aerarii, 'of the treasury.' scri- bas: 'clerks,' as in our goverimiental departments. They were so numerous as to constitute an ordo scribarum. In case scribas merely continues the con- struction of tribunes, cum: the con- junction, with frequentasset. The Latins do not seem to have felt the awkward- ness of putting the conjunction cum immediately before an ablative (here casu). Another infelicity in the use of cum has been noticed on 6. 17. 29. casu, etc.: This speech hap- pened to be delivered upon the Nones of December, the day on which the quaestors' term of office began. They gathered at the aerarium (see on I. 2. 11), which was near the temple of Concord, to draw lots for their respec- tive positions, or provinciae. They were attended by their clerks, scribae quaes- torii, who would of course be almost as interested as the quaestors themselves in the drawing (sortis). frequentasset =frequenies conffregassel. Its object is quos, which (or eos, suggested by it) is understood also as subject of esse con- versos. 30-32. ingenuorum: "free bom men,' opposed to libertinorum (8. 1), 'freedmen' (cf. Acts 22:28, where the centurion was libertinus, Paul ingenuus). aspectus urbls: cf. 6. 14. libertatis: what kind of genitive? 33, 34. cum . . . turn: 'not only . . . 'but also,' to be taken with the adjectives (cf. III. 3. 3, and notice that cum is not causal nor concessive, and does not govern the subjunctive sit, although it stands immediately before it). For the mood of sit cf. sentirent, 1. 12, and for the awkward position of cum see on 1. 28. turn vero: see on cum vero, 6. 15; while the soil of his native land is dear icarum) to every citizen, it is much stronger to say that it is a joy and delight (dulce atque iucundum). 8. 1-3. Operae pretium est : 'It is worth while,' lit. 'It is the cost of the labor;' what is the subject of est7 Give a synonymous phrase from II. 7. 12. studia: how may such plurals be rendered? virtute fortunam, etc.: 'having by their manly qualities identi- fied themselves with this state;' manu- mission was commonly the reward for a, slave's industry and energy. 4. summo nati loco: 'born in the highest rank' (see on III. 9. 29). 170 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA 5 urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt, Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae,,quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo, qui mode tolefabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium 10 perhorrescat, qui non haec stare' cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat ad commtinem salutem, voluntatis. Quare si quem vestrum forte commovet hoc, 17 quod auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egen- 15 tium atque imperitorum, «pt id quidem coeptum atque tempta- tum, sed ntilli sunt inventi tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo 5. quid commemoro: cf. quid com- memorem, 7. 19, and explain the differ- ence in thought which makes the dif- ference in mood. 8-10. servus: The slave was a mere chattel with no legal rights, and might *e expected to favor any change, on the principle that his condition could not become worse and might be made better. The Romans lived in constant dread of a slave insurrection (I. 11. 9). nemo: often used as an adj. (.=nullus), but only with persons, never things: decline it. qui modo . . . qui non, etc. : the first clause is restrictive (' none, that is, who is,' etc.), the second is characteristic; for mood of sit see A. 535, d; B. 283, 5; H. 691, 3; H.-B. 522. The use of modo gives a hint of proviso (I. 9. 7) — 'There is no slave, provided he be in a state at all endurable,' etc. perhorrescat: cf. sit, 7. 33; so cupiat, conferat. haec: as in 4. 2. 11. audet et potest: sc. conjerre from conferat. It is implied that many slaves, though their masters leaned to- ward the conspiracy, ventured to ex- press in some measure their own loyalty. pJU^ & 12, 13. voluntatis: for its position cf. voluntate, 7. 8; it is partitive after tantum, to be supplied from quantum. Notice that the Romans liked to put the partitive gen. as far as possible from the governing word, vestruxu: as nostrum, 6. 30. hoc, quod auditum est: 'this rumor;' notice that hoc is explained by the clause lenonem . . . sperare, which is accommodated to audi~ tum est (see on statueretur, III. 9. 12). lenonem: *pimp,' to hint at the nature of the services which the agents iadmU nistri) of Lentulus were accustomed to perform. It is subject of sperare as well as concursare (note the asyndeton). concursare: what is the force of con- when used, as here, of but one per- son? 14, 15. tabernas: small business- places, 'stores.' pretio: 'money.* animos egentium, etc.: 'to win over the [minds of the] poor,' etc.; a com- mon pleonasm with animus (contrast III. 2. 11 f.). Note the voice of sollv- citari. est id quidem: ' there is a slight ellipsis; see on II. 2. 4, and for quidem on II. 5. 18. CAP. 8-9, § 16-18 171 20 vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum) genus hoc universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne Instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio; quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis 25 futurum fuit? 9. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi Roman! 18 praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano deesse videamini, providete. Habetis cSnsulem ex pltirimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem ves- 5 tram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex mantis tendit patria communis, vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis 17-20. qiU . . . vellnt: what kind of clause? Ulum: with a gesture (cf. , III. 9. 19) toward the forum, where there were many of these shops, sellae : 'bench.' lectulum: no distinction in meaning can be made between this form and lectus; both are used of precisely the same piece of furniture in 1. 14 and I. 4. 21. Multo maxima: with the superlatiTe longe is more common than multo in Cicero, and is used ex- clusively by Caesar. Immo vero: see on I. 1. 12; is a weaker or stronger expression substituted here? 22-25. Instrumentum: 'plant,' 'stock in trade.' frequentia susten- tatur, alitur otlo: ■<•, good instance of the very common arrangement called chiasmus (from the Greek letter X cki), on account of the criss-cross arrange- ment, thus: frequentia susteniatur X alitur otio ciuorum: the antecedent Is eorum (1. 20), despite the nearer masculine plural civium (cf. the analogous use of earn, 6. 4). si . . . solet: the apodosis is unexpressed ('I ask you this') as often in English, tabernis: abl. abs- with both occlusis and incensis: with the former it is equivalent to a tem- poral clause (cum tabemae occludurUur), with the latter to a contrary-to-fact protasis (si tabernae incensae essent). luturum fult: apodosis to the abl. abs., not to si .. . solet: why not futu^ rum fuissett (A. 517, d; B. 304, 3, b; H. 582; H.-B. 581. a). 9. 1-4. Quae cum Ita Elnt : as in I. 8. 14 and often, praesidia: in reference to the rumor mentioned in 7. 2-4 (cf. praesidii, 7. 3, and note the difference in number), atque: 'yes, and,' usually implies that the words following it are more important than those preceding. 8, 9. ToWs se, vobis vitam, etc.: for arrangement cf. 6. 28 £f. Note the anaphora, arcem et CapltoUum: the ancient fortress and the temple of lupiter Capitolinus on oppositf extrem- ities of the saddle-shaped ^ons Capi- tolinus. The word Capitolium is used in three senses: of the whole hill, of the site of the temple, and of the temple itself; in the last sense here. Pena- tium: sc. publicorum, the protecting 172 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA 10 ilium ignem Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque libero ■ rum anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestrls hodierno die vobis iudicandum est. Habetis ducem memorem 19 15 vestri, oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur, habetis omnis ordines, omnis homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civill causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. f Cogitate, quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta — virttite stabilitam libertatem, quanta 20 deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque forttinas una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re 25 ptiblica princeps, officio functa consularl videretur. 10. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. 20 Ego, quanta manus est conitiratorum, quam videtis esse per- deities of the state considered as a family: their altars (aros) were in the temple of Vesta. 10, 11. lUum: as in 8. 17. Ignem . . . sempiternum: see on III. 4. 20. templa atque delubra: ct. III. 1. 15. urbls: for position cf. voUscum, 7. 23. 14. hodierno die: for the reasons given on 3. 20. 15. vestri: cf. vestrum, 8. 12, and explain the use of the two forms (A. 143, b, c; B. 242, 2; H. 175, 2; H.-B. 254, a), oblitum sui: ostenta^ tiously so (cf. 1. 6, 2. 4, etc.). 17. id quod: as in II. 8. 23; case of id7 clTili causa: we should say 'in a -question of politics.' In war against a foreign foe of course all would be united. 18-22. quantis . . . delerit: an abbreviated expression combining two really distinct indirect questions: (1) cogiiaie quantis laboribus imperium fun- datum sit, quanta virtute stabilita libertas sit, etc., and (2) cogitate ut ('how') una nox paene (imperium, libertatem, etc.) delerit. The adjectives quantis, quanta = quam magnis, etc. (as qui often = ut is). Taking the quam idea with paene we may read, 'How nearly one night blotted out our empire, estab- lished by (such) great toil,' etc. una nox: the night of the^ meeting at Laeca's house (I. 4), or, perhaps better, of the arrest of the AUobroges (III. 2). ne umquam . . . non modo . . . sed ne . . . quidem: as in I. 10. 5. Peroratio: I do not fear the conspir- ators' threats. My place in history is secure, §§20-22. 10. 1. ad sententiam : sc. rogandam; i.e., he will not pronounce a direct opinion himself, but will go on asking the opinions of the senators (see oa I. 4. 13). CAP. 9-10, §§ 18-21 173 magnam, tantam me inimlcorum multitudinem suscepisse video; sed earn esse iudico turpem et Infirmam et abiectam. 5 Quodsl aliquando alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rel publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam illi fortasse minitantxir, omnibus est parata; vitae tantam laudem, quanta 10 vos me vestris decretls honestastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim bene gesta, mihi unl conservata re publica gratulationem decrevistis. SifScipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute21 Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic im- ^5 perio infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, delevit; habeatiir vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentis- 3. inimlcorum: what kind of ene- mies? See I. 5. 30. 5. Quodsi . . . tamen: cf. for guodsi I. 12. 9; for (quod) si . . . tamen II. 7. 26. allciuando: ttie 'sometime' came five years later, scelere: 'vil- lany.' 6. plus valuerit: 'shall become stronger' — a 'more vivid future,' though it implies nothing as to the reality of the condition imagined. For muUum, plus, pluHmum, etc., with posse and valere see A. 390, c; B. 176, 2, b; H. 416, 2; H.-B. 387, III, and footnote. 7. factorum, consiliorum: the former refers to what he has already accomplished; the latter to his plans yet to be carried out. Note the recur- rence of -arum (cf. I. 3. 15). For the genitives see A. 354, b; B. 209, 1; H. 457; H.-B. 352, 1. 8. 11. quam . . . mlnitantur: see on II. 1. 3; if 'me' had been expressed, what case would have been employed? omnibus est parata: cf. 4. 10 £f. ; 2. 7, 8. quanta; 'None has won such praise as you have honored me with.' bene gesta: with re publica; cf. III. 6. 32-34. The abl. abs. ex- presses cause or reason. 12. Sit: see A. 440; B. 278; H. 559, 3; H.-B. 532, 1. Sciplo: the elder Africanus, who restored Roman suprem- acy in Spain in the Second Punic war, and by his daring invasion of Africa forced Hannibal to leave Italy in order to defend Carthage. He defeated Han- nibal at Zama in 202. clarus: predi- cate, ille: as in II. 1. 9; when thus used of a person his praenomen is usually omitted as here and in 1. 16. 13. in Africam redire atque Italia decedere: .a good example of hysteron proteron, the reversing of the natural order of ideas; of course the leaving Italy preceded the returning to Africa. Italia: with decedere the preposition (de or ex) is often omitted. 14. alter Africanus: the younger Scipio, who took and destroyed Car- thage in 146, Numantia in 133. 16, 17. Faulus: the father of the younger Africanus, and the most emi- nent man of his time. At the battle of Pydna, in 168, he defeated and took captive Perseus, king of Macedonia, and ended the third Macedonian war. Per- ses: an alternative form of Perseus. For its declension see A. 44; B. 22; H. 81; H.-B. 68. bonestavit: In a 174 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA simus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit;! sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae 20 atque virtutgs isdem quibus solis cursus regionibus ac terminis continentur : erit profecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire posslmus, quam curare, ut etiam illl, qui absunt, habeant, quo victores revertantur. Quamquam est tino loco condicio22 25 melior externae victoriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut oppressi serviunt aut recepti beneficio se obli- gates putant; qui autem ex numero civium dementia aliqua depravati hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a pernicie rel publicae reppuleris, nee vl coercere nee beneficio 30 placare possls. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum perlculorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a mels 35 facile propulsarl posse confldo. Neque uUa profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque Roman triumphal procession the captive king or general walked in chains before the chariot ot his con- queror. 18. gloria: abl. of quality, bis: by defeatkig the Teutones at Aqdae Sextiae in 102, and the Cimbri near Vercellae in 101. obsidione: 'military occupation,' when used of a country as here. 19, 20. cuius res, etc.: the same thought in III. 11. .13, 14. soils cur- sus: sc. what? 21, 22. loci: partitive, nostrae = meae. gloriae: dative, nisi lorte: used precisely as nisi vera (cf. 6. 36). malus: 'a greater feat.' quo: rgla- tive adverb = fld quas: what is it equiv- alent. t»"l>pl»"' ijJ* 94 (c£. aKauo T, 7. 211? 24. uno loco: 'in one respect' (for the thought cf. III. 12. 1-4). 25, 26. externae, domesticae: 'vic- tory over foreign enemies than victory over foes at home.' oppressi ser- viunt: 'when conquered, became our slaves.' recepti: 'admitted to an alliance' {recepti socii). 30. possls: for mood cf. A. 447, 2; B. 280, 2; H. 552; H.-B. 617, 1. mlhl: case? II. 12. 2. 32, 33. non . . . modo . . . sed: see on II. 4. 26, and for the whole thought cf. III. 11. 8 ff. 36, 37. coniunctionem vestram, etc.: 'your union with the Roman knights' (cf. 7. 22). consplratlonem: a vox media: see on 6. 35. In good or had. RRnso hiira? CAP. 10-11. §§ 21-33 175 Romanorum et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium con- fringere et labefactare possit. 11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperiS, pro exercitu, pro provin-23 cia, quam neglexl, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis Insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitiisque provincialibus, quae s tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus 38. confrlngere et labefactare: 'break and loosen;' the metaphor is from a stake driven into the ground, the upper part broken, and the lower worked loose, labefactare: for formation see on II. 7. 24; Cicero does not use labe- facere. Of you I ask only that you remember, §§23, 24. 11. 1. pro: 'in place of (distinguish from force in III. 11. 1). imperlo: here, in its technical sense, the power by virtue of which the general controlled his array by martial law. It was vested in the chief magistrates, but its use was restricted within the city. Cicero was not going to govern a province, and hence would not have an army or the impenum { = 'military command'), pro provlncla: Each of the ten chief mag- istrates (two consuls and eight praetors) had the right to go, at the expiration of his term of office, to one of the prov- inces as governor. The two consular provinces were fixed upon by the senate before the election of the consuls who were to govern them, and after their election the consuls settled by lot or by mutual agreement which of the two each should take. The consular prov- inces of 62 were Macedonia and Cisal- pine Gaul, of which Cicero gave up the former to Antony (cf. I. 13. 19) and the latter to Metellus Celer. By so doing he lost, of course, the chance of a triumph, etc, 4. clientells: Provincial communi- ties often attached themselves as clients to their former governors, who thus be- came their patroni and looked after their interests in the capital. Such con- nections were very advantageous to the patroni and, by declining a province, Cicero had given up the best oppor- tunity of forming them, hospltils: 'guest friendships,' 'fraternal ties.' Hos- piiium was a relation entered into witji each other by two citizens of different states, at the time when there were no international relations. These 'guest friends' (hospites) were bound to ex- tend to each other protection and aid, very much as members of our great secret societies — Masons, Oddfellows, etc. The relation descended from father to son, and was vouched for by a token (tessera) agreed upon by the original pair. In course of time it became com- mon for a community, when it wished to honor highly an individual of an- other community, to declare him the hospes of the whole community. Of course the governors of provinces en- joyed exceptional opportunities for forming such relations with both indi- viduals and communities, provinciali- bus: 'in the provinces.' 5. tamen: here as often (cf. 4. 17) tamen answers to a concession implied in a preceding word (.provincialibus) — ' (although these relations are with provincials, and I have declined a prov- ince), still I maintain them with no less labor than I secure them by means of my influence in the city.' opibus: expresses means with both verbs. 6-9. Igltur: as in I. 4. 14. pro 176 IN CATILINAM ORATIO QUARTA studiis proque hac, quam perspicitis, ad conservandam rem publicam diligentia nihil a vobis nisi huius temporis totlus- que mei consulatus memoriam postulo; quae dum erit in vestrls 10 fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quodsi meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commends vobis parvum meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidil non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium 15 esse memineritis. Quapropter de summa salute vestra populi- 24 que Romani, de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re piiblica decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum 20 consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet et ea, quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare mels, proque hac: 'in return for:' the preposition has a slightly different force with the last two clauses (cf. III. 11. 1, and contrast with ■pro in II. 1-6). nisi . . . memoriam: see on II. S. 13, and cf. ■praeterquam III. 11. 3. dum: see on III. 7. 8. 11, 12. spem: object of fefellerit alone, not of superaverit, which is in- transitive, as in III. 10. 14. coiTL- mendo . . . cul profecto, etc.: while the sense is clear enough, the force of the preceding future-perfects would have been more evident and the thought more logical thus: meo filio profecto, quern vobis commendo, satis erit ('will have') praesidil, etc. For a similar rearrangement see on III. 2. 12 f. 14. eius, qui: 'a man, who.' suo solius: see on I. 4. 11. What different idea would suo solus give? • 18-21. universa re publlca: 'the public interests as a whole.' institu- istis: i.e., before the expression of opinion by the senators was interrupted by the consul's speech, eum . . .qui: like eius qui, 1. 14. per se ipsum praestare: 'and warrant them (stand good for them) by himself:' the same thought as in suo solius, 1. 14. Sallust does not mention this oration. Plutarch (Cic. 21), after quoting Silanus and Caesar, adds: 'As this was a plausible proposal and its author a very powerful speaker Cicero ascribed to it no small influence; for he himself arose and argued on both sides, favoring now the former and now Caesar's motion.' M. TULLI CICERONIS DE IMPERIO m. POMPEl AD QUIRlTES ORATIO Introductory Note. This speech was delivered in a contio, for the meaning of which see on Ad populum, II, Title, and Abbott, R. P. 1. 164, 297. One of the most dangerous foreign foes with whom the Romans had to deal dviring the last two cesr-turies B. C. was Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, 120-63. He was brave, energetic, miscrupulous and ambitious. By a long struggle he extended his kingdom until it included the territory on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. Toward the beginning of the first century B. C. he turned his attention to western Asia Minor, part of which had become a Roman province in 129. Various disputes over the kingship of Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Cappadocia furnished Mithridates a pretext for occupying western Asia Minor, after which he gave orders for a general massacre of all Italians residing there. At least 80,000 perished. The Romans, who had previously determined upon active measures to expel Mithridates, were now thoroughly aroused and pro- ceeded to the prosecution of the First Mithridatic War in 88. The com- mand of their armies was intrusted to L. Cornelius Sulla. His campaigns were successful, and in 84 Mithridates was compelled to sue for peace, to give up ; 80" warships and all territory except his kingdom of Pontus, and to pay the Romans 3,000 talents. In 83 SuUa sailed to Italy, leaving two legions in Asia under Licinius Murena. Murena provoked Mithridates to a war fruitless for both sides, known as the Second Mithridatic War, 83-81. A period of comparative peace followed until 74, when Mithridates and his son-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia, began the Third Mithridatic War. L. Licinius LucuUus, the Roman commander, gained many important victories, but in 68 his wearied and discontented soldiers refused to con- tinue a war which, as they thought, only served the ambition of their general. With his troops he passed the winter at Nisfbis in Mesopo- tamia, where they broke out in open mutiny. Encouraged by these 177 178 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI circumstances Mithridates and Tigranes resumed operations and won several battles more or less important over Roman lieutenants, Mithridates thereby regaining almost the whole of the territory taken from him. M'. Acilius Glabrio, one of the consuls of 67, was appointed to succeed Lucullus. The disobedience of the soldiers increased. Glabrio upon arriving an Asia in 66 did not assume command of the army of . Lucullus, but went to his province, Bithynia, and there idly remained with the excuse that he must better prepare for such a contest. Mean- while, in 67, the tribune Aulus Gabinius brought forward a bill giving Gnaeug.Pompeius Magnus extraordinary powers for a war against the pirates of the Mediterranean, who for many years had preyed upon Roman commerce, hindered the importation of corn, and diminished the revenues of the state. In a campaign of three months Pompey annihilated the pirates and gained control of Cilicia, their stronghold, which was after- ward made a Roman province. He was still in the south of Asia Minor in 66, when Gaius Manilius, tribune of. the people, proposed that Pompey be intrusted with the war against Mithridates, as described. ' 1. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester multo 1 iticundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum amplissimus, ad dicendum omatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vltae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate sus- ceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per ae^atem'ij^ndum Exordium; Why Cicero now first appears before a political assembly, §§1-3. 1. 1-6. frequens conspectus vester: 'the sight of you, thronging before my eyes;* r.onspectus = coetU8, qui est in con- spectu. hlc locus: i.e., the rostra, the speaker's platform in the forum, so called because it was ornamented with . the beaks of ships taken from the people of Antium in the Latin war, 338 B. C. ad agendum: sc. cum populo, a tech- nical expression denoting the privilege of the higher magistrates ' to address the people in offlcial capacity' on a law or measure, ad dicendum: refers to private citizens whom presiding magis- trates might allow to speak from the rostra, amplissimus: 'most dignified,' 'most important,' 'most auihoritative,' used especially of senators, higher mag- istrates and their honors and offices, here of the place from which the magis- trates spoke, for by reason of its long use and associations it added weight to what they said, ornatisslmus: 'most honorable,' used in reference to dis- tinguished persons, not necessarily mag- istrates. Quirites : for use see on Qui- ntes, II. 1. 1. tamen . . . prohibue- runt : ' yet I have been excluded hitherto from this pathway to fame, which, etc., not by my wishes, but by,' etc Optimo cuique: 'to all the leading men,' in a political sense; only the leading men (principes dvitaUs CScero calls them else- where) would be called to the rostra by the magistrates, mea me: for the juxtaposition cf. ego mea, IV. o. 1. POMPEY Fronifthe bust in the Vatican Museum CAP. 1, §§ 1-2 179 huius auctoritatem loci attingere auderem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio^ eliiboratuni industria afferri opor- tere, omne meum tempi^^icoruih t;eifep6ffius transmitten- 10 dum putavi. Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab iis, 2 qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor in prlvatorum perlculls caste integreque versatus ex vestro iudicio frtictum est amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem Cvcomitiorum ter praetor primus centuriis ctinctis renuniiatus ifijsum, facile intellexi, Quirltes, et quid de me itidicaretis et quid aliis praescriberetis. Nunc cum et auc^nlatis m me tantum- sit,| quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse yoluistis, et, ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant! ex forensi usti prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit afferre, 20 certe et, si quid auctoritatis in me est. £ff)ud eoe utar, qui eam mihi dederunt, et, si quid in dlcendo conseqm possum, iis ostenaam potissimum, qui ei quoque rel frtictum suo iudicio ratlones: 'plans.' ab Ineunte aetate = ab ineunte adulescentia, 'at the begin- ning of young manhood,' i.e., after put- ting on the toga of manhood at 16. Cice- ro's career as an advocate began at 26. per aetatem : ' on account of my youth . ' 7-9. hulus auctoritatem loci : 'this influential place.' perfectum ingenlo, elaboratum Industria: 'fully devel- oped by natural ability, and diligently worked out.' temporlbus: for mean- ing see on I. 9. 10; used here for the sake of the word play with tempus in its literal sense. This use of a word in two meanings side by side is called traductio. 10. neque . . . et: 'on the one hand this place has not ... on the other hand my labor has.' 11, 12. vestram causam=co«sam rei pubdcae, balanced by privatorum. perlculls: often used, as here, in the special sense of danger threatened by criminal trials; cf. temporibus, 1. 9. caste: 'disinterestedly,' i.e., without taking fees from clients, which was for- bidden by law. integre: ' with fidelity ' to his clients, i.e., without allowing him- self to be bribed by opponents. Iudicio: 'expressed judgment' in electing him to office. 13-16. dilationem: Three times the election had been adjourned after Cicero had received a large majority (primus), but before the list of praetors-elect had been completed. Such adjournment nulli- fied what had been done and required a new start, centuriis : Each century cast one vote, as our states do when the election of a president is 'thrown into the house of representatives.' quid praescriberetis : i.e., guas vitae rationes. Nunc: opposed to antea, 1. 6. 17-19. ad agendum: see on 1. 2. honoribus mandandis: 'by giving me office' (see on I. 11. 20). vlgllanti: 'wide-awake,' 'active,' 'energetic' for-, ensl usu: 'practice in the law-courts,' which were held in the forum. 20-22. utar, ostendam: sc. objects from the clause preceding them respect tively. potissimum: 'rather than to any others,' here used of persons, and often of time and place; it takes its sense from the context, el rel: i.e., dicendi facultati, 'oratorical ability,' lor which si quid . , . possum, 1. 21, is a iSO DE .IMPERIO CN. POMPEl -yJ tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis mihi laetan-3 dum iure esse video, quod in hac insolita mihi ex hoc loco y 26 rations dicendl causa talis oblata est, in qua oratio deesse ai nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompei singularl o., eximiaque virttite; huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire. Ita mihi non tarn copia quam modus in dicendo quaerendus est. -^\l^ . ^^^^ V^ 2. Atque ut inde oratio mea proBcfficalur; micie haec omnis4 causa ducitur, belhim grave et periculosum ve^A^&n^aJimS^ ac socils a duobus potentissimis regibus Infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessitus oc.casionem sibi fi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, afferuntur ex .Asia cotidie litterae, periphrasis, fructum: 'reward,' i.e., an opportunity to make his oratorical ability useful. 23-25. Atque: 'furthermore,' 'and further.' Illud: explained by qtwd . . . possit, 11. 24-26. laetandum: passive (A. 190, d; B. 112, b; H. 222, 2; H.-B. 291). quod: 'tha.t.' ratlone: ' style '=ffenere. qua . . . possit: either characteristic with causa or result after taUs; in the latter relation quali would be more natural than qua. oratio: 'words,* 'language.' 26, 27. Dicendum est : Cicero inci- dentally announces the glorification of Pompey as the general theme of his speech. The formal Propositio, an- nouncement of theme, occurs in §6. Elngulari: 'unique.' vlrtute: trans- late as if plural, 'qualities,' the word being here used in its widest sense as including all the qualities which made Pompey the most suitable commander for this war. orationis: 'theme,' 'subject.' Narratio: Statemmi of thefacls, %%i-5, which lead up to the proposal of the ManiXian law. IThe Narratio here is brief, because the people were already fully acquainted with the facts.'] 2. 1. Atque: 'and now,' often used at the beginning of a sentence to draw attention to a new point, or to a division of the speech, 2, 3. ducitur: 'originates:' there is a slight ellipsis after ducitur; sc. hoe dico, and for use ot ut . . . proficiscatwr, 1. 1, see on II. 5. 1. vectigalibus: masculine, 'tributaries,' meaning the peoples tributary to the Roman prov- inces Asia and Blthynia. socils: in- cluding the provincials, and also the allied states and kings who had re- ceived the title of socii et amid populi' Romani. The case may be explained in either of two ways. 4, relictus: 'left unconquered'= non demctus. Mithridates' fortunes were in a worse condition than those of Tigranes. The army of the former was small and had overrun Asia Minor merely because LucuUus could not control his troops. Tigranes, though he had been severely defeated in several battles and had lost his capital, was nevertheless merely 'harassed,' lacessitus, for the mutinous disposition of LucuUus's troops had com- pelled him to withdraw from Armenia. 5, 6. Asiam: the province, which, Cicero says in another oration, consisted at this time of Phrygla, Mysia, Caria, Lydia. Equitibus Komanls: here= publicanis- the taxes imposed upon the provinces were farmed out by the cen- CAP. 2, §§ 3-6 181 quorum magnae res aguntur in vestris vectlgalibus exercendis occupatae; qui ad me pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam rei publicae perlculaque rerum suarum detule- 10 runt; Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos5 esse complures; regnum Ariolbarzanis, quod finitimum est vestris vectlgalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate; L. Lticul- lum magnis reous gestis ab eo bello discedere; huic qui succes- serit, non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum; 15 unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. ^^ o t--^-> ^ ' *" Causa quae sit, videtis; nunc, quid agendum sit, considerate. 6 Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de magnitudine, 20 tum de imperatore deligendo esse diceiidumj Genus est enim belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros animos excitare atque sors to publicani, men of the ordo eques- tris. They paid a round sum into the treasury for the chance of squeezing a larger sum out of the provincials. 7-9. res: 'interests,' pi. because the property of different individuals is meant, aguntur: 'are at stake.' vectlgalibus : neuter, occupatae : 'invested,' 'employed.' necessitudine: 'close relationship,' Cicero himself being of the equestrian order, causam rel publicae: the interests of the state in the provinces were directly connected with the ability of the publicani to collect taxes. 10. Bithyniae: bequeathed to the Romans in 75 by king Nicomedes III, who died without leaving any children. It was made a province in 74. Here begins the content of the letters in in- direct discourse, est: for mood cf. conati sunt in IV. V- 2. 11, 12. regnum Ariobarzanls: Cap- padocia. Ariobarzanes had been made king by the Romans, twice expelled by Mithridates, and twice reinstated by the Romans. The second expulsion was the immediate cause of the First Mithridaitic War. vestris vectlgalibus: 'tribu- taries,' or 'the lands tributary to you.' 13-15. magnis rebus gestis: abl. abs. with concessive force, 'though he has performed great exploits.' disce- dere: 'is about to withdraw.' huic qui successerlt: 'his successor,' Gla- brio; see introductory note, huic: re- fers to LucuUus, while the omitted antecedent of qui is subject of esse paratum, 'sufficiently equipped.' unum: Pompeium. sociis: for meaning see on sociis, 1. 3. civibus: those in Asia are meant, as is evident from the fact that sociis is put first. Propositio and Partitio, announcement of theme and division into parts, §6. 19, 20. de genere belli, de magni- tudine, de imperatore deligendo: the three main parts of the discussion, 'the character of the war' (i.e., its necessity), 'its greatness,' and 'the com- mander to be chosen.' Tractatio, §§6-68, discussion of theme. Conflrmatio, §§6-50, affirmative argu- ment. De genere belli, §§6-19, the first of the three main points. 20-26. Genus eius modi: pleon- astic: tr. 'the war is of a kind.' quod: relates grammatically to Genus, in sense 182 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI inflammare ad perelequendi studium debeat; in quo agitur populi Romanl gloria, quae vobis a maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus, turn summa in re militari tradita est; agitur 2s salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia bella gesserunt; aguntur certissima populi Romanl vectlgalia et maxima, quibus amissis et pacis orna- menta et subsidia bgUi reaulretis; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est awDKWipsorum et rei publicae causa con- 30 sulendum. 3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter ceteras? gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae penitus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani nomine, quod is, qui uno s die tota in Asia tot in civitatibus uno ntintio atque una sieni- ncatione litterarum cives Romanos omnes necajndos trucidan- dosque denotavit, non modo adhuc poenam nullam suo digham scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, ut se non Ponti neque Cappa- 10 dociae latebris occultare velit sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versari. to belli, persequendl : sc. belli, ' prose- cute to a victorious end.' In quo . . . gesserunt: Cicero appeals to the pride and honor of the people. 26-29. These lines contain an appeal to their sense of expediency. The ana- phora (see on I. 1. 3) in agitur, 1. 22, agitur, 1. 24, aguntur, 1. 26, aguntur, I. 28, serves to enforce both appeals, certis- sima: 'sure' (not 'fixed'), because of the fertility of the province of Asia. ornamenta: 'requisites,' i.e., means to provide for the needs of the state in time of peace, a vobis: ablative of agent with gerundive instead of dative, to avoid ambiguity with an- other dative, quibus, governed by the gerundive. This use of the ablative of agent is common even where two datives would cause no am- biguity. 3. The first subdivision of the topic genus belli — The glory of the Roman peo- ple is at stake, §§ 7-11. 1-6. praeter: 'more than.' ilia macula: explained by quod . . . ver- sari, 11. 4-11. Mithridatico bello superiore: 'the last Mithridatic War,' i.e., the First Mithridatic War; Cicero does not take Murena's war into ac- count. q,uo(i: 'that.' tota in Asia: instead of tota Asia, for the sake of symmetry with tot in civitatibus. atque: in its explanatory use, 'that is,' 'I mean.' slgnlficatlone litterarum: 'signal in writing,' 'written signal.' 8-11. suscepit, regnat: the subject is is, 1. 4. neque: 'nor even,' makes Cappadodae more prominent than aut would. Cappadocia did not belong to Mithridates at any time except by con- quest, vectigalibus: as in 2. 12. in CAP. 2-4, §§ 6-9 183 Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent. Trium- 8 phavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithridate, duo for- 15 tissimi viri et summi imperatores, sed ita triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum tamen illis imperato- ribus laus est tribuenda, quod egerunt, venia danda, quod reli- querunt, propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit. 4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum temp us non ad obli-9 vionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi contulit; qui i postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque classes exer- J/x^Hv citusque permagnos, quibuspjumc[ue ex gentibus potuisset, d 5 comparassel? et se Bosphoranis^' finiwimfe suis, bellum inferre 4/^ simularet,' iisque in Hispaniam legates ac litteras misit ad eos Aslae luce: 'in the foreground of Asia,' i.e., in the part of Asia open to the peoples around the Mediter- ranean; {uce is used metaphorically in antithesis to latebris, 1. 10. 12-16. Etenim: 'and with good reason, for.' Ita, ut: restrictive; see on ita ut, IV. 7. 19; so in 1. 15. laslg- nla victoriae: such as triumphs and the title of imperator. Triumphavit L. Sulla: in 81. triumphavit L. Murena: in 80. pulsus, superatus: concessive, regnaret: 'remained king.' 17-19. quod: 'because,"that.' ege- runt: 'did something.' rellquerunt: 'left something undone;' both words are used absolutely (see on III. 10. 14). res puhllca: 'the condition of public affairs,' in 83. During Sulla'? absence in Asia the Marian party had control of the government, and used their power with cruelty toward their enemies (see on III. 10. 10 ff.). 4. 1-4. reliquum: following his overthrow, ad . . . belli: 'in causing the first war to be forgotten.' For use of veteris belli see on bello superiore,"3. 3. classes ezercltusque permagnos: Plutarch says that Mithridates had 120,- 000 infantry, 16,000 cavalry. 100 scythed-chariots and 400 ships, potuis- set: subjunctive by attraction (see references on increpiierit, I. 7. 32). permagnos : the intensive prefix makes this practically equivalent to maxi- mas, 1. 3. 5. Bosphoranls: the peoples near the Cimmerian Bosphorus, whom, to- gether with many barbarous tribes and Greek colonies on the Black Sea, Mith- ridates had partly subdued before the First Mithridatic War and had formed into the kingdom of Bosphorus. During the first war they wavered in their allegiance. After the second war Mith- ridates accomplished their final subju- gation and placed over them as king one of his sons, Machares. 6. slmtilaret: the last of the four verbs introduced by cum, 1.3; note and bring out the change of tense, usque: 'all the way' from one end of the world to the other, legatos ac litteras = legates cum, litteris. The legati referred to were L. Magius and L. Fannlus, deserters from the Koman army, who persuaded Mithridates to form an alli- ance with Sertorius and his general; (eos duces) in Spain. 'r >., \ \ ly- 184 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI J< duces, quibuscum turn bellum gerebamus, lA, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque diversis uno consilio a binis hostium copils bellum terra marique geretetur, vos ancipiti 10 contentione di^ricttdeijnperio dimicareti s/^ Sed tamen alteriuslo partis perJ^uIu^'^ertorianae atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmament! ac roboris habSbat, Cn.. Pompel divino consilic ac singular! virtute depulsum est; in altem-pftrte "tta res a' LucuUo, summo'viro, est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum IS gestarum magna atque praeclara non fel!citat! eius, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, fortunae tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de LucuUo diMjfti alfev loc5, et ita dioam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus a^Setract oratiOne mea neque falsa adfiCTa 'esse videatur; de vestri] ze imperu dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus/'orationis meae, videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum putetig. 'i-'j-c - 7-10. cum: conjunction. Note the suspended clause (II. 8. 2). dlsiunc- ttssimls: 'very widely separated.' dlveraU: 'diilering in character.' uno consilio: Mithridates and Sertorius were to co-operate, blnls: for use in- stead of a cardinal see A. 137, b; B. 81, 4, b; H. 164, 3; H.-B. 247, 1. anci- piti: 'double,' 'in two places.' dlml- caretls: 'nnght have to struggle.' alteiius: in the west; correlative to altera, 1. 13. 11-13. Sertorlanae: After the final success of Sulla at Rome the party of Marius still held out in the remoter provinces. In Spain the Marian leader was Sertorius, who roused the natives to a war for independence. He thus gathered a strong force, and by his genius maintained himself for several years, atque: explanatory; see on 3. 5. flrmamentl: 'supt>ort from without.' roboris: 'natural strength.' consilio . . . virtute: in reality Pom- pey, as well as his predecessor L. Metellus Pius, was unable to crush Ser- torius's rebelhon until after the latter had been assassinated by one of his own officers (72). altera parte: in Asia Minor. 14-16. initia . . . praeclara: 'those great and brilliant successes at the be- ginning.' haec . . . acciderunt: 'these recent misfortunes.' For use of the clause quae . . . acciderunt, see on qui feruviur, I. 10. 11. 17-19. tribuenda . . . videantur: ' ought, it seems, to be ascribed.' For tile personal verb where we should ex- pect impersonal see on I. 6. 28. alio loco: ch. 8. el: see on III. 9. 25. The same pronoun must be understood in another construction (what?) with adflcta. ut videatur: 'that it will be seen.' 20,21. is: referring to dignitate and gloria, but in agreement with exorsus (see on II. 10. 27). orationls: 'argu- ment.' putetls: 'in your opinion.' Putare and existimare are often tl^us used in indirect questions depending on vetbs of feeling or perceiving, where the English idiom omits the second verb. CAP. '1-5, §§ 9-12 185 5. Mai ores nostrl saepe meroatoribus aut naviculaxiJs nostrls iniuriosius tractatis be 11a gesserunt; vos tot milibus clvium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necatis quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legati quod erant appellati superbius, 5 Corinthum patres vestfi, totius Graeciae lumen, extinctum esse voluerunt; vos eum regem inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omnt supplicio excruciatum necavit? Illi llbertatem inminutam civium Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam vitam negle- 10 getis? lus legationis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt; vos legatum omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis? Videte, ne, 12 ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperii gloriam tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit id, quod accepistis, tueri et conser- vare non posse, 15 Quid? quod salus sociorum summum in periaulum ac discrimen vocatur, quQ_taiideHr animo ferre debetis? Regno 5. 2. vos: the asyndeton (see on II. S. 20-23) and the use ot the pronoun bring out more strongly the contrast be- tween this question and the preceding statement tot . . . necatis: see 3. 4-7, 4. 5. appellati superbius: 'ad- dressed somewhat haughtily;' this was in an assembly of the Achaean League. According to Polybius they were mocked and driven out of the assembly. By another account they met with personal violence. Qcero follows the milder ac- count for the sake of a greater contrast with what follows, extinctum: keeps up the metaphor in lumen, hence agrees with it. 6, 7. legatum, consularem: M'. Aquillius, consul with C. Marius in 101. In the disputes over the thrones of Cappadocia and Bithynia before the First Mithridatic War the Romans sent an embassy to Asia headed by Aquillius. A desultory warfare followed; Mithri- dates captured Aquillius, dragged him about bound on an ass, and finally, in derision ot the Roman thirst for gold, put him to death by pouring molten gold down his throat. 8^11. excruciatum. necavit: 'tor- tured and slew' (A. 496, note 2; B. 337, 5; H. 639; H.-B. 604, 1). 1111: who? Inminutam, ereptam: for use cf. IV. 7. 11; so violatum and inter- fcrfum below, verbo: 'by amereword.* persecuti sunt = ulti sunt, relin- quetis =neff!effc(is or inultum patiemini. 12-14. ut, sic: correlatives, non posse: subject of sit. Second subdivision of the topic genus belli — The safety of our allies is at stake, §§12, 13. 15, 16. Quid, quod: for translation see on I. 7. 7; tor use of Quid see on I. 3. 19; ot quod, 1. 1. 22. periculum; 'trial,' 'danger.' discrimen: 'critical point.' Tr. summum . . , discrimen 'a most dangerous crisis' (hendiadys), i.e., a crisis which will decide whether they are to remain our allies or fall under the power of Mlthridates. quo animo: abl. manner; what is the same phrase in 1. 3? regno: see on 2. 11. 186 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI est expulsus Ariobarzanes rexV^cius populi Romani ratque amicus; imminent duo reges (^feAgiae non solum vobis inimi- cissimi, sed etiam vestris socils, atque amicis; civitates autem 20 omnes ctincta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur; imperatorem a vobIs certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident et sentiunt hoc idem, quod vos, unum virum esse, in 13 25 quo sumnia sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius; cuius adventti ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium represses esse intellegunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque sicut ceterarum provin- 30 ciarum socios dignos existimetis, quorum saltitem tali viro commendetis, atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provin- ciam eius modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut, etiamsi ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant; hunc audiebant 35 antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta temperantia, tanta man- suettidine, tanta humanitate, ut ii beatissimi esse videantur, apud quos ille diiitissime commoratur. 20. cuncta Asia: cunda is used onl^ here without in, which is regularly omitted with tota and frequently with omni. 22,23. certum: 'particular.' de- poscere: 'demand openly/ in contrast to tacite rogant, 1. 29. sine summo periculo: i.e., of angering Glabrio and lucuUus, who were still in Asia. 24r-28. hoc: explained by two in- finitive clauses that follow, in . . . omnia: 'who possesses all qualities in the highest degree.' propter: adverb, 'close at hand.' Pompey had been com- missioned in 67 to exterminate piracy, and was now in the east. The rapidity of his successes against the pirates, bel- lum maritimum,, 1. 27, is pictured at the end of ch. 12 (11. 44-47). quo . . . aegrius: 'on account of which they are the more indignant at having to do without him.' ipso: 'mere.' 29-31, ut . . . commendetis: 'that you consider them, as well as the allies of the other provinces, worthy that you should intrust their safety io such a man.' For mood of commendetis see A. 535, f; B. 282, 3; H. 591, 7; H.-B. 513, 3. ceteros: tr. as if an adverb, 'in all other cases.' 32-34. ab hoste defendant: 'fur- nish protection against the enemy,' the verb being used absolutely Ccf. 3. 17 and III. 10. 14). In urbes: with adventus. hostlll expugnatione: 'an attack made by an enemy.' CAP. 5-6, §§ 12-15 187 6. Quare, si propter socios nulla ipsi iniuria lacessitl maiores 14 nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippe, cum Aetolls, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit initiriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum imperii vestri dignitate defendere, 5 praesertim cum de maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut lis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix content! esse pos- simus, Asia vero tarn opima est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et 10 multitiidine earum rerum, quae exportentur, facile omnibus terrls antecellat. Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli titilitatem et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metil calamitatis est defendenda. Nam 15 in ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, tum detrimentum acci- 15 pitur; at in vectigalibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse affert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiamsi irruptio ntilla facta est, tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio con- quiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque ex ?o scrip tiira vectigal conservari potest; quare saepe totius anni Third subdivision of the topic genus belli — Our richest revenues are at slake, §§14-16. 6, 2. Antiocho: Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. FhlUppo: Philip V, king of Macedonia. Aetolls : the Aeto- lian League of northern Greece. Poenis : in the three Punic Wars, begun respec- tively in behalf of the Mamertini of Messana, of Saguntum in Spain, and of Masinissa, king of Numidia. 5. praesertim cum: 'especially since,' introducing the third subdivision of the topic genus belli-r-vectigalia aguntur, §§14-16. de . . . agatur: 'your greatest revenues are at stake.' Notice the impersonal construction in- stead of the more usual vectigalia agun- tur. 6,7. tanta: 'only so great,' in re- strictive use. ad . . . tutandas: i.e.. ■ to pay the troops stationed there for their defense. 8-10. There were three sources of revenue in Asia; (1) a tithe (.decmnae) on agricultural products (cereals, wine, oil and small products, such as beans and peas), to which ubertate . .'. fruc- tuum refers; (2) scriptura, rent for pas- ture lands, referred to in magnitudine pastionis; (3) portorla, export duties. 11,12. et . . . dignitatem: 'your efficiency in war and dignity in peace.' 17. pecuaria: really an adjective modifying res understood; so dexlra represents manus dexlra, patria is for tellus patria, etc. 18. rellncLultur, deseritur, con- qulesdt: a case ot diiunctio, in which synonymous verbs are used instead of one verb. 20. scriptura: the collection of this 38S DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI fructus tino rumore perlculi atque uno belli terrore amittitur. j Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos, qui vectigalia/IG nobis pensitant aut eos, qui exercent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter adsint, cum una excursio 25 equitattis perbrevi tempore totius anni vectigal auferre possit, cum publicani familias maximas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agils, quas in portubus atque custodiISi laagno periculo se habere arbitrentur? Putatisne vos illis rebus frml posse, nisi ~ _BQ^ qui vobis:. fructui sunt, conservaritis non solum, ut ante 30 dixi, calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis formidine liberates? 7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quodmihi IJ ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli genere difctflrug', quod ad multorum bona ciyium Romanorum pertinet; (|u6i^m a vobis pro vestra sajkehtia, 'Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter. 5 Nam et pQblicani, homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et forttinae vobis .curae esse debent. Etenim, tax was let to publicani by the censors^ the name comes from the fact that the shepherds had to state in writing {scri- bere) to the publicani the number of cat- tle they wished to feed on the pastures. conservarl: 'be safely collected.' 21. terrore: 'alarm.' 22-27. Argument a fortiori — If the mere rumor of war is so disastrous what must be the actual proximity of two such powerful and hostile forces! eos, qui exercent: 'the revenue-farmers' (see on Equitibus Romanis, 2. 5-6). ezlgunt: 'collectors,' those who had the Immediate duty of collecting taxes, and who might be either publicani or their agents, excursio: 'raid.' faml- Uas maximas: 'the very large num- bers of servants,' most of whom would be Elaves. custodlls: 'coast-guard posts,' to prevent the smuggling of dutiable goods, magno . . . habere : 'hold at great risk.' 28. 1111s rebus: the revenues. Fourth subdivieion of the topic genus bE b^lli — The property and business credit of Roman citizens is at stake, §§17- 19. 7. 1. Ac: for use see on atque, 2. 1. It introduces the fourth subdivision of the topic genus belli — aguntur bona , civium, §§17-19. ne . . . est: 'this point is not to be neglected, either.' ne . . . quidem in the sense of 'not . . . either' is almost as common as in the sense of 'not even.' 3. quod: 'that.' ad . . . pertinet: 'affects;' as subject of pertinet sc. bel- lum from the clause preceding. 5-7. et: 'in the first place,' balanced with slight anacoluthon (see on I. 12, 1-3) by Deinde, 1. 10. ornatissimi: 'well equipped,' referring particularly to their resources as men of wealth, for the publicani all belonged to the ordv eguester, which was the distinctly wealthy class at Rome, rationes et copias: 'interests and res'^urces.' ipsorum per se: 'of themselves,' with- out regard to the interests of others and of the state. ^>^" 18& ^ SI vectigalia nervos esse rei publicae semger _duximusj eum * certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, Tirmairientum ceterorum ordinum 10 recte esse dicemus. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi 18 _ atquejndustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos . a,bsentibu^ consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia peciinias magnas coUocatas habent. Est igitur htimanitatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, u sapientiae videre multorum civium calamitatem a re ptiblica seiGnctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud parvi refert, nos piiblicanis omissis vectigalia postea victoria recuperare; neque enim isdem redimendi facultas erit propter calamitatem neque aliis voluntas propter timorem. Deinde, quod nos 19 ;j( eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithridates initio belli Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calamitate docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam tum, cum in Asia res magnas permulti amise- rant, scimus Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civitate multi rem ac fortQnas amittere, 2 ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A qi^ periculo prohibete rem publicam et mihi credite, id quod i^sl videtis, haec fides atque haec ratio pectiniarum, quae Romae, 8,9. nervos: 'sinews.' eum ordi- nem: EC. pvMicanorum; Cicero makes a special sub-order of tliose knigiits wlio tanned tlie revenues, ceterorum ordi- num: the senatorial order, the knights who were not publicam, and the com- mons. 10-13. homines partim Ipsl: rich individuals who carried on business in the provinces in person as bankers, mer- chants and sWp-owners. absentlbus: not here at Rome to speak tor them- selves, partim eorum =aiw eorum, probably meaning senators, who, though ' forbidden to engage in trade, were often silent partners of the knights in busi- ness operations in the provinces, pecu- nlas ; ' sums of money.' coUocatas = occupatae, 2. 8; tor habent and the par- ticiple cf. III. 7. 13 and note. 15. sapientiae: same construction i as humanitatis, 1. 13 (see note on III. 12. 4). a (Te pul)llca=a rei publicae calamitate. 16. primum: correlative with de- inde, 1. 19. 18. redimendi: 'bidding in,' tech- nical term for securing charge of the collection of taxes at public auction. 22, 23. res: for pi. see on 2. 7. amlserant: tor mood and tense see A. 545; B. 288, 1, B; H. 601, 2; H.-B. 550. solutione . . . conoldlsse: 'on the stoppage of payments credit collapsed.* The same metaphor is seen in solutio as in our business term 'liquidation.' 25. ut non trahant: 'without in- volving.' We might naturally expect the demonstrative ita in the main clause. 27-29. haec . . . pecunlarum: 'o\a system here ot credit and finance.' In foro: where the offices (fabemae) of the 190 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI quae in foro versatur, inplicata est cum illis pecunils Asiaticis et cohaeret; ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe- 40 facta motu concidant. Quare videte, ne non dubitandum vobis sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum civium conitinctae cum re publica defendantur. 8. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitudine 20 pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc did, belli genus esse ita necessarium, ut sit gerendura, non esse ita magnum, ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est, ne forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, con- tfiimenda esse videantuPi Atque ut omnes inteUegant me Xi. LuculW tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sajnentrhomini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius ad- ventu maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque bankers and money-changers were located. Ilia: neuter, though referring to pecuniis Asiaticis; also haa:, in refer- ence to M^ atque ratio. 30. Quare videte: conclusion of the argument de genere belli with recapitula- tion of the four points discussed, ne non . . . sit=ut . . . sit after the idea of fear suggested by m'deie— 'look out that you may not have to hesitate.' For ne non see A. 564; B. 296, 2, a; H. 667, 2; H.-B. 502, 4. 33. cum re publica = cum fortunis rei publicae; see on a re publica, 1. 15. Second part' of Coniirmatio — magni- tudo belli, §§20-26. The services ot Lucullus, §§20, 21. 8. 1-4 Quoniam: 'now that.' nunc: 'next.' de magnitudine : i.e., its dangerous character, belli genus necessarium: for bellum genere ipso necessarium, 'the war in its very nature is so necessary.' ita magnum: in- stead of tantum for the sake of sym- metry with ita necessarium. In quo =in qua re. The events referred to in this chapter were briefly as follows: In 74 M. Aurelius Ctotta, governor of Bi- thynia, was defeated and shut up in Chalcedon by Mithridates, and was finally relieved by Lucullus. The cam- paign then became centered about the town of Cyzicus, on an island in the Propontis, which Mithridates fiercely besieged, the people making heroic re- sistance. Lucullus cut off Mithridates' supplies, and the latter began a retreat in the spring of 73. He went to Lamp- sacus, embarked his troops there, and sailed with the greater part to Nico- media. However, he sent back 10,000 men in fifty ships under three com- manders sent him by Sertorius, who were to hurry to Italy and renew the civil war. Lucullus assembled a squad- ron, defeated part of the fleet off Tenedos, and anniliilated the main force near Lemnos. When Mithridates re- ceived news of this he started to Pontus, but his fleet was shattered by storms. He then appealed to Tigranes and Machares for aid, and afterward through Tigranes to Arsaces of Parthia. 6. TTiis is the account of Lucullus' yrfchievements, promised in 4. 17. 8, 9. eius adventu: 'at the time of his arrival.' CAP. 7-9, §§ 19-22 191 10 instrtictas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam noblsque amicis- simam Cyzicenorum obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multi- tudine et oppugnatam vehementissime; quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio summis obsidionis periculls libe- ra vit; ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae 15 ducibus Sertorianls ad Italiam studio Inflammata raperetur, super atam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proelils esse deletas patefactumque nostrls^b^i^ nibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset; Sinopen atqUe^^misum, quibus in oppidfe 20 erant domicilia regis, omnibus<^^u^~ofnatas ac refertas ceteras- que urbes Ponti et Cappadociae permultas uno aditii adventtique esse captas; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse; atque haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti-, 25 galibus esse gesta. Satis_jjpinor haec esse laudis, atque ita( Quirites, ut hoc vos tatellegatisNj,_^uno_jstorum^qui ' 21 huic obtrectant legi atque causae, L. LucuUum simihter ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 9. Requiretur fortasse nunc, quem ad modum, cum haec ita A'' - 22 10 instructas fuisse: in direct discourse would be instructae erant; obsessam esse would be obsidebatur. 13. UlJeravlt: indicative, not depend- ing on dico, 1. 8 (ct. est in 2. 10). Witli the next clause (.ab eodem, etc.) the force of dico is felt again, and con- tinued to 1. 25. 15. studio: "party zeal.' 18, 19. Pontum: the kingdom. qui: 'although it.' Sinopen, Aml- suxn: these towns made an obstinate resistance, so that uno aditu probably refers merely to ceteras urbes permultas, 'other cities in great numbers.' 23, 24. alias gentes : talcen up at 9. 14. salvis sociis: 'without oppres- sing the provincials,' i.e., by contribu- tions and levies of troops. Integris vectlgallbus : 'without lessening the public revenues.' Lucullus defrayed the expenses of the Armenian campaign out of the booty already taken. 25-27. Ita: 'so expressed;' ut . , . intellegatis then is a result clause. Isto- rum: his opponents (I. 1. IS), 17. 9 ff. causae: 'its application.' The war still importarU and diffi- cult because MUhridates is active again, with old and new supporters, |§22-- 26. 9. 1. Bequlretur: a, form of occv^ patio, the anticipation and answering of a possible objection. The opponents ol the Manilian Law had extolled Lucul- lus's deeds in order to show that the war was no longer a very dangerous one, and that it was therefore unneces- sary to bestow the proposed extraor- dinary powers on Pompey. In ch. 8 Cicero praised Lucullus highly, and now 192 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI sint, reliquum possit magnum esse beltum. Cognoscite, Quiri- tes; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. Primum ex suo , regno ac Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia 5 quondam proftigisse dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissi- pavisse, ut eqrum collection dispersa maerorque patrius celeri- tatem persequendi jTCtardaret. , Sic Mithridates fugiens ma- ximam vim auri aEque~aJgenti pulcherrimarumque rerum 10 omnium, quas et a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto, omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri coUigunt omnia diligentius^ rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendl stjidiS maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. Hunc in illo tim'oi^ et fuga- 15 Tigranes, rex Armenius, excepit diffidentemque'Tebiis suis con- firmavit et adflictum erexit perditumque recrfedt. Cuius in regnum posteaquam L. Lticullus cum exercitu venit, pltires etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. !3 tries to prove the war still dangerous in spite of his successes. 2. reliquum: 'still remaining,' often used in a participial seDse^relictum, magnum: emphatic by position; remember he is now discussing the pomt magnitudo belli (S. 1). 3. primum: the second point is taken up without formal notice at 1. 14, where we should expect deinde. 4-6. ilia: 'that famous.' fratris: Absyrtus. parens: Aeetes, king of Colchis. According to the legend Medea, in fl.ght from Colchis with Jason, took her brother with her and cut his body in pieces which she threw one by one into the sea, that her father might be delayed in his pursuit by stopping to gather them up. 7. eorum collectlo dlspersa: 'the gathering of the scattered members.' We should expect dispersorum, in agree- ment with eorum. Such change of agreement is called hypallage. 10. omnium: 'all sorts of.' Iiello superiore: see on bello superiore, 3. 3. 11. direptas . . . congesserat: cf. note on 5. 8. ■ 12-14. dlligentius: euphemistic for avbde. eflugit: this was at Cabira.. Mithridates came near being captured, but got away because his pursuers stopped to seize the gold carried by a mule, which came in between them and the king by accident or design, ilium; refers to parens, 1. 6, hos to nostri, 1. 12. 15. excepit: after Mithridates' Sight to Armenia Lucullus sent his brother- in-law, Appius Claudius, to Tigranes to demand the surrender of Mithridates. Up to this time Tigranes had merely afforded protection to his father-jn-law, without admitting him to his court or making -vigorous efforts in his behalf. LucuUus's demand aroused his pride and caused him to give Mithridates a splen- did reception at court, followed by active military operations. 17, 18 plures gentes: nations sub- ject to or allied with Tigranes on the Caspian Sea and south to the Persian Gulf. CAP. 9, §§ 22-2& 193 Erat enim metus iniectus ils nationibus, quas numquam populus 20 Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas putavit; erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fan! locupletissimi et religio- sissiml diripiendl causa in eas oras nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo quodam 25 terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem exercitus tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno ceperat et proeliis tisus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum com- movebatur. Hie iam plura non dicam; fuit enim iUud ex- 24 tremum, ut ex iis locis a militibtis nostris reditus magis maturus , 30 quam processio longior (ffua«reretui^ Mithridates autem et suam manum iam confirmarat et eorum, qui se ex ipsius regno coUegerant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adflictae forttinae facUe multorum opes adiiciant 35 ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum, qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut iis nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit, quantum in- 25 colurhis numquam est ausus optare. Nam, cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod ei praeter spem ao acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus erat, terranii, umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum atque^ victorem 20. lacessendas: 'ought to be tried.' bello: goes only with lacessendas. 21, 22. opinio: 'suspicion.' fanl: 'of the Persian Nanaea or Anaitis in Elymais, or the modern Luristan, the most celebrated and richest shrine in the whole, region of the Euphrates.' 26. urbem: Tigranocerta. ex regno: used instead of a genitive to make prominent the fact that out of all the kingdom LucuUus had captured but one city, hence that there was much yet to be done, proeliis ... secundis : 'had enjoyed some successes.' 27. longinquitate: acero says nothing about the mutiny, in order to conceal the disgrace to the Roman name, desiderio suorum: 'home- sickness.' Alexander the Great had a like experience with bis men. 28-31. extremum: 'the result.' ma- turus: 'early.' eorum: sc. manunL 33-37. Iuvabatur: Note the change of tense from that of collegerami. hoc sic: pleonastic; also fere solere. ut . . . adlldant: in apposition to hoc, 1. 33. eorum: sc. opes, ut . . . videatur: 'so that' — result. 39. eo: explained by the clause ut . . . attingeret, which is made to depend on acciderat instead of on nov fuit conteiUus; see on III. 9. 12. 194 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEl ^ 50 impetum fecit. Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn ad aar^jinperatoris non ex proeliQ,- nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor adferrej.' Hie in Ulo ipso umo 26 gravissimaque belli offensione L, LucuUus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte lis incommodis mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussu coactus, quod imperii diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem militum, qui iam stipendiis confecti erant, dimis-it, partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto; sed ea vos coniectura perspicite, quantum illud bellum -r N^ Ta&EunT^utetisf' quod coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes^ suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat vetere exercitu pulso. 10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, quare esset hoc 27 bellum genera ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculosum; restat, ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. Utinam, Quirites, viro- rum fortium atque innocentium ctoiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis <^sj«;, quemnam potissimum 42. Impetum: in 68 C. Tria.rius tried to bring fresli troops from western Asia to Lucullus. After he had met and defeated Mithridates both sides went into winter quarters. The next year Triarius endeavored to relieve a fort attacked by Mithridates, and was utterly routed, 7,000 of his troops being slain. A severe wound received by Mithridates saved the remainder of the army. 44-49. non . . . nuntius : the defeat was reported by natives. Cicero speaks as if no one had been left to tell the tale. Hie: 'hereupon.' offensione: 'blow,' put mildly for elade, 'disaster.' aliqua ex parte: 'in some degree.' Incommodis: for case see A. 367, b; B. 187, II; H. 424, 3; H.-B. 362, footnote 3, b. vetere exemplo — more maiorum. The laws against pror longing commands were in reality dead letters at this time. The real reason for recalling Lucullus was the jealousy of his enemies in the army and at Rome. 51-63. ea: aoc. pi. There is but one clause appositive to ea (cf. ilia, I, 1, 21), but the plural anticipates the details given in the four characteristic clauses in the last three lines of the chapter. coniectura: 'by inference.' factum {esse) putetls: almost =/'acit siimptum faciat in militem, nemini vis adfertur, sed ne puplentpquidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non avamtaeperfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. yWii. ij^iMj 14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus quaf sit )temperantia, con- 40 siderate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi aut venti aliqui novi 5 tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt, sed eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt; non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo 10 signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit. Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pom- 41 peium sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe niissum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur; nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse 15 homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationi- bus exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur; nunc imperii vestri splendor illis gentibus Iticem adferre coepit; mood accounted for? sermones ao Utterae: 'oral and written reports.' 35-38. sumptum faciat: 'to make expenditure,' i.e., to contribute to the support of the soldiers, uemliil vis adfertur: ' nobody is forced.' Hlemls: ' from the winter, ' objective, avarltiae : 'for avarice,' subjective, maiores . . . voluerunt: 'our forefathers meant that in the homes of our allies and friends there should be,' etc. (cf. IV. 4. 30). Especially self-restraint, dignity, human- ity, §§40-42.- 14. 1. Age: 'come,' the anticipatory imperative, used in the singular, regard- less of the number addressed, to call attention to something about to be said and usually followed by an imperative or equivalent subjunctive, temperan- tia: 'self-control.' 3. Inventum: 'acquired,' 'made possible.' non quaedam . . . aliqui: 'no art hitherto unknown, no new winds,' etc. 8. amoenitas: in reference to the beauties of nature; sc. locorum. no- bilitas: 'famous name.' 10. signa et tabulas: 'statues and paintings.' 11. ceteri . . . arbitrantur: it was a common thing for Roman commanders and governors to carry back home large collections of the objects of Greek art. LucuUus did so himself. Cicero is possi- bly hinting at him here, ea: resumes signa, etc., 1. 10. 13-17. de caelo delapsum: as a demi-god. fuisse: 'that there reaUy 204 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI l^W*-* nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos turn, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire[popu]6__B.0Hiaiio^ 20 quam imperare aliis maluisse. lam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur. lam quantum consilio, quantum 42 dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam 25 dignitas imperatoria, vos Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios existimari V putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam / iudicarint? Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint aj 30 mansuetudinem victi dllexerint. Et quisquanivdubitabitSquin huic hoc tantum' bellum transmittendum sit, qui adomnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvino quodam consilio natus esse videatur? 15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis administrandis 43 multum atque in imperio militarl valet, certe nemini dubium est, quin ea re idem ille imperator pltirimura possit. Vehe- menter autem pertinere ad bella administranda, quid hostes. (/ were.' hac: 'this,' 'this man's.' (luod; "a fact which.' lam Tldebatur: 'was gradually beginning to appear.' lucem adferre: for meaning see on lucem ad- ferre, 12. 22. 19. servire: 'be subject to.' How is aliis governed? 20-22. Iam vero: for use cf. 13. 33. Ilb5rae= non impeditae, 'unhindered.' qui . . . exceUit: 'though excelling.' facilitate: 'accessibility.' 23-26. OLuantum . . . valeat: see on IV. 10. 8. consilio: 'statesmanlike Insight.' dicendi . . . copla: 'impres- sive and fluent speech.' AU these terms are in reference to ingenio, 13. 8. quo: neuter, 'a quality in which;' the ante- cedent is dicendi. Ipso: 'in and of itself,' 'by its very nature.' hoc loco: the rostra- where Pompey often had spoken, l^dem: 'as to his good faith;' in emphatic position; cf. iUos in II. 12. 14. 28-30. lam: crowded out of its regular position to give Humanitate an emphatic place. Et gulsquam dubl- tablt; 'will any one still doubt,' quis- quam is allowable because of the im- plied negative answer (A. 312; B. 252, 4; H. 613; H.-B. 276, 7). quln . . . sit: see A. 558, a; B. 298; H 694, II; 595, 1; H.-B. 519; 4, b. Third subdivision — Auctoritas: Pom- pey's influence without u parallel, §§43-46. 15. 3, 4. ea re: 'in this respect.' pltirlmum possit: cf. multum valet, 1. 2. and see on 14. 23. For mood of possit cf. quin , . . sit, 14. 30. Vehe- menter . . .ad: 'that it is of the greatest importance for.' The indirect CAP. 14-15, §§ 41-45 20^ , 6 quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis ignorat^ cum sciamus homines, in tantis rebus ut aut (contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut amentj_opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione carta commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum cllrrus fuit, cuius res gestae pares? 10 de quo homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tam praeclara iudicia fecistis? An vero uUam tisquam esse 44 5rarn tam desertam putatis, quo non illlus diei fama pervaserit, ^ cum universus populus Romanus referto foro completisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum 15 sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium im- peratorem depoposcit? Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis confirmem, quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla sumantur; qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est 20 imperator, tanta repente vilitas annSnae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo 45 proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonul, cum socii per- questions are subjects of pertinere. For the structure of the sentence cf. 13. 22. 6-8. ut . . . ament: depends on commoveri. contemnant aut metu- ant: referring to hostes, 1. 4. oderint aut anient: referring to socii, I. 5. opinlone: 'preconceived opinion,' ■prejudice.' ratione certa: 'well- grounded reason.' 9. cuius: what kind of pronoun? What is quo, next line? 10. Id quod: see on II. 8. 23. 11. iudlcla: 'recognitions of service,' a common meaning of the word in Qeero, with allusion to offices, commands, triumphs; cf. iudicio, 1. 12. 12. iiao^ut eo=vi ad earn, illlus dlel: the day when the Gabinian law was proposed (67). 14. templis: the steps of temples situated near the forum, i.e., of Vesta and Castor on the Palatine, and ot Saturn and Concordia on the cWoua Capi- tolinus. 17. quantum . . . valeat: object ot confirmem, 'prove.' 19-22. qui quo die = nam eo die quo is, 'for on the day when he.' ex sum- ma inopia: temporal, 'after the greatest scarcity.' unlus . . . nomine: 'from the hope reposed in this one man, and from his name.' homlnls: objective with spe and subjective with nomine, quantam: for meanitig with tanta, 1. 20, cf. 11. 6-8. ex summa uber- tate: causal, 'as the result of the great- est fertility.' 23, 24. eo proelio: see on impetum, 9. 42. For de quo see A. 351, note; B. 207, a; H. 456, 1; H.-B. 351, b. cum: Note the tenses that follow. What ia the principal verb of this sentance? 206 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI 25 timuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsiim discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna popiili Romani attulisset. Huius ad- ventus et Mithridatem insolita inflammatum victoria continuit 30 et Tigranem magnis copiis minitantem Asiae retardaA^t. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute perfecttirus sit, qui tantuiii auctoritate perfecerit, aut quam facile imperio atque exercitu. socios et vectigalia conservattirus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit? 16. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem hominis46 apud hostes populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tam longinquis tamque diversis tam brevi tempore omnes huic se uni dediderunt! quod Cretensium legati, cum in eorum insula 5 noster imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn, Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt eique se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere veUedixerunt! Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum iisque in Hispaniam misit? eum, quern Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, Ji, quibus to erat molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam con- 27,23. a,d . . . temporis: 'just at the decisiYe moment of that time,' 'in the very nick of time.'- ad: not in, because Pompey was sent only 'into the vicinity of those regions.* 30-32. £t quisquam dubita.blt: see on Et quisquam dubitabit, 14. 30. Vir- tute: in its broadest sense, as includ- ing all the qualities befitting a com- mander (see on 13. 1). auctoritate: 'mere influence,' in antithesis to vir- tute. IS. 1-4. Age: for use see on 14. 1. apud bostes: Connect closely with auctoritatem. quod . . . dediderunt: appositiveto ista res (of. ilia, I. 1. 21; illud, II. 7. 19, etc.); so quod , . dixe- runi. diversis: as in 4. 8. Creten- sium: see on 1".. 42. 7-9. Mltbrldates . . . Iegatuii2 . . . mislt : nothing more is known positively about this incident, but it is probably much misrepresented by Cicero, eum: referring to legatum preceding, quem: subject of esse understood and of iudi- cari, 1. 11. 10. ad eum potissimum: 'to him rather than to any one else,' with par- ticular reference to Metellus Pius, Pom- pey's predecessor and associate in the Sertorian war (see on 4. 11-13), who is probably hinted at in ii quibus. specu- latorem: it has been suggested that the spy may have represented himself as having a message for Pompey. in- stead of for Sertorius, with whom Mith- ridates was in league, a story which Pompey's vanity would easily have led him to believe. CAP. 15-16 §§ 45-48 207 stituere, Quirites, banc auctoritatem multls postea rebus gestis magnisque vestris iudiciis amplificatam quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existu- 15 metis. ReHquum est, ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso 47 nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de alters possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo, Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, 20 Mario et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non solum propter vir- tutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse eommissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divinitus adiuncta fortuna. De huius 25 autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar modera- tione dicendi, non ut in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. Itaque non sum praedicatiirus, quantas ille res domi 48 12-14. banc auctorttatem : in an anticipatory position, subject of vali- turam esse, postea rebus gestis : 'sub- sequent exploits.' Iudiciis: see on indicia, 15. 11. ezlstumetls : for use of. 13. 24-25. quantum . . . existu- metis: object of constituere. Fourth subdivision — Felicitas, § §47, 48. 16-18. felicitate: 'good fortune.' the fourth and last of the essertial qualities of a Kood commander (10. 12). Belief in 'luck' has always been a powerful factor in human events, prae- stare: 'guarantee.' homines: sc. dicere. de potestate deorum: 'about a matter in the power o' the gods.' tlmlde et pauca: 'modestly and briefly,' explaining sicut . . . homines (.dicere); notice the combination of ad- verb and cognate object. 19-21. Maximo: Q. Fabius Maxi- mus Cunctator. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, 'the sword of Rome.' Scipi- oni: either Africanus or Aemilianus, vlrtutem: as in Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtiUe perfecturus sit, 15. 31. lor- tunam: 'good luck'— felicitatem. sac- plus: 'still more often.' 22,23. Fult: see on 12. I. ad amplitudinem: sc. adipiscendam. ad gloriam: sc. augendam. 26-28. non ut: the regular order when the result denied is followed by the result desired with sed ut. vide- amur: in a passive sense =cema7?iur, 'we may be seen,' 'it shall be evident;' plural to include others besides Cicero who favored the law. Translate, ' I shall employ such moderation in speaking that, while not claiming Pompey's good luck is within his own power, it shall nevertheless be evident that we remem- ber past and (therefore) hope for future favors.' Invlsa: i.e., si dicam. In- grata: i.e., si neque meminerim neque sperem. 29-33. non sum praedlcaturtfs: 208 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI 30 militiae, terra marique quantaque fe^citate gesserit, ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, socii obtem- perarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obsecundarint; hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab dls immortalibus tot et tantas res ;!5 tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis atque imperii, turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis. Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessaxium, ut neglegi non 49 40 possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime sit administrandum, et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientja, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem publicam conser- 45 vandam atque amplificandam conferatis? 17. Quodsi Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore, 50 tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque mittendus; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec quoque opportunitas cy- adiungatur, ijit in iis ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut (^ 5 ab iis, qui habent, accipere statim possit, quid expectamus? aut ' cur non ducibus dis immortalibus eldem, cui cetera summa an example of praeleriUo. doml ml- Utlae: notice the asyndeton, ut; 'how,' parallel to quantas. adsenserint, ob- temperarlnt. oboedierint, obsecun- darint: for the figure see on reii)igfMa«r, etc., 6. 18. hoc: 'only so much.' 35-38. tacitus: 'even in silence.' quot et quantas: tr. by the one word 'as.' Quod ... sit: 'that it may be his assured and lasting possession. Eicutl facltls: 'as I am sure you do.' Recapitulation of the whole affirmative argument, §49, 41. In quo . . . fortuna: recapitu- lation of the four qualities of a com- mander, which afforded the outline of the discussion of his tUrd main point — de imperatore deligendo (2. 20 10. 3). fortuna =/eiia*as, as 'n 1 21. 43-45. dubitatis quln . . . con- feratis: for regular mood after dubi- tare, 'hesitate,' see on duMtas, I, 7. 18; the subjunctive with quin is occasionally used instead, bonl; 'advantage,' i.e., of choosing such a commander. It Pompes were not there he ought to he sent — but he is there already, §50. 17. 2,3. erat deligendus: for mood see A. 617, c; B. 304, 3, b; H. 682; H.-B. 681, a. opportunitas: 'for- tunate circumstance.' 5. accipere: sc. exercitum or capias, expectamus: 'wait for. CAP. 16-17, §§ 48-52 209 cum salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium committamus? \ i At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rel publicae, vestrls51 1.0 beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenii praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum ego auctori- tatem apud vos multls locis plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscetis aucto- 15 ritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione exquirere pos- sumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, idem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse 20 omnia. Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribuenda52 sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad tinum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio re multo magis quam verbis refutata, Nam tu idem, Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua sunjima copia ac singulari facultate dicendi et in senatu 25 contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti. 8. regium; 'this war against the king.' Refutatio; refutation of opponents* arguments, 5 §51-68. Negative part, §§51-63. 9-12. At enlm: introduces abruptly the objection of an opponent, bene- ficiis: used of magistracies and com- mands, amplissimis: see on amplis- simus, 1. 2. Q. Catulus: consul 78, censor 65, son of the Catulus who de- feated the Ombri. He was a leader among the aristocracy, honoris: as an ex-consul, fortunae: as a wealthy man. virtutis: as a man of integlity and statesmanship, ingenll: as an orator, praeditus: modifies Horten- sius. Q. Hortensius: Cicero's famous rival as an orator, born 114, died 50. He was a man of great talent, and ranked aboye Cicero until the case of Verres. in which he was defeated by the younger orator, hac ratione: 'this view of mine.' 13,14. multls locls: on 7,any occasions.' cognoscetis: in 23. 21-31. 18-20. Istl: the opponents of the law; for the force of the word of. IV. S. 12, and see on istius, I. 1. 15. In . . . omnia: for translation see on 5. 24, 25. Hortensius' objection: 'All power should not be centered in one man',' but it worked well in the pirate war, §§52-56. 22. ObsoleTit: 'is worn out.' oratlb: 'objection.' re: 'result.' Hortensius ha'd made the same objectibn, Si . . , oportere, 11. 20-22, to the Gabinlan law. The objection was a sound one. Cicero does not meet it fairly, but tries to turn attention from it by praising Pompey. 25-27. fortem : 'energetic' in fighting for his proposed law. graviter: 'weight- ily,' of the content, ornate: 'elegantly,' 210 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI ,,\' ff \ ■ cum is de tino imperatore contra praedones constituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecisti. Quid? turn, per deos immortales! si plus 53 apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi 30 Romani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus? An tibi tum imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati, quaestores prae- toresque capiebantur, cum ex omnibus provinciis commeatu et private et publico prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis erant 35 maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarinam neque piiblicam iam obire possemus? 18. Quae ci vitas antea umquam fuit — non dico Athenien-54 slum, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur, non Carthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimis rebus valuerunt, non Rhodiorum, quorum Qsque ad nostram memo- 5 riam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit — quae ci vitas, inquam, antea tarn tenuis, quae tam parva insula fuit, quae non porttis suos et agros. et aliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos continues ante legem Gabiniam ille populus Romanus, cuius tisque ad JO nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis per- manserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo utilitatis, of the style, promulgasset: bills had to be posted for public inspec- tion for the space of three market days (at least seventeen days) before being proposed to the comitia. et , . . loco: from the rostra (addressing the popu- lace) as well as in the senate (1. 24). 28-30. turn: emphatic by its posi- tion outside of the si clause, vera causa: 'true interests.' hodie: in ■emphatic antithesis to tum, 1. 28. 32-36. cum . . . omnia: see 12. 1-20. The imperfects imply that the events detailed were customary, com- meatu: 'intercourse.' privatam rem : as merchants, publlcam rem: as public officers. The pitiful plight of the Roman world before Pompey exterminated the pirates, §§54, 65. 18. 1-5. Athenlensium, Cartha- giniensium, Bhodlorum: all of them formerly (quondam) great maritime pow- ers, navalis: goes both with dis- ciplina and gloria. 6. quae . . . defenderet: result. 9-13. Ille: as in Medea ilia, 9. 4. cuius . . . permanserlt: concessive clause. Invictum: rhetorical exag- geration, as also omnibus, 1. 13. ac: ' and in fact.' utilitatis : ' advantages,' signifying taxes, corn-supplies and trade with foreign provinces and nations. Im- perii: which was lessened by the •/ CAP. 17-19, §§ 62-56 211 ; sed dignitatis atque^imperil caruit; nos, quorum maiores An- 55 -^ tiochum" regem ^lasge Tersemque superarunt omnibusque nava- ^ libus pugnis Carthaginiensis, homines in maritimis rebus exer- 15 citatissumos paratissumosque, vicerunt, il nuUo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse poteramus; nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimis oris auctoritate nostri imperii salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum insula Delos tam procul a nobis in Aegaeo marl posita, 20 quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitiis, parva, sine miiro nihil timebat, idem non modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus; et iis temporibus non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc ipsum locum escendere, ib cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent! 19. Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus Romanus et56 ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere existimavit ea, quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute commtini idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam auctoritati vestrae optem- inability of Rome to protect her prov- inces and the magistrates sent to them. caruit: 'had to give up;' ct. redempti sint, 12. 7. Antlocliuin: 'the Great,' king of Syria. Persem: son of Philip V, and king of the Macedonians in the Third Macedonian War (cf. IV. 10. 17); the example is not a good one, for Perses surrendered atSamothraee with- out a battle, omnibus: not histori- cally true, but said for effect. 15. 11: takes up nos, 1. 12; cf. ii, 12. 23. 18, 19. salvos praestare: 'to guar- antee the safety of.' tum cum . . . timebat: 'at a tirne when Delos . had- no fear.' Delos: an island in the jEgean Sea, famed as the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis (Diana), and held especially sacred as a seat of Apollo's worship. It was the common treasury of the Greeks for carrying on the Per- sian wars. But lost some of its impor- tance when the treasury was subse- quently transferred to Athens. Its ex- cellent harbor, the protection afforded by its sanctity, and the destruction of Corinth, gave it an extensive commerce. It was the chief emporium for the slave trade. In the First Mithridatic War it was overrun and devastated by one of the Mithridatic generals, a blow from which it never recovered. 21-23. dlvltUs: for case see A. 409, a, note; B. 218,8; 204; 1; H.477, II, 2; H.-B. 425; 347, a (cf. referto praedonum, 11. 26. and note). Idem.: takes up nos, 1. 16. carebamus: 'had to avoid; cf. 11. 11, 12. 25. cum: 'though.' exuvllf;: the beaks of galleys which adorned the ros- tra (see on hie locus, 1. 2). 19. 1. Bono anlmo: 'with good in- tenHons.' 3, 4. In salute communl: 'in a 212 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI 6 perare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, Onus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit, sed etiam effecit, ut ali- quando vere via&remur "omnibus gentibus aft nationibus terra niarlque imperare. Quo mihi etiam ihdigmiis videtur obtrec-57 tatum esse adhtic, Gabinio dicam anne^E'ompeio an utrique, id 10 quod est verius, ne legaretur A. Gablnius Cn. Pompeio expe- tenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum, quern velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiend^sque provincias, quos voluerunt legates edtixerint, an ipse, cuius lege saltis ac dignitas populo 15 Romano atque omnibus gentibus constittita est, expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metel-58 lus, Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuissent, anno" proximo legati matter affecting the common welfare. dolorl; 'indignation.' 7. vere : tor the .sake of alliteration placed next to videremur, though modi- fying imperare. Tldereznur: see on videamur, 16, 27. The question of a legate, §§57, 58. 8. From here to the end of the chapter Cicero makes a digression on the selection of Gabinius as legatus to Tompey. The nomination of military legati was the privilege of the senate, though the wishes of commanders and governors were usually consulted. For the pirate war Pompey had been allowed to choose his legati himself, fifteen in number. Gabinius was not among therai, being legally ineligible while holding the tribuneship. . At the end of his term of office, but before Pompey had been ap- pointed to command in. the Mithridatic War, the latter asked for the appoint- ment of Gabinius as legatus, to which the senate objected, for Gabinius would thereby, contrary to law, be serving under an imperium bestowed by a measure which he had himself proposed. indlgnlus: may be adj. — 'it seems the more outrageous that objection has been made;' or adv. — 'objection seems to have been made the more outrageously.' The substance of the objection is in the clause ne legaretur, which therefore is the subject of videtur or of obtrectatum esse, 9. anne: seldom used for an, and in good prose only in the second member. 12. quein vellt: The antecedent of Quem is object of impetret. For idoneus qui impetret see A. 535, f; B. 282, 3; H. 591, 7; H.-B. 513, 3. 15-17. expers: 'deprived of any share of,' expers is from ex + pars. For case of gloriae see A. 349, a; B. 204, 1; H. 450; 451, 2; H.-B. 347, a. periculo: in bringing forward his bill Gabinius came near meeting with the roughest personal violence, so bitter was the opposition of the senate. lV-23. An: belongs in sense to sunt tarn diligentes, 1. 20. Make C. Falcidius . . . potuerunt subordinate — 'while C. Falcidius, etc., were permitted to be legati' — and begin the question with in uno Gabinio. I 20. Nothing further is known of the men here mentioned, but CAP. 19-20, §§ 56-60 213 20 esse potuerunt; in uno Gablnio sunt tam dlligentgs qui in hoc bell5, quod lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me pro- 25 fiteor relaturum; neque me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis fretus vestrum iQs beneficiumque defendam, neque praeter intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam, quid liceat, considerabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, 30 unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pom- peio socius ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum suscep- tumque confecit. 20. Reliquum est, ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sententia 59 dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaereret, si in iin5 Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in they were living, as can be seen from the phrase honoris causa nomino, 'I mention with all respect.' plebl: tor plehei, as if of the fifth declension (A. 98, d, note; B. 59, 1, d; H. 134, 2; H.-B. 100, 3). anno proximo legatl: the cases of these men are worthless as arguments in the present case unless they, while tribunes, procured the ap- pointment of the generals under whom they served the following year. Such is probably not the case, or Cicero would make more of the argument. diU- gentes: 'scrupulous,' 'precise.' In hoc imperatore: 'in the case of this commander.' per vos: 'through your votes ' in the comiiia centuriata (Abbott, R. P. I. §308). praecipuo lure esse: 'to enjoy special privileges,' 'to take a place of pre-eminence.' , 24-29. re'atuTOS, relaturum: 'lay before the senate for action' (cf. I. 8. 18). me proflteor relaturum: which he as praetor could do. His Introduction of the question might, how- ever, be vetoed by colleagues or higher magistrates (R. P. I. §274). The con- suls also could by a special edict (.inimi- cum edictum) forbid the introduction of any business not on the regular order of the day. Cicero says he is not afraid of this, and that he can be deterred only by a tribune's veto (intercessio), which was unrestricted.' lus benefl- clumque: i.e., of choosing his legati. etiam atque etiam . . . considera- bunt: ' will think twice.' quid Uceat: 'how far they dare go.' 31. socius ascribitur: 'is (already) considered a partner,' in public opinion. lllud . . . suscipiendum: see on III. 8. 31. 32. suHraglls: abl. means; for sense cf. per vos, 1. 22. The objection of Catulus: *No inno- vations!' But Pompey's career is full of innovations, many of them approved by Catulus:, §§59-63. 20. 1-3. auctoritate et sententia; 'authoritative expression of opinion:' hendiadys. quaereret: in a speech 214 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI quo spem essetis habiturl, cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum 6 ae dignitatis, cum omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et inte- gritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum 10 ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res pQblica, dum per deos immortales licet, frui. debet summi viri vita atque virtute. At enim ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta60 maiorum. Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudinT, in bello utilitati paruisse, semper ad novos casus 15 temporum novorum consiliorum rationes accommodasse, non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore eese confecta duasque urbes potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Nu- mantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas, non commemorabo 20 nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperii poneretur, ut idem cum lugurtha, Idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret; in ipso Cn. 61 Pompeio, in quo novi constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate constituta, recordamini. against the Gabinian law, delivered in a contio. The direct object of quaereret is the clause in quo . . . haWturi. si quid esset: 'and anything should happen to him' (of. IV. 2. 6). eo: tor case see A. 403, 2, o; B. 218, 6; H. 474, 3; H.-B. 423, b. 5, 6. cum . . . dlxlstls: 'in the tact that you all said.' eo Ipso: Catulus himself. 8-11. hoc: 'this sentiment 'expressed by Catulus in his question to the people. quod: 'because.' quo . . . hoc: measure ot ditEerence — ' the less sure and enduring is man's lite the more ought the state,' etc. summl . . . virtute: notice the alliteration, vlrl vita atque virtute =mn virtute, dum vivit. 12, 13. At enlm: tor use see on 17. 9. Be here quotes ironically the old cry ot the conservative, 'Let nothing new be doner exexnpla atque Instituta: ' the traditional practices.' Non dicam ; M. very effective use of praeteritio. 14-17. ad . . . ratlones=ai2 nova tempora nova consilia, temporum de- pends on casus, novorum consiliorum on rationes. Hispaniense: here ot the siege ot Numantia, elsewhere ot the war with Sertorius; ct. 4. 11. uno impe- ratore: Scipio Aemilianus, who, con- trary to the law ot the time, was elected consul twice, in 147 and 134. 20, 21. nuper: about forty years be- fore, at the threat of invasion by the Cimbri and Teutones (III. 10. 10). C. Mario : he was elected consul five times in succession, though by the law of his time ten years must intervene before a magistracy could be held a second time. CAP. 20-21, §§ 59-62 215 21. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum privatum exer- citum difficili rel publicae tempore conficere? Confecit. Huic praeesse? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo gerere? Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam homini peradulescenti, s cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum? Fuit in his provincils singular! innocentia, gravitate, virtute, bellum in Africa maximum con- fecit, victorem exercitum deportavit. Quid vero tarn inau- 10 ditum quam equitem Romanum triumphare? At eam quoque rem populus Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et concelebrandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum, 62 quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques RSmanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque 15 pro consule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore cum esset non nemo in senatu, qui diceret 'non oportere mitti hominem privatum pro consule,' L. Philip- Si. 1, 2. novum: sc. est. adules- centulum: referring to Pompey's re- cruiting of Sulla's forces in 83, at the age of 23. privatum: with adrdes- centulum. conficere: 'raise.' 3. praeesse : sc. quid tam novum quam, adulescentulum ■ so with gerere. 5, cuius aetas =9111 propter aetatem. senatorio . . . abesset: to be a sen- ator a man must at least have held the quaestorship, for which office the legal age was thirty years. Pompey at this time was only twenty-tour. 6. bellum . , - administrandum: •the conduct of a war.' 8-12 Innooentla: a,s in quanta inno- centia debent esse imperatores, 13. 6. deportavit: technical term for bring- ing an army home from a province or conquered territory. Quid . . . tnum- phare; only active or past consuls and praetors had the right to celebrate a triumph. Pompey was the first to be accorded the right without naving held either office, vldlt: 'has lived lo see ' omnium studio- with universal en- thusiasm.' visendam: (sc. esse) 'ought to be attended.' 13-15. ut . . . mitteretur: the three clauses in this section after quam are not different in force from the infin- itives in 11. 1-10, and are used merely for variety, duo consules : D. Junius Brutus and Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus, in 77. As a matter of fact they refused to take the command agai,nst Sertorius, pro consule: really a prepositional phrase meaning 'for the consul,' applied to governors {usually ex-consuls) of im- portant provinces. The phrase came to be used as a, noun, indeclinable, here appositive to eques. In 1. 17 it is ace, appositive to hominem, and in 18 is used in a double sense in a play on words with the plural consulibus. Not having been consul Pompey was not technically proconsul, but enjoyed pro- consular power. 17-21. L. FhlUppus: consul in 91, and one of the most distinguished orators of the day. non , . mittere: 'that he was voting to send Pompey not as 2>6 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI pus dixisse dicitur 'non se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro consulibus mittere.' JO Tanta in eo rei ptiblicae bene gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unlus adulescentis virtuti committe- retur. Quid tam singulare, quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret, quam uUum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset? quid tam incredibile, quam ut .iterum 9,5 eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno ho- mine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla tanta ac tam nova pro- 63 facta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum 30 eiusdem- dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate. 22. Quare videant, ne sit periniquum et non ferunduni illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis compro- batam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine itidicium populique Romani auctoritatem improbari, praesertim cum iam 5 suo iure popuhis Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem proconsul, but in place of the cwc con- suls.' rel publlcae: 'the public in- terests.' umus . . . virtuti =«Jii aduleacenfi propter virtutem. 22-24. leelbus solutus: the right to release jfrom the operation of the laws belonged in theory only to the people, *)ut was ordinarily exercised by the sei^ate. consul . . . Uculsset: See Abbott, R. P. I. §173. Forty-three ye«rs being the necessary age for the consulship, the rule that two years must ■llapse between offices would make thirty- seven the age for the quaestorship, though in practice men were allowed to hold this office after thirty. Pompey was a trifle under thirty-six when he became consul in 70. iterum: in 71, Dec. 31, the day before entering upon his consulship. 27. quae . . . videmus: looked at properly this was an argument against giving Pompey any more power. 28. In receiving these extraordinary honors in his earlier career Pompey had had the support of Catulus and others of the aristocracy, who now were oppos- ing him. 22, 1-7. videant: as subject Cicero has in mind the aristocratic opponents of the bill, whom he mentions in illorum, 1. 2, illis, 1. 3, istis, 1. 7. non feren- dum: 'intolerable' (cf. III. 9. 18). a vobls . . . esse: in the cases men- tioned in the preceding sections. The statement is untrue, for before the pirate war the senate had bestowed the different commissions on Pompey with- out consulting the people; in fact, many, if not a majority, of the people were in sympathy with the efforts of the men against whom Pompey was sent, iudl- cium: expressed in the Gabinian law. iam: 'at last,' suo iure: 'with full rights of its own,' i.e., their decision in the case of the Gabinian law had proved fortunate, which entitled their opinion CAP. 21-22, §§ 62-65 217 vel contra omnes, qui dissentiunt, possit defendere, propterea quod isdem istis reclamantibus vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, quem bello praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos 64 temere fecistis et rel publicae parum consuluistis recte isti 10 studia vestra suis consiliis regere conantur; sin autem vos plus turn in re publica vidistis, vos iis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani tiniversi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. Atque in hoc bello Asia- is tico et regio non solum militaris ilia virtus, quae est 'n Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quoque virtu tes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. DifScile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnis-65 que interiorum natiOnum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde, etiamsi 20 qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbi- tratur. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud on the present bill to all respect. Isdem . . . reclainantll]us : 'in spite of their vociferous opposition;' abl. abso- lute. Positive part of the Refutatio, §§64-68: The peculiar dif[icuUies of the situation demand just such a man as Pompey, §§64-67. 11-15. plus . . . Tldlstls: 'you had a deeper political insight.' attulistis: still conditional, aliquando: see on tandem, aliquando, I. 10. 1. principes: the leaders of the optimates, such as Hortensius and Catulus. slW ceteris auctoritati: cf. quibus est a vobis . . . consulendum, 2. 29: here no ambiguity is caused by the double dative. Atque, etc.: From this point to 23. 20 Cicero makes a digression which apparently repeats the ideas of chapters 13 and 14. There is no real repetition. In 13 and 14 he has attempted to show that Pom- pey is possessed of all the moral and intellectual qualities necessary for a complete general, and is therefore a most suitable commander for the war; in the present passage he attempts to show not only that Pompey is most suitable, but that by reason ot the faults and weaknesses of other com- manders he is the only possible com- mander. Aslatlco et reglo: both words suggest luxury and booty. 16, 17. vlrtutes anlml : 'moral qual- ities.' magnae et multae: instead of the usual midtae et magnae', the in- version makes both words emphatic. Asia: here used of the Roman prov- ince in western Asia Minor, whose chief city was Ephesus. Cilicia (capital Tar- sus) and Syria (Antioch) also were Roman provinces, but in regnis interi- orum nationum — inland races — the ref- erence is to such regions as Pontus, Armenia, Parthia, etc. 19. nihil allud=d!e nulla alia re. 21. tales . . . arbltrattu:: they share the general reputation. cuVi' dOTum: sc. pecuniae. 218 DE IMPEEIO CN. POMPEI exteras nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum 25 putatis in illis terris nostrls magistratibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam fuisse? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. Libenter('i6 haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et claris- 30 simis viris, disputarem; noverunt enim sociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. Pro socils vos contra hostes exercitum mittere putatis an hostium simula- tione contra socios atque amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia, quae non modo imperat-oris aut legati, sed unius tribuni militum 35 animos ac spiritus capere possit? 23. Quare, etiamsi quem habetis, qui collatTs signis exer- citus regies superare posse videatur, tamen, nisi erit Idem, qui se a pecHniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab auro gazaque regia maniis, oculos; animum cohibere possit, ■ 5 non erit idoneus, qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse. quae locuples sit, (»7 ecquam esse locupletem, quae istis pacata esse videatur? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi continentiam requi- 24. llbldlnes: 'wanton acts.' 28 inferatur: the verb is chosen because of the analogy to bellum, inferri. 32-35. hostium slmulatione : 'under the pretense of sending them against the enemy.' non modo» sed =non dicam, sed; for the formula see on II 4. 25. animos ac spiritus: 'arrogance and insolence.' capere: •furnish room for,' 'satisfy,' i.e., prosper- ous enough to satisfy their arrogant demands. 23. 1. collatis signis: 'in regular battle.' 4-5. manus, oculos, animum: these take up se, 1. 3, and explain the sense in which it is to be understood. Notice the climax in the three words. Asiaticum regiumque: see on Asi- atico et regio, 22. IS. qui . , . mittatur: as in 19. 12. 6,7. pacatam fuisse : ' has been left as subdued;' i.e., past governors never gave the provinces any rest so long as they thought it possible to extort money, pacata esse: 'to have been subdued.' 9-12. anlml continentiam: 'self- restraint.' pecunia publica: i.e., pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum, 13. 14, 15. praeter paucos: perhaps with par- ticular reference to P. Servilius, who is mentioned in 1. 22 One of the worst of the imperatores was the praetor M. Antonius (father of the triumvir), who CAP. 22-23, §§ 65-68 219 10 sivit. Videbat enim imperatores locupletari quotannis pecunia publiea praeter paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi clas- sium nomine, nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis maiore adfici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provin- cias, quibus iacturis et quibus condicionibus proficTscantur, 15 ignSrant videlicet isti, qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur. Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videamus. Quare noliteGS dubitare, quin iiuic Gni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socil in urbes suas cum exercitu venisse 20 gaudeant. Quodsi auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirltes, conflrmandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae res gestae terra marique extiterunt, ut, cum de bello dellberetis, auctor vobis 25 gravior esse nemo debeat; est C. Curio, summis vestris bene- ficils maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia in 74 was sent out with great powers against the pirates. He did nothing but plunder provinces, and in derision was given the name Creticus. Verres was another. adsequi: 'accomplished.' classiutn nomine: 'with their so- called fleets.' The money that should have been spent on them went into the pockets of the commanders (.cf. 13. 16). maiore: 'still greater' than it we remained inactive. 14-17. iacturis: 'lavish expendi- tures '= Zar^'h'onibus, 'briberies,' to men of influence who would help them in securing their places (13. 16). con- dicionibus: 'bargains,' 'agreements' with creditors, hoping to pay with money extorted from provincials, vide- licet Istl: ironical. Quasi vero . . . non . . . videamus: ironical, 'just as if we did not see;' for mood and tense see A, 524, note 2: B. 307; H. 584, 3; H.-B. 504, 3 Standing by itself the clause is in effect exclamatory, cum : correlative with turn. 17-19. noUte dubitare: see A. 450; B. 276, b; H. 561, 1; H.-B. 501, 3, a, 2), credatis: for mood after dubitare. 'hesitate,' cf. conferatis, 16. 45. queiu venisse: 'over whose arrival.' , . We have authorities on our side too, §68. 21-25. aucitorltatibus : anticipated in 17.. 14, 15. est vobis: 'you have' without a doubt; notice the emphasis produced by anaphora (repetition of a word, est, at beginning of successive clauses), and cf. 2. 22-28. P. Ser- vilius: Vatia Isauricus, consul in 79, sent the next year as proconsul -te Cilioia, where he fought the pirates, 78-75, with great success, auctor . .- debeat: 'no authority ought to have greater weight.' C. Curio: praetor 82, consul 76; after his consulship he was sent to Macedonia, where he carried on war against the Thracians and Dardan- ians, being the first Roman commander to reach the Danube. He ha« some 220 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestrls honoribus summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia 30 singular!. Quare videte, horum auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, responderene posse videamur. 24. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam tuam et69 legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehementissimeque comprobo; deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Pri- 5 mum in te satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum,nunc in eodem homine ■ praeficiendo videmus, quid est, quod aut de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus? Ego autem, quicquid est in me studii, consilii, laboris, ingenii, 10 quicquid hoc beneficio populi Roman! atque hac potestate prae- toria, quicquid auctoritate fide constantia possum, id omne ad banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac defero 70 testorque omnes deos, et eos maxime, qu! huic loco temploque praesident, qu! omnium mentes eorum, qu! ad rem publicam 15 adeunt, maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatii facere cuius- reputation as an orator, alluded to in ivgenio. 27-30. praeditus : for the zeugma cf . III. 10. 13, 14' BC. some such word as ornatus to go with beneficiis and rebiis. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus: consul in 72 with L. Gellius Publicola. In 70 they were censors together, and expelled sixty-three senators from the senate for various offenses, pro: 'as is shown by.' C. Cassius: Longinus Varus, consul in 73. orationi: as in Obsolevit iam ista oratio, 17. 22. Peroratio, §§69-71: Stand fast, Ma- nilius, and 1 will aid you with all my personal and offlcial power. 24. 2, 3. voluntatem et senten- tiam: 'the open expression of your purpose.' auctore populo Bomano: Cicero knew by their large attendance and by their conduct that the people approved of the law. maneas: 'stand fast.' 6. cum studio: manner. 7, 8. iterum nunc : i.e., as before in the case of the Gabinian law. de re : 'about the question itself,' the question of appointing Pompey. quid est quod: 'what reason is there why' (lit. 'what is there on account of which')? See A. 535, a; B. 283, 2; H. 591, 4; H.-B. 513, 2. 10. quicquid . . . possum: "what- ever power I have' (see on IV.. 10. 6). atque . . . praetoria: merely an amplification of hoc beneficio; for use of atque ^Ui. 11. 12-15.^ delero: 'I place at your dis- posal.' testor deos: 'I call the gods to witness' the fact expressed by me . . . /Mere,- 1. 15. hulc loco tem- CAP. 23-24, §§ 68-71 221 quam, neque quo Cn. Pompel gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiumenta honoribus quaeram, propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia 20 tecti repellemus, honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vesti a voluntas feret, consequemur. Quam ob rem, quicquid in hac71 causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei pQblicae causa suscepisse confirms, tantumque abest, ut aliquam mihi 25 bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim obsciiras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non necessarias, vobis non inti tiles suscepisse. Sed. ego me hoc honore praedi- tum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui, Quirites,, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et salutem pr5vinciarum 30 atque sociorum meis omnibus commodis et rationibus praeferre oportere. ploque: 'this consecrated place,' mean' ing the rostra, ad ^ . adeunt: 'take part in public affairs.' 16-18. neque quo=negue quia (see A. 540, note 3; B. 286, I, b; H. 588, II, 2; H.-B. 535, 2, b). neque quo (1. n)=neque ut eo, an ordinary clause of purpose. A clause introduced by sed ut might be expected to follow, but the idea of serving the state which would be contained in such a clatise is ex- pressed a few lines below in a diff- erent form, praesidia periculis aut adiumenta honoribus: 'protection against dangers or assistance in gaining offices.' 19-21. ut: restrictive, 'so far as one may guarantee.' honorem: object of consequemur ; singular because abstract — 'honorable distinction.' Probably Cicero has the consulship in mind. We know from other sources that he was already planning his campaign for that office. uno: Pompey. hoc loco: the rostra, i.e., through political activity, ratione vitae: the plan of devoting himself to the life of an advocate (see 1. 5). 23-25. mihi: for case cf. mihi . . . helium susceptum esse video, IV. 10. 30. tantumque abest, ut . . videar: 'and so far am I from seeming.' The first ut clause is subject of abest, the second expresses result after tantum (cf. III. 9. 9-12). 27-30. hoc honore: the praetorship. tantis vestris beneficiis: Cicero had previously been quaestor and aedile. rationibus: 'interests.' M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO AD ItTDICES Introductoky Note. Arohias was a Greek, born about 120, at Antioch, in Syria. In the schools of his native city he received a liberal education, and showed unusual talent as a poet. While yet a mere youth, about 103 B. C, he left home, visited the cities of Western Asia, Greece and Southern Italy, and won no small fame through his poetical ability, being particularly skillful in impromptu composition. Several cities of Magna Graecia bestowed citizenship upon him. In 102 he arrived in Rome, whither his fame had already come. The foremost Romans gave him a cordial welcome, especially the Luculli, from which family he afterwards took the gentile name of Licinius. As a young man he wrote a. poem celebrating the victories of Marius and Catulus over the Teutones and Cimbri, and later honored LucuUus by a poem on the Mithridatic War. Shortly after his arrival in Rome he accompanied M. LucuUus to Sicily, and on the return journey visited Heraclea, where L. LucuUus, father of Marcus, probably lived in exile. This city presented him with citizenship, doubtless through the influence of the Luculli, and out of his friendship for them Arohias thereafter represented himself as a citizen of Heraclea. By the Lex Plautia Papiria, passed in 89, Archias obtained citizenship at Rome, assuming the full name of Aulus Licinius Archias. He subsequently accompanied L. LucuUus the younger on various cam- paigns, being thereby prevented from getting his name on the lists of the' censors. In the year 62 Grattius, a man otherwise unknown, brought against Archias the charge of assuming citizenship illegaUy, on the ground that his name did not appear on the census lists, and that he could not prove his citizenship at Heraclea. The case was in reality prosecuted to annoy 223 CAP. 1, § 1 223 L. Lucullus, who was the rival of Cn. Pompeius Magnus. Cicero accepted charge of the defense in order to show sympathy with Lucullus and his party in the senate, and also to induce Archias to proceed with a poem which he had begun in praise of the suppression of the Catilinarian con- spiracy. The court in which the case was tried is said to have been presided over by Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator. The arguments of Grattius were very weak. Cicero therefore devoted most of his speech to a eulogy of Archias and of poets in general. As Cicero speaks of him a year later' as a resident of Rome, Archias no doubt was acquitted. 1. Si quid est in me ingenil, iudices, quod sentio quam sit 1 exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendl, in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rel ratio aliqua .ab optimarum artium studils ac discipllna profecta, a qua ego 5 nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam, quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memo- riam recordarl ultimam, inde usque repetens hunc video mihi 10 principem et ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum extitisse. Quodsl haec vox huius hortatu praeceptlsque conformata non nuUls aliquando saluti fuit, a Exordium, §§1-3, an explanation of Cicero's relations to Archias, and a pre- liminary apology for such portions of the speech as may prove strange to a Roman court. 1. 1-4. ingenil: "natural ability' as an orator, ludlces: not 'judges' in our sense of the word, but 'gentlemen of the jury.' quod . . . exiguum: 'and I know how small it is;' notice the mock-modesty in this and the following lines, exercitatio: 'readiness' (rather -than 'practice'), qua: refers gram- matically to exercitatio, in thought to dicendi. esse versatum: 'have been engaged.' huiusce rel: i.e., dicendi. ratio: 'theoretical knowledge.' opti- marum artium: 'all literature, but especially philosophy. Cicero constantly insists on general culture as essential to discipllna : ' the its antecedent is the orator.' — Reid. training,' qua: ratio, 1. 3. 6,7. vel : ' perhaps.' A. Licinius : Cicero usually speaks of Archias by his Roman name, assuming his citizenship as established, prope suo iure: 'by an almost inalienable right.' debet —licet, fas est. 9, 10. inde usque: 'from that time on.' repetens: 'retracing the past;' often used absolutely, as here, prin- cipem: 'leader,' 'guide.' suscipien- dam: 'choosing.' rationem: 'plan,' 'system,' 'methodical pursuit' (cf. vitae rationes, M. L. 1. 5, 24. 21). 11-14. Quodsl: 'now if.' prae- ceptis: 'advice,' given occasionally. The reason given in these Unes for defending Archias is much overdrawn, 224 PRO ARCHIA POETA quo id accepimus, quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare posse- mus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opeiii 15 et saltitem ferre debemuS. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita did forte 2 miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic lini studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vinclum et to quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 2. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in quaestione3 legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud severissimos indi- ces, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia hoc titi genere 5 dicendi, quod non modo a consuetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis banc veniam accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine dicentem hoc concursti hominum for Cicero had received no systematic training from him. non nullis: more mock-modesty, a quo: its antecedent is huic, I. 14. Id, quo: 'the means whereby.' ceteris opitulari et alios servare: *help all other clients and save some;' all needed help, but not all were involved in criminal trials. The first phrase is parallel to opem ferre, and the second to salviem ferre, 11. 14, 15. quan- tum . . . nobis: 'so far as it lies in my power.' *5-19. Ac: for meaning and use see on Aique, M. L. 2. 1. ne . . . mire- tur: for use of clause and ellipsis of hoc dico, to be supplied after disciplina, cf. II. 2. 4; M. L. 1. 1-3. Ita: 'so strongly.' quod . . . disciplina: they might suppose that an advocate and a poet had nothing in common. Cicero goes on to assure them that such is not the case. Why is the verb sub- junctive? in hoc: Archias. ne . . . quidem: 'not . . either.' humani- tatem: 'culture.' 2. 1, 2. me: subject of vM, 1. 4 quaestione legitima: 'standing court,' as distinguished from qwies- tiones extraordindriae, 'special commis- sions,' which were sometimes appointed for criminal cases, tudldo publico: 'state court,' one in which the state was a party, as distinguished from indicia privata, 'civil courts,' dealing with suits between individuals, res agatur: ' a case is being tried." prae- torem: supposed, though not clearly proved, to have been Cicero's brother Quintus, who was one of the praetors for 62 (see on IV. 2. 9). One of his colleagues was Julius Caesar (see on IV. 4. 3). 4. bomlnum: spectators, drawn by the celebrity of the case (so in 1. 9). 6-13. forensi sermone: 'language of the forum.' banc veniam: ex- plained by the clause «( . . . patiamini, 11. 8-11. accommodatam huic reo, Tobis . . . molestam: chiasmus and adversative asyndeton, quem ad mo- < > > > p t~ Ml SAOSAX SADIA 1 =1 rt) o 1 .:^ [ft v^ =1 -J UJ ■■■1 H Zl u 1 =1 < Z - flC - kU = i =^ CAP. 1-3, §§ 1-5 225 10 litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litte- rarum paulo loqui liberius et in eius modi persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis perlculisque tractata est, uti prope nov5 quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Quod si 4 15 mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto, ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 3. Nam, ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias atque ab iis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Antiochiae (nam ibi natus est loco nobili), celebri quondam urbe et copiosa atque s eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque studiis affluenti, cele- riter antecellere omnibus ingenii gloria coepit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaque Graecia sic eius adventus celebra- bantur, ut famam ingenii expectatio homini&^xpectationem ipsius adventus admiratioque superaret<^^Erat Italia turn 5 dum: "as.' me: subject of loqui, 1. 12, and nti, 1. 14. hac vestra huma- nitate; 'such being your own culture.' hoc praetore exercente ludlclum: "with such a judge presiding over the trial.' Quintus CScero was a poet and patron of literature. liherlus: 'more freely' than is customary in court. In , . . persona, quae: 'in the case of such a personage as,' referring to Archias. otlum ac studium: 'retired life of study.' mlnlme . . . tractata est: 'has had verv little to do with courts and criminal trials;' for meaning of periculis see M. L. 1. 12. Propositio vriih Partitio, 11. 14-18, the theme: Archias is a citizen and ought to remain u. citizen. If he were not he would deserve to become one. 14, 15. Quod: 'this.' trlbul: 'granted,' not necessarily implying opposition, concedl: 'yielded,' im- plying opposition. 17. asciscendum fuisse : The direct form of statement would be si non esset, asciscendus erat (fit. M. L. 17. 1, 2). Narratio, §§4-7, a short sketch of Archias's career, and statement of his case. 3. 1-5. ex pueris excessit: 'got beyond boyhood.' artlhus: 'studies;' see on artium, 1. 4. ad humanita- tem: 'with a view to culture.' scri- bendi studium: 'a literary career.' Antiochiae: capital of Syria, long the chief city of the East, and at this time only less important than Alexandria. loco noblU: 'of high rank,' 'in high station.' celebri: 'populous' (not 'celebrated'), urbe: for case see A. 282, d; B. 169, 4; H. 393, 7; H.-B. 452, a. copiosa: 'wealthy.' libera- lissimisque studiis : Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, Philosophy. 7-12. adventus: pi. in reference to different places, celebrabantur: 'were 226 PRO ARCHIA POETA 10 plena Graecarum artium ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius turn colebantur quam nunc isdem in oppidis et hic Romae propter tranquillitatem rel publicae non neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Locrenses et Regini et Neapolitan! civitate ceterisque praemiis dona- 15 runt, et omnes, qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cognitione atque hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate famae cuin esset iam absentibus notus, Romam j venit Mario consuls et Catulo. Nactus est primum consules ^ eos, quorum alter res ad scrlbendum maxumas, alter cum res "" 20 gestas, turn etiam studium atque aures adhibere posset.' Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum do mum suam receperunt. Et erat hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum ^^ verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut doinus^quae huius^ adulescentiae prima favit, eadem ^sSiJaniittariSimar serieSttTCT 25 Erat temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius6. attended bf crowds.' Ipslus: sub- jective with adventus, and objective witli admiratio; tr. 'tlie admiration which he excited upon his arrival' (at each city). Italia: southern Italy in par- ticular, Magna Graecia. turn: before the civil wars, artium: Cicero uses also the ablative with plemts (see ref- erences on M. L. 18. 21). tranquil- lltatem: from the time of the Gracchi ■to the Social War the uprising of Saturninus was the only thing to break the peace of the cityi 13-20. et (before Tarentini): cor- relative with et, 1. 16. ceteris prae- miis: garlands, banquets, etc. In- geniis: 'men of talent.' dignum: sc. esse, which is often omitted with such verbs as existimare and piitare. Hac . . . famae: 'this great and widespread fame.' absentibus: 'to people at a distance.' Mario . . . Catulo: instead of the usual Mario et Catulo consulibus, probably to indi- cate Marius as the more important of the two. Marius and Catulus defeated the Teutones and Cimbrl in 102 and 101. Nactus est: 'he chanced to find.' quorum . . . posset: characteristic. studium atque aures : . ' studious attention.' Catulus was well acquainted with Greek literature, and famed for the grace and purity with which he spoke and wrote liis own language. 21, 22. Luculli: the two brothers, Lucius (whose campaign against Mith- ridates is outlined in M. L. 8) and Marcus, cum . . . esset: concessive. praetextatus: heTe=adulescentulus\ for the toga praetexta see on in prae- iexta, II. 2. 20. domum suam, cf. - I. 4, 4. Et erat hoc: 'and this was a testimony' (for the predicate^ gen- itives see on IV. 4. 20). hoc: ex- plained by the appositive clause wi . , , esset, 11. 23-24. 24. adulescentiae: case? 25-28. erat: sc. Archias. Q. Me- tello Numidico: he was a man of great personal integrity, distinguished for his abilities in both war and peace. He was consul in 109, and carried on the war against Jugurtha in Numidia wiih great success. In 100 he was ex- CAP. 3-4 §§ 5-7 227 Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et fIlio, a L Crasso colebatur, LucuUos vero et Drusum et Octavi5s et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, afficiebatur summo honore, quod 30 eum non solum colebant, qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte simulabant. 4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. LucuUo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum eodem LucuUo decederet, venit Heracleam. Quae cum esset civitas aequissimo iiire ac foedere; adscribi se in eam civitatem voluit idque, cum 5 ipse per s& dignus putaretur, tum auctoritate et gratia LQculli ab Heracliensibus impetravit. Data est civitas Silvanl lege et ' Carbonis SI qui foedebatis civitatibus adscripti fuissent, SI TUM, CUM LEX FEBEBATUB, IN ItaLIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOBEM ESSENT PEOFESSi. 10 Cum hie domicilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, pro- fessus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. pelled from the senate for refusing to take the oath of obedience to an agra- rian law of Saturninus; later he was banished from 'the city. Plo flllo: the son received the name of Pius for the affection he displayed in securing his father's recall from banishment. M. Aemilio: M. Aemilius Scaurus, 163- 89, a great statesman and somewhat noted orator. Q. Catulo patre: the same as in 1. 18. flUo: a distinguished leader of the aristocracy, a man of up- right character and conduct, censor in "is. L. Crasso: a, celebrated orator, 140-91; Cicero introduces him as one of the speakers in his treatise De Ora- tore. Drusum: M. Livius Drusus, an aristocratic reformer, tribune of the peo- ple in 91. Octavlos: Cn. Octavius, consul in 87, and his son Lucius, con- sul in 75. Catonem: probably M. Cato, father of Cato Uticensis. Hor- tensiorum: of whom Q. Hortensius, Cicero's rival as an advocate, was one. 31. studebant, simulabant: 'really had ' or ' affected a taste.' 4. 1-5. satis longo intervallo: 'after quite a long lapse of time,' since coming to Bome. cum: notice its use four times in one short sentence twice as conjunction and twice as prep- osition; see on cum, IV. 6. 17. M, Lucullo: see on 3. 21. He was curule aedile in 79, praetor In 77, and consul in 73. aequissimo . . . foedere: Cicero speaks of this treaty in f his oration for Balbuc as prope singTfi6.re, 'almost unparalleled ;f in precisely what points it was more favorable than other treaties we do not know. The ablative is descriptive, cum: causal, not cor- relative with tum, though tum intro- duces the causal ablatives as a coordi- nate reason for impetravit. per se : "on his own account.' dignus: see on dignum, 3. 16. 6-11. civitas: i.e., Romana. The' lex lulia, proposed in 90 by the consul L. Julius Caesar, offered Roman citizen- ship to all communities which had not taken part in the Social War of 90-89; some of them hesitated, Heraclea for 228 PRO ARCHIA POETA Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius; 8 causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, Gratti, potest? Heracleaene esse eum adscriptum negabis? Adest vir sumina 15 auctoritate et religione et fide, M. Lticullus; qui se non opinari, sed scire, non audivisse, sed vidisse, non interfuisse, sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Heraclienses legati, nobilissimi homines — huius iudicii causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt— qui hunc adscriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desi- 20 deras Heracliensium publican, quas Italico bello incenso tabu- lario interisse scimus omnes? Est ridiculum ad ea, quae habemus, nihil dicere, quaerere, quae habere non pofesumus, et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi municipii 2e iiis iurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nullo modo possunt, example, for as foederaiae civitaies, states allied by treaty, they enjoyed privileges of which they would be deprived by accepting Roman citizenship. In 89 the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo secured the passage of a law known as the lex Plaviia Papiria, the provisions of which are here stated. Si Qx!i = iis qui. In direct discourse ascripti fuissent, habuis- SENT and ESSENT PHOFESSI would be in- dicative future perfect. The conclusion would then naturally be civitas ddbUur. Ferebator is indicative because it is a reporter's parenthesis (III. 4. 8), the clause being determinative to tum. FOEDERATis . . . ADSCRiPTi; 'placed upon the rolls (of citizens) of the allied states.' crviTATiBUs: dat.;why? domi- ciLiniu: 'residence.' essent professi: 'declared their intention.' cum . . . baberet: causal: he was able thus to meet the second condition 0. 8). Q. Metellum: the son, mentioned in 3. 26. Argumentatio. §§8-11, proofs that Archias has fulfilled the provisions of the lex Plautia Papiria; answer to Grattius's absurd argument based on the failure of the defense (1) to produce the records of Heraclea, (2) to show Archias's name on the registers of the censors. 12, 13. nibll aliud: sc. agirmis, 'do nothing els^' = de nulla alia re dicimus. civitate ac leee = civitate Romana lege Plautia Papiria data. dicimus = dicturi sumus. horum: 'these claims,' of having fulfilled the provisions of the law. For the substantive use of the adjective see on II. 8. 18. Gratti: the complainant against Archias, other- wise unknown. 14-16. Heracleae: locative, ad- scriptum: as distinguished from a citi- zen by birth. Adest: sc. nobis, 'we are supported by M. Lucullus as wit- ness.' auctoritate: 'influence,' due to position, religione: 'scrupulousness,' 'conscientiousness.' flde: "trustworth-- iness,' -fi/Jelity.' non opinari: 'not that he thinks, but that he knows,' etc. egisse: 'managed.' 19-26. Hlc: 'hereupon,' 'with these proofs before you,' 'in spite of these proofs.' Italico bello: the Social War. tabularlo: 'the archives.' omnes: with subject of scimus. Est: in emphatic position, 'it certainly is absurd.' ad: ' In reply to.' dicere, quaerere ; tacere, flagitare; repudiare, desiderare: ad- CAP. 4-5, §§ 8-10 229 repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, deslderare. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis ante cIvi-9 tatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae coUocavit? An non est professus? Immo vero iis 30 tabulls professus, quae solae ex ilia professione coUegioque praetorum optinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem. 6, Nam, cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dicerentur, Gabini, quamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resignasset, Metellus, homo sanctissiraus modestissimusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, 5 ut a.d L. Lentulum praetorem et ad iudices venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum esse dixerit. His igitur in tabulls nullam lituram in nomine A. Licini videtis. Quae cum ita sint, 10 quid est, quod de eius civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum alils quoque in civitatibus fuerit adscriptus? Etenim, cum medio- versatlve asyndeton; cf. accommodatam huic reo, vobis non molestam, 2. 7, 8. bomlnum memorla: 'verbal testi- mony.' tacere: 'to pass over,' stronger than silere. Integerriml: 'most hon- orable,' 'uncorrupted,' in antithesis to depravari and corrumpi. munlclpll: see on municipiorum. II. 11, 8. lus lurandum fldemque: 'oath-bound testimony;' hendiadys. Idem: 'your- self.' solere: to be translated as an adverb, 'frequently.' 27-31. An: see on An, I. 1. 17. Bomae: Archias had had a residence not merely in Italy, as the law required, but in Rome. Immo vero: for cor- rective force cf. IV. 8. 20. its tabulls: those of Metellus. It would seem from this passage that any of the six praetors, not merely the praetor urbanus, might enroll new citizens, professione: 'reg- istration.' collegio: 'board.' opti- nent: 'retain.' 5. 1-4. cum: concessive — 'while.' Appl: Appius Claudius Pulcher, father of P. Clodius Pulcher {the young scape- grace whom Cicero offended later in this year 62, and who in retaliation brought about the orator's exile in 58 — see In- troduction), praetor in 89, consul in 79. Gablnl: P. Gabinius Capito; he was afterward condemned for extortion. The genitive goes with both levitas and calamitas. Incolumis: lit. 'unharmed;' tr. 'before his conviction.' levitas: 'want of principle.' calamitas: often, as here, applied to convictions which entailed whole or partial loss of civil rights. resignasset : ' unsealed,' 'destroyed,' would properly have for an object tabulas, sanctlsslmus : 'most conscientious.' modestlsslmus : 'most law-abiding;' the corresponding nuun, modestia, means ' submission to the laws,' 'law-abiding disposition.' dtllgentla : 'painstaking care,' 'exactness.' 5. L. Lentulum: we have no other information about him than from this passage. Metellus probably wished him to make a legal decision on the citizen- ship of the person whose name had been erased. S, 9. quid est quod: see on M. L. 24. 8. clTltate: i.e.. in Heraclea. praesertim cum: 'especially as' 230 PRO ARCHIA POETA 10 cribus multls et aut nulla aut humill aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Graecia homines inpertiebant, Reginos credo auc Locrenses aut Neapojitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scaenicis artificibus largiri solebaiit, id huic summa ingenii praedito gloria noluisse ! Quid? ceterl non modo post civitatem 13 datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt; hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur? Census nostros requiris. Scilicet; est enimll obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore, 20 L. LucuUo, apud exercitum fuisse, superioribus cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia, primis, lulio et Crasso, niillam populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius civitatis Gonfirmat ac tantum modo mdicat eum, qui sit census, ita se iam turn gessisse, pro cTve, lis temporibus, quem tu criminaris 25 ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium Romanorum iure esse ver- luerlt: not sit. because the granting of citizenship in such towns ceased after they became Roman jnunicipia- 11-13. Graecia: Le,, Magna Graecia. credo: ironical; with such meaning it usually has no influence on the con- struction; cf. III. 3. 8. quod; its antecedent is id, 1. 13. scaenicis arti- ficibus: 'actors;' during the republic they were not held in high esteem by the Romans, and were considered un- worthy of citizenship. 14. post civitatem datam: 'after the granting of citizenship' by the lex Plavtia Papiria C4. 6-9). For construc- tion cf. IV. 7. 12. 15. legem Fapiam: a law passed in 65, expelling frsra Rome all persons who had not a domicile in Italy. It was on the basis of this law that Grat- tius prosecuted Archias, 17. nils: sc. tabvUs. 18-21, Census: 'census lists' pi, with reference to the different censuses that Grattius had mentioned as taking place since the beginning of Archias's alleged citizenship, his name appeared on none of these lists. Scilicet: iron- ical, 'of course.' obscurum: 'not known.' prozlmls: abl. absolute ex- pressing time — in 70, during the Third Mithridatic War. apud ezercltum: not in exercitu, for Archias was not -a soldier, superioribus: sc. censoribus (cf. proximis, 1. 19); in 86. quaestore: appositive. Lucullus wEis quaestor to Sulla in the First Mithridatic War. prlmls: the first after the passage of the law on which Archias's claim was based — in 89. 22. esse censam: 'enrolled;' so in next line. 23-25. ac: 'but' ita , . . pro clve: 'professed to be a citizen just at that time,' i.e., at the time of enroll- ment; ita anticipates and Is explained by pro cive', after this phrase sc. hoc dico to introduce the statement, begin- ning with iis temporibus. lis tempori- bus: referring to proxitnis censoribus^ superioribus, primis. quem: its ante- cedent is the subject ot tecit, adiit and delatus est; tr , 'the man whom you charge with having had no share in tna CAP. §§ 10-12 231 satum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostrls Iggibus et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum et in beneficils ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro consule. 6. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes; numquam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revincetur. yU^JL . &,.,,,j„,^ Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine delecteM2 mur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et animus ex hoc f^enslgtre- 5 pitu reficiatur et aures convlcio defessae cdtlqmescancT'^Aii tvLn^jy^"^ existimas aut suppetere nobis posse, quod cotidie A\Mm^ in „ tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrlna excolamus, ■^)^^^ ' aut ferre animos tantam posse contentionem, nisi eos doctrlna eadem relaxemus? Ego vSro fateor inShis studiis esse dedi- 10 tum. Ceteros"'^ttq(eat7aLquI ita se Etteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lucemque proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, iudices, ut a nulllus umquam me tempore aut rights of Roman citizens even in his own estimation, both made,' etc. Ipslus ludlcio: Grattius argued from the non- appearance of Archias's name on the census lists that the latter did not regard himself as a citizen. 26-28. testamentum fecit, etc.: acts showing that Archias did consider himself a citizen and was so considered by others, for the privileges cited were not open to foreigners, in beneficils: 'among those who had rendered service to the state;' it was the custom for a general or provincial governor, upon returning to Rome, to report the names of such men to the state treasury, that they might receive a reward, delatus est: in 67, when LucuUus came back from the Mithridatic War. 6. 2. ludlcio: 'judgment,' as shown by his own acts and those of his friends 18, 19. Populus Bomanus: Though Archias' poem was in praise of his patron Luculli s yet in praising him he praised the Roman people; notice the emphatic repetition of the praise in this and the following sections, aperuit: For the events referred to in this pas- sage (11. 18-28) cf. M. L. S. 8-25, and see note on in quo, M. L. 8. 4. reElone: ' situation.* 24-28. nostra: 'as ours,' a predicate adjective in agreement with pugrna, L 26. Quae . . . celebratur: 'those who by their talents extol these deeds spread abroad the fame of the Roman people.' 29-32. Africano superiori : the con- queror of Hannibal, sepulcro Sclpt- onum: it was outside the Porta Capena on the Appian Way. ex marmoret referring to a marble statue, hulus: 'our Cato,' M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, a contemporary of Cicero's, noted for hon- 238 PRO ARCHIA POETA 30 sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constittitus ex marmore; cuius laudibus certe non solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato tollitur; magnus honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcellij Fulvii non sine communi 35 omnium nostrum laude decorantur. 10. Ergo illxim, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt; nos hunc Heracliensem multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum de nostra civitate eiciemus? 6 Nam, SI quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis ver- 23 sibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus exiguis sane continentur. Quare, si res eae, quas gessi- mus, orbis terrae regionibus defmiuntur, cupere debemus, quo esty and firmness of character and for his conservative patriotism. On Cae- sar's establishment of a practical mon- archy in 46 Cato in despair of the re- public took his own life. He is the hero of Addison's tragedy, Cato. Cato: see on M. Catonem, 7. 15: he brought En- nius to Rome from Sardinia in 204. 33. tollitur: really the protasis, though no subordinate connective is used — 'when Cato is lauded to the skies great honor attaches to the Roman peo- ple.' A case of parataxis (A, 268; H.-B. 227). 34, Maximi: 'men like Maximus.' Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator was a hero of the Second Punic War, famous for his policy of caution and delay in opposing Hannibal. Marcelli: M. Claudius Marcellus, another hero of the same war, the captor of Syracuse. Ful- Vil: M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189; he conquered the Aetolians soon after, being accompanied in the campaign by Ennius. It was Fulvius's son who secured Ennius Roman citizenship. 10. 1. ilium: Ennius. Rudinum: * though a native of Rudiae.' Rudiae was a Calabrian town of little impor- tance, probably not a civitas foederata. The word is in contrast with Hera- cliensem, 1. 2: 3. hac: sc. civitate, meaning the city of Heraclea; in the next line civUaie-ha.s its abstract sense, 'citizenship.' §§23-27. Comparison of Greek and Latin as a means of spreading fame. Ex- amples of men whose exploits have been ■^Jlebrated in poetry, and of men who have been glad to honor and befriend poets. . 5~8. Namt introducing a supposed objection and answer, Graecis versi- bus: Ennius had written in Latin, while Archias's poems were in Greek; hence the necessity of this passage. Graeca: neuter pi. — 'Greek.' Latina: 'Latin.' suis finihus: at the time of this speech the use of Latin had not extended much beyond Latium g^nd the Latin and Roman colonies, although Rome's conquests were extensive. 9-13. regionibus: 'boundaries/ 'limits.' cum . . . turn: correlative (for the position of cum cf. IV. 7. 28). ipsis: dative after ampla. ampla sunt: 'are honorable.' lis; dative CAP. 9-10, §§ 22-25 239 10 manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare, quod cum ipsis populls, de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn lis certe, qui dS vita gloriae causa dimi- cant, hoc maximum et perlculorum incitamentum est et labSrum. Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander 24 15 secum habuisse dicitur! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset : '0 fortunate,' inquit, ' a d u- lescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praecQ- nem inveneris!' Et vere. Nam, nisi Ilias ilia extitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus eius contexerat, nomen etiam obru- 20 isset. Quid? noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtiite fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeura, scriptorem rerum suarum, in contione militum civitate donavit, et nostri illi fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti quasi participes eiusdem laudis magno illud clamore 25 approbaverunt? Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legi-25 bus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, per- ficere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, hunc petentem repudiasset; quem nos in contione vidi- mus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 30 epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex iis rebus, quas turn vendebat, iubere ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. after incitamentum est. de vita: 'at the risk of life.' periculorum, laborum: objective. 15-18. Sigeo: a promontory north- west of Troy, qui: 'since you.' Et vere : sc. dixit. 20-24. noster hlc Magnus: i.e., Pompey, in contrast with magnus ille Alexander, 1. 14. Theophanem: Pom- pey became acquainted with him dur- ing the Mithridatic War, and Thed- phanes was thereafter an intimate friend. He received citizenship about 62. civitate donavit: theoretically the right to bestow citizenship belonged only to the people in comitia assembled. but the right was sometimes exercised by generals through a special law or by usurpation, eiusdem laudis : i.e., the praise bestowed upon Pompey by Theo- phanes. 27-31. non potuit: 'he could not have brought it about.' For the peri- phrasis perficere ut donaretur see note on III. 3. 14. donaret: sc. civitaie. cre- do: parenthetical and ironical, quem: subject of iubere, 1. 31. de populo: 'from among the people,' hence a man of no education and a worthless poet. subiecisset: 'thrust up.' Sulla was seated on his tribunal in the forum sell- ing the property of proscribed persons- 240 PRO ARCHIA POETA Qui sedutitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo et copiam non 35 expetlsset? Quid? a Q.^Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui 26 civitate multos donavit, nequexper se neque per Lticullos im- petravisset? qui praesertim usque eo de suls rebus scrlbl cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae poetis pingue quiddam sonan- tibus atque peregrinum tamen aures suas dederet. 11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurarl non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum: trahimur omnes studi5 laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria dueitur. IpsI illi philosophi etiam in ils libellls, quos de contemnenda gloria fi scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt; in eo ipso, in quo praedica- tionem nobUitatemque despiciunt, praedicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, 27 Acci, amicissimi sul, carminibus templorum ac monimentorum aditus exornavit suorum. lam vero Ule, qui cum Aetolls Ennio 10 comite bellavit, Fulvius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Quare, in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non auodeplgramma: 'an epigram which.' alternls verslbus longiusculis: prob- ably meaning elegiac verse. 33, 34. seduUtatem: 'offlciousness.' YlTtutem et copiam: 'vigor and ful- ness.' 35-38. Q. Metello Flo: see on Pio fitio, 3. 26; as proconsul in Spain, 79-71, he fought against SertoriuS. qui prae- sertim =proesertim cum is, 'and that too though he' (ct. 9. 3). Impetra- Tlsset: sc. Archias. usque eo: 'to such an extent.' Cordubae: a large city in Spain, capital of Baetica; it be- came a Roman colony in 152. pingue quiddam: cognate object ot sonanti- bus — 'uttering, a harsh and barbarous note.' 11. 1. 'We must not try to conceal, but must frankly confess that we all are drawn on by the love of approba- tion.' 6. nobllitatem: 'renown,' 'fame.' praedicarl: impersonal, nominarl: sc. se as subject; tr., 'their praises to be proclaimed and themselves to be made famous.' 7, 8. Decimus Brutus: sumamed Gallaecus; he was consul in 138, con- quered a large part of Lusitania, and received his surname from his victory over the Gallaeci. Accl: L. Aecius, a Roman tragic poet. He was born about 170 and lived to a great age, for Cicero conversed with him when he himself was a grown man. quidem; emphasizing Brutus as an excellent ex- ample from history. templorum; built with the booty he had taken. '9-13. lam vero: more emphatic than quidem. Fulvius: M. Fulviua Nobilior, consul in 189. He received charge of the war against the Aetohans and compelled them to sue for peace. He was a patron of Ennlus, who accoia* CAP. 10-11, §§ 25-29 241 debent togati itidices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 15 Atque ut id libentius f aciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, indicabo 2S et de meo quodam amore gloriae nimis acri fortasse, verum tamen honesto vobis confitebor. Nam, quas res nos in coa- sulatu nostro vobiscum simul pr5 salute huius urbis atque imperii et pro vita civium proque universa re publica gessimus, 20 attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit. Quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iticunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhorta- tus sum. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum peri- culorumque desiderat praeter banc laudis et gloriae; qua qui. dem detracts, itidices, quid est, quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae 25 ciu-riculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus? Certe, si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus 29 regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, eisdera oranes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus frangeret neque tot ciiris vigiliisque angeretur nee totiens de ipsa vita 30 dimicaret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtiis, quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat atque admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam comme- panied him on his Aetolian campaign (cf. 9. 34), and favored Greek literature and refinement. In his censorship, in 179, he erected a temple to Hercules and the Muses, and adorned it with paintings and statues which he had brought from Greece. Martls ma- nublas: 'the spoils of war.' armatl: 'still in arms.' togati: 'in the garb of peace;' see on me togato, II. 13. 4. §§28-30. Archias is to celebrate Cicero's deeds in suppressing the Catilinarian con- spiracy. The orator admits that this gives him a particular interest in the poet, ap- pealing as it does to his love of glory, and then attempts to justify his desire for glory and fame. ' 18-20. voWs: i.e.. iudicibus; Cicero addresses them as representatives of the conservative party; the knights, and others who served on juries at this time, sympathized with him in his action against the party of Catiline, re : ' wel- fare.' simul: here used to strengthen cum', it sometimes is used as a preposi- tion by itself (A. 432, c, note; B. 144, 2; H. 490, 4; H.-B. 418, b). attigit: for meaning cf. the same word in 9. 6. inchoavit: 'has essayed to treat,' 'has undertaken to discuss.' 23, 24. hanc: sc. mercedem. qui- dem: strongly emphasizing qua; 'and when you take this (.mercedem laudis et gloriae) away.' quid est quod: see on 6j 8 and on M. L. 24. 8. 26-30. nihil praesentiret In: 'had no anticipation concerning.' regioni- bus: 'boundaries,' as in 10. 9. se frangeret: 'would wear itself out.' angeretur: "would allow itself to be distressed,' 'would distress itself.' de vita: 'at the risk of life,' as In 10. 12. 242 PRO ARCHL4 POETA morationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adae- quandam. 12. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, qui in re 30 ptiblica atque in his vitae perlculls laboribusque versamur, ut cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia s arbitremur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, studiose mult! summi homines reliquerunt consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus summis ingenils expressam et politam? Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, iam tum in gerendo spargere 10 me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam sem- piternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est sive, ut sapientissimi homines putaverunt, ad aliquam animI mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. IS Quare conservate, iudices, hominem pudore eo, quem amico-31 rum videtis comprobari cum dignitate, tum etiam vetustate, Nunc: 'now as a matter of fact,' 'now as it is;' see on Nunc, I. 7. 21. virtus: 'noble feeling,' 'noble instinct.' 12. 1,2. An: for use of. 6. 5. videa- mur: 'are we to appear?' For mood cf. dicam, etc.^ in M. L. 12. 5, and in- vitem, I. 9. 21. re publics.: 'politics.' Ills: with reference to his own dangers Irom the Catilinarian conspiracy. 6-8. An ... politam: this really comprises two sentences in strong con-, trast, An . . . reliquerunt, and An . . . politam, both of which would naturally be interrogative. The first, however, is stated as an admitted fact, making the sentence seem irregular (cf. I. 1. 17-21). multo: measure of difference after the comparative idea in malle (,=magis velle). ingenils: 'men of talent,' as in 3. 15. expressam: 'modeled;' cf. Milhrida- ticum helium ab hoc expressum est, 9. 14-16. 9-13. Ego vero: 'I for my part,' 'I in my own case,' as in 6. 9. lam tum in gerendo: 'even at the time I was engaged in them/ Haec: sc. memoria. saplentlsstml homines : i.e., those philosophers who believe in the immortality of the soul, Socrates and Plato for example, ad pertinebit: 'shall belong tOi' 'be known to.' nunc quidem: 'now at least.' certe: modi- fying delector. §§31-32. Peroratio, a final appeal for the acquittal of Archias on the merits of the case, on the ground of his honor, his talent and his praise of prominent Romans and consequently of the whole Roman people, as well as because poets in general are sacred. 15-20. pudore: (descriptive abl., as are ingenio, i. 17. and causa, 1. 18), . 'conscientiousness,' "sense of honor.' amlcorum: limiting dignitate and vetustate, tr., 'which you see is attested by friends not only of high position but also of long standing.' convenlt: its CAP. 11-12, §§ 29-32 243 ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit existimari. quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum esse videatif!, causa vero eius modi, quae beneficio legis, auctoritate municipii, tes- 20 timonio LucullI, tabulis Metelll comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, iudices, si qua non modo hiimana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque 25 domesticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profitetur estque ex eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 30 Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simpliciterque 32 dixi, iudices, ea confido probata esse omnibus: quae a forensi aliena iiidicialique consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et com- miiniter de ipso studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta; ab eo, qui iudicium exercet, ss certo scio. subject is existimari; tr. as if personal, 'you are bound to consider.' summo- rum hominum Ingeniis : ' by talented men of the highest ranl^;' a genitive and noun instead of a noun and adjective Is quite a common usage (cf. Hoc tarda celebritate famae, 'this great and wide- spread fame,' 3. 16, 17). causa elus modi: so expressed to parallel pudore eo and ingenio tanto; we should expect cuius causa sit eius modi, beneficio . . . Metelll: see 4. and 5. 3. 22-27. commendatio: 'ground of recommendation,' i.e., 'excellence,' 'worth;' for the thought cf. 8. 18-21. eum: object oi accipiatis, I. 27. nostris vestrisque: -que binds the two pos- sessives into one whole, ex eo numero =ex eorum numero; cf. 7. 12. Itaque =talesque or et ita. 30-34. de causa: from a legal stand- point, as in 1. 18. communlter: 'in general.' ab eo: the presiding praetor (see note on praetorem, 2. 2). ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE I. Sending Letters. The Romans had no public postal service. §1 Official dispatches were carried by special messengers (statores), and to these the subject communities had to furnish horses, carts and vessels on demand. Private letters were usually delivered by slaves (tabellarii) of the correspondents. For long distances, especially beyond seas, such ser- vice was very expensive, and, except for the most urgent matters, recourse was had to travelers and traders going in the desired direction. Persons intending to travel notified their friends of their departure in time for letters to be written, and also carried letters, if requested, for entire strangers. There was, of course, great danger that letters carried thus might be 2 lost or might fall into the wrong hands. It was customary, therefore, to send a copy of the letter (litterae eodem [or uno] exemplo), or at least an abstract of its contents, by another person, and the meaning was often disguised by the use of fictitious names understood by the correspondents ■ only, or by employing regular cipher codes. The time made by letters carried under such circumstances is remarkable. 3 The tabellarii traveled from forty to fifty miles a day in carts, and from twenty-six to twenty-seven on foot. Under favorable conditions much better time was possible: a letter could go from Rome to Brundisium (three hundred and seventy mill, pass.) in five days, thence on to Dyrrha- chium in five more, reaching Athens in twenty-one days from its departure; and letters from Caesar in Britain reached Cicero in Rome in from twenty- seven to thirty-four days. In the time of Washington a month was the usual time for a letter to take in going from the Eastern to the Southern States in winter. II. Writing Materials. For ordinary brief communications the 4 Romans used tablets (fabellae) made of firwood or ivory. These were of various sizes, fastened together in sets of two or more by wire hinges. The inner faces were slightly hollowed out, and the depression was nearly filled with wax, so as to leave a raised rim about the edges. Upon the wax letters were traced with an ivory or metal tool (stilus, graphiimi) having one end pointed hke a pencil for writing, and the other flat, like a paper- cutter, for smoothing the wax. With this flat end mistakes could be cor- rected, or the whole letter erased and the tabellae prepared for use on other occasions. 245 iW6 ilOMAN CORRESPONDENCE For longer communications another material {papyrus) was used, resem- 5 bling our paper, but rough and coarse. It was made from the reed of the same name, obtained in Egypt. Upon this papyrus, or charta, they wrote with a pen made of a split reed (calamus) and ink (atramentum) made of soot mixed with resinous gums. The ink could be washed off with a damp sponge, which the writer kept by him for the correction of errors; The tendency of the poor ink to blot and spread upon the poorer paper accounts for the continued use of the bulky tabellae. These rude writing materials, and the extensive correspondence carried 6 on by every Roman of birth and position, made it impossible for him to write any but the most important of his letters, or those to his dearest friends, with his own hand. The place of the stenographer and typewriter of to- day was taken by slaves or freedmen, often highly educated, who wrote at the dictation of the master. Such slaves were called in general terms librarii, more particularly servi ab epistolis, servi a manu, or amanuenses. III. The Letter {Ktterae, epistola). Of the six parts of a modern 7 letter — date, address, salutation, body, complimentary conclusion and signature — the address and complimentary conclusion are entirely wanting in Latin letters, and the date is but rarely given. The delivery of the letters by special messengers (§1) made the date and address less neces- sary than now, and the straightforwardness of the Latin language knew no such meaningless phrases as our 'your obedient servant,' 'yours truly,' 'yours sincerely,' etc. The DATE -y.hen expressed will be found at the end of the letter, some- 8 times alone (e.g., in Ep. 9), sometimes preceded by data (7, 8, 10) agreeing with epistola understood. It is written according to the whim of the writer in the longer form a. d. vi Kal. Dec. = ante diem sextum Kalendas Decembris (10, 11) or the shorter m Kal. Dec. = sexto [die ante] Kalendas Decembris (7, 8, 9, 14). The year is occasionally given (1). When the 9 place is mentioned it usually follows the date in the form required to answer the question 'where?' from the standpoint of the writer (11), or the ques- tion 'whence?' from the standpoint of the receiver (8, 9, 10, 14); sometimes, of course, the case is ambiguous (7). Finally both date and place may be less formally expressed in the body of the letter. The SALUTATION and signature are combined as in our 'society form': 10 Mr. John Doe (presents his compliments) to Mr. Richard Roe. The writer placed his cognomen first in the nominative case, then that of the person addressed in the dative, and finally the letters s. d. (salutsm dicit): Cicero Paeto s. d. This formula was capable of alteration to correspond with the tone of the letter, the fulness of both names and greeting varying inversely with the intimacy of the correspondents. Politeness required 11 that in formal letters the praenomen of the person addressed or of both ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE 247 should be given: Cicero (or M. Cicero) C. Caesari s. d. (15). Still greater formality required the descent upon the fathers' side and Official titles (2, 3, 21): M. Tu:.Lius M (arci) F (ilius) M (arci) N (epos) Cicebo Imp (erator) s. D. C. Cablio L (ud) F (ilio) C ( = Gai) N (epoti) Caldo Quabst (pri). On the other hand in friendly letters the s. d. may become the more 12 cordial Sal (as in the letters to Atticus), or Sal (lU&n) Plubimam, or may be omitted altogether as if too frigid. Then, too, more or less endearing adjectives may be added to the name of the correspondent, as suus (9, 10, 14), suAvissiMus, DULCissiMus, etc., or a tender diminutive employed (11), or the praenomen or nomen (9, 10, 14), may be substituted for the cognomen of the writer. The BODY of the letter does not differ essentiallyfrom the modern form. J. 3 The writer, as a rule, plunges abruptly into his subject in the straightfor- ward fashion peculiar to the Romans. In his official and formal letters, however, Cicero sometimes uses certain old fashioned phrases that had once been strictly insisted upon: Si vales bene est, or to a general in the field Si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est (2), often with the addition Ego (or bgo quidem) valbo, all indicated by the initial letters only. The close of the letter is as abrupt as the beginning, though we find a few stock phrases of leave-taking: vale or valetb (9, 10), cura (or fac) rT valeas (4, 14). The style of the letters shows the ordinary conversational Latin of the 14 refined and polished circles in which the writer moved. The sentences are much shorter than in literary Latin, the order of words is less studied and artificial, and theconnection is oftenloose and obscure. CoUoquiahsms and ellipses abound, the personal pronouns and such verbs as agere, esse, facere, ferre, ire and venire being omitted with great freedom. The pluperfect 15 is often used for the imperfect and perfect, and these in turn for the present — i.e., the writer projects himself into the time of the reading of the letter and describes present actions as past. Exaggerated and pleonastic expres- sions are especially common, Greek words and phrases are frequently used (13, 20) just as some persons nowadays interlard Enghsh letters with French and Gem an, and postscripts are not uncommon (11). IV. Sealing and Opening the Letter. For sealing the letter thread 16 (linum), wax {cera) and a seal (signum) were necessary. The seal not only secured the letter against improper inspection but also attested the genuineness of those written by the librarii, as autograph signatures seem not to have been thought of. Each man's seal had some device pecuUar to it, and was affixed to all documents which he wished to acknowledge as his own. The tabellae (§ 4) having been put together face to face, the thread 17 was passed around them and through small holes bored through them, and was tnen securely tied. Upon the knot softened wax was dropped, and 24b ROMAN CORRESPONDENCE to this the seal was applied. The chartae (§ 5) were rolled longitudinally and secured in the same way. The letter bore upon the outside merely the name of the person addressed. Cicero (III. 6. 1-13) describes the pro- 18 cess of opening the letter. The seal was first examined, and then the thread was cut in order to leave the seal uninjured. If the letter was pre- eerred the seal was kept attached to it in order to attest its genuineness. EPISTOLAE SELEOTAE 1 (Att. 1. 2) Scrlpta Romae anno 689 (65) CICERO ATTICO SAL. L. lulio Caesare, C. Marcio Figulo consulibus filiolo me 1 auctum sclto salva Terentia. Abs te tarn diu nihil litterarum! The birth of a son; an election and some political planning. Introductoky Note: Written from Rome to Titus Pomponius Atticus, then at Athens, on election day in July, 65. The letter tells of the birth of the writer's son and the condition of his canvass for the consulship. Salutation: The same for all the letters to Atticus which are contained In this volume. Attlco : the full name is given above. He was Cicero's most Intimate and trusted friend, a man of refined and cultivated tastes, extensive learning, and great wealth. He had early devoted himself to a business life and kept resolutely aloof from politics. He had large investments in Greece which required his personal supervision and kept hfm from Rome much of the time — once for a period of twenty-three years continuously — and thus gained for him the cognomen Atticus. On his re- turn to the capital his house became the resort of the ablest men of all schools and parties, whose love and respect for him are shown by the fact that he lived (109-32) in security through all the revolutions of Marius, Sulla, Caesar, and the second triumvirate. He died by voluntary starvation, when he found himself suffering from an incurable dis- ease. It is largely to him that we owe the letters of Cicero which we possess; none of his own are preserved, 1. Caesare . . . Figulo . , , con- sulibus: i.e., they were con^ules desig- nati (cf. I. 5. 12), having been chosen the day the letter was written. This is Cicero's way of telling the result of the election. L. Caesar favored the death penalty for the Catilinarian conspirators, though one of them was his brother-in- law (IV. 6. 36 fl). In the proscription of 43 he narrowly missed sharing Cicero's fate. C. Marcius Figulus also favored putting the conspirators to death. flllolo: 'little son,' 'baby boy' — dimin- utive of fllius. me auctum: sc. esse. 'I have been increased,' involving two ideas: (1) 'my family is enlarged' (he already had a daughter) ; (2) ' my dignity and standing as head of a family have been heightened' by the birth of an heir. 2. sclto: This imperative (tense?) was used often with a following infin- itive to emphasize a statement (cf. il, 10. 27). abs te . . . litterarum: 249 250 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE Ego de meis ad te rationibus scrips! antea diligenter. Hoc tempore Catillnam, competitorem nostrum, defendere cogi- 5 tairius. ludices habemus, quos voluimus, summa accusatoris voluntate. Spero, si absoliitus erit, coniunctiorem ilium nobis fore in ratione petitionis; sin aliter acciderit, hiimaniter fere- mus. Tuo adventti nobis opus est matiiro; nam prorsus summa 2 hominum est opinio tuos familiares nobiles homines adversarios 10 honor! nostro fore. Ad eorum voluntatem mihi conciliandam maximo te mihi tisui fore video. Qua re lanuario mense, ut constituisti, cura ut Romae sis. 2 (Fam. 5. 7) Scr. Romae mense Aprili anno 692 (62) M. TULLIUS M. p. CICBHO- S. D. CN. POMPEIO CN. F. MAGNO IMPERATOEI S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. Ex litteris tuis, quas publice misisti, 1 'no letter from you for so longi' We may supply fuisse or venisse — 'alas that no letter/ or 'to think that no letter has come' CA. 462, with last note; B. 334; H. 616, 3; H.-B. 696). 3. rationibus: 'plans,' referring doubtless to political matters, 4. competitorem: Twice balHed in his desire to be consul (see Introduc- tion p. 22) Catiline was planning to be candidate for the third tirrie in 64, to hold office in 63. Cicero had held each of the lower (Alices in the cursus ho- noTum (I. 11. 19) suo anno, and was ambitious to complete the record by holding the consulship in 63. Recog- nizing Catiline as a dangerous rival Cicero here proposes to court his favor by serving as his counsel in a pending trial, and join forces with him in the canvass of 64. 5. ludices: 'jurymen' (Ar. 1. 1). quos . . . voluntate: The jury had been 'packed' so as to insure acquittal. As it is not certain wliich this was of the many prosecutions Catiline had to face we do not know who this accom- modating prosecutor was. 6. 7. aohis =mihi. ratione peti- tionis: 'in the conduct of my cam- paign.' 8. mature: 'speedy.' 9. hominum: subjective, nobiles homines: 'men of high birth,' who naturally would oppose the advance- ment of a novus homo like Cicero. 11. lanuario: This would allow sev- eral months for electioneering before the comitia in July. A protest against Pompey's indifference; a boast and a compliment. Introductory Note: Written from Rome to Pompey in Asia in 62. Soon after the execution of the conspirators EP. 1, § 1-2; 2, § 1-3 251 cepi una cum omnibus incredibilem voluptatem; tantam enim spem otii ostendisti, quantam ego semper omnibus te uno fretus poUicebar; sed hoc scito, tuos veteres hostes, novos amicos vehe- 5 menter litteris perculsos atque ex magna spe deturbStos iacere. Ad me autem litteras quas misisti, quamquam exiguam signi- 2 ficationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant, tamen mihi scito iucundas fuisse; nulla enim re tam laetari soleo quam meorum officiorum conscientia, quibus si quando non mutue responde- 10 tur, apud me plus officii residere facillime patior: illud non du- bito, quin, si te mea summa erga te studia parum mihi adiunxe- runt, res publica nos inter nos conciliatura conitincturaque sit. Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim, scribam 3 aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia postulat: res eas IS gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris et nostrae necessitiidinis et rei publicae causa gratulationem exspectavi, quam ego abs te praetermissam esse arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum Cicero had written a long and exultant letter to Pompey, to which the latter had sent a very cold reply not now extant. To this reply of Pompey we here have Cicero's answer. On the general form of the letter read Introductory Note on Roman Correspondence (p. 333), referred to hereafter as R. 0. Salutation: Formal or familiar? Ex- plain the abbreviations (R. C. §§10, 11). Magno; a title said to have been con- ferred upon Pompey by Sulla in 81. 1-5. S. T., etc.: see R. C. §13. litteris: an official (publice) dispatch received at Rome in November, 63, an- nouncing the death of Mithridates. Gicero had immediately had a ten days' thanksgiving declared in honor of Pom- pey. spem otll: i.e., abroad, by the ending of the war. te: for case see A. 431, a; B. 218, 3; H. 476, 1; H.-B. 438. polUcebar: e.g., in the oration for the Manilian law, beginning with chapter 10. scito: for form see on II. 10. 27; used three times in this letter, veteres hostes, novos amicos: the democrats, who had opposed Pompey up to 71, but had made him consul in 70, and had given him in 66 the command in Asia (M. L., introductory note). Cicero repre- sents them as alarmed by the good feel- ing now existing Cor supposed to exist) between Pompey and the senate, lit- teris: see on 1. 1. iacere: as in II. 1. 19. 6-12. litteras: the personal letter to which this is the answer, signlflca- tlonem: 'expression.' quibus = «f iis (cf. III. 12. 12). non mutue respon- detur: 'no fair return is made.' apud me , . . patior: 'I am well content that the balance of services rendered should be in my favor.' studia: as shown by supporting the Manilian law and proposing the thanksgiving, res publica: 'considerations of the public good.' 13-17. desiderarim: 'have missed.' litteris: the dispatch, 1. 1. vererere: for mood see on II. 1. 23. ne cuius: Some of the conspirators had .influential connections, and Pompey was too cau- tious a politician to express approval of Cicero's acts when it might cost him 252 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE offenderes; sed sclto ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis terrae iudicio ac testimonio comprobari, quae, cum 20 veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi magnittidine a me gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi multo maiori, quam Africanus fuit, me non multo minorem quam Laelium facile et in re pu- blica et in amicitia adiunctum esse patiare. 3 (Fam. 5. 5) Scr. Romae a. 693 (61) M. CICEBO S. D. C. ANTONIO M. P. IMP. EtsI statueram nullas ad te litteras mittere nisi commenda- 1 ticias — non quo eas inteUegerem satis apud te valere, sed ne ils, qui me rogarent, aliquid de nostra coniunctione imminutum esse ostenderem — tamen, cum T. Pomponius, homo omnium b liieorum in te studiorum et officiorum maxime conscius, tul their support and make them his ene- mies, anlmum : see on IV. 8. 14. 19. ludlcio ac testimonio: 'the ex- pressed judgment.' quae: cf. quibus, 1. 9. 21, 22. Africanus and Laellus are frequently mentioned by Cicero as ideal friends, the former a great general (see on IV. 10. 14), the latter a wise states- man, quam Laelium: cf. quam Afri- canus, 1. 21, and see for case A. 407; H. 471, 1. Antony's ingratitude; a favor asked for Atticus. Introductory Note: Written from Rome to Antony in Macedonia in 61. Antony, said report, had hinted that Cicero was to share the plunder of Mace- donia, thus giving the lie direct tc Cicero's often-repeated boast of patriotic motives in declining a province (cf. IV. 11. 1-10). Cicero writes to remonstrate against tills unwarranted slander, and to ask Antony to aid Atticus in certain business matters in the province. Saltttation: More or less formal than in Ep. 2? Antonio: on his early career, connection with Catiline.-election to the consulship with Cicero, and change of politics see Introduction, p. 20. He is damned with taint praise. III. 6. 11 ff., and his operations against Cati- line are described by Sallust (Cat. 56- 59). Imp.: he received the title im- perator for the defeat of CatiUne, and governed Macedonia as proconsul in 62 and 61. In 59 he was prosecuted for misgovernment, and in spite of Cicero's defense was convicted and went into exile. 1-7. commendatlclas : 'of intro- duction,' for friends going to Mace- donia non quo . . . sed ne: see :jr M, L. 24. 16: vuo is causal, while no EP. 2, § 3; 3, § 1-3 253 cupidus, nostrl amantissimus, ad te proficisceretur, aliquid mihi scribendum putavl, praesertim cum aliter ipsi Pomponio satisfacere non possem. Ego si abs te summa officia desiderem, 2 mirum nemini videri debeat; omnia enim a me in te profecta 10 sunt, quae ad tuum commodum, quae ad honorem, quae ad dignitatem pertinerent: pro his rebus nullam mihi abs te rela- tam esse gratiam tu es optimus testis, contra etiam esse aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi; nam 'comperisse' me non audeo dicere, ne forte id ipsum verbum ponam, quod abs te aiunt 15 falso in me solere conferri; sed ea, quae ad me delata sunt, malo te ex Pomponio, cui non minus molesta fuerunt, quam ex meis litteris cognoscere. Meus in te animus quam singular! officio fuerit, et senatus et populus Romanus testis est: tu quam gratus erga me fueris, ipse existimare potes; quantum mihi 20 debeas, ceterl existiment. Ego quae tua causa antea feci, 3 voluntate sum adductus posteaque constantia; sed reliqua, mihi crede, multo maius meum studium maioremque gravitatem et laborem desiderant; quae ego si non profundere ac perdere videbor, omnibus mels viribus sustinebo; sin autem ingrata 25 esse sentiam non committam, ut tibi ipsi insanire videar. Ea quae sint et cuiusmodi, poteris ex Pomponio cognoscere. Atque ipsum tibi Pomponium ita commendo, ut, quamquam ipsius causa coiifido te facttlrum esse omnia, tamen abs te . . ostenderem expresses purpose, me TOgarent: so. litteras commendatidas. T. Poznponius: Atticus (see intro- ductory note to Ep. 1). tul cupidus: 'well disposed to you.' nostrl; for case (so tui) and form see on IV. 9. 15. praesertim cum : ' especially as.' 8-13. deslderezn: 'claim;' notice the different meaning in Ep. 2. 13. omnia profecta sunt: see on III. 6. 10, IV. 11. 1-10. commodum, honorem, dignitatem: the province, triumph and political position of Antony, quae ad . . . quae ad . . . quae ad: figure? pro: as in IV. 11. 6. contra etlam esse, etc.: 'nay. I have heard from many that something the very opposite [of gratitude] has proceeded from you;' contra is an adv. and its position is very emphatic; for its attributive sense cf. adhuc, II. 12. 17. comperisse: see on I. 11. 6. 15-20. falso: goes with conferri. ea: Cicero's grievances against Antony, Meus animus = effo (of. Ep. 2. 17). officio: 'devotion.' existiment: jus- sive. 21-28. sum adductus : sc. ut facerem. constantia: 'consistency.' reliqua: the threatened suit for misgovernment. desiderant : as in 1. 8. quae : refers to wavitatem and laborem: tor gender cf. II. 9. 13. profundere ac perdere: i.e., do them with no return or grati- 264 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE hoc petam, ut, si quid in te residet amoris erga me, id omne in 30 Pomponii negotio ostendas: hoc mihi nihil gratius facere potss. 4 (Att. 2. 23) Scr. Romae mense Sextili a. 695 (59) CICERO ATTICO SAL. Numquam ante arbitror ' te epistolam meam legisse, nisi 1 mea manu scriptam: ex so coUigere poteris, quanta occupatione distinear; nam, cum vacui temporis nihil haberem et cum re- creandae voculae causa necesse asset mihi ambulare, haec 5 dictavi ambulans. Primum igitur illud te scire volo, Sampsi- 2 ceramum, nostrum amicum, vehementer sui status poenitere restituique in eum locum cupere, ex quo decidit, doloremque suum impertire nobis et medicinam interdum aperte quaerere, quam ego posse inveniri niillam puto; deinde omnes illius partis tude from you. ingrata: 'thankless.', non commlttam, ut; cf. 111. 7. 22; 111. 3. 14. ea: refers to reliqua. abs te: cf. 1. 8, and see on I. 11. 10. A dictated letter; Pompey's perplexities; hints of coming trouble for the writer. Introductory Note: Written from Rome to Atticus in Epirus in August, 59. -Tlie letter shows how Uttle the writer comprehended the political maneuvers of Caesar, and how blindly he still trusted to Pompey. 1-4. meam: 'of mine.' nisi . . . scriptam : see R. C. §6 ; nisi introduces epistolam, understood with scriptam. (cf. IV. 11. 8; II. 5. 13). occupatione: 'business,' explained in 1. 12 ff. vocu- lae: 'what is left of my voice' will fairly represent the diminutive, mlhl: for case see A. 383; 465, 1; B. 192; H. 434. 2; H.-B. 362. What other case might we expect? ambulare: walking in the open air was believed to be good for the voice. What other mood could we have had? See A. 569, 2, both notes; B. 296, 6, 8; 327, 1; H. 664, II, 1; 615, 1; H.-B. 502, 3, c; 686. 5-7. Sampsiceramum : a nickname given to Pompey from a petty prince whom he defeated in the East, and whom he may have mentioned too often in his dispatches; for case and that of status see references on factorum-, IV. 10. 7. poenitere, cupere: Pompey was dissatisfied with the inferior part in poHtics which he had to take under Caesar, but he did not have enough decision of character to do more than coquet with the senate. Notice that Sampsiceramum is object of poenitere and subject ol cupere: for a similar double construction cf. quibus, II. 11. 11. locum: the leadership he had enjoyert before Caesar's rise. EP. 3, § 3; 4, §§ 1-3 255 10 auctores ac socios ntillo adversario consenescere, consensionem universorum nee voluntatis nee sermonis maiorem umquam fuisse. Nos autem — nam id te scire cupere eerto scio — publi- 3 els consiliis nullls intersumus totosque nos ad forensem operam laboremque eontulimus, ex quo, quod facile intellegi possit, in 15 multa commemoratione earum rerum, quas gessirnus, deslde- rioque versamur. Sed ^SomttiSos nostrae consanguineus non mediocres terrores iaeit atque denuntiat et Sampsiceramo negat, ceteris prae se fert et ostentat; quamobrem, si me amas tantum, quantum profecto amas, si dermis, expergiscere, si 20 stas, ingredere, si ingrederis, eurre, si curris, advola: credibile non est, quantum ego in consiliis et prudentia tua, quodque maximum est, quantum in amore et fide ponanu Magnitudo rei longam orationem fortasse desiderat, coniunctio vero nostro- rum animorum brevitate eontenta est : permagni nostra interest 9-11. quam . . . nuUam: see on 1.7.3. deinde; correlative to primum, 1. 5. illlus partis : the party of Caesar, Porapey and Crassus, who had just formed the first triumvirate. nuUo ad- versario: abl. absolute — 'though there is no (open) opponent.' universorum . . . sermonis : ' unanimity on the part of all in policy and word.' Note the two genitive constructions, one posses- sive, the other definitive with consev^ sionem. 12-18. certo scio: Cicero uses the form cerio with scio only, and only when the verb is in the 1st pers. sing, and has an infinitive clause dependent upon if, cerium scio (nescio) he always uses abso- lutely, i.e., without u, dependent clause. consiliis: how governed? forensem operam: 'law practice.' ex quo: 'and on this account,' i.e., because he is engrossed in professional work and takes no part in public affairs, in . . . versamur: 'I live amid much talk of the deeds which I have done and great desire for them.' He means that he often hears men speaking of his consul- ship, and wishing that he would resume his political activity. Bo(&^i8os [boopi- dos] nostrae: 'of our soft-eyed friend;' the 'soft-eyed one' is Clodia, the elder sister of Clodius. consanguineus: Clodius, who, in pursuance of his plan to ruin Cicero, had just been adopted into a plebeian family and now was can- didate for the office of tribunus plebis. terrores: 'threats' against Cicero. Sampsiceramo negat: 'denies the threats to Pompey.' ceteris prae se fert : ' asserts them openly to others.' 21-26. quodque, etc.: refer to the fol- lowing words, orationem: 'discus- sion.' permagni nostra interest : 'it is of the greatest moment to me;' for the case of permagni of. tanti, I. 9. 7; for the intensive per- with verbs see IV. 6. 20. nostra: for case cf. IV. 5. 1. comitiis: sc. tribuniciis; abl. of time. The election of Clodius was so certain that Cicero does not insist on the com- ing of Atticus before the comitia, the date of which we do not know, at declarato, etc.: 'at least be at Rome after his election,' i.e., before his term as tribune actually begins, cura ut valeas: see R. C. §13 ad fin. Atticus 256 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE 25 te, SI comitils non potueris, at declarato illo esse Romae. Cura, ut valeas. 5 (Att. 3. 1) Scr. in itinere ineunte mense Aprili a. 696 (58) CICERO ATTICO SAL. Cum antea maxime nostra interesse arbitrabar te esse nobis- cum, turn vero, ut leg! rogationem, intellexi ad iter id, quod constitui, nihil mihi optatius cadere posse, quam ut tu me quam primum consequerere, ut, cum ex Italia profecti essemus, sive s per Epirum iter esset faciendum, tuo tuorumque praesidio uteremur, sive aliud quid agendum esset, certum consilium de tua sententia capere possemus; quamobrem te oro des operam, ut me statim consequare, quod eo facilius potes. returned to Rome in November, and exerted himself manfully but unsuccess- fully in Cicero's behalf. Banished from Rome; ' Come and coun- sel with mel' Introductort Note: Written on the road to Brundisium, to Atticus in Rome (see on Ep. 4. 25), at the beginning of April, 58. The bills (.rogaliones) of Clodius must be carefully distin- guished; — I. A bill in general terms, ut qui dvem Romanum indemn^Uum inters- misset, ei aqua et igni interdiceretur. This bill did not become a law, as Cicero left the city before it was acted upon, and Clodius let it drop. II. A bill aimed at Cicero individually iprivilegium), ut M. Tullio aqua et igni interdiceretur. During the 17 days that had to intervene between the proposal and passing of a law (I. 2. 11) Cicero's friends got a clause inserted, limiting the interdict to a distance of 400 miles from the city, and in this modified form the bill became a law in the comitia tributa. When Cicero gave way before the first bill (I) he retired to ontj of his country seats (probably the one near Arpinum), and remained there until he heard of the second rogatio (II), not later than March 19. He then started for the East, in- tending to leave Italy by way of Brun- disium, and expecting to be accom- panied by Atticus. He writes this letter to notify Atticus of his departure. 1. nostra: for case cf. Ep. 4. 24. 2. rogationem: II (see Introduc- tory Note). 4, 5. consequerere: for mood see A. 535, c; B. 284, 4; H. 670, 1; H.-B. 521, 2, c. sive . . . sive: 'if oh the one hand ... if on the other hand' (cf. IV. 6. 1) tuo tuorumque: sub- jective — 'the protection of yourself and your people.' praesidio: against the banished Catilinarians living in Epirus. 7. des: volitive, object of oro; ut may be expressed (as in Ep, 6. 3) or omitted as here (A. 563; B. 295, 1, 8; H. 564, I; H.-B. 530, 2). EP. 4, § 3, 5; 6; 7 25? quoniam de provincia Macedonia perlata lex est. Pluribus io verbis tecum agerem, nisi pro me apud te res ipsa loqueretur. 6 (Att 3. 3) Scr. in itinere circa Non. Avr. a. 696 (58) CICERO ATTICO SAL. Utinam ilium diem videam, cum tibi agam gratias, quod me vivere coegisti! adhuc quidem valde me poenitet. Sed te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias, quo ego multis causis con- vert! iter meum: scilicet, eo si veneris, de toto itinere ac fuga 5 mea consilium capere potero; si id non feceris, mirabor, sed confido te esse facturum. 7 (Att. s; 5) Scr. Thurils VIII Id. Apr. a. 696 (58) CICEEO ATTICO SAL. Terentia tibi et saepe et maximas agit gratias; id est mihi g. de provincia . . . lex: Clodius, in order to secure the aid of the consuls, had proposed a law aselgning Macedonia to Piso and Cilicia (afterwards Syria) to Gabinius. Atticus had large invest- ments in Macedonia, and had therefore desired to stay in Rome until the law was voted on. Pluribus verbis: 'at greater length.' 6 Deep depression; aTiother appeal to 'come.' Introductory Note: Written, on the road to Vibo, to Atticus in Rome; the date cannot be precisely fixed. Be- fore reaching Brundisium (see Ep. 5.) CScero suddenly changed his mind and turned his course to Vibo in Bruttium, on the western coast of Italy. He prob- ably thought it safer to wait for Atticus in Vibo than in Brundisium, because, if sudden violence should threaten him, be could more easily escape from the former town to Sicily than from the latter to Greece. At any rate, he writes this note to ask Atticus to follow him at once. 2—4. vlvere eoeglstl : CScero tells us again and again that he had made up his mind to die by his own hand, and had only consented to Uve on account ' of Atticus' earnest persuasion, me poe- nitet: sc. vivere, or vita^ (cf. status, Ep. 4. 6). ore ut venias: cf. oro des, 5. 7. fuga: 'exile.' Crratitiide; a plea for continued love and for help. Introductory Note: Written from Thurii, a town in Lucania on the road between Vibo and Brundisium, to Atti- cus in Rome, on the 6th of April. 1, 2. Terentia (Cicero's wife — see Ep. 9. Sal.) had remained in Rome to look after Cicero's property, and had prob- '25S EPISTOLAE SELECTAE gratissimum. Ego vivo miserrimus et maximo dolore conficior. Ad te quid scribam, nescio; si enim es Romae, iam me assequi non potes, sin es in via, cum eris me assecutus, coram age- 5 mus, quae erunt agenda: tantum te oro, ut, quoniam me ipsum semper amasti, ut eodem amore sis; ego enim idem sum: inimici mei mea mihi, non me ipsum ademerunt. Ciira, ut valeas. Data VIII Idus April. , Thuriis. 8 (Att. 3. 6) Scr. in Tarentmo XIV K. Mai. a. 696 (58) CICERO ATTICO SAL. Non fuerat mihi dubium, quin te Tarenti aut Brundisii visurus essem, idque ad multa pertinuit, in eis, ut et in Epiro consisteremus et de reliquis rebus tuo consilio titeremur: quon- iam id non contigit, erit hoc quoque in magno numero nostrorum 5 malorum. Nobis iter est in Asiam, maxime Cyzicum; meos ably written to him of some kind and generous acts of Atticus. aglt gratias: 'expresses gratitude' (so in Ep. 6. 1). Gratia is commonly plural with ago and singular with kabeo (but see Mar. 11. 2); gratiam habeo = 'l feel thankful,' gratias ago = ' I express my thanks.' What does gratiam refero mean? See on IV. 2. 6. gratissimum: for meaning see on IV. 1. 4. 3. quid scribam: 'what to write.' 5-8. quae: what kind of pronoun? ut . . . ut sis: cf. III. 2. 18. inimici: notice the alliteration with m; cf. IV. 6. 19; I. 12. 22. mea . . . non me ipsum: 'my savings . . . not myself.' mea mihi: for position cl. III. 12. 5. Data: see R. C. §8. VIII Idus April.: explain the date by the Julian calendar: it is not worth while to use the older. Thuriis: case? see R. C. §9. 8 Regret at not seeing Atticus; plans for residence during exile. Inthoductory Note: Written near Tarentum, on the road from Thurii to Brundisium, to Atticus in Rome, on the 18th of April. Cicero had waited here several days for letters from Atticus, and seems to have learned that Atticus could not join him before he left Italy. 1-3. fuerat <, = erat): see R. C. §15. id . . . pertinuit: 'was desirable for many reasons.' in eis: 'among them.' in Epiro: where Atticus made his home when not in Italy, essem, consiste- remus, uteremur: notice the use of singular and plural verbs (subjects ego and nos editorial) in the same sentence: the same confusion is seen in 1. 5 in nobis and meos. 5-7. maxime: 'in particular.' Cyzl- EP. 7; 8; 9, § 1 259 tibi commendo; me vix misereque sustento. Data xiin Kal. Maias de Tarentlno. 9 (Fam. 14. 4) Sa-. Brundisio prldie K. Mai. a. 696 (58) TULLIUS S. D. TEEENTIAE ET TULLIAE ET CICEEONI SUIS Ego minus saepe do ad vos litteras; quam possum, propterea 1 quod cum omnia mihi tempora sunt misera, tum vero, cum aut scrlbo ad vos aut vestras lego, conficior lacrimis sic, ut ferre cum: on the southern shore of the Propontis (Sea ot Marmora). XIIII Kal. Matas: explain the date, de Taren- tlno: sc. Jundo, 'from an estate near Tarentum,' probably that ot some friend, where he felt safer than in the town. Grief and despair at separation; de- parture from Italy; business matters; some good friends; an agonized farewell. Introductory Note: Written to his wife, daughter and son at Rome from Brundisium, April 30. He had arrived there April 18, and had remained, await- ing a good opportunity to sail for Greece. Salutation: Tulllus, the nomen: see R. C. §12. In addressing his brother he always employed their praenomina (Marcus Quinto sal.), and to Atticus wrote simply his cognomen. Terentiae : Not much is known of her. She came of a good and wealthy family and was married to Cicero in 77. Without shar- ing his Uterary tastes she was ot assist- ance to him in his poUtical career. She was conspicuous for the purity of her character, the painstaking with which she managed his household affairs, and the courage and devotion with which she supported him in his failing fortunes. She seems at all times to have taken a leading part in the management of his property, and it is supposed that her love of speculation caused the growing coolness between them. She was di- vorced in 46. TuUlae: for the name see A. 108, b; H. 354, 9; H.-B. 678, 5. She was born on the 5th of August, 76, resembled her father in looks, language and disposition, and was tenderly loved by him. She was married between 64 and 63 to C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, a man of good family, whose devotion to his wife and her family testifies to his nobility of character; he died before Cicero's recall. In 56 TuUia was married to Furius Crassipes, but they soon sepa- rated. In 50 she was married to P. Cornelius Dolabella. In 45 she was divorced and died soon after. Cice- roni: M. TuUius Cicero was born in 65 (see Ep. 1, introductory note). He was carefully educated, at home under his father's care and abroad under the best teachers of the time. He was, however, inclined to extravagance and dissipation. In 44 he was at Athens, and one of the first to respond to Brutus' call to arms; he distinguished himself as a subordinate officer in the civil war. He was consul in 30, and later proconsul in Asia. But the spirit of his father had not descended to, him, and he died of over-indulgence soon after his proconsulship. sulc: see R. C. 512. 1-6. vos: the plural throughout the letter means all to whom it is addressed, the singular is used of Terentia only. vestras % sc. — ? quod utlnam: as 260 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE non possim. Quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus! certe 5 nihil aut non multum in vita mail vidissemus. Quod si nos ad aliquam alicuius commodi aliquando recuperandi spem fortuna reservavit, minus est erratum a nobis; si haec mala fixa sunt, ego vero te quam primum, mea vita, cupio videre at in tuo complexii emori, quoniam neque di, quos tu castissime coluisti, 10 neque homines, quibus ego semper servivi, nobis gratiam rettulerunt. Nos Brundisii apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies 2 XIII fuimus, virum optimum, qui periculum fortiinarum et capitis sui prae mea salute neglexit neque legis improbissimae poena deductus est, quo minus hospitii et amicitiae iiis officium- 15 que praestaret: huic utinam aliquando gratiam referre possi- mus! habebimus quidem semper. Brundisio profecti sumusS a. d. II. K. Mai.: per Macedoniam Cyzicum petebamus. me perditum! o afHictum! Quid enim? Rogem te, ut venias? Mulierem aegram, et corpore et animo confectam. Non rogem? 20 Sine te igitur sim? Opinor, sic agam: si est spes nostri reditus, eam confirmes et rem adiuves; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum est, in quod si (e.g., I. 12. 9) the quod is a mere connective, 'but;' case? mall: partitive witii nihil. Cicero constantly repeats his expressions of regret at not having fought it out at Rome or talcen his own life (cf. Ep. 6. 2). aliquam, alicuius, aliquando: the indefimtes are purposely piled up to emphasize his hopelessness (cf. Verr. 14. 1, 2). 8. mea vita: as a term of affection (cf. Byron's J(ir| (lov). 9, 10. di, quos tu . . . homines, quibus ego: these words show clearly that CScero himself had no faith in the national gods. 11. dies XIII: how counted? 13-15. capitis sui. not necessarily 'life,' but his standing and rights as a citizen. In sneltering an outlaw he risked deminiaw capitis, iegls . . . poena: th^ pumshment fixed by the shameful law;' subjective gen. deduc- tus est quo minus; " deterred from' (see on HI. 6. 39). hospltll: see on IV. 11. i. gratiam referre . . . habe- bimus: cf. 1. 10, and distinguish the meaning of these phrases; see on Ep. 7. 1 : what does graUas ago mean? pos- slmus: how does this wish differ from that in 1.4? See on I. 9. 3 and II. 2. 19. 16-21. profecti sumus a. d. II K. Mai. i = proficiscimur hodie), 'we start t6-day;' see R. C. §15. a. d. II: here only for pridie; explain the date and the translation given above, petebamus <.=petimAis), 'we are going to.' Bogem: for mood cf. I. 9. 21 ; M. L. 12. 6. sic agam: 'I will arrange it thus.' con- firmes, adluTes: 'strengthen it and aid its realization.' This use of the 2d sing, present subjunctive for a com- mand addressed to a definite person is found in Cicero in his letters only; else- where he uses always the imperative. transactum est: 'all is over.' more commonly 'actum esL' EP. 9, §§ 1-4 26J quoquo-modS potes ad me fac venias. tTnum hoc sclto: si te habebo, non mihi videbor plane perisse. Sed quid TuUiola mea fiet? iam id vos videte; mihi deest consilium. Sed carte, 25 quoquo modo se res habebit, illius misellae et matrimonio et famae serviendum est. Quid ? Cicero meus quid aget? iste vero sit in sinu semper et complexu meo. Non queo plura iam scribere: impedit maeror. Tu quid egeris, nescio: utrum ali- quid teneas an, quod metuo, plane sis spoliata. Pisonem, ut4 30 scribis, spero fore semper nostrum. De familia liberanda nihil est quod te moveat: primum tuis ita prortiissum est, te facturam esse, ut quisque esset meritus; est autem in officio adhuc Or- pheus, praeterea magno opere nemo; ceterorum servorum ea causa est, ut, si res a nobis abisset, liberti nostri essent, si obti- 35 nere potuissent, sin ad nos pertineret, servirent praeterquam 22. fac venias: see A. 565 and note 1; B. 295, 5, 8; H. 565, 4; H.-B. 502, 3, a. 23-29. quid . . . fiet: a question that he thinics Terentia will raise; sc. in thought; 'if you come to me.' Tul- llola: the name by which Cicero usually speaks of her; for case see on M. L. 20. 3. Sed certe . . . serylendum est: For construction cf. III. 12. 9; translate: 'But at any cost, no matter how things turn out, the poor girl's marriage and good name must be regarded.' He means that if her husband prefers that she remain at Rome she must not cause scandal by leaving him. se habebit: 'have itself,' 'be.' misellae: the affec- tionate diminutive in TiUliola is re- peated in the adjective. Quid . . . aget: another anticipated objection of Terentia. The boy is to come with his mother to his father, slnu et com- plexu: cf. II. 10. 19. Non queo: CScero does not use the 1st sing., nequeo, though he does employ other forms of that verb freely, allquld: sc. m familiaris. Flsonem: see"" Int. Note, TuUia. 30, 31. nostrum: 'devoted to us.' De famllla: 'our slaves.' Notice that the phrase is independent of the rest of the sentence, merely announcing its subject-matter, primum, etc.: 'In the first place, what was promised to yours was that you would act to- wards them as each deserved. Now, except Orpheus, there is none of them who shows at present much sense of duty. With regard to the others the condition made is that if we lost our property they should be my Ireedmen, if they could obtain permission; but if it (the property) still belonged to me they should continue in slavery, except a very few.' That is, Cicero had not freed them at all, but had arranged a mock manumission in the event of the loss of his property. The correlative deinde, which should stand before cete» rorum, 1. 33, is omitted. 33, 34. magno opere: used for the lacking adverb of magnus: magno opere nemo — 'hardly anyone.' a nobis aMs- set: a phrase taken from the auction- room, meaning the loss of property by being outbid. All Cicero's property that was 'in sight' would be confiscated and sold at auction, but he could, tlurough his friends, buy in such as his reduced means or credit permitted. 262 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE oppido pauci. Sed haec minora sunt. Tu quod me hortaris, 5 ut animo sim magno et spem habeam recuperandae salutis, id velim sit eiusmodi, ut recte sperare posslmus. 'Nunc miser quando tuas iam litteras accipiam? quis ad me perferet? 40 quas ego exspectassem Brundisii, si esset licitum per nautas, qui tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes. Honestissime vixi- mus, floruimus: non vitium nostrum, sed virtiis nostra nos afllixit; peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non una animam cum 45 ornamentis amisimus; sed, si hoc fuit liberis nostris .gratius, nos vivere, cetera, quamquam ferenda non sunt, feramus. Atqui ego, qui te confirmo, ipse me non possum. Clodium 6 Philetaerum, quod valettidine oculorum impediebatur, hominem fidelem, remisi. Sallustius officio vincit omnes. Pescennius 50 est perbenevolus nobis, quem semper spero tul fore observan- tem. Sicca dixerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. Ctira, quoad potes, ut valeas et sic existimes, me vehementius tua miseria quam mea commoveri. Mea Terentia, fidissima atque optima Uxor, et mea carissima filiola et spes reliqua nostra, 65 Cicero, valete. Pr. K. Mai. Brundisio. 36-41. quod . . . hortaris: 'as to what you urge' (cf. quod reliquum est, 1. 41, Mid II. 12. 18). Such a clause is commonly used in these letters to in- troduce a topic mentioned by a corre- spondent, velim sit: For velim see A. 447, 1; B. 280, 2, a; H. 566; H.-B. 619, 1, b. For sit see A. 442,, b; B. 296, 1 ; H. 558, 4; H.-B. 511, 2. esspec- tassem ira.n6isii= exsvectarem hie; for tense see B.. C. §15, and cf. 1. 16, esset Ucltum: the alternative, 'semi- deponent,' form for licuisset. tem- pestatem: a vox media: see on IV. 6. 35: what kind of weather here? 44^46. nisi quod: what is nisil Cf. Ep. 4. 1. ornamentis: 'honors.' nos vivere: appositive to hoc. quam- quam . . . feramus: cf. I. 7. 30, 31. 47-65. Clodium Pblletaerum, Sal- lustius, Pescennius : freedmen or cUents of Cicero, valetudlne : ' a vox media: what here? remisi: to Bome. Sicca: at whose house he had stopped near Vibo. Cura ut valeas: cf. fac venias, 1. 22, and note, sic: anticipates the infinitive clause (cf. M. L. 10, 11). Pr. K.: the regular abbreviation: no- tice again the irregular expression sub- stituted for it in 1, 17, EP. 9, §§ 5-6; 10, §§ 1-2 263 10 (Fam. 14. 2) Scr. Thessalonicae a. d. Ill Non. Oct. a. 696 (58) TULLIUS S. D. TiiRENTIAE ET TULLIOLAE ET CICEROXI suis Noll putare me ad quemquam longiores epistolas scribere, 1 nisi si quis ad me plura scrlpsit, cui puto rescribl oportere; nee enim habeo, quod scrlbam, nee hoe tempore quidquam difficilius faeio. Ad te vero et ad nostram Tulliolam non queo sine 5 plurimis lacrimis scribere; vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatissimas semper esse volui idque praestare debui et, nisi tam timidi fuissemus, praestitissem. Pisonem nostrum 2 merito eius amo plurimum: eum, ut potui, per litteras cohor- tatus sum gratiasque egi, ut debui. In novis tribtlnis pi. intel- lolegospem te habere: id erit firmum, si Pompeii voluntas erit; sed Crassum tamen metuo. A te quidem omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video, nee miror, sed maereo casum eiusmodi, ut tantis tuis miseriis meae miseriae subleventur: nam ad me 10 A review of the situation after six months; plans for restoration; hopes and fears. Introductory Note: Written from Thessalonica to his taraily in Rome on the fifth of October. Salutation: Read all the notes on Ep. 9, Sal. 1-3. Noll putare: see on M. L. 23. 17. nisi si: of. II. 4. 2. rescribl: impersonal — 'an answer be written.' nee habeo, quod scrlbam: 'I have nothing to write,' scribam being subj. of characteristic: non habeo quid scribam (ind. question) would mean 'I don't know (lit. 'have not') what to write' (cf. quid scribam nescio, Ep. 7. 3). difficilius : ' with greater diffliulty.' 4-7. non queo: ef. Ep. 9. 27, 28. praestare: for meaning see on IV. 11. 21. praestare debui: regular or irregular tenses? Cf. I. 2. 12. fuisse- mus: the plural includes his advisers as well as himself. Flsonem: the husband of TulUa, as in Ep. 9. 29, 11. 28. 8-10. merito elus: ' as he deserves.' novis tribunls =M&unis designatis, who were to hold office in 57. All favored Cicero, and four of them — Sestius, Milo, Fabricius and Fabius — were either his personal friends or enemies of Clodius id flrmum: the pronoun refers to spent habere, not to spem alone, hence the gender. Pom- peii, Crassum: two of the members of the first triumvirate (See Introduc- tion p. 34, §§63, 64). Caesar, the third, began this year his conquest of Gaul, defeating the Helvetians and the German leader Ariovistus (Caesar, B. G., book I), ypluntas: sc. flrma. 13. miseriis: price — 'at the cost of.' 264 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE P. Valerius, homo officiosus, scripsit, id quod ego maximo cum 15 fletu legi, quemadmodum a Vestae ad tabulam Valeriam ducta esses. Hem, mea lux, meum desiderium, unde omnes opem petere solebant! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexari, sic iacere in lacrimis et sordibus, idque fieri mea culpa, qui ceteros ser- vavi, ut nos periremus! Quod de domo scribis, hoc est de 3 20 area, ego vero turn denique mihi videbor restitutus, si ilia nobis erit restituta; verum haec non sunt in nostra manu: illud doleo, quae impensa facienda est, in eius partem te miseram et despoliatam venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, omnia consequemur; sin eadem nos fortuna premet, etiamne reliquias 25 tuas misera proicies? Obsecro te, mea vita, quod ad sumptum attinet, sine alios, qui possunt, si modo volunt, sustinere, et valetudinem istam infirmam, si me amas, noli vexare; nam mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versaris: omnes labores te excipere video; timeo, ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse 30 omnia; quare, ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, 14-.17. P. Valerius: unknown, a Vestae: the word aedes or t&mplum is quite commonly omitted with the gen- itive oi the deity's name, tabulam Valeriam: supposed to have been a banli (see Introduction p. 36, §68). unde=agifa. opem petere: by ask- ing her to intercede for them with Cicero, te . . . vexari, Iacere, etc.: 'alas that' or 'to think that you are,' etc.. for mood see A. 462; B. 334; H. 616, 3; H.-B. 596. 18-21. ceteros servavl: in his con- sulship (cf. III. 10. 32-37). ut . . . periremus: 'only to,' etc. Quod . . . scribis: 'regarding what you write.' The whole clause may be thought of as an ace. of specification, like the words quod, ceterum, etc. domo; for the fate of his city home see Introduction, p. 36, §68. It is said to have cost him about SI 75,000 (how expressed in Latin? Cf. Verr. 13. 16). hoc est: 'that is,' explanatory, for which we use id est in the abbreviation i.e. de area: even if damages were paid for the building he would not be satisfied unless the site were restored to him In nostra manu : 'under our control.' 22-26. Impensa: incorporated in the relative clause (cf. I. 13. 26). The chief expenses would be in buying votes, hir- ing gladiators to offset those of Ciodius, and supporting Ocero in exile, in par- tem . . . venire : ' to share,' using part of her dojvry. The clause is appositive to illud. negotium: Cicero's recali. eadem fortuna : ' the same ill fortune.' reliquias: of her own (dowry) money. quod . . . attinet: 'as to the expense;' the clause is like that in 1. 19. sine: imperative of ^no. sustinere: sc. sumptum. 27-30. infirmam: and yet Terentia is said to have lived to the age of 103. timeo, ut: meaning of ut after a word of fearing? Cf. IV. 7. 3; I. 2. 22. in te esse omnia: 'all depends on you ' EP. 10, §§ 2-4; 11, § 1 265 servi valettidini. Ego, ad quos scribam, nescio, nisi ad eos, 4 qui ad me scribunt, aut de quibus ad me vos aliquid scrlbitis. Longius, quoniam ita vobis placet, non discedam; sed velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim si quid est fir- 35 mius, quod speremus. Valete, mea deslderia, valete. D. a. d. Ill Non. Oct. Thessalonica. 11 (Fam. 14. 1) Scr. Dyrrhachl a. d. VI K. Dec. a. 696 (58) TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE, CICERONI SUO S. D. Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad me ] incredibUem tuam virttitem et fortitudinem esse teque nee animi neque corporis laboribus defatlgari. Me miserum! te ista virtute, fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas propter 5 me incidisse, Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre tantas volup- tates capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere luctus! Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam? qui cum primum sapere coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si, tu ut scribis, ' f ato facta ' 31-36. servl: a verb. What case does it govern? Ego, etc.; Terentia seems to have urged Cicero to use his eloquence in his own behalf by writing to men of influence, quos: interrog- ative (see note on guod scribam, 1. 3). vos: not only Terentia but her friends and advisers as well; so voUs. Lon- gius: from Rome, i.e., than Thessa- lonica. He had intended going on to Cyzicus (9. 17). vellm . . . mittatis: see on 9. 38. D. a. d., etc.: explain the abbreviations, and give the date in the short form. Note the several terms of affection addresised to his wife — mea lux, mea Terentia, mea vita — and mea desideria to the family collectively. 11 The exile's misery; sundry items of business; a start toward Italy. Introductory Note: Commenced at Thessalonica and finished at Dyrrach- ium, to his family at Rome. Salutation: cf. with that of Ep. 10, and notice the tender repetition of suae, instead of suis. 3-7. te . . . Incidisse: for mood see on Ep. 10. 17. te Ista Tlrtute: what ought strictly to accompany te in this construction? See on I. 2. 4. patre: incorporated (10. 22). sapere coepit: seven years old (of. Ep. 1. 1). In a letter to his brother Quintus our author speaks of the boy at the time of his departure from Rome as 'more in- telligent than I could wish, tor he real- ized, poor boy, what was happening.' 8-12. si . . . putarem: 'it I thought it was fated,' and so inevitable — a familiar source of resignation. ut scribis: How are mood and tense ex- plained? sed: 'but, as a matter of 266 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE putarem, ferrem paulo facilius; sed omnia sunt mea culpa com- 10 missa, qui ab iis me amari putabam, qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant. Quodsi nostris consiliis usi essemus, 2 neque aput nos tantum valuisset sermo aut stultorum amicorum aut improborum, beatissimi viveremus. Nunc, quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo operam, ne mea valettido tuo 15 labor! desit. Res quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius manere domi quam redire; sed tamen, si omnes tr. pi. habemus, si Lentulum tam studiosum, quam videtur, si vero etiam Pom- peium et Caesarem, non est desperandum. De familia quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, faciemus. De 3 20 loco nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed, quam diti fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Epiro, quo neque Piso veuiret nee milites, sed adhiic Plancius me retinet; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum in Italiam decedat. Quem ego 25 diem si videro et si in vestrum complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum recuperaro, satis magnum mihi fructum videbor per- cepisse et vestrae pietatis et meae. Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnis nos tantus est, ut 4 fact.' qui petebant: the triumvirs (see Introduction p. 34, §§63, 64). si . . . usi essemus . . - Tlveremus: ,'if I had followed my own counsel . . . I should now be living most happily' (cf. I. 12. 3, where the use of tenses in condition and conclusion is the reverse of this), amicorum: Atticus among others (cf. Ep. 6. 1). 14-18. dtibo operam: 'I will take pains.' valetudo: what kind of word? habemus: i.e., on our side (cf. 10. 9, 10). Lentulum: the consul-elect; sc. habemus, nostri. Fompelum, Cae- sarem: cf. 10. 10. 19-21. De famllla: on the phrase cf. Ep 9 . 30, and, so In the next line ; for familia see on IL 8. 15. We do not know to what he refers; he wrote about the slaves in Ep. 9. 30-36. loco: Thessalonica. pestilentia: an epi- demic. Plancius: quaestor in Mace- donia, at whose house Cicero remained at a guest while in Thessalonica. 23-27. quo . . venlret: char- acteristic — 'a solitary spot such as Piso would not visit.' CScero feared sorhe annoyance from the unfriendly pro- consul. Piso: the consul who had ob- tained Macedonia as his province In return for aid against (Scero, Notice that two Pisos, very different in their attitude toward Cicero, are mentioned in this letter, fructum . . . per- ceplsse: 'reaped a sufficient reward.' pietatis ; ' devotion.' 28-31. Plsonls: the husband of' TuUia, a relative of the consul just men- tioned, glorlae: same construction as voluptati; what? De Q. tratre: There seems to have been a family quarrel, and Terentia thought that Cicero blamed hei:. EP. 11, 88 1-7 267 nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res el voluptati sit! gloriae 30 quidem video fore. De Quinto fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum praesertim tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunc- tissimos. Quibus me voluisti agere gratias, egi et me a te cer- 5 tiorem factum esse scrips!. Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendituram, 35 quid, opsecro te, me miserum! quid futurum est? et, si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid puero misero fiet? Non queo reliqlia scribere; tanta vis lacrimarum est; neque te in eundem fletum addiicam; tantum scribo: Si erunt in officio amici, pecunia non derit; si non erunt, tu efficere tua pecunia non 40 poteris. Per fortunas miseras nostras, vide, ne puerum per- ditum perdamus; cui si aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocri virtu te opus est et mediocri fortuna, ut cetera consequatur. Fac 6 valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut sciam, quid agatur, et vos quid agatis. Mihi omnino iam brevis expectatio est. TuUiolae 45 et Ciceroni salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. Vi K. Decembr. Dyrrhachi. Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est et in me officiosa 7 nihil: as in I. 1. 3. vos: all his rela- tives in Rome, cum praesertim: cf. III. 12. 20, a less common order than praesertiTn cuTn. 32-36. voluisti agere: see on Ep. 10. 31. Terentia had sent him the names of those who had aided her. egl : sc. eis ffrati.as. certiorem factum : sc. de eorwn ofjiciis. vicum: some city property, probably a part of Terentia's dowry (10. 22-25). The sale of it would reduce the inheritance of her son (puero, 1. 36) as well as her own present possessions, puero: the young Marcus: (or case see on Ep. 9. 23. eadem for- tuna: cf. 10. 24. 39-41. derlt = deerU. efflcere, etc.: I.e., you will merely waste your small possessions without benefitting me. puerum, etc.: notice alliteration, cul si: 'for if he has some (means), so as not to be in want, he will require (only) moderate energy and moderate good lortune to acquire all else.' 42-44. fac . . . mittas: see A. 565, note 1; B. 295, 5, 8; H. 565, 4; H.-B. 502, 3, a, footnote 3. tabeUarlos: see R. C. §1. quid agatis: the words quid agis (agitis) mean both 'what are you doing' and 'how do you do;' in which jsense here? brevis expectatio: 'a short time to wait.' He expected his recall to come as soon as Clodius went out of office (when?), or at the worst no later than the inauguration of the new consuls, but he was disappointed. 45, 46. salutem die : ' give my greet- ing.' Notice the singular die addressed to Terentia, followed immediately by the plural valete to all the family. Dyr- rachi: case? 47-49. Dyrrhachium veni, etc.; on* this addition to the letter see Intro- ductory Note and R. C. §15 ad ftn. 268 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE et proxima Italiae; sed, si offendet me loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad te scribam. 12 (Att. 4. 1) Scr. Romae Septembr. 697 (57) CICERO ATTICO SAL. Cum primum Romam veni fuitque, cui recte ad te litteras 1 darem, nihil prius faciendum mihi putavi, quam ut tibi absent! de reditu nostro gratularer; cognoram enim — ^ut vere scribam — te in cSnsiliis mihi dandis nee fortiorem nee prudentiorem 5 quam me ipsum, nee etiam pro praeterita mea in te observantia nimium in custodia salutis meae diligentem, eundemque te, qui primis temporibus erroris nostri aut potius furoris parti- llbera civitas: the 'free states' were cities or communities which, in return for some service rendered to Rome, were permitted to administer their own affairs without interference on the part of the governor of the province in wliich they were situated. Cyzicus also was a civitas libera. In such a city a Roman citizen would still be within reach of Roman law, but would be free from petty annoyances at the hands -of an unfriendly promagistrate like Plso (see on 1. 23). ad te scribam: sc. quo me contulerim. 12 Home again; ecstasy; the triumphal progress through Italy; an immediate plunge into public affairs. Introductory Note; Written from Rome to Atticus in Epirus in the middle of September, 57, i.e., after his return from exile and about ten months after the preceding letter. The events of this intervening period are outlined p. 37, > § §70-72. This letter describes his return to Rome and doings in the city since his return. The important dates are given Jrere for convenience; Aug. 4. His recall was voted in the comitia centuricUa. Aug. 5. He landed at Brundismm. Sept. 4. He entered Rome amid great enthusiasm. Sept. 5. He gave thanks to the Senate and to the People, Sept. 7. He resumed his place in the Senate, proposed' a consuUum giving Pompey charge of the grain supply, and delivered a contio. Sept. 8. The Senate passed the con- sultum. 1-3. recte: 'safely' (R. C. §1). ab- se?itl: Atticus had given up almost 3Jp'hteen months to Cicero's affairs, and had hurried back to Epirus to look after his own neglected business as soon as Cicero's recall was certain, without wait- ing for his actual return, prius . . . quam ut: see on Ep. S. 3. gratula- rer: 'express my joy,' a common mean- ing. Notice the singular verb placed next to the editorial nostro (cf. I. 9. 4, 5). Ut vere scribam: 'to write candidly.' 4-8. prudentiorem: 'more f arsight- ed.' Cicero had notyet forgiven Atticus for not giving him the wisest advice. EP. 11, § 7; 12, §§ 1^ 269 ceps et falsi timoris socius fuisses, acerbissime discidium nos- trum tulisse plurimumque operae, studii, diligentiae, laboris ad 10 conficiendum reditum meum contulisse: itaque hoc tibi vere 2 affirmo, in maxima laetitia et exoptatissima gratulatione unum ad cumulandum gaudium conspectum aut potius complexum mihi tuum defuisse; quem semel nactus numquam dimisero ac, nisi etiam praetermissos fmctiis tuae suavitatis praeteriti tem- 15 poris omnes exegero, profeoto liac restitutione fortunae me ipse non satis dignum iudicabo. Nos adhuc, in nostro statu 3 qnod difiRcillime recuperan posse arbitrati sumus, splendorem nostrum ilium forensem et in senatu auctoritatem et apud viros bonos gratiam magis, quam optaramus, consecuti sumus; in re 20 autem familiari, quae quemadmodum fracta, dissipata, direpta sit, non ignoras, valde laboramus tuarumque non tarn faculta- tum, quas ego nostras esse iudico, quam consiliorum ad colli- gendas et constituendas reliquias nostras indigemus. Nunc, 4 etsi omnia aut scripta esse a tuis arbitror aut etiam nuntiis ac 25 rumore perlata, tamen ea scribam brevi, quae te puto potissi- mum ex meis litteris velle cognoscere. Pr. Nonas Sextlles Dyrrhachio sum profectus, ipso illo die quo lex est lata de nobis. Brundisium veni Nonis Sextilibus: ibi mihi TuUiola mea fuit praesto natali suo ipso die, qui casu idem natalis erat et Brun- 30 disinae coloniae et tuae vicinae Salutis; quae res animad versa prlznls . . . luroris: when he lost his head and dashed off blindly Into exile, et: connects particeps and so- cius. me ipsum: see on Ep. 2. 22. 11-17. gratulatione: 'exultation,' almost the same thing as laetitia, i.e., the feeling of Cicero himself, not the expression of their feelings toward him by others, unum: 'only' — ^with con- spectum. conspectum: 'your face, 'your (joyous) looks' (cf. aspectus, IV. 6. 14). quem: where is its antecedent? Cf. 1. 3. 18. semel nactus =«M semel nactus era; principal parts of nactus? numquam dimisero: the exaggeration so common in everyday speech, suavi- tatis . . . temporls: for the double gen. cf. Ep. 4. 10, 11. me Ipse: com- ment upon their position. For case of ipse see on I. 8. 2. quod: refers not to splendorem but to the principal clause as a whole. 21,22. facultatum: 'means,' 'finan- cial resources;* for case see A. 356, note; B. 212, a; H. 468, 2; H.-B. 347, a. So consiliorum. 24, 25. tuis: 'members of your household.' potisstmum: 'above all others.' 27-30. sum profectus . . . de nobis : for number of verb and of pronoun cf. 1. 3. mihi: dat. of reference (see A. 370, c; B. 188, 1, note; H. 425, 4; H.-B. 362, III), natali die: she was nine- 270 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE a multitQdine summa Brundislnorum gratulatione celebrata est. Ante diem vi Idus Sextiles cognovi, cum Brundisii essem, litteris Qulnti mirifico studio omnium aetatum atque ordinum, incredibili concursu Italiae legem comitiis centuriatis esse per- 35 latam. Inde a Brundislnis honestissimis decretis ornatus iter ita feci, ut undique ad me cum gratulatione legati convenerint. Ad urbem ita veni, ut nemo uUius ordinis homo nomenclatori 5 notus fuerit, qui mihi obviam non venerit, praeter eos inimicos, quibus id ipsum, se inimicos esse, non liceret aut dissimulare 40 aut negare. Cum venissem ad portam Capenam, gradus tem- plorum ab infima plebe completi erant, a qua plausti maximo cum esset mihi gratulatio significata, similis et frequentia et plausus me usque ad Capitolium celebravit, in foroque et in ipso Capitolio miranda multitudo fuit. Postridie in senatii, 45 qui fuit dies Nonarum Septembr., senatui gratias egimus Eo 6 biduo cum esset annonae summa caritas et homines ad thea- trum primo, deinde ad senatum eoncurrissent, impulsu Clodii teen, natalls . . . colonlae: 'the anniversary of the planting of the colony at Brundisium,' in 244, et . . . Salutls: 'and of the building of the temple of Safety in your neighborhood.' The tem- ple of Salus (dedicated in 303) was on the Quirinal hill, near the house of Atticus. quae res: refers, of course, to naialis coloniae only (see on quorum, IV. 8. 23). 31-36 summa: with gratulatione. concursu : ' gathering,' because all vot- ing had to be done at Rome (see In- duction p. 55, §41). comitiis cen- turiatis: see Introduction p. 38, §71; for its description see Introduction p. 53. §§30. 31. decretis: official votes of congratulation, iter: a journey that occupied a month, though it could be made in five days (see R. C. §3). legatl: 'deputations.' with complimentary reso- lutions from all over Italy. 37-39. nemo . . . homo: pleonastic, as nemo itself =ne-|-Aomo nomencla- tori : a slave who accompanied his mas- ter whe> electioneering and whispered to him the name of any voter whom they met, so that the candidate could greet him properly; nomenclatori notus would mean, therefore, 'worth'knowing.' mihi; governed by obviam venerit (see 1. 28). Id Ipsum, etc.: 'ttiis very fact, that they ' etc. 40-43. portam Capenam: at the toot of mons Coelius. Cicero here left the via Appia, passed northward be- tween the CoeUan and Palatine hills, then to the left down the via Sacra to the forum and thence proceeded to the Capitol, templorum: cannot now be identified, a qua . . . cum: 'and when by them,' etc. celebravit: 'at- tended.' 44-47. Postridie . . . qui: with what does qui agree? dies Nonarum: for which we find elsewhere the more natural dies Nonae or simply Nonae (Verr. 10. 35); for the case cf. I. 6. 28. senatui . . . egimus: speeches purporting to be those in which he gave thanks to senate and people are still extant. Eo blduO' 'two days EP. 12. 4-7 271 mea opera f rumen tl inopiam esse clamarent, cum per eos dies senatus de annona haberetur et ad eius pr5curationem sermone 60 non solum plebis, verura etiam bonorum Pompeius vocaretur idque ipse cuperet multittidoque a me nominatim, ut id decer- nerem, postularet, feci et accurate sententiam dixi, cum abes- sent consulares, quod tuto se negarent posse sententiam dlcere, praeter Messallam et Afranium. Factum est senatus consul- 65 turn in meam sententiam, ut cum Pompeio ageretur, ut earn rem susciperet, lexque ferretur; quo senatus consulto recitato continue cum more hoc insulso et novo plausum in meo nomine recitando dedisset, habui contionem, quam omnes magistrattis praesentes praeter tinum praetorem et duos tribunes pi. de- 60 derunt. Postridie senatus frequens et omnes consulares nihil 7 Pompeio postulanti negarunt; ille legates quindecim cum postu- laret, me principem nominavit et ad omnia me alterum se fore dixit. Legem consules conscripserunt, qua Pompeio per quin- after,' an anomalous expression for duobus post diebus: lit., 'witiiin that two days.' ad theatrum: where the ludi Romani (Sept. 4-12 — cf. Verr. 10. 38) were then Ijeing celebrated. Im- pulsu Clodll: 'at the instigation of Clodius,' who wanted to f6rce Cicero into a decided stand for or against giving Pompey charge of the importation of grain. 48-50. mea opera: 'my fault,' lit., 'by my doing;' the crowds that had flocked into Rome to vote for Cicero's recall had naturally caused a rise in prices of provisions, which had previ- ously been high, ad eius procura- tionem: 'to the direction of it.' bo- noruzn: it is evident that the senate was opposed to investing Pompey with such extensive powers, and these words sound like an apology to Atticus for sup- porting Pompey against the conserva- tives after all his coolness toward Cicero. 51-54. decernerem: pregnant (see on IV. 4. 3). lecl: 'I did so.' The verb fado, as the English 'do,' is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding verb (here decrevl) of any meaning. acctirate: 'in a set speech.' con- sulares. 'the other exconsuls,' Cicero himself belonging of course, to that group, quod: 'on the ground that,' the reason given by the absentees them- selves. Messallam: consul in 61, an able and fearless man. Alranlum: consul in 60. 55-60. ut . . . ageretur: 'that Pom- pey should be urged,' as if Pompey required urging (see i. 51). ferretur: co-ordinate with ageretur. not susciperet. recitato: 'read,' i.e. to the people, cum : not the preposition (cf IV. 7. 28). more . . . novo: 'in this tasteless modern style.' In . . . recitando: 'at the reading of my name,' which would be signed to the resolution (see p. 69, §109). dedisset: sc. plehs. dederunt: 'allowed' (see p. 55, §§42, 43). Qcero as a private citizen could deliver a cantio only by permission of a magis- trate, senatus frequens: see on lU. 3. 18. nihil: object of negarurd. 62-65 me . . . dixit: 'and said that I should be in all things his second self.' 272 EPISTOLAE SELECTAE quennium omnis potestas rel frtimentariae toto orbe terrarum 65 daretur; alteram Messius, qui omnis pecuniae dat potestatem et adiungit classem et exercitum et maius imperium in provinciis, quam sit eorum, qui eas obtineant: ilia nostra lex consularis nunc modesta videtur, haec Messii non ferenda. Pompeius Ulam velle se dicit, familiares hanc. 70 Consulares duce Favonio fremunt; nos tacemus, et eo magis, quod de domo nostra nihil adhQc pontifices responderunt : qui si sustulerint religionem, aream praeclaram habebimus, super- ficiem consules ex senatus consults aestimabunt; sin aliter, demolientur, suo nomine locabunt, rem totam aestimabunt. 75 Ita sunt res nostrae, ut in secundis, fluxae, ut in adversis, bonae. In re familiari valde sumus, ut scis, perturbati. Praeterea sunt quaeclam domestica, quae litteris non committo; Q. fra- trem Tnsigni pietate, virtute, fide praeditum sic amo, ut debeo. Te exspecto et oro, ut matures venire eoque animo venias, ut 80 me tuo consilio egere non sinas. Alterius vitae quoddam orbe: why is no preposition used? See A. 429, 2; B. 228, 1, b; H. 485, 2; H.-B. 436, a alteram: sc. legem. Messius: C. Messius, a tribune and tool of Pompey. His proposal would have given Pompey greater power even than in the war against the pirates and would have placed Caesar in Gaul under his orders, dat: 'proposed to give' (of. decernerem, 1. 51). 69-71. familiares hanc: sc. eum veKe dicunt. Favonio: M. Favonius was a determined aristocrat, jealous of Pompey, and a devoted admirer of Cato. He had held at this time no higher rank than quaestor, but his energy made him leader even of the consulares. tacemus, nostra: singular in meaning, de domo nostra: see p. 39, §73. CScero had asked for damages for the destruction of the building (superfidem, 1. 72), and tor the restoration of the site (Ep. 10. 20), upon a part of which Clodius had built and dedicated a temple to Libertas. If the consecration was valid the £ite could not be restored, though damages would have to be paid for it as well as for the building. The question as to the validity of consecration had been referred to the pontifices (see p. 64, §81). 72, 73. susttilerlnt religionem: 'annul the consecration.' superficiem . . . aestimabunt: 'will estimate the (value of the destroyed) building.' sin aliter: 'but if they (the pontifices) decide otherwise the consuls will tear down (the temple erected by Clodius), contract for one in their own names, and estimate the amount of my whole loss,' 74^76. locabunt: see on III. 8. 32. Its. = tales, ut in secundis: 'as com- pared with prosperity,' etc. re famili- ari: cf. 11. 19, 20. 77. quaedam domestica: probably an allusion to some disagreement with Terentia ; their estrangement began soon after Cicero's return. 80-83. consilio: ct. facuUaium, 1.21, and note difference in case with cognate verbs. Alterius . . . ordimur: 'I am now beginning a new life, so to speak,' EP. 12, § 7 273 initium ordimur: iam quidam, qui nos absentes defenderunt, incipiunt praesentibus occulte Irasci, aperte invidere; vehemen- ter te requirimus. i.e., he had to build up his fortunes anew, (juoddam: cf. I. 7. 25. initi- um ordimur: a common pleonasm. occulte . . . invidere : owing of course to the fact that Cicero had instantly taken sides with Pompey in the matter of the food supply. See on bonarum, 1. 50. vehementer te requlrlmuS' ' I miss you exceedingly.' GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR From a bust in the British Museum C. SALLUSTI CRISPI BELLUM CATIL^AE The historian Sallust was a younger contemporary of Caesar "and Cicero, having been born in 86. He belonged to a plebeian family buc entered early upon the cursus honorum, reaching the quaestorship about 60 and again in 49, the tribunate of the plebs in 52 and the praetorship in 47 He seems not to have held the consulship, but was governor (propraetoi-?) of Numidia about 45. Sallust took an active if not a prominent part in the stirring events of his time. He was a follower of Cicero's enemy, Clodius, and ill- 50, when expelled from the senate for his disgraceful life, he joined Caesar, whom he. served faithfully throughout the civil, war. After his master's death he lived in quiet retirement, enjoying the wealth gained -in his governorship and devoting himself to his historical work. . Of his books we have only the Catiline and a. history of the war with Jugurtha. In -these he tells ot contemporary events, of many of which he was an eyewitness, and seems to have taken great pains to give the facts correctly.' He is not careful, however, to preserve the natural sequence of events. His style differs from that of Cicero in its evident attempt at brevity, in its use of obsolete or archaic words and forms, in its imitation of Greek phrases and constructions, and in its free use of such constructions as the ablative absolute and the historical infinitive. For example he writes -vos and -vom for classical -vus, -vum (e.g. novos, novom), vorto and vaster for verto, vester, etc., and u^ses much more freely than Cicero such endings as -umus and -undus (for -imus, -endus). For color, honor, etc., he writes colos, honos; the genitive of senatus is senati; the 3d plural perfect indica- tive ends almost always with -ere. Common features of his style are antithesis and chiasmus, coordination of indicative and historical infinitive in the same sentence, the use of a plural verb with a singiilar (collective) subject, the constant employment of such introductory words as at, igitur, interea, the correlation of pars . . . 275 276 BELLUM CATILINAE alii, etc. These will attract the reader's attention, and receive mention in the notes. On the whole Sallust knows how to tell a good story, and with all his neglect of chronology his works have real historical value. 5. L. Catilina, nobill genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et corporis sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia civilis grata fuere, ibique iuventutem suam exercuit. Corpus patiens mediae 5 algoris vigiliae supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax subdolus varius, cuius rei lubet simulator ac dissimulator, align! adpetens sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus animus inmoderata incredibilia nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post domina- 10 tionem L. SuUae lubldo maxuma invaserat rei publicae capiundae, neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pensi habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum, quae utraque eis artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant Catiline's birth, personality and ambi- tion, 5. 1-3. noblll: 'patrician' (cf. II. 12. 8, III. 9. 29, IV. 8. 4). genere natus: see A. 103, a; B. 215; H. 469, 2; H.-B. 413. vl, Ingenlo: 'char- acterized by' (A. 416; B. 224, 1; H. 473, 2, and note 2; H.-B. 443 and a). hulc: with grata, bella, etc.: under Sulla when Catiline was 'in his twenties.' grata: neuter, modifying nouns denot- ing things, not persons (cf. II. 9. 13 and note). 4-6. Ibl: 'therein.' patiens: sc. erat; so with animus audax, and with satis and parum, 1. 8. inediae, etc.: see A. 349, b; B. 204, 1, a; H. 451, 3; H.-B. 354; so for alieni, sui, 1. 7. supra quam: 'in a higher degree than.' cui- quam: cf. huic, 1. 2 cuius Ubet: from quilibet, the two parts separated by tmesis, rei: objective with simulator, dissimulator (A. 348; B. 200; H. 440, 2; H.-B. 354). How does this construc- tion differ from that of inediae, 1. 47 7-10. satis, parum: substantive, subjects of erat to be supplied. Con- struction of eloquentiae, sapientiae? hunc: the man thus described, domi- nationemL SuUae. see outline on III. 10. 10. rei publicae capiundae: 'of seizing (control of) the government.' Why not rem publicam capiundit For case cf. rei, 1. 6. 11, 12. quibus: interrogative; what kind of clause? dum: 'provided' (A. 528; B. 310, II; H. 587; H.-B. 529). quicquam pensl habebat: 'consider it {quibus^modis adsequeretur) a question of any importance.* In this idiom (not met in Caesar or Cicero) quicquam is adverbial (like nihil, I. 1. 3), and pensi genitive of pensum, pass. part, neuter, used substantively as predicate gen. of indefinite value (A. 417, a; B. 203, 3, a; H. 448, 1; H.-B. 356, 2); lit. 'hold it to be of weight at all.' 13. quae utraque: cf grata, 1. 3. CAP. 5-14 277 15 praeterea coiirupti civitatis mores, quos pessuma ac divorsa inter se mala, luxuria at^ue avaritia, vexabant. 14. In tanta tamque conrupta civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillumum erat, omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum catervas habebat. Nam quicumque inpudlcus adulter ganeo manu ventre bona patria 5 laceraverat, quique alienum aes grande conflaverat, quo flagi- tium aut facinus redimeret, praeterea omnes undique parricldae sacrilegi convicti iudiciis aut pro factis iudicium timentes, ad ' hoc quos manus atque lingua periurio aut sanguine civili alebat, postremo omnes quos flagitium egestas conscius animus exagita- 10 bat, ei Catilinae proxumi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam eius inciderat, cotidiano usu atque inlecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxume adulescentium familiaritates adpetebat eorum animi molles etiam et fluxi dolis baud difficulter capiebantur. 15 Nam ut cuiusque studium ex aetate flagrabat, alils scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercarl; postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae parcere dum illos obnoxios [From this point to the'end of ch. 13 the author indulges in a digression on the causes of the conrupti civitatis mores of 5. IS.] He surrounds himself with evil men and youth who can he corrupted, 14. 2, 3. factu: supine deflning facillumum (A. 510; B. 340, 2; H. 635, 1, 2; H.-B. 619, 1). flagitiorum . . . catervas: abstract nouns for concrete (cf. I. 13. 4) — 'vices' for 'vicious men,' etc. 5. alienum aes: 'debt,' lit., "an- other man's money-' Quo . . . redi- meret: purpose — 'in order to pay for.' 7, 8. ludlclls, ludlclum* 'judg- ments already given,' 'a judgment due.' ad hoc: 'in addition to thi§.' manus, lingua, periurio, sanguine: chias- mus (see on IV. 8. 22-25), 'the hand by assassination of citizens the tongue by perjury.' 9. conscius of guilt, exagltabat: The Greek and Roman mythology repre- sents the guilty man or woman as con- stantly pursued and tormented by per- sonal furies, armed with lash and torch. 11, 12. Inciderat: "stumbled 'into friendship with him' by acddent in- lecebris: the word used by Cicero (I. 6. 8) in addressing Catilme In the senate. 14. flU2i: 'plastic' dolis, means — ' by his devices .' 15,' 16. studium; 'taste.' allis, alils : 'to some ' ' for others." The in- finitives are historical — used as sub- stitute for what? 17. sumptui . . . parcere: see A. 367; B. 187, II, o, and note, H. 426, 2. 278 BELLUM CATILINAE fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse non ntillos, qui ita existuma- rent, iuventutem, quae domum Catilfnae frequentabat, parum "io honeste pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis, quam quod cuiquam id conpertum foret, haec fama valebat. 15. lam primum adulescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat. Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae, cuius praeter formam nihil umquam bonus laudavit, quod ea ntibere ill! dubitabat timens privignum adulta aetate, pro certo creditur 5 necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse facinus matu- randi. Namque animus inpurus, dis hominibusque infestus neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat: ita conscientia' mentem excitam vastabat Igitur color ei exanguis, foedi 10 ocull, citus modo, mode tardus incessus; prorsus m facie voltuque vecordia inerat. 16. Sed iuventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, inlexerat, H.-B. 362 (see footnote 3, b). dum . . . faceret: sl". in 5. 11. obnoslos: 'under obligation.' 18. qui exlstumarent: clause of characteristic (A. 535; B. 283; H. 591, 1; H.-B. 502, 1); cf. I. 2. 28. 19-21. parum . . . habuisse; we may paraphrase, 'held virtue too cheap ' allls rebus: the general reputation of Catiline and his associates. Our old proverb says, ' Give a dog a bad name — and hang him.' So it became easy and convenient to charge any and every evil deed upon these men. magls quam quod . . . foret: 'rather than because' suggests the idea 'not because . . . but rather,' and so is followed by the subjunctive like non quod, etc. (A, S40, 2, note 3; B. 286, 1, b; H. 688, 2; H.-B. 535, 2, b). cuiquam: dat. of agent. It is worth while to compare ch. 14 with Cicero's classification of Catiline's followers in II. 8-11. His own crimes and their reaction upon his mind. 15. 1, primum: opposed to pos- tremo, i- 2. 2-4- cuius . . , laudavit: 'of whom no decent man ever praised any quahty except her beauty' nubere 1111: 'to put on the (wedding) veil for him,' i.e. be married to him. pro certo: 'as a certainty ' 5. vacuam . - fecisse: cf. I. 6. 11, where Cicero alludes to this belief and couples with it the assumption that Catiline had also murdered his first wife. nuptUs' as in 1 6 10. 6, facinus i the attempt to over- throw the government, 8 vlglUis. cf the singular irigiliae in 5. 5. quietibus usually singular; it here means 'sleep * to balance vigiliis, 'waking hours.' conscientia: the noun corresponding to the adj. consdus, 14. 9. Followed by such men he sees an oppor- tunity to advance himself in the defense- less condition of the city. 16. 1-4 Iuventutem faclnora edo- cebat: two objects, person and thing (see A. 396. B, 178 1, hi H. 411, and CAP. 14-17 279 multls modis mala facinora edocebat. Ex illls testis signato- resque f alsos commodare ; fidem fortuuas pericula vilia habere, post ubi eorum famam atque pudorem adtriverat, maiora alia 6 imperabat. Si causa peccandi in praesens minus subpetebat, nihilo minus insontis sicuti sontis circum venire iugulare: scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent nianus aut animus, gratuito potius malus atque crudelis erat. Eis amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod aes alienum 10 per omnis terras ingens erat et quod plerique Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, obprimundae rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus, Cn Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes, senatus 15 nihil sane intentus: tQtae tranquillaeque res omnes, sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae. 17. Igitur circiter kalendas Itinias L. Caesare et C. Figulo 2; H.-B. 393). ex llUs: the youth about him. testis . . f alsos: 'false witnesses and forgers,' especially of wills. commodare : historical. According to this Catiline was a sort of crime-broker to whom persons desiring such deeds done would go, assured that he could supply a suitable agent, villa habere: 'consider cheap,* 'make light of.' The phrase with fidem and fortunas im- plies their loss, with pericula the meet- ing of perils, habere, maiora alia: secondary objects of imperabat, almost in the sense of edocebat (cf. note on 1. 1). 5, 6 minus: almost =non. nlhllo minus . . . lugulare: 'none the less to cheat and assassinate innocent as well as guilty.' The infinitives are appositive to maiora alia, 7. torpescerent: 'lose their cun- ning.' gratuito: 'wantonly,' 'without hope of profit.' 9. els . . . conflsus: what case? See A. 367; B. 219, 1. a; H. 426, 1; 476, 3; H.-B. 362. II; 437, a. 10. Sullani: cf. II. 9. 19-28. suo: sc. acre, in contrast to aes alienum. 12. Obprimundae:- cf. capiundae, 6. 10. 13. in extremis terris : ' at the ends of the earth.' After exterminating the pirates (M. L. 12. 2S-47) Pompey had been empowered by the lex Manilia to end the Mithridatic war in the far east. 14. Ipsi: Catiline, who was candidate for the consulship first in 66 (Introduc- tion p. 18, §22), and again in 64 (Intro- duction p 20, §§26-29) against Cicero. 15. nihil sane Intentus: 'not very alert.' Catiline's high birth would make him less an object of suspicion to those of his own (senatorial) order. Note the force of nihil, ea: 'these circum- stances.' He forms his plans; the names of some accomplices 17 1 lunlas: see A. 631, d, note; B. 371 5; H. 754, III, 1- H.-B. 662. Caesare et Figulo: 64; see Chron. Table and Ep. 1.1. What construction? 280 BELLUM CATILINAE consulibus primo singulos appellare, hortari alios, alios temptare; opes suas, inparatam rem ptiblicam, magna praemia coniura^ ti5nis docere Ubi satis explorata sunt quae voluit, in unum s omnis convocat, quibus maxuma necessitudo et pltirumum audaciae inerat Eo convenere senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P Autronius, L. Cassius LonginuSj C. Cethegus, P: et Ser. Sullae Ser filii, L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Ctirius; praeterea ex equestri ordine 10 M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Corne- lius; ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipils domi nobiles. Erant praeterea conplures paulo occultius consilii huiusce participes nobiles, quos magis doftiinationis sp«s hortabatur quam inopia aiit alia necessitudo. Ceterum iuventus pleraque 16 sed maxume nobilium Catilinae inceptis favebat: quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. Fuere item ea tempes- tate qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum eius consilii fuisse quia Cn Pompeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exer- 20 citum ductabat, cuiusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam How In 2. singulos: 'individually.' are the infinitives used? 3. 4. inparatam: cf. 16. 13-16. unum: sc. locum. 6. ordinis; The gen. may be re- garded as partitive or possessive, 'be- longing to the senatorial order,' or (tak- ing ordini'' as abstract) as expressing quality (A. 345; B- 203, 1; H. 440, 3; H.-B. 355), 'of senatorial rank.' Most of the names in the following list appear in orations I-IV, and those of Lentulus, Cassius, Cethegus, Annius. Statilius and Gabinius are mentioned in the senate's decree of Dec. 3 (711. 6/ 13-20) 11. coloniis et municiplis: see on II. 11. 7. domi: in their own towns. 12. consilii: see A. 349, a; B. 204, 1; H. 451, 2. H.-B. 354. For the form huiusce see on 1. 2. 10. 14-16. pleraque: 'generaUy.' no- bilium: 'of aristocratic families.' in- ceptis: see on sumptui, li. 17. quibus: antecedent is subject of malebant. otio =pace. -Tivere copla: as we might say 'means to live,' though the usual idiom is copia Vivendi. 17, 18. quam: after the comparative idea in malebant { = 7nagis valebant). fuere qui crederent: cf. fuisse gut existumarent, 14, I's. Crassum: later a member of the first triumvirate. Cras- sum is subject of two infinitives here. 19, 20. consilii: see on same word, I. 12. in-Tisus Ipsi: Crassus had de- feated and scattered the forces under Spartacus (71), but Pompey on his way home from Spain met and annihilated 5,000 who had escaped Crassus, and on that score claimed the credit of ending the insurrection of the slaves and gladi- ators, magnum ezercitum: By the Manilian law Pompey received almost absolute control of the Roman troops CAP. 19-20 281 crescere, simul confisum, si coniuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore. 20. Catillna ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravl, convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, tamen in rem fore credens univorsQs appellare et cohortarl, in abditam partem aedium secedit atque ibi omnibus arbitris procul amotis 5 orationem huiusce modi habuit. 'Ni virtus fidesque vostra spectata. mihi forent, nequiquam opportuna res cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent, neque ego per ignaviam aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus 10 vos cognovi fortis fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maxumum atque pulcherrumum facinus incipere, simul quia vobis eadem . quae mihi bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. 'Sed ego quae mente agitavl, omnes iam antea divorsi audistis. 15 Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, cum considero, and resources in the east, culusvls: 'anyone you choose to name,' 'any per- son whatsoever.' opes: 'strength.' 21, 22. couflsum fore: The direct form would be confldo, si coniu- ratio valuerit principem me fore. For tense of valuisset see A. 589, a, 3, sec- ond example ; B. 319, B. a ; H. 644, 2. iUos: the conspirators. [In chapters 18, 19 the author goes back and gives some account of the 'first conspiracy,' which is outlined sufficiently in our Introduction p. 19, §§23-25.] His address to the assembled con- spirators. 20. 1. eos . . . convenisse: of. in unum OTnnis convocat, 17. 4, 5. 2. in rem: 'to the purpose.' 5. huiusce modi: see references on I. 2. 10. 6. spectata: of grata, 5. 3. fo- rent = esseni (A. 170, a; B. p. 57, foot- note 2; H.-B. 154, 1). 7-10. ceddlsset, fuissent, capta- rem* in apodosis (conclusion) to the third form condition ni . spectata forent; note the change of tense in the last — 'I should not now be grasping at.' Incerta pro certis: as in 17. 16. tempestatibus: 'emergencies,' 'crises.' fortis, fldos: corresponding to virtus, fides, 1. 6. 11. pulcherrumum facinus : 'most glorious deed.' Note the neutral mean- ing of facinus (a vox media; cf. IV. 6. 34), meaning simply 'act,' though usually taken in a bad sense, vobls eadem: 'you have the same condi- tions, good and bad, as I.' Of course with qucLe we must supply sunt. 12, 13. velle, nolle: the real thought- subjects of est, though repeated in ea, which agrees in gender with the predi- cate noun amicitia. 14-16. divorsi: 'individually.' in dies: 'from day to day.' nosmet Ipsi : ' We ourselves champion ourselves' 282 BELLUM CATILINAE quae condicio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam res publica in paucorum potentiura ius atque dicionem concessit, semper illis reges tetrarchae vecti- gales esse, populi nationes stipendia pendere; ceterl omnes, 20 strenui boni, nobiles atque ignobiles, volgus fuimus, sine gratia, sine auctoritate, eis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica valeret, forml- dini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia potentia, honos divitiae apud illos sunt aut ubi illl volunt; nobis reliquere pericula repulsas, iudicia egestatem. Quae quo usque tandem patiemini, o 25 fortissumi viri? Nonne emori per virttitem praestat quairi vitam miseram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere? Verum enim vero, pro deum atque hominum fidem, victoria in manti nobis est, viget aetas, animus valet; contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenuerunt. 30 Tantum modo incepto opus est, cetera res expediet. Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium est, tolerare potest illis divitias superare,. quas profundant in, extruendo mari et monti- — ' maintain our right to freedom.' For case of ipsi cf. I. 8. 2. 17-20. in . . . Ius . . . concessit: 'has passed under the authority and sway of a few ' — the senatorial oHgarchy , which had been restored to power by Sulla, tetrarchae: To minimize the power of a conquered country the Ro- mans would sometimes divide its rule among several petty princes (sometimes lour, whence this word, which is Greek for 'one-fourth ruler'). Thus Galatia and Thessaly were divided, and in the New Testament (e.g.. Luke 3:1) we read of 'Herod the tetrarch.' vectigales: predicate, esse, pendere: how used? ceteri . . . luimus: 'the rest of us.' The adjectives strenui^ boni have con- cessive suggestion, and volgus is predi- cate. 21. obnozil: as in 14. 17 here governing a dative like a compound verb, quibus, formidlnl; two da- tives; so superbiae, ludibrio, I. 26. 22, honos: 'ofSce;' so repulsas, I. 23, means defeats in a race for office. 24. quo usque tandem: see I. 1. l. 27. pro: not a preposition: what con- struction has fidem? 28, 29. nobis: dat. of reference (A. 376; B. 188; H. 426, 4; H.-B. 368); so illis, 1. 29. annls, divitiis: cause. 30. tantum modo: 'only.' cetera: object, res: though singular tr. 'cir- cumstances.' 32. superare: intransitive — 'abound.' quas profundant: purpose (A. 531, 2; B. 282, 2, H. 690; H.-B. 602, 2). ex- struendo mari : Wealthy Romans used to build houses for pleasure on founda- tions laid in the sea. montibus coae- quandis: 'leveling mountains.' This may allude to Pompey's having cut a canal through a range of hills at Bauli, near Naples, to conduct sea water to his private fishponds. Both the gerundive phrases refer to extravagance and luxury. CAP. 20-^21 283 bus coaequandis, nobis rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse? lUos binas aut amplius domos continuare, nobis larem 35 familiarem nusquam ullum esse? Cum tabulas signa toreumata emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, postremo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt vexant, tamen summa lubidine divitias suas vincere nequeunt. At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum, mala res, spes multo asperior: denique quid reliqui 40 habemus praeter miseram animam? 'Quin igitur expergiscimini? En ilia, ilia quam saepe optastis libertas, praeterea divitiae decus gloria in oculis sita sunt; fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit Res tempus, pericula egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis quam oratio mea 45 vos hortantur. Vel imperatore vel milite me.iitimini: neque animus neque corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum iina consul agam, nisi forte me animus fallit et vos servire magis quam imperare parati estis.' 21. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neqUe res neque spes bona tilla, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces videbatur, tamen postulavere plerique, ut proponeret, quae condicio belli foret, quae praemia 5 armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei haberent. Tum Catilina poUiceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium. 33-35. nobis, nobis: what differ- ence in the datives? larem famili- arem: 'guardian (ancestral) divinity of the household,' coming by metonymy to mean 'home.' cum: introduces five verbs; it is shown by the following tamen to be concessive, and in Cicero would take the subjunctive. For the archaic use of indicative see A. 549, note 3; H. 599, 1; H.-B. 527. 36. trahunt, vexant: 'waste, squan- der.' 39. quid rellqul: like Caesar's nihil reliqui (A. 346, a, 1; B. 201, 2; H. 441-, H.-B. 346), which is found also in 28. 14. 41. quln = (7m'-?ie in its original sense, 'why not?' 43. res: as in 1. 30. 45. Imperatore, mlUte: appositive to me. 47. consul agam: 'I shall present to you (officially) as consul.' 48. servire 'be slaves.' His promises and the sources to which he looked for aid. 21. 1, 2. quibus . . . eraut: 'who had all misfortunes in abundance.' res: 'property.' 3 quieta movere: 'to disturb the peace.' This phrase is subject and magna merces predicate with videbatur. 6. tabulas novas: 'new accounts,' involving a cancellation of thglr debts — a sort of ■ bankrupt law.' Cicero has the same phrase (see II. 8. 19). proscrlp- 284 BELLUM CATIUNAE magistratus sacerdotia, rapinas alia omnia, quae bellum atque lubido victorum fert: praeterea esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, in Mauretania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, 10 consili sui participes; petere consulatum C. Antonium, quem sibi conlegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem et omnibus necessitudinibus circumventum ; cum eo se consulem initium agundl facturum. Ad hoc maledictis increpabat omnis bonos, suorum unum quemque nominans laudare: admonebat alium 16 e^estatis alium cupiditatis suae, conpluris periculi aut igno- miniae, multos victoriae SuUanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Pbstquam omnium animos alacrls videt, cohortatus, ut peti- tionem suam curae haberent, conventum dimisit. 22. Fuere ea tempestate qui dicerent Catilinam oratione habita, cum ad ius iurandum popularis sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem vino permixtum in pateris cir- cumtulisse: inde cum post execrationem omnes degustavissent, i sicuti in soUemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum; atque eo dictitare fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Non nuUi ficta et haec et multa praeterea existtimabant ab eis, qui Ciceronis invidiam. tlonetn: lit., 'a setting forth in writ- ing,' 'an advertisement.' Under Sulla and the triumvirates the word took, on the meaning we now associate with it — a list of names of persons to be put to death; that is the sense here. 7. m^lstratus: 'high offices' (cf. II. 9. 3, 14). 8. esse: not historical, like polliceri, but dependent on the idea of saying im- plied in that word; so petere, 1. 10, facturum (esse), 1. 13. 10-14. Antonium : Cicero's colleague in the consulship, and notoriously in sympathy with the conspiracy (see on I. 13. 19). quem . . . speraret: 'who, he hoped, would be.' Do not tr. quem. 'whom.' laudare: . co-ordinate with increpabat and admcnebat. 16. Victoriae SuUanae: see on 16. 10-12. quibus praedae: like quihus formidini, 20. 21. Ea: victoria. 17. petltionem: for the consulship. A pledge of blood arid wine. 22. 1. fuere qui dicerent: see on 17. 18, 14. 18. 2. popularis: 'adherents.' 6. eo: 'for this purpose,' anticipating the final clause quo . . . forent. dicti- tare: 'said over and over' (cf. II. 7. 24). fecisse: i.e., had given them the strange drink. 7. alius alii: 'to one another;' alius is in partitive apposition to conscii and alii dative after the same word in the sense of 'witnesses to.' The phrases alius alii and alter aUeri throw light on the real meaning of the corresponding English idioms 'to one another,' 'to each CAP. 21-23 235 quae postea orta est, lenirl credebant atrocltate sceleris eorum, 10 qui poenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum conperta est. 23. Sed in ea coniuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus, quern censores senatu probri gratia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia: neque reticere quae audierat, 5 neque suamet ipse scelera occultare, prorsus neque dicere neque facere quicquam pens! habebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobill, stupri vetus consuetudo. Cui cum minus gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria montisque polliceri coepi't et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi 10 obnoxia foret, postremo ferocius agitare quam solitus erat. At Fulvia insolentiae Curl causa cognita tale periculum rei publicae haud occultum habuit, sed sublato auctore de Catilinae con- iuratione quae quoque modo audierat, conpluribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia hominum accendit ad consulatum 15 mandandum M. TuUio Ciceroni. Namque antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat, et quasi pollui consulatum credij^ bant, SI eum quamvis egregius homo novos adeptus foret. other,' in which 'one' and 'each' are nominative and the 'to' goes witli 'other;' just as in Latin date-expressions the preposition ad has been shifted in practice from its proper place and stands before a word with which it properly has no relation (cf. die sexto ante Kalendas lunias, becoming ante diem sextum Kal&ndas lunias, and see on I. Z. 7). ficta: 'invented,' 'made up '—predicate with haec and muUa. For the thought cf. note on aliis rebus, 14. 20. 8, 9. Invidiam: an odium which Cicero anticipated (e.g., I. 11. 17, IV. 10. 2 ff., etc.) and really suffered five years later for his part in punishing the conspirators, lenirl: 'would be light- ened.' How the secret got out, and how it helped Cicero to realize his ambition. 23. 2 censores : for their powers see Introduction p. 58, §§56-58. 3. hulc homini: after the com- pound verb. 6. quicquam pensi habebat: see on S. 12. 8, 9. maria montisque: like our 'give worlds.' 11. insolentiae: from soleo — 'un- wonted behavior.' 12. haud occultum habuit: 'did not keep secret.' sublato auctore: 'not mentioning her authority' for the story. 13. quo moAo = modum quo; a case of incorporation (I. 13. 26). 15. pleraque: 'for the most part.' nobilitas: see Introduction p. 49, §§12, 13. 17. eum: consulatum. quamvis: modifies the adjective, homo novos: 286 BELLUM CATILINAE Sed ubi perlculum advenit, invidia atque superbia post fuere. 24. Igitur comitiis habitis consules declarantur M. TuUius et C. Antonius. Quod factum primo popularis coniurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare: arma per Italiam locis opporttinis * parare, pecuniam sua aut amicorum fide sumptam mutuam Faesulas ad Manlium quendam portare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate plurumos cuiusque generis homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo ingentis siimptus stupro corporis toleraverant, post \o ubi aetas tantum modo quaestui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, aes alienum grande confiaverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse servitia urbana soUicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adiungere sibi vel interficere. 25. Sed in eis erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virllis audaciae facinora conmiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, praeterea viro atque liberis satis fortunata fuit; litteris Graecis et Latinis docta, psallere et saltare elegantius quam one who had no ancestors of ,curule rank — i.e., none who had gained no- Mlitas by attaining curule office (Intro- duction p. 49, §§12-17). For the form of novos, nom. sing., see A. 46, note 1; B. 24; H. 83, 9, 10; H.-B. 71, 1. 18. post: 'secondary.' Disappointed at the result of the election Catiline makes stiU larger plans. Some women in the plot. 24. 2. Antonius: see 21. 10. popu- laris: as in 22. 2. 3. concusserat: The tense suggests the paraphrase, ' this event was the first which (up to that time) had startled.' In the next sentence the author begins with the imperfect but drops immedi- ately into the historical infinitive. 4. plura agitare: '(he) set in mo- tion more plans.' 5. sumptam mutuam: 'borrowed' — lit. 'talcen as a loan.' 6. Faesulas: 'to Faesulae,' an Etru- rian town, where the military forces of the conspiracy were being concentrated (cf. I. 2. 16 tl.). Manlium quendam: 'one Manlius,' with slighting tone. He had served under Sulla, and is men- tioned by Cicero first in I. 3. 9. 10. tantum. modo . . . fecerat: 'had set a limit only to their income, not to their self-indulgence.' The character of Sempronia. 26. 1-3. vlrllls audaciae: see on I. 2. 10. genere . . . Uberls: 'birth and beauty, husband and children;' specifying ablatives with fortunata. vlro : D. Junius Brutus, consul 77. He had no part in the conspiracy. Her son, D. Junius Brutus, aided in the assassina- tion of Caesar. 4. docta: predicate with fuit, fol- lowed here by two different construc- tions — abl. of specification and infinitive of secondary object, besides a regular accusative {multa alia) as secondary ob- CAP. 23-26 287 5 necesse est probae, multa alia, quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus atque pudi- citia fuit; pecuniae an famae minus parceret, haud facile dis- cerneres; lubido sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros quam peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum 10 abiuraverat, caedis conscia fuerat: luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. Verum ingenium eius haud absurdum: posse versus facere, iocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto vel moUl vel procaci; prorsus multae facetiae multusque lepos inerat. 26. His rebus conparatis Catilina nihilo minus in proxumum annum consulatum petebat, sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat. sed omnibus modis insidias parabat Cicerom. Neque illi tamen 5 ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui multa poUicendo per Fulviam effecerat, • ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memoravl, consilia Catillnae sibi proderet; ad hoc conlegam suum Antonium pactione provinciae perpulerat, ne contra rem publicam sentlret; circum se praesidia ject (see A. 396, b, note; B. 178, 2; H. 411, 1; H.-B. 393 a, and cf. note on 16. 1). 7, 8. pecuniae . . . parceret: in- direct double question with oitiission of the first interrogative (A. 335, a; B. 300, 4: H. 650, 2; H.-B. 234). The datives are the regular construction with par- cert. dlscerneres: the ' general second person ' in the potential subjunctive (A. 447, 2; B. 280, 3; H. 555; H.-B. 517, 1). 9, 10. creditum abiuraverat: 'had sworn she had never received money lent her,' as we hear today of men who 'swear off their taxes.' caedis con- scia: 'accessory to murder.' 11-13. ingenium haud absurdum: 'but her mind was not stupid.' posse: historical, sermone . . . procaci: 'use language either pure or "soft" or wan- ton,' as she pleased (.veV). Inerat: agrees with the nearest subject. ■One more trial for the consulship, fails. It 26. 1, 2. proxlmum annum: 62; the election is mentioned in I. 5. 14. designatus: If successful in the elec- tion he would be consul designatus till the begiimlng of his term, Jan. 1 follow- ing, and as snch would have much in- fluence (Introduction p. 69, §106). He hoped in that interval to 'use' the con- sul Antony, already In sympathy with his plans (21. 10, 11; cf. I. 19.. 19, IV. 11. 2, etc.). 4. 1111: acero. 7. Curius: see ch. 23. 8. ad hoc: 'in addition to this.' pactione provinciae: At the close of his year as consul Cicero could have gone as proconsul to Macedonia, where he would have enjoyed much distinction and (had he desired to use them) many opportunities to enrich himself. In order to prevent his colleague Antony from giving the conspiracy active assist- ance Cicero yielded to him the right to the province (cf. IV. 11. 2). 9. praestdla amlcorum.- cf. I. 5. 16. 288 BELLUM CATILINAE 10 amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies comitiorum venit et Catilinae neque petitio neque insidiae, quas consulibus in campo fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et extrema omnia experirl, quoniam quae occulte temptaverat, aspera foedaque evenerant 27. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in earn partem Etruriae, Septimium quendam Camertem in agrum Picenum, C. lulium in Apuliam dimisit, praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportu- num sibi fore credebat. Interea Romae multa simul molm: fi consulibus insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere. Ipse cum telo esse, item alios iubere, hortari uti semper intent! paratique essent; dies noctis- que festlnarc vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo, ubi multa agitanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta 10 nocte coniurationis principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa de ignavia eorum questus docet se Manlium praemisisse ad eam multittidinem, quam ad capiunda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belli facerent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Cice- 15 ronem obpressisset; eum suls consiliis multum officere. 11, 12. Insidiae quas : . . fecerat: cf. I. 5. 14 tf. 14. aspera, toeda: nom. in predicate with evenerant in the sense 'turned out.' Catiline prepares for war; his activity at Rome; a secret meeting, 27. 2. Septimium, Julium: other- wise unknown Camertem; 'a man of Camerinum.' agrum Picenum: of. II. 3. 2. 3. allum allq: 'one to one place, another to another place' (see A. 316, c; B. 253, 2; H. 516, 1; H.-B. 279, 3); alio here is the adverb, quem ubique, etc.: 'to each place a man who, he thought, would be useful to him.' 4-S. moUrl . . . fatigari: how are these ten infinitives used? tendere: this word better than the common parare (as in 26. 4) carries out the figure of setting (stretching) a snare (net) for game, opportuna . . . obsi- dere: stationed men to command im- portant points, cum telo esse: 'was armed ' (for technical sense see on I. 6. 22). alios: so. esse cum telo. festl- nare: 'was on the go.' neque . . ^ fatigari: cf. I. 10. 11-17. . 9-11. nihil procedit: 'no progress was made' (cf. neque , . . cessere, 26. 12). Laecam: as told by Cicero, I. 4. 4, 14 ff. multa questus: 'alter uttering many complaints;' fof muUa see A. 390, c; B. 176, 2, b; H. 409, 1; H.-B. 396, 2, and cf. M. L. 13 14. 13. alios In alia: cf. alium alio, 1 3. 16. constUls. after officere. mul- tum: see on nihil, I. 1. 3. For tlje incident cf I. 4. 18-26. CAP. -29 289 28. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris C. Cornelius eques Romanus operam suam poUicitus et cum eo L. Vargun- teius senator constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis homi- nibus sicuti salutatum introire ad Ciceronem ac de inproviso 5 domi suae inparatum c5nfodere. Curius ubi intellegit, quantum perlculum consull inpendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum qui parabatur enuntiat. Ita illl ianua prohibit! tantum facinus frustra susceperant. Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem soUicitare, egestate simul 10 ac dolore initiriae novarum rerum cupidam, quod S.uUae domina- tione agros bonaque omnia amiserat; praeterea latrones cuiusque generis, quorum in ea regione magna copia erat; non nuUos ex Sullanis coloniis, quibus lubido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat. 29. Ea cum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti malo permo- tus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis private consilio longius tueri poterat neque, exercitus Manli quantus aut quo consilio foret, satis conpertum habebat, rem ad senatum refert, iam s antea volgi rumoribus exagitatam. Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus decrevit, darent operam consules. The attempt on Cicero's life. 28. 1-3. Cornelius eques, Vargun- teius senator: Cicero (I. 4. 20) says duo equites, without giving their names. Plutarch (Cic. 16) names Marcius and Cethegus. ea nocte: Cicero says ilia ipsa nocte, paulo ante lucem (I. i. 21). paulo post: 'a little later.' 4. salutatum: see references on the same word in I. 4. 24. 5-7. doml suae: see references on domi meae, I. 8. 5. Curius, FulTlam: see ch. 23. 1111: the two assassins. 9. solllcltare = sollicitabat, 'was stir- ring up.' 10. Inlurlae: the confiscation of some of their territory by Sulla for use in establishing colonies of his old soldiers (see on II. 9. 19). novarum rerum: 'change,' 'revolution.' 14. nihil rellqul fecerat: 'had left nothing' (see on 20. 39). Suddenly enriched they had quickly squandered their wealth (cf. 16. 11; II. 9. 23-26). The senate passes the consulium ulti- mum, 29 1. ancipiti: 'twofold' — within the city and without. 2. prlvato: 'personal' as distin- guished from ' official ;' cf . praesidia ami- corum, 26. 9, and see I. 5. 13, 16; per me, 1 S. 16. 3, 4. quo consilio foret: 'by what purpose it was animated.' consilio: quality, compertum habebat: 'had ascertained' (A. •<97, b; B, 337, 7; H. 431, 3; H.-B. 605, 5, a— cf III. 7. 13). rem . . . refert : ' submitted the matter to the senate for action' (cf. I. 8. 18). , 5, 6. quod ■ . solet: sc. facere or fieri. What would be subject of solet 290 BELLUM CATILINAE ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per sena- tum more Romano magistratui maxuma permittitur, exercitum parare, bellum gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque 10 civis, domi militiaeque imperium atque iudicium summum habere; aliter sine populi itissu ntillius earum rerum consul! ius est. 30. Post paucos dies L. Saenius senator in senatu litteras recitavit, quas Faesulis adlatas sibi dicebat, in quibus scrip tum erat C. Manlium arma cepisse cum magna multitudine ante diem VI kalendas Novembrls. Simul, id quod in tali re 5 solet, alii portenta atque prodigia niintiabant, alii conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuae atque in Apulia servile bellum moveri. Igitur senati decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in Apuliam circumque ea loca missi (ei with each? The antecedent of quod is the clause senaius decrevit. darent operazn: 'take care,' followed by the regular formula ne quid t . , caperet whereby in time of great peril the con- suls were inyested with the fullest responsibility and power (see Introduc- tion p. 24, §39). For darent see A. 565, a; B. 295, 4, 8; H. 565, 5; H.-B. 502. 3, a, footnotes 1, 2. With the phraseology here cf. Cicero's decrevit senaius ut con- sul videret nequid, etc. (I. 2. 1). The decree here given is mentioned by Cicero in I. 1. 25 ff., I. 2. 10 ff. 7-11. ea potestas . . , maxima per- mittitur: 'that is the greatest power (ever) entrusted,' etc. parare . . . habere: These infinitives, appositive to potestas, are intended to define its scope. Imperium: 'military authority.' iu- dicium: 'civil authority.' populi lussu: the vote of the citizens assem- bled in comitia. DistribuHon of the government's forces for defense. 30. S-5. a. d. VI Kal. Nov: cf. I. 3. 7-10, where Cicero mentions the same event, solet: sc, fieri (cf. 29. 5) portenta atque prodigia: 'signs and wonders,' to which the Romans paid close attention (e.g., in Livy 21. 62, 22. 1, and often). 6 servile beUum: so Cicero (I. 11. 9 — see note there) calls Catiline evoc(^ torem servorum. It was but a few years before this that the insurrection of slaves and gladiators under Spartacus had reminded the Komans of a very real danger from that source. 7 senati: 'an old form of the gen- itive met in the comedy and in in- scriptions, used by Sallust in connection with verba and decretum. Marcius: consul 68, proconsul in CJiUcia 67-66. He had .not succeeded in putting down piracy, which had its headquarters on the Cilician coast (see on M. L. 12. 39), and was followed in the effort by Pom- pey. who under the Gabinian law of 67 enjoyed extraordinary powers and was completely successful (M. L, 19. 30-33). Faesulas: to operate against Manlius (27 1). 8 9. Q. Metellus Creticus: consul 69 and later in command of the Roman forces in Crete (see on M. L. 12. 41-43). missi: sc. sunt; it has four subjects. utrique : the plural of this word usually means 'both parties,' but here is used CAP. 29-31 291 utrique ad urbem imperatores erant, inpediti, ne triumpharent, 10 calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat), sed praetores Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum, eisque permissum, uti pro tempore atque periculo exercitum conpararent. Ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de coniuratione, quae contra rem publicam facta 15 erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia centum, libero inpunitatem eius rel et sestertia ducenta, itemque decrevere, uti gladiatoriae f amiliae Capuam et in cetera municipia distribu- erentur pro cuiusque opibus, Romae per totam urbem vigiliae haberentur eisque minores magistratiis praeessent. 31. Quibus rebus permota civitas atque inmutata urbis facies erat. Ex summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae dititurna quies pepererat, repente omnis tristitia invasit: festinare trepidare, like ambo of individuals, ad urbem: 'near Rome.' As impera/ores they could not enter the city without forfeiting tlieir imperium. Each of these men claimed a triumph for his services in the prov- inces, and clung to his imperium till the triumph should be granted or finally re- fused (cf. Verr. 15. 18). Impedltl ne triumpharent: 'prevented from tri- umphing' (A. 558, b; B. 295, 3; H. 566; H.-B. 602, 3, b). Pompey claimed that under the Gabinian law these men were placed under his authority (so that their campaigns were conducted under his auspicia), and were not entitled to the honor of a triumph. 10, 11. paucorum: the senatorial oligarchy; but this is not strictly true, as the oligarchs had not approved the grants of power to Pompey in 67 and 66, and would not have supported his pretensions, vendere: 'sell' for bribes instead of awarding on merit. Pom- peius Kuf us : unknown except as gov- ernor of Africa in 61. 12, 13. Metellus Celer: see on II. 12. 9. He became consul in 60. uti . . . compararent: subject of per- Tnissum (est), pro: 'according to.' 15. praemium: 'as reward' — appos- itive to libertatem, etc., objects of de- crevere supplied Irom 1. 16. sestertia: the neuter sestertium denoted 1,000 sestertii, and was employed as the unit of moderate sums of money. The amount here is between S4.000 and $5,000 (see vocab.). The amount to be given a freeman was just double this (ducenta). 16. eius rel: his part in tlie con- spiracy; the gen. is objective. 17. famlllae: 'schools' of gladi- ators, under training by a lanista. As their condition was so bad that they had notliing to lose by rebellion it was dangerous to keep them at Home in large numbers, and so it was proposed to scatter them, under guard, in remote places. 18. cuiusque: sc. municipii. vlgl- Uae: cf. I. 1. 4; I. 3. 22. 19. minores maglstratus: see In- troduction p. 56, §46, III (br, §§61-69. Terror of the citizens. Catiline attends a meeting of the senate. The first oror- lion. 31. 2. aules: 'peace' — for nearly twenty years, since Sulla's success. 3, 4. festinare: 'rushed aimlessly 292 BELLUM CATILINAE neque loco neque homini cuiquam satis credere, neque bellum s gerere neque pacem habere, suo quisque metti pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus rei publicae magnitudine belli timor Tnsolitus incesserat, adflictare sese, manus supplices ad caelum tendere, miserari parvos liberos, rogitare omnia, omnia pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. >o At Catilinae crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat, tametsi praesidia parabantur et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus erat ab L. Paulo. Postremo dissimulandi causa aut sul expurgandi, sicut iurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tum M. Tullius consul, sive praesentiam eius timens sive Ira conmotus, orati- 15 onem habuit luculentam atque titilem rei publicae, quam postea soriptam edidit. Sed ubi ille adsedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso voltu voce supplici postulare a patribus coepit, ne quid de se temere crederent: ea familia ortum, ita se ab adulescentia vitam instituisse, ut omnia bona 20 in spe haberet. Ne exTstumarent sibi, patricio homini, cuius ipsius atque maiorum pluruma benificia in plebem Romanam assent, perdita re publica opus esse, cum eam servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis Romae. Ad hoc male dicta alia cum adderet, obstrepere omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. about.' loco: as being safe; read cui- quam with both loco and homini. 6, 7. magnitudine . . . Insolitus: 'a fear unwonted (at Rome) because of the nation's greatness.' Cicero (M. L. 12. 1) says 'formerly it was character-, istic of the Roman people to wage war far from home,' etc. adflictare sese: by beating head and breast and tearing the hair. 10. At: used to mark the change of scene from one side to the other. eadem ilia: described in ch. 27. 11. lege Plautia: proposed in 78 by the tribune Plautius; it provided pen- alties for disturbance of the public peace. interrogatus- 'accused' (cf. 18. 4). 12. 13. postremo . . . venit: Nov. 8, when the senate met in the temple of Jupiter istator (I. 1. 4). 14-16. orationem: the first of the Catilinarians. habuit: 'delivered' (cf. habita in titles of the orations), quam . . . edidit: This is interesting as show- ing how the speech, necessarily im- promptu, was preserved. The publica- tion of all Cicero's 'consular' orations occurred in 60. 17. demisso . , . supplici: He assumed an air of humility and tried to pose as a much-abused man. 18. familia: the nobili genere of 6. 1, and in the same construction. 20-23. Sibi . , . opus esse: 'that he had need of destroying the state.' cum servaret: 'while an immigrant was trying to save it.' Note the sneer. 4nquillnus: C!icero was a native not of Rome but of Aroinum. 24. parricidam. of. I 12. 8; X. 7. 23. CAP 31-33 293 25 Turn ille furibundus 'quoniam quidem circumventus' inquit 'ab inimlcis praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina restinguam.' 32. Deinde se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibi multa ipse secum volvens, quod neque Insidiae consul! procedebant at ab incendio intellegebat urbem vigiliis munltam, optumum factu credens exercitum augere ac prius quam legiones scrlberentur, 5 multa antecapere, quae bello usui forent, nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed CethegS atque Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, quibus rebus possent, opes factionis con- firment, insidias consuli maturent, caedem incendia aliaque xo belli facinora parent; sese prope diem cum magno exercitu ad urbem accesstirum. Dum haec Romae geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo numero legates ad Marcium Regem mittit cum mandatis huiusce modi: 33. 'Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos arma neque contra patriam cepisse neque quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab iniuria tuta forent, qui miseri egentes vio- lentia atque crudelitate faeneratorum plerique patriae sedis, 26. inimlcis: 'personal enemies;' so in I. 9 13 Cicero has mihi inimico, vi praedicas, tuo, 'your personal enemy, as you say.' Incendiutn: 'the flame of your hatred' which you intend shall destroy me (cf. invidiae incendium, I. 11. 25). rulna: 'the pulling down of houses,' here said metaphorically of the government he meant to overthrow. Catiline leaves Rome to take command of his army. 32. 2. consuli: governed by insidiae (A. 367, d; H. 436; H.-B. 363, 1, a); 8o in 1. 9. 3. optimum factu: as in I. 12. 3 (cf. factu facillimum, 14. 2). 4. legiones: those which he meant to organize for the attack on Rome (56. 2). 6. Manliana castra: see on I. 5. 3. 8. quibus retus possent: "oy what- ever means they could.' The tense of possent implies historical force in the present mandat, but the other verbs follow its form. 11. accessurum (.esse): after the idea of saying implied in mandat (cf. III. 4. 13, 14). 13. Marcium Begem: commander of the government forces nearest to Manlius (30. 7). His lieutenant Manlius makes an appeal by letter. 33. 3. nostra . . . qui: the relative looks to the possessive as if it were the equivalent genitive of the personal (see note and references on the same words in I. 3. 18, and observe the difference of force In nostra there and here). 4, 5. plerique patriae, etc.: 'most of whom are banished from our ancestral homes, and all are deprived of reputation 294 BELLUM CATILINAE 5 omnes fama atque fortunis expertes sumus. Neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more maiorum lege uti neque amisso patrimonio liberum corpus habere: tanta saevitia faeneratorum atque praetoris fuit. Saepe maiores vostrum, miseriti plebis Roma- nae, decretis suis inopiae eius opitulati sunt, ac novissume 10 memoria nostra propter magnitudinem aeris alienl volentibus omnibus bonis argentum aere solutum est. Saepe ipsa plebs, aut dominandi studio permota aut superbia magistratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina 15 omnia inter mortalls sunt, sed llbertatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris civibus, legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis, neve nobis earn necessitudinem inponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo maxume ulti sanguinem 20 nostrum pereamus.' 34. Ad haec Q. Marcius respondit, si quid ab senatQ petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur: and fortune.' Notice the zeugma (II. 9. 9). patriae: the regular oonstruc- tion with expers (see on consilii, 17. 12); in fama and fortunis is seen the abl. of separation, an older construction with expers. 6. more: 'according to the custom' (A. 418 a; B. 220, 3; H. 475; H.-B. 414, a), lege: 'the law' (.lex Poe- telia, 313?) protecting debtors from in- justice. Debtors might in some cases escape imprisonment (liberum corpus habere) on surrendering their whole estates to their creditors (.amisso patri- monio). 8. praetoris: the president of the court, who would pronounce judgment. saepe: on three occasions at least, when the plebeians had been driven to secession by the oppression of the ruling classes. They secured (1) representation by tribunes of the people, 494 (2) the depositioi. of the decemvirs, 449; (3) the force of law for the enactments of the plebeian assembly, 287. Manlius is trying to put his movement on the same footing as the historic secessions, vos- trum: the rare possessive gen. of vos, used for vestri. plebis: see A. 354, a; B. 209, 2; H. 457; H.-B. 352, 2. 9-11. inopiae: What case with a verb meaning 'aid?' novissume . . . solutum est: it is not known to what this refers. 13. secessit: see on saepe, 1. 8. 17. consulatis: like confirment, etc., 32. S-10; so restitvutis, im,ponatis. elvl- bus: for case see on IV. 2. 1. 19. quonam . . . pereamus: The thought is not so much 'how we may die' as 'how we may most thoroughly avenge our death,' but the Latin often employs the participle to suggest the leading idea. Catiline, on his way to camp, takes his pen in hand. 34. 2. discedant, proflciscantur: CAP. 33-35 295 ea raansuetudine atque miscric'ordia senatum populi Romani semper fuisse, ut nemo umquam ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit. 5 At Catilina ex itinera plerisque c5nsularibus, praeterea optumo cuique litteras mittit: se falsis criminibus circumven- tum, quoniam f actioni inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Massiliam in exilium proficiscl, non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius esset, sed uti res publica quieta foret neve ex sua conten- 10 tione seditio oreretur. Ab his longe divorsas litteras Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas dicebat. Earum exemplum infra scriptum est. 35. 'L. Catilina Q.- Catulo. Egregia tua fides, re cognita, grata mihi magnis in meis periculis, fidiiciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quam ob rem defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare: satisf actionem ex nGlla conscientia de culpa 5 proponere decrevi, quam me dius fidius veram licet cognoscas. Iniuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod fructu laboris indus- triaeque meae privatus statum dignitatis non optinebam, publi- imperative in indirect discourse (A. 588 ; B. 316; H. 642, 4; H.-B. 538). For tenses of these verbs and vellent see on 32. 8. 3. ea: 'such,' followed by result clause. Why ablative? 4. petiverit: see A. 485, c; B. 268, 6; H. 550, 1; H.-B. 483, second example. 6-9. Optimo culiiue: cf. M. L. 1. 4. se . . . cedere . . . proficiscl: depend- ent on the idea of saying implied in litteras. criminibus : ' accusations.' Inimicorum: see how he harps on this idea (cl. inimicis, 31. 26, where the same participle circumventus is used). ezslllum: CScero discusses this pre- tense of Catiline's in II. 7. non quo . . . esset: causal — 'not that he was' (cf. M. L. 24. 16). The next two clauses express purpose. 10-12. Q. (Lutatius) Catulus: con- sul 70, and a faithful supporter of the aristocratic party. For one instance see note on III. 10. 10, last paragraph, ex- emplum: 'a copy.' What he wrote to Catulus. 36. 1. L. Catilina Q. Catulo: The regular form (cf. R. C. §10). re: 'in fact,' ' by your action ' — often contrasted with verbo, 'in word.' 2. commendationi: one main pur- pose of his writing was to commit his wife and children to Catulus ' protection (11. 15-17). 3. novo consilio: 'in a new court' — the senate, where he had been arraigned so vehemently in Cicero's first oration. The senate had no judicial powers. For consilium in the sense ol 'jury,' 'court,' see Verr. 6. 20. 4. satisf actionem: 'explanation,' which he is willing to give in a personal letter, though not willing to attempt a formal defense before the senate, ex nulla etc.: 'but not from any con- sciousness of guilt.' For de culpa we might expect the objective gen. culpae. 5. licet cognoscas : for construction cf. licet recognoscas, I. 3. 6. 7-9. privatus: a participle, statum 296 BELLUM CATILINAE cam miserorum causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi, non qui aes alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere 10 non possem (et alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suls filiaeque copiis persolveret), sed quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam meqUe falsa suspicione alienatum esse sentiebam. Hoc nomine satis honestas pro meo casu spes reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum sectitus. Plura cum IS scribere vellem, nuntiatum est vim mihi parari. Nunc Ores- tillam commando tuaeque fidei trado; earn ab iniuria defendas per liberos tuos rogatus. Haveto.' 36. Sed ipse paucos dies conmoratus apud C. Flaminium in agro Arretlno, dura vicinitatem antea sollicitatam armis exornat, cum fascibus atque aliis imperi insignibus in castra . . . obtinebazn; 'could not retain my proper status/ He had entered^ upon the cursus honorwm, and had held the offices leading up to the consulship {In- troduction p. 18, §21), which he doubt- less had come to look upon as his by right (.frwtu . . . privatus),' unjustly withheld, publicam . . . causam: 'the common cause of the unfortunate.' non QUI . . . non possem: 'not that I could not' — a relative causal clause corre- sponding in force to non quo, etc.,- 34. 8, 9. meis nominibus: 'on my own account' — perhaps best regarded as an abl. of characteristic with aes alienum; so alienis nominibus, 1. 10. The refer- .ence is to the names of debtors as they stood in the creditors' ledger. 11. copUs: price — 'Orestilla's gener- osity would (lead her to) pay other people's debts at the cost of her own and her daughter's resources.* sed quod: introducing the real cause (hence the indicative) as distinguished from the cause repudiated in non qui . » . non possem. non dignos: 'unworthy,' per- haps on the score of birth; if so the allusion is to Cicero, the novus homo (23. 17). 12. honore honestatos: for this juxtaposition of cognate words cf. iu- diciis iudicavistiSj IV. 3. 2. 13. hoc nomine— Aac causa, 'on this account.' pro meo casu* 'in con- sideration of my present lot.' 14, 15. reliquae . . conservandae: 'saving the rest,' leaving the consulship out of account, cum . „ . vellem: perhaps an ' epistolary imperfect ' (R. C. §15), but not unlike our own idiom — 'while I'd like to write more (I do not, for) it Is reported,' etc. This would sug- gest that the letter was written jusf be- fore Catiline left Rome. 16. commendo, trado: the com- mendatio of 1. 2. defendas: for rogo ut defendas (see rogatus immediately after). 17. per liberos tuos rogatus: 'I ad- jure you (lit. 'adjured') by your own children.' haveto: instead of the more common vale (e.g., Ep. 10. 35). Catiline reaches the army, and assumes consvlar state. 36. 1. apud: 'at the house of when used with a person's name (I. 4. 14). Little is known of Flaminius except his sympathy with the conspiracy. 2. antea sollicitatam: by Manlius (see soUicUare, 28. 9). 3. cum . . . Insignibus: 'with lictors and other symbols of (the con- sular) power.' CAP. 35-40 297 ad Manlium contendit. Haec ubi Romae conperta sunt, senatus 5 Catilinam et Manlium hostis iudicat, ceterae multitudinl diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab arnils discedere praeter rerum capitalium condemnatis. Praeterea decernit, uti consules dilectum habeant, Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi maturet, Cicero urbl praesidio sit. 39. Fuere tamen extra coniurationem conp lures, qui ad Ca- tilinam initio profecti sunt. In eis erat Fulvius, senatoris fllius, quem retractum ex itinera parens necari iussit. Isdem 15 temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti Catilina praeceperat, quoscumque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus idoneos credebat, aut per se aut per alios soUicitabat, neque solum civis, sed cuiusque modi genus hominum, quod modo bello usui foret. 40. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, utI legates AUobrogum requirat eosque, si possit, inpellat ad societatem belli, existumans piiblice privatimque aere alieno obpressos, 5, 5. diem . . . auam: cf. gender of dies here and in 1. 1 (A. 97, a; B. 33; H. 135; H.-B. 101). sine fraude: 'without prejudice or punish- ment.' 7. praeter: treated here not as a preposition — which would require con- demnaios — but as a conjunction uniting multitudini and condemnatis, the two datives after liceret. For rerum see on ambitus, 18. 4. 8. Antonius . . . maturet: There was a liind of poetic justice in sending Antony to attaclc the rebels with whom he was in sympathy. [From 36. 10 to this point the text con- tains a digression on the causes leading to the demoralized condition of affairs at Bom-e,} 39. 13,14. In els: 'amongthem.' re- tractum ex itinere : he had been over- talcen on the way and led back prisoner. parens iussit: In very early times the Roman father's power over members of his household (patria potestas) was un- limited, and long remained so in theory. Such a case as this, however, in which a father on his own authority had his son put to death, is rare within the historic period. 18. cuiusque modi: gen. of quality modifying genus; Sallust might have said omne genus hojninum or cuiusque generis homines, either of which forms would have been more regular, quod . . . foret: characteristic. An attempt to enlist some Gauls in the conspiracy. 40. 1. Umbreno cvildam: 'oneUm- brenus' (cf. 24. 6). Ocero (III. 6. 22) calls him a freedman and says P. Furius and Q. Annius Chilo also were engaged in the attempt to use the Allobrogiaa embassadors. 3. publlce privatimque: 'as a nation and as individuals.' 298 BELLUM CATILINAE praeterea quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa esset, facile 5 eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. Umbrenus quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerlsque principibus civitatium notus erat atque eos noverat. Itaque sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu civitatis et quasi dolens eius casum requirere coepit, quem exitum tantis malis 10 sperarent. Postquam illos videt queri de avaritia magistra- tuum, accusare senatum, quod in eo auxili nihil esset, miserils suis remedium mortem expectare, 'at ego' inquit 'vobis, si modo viri esse voltis, rationem ostendam, qua tanta ista mala effugi- atis.' Haec ubi dixit, AUobroges in maxumam spem adducti IS Umbrenum orare, ut sui misereretur: nihil tam asperum neque tam difficile esse, quod non cupidissume facturl essent, dum ea res civitatem aere alieno llberaret. lUe eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua erat neque aliena consili propter Semproniam; nam turn Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea 20 Gabinium arcessit, quo maior auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praesenteconiurationemaperit,nominat socios, praeterea multos cuiusque generis innoxios, quo legatis animus amplior esset. Deinde eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit. 41. Sed AUobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam consili 9-11. malis: dat. querl: followed here by de and abl. while dolens above has ace. The constructions might have been reversed, maglstratuum; the Roman officials, who extorted all they could from the Gauls, miserils: like malis, 1. 9. 13. rationem qua: "a method whereby.' efluglatls : Though in a sub- ordinate clause the potential force of the mood is easily seen (H. 569; H.-B. 517,2). 15. sui: see on 33. 8. nihil . , . esse: indirect discourse after orare; what is orare? 16. quod=M< id, result (A. 637, 2; B. 284, 2; H. 591, 2; H.-B. 521, 1). 18. neque allena consllU: 'and not unfavorable to his design.' For the genitive see A. 385, c; H. 451, 2, note 1; H.-B. 339, c, footnote 1. 19. Semproniam: see ch. 25. Bru- tus . . . alierat: In the absence of her husband, who was not in sympathy with the conspiracy, Sempronia could safely have this conference there. 20. arcessit: sc. Umbrenus; so with aperit, nominai, dimittit. For Gabinius see Introduction p. 28, §47. In III. 3. 5 Cicero calls him horum omnium scelerum improbissimum Tnachinatorem. As he was a knight his presence would have mote weight than the words of the freed- man alone. 22. Innozlos: 'innocent.' not really involved, but named for effect. They consider the matter, and ask advice. 41. 1. quidnam . . . caperent: in- direct question. CAP. 40-43 299 caperent. In altera parte erat aes alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe victoriae, at in altera maiores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa praemia. Haec illls volventibus 5 tandem vicit fortuna rei ptiblicae. Itaque Q. Fabio Sangae, cuius patrocinio civitas plurumum utebatur, rem omnem uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero per Sangam consilio cognito legatis praecepit, ut studium coniurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros adeant, bene polliceantur dentque operam, uti eos quam 10 maxume manifestos habeant. 42. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore atque ulteriore, item in agro Piceno Bruttio Apulia motus erat. Namque illi, quos ante Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta simul agebant. Nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque 5 telorum portationibus, festlnando agitando omnia plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex eo numero conplurls Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senatus consulto causa cognita in vincula coniecerat, item in citeriore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei provinciae legatus praeerat 43. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes coniura- tionis erant, paratis ut videbatur magnis copiis constituerant, 2. In altera parte: incentives to join tile conspirators aes alienum: cf. 40. 3 studium belli: ct natwra . . . bellicosa, 40. 4. 3. at in altera: incentives to take sides with the government or remain neutral. 5. Q. Fablo Sangae: nothing more is known of him. 6. patrocinio: He was their repre- sentative ipatronus) at Rome, and they constituted a clientela (IV. 11. 4) of his. 8-10. legatis praecepit: 'gave in- structions to the AUobroges.' ceteros: besides Gabinius and Umbrenus. quam maxume manifestos: 'proved guilty as clearly as possible.' Premature agitation leads to the arrest of some conspirators. 42. 2. motus: the noun. The places named represent the extremes or the Italian peninsula (see map). 3-5. quos dimiserat: see ch. 27. armorum, telorum: for defense and offense respectively, plus: object of effecerant; what are timoris and pericvli? 6-8. Q. Metellus Celer: see 30. 12. causa cognita: 'after hearing the cases' (cf. incognita causa, Verr. 13. 2 indicta causa, Verr. 5. 8). C. Murena: sc. compluris in vincula coniecerat. Plans for the outbreak uritliin the city. Cethegus is impatient. 43. 1. At: marking change of scene, as in 34. 1, 31. 10, etc. 2. constituerant: plural from the sense, though the only nom. is 7-^n- tulus. 300 BELLUM CATILINAE uti, cvim Catilina inagrum Faesulanum cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus plebis contione habita quereretur de actioni- jj bus Ciceronis bellique gravissumi invidiam optumo consul! inponeret: eo signo proxuma nocte cetera multitude conitira- tionis suum quisque negotium exequeretur. Sed ea diVisa hoc modo dicebantur, Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu duodecim simul opportuna loca urbis incenderent, quo 10 tumultu facilior aditus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae parabantur, fieret; Cethegus Ciceronis ianuam obsideret eumque vl aggrederetur, alius autem alium, sed fllii f amiliarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxuma pars erat, parentis interficerent; simul caede et incendio perculsis omnibus ad Catilinam erumperent. IS Inter haec parata atque decreta Cethegus semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum : illos dubitando et dies prolatando magnas opportunitates conrumpere, facto, non consulto in tali periculo opus esse, seque, si pauci adiuvarent, languentibus aliis im- petum in curiam facturum. Natura ferox vehemens manu 20 promptus erat, maxumum bonum in celeritate putabat. 44. Sed AUobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium ceteros conveniunt. Ab Lentulo Cethego Statilio item Cassio 3. venisset: 'should have come,' representing future perfect of direct dis- course. 4. Bestia; mentioned in 17. 9. con- tione: which meaning? SeeonlV. 6. 2. 5. optumo consul! : Though Sallust did not always agree with Cicero he gives him due credit. For Cicero's feel- ing when Brutus used the same phrase see Ep. 17. 16. 6. eo signo: 'at that signal.' 7. quisque: in partitive apposition to muUitudo. ea; so. negotia. 8. uti . . . Incenderent . . . erum- perent: depending on negotia, trans- mitting the idea of resolving from con- stituerant, I. 2. 9. quo: agrees with tumuUu; read as if ut eo, expressing purpose. 12. alius allum: 'one attack one, another another.' tamlliarum: usually singular {famUias) with palres, etc. (A. 43, b; B. 21, 2, a; H. 79, 2; H.-B. 66, 1; cf. IV. 6. 18). 14. ad Catilinam: He was to march toward Rome. 15. Cethegus: so Cicero (III. 4. 21-24) represents Cethegus as eager and impatient. 17. facto, consulto: with opus esse (A. 497, a; B. 218, 2, c; H. 477, III, third example; H.-B. 430, 2). 18. languentibus aliis: abl. abso- lute concessive. 19. curiam: the senate itself, so- called here from its having met regu- larly in the curia HosHlia (II. 1. 10). CAP 43-45 30J postulant itis iurandum, quod slgnatum ad civis perferant: aliter baud facile eos ad tantum negotium inpelli posse. Ceteri 5 nihil suspicantes dant, Cassius semet eo brevi venturum polli- cetur ac paulo ante legates ex urbe proficlscitur. Lentulus cum eis T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem mittit, ut Allobroges prius quam domum pergerent, cum Catillna, data atque accepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Volturcio 10 litteras ad Catilinam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est: 'Qui sim, ex eo, quern ad te misl, cognosces. Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum- esse. Con- sideres, quid tuae rationes postulent. Auxilium petas ab 15 omnibus, etiam ab infimis.' Ad hoc mandata verbis dat: cum ab senatu hostis iudicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in urbe parata esse quae iusserit. Ne cunctetur ipse propius adcedere. 45. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte qua proficiscerentur, Cicero per legates ctincta edoctus L. Valerio Flacco et C. Pomp- tino praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Mulvio per insidias Allo- T?ie Gallic envoys receive some letters to carry home. What Lentulus wrote. 44. 3. lus iurandum: so in III. i. 11 we read their testimony that ius iu- randum sibi et litteras data esse, quod . . . perferant: purpose, slgnatum: stamped with their seals. 5. dant: sc. ius iurandum sigrwium, 10. litteras ad: cf, III. s. 12, 18. ex- emplum: 'a copy, 'as in 34. 12. Cicero (III. 5. 36 ff.) quotes this letter in slightly different form, and says it was written sine nomine, i.e., without the usual greeting at the beginning (cf. Catiline's letter, ch. 35, and any of Cicero's given in this edition). 12. eo quem mlsi: Volturcius. lac cogites: cf. Verr. 17. 16; iac also governs three other verbs; which? 15. Inflmls: slaves and criminals. 16. verbis: 'orally.' cum: causal, ■subordinate to repudiet. 17, 18. repudiet, esse, cunctetur: these three verbs illustrate the moods in principal clauses in indirect discourse, interrogative, declarative and impera- tive respectively. Possibly repudiet represents a 'repudiating question' — 'why should he reject the slaves?' — in which case it would be subjunctive in the direct form (cf. quid te inmtem, I. 9. 21). Ipse: Catiline, as distinguished from the agents of parata esse. With adcedere cf. the plan ad Catilinam erum- perent, 43. 14. The letters and their bearers captured by the government. 46. 1. constituta nocte: Dec. 2-3. qua: relative. 2, 3. legates: sc. Allobrogum, as in 41. 8. cuncta: cf. multa alia, 25. 5. Flacco, Fomptino: With what follows cf. Cicero's account. III. Z. 21-36. per 302 BELLUM CATILINAE brogunl comitatus deprehendant. Rem omnem aperit, cuius 5 gratia mittebantur; cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agaut, per- mittit. Illi, homines militares, sine tumultti praesidiis con- locatis, sicuti praeceptum erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. Postquam ad id loci legati cum Volturcio venerunt et simu) utrimque clamor exortus est, Galli cito cognito consilio sine ; mora praetoribus se tradunt, Volturcius primo cohortatus ceteros gladio se a multitudine defendit, deinde, ubi a legatis desertus est, multa prius de salute sua Pomptinum obtestatus, quod ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitae diffidens velut hostibus sese praetoribus dedit. 46. Quibus rebus confectis omnia propere per nuntios consul! declarantur. At ilium ingens ctira atque laetitia simul occupavere. Nam laetabatur intellegens coniuratione patefacta civitatem periculis ereptam esse, porro autem 5 anxius erat dubitans, in maxumo scelere tantis civibus depre- hensls quid facto opus esset: poenam illorum sibi oneri, inptini- tatem perdundae rei publicae fore credebat. Igitur confirmato animo vocarl ad sese iubet Lentulum Cethegum Statilium Gabinium itemque Caeparium Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam 10 ad concitanda servitia proficlsci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt, Caeparius, paulo ante domo egressus, cognito indicio ex urbe profugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod praetor erat, ipse manu tenens in senatum perducit, reliquos cum custodibus in aedem Concordiae venire iubet. Eo senatum advocat magna- insldias; 'by ambush/ Forces were stationed on both sides of the river, and closed in on the travelers when they were fairly on the bridge. 5. utl : 'as.' Why is sit subjunctive? Note the omission of ui before agant. lacto: cf. 43. 17. 8. loci: partitive (see A. 346, 3; B. 201, 2; H. 441; H.-B. 346). 12. multa . . . obtestatus: 'having besought Pomptinus (with) numerous appeals.' Fomptimum is direct object ind TnuUa cognate (cf. 27. 11). 13. quod . . . erat: real or assigned reason? Titae: cf. cUieni, 5. 7. The consul's dilemma. The senate called to consider the evidence. 46. 4. porro : ' on the other hand.' 7. perdundae rel publicae: same construction as oneri, what? 8. vocarl . . . iubet: cf. III. 3. 4-9. 14, 15. aedem Concordiae: where the senate was to meet that day (III. 9. 11). magna frequentla: 'there being a large attendance' — abl. abso- CAP. 45-47 303 15 que frequentia eius ordinis Volturcium cum legatis introdticit, Flaccum praetorem scrinium cum litteris, quas a legatis acc6- perat, eodem adferre iubet. 47. Volturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, postremo quid aut qua de causa consUl habuisset, primo fingere alia, dissimulare de coniuratione; post ubi fide publica dicere iussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, aperit docetque se paucis ante 5 diebus a Gabinio et Caepario socium adscltum nihil amplius scire quam legates, tantum modo audire solitum ex Gabinio P. Autronium Ser. SuUam L. Vargunteium, multos praeterea in ea coniuratione esse. Eadem Galli fatentur ac Lentulum dissimulantem coarguunt praeter litteras sermonibus, quos 10 ille habere solitus erat: ex libris Sibyllinis regnum Romae tribus Corneliis portendi; Cinnam atque Sullam an tea, se tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri; praeterea ab incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesumum annum, quem saepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello civili cruentum fore. Igitur perlectis litteris, 15 curh prius omnes signa sua cogn5vissent, senatus decernit, uti lute. Volturcium Introduclt : ct. III. 4. 1, where Cicero says sine Gallis. 16. scrinium: a cylindrical case for books or documents (see Johnston's P. L. §397). It proves so convincing that the leading conspirators are placed in custody, 47. 2. consllll: with quid — 'what design he had entertained, and why.' 3. fide publica : ' the people's pledge ' of safety. He was to 'turn state's evi- dence' at the price of amnesty for him- self (cf. III. 4. 1). 6. legates: same construction as se (A. 407; B. 217, 2; H. 471, 1; H.-B. 535, 1, c). 8,9. Galli: III. 4. 10. dissimulan- tem: so Cicero (III. S, 20) says ills primo negavit. praeter litteras: "be- sides his own letters' they 'convicted him also by (quoting) conversations,' etc. Litteras might mean a single epistle, but we know from Cicero that there were two — one to the AUobrogian state (III. 5. 18) and another to Catiline (III. 6. 33). sermonibus: their substance is quoted in indirect form from ex libris to fare. 10. Sibyllinis: see on III. 4. 15. regnum: 'supreme authority,' not necessarily royal. Cinna and Sulla had exercised dictatorial power. 11. Cinnam, Sullam: so. fuisse. Both belonged to the gens Cornelia. 12. cui fatum foret : 'whose destiny it was.' The subject of foret is potiri. Incenso Capitolio: This had occurred in July, 83 (see on III. 4. 21). For the participial phrase see IV. 7. 12, 13. haruspices: 'fortune tellers' (Introduction p. 66, §92), not the ofS- cial augurs (Introduction p. 64, §83). 15. Signa sua cognovlssent: 'had acknowledged their seals' (see R. C. §16, and note on signum cognovit. III. 5. 3). 304 BELLUM CATILINAE abdicate magistratu Lentulus itemque ceteri in liberis ctistodiis habeantur. Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo Spintheri, qui turn aedilis erat, Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius C. Caesarl, Ga- binius M. Crasso, Caeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga retractus 20 erat) Cn. Terentio senator! traduntur. 48. Interea plebs coniuratione patefacta, quae primo cupida rerum riovarum nimis bello favebat, mutata mente Catilinae consilia execrari, Ciceronem ad caelum toUere ; veluti ex servitute erepta gaudium atque laetitiam agitabat. Namque alia belli 5 facinora praedae magis quam detrimento fore, incendium vero crudele inmoderatum ac sibi maxume calamitosum putabat, quippe cui omnes copiae in usu cotidiano et cultu corporis erant. 49. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso neque precibus neque gratia neque pretio Ciceronem inpellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut alium indicem C. Caesar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo gravis inimicitias exercebant: Piso s oppugnatus in iudicio pecuniarum repetundarum propter cuius- dam Transpadani supplicium iniustum, Catulus ex petitione 16. abdicate magistratu: cf. III. 6. 13, 38. This phrase applies only to Lentulus, who was a praetor (46. 12). Uberls custodils: see note on I. 8. 3. The plural is used because several per- sons are involved. 19. Caeparius: see 46. 11, 12. With chapters 44-47 as a wkole cf. III. 2. a. 13)— 6. Catiline, lately favored, ■ is now de- nounced by the plebs. 48. 1. patefacta: oration III con- tains Cicero's statement to the people in tlie forum. This is Sallust's only allu-- sion to that speech, and he does not mention the second or the fourth at all. 2. nlmls: with cupida. 4, 5. alia . . . facinora: other than incendium. praedae; dat. of purpose or service — 'for their {profit by) pil- lage.' 7. quippe cul: causal — 'since they had,' etc. Cicero would say essent in- stead of erant. usu . , . cultu: 'daily food and the clothing of the body.' [The remainder of ch. 48 tells of the arrest of L. Tarquinius, his declaration that M. Crassus was involved in the con- spiracy, and the panic into which the authorities fell at the impeachment of so rich and powerful a man.] An attempt to implicate Julius CaestKr. He is mobbed. 49. 1. Catulus: see on 34. 10. C. Calpurnius Flso: consul 67. 2. pretio, gratia: 'bribe, personal influence.' 3. falso: Sallust was a devoted fol- lower of Caesar, and was unwilling to admit any wrong-doing in his hero. 4. illo: Caesar, exercebant: with uterque in the sense of ambo. 5. 6. oppugnatus: 'accused' by Caesar under whose pairodnium (41, 6) CAP. 47-50 305 • pontificatus odio incgnsus, quod extrema aetate, maxumis honoribus usus, ab adulescentulo Caesare victus discesserat. Res aulem opportuna videbatur, quod is privatim egregia 10 liberalitate, publics maxumis muneribus grandem pecuniam debebat. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum facinus inpellere neque- unt, ipsi singillatim circumeundo atque ementiundo quae se ex Volturcio aut AUobrbgibus audisse dicerent, magnam illi in- vidiam conflaverant, usque eo ut non nulli equites Romani,' qui 15 praesidi causa cum telis erant circum aedem Concordiae, seu periculi magnitudine seu animi mobilitate inpulsl, quo studium suum in rem publicam clarius esset, egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. 50. Dum haec in senatu aguntur et dum legatls Allobrogum et T. Volturci5, conprobato eorum indicio, praemia decernuntur, liberti et pauci ex clientibus Lentuli divorsis itineribus opifices atque -servitia in vlcis ad eum eripiundum sollicitabant, partim 5 exquirebant duces multitudinum, qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. Cethegus autem per nuntios familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos, orabat in audaciam, ut grege Gallia Transpadana was. propter . . . Inlustum: probably this was the occasion which provoked Caesar to bring the suit for extortion. 7, 8. pontlfloatus: the office of pontifex maximus (see Introduction p. 64, §§81, 82). maxlmls honoribus: •the highest offices.' adulescentulo: Caesar, born 100 (or 102?) was now 37 (or 39?). 9, 10. res: the proposed accusation. Caesar's enormous debts might be pre- sumed to make him ready for any measure that would promise relief. Both Sallust and Cicero dwell upon the large element of debtors in Catiline's follow- ing, privatim: 'personally.' publioe: 'officially,' as aedile. muneribus: public games, which were under the supervision of the aediles (Introduction, p. 60, §§64, 65). 12. ementiundo: 'stating falsely.' The object is ea, implied antecedant of quae. 14. usque eo: 'to such a degree.' 15. cum telis erant: cf. 27. 6. aedem Concordiae: where the senate was in session (46. 14). 16. 17. mobilitate: 'impulsiveness.' In: 'toward' — after studium. The senate votes rewards. The death penatty proposed by Silanus. 60. 2. praemia : anticipated by them (41, 4), and voted by the senate Dec. 4 (IV. 3. 9). 5 duces: ace. — such men as Clodius and Milo, who had at their beck troops of armed hoodlums, and were ready for any enterprise that promised profit and excitement. 6, 7. tamlllam: his slaves (cf. II. 8. 15). libertos: formerly slaves and still devoted to his service. 306 BELLTJM CATILINAE facto cum tells ad sese inrumperent. C5nsul ubi ea parari cognovit, dispositis praesidils, ut res atque tempus monebat, 10 convocato senatu refert, quid de eis fieri placeat, qui in ciisto- diam traditi erant. Sed eos paulo ante frequens senatus iiidicaverat contra rem publicam fecisse. Tum D. Junius Silanus primus sententiam rogatus, quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de eis, qui in ciistodiis tenebantur, et praeterea IS de L. Cassis P. Furio P. Umbreno Q., Annio, si deprehensi foreht, supplicium sumundum decreverat; isque postea per- motus oratione C. Caesaris pedibus in sententiam Ti. Neronis iturum se dixit, quod de ea re praesidiis additis referundum censuerat. Sed Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus 20 sententiam a consule huiusce modi verba locutus est: 51. 'Omnis homines, patres conscripti, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab odio amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud facile animus verum providet, ubi ilia offici^lnt, neque quisquam omnium lubidini simul et usui paruit. 5 Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet: si lubido possidet, ea domina- tur, animus nihil valet Magna mihi copia est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges atque populi ira aut misericordia inpulsi male consuluerint. Sed ea malo dicere, quae maiores 10. refert: as in 29. 4 quid: sub- ject of fieri; the infinitive clause is sub- ject of placeat. With placeat sc. senatui, 12. fecisse: 'had acted.' 13, 14. Silanus: see IV. 4 1. sen- tentiam: see on muUa alia, 25. 4, and cf. 46. 2. quod . . . erat: see Introduction p. 68, §§104-106. els qui . . . tenebantur: Five are named in 47. 17-20. 16. decreverat the senate decree* 4.3). 17, 18. pedibus , . , Iturum se: 'would vote for,' by going with the sup- porters of the measure to one side of the senate-room when 'division' (dis- cessio) was called for. praesidils ad- dltlA. abl. absolute of time — 'after the 'had moved that (see on removet, IV. guards were strengthened.' Nero's mo- tion meant merely a postponement. 19. Caesar: Cicero states the proposi- tion in substance in IV. 4. 5. Caesar's speech: 'We must consider the question dispassionately' (\\. 1-25). 51. 3. lUa: the passions named in 1. 2. 4. paruit : a general truth, expressed by the so-called 'gnomic' perfect (A. 475; B. 262. 1; H. 638, 5; H.-B. 488), which occurs frequently in the two speeches that follow. 5, 6. intenderis: subjunctive (A. 520, 1; B. 356, 3; H. 602, 4; H.-B. 504, 2). ea: lubido. nihil valet: see on plus valuerit, IV. 10. 6. magna . . . memorandi : ' I have a great fund of (material for) relating.' CAP. 50-51 307 nostri contra lubidinem animl sui rgcte atque ordine fecere. 10 Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas magna atque magnifica, quae populi RomanI opibus creverat, infida atque advorsa nobis fuit. Sed postquam' bello confectS de Rhodiis consultum est, maiores nostri, ne quis divitiarum magis quam iniuriae causa bellum inceptum 15 diceret, inpunitos eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, cum saepe Carthaginienses et in pace et per indutias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, numquam ipsi per occasionem talia fecere: magis quid se dignum foret, quam quid in illos iure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providendum est, 20 patres conscrlpti, ne plus apud vos valeat P. Lentull et cetero- rum scelus quam vostra dignitas, neu magis Irae vostrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novom consilium adprobS: sin magnitQdo sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, his litendum censeo, quae legibus 25 conparata sunt. 'Plerique eorum qui ante me sententias dixerunt, conposite atque magnifice casum rei publicae miserati sunt. Quae belli saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere: rapi virgines 10. bello Macedonico: the third, 171-168, brought to a successful con- clusion by Aemilius Paulus (IV. 10. 16).' 12. creverat: For aid afforded them by the Rhodians In an earlier war the Bomans had ceded to them Caria and Lycia; but these territories were taken baclc when the Rhodians refused to take sides against Perses (.infida . . . fuit). As no other penalty was infiictea they are said here to have been let go un- punished (impunitos). 13. consultum est: in the senate. 17. Ipsl: maiores nostri. 18. se: depends on dignum; what case? 22, 23. digna: 'adequate.' novom: nom. sing, (see on 23. 17). Silanus' proposition was 'new,' 'strange,' be- cause the laws did not empower the senate to order the execution of a citizen (see Cicero's attempt to show that the law did not apply because these men had forfeited their citizenship, IV. 6. 19-21). 24. ominlum Ingenia: 'the talents of all ' legislators to invent a fit penalty his: sc. consiliis — abl. with viendum, utendum: sc. esse — 'it is fitting to use:' impersonal, yet it takes the abla- tive, as nocere, etc., take the dative iu their impersonal (passive) constructions (cf. mihi nihil noceri potest, III. 12. 9). ' The horrors of the threatened war have been portrayed; but we should be mindful of our high position and reason calmly' (U. 26-47). 26. plerique: not commonly fol- lowed by a genitive 28. quae . . . acciderent: explained by the following infinitives, rapi: 'that girls and boys were carried oft,' etc. 308 BELLUM CATILINAE pueros, divelli llberos a parentum conplexu, matres familiarum 30 pati quae victoribus conlubuissent, faria atque domos spoliari, caedem incendia fieri, postremo armis cadaveribus, cruore atque 'Itictu omnia conplerl. Sed, per deos inmortalis, quo ilia oratio pertinuit? an uti vos infestos coniurationi faceret? scilicet, quern res tanta et tam atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet. 35 Non ita est, neque cuiquam mortalium iniuriae suae parvae videntur: multl eas gravius aequo habuere. Sed alia alils licentia est, patres conscript!. Qui demissi in obscuro vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, pauci sciunt: fama atque fortuna eorum pares sunt: qui magno imperio praediti in excelso 40 aetatem agunt, eorum facta cUncti mortales novere. Ita in maxuma fortuna minuma licentia est; neque studere neque odisse, sed minume irasci decet; quae apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque crudelitas appellatur. Ekjuidem ego sic existumo, patres conscripti, omnis cruciatus ■IS minores quam facinora illorum esse. Sed plerique mortales postrema meminere et in hominibus inpiis sceleris eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo saevior fuit. 'D. Silanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certo scio quae dixerit, studio rei piiblicae dixisse, neque Ulum in tanta re 60 gratiam aut inimicitias exercere; eos mores eamque modestiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia eius mihi non criidelis (quid enim 29, 30. matres tamlUarum: usually matres familias (cf. filii familiarum, 43. 12). conlubulssent: this verb is usually impersonal. 32. quo: 'to what end?' — explained by the final clause uti . . . faceret, in apposition. 33, 34. scilicet . . . accendet: iron- ical. 36. alia allis . . . est: 'some have one form of privilege, others another' — i.e., what one in obscurity may do an- other, under the limelight, may not. 39. pares sunt: their lot (qui . . . habent) is lowly, their fame (pouci sciunt) narrow, and so on ah equality with each otb'— 43. in imperio: short for in eis im- T'-rio praeditis (cf. 1. 39). 44. equidem: commonly, as here, with 1st sing. — 'for my part.' He here returns to the main question, . from which he digressed at 1. 26. 45. illorum: the conspirators. 46. In: 'in the case of.' sceler^: see on I. 3. 5. * £.ilanus proposes the death _ penalty, for which there is no warrant in law' (11. 48-67). 49, SO. studio: 'from warm love.' gratiam, inimicitias : purely personal feelings, eos, earn: 'such' — used as predicates. CAP. 51 309 in talis homines crudele fieri potest?) sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam profecto aut me;tus aut iniuria te subegit, Silane, consulem deslgnatum genus poenae novom decernere. 55 De timore supervacaneum est disserere, cum praesertim diligentia clarissuml viri consulis tanta praesidia sint in armis De poena possum equidem dicere, id quod res habet, in luctu atque miserils ■ mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse; eam cQncta mortalium mala dissolvere; ultra neque ctirae 60 neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos inmortalis, quam ob rem in sententiam rion addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos animadvorteretur? an quia lex Porcia vetat? at aliae leges item condemnatis civibus non animam eripl, sed exilium per- mitti iubent. An quia gravius est verberari quam necari? 65 quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in homines tanti faci- noris convictos? sin quia levius est, qui convenit in minore negotio legem timere, cum eam in maiore neglegeris? 'At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricidas rei piiblicae decretum erit? tempus dies forttina, cuius lubido gentibus 70 moderatur. Illis merito accidet quicquid evenerit: ceterum vos, patres conscript!, quid in alios statuatis, considerate. 52. In: 'against,' 'toward.' aliena a: 'inconsistent with.' 53. aut metus aut Inlurla: 'fear' of consequences, 'sense of having suf- fered wrong.' As the spealcer immedi- ately excludes 'fear' the alternative iniuria is left as Silanus' motive. 56. praesidia : 50. 9; of. exercitus, 1. 93. 57, 68.- in luctu . . . requiem: a bit of Epicurean philosophy, of which Caesar was fond; it is quoted in IV. i. 10-13. 59. ultra: adverb — 'beyond' the grave. 62. animadvorteretur: impersonal — 'punishment be inflicted.' lex Porcia: It forbade flogging, allae leges: see on leges, I. 11. 14, and cf. that whole passage with this. 64. an: sc. non addidisti, etc., from 1. 61; so after sin, 1. 66. 66. qui: 'how?' — an old ablative of quis, quid CA. 150, b; B. 90, 2, a; H. 184, 4; H.-B. 140, b). 'No punishment is too harsh for. these men, but disregard of law on out part affords too dangerous a precedent' (11. 68-96). 68. at enlm: 'but, you may ask' — a familiar use of at, to introduce an opponent's possible objection in order to answer.it. 69. tempus, dies, fortuna: sub- jects of reprehendent, supplied in answer- ing the question, tempus : ' some par- ticular occasion.' cuius lubido: 'whose caprice' (cf. fortuna . . . dominatnr . . , res cunctas ex lubidine . . . celebrat, S, 1, 2). 70. llUsi cf. illorum, 1. 45. 71. alios: persons who might be 310 BELLUM CATILINAE Omnia mala exempla ex rebus bonis orta sunt. Sed ubi impe- rium ad ignaros eius aut minus bonos pervemt, novom illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos 75 transfertur. Lacedaemonii devictis Atheniensibus triginta viros inposuere, qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Ei primo coepere pessumum quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare: ea populus laetari et merito dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, iuxta bonos et malos lubidinose inter- so ficere, ceteros metu terrere: ita civitas servitute obpressa stultae laetitiae gravis poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor Sulla cum Damasippum et alios eius modi, qui male rei publicae creverant, iugulari iussit, quis non factum eius laudabat? homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem pQblicam 85 exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Namuti quisque domum aut villam, pos- tremo vas aut vestimentum alicuius concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum numero esset. Ita illi, quibus Dama- sippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur, neque 90 prius finis iugulandi fuit, quam Sulla omnis suos divitiis explevit. Atque ego haec non in M. TuUio neque his temporibus vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt Potest alio accused at some future time when men less wise and conscientious would be in autliority. 73. eius: imperii; the reflexive sui would have been ambiguous. 75, 76. Lacedaemonii . , . Im- posuere: in 404 when their victory at Aegospotami made them masters of Greece. The Athenians were forced to accept the rule of thirty of their own citizens who were in sympathy with ■'iparta — known in liistory as 'the thirty lyrants.' tractarent: 'manage.' 77. pesslmum . . . Inylsum: whose guilt was not questioned. Indemna- tum: without trial. 78, 79. ea: subject of fieri, which also is modified b_y merito, iuxta: 'alUse.' 81. nostra memoria: less than twenty years before. 82. Damasippum: a surname of D. Junius Brutus (praetor 82), who in the Mario-Sullan struggle perpetrated a massacre of senators. When captured by Sulla he was summarily put to death. malo . . . creverant: 'had thriven on their country's ills' (cf. '1. 11. 12). 86. domum, villam: large prizes, which might easily tempt: but at last (■postremo) men had their fellows mur- dered for such trifles as v, -lexl, -lectus. ^ere fad lacid} attract, allure, entice, persuade. ad-llno (all-), -ere, a., besmear,' bedaub ad-minister, -tri, m.. a helper. — Esp. an abettor, tool, pander. ad-ministra, -ae, f., u female attendant or helper, a handmaid. ad-inlnistro, 1. v. a. and n., attend upon, aerwc-^Fig., manage, superintend, direct. — Also, do one's work or duty. adxniriibilis, -e, adj., wonderful, aston tshing, admirable. admirandus, see admiror. admlratio, -onls, f., admiration, wonder, astonishment. ad-mXror, 1, v. dep., be amazed, wonder at, admire. — admirandus, -a, -um. ger. as adi., wondrous, marvelous. ad-mitto, 3- v. a., let in, send in, intro- duce. — Fig., permit, allow. — Hence, bt guilty of, commit. ad-noneo. 2. v^. a., warn, admonish remind, advise, hid. I ^^7"}V^-ihJL^lA - ADMURMURATIO ADSPICIO admurmiiratlO, -Onls, f., a murmur at something, jnurmurs of approval or disapproval. adnltor, -nisus (or nixus) , -nitl, rest upon, strive after; exert one's self. (S) ad-nu6 (ann-), -uX» -ere, u., nod to, nod assent to, assent. adolescens» see adulescens. adolescentia, see adulescentla. ad-olesco (adul-), -olevi, -ultus. -ere, n., grow up, grow to maturity. — adultus, -a, -uzu, p. p. as adj., grovm up, ma~ twred. — Fig. , ripe, developed. (S) ad-dmo, 1. V. a., fit out, equip, furnish, provide, organize. — Also, adorn, em~ hellish, distinguish. %d-paratUS (app-), -Us, m., a prepar- ation, getting ready. — Also, preparations, equipment, furniture, m-aterials, tools. ad-paratus (app-), -a, -um, see adpar5. ad-pard (app-), 1. v. a., prepare, pro- vide, furnish; arrange, make prepar- ations (for) . — adpar&tus (app-) , -a, -um, p. p. as adj., prepared, furnished. — Also, sumptuous, magnificent. adpelld (app-), 1. v. a., address, call by name. — Bsp . , appeal to , implore, call upon. ad-pRt5 (app-), -lv£ or -II, -itus, -ere, a., strive after, try to get, covet, desire, aim at. — adpetens, -ntts, p. as adj., desirous of, eager for. — Absolute, cov- etous. ad-pond (app-), 3. v. a., pui or place at, by or Pear, apply, fit. — Fig., appoint, assign. — ad-poBitus (app-)^.-a, -um, p. p. as adj., near, bordering upon. — Also, fit, suitable, fitted, suited. ad-probo (app-), 1. v. a., assent to, favor, approve, sanction. ad-proplnquo (app-), 1. v. n., come near to, approach, draw near. adquiesco, -evi, -ere, u., come to rest, rest, be content, consent. adqulro (acq-), -quislvl, -quisitus, -ere [ad-quaer5], a., get in addition, add to, gain, acquire. ad-rlgd (arr-), -rexl, -rectus, -ere [ad-reg5], a., raise, straighten up. — Fig., arouse, excite. adriplo (arr-), -ipui, -eptus, -ere [ad- raplo], a., catch up, seize; appropriate,, secure. adroganter (arr-), adv., presumptuously, haughtily, insolerUly. ad-rogo (arr-), 1. v. a., ask further; claim, demand. — ad-rog&ns (arr-), -ntls, pres. p. as adj., presuming, overbearing. adsceudo (asc-), -scendi, -scensus, -ere [ad-scando], a. and u., ascend, mount, climb, reach. ad-sciscd (asc-), -scl^, -scitus, -ere, a., take to one's self, adopt, accept. — Hence, associate with one's self. ad-scnl)5 (asc-), 3. v. n., write in addi' tion, insert in writing. — ^Esp., write down, enroll, assign. adsensus, -"Qs, m., assent, approval. ad-sentlo (ass-), 4. v. n., give asserU, approve, agree; more common in pas- sive as deponent. ad-sentlor (ass-), -sensus, -tirl, dep. see active form above. ad-sequor (ass-), 3. v. dep., follow up, overtake. — Fig., gain, reach, attain; effect, accomplish. ad-servd (ass-), 1. v. a., keep or preserve carefully, watch over, gwird. — Also, keep secret. ad-sido (ass-)» -sedi, -ere, a., take one's seat, sii down, sit by or near. adsldue (ass-), adv., continually, con- stantly, uninterruptedly. adslduit&s (ass-), -tatls, f., constant attendance upon a person, constant presence; painstaking, unremitting effort. — Also, constancy, persistence. adslduus (ass-) , -a, -um, adj . , ever present, unremitting, continual, ceaseless, untiring, persistent, adslgnatio (ass-), -5nis, f., an assigning, allotting. ad-sisto, -stlti, -ere, u., stand near, stand by, take position. (S) adspecto, 1. v. a., look to, look up to. adspectus (asp-) , -us, m. (active) , a sight, view, glance; (passive) , ap- pearance, aspect, mien, look, looks. adspergo (asp-), -ersi, -ersus, -ere [ad-spargo], a., scatter, sprinkle or strew upon. — Fig. , add by way of season- ing, throw in, add. adspernor, see aspemor. adspicio (asp-), -exi, -ectus, -ere [ad- specio], a., look at, behold; see; look to^ look toward. ADSTO AERARIUS ad-sto (ast-), -Itt, -are, u., stand by or near. ad-stringo (ast-), -SnxX, -ictus, -ere, a., bind or fasten to. — Fig. , implicate, compromise. adsuefaclo (ass-), 3. v. a., habituate, accustom, train. — Pass., be accvstomeU (with abl.). ad-sum, irr. v. n., fee at, near, by or ai hand; stand by, aid, assist, support: anlmo (fee attentive; be brave) . ad-SUZno (ass-), 3. v. &., take to or upon one's self, receive, admit, claim, assume, adt-, see att-. adulescens, -ntls, adj., young.— As subst., a young man or woman. — Also ike younger, junior. adulescentia, -ae, F.,tkeperiod of youths adtllescentulus, -i, m., a very young man, mere boy. — As adj., very young. adulter, era, adj., m. and f. only, un- chaste, impure. — As subst. , adulterer, adulteress. adultus, see adolesco. ad-venlo, 4. v. n., come to, arrive at, reach. (S) adventicius, -a, -um, adj . , foreign; accidental, incidental. advento, -are, n., advance, press for- ward. (S) adventus, -tiS, m., a coming, arrival. adversarius (-vor-), -a, -um, adj., standing opposite; hostile, antago- nistic. — As subst., an antagonist, oppo- nent. adversiO, -onlS, f., a turning, or directing toward. adversus, -a, -um, adj., see adverto. ad-verto (adyor-), 3. v. a., turn or direct to, toward or against, turn; anlmum {notice, see axilmadverto) . — adversus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., over against, opposite; in opposition, ad- verse; in front. ad-vesperasclt, -ere, imp., it grows dark, evening draws near. ad-VOCO, 1. V. a,., call in. invite, sum.mon. — Esp., call as counselor, witness, ad- viser. — advocatus, -i, m , p. p as subst., a friend, supporter, adviser, or witness (in odurt). ad-VOlO, 1- -v. a., fly to, toward or at. — Fig., hurry to, reach with speed, make haste. advor-, see adver-. aedes (-Is), -Is, *., o dwelling of the gods, sanctuary, temple (not so large as a tem,plum.). — In plural, a house, dwell- ing (for men). aedlflclumi, -I, n., a building, aedlflco, 1. v. a., build, construct, erect. — Fig, , establish. aedllis, -Is, m., an Aedile, see p. 60, §§ 64, 65. aedilitas, -tatls, f., oiflce of asdile, aedile- ship. Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., Aegean. — Aegaeum, I, n., as subst., the Aegean Sea. aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick, dis- eased, feeble. — Fig., afflicted, suffering, weak, enfeebled. ' aegerrlme (-rum§), superl. of aegre. aegre, adv. , painfully, weakly. — Fig. , with reluctance, with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. Aegyptus, -I, F., Egypt. Aellus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g.,Q. Aelius,cos. 148. — Also, as adj"., Aelian: lex. Aemillus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. L. Aemilius Paulus, see FaulUS. 2. M. Aemilius Scaurus, cos. 115. aemulus, -a, -um, adj., imitating earnest- ly, rivaling. — As subst., an imitator, follower, rival. aeq.ual>iUter, adv., indiscriminately, with- out partiality. (S) aeQ,ualls, -e, adj., equal, of equal age, contemporary. (S) aequaliter, adv., equally, uniformly, on equal term.8. (S) aecLue, adv., equally, alike, in like manner: aeQue . . . ac (as [well] much . . . as, as . . . as). aeq.Uitas, -tatls, f., equality, evenness. — ■ Fig., justice, fairness, impartiality: anlmi {even balance). aecLuos, -a, -um, see aequus. (S) aecLUUS, -a, -um, adj., even, fiat, level. — Fig,, fair, just, calm, equal, favormble: anlm.0 {with resignation). aer&rius, -a, -um, adj . , of copper. — Hence, having to do with money, of the revenue or treasury: tribunl (see on IV. 7.27). — As subst., aerarlus, -I, m., one who pays a poll tax, but cannot vote; AERUMNA ALIQUANDO see p. 53, § 30. — aerariutn, -i, n., the treasury, a part of the temple of Saturn. aeruxnna, -ae, f., pain, distress, hardship j toil. aerumnosus, -a, -um, adj., full of trouble, misery or care, miserable, wretched, careworn. aes, aerls, n., copper, bronze, anything made of copper or bronze. — Hence, money: allenuni {d^t). Aesculapius, -i. m., the god of medicine, aestas, -tatis, f., summer, aestlmo (aestuzno), 1. v. »., estimate, rate, value, assess. aestud l. v. u., be hot, boil, surge. — Fig., be hot with ang&r, rage. (S) aestus, -us, m., heat. — Fig., the boiling tide, breakers, waves, the sea. aetas, -t^tiS, f., period of life, age (of old. or young). — Hence, youth, old age, life, time. aeternltas, -tatls, *■., eternity, endless existence. — Fig., deathless fame. aetemus, -a, uzn, adj., eternal, ever- lasting, never-ending, endless, Hfe-long. Aetolus, -a, -um, 'adj., of Aetolia, Aetolian. — PL, subst., the Aetolians. aS-, see adf-. Afrantus, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., L, Afranius, cos. 60. Africa, -ae, p., see Afrlcus. Africanus, -a, -um, adj., of Africa, African. — Esp., as a surname, see Sciplo. Afrlcus. -a, -um, adj., of Africa. — As subst. , Africa, -ae, f. , the Roman prov- ince of Africa. ftfulsse. &futurus, see absum. age, see ago ad fin. ager, agrX, productive land, a field; an estate, farm; a territory, district; land^ ground. agg-, seeadg-. aglto, 1. V. a., drive, impel. — Hence, rouse, stir up, excite, harass. — Fig., turn over (in mind), propose, discuss, purpose. agnosco (adg-), -novS, -nitus, -ere [ad- (g)lldscd], a., recognize, acknowledge (as one's own), identify, claim. £-xo» cgl* actus, -ere, a. and u., drive, lead, conduct, impel. — Fig., impel, move, prompt, excite. — Also, do, act, treaty discuss, plead, -manage, conduct. carry on, take part in, deal with, take up, handle, take action. — age, age vero, agedum {come, come now, see on M. L. 14.1). agrarlus, -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to, the public lands; lex (a land law).^ As subst., agrarii, -Drum, m., agrarian partisans. ag^restls, -e, adj., o. the fields, rustic. — Hence, countrified, rude, boorish. — As subst. pi., rustics, farmers. Ahala, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g., C. Servilius Ahala, who killed Sp. Maelius, 439. aid, 3. V. defect., n., aifirm, assert. alacer, -crls, -CZ'e, adj., lively, active^ eager, energetic, spirited. alacrltas, -tatls, f., liveliness, eagerness, enthusiasm, gladness, joy, delight. alauda, -ae, f., a lark. — Fig.,- the name of one of Caesar's legions; often pi., Alaudae (see Ep. 20.14). Alba, -ae, f., the name of several Italian towns. — Esp., 1. Alba Longa, the most ancient city of Latium. 2. Alba Fucen- tia, a town near the Lacus Fucinus, about 60 miles northeast of Rome. Albanus, -a, -um, adj., of Alba, Alban. — As subst., Albanum -i, n., an estate near Alba. — Albanl, -drum, m., the people of Alba, the Albans. alea, -ae, f., a die, a game with dice. — Fig. , chance, hazard, fortune. aleator, -oris, m., a gamester, gambler. Alexander, -dri, m., a Greek name. — E. g., Alexander the Great. algor, -oris, m. , cold. (S) alias [alius], adv., elsewhere, at another place or time. (S) alibi [alius], adv., elsewhere. (S) allenlgena, -ae, m., one bom in a foreign land, a foreigner. alleno, 1. v. a., ynake over to another, alienate, cast off or out. (S) allenus, -a, -um, adj., of another or others, not one's own, foreign, alien, strange. — ^Hence, ill-adapted, unfavor^ able. — As subst., allenus, -i, m., a stranger. — Also, superl., an entire stran- ger. alio, adv., to another place, elsewhere. aliquandd, adv., at some time, fi-naUy, at last. ALIQUANTO AN allquanto, see aliquantus. allquantus, -a, -um, adj., some, con- siderable, not a little. — As subst., ali- quantum, -i, n., a good deal, a coiv- siderable amount. — Adverbially, all- quantiun (ace.) and allquanto (abl.), considerably. aliqiils (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod), indef. pron., some one, some thing, some, any. — Rarely, some other; cf. I. 8. 16. aliquo, adv., somewhither, to some place. aliquot, indef. numeral indecl., some, several, a few, u. number of. allter, adv., otherwise, differently. aliunde, adv., from another place or source. alius, -a, -Ud, pronom. adj., another, other, different, else: alius . . . alius (one . . . another), alii . . alii (some . . . others): alius atque, see atque. all-, see adl-. allatus, see adfero. AUobrox, -Ogis, m., one of the Allobroges^ a Celtic tribe. aid, alui, altus or alitus, -ere, a., nourish, sustain, feed, nurse. — Fig., foster, increase, promote, keep alive. Alpes, -ium, pi., f., the Alps. altaria, -luxn, pi., n., a high altar, an altar to the great gods. alter, -era, -eruxn, pronom. adj., the other (of two only) : alter . . . alter (the one . . the other). — alter! . . . alteri (one party . . . the other party). alternus, -a, -um, adj., in turn, by turns, alternate, reciprocal, muiual. alter-uter, -tra, -trum, pronom. adj., one of the two, the one or the other, no matter which. altus, -a, -um, adj., high, lofty, deep, profound. — As subst., altum, -I, n., the deep, the sea. alumnus, -i, m., a foster child, nursling. alveolus, -i, m., a small tray, basin; a gaming board, dice board, amans, see amd. amanter, adv., lovingly > affectionately. ambi- (amt>-, am.-, an-), inseparable prep., around, abovZ. ambitio, -onifi, f., a canvassing for office, electioneering. — ^Hence, ambition. (S) ambitUi), -us, m., unlawful canvassing. bribery at elections: de am.bltu (on u charge of bribery). (S) ambd, -ae, -o, num. adj., both. ambulatio, -onis, f., a walking, u . alk. ambulo, 1. v. II., walk about. amens, -ntis, adj., ovi of one's senses, distracted, mad. amentia, -ae, f., ward of reason, madness, frenzy. amicio, -ictus, -Ire, a., throw or wrap around, clothe, cover, conceal. amicitia, -ae, f., friendship, friendly relations, an alliance. amicus, -a, -um, adj., friendly, kindly, fond, well disposed. — As subst., amicus, -i, M., a friend. — Also, in superl., a very dear friend. amissus, p. p. of amitto. Amisus, -1, F., a town of Fontus, on the Euxine. amitto, 3. v. a., let go, let slip or pass, lose. amo, 1. v. a., lovey like, be fond of— amans, -ntis, pres. p. as adj., fond, affectionate. amoenitas, -tatls, f., loveliness (to the eye). amoenus, -a, -um, adj., pleasant (to the eye), lovely. (S) amor, -oris, m. , love, affection. a-moveo, -movl, -motus, -ere, a., move away, remove. (S) ample, adv., abundantly, fully, largely, widely. — Compar., amplius, further, more, longer. — Super!., ampliSSimS (-ume), very amply, completely. amplector, -exus, -I, dep., clasp, emr brace. — Fig. , include, comprise. — Also, court (the favor of), cherish. amplexor, 1. v. dep., embrace. — Fig., be fond of, value, esteem. amplified, 1. v. a,., increase, enlarge, extend, augment. amplitude, -inls, f., xoidth, bulk, size, extent. — Fig., dignity, prominence, po- sition. amplus, -a, -um, adj., spacious, roomy; abundant, full, ample, great: verbis (complimentary). — As subst., in comp., amplius, more (with part. gen.). an, conj., introducing second member of a double question, or, or rather. — Sometimes the first member is merely ANAGNIA 10 APPIUS implied {am I wrong), or, etc. — ^trum . . . a,n{[whether] . . . or). — anne ( =an; the -ne is pleonastic). — an vero {or is it poaaible that). Anagnia, -ae, f., town of Latium anceps, -cipltlSt adj., two-headed; vwo' foldf double. — Hence, wavering^ dovbt- fvXf 'uncertain, indecisive. Ancdna, -ae. i<\^ a town in Picenum, on the Adriatic sea. ango, -ere, a., press close, throttle. — Fig., distress, pain. angulus, -I, M., a corner, angle. — Fig., u, lurking-place. angustlae, -arum, f., pi., a narrow pass, defile — Fig., diffUidties, straits, per- plexity. anhelo, 1. v, f*-. and n., pant, gasp, pant out, breathe forth. anlma, -ae, f.. nir, breath, the spirit, aoui, life. aniinadTerslo, -oniSt f. , observation, _7V)tice, aMention, investigation, censure^ punishment. animadyerto (-vort5), [anlznum-ad- verto], 3 V. a., give attention to, notice, observe. — With in, and ace, punish, inflict punishment upon. animal -alls, n., a breathing creature^ an animal. (S) animose, adv., eagerly, vdth spirit, tui^h courage^ animus, ->X, m., the rationed soul, the mind, intellect, heart, spirit, disposition.^ Also in good sense, courage, spirit; in bad sense, arrogance, pride. — aequd paratdque {with resignation and com~ '^ posure). anne, see an ad fin. Annlus, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. Q. A nnius CMlo, a conspirator. 2. T. Annius Milo, a supporter of Cicero, who killed Clodius. anndna, -ae. f , the year's produce; the grain m,ar/cet, the price of groin. annus, -i, m., a year. annuus -a, -um., adj., lasting a year, a yearns, yearly, annual. Unsa, -ae, f., a handle. — Fig., an oppor- tunity, ante, adv and prep, of place and time. — Adv., before, in front, formerly, pre- viously ago, tn advance of. — Prep., before, in front of in advance of, more than, above. — In dates: ante diem (a. d.), 071 a day before. — In comp., before. a/atea, adv., formerly, before, premoualy. antecaplo, -ere. v. a., forestall. ante-cello, -&te,be prominent or superior, . excel, surpass. ante-fero, irr v. a.., carry or place in front, choose first, prefer^ ante-hac, adv., before this time, before. (S) antelucanus, -a, -um, adj., before day- break: cenae {kept up uruil daybreak). ante-p5nd, 3. v. a., place or pvl before or in front, prefer, value above. ante-quam, conj., before, sooner than. Antias, -atis. gentile adj., of Antium, » town oQ the coast south of Rome. Antlochia (-ea), -ae, f., a city of Syria. — Also, of several less important towns. Antlochus, -1, M., Aniiochus the Great, 223-187 — Also, the name of other kings of Syria. antig.Ultas, -tatis, f., antiquity, ancient times. antiquUs, -a, -um, adj., belonging to former times, ancient, old. — Subst . antiQUI, -drum, m., the ancients, men of the old school. Antium, -I, N., an ancient town of Latium, Antonius, -I, m., a gentile name. — ^E. g., 1. C. Antonius Hybrida, Cicero's col- league in the consulship. 2. M. An- tonius, a member of the second trium- virate, anxius, -a, -um [ango], adj., troubled, worried, anxious. Ap., abbreviation for AppiUS, Apamea, -ae, f., a city of Phrygia, in Asia Minor; called ApameaCibotus. Apennlnus, -I, m., the Apennines. aperio, -rul, -rtus, -Ire, a., lay open or bare, uncover, display, disclose, reveal. — apertus, -a, -um. p. p, as adj., un- covered, open, exposed, bare. — Fig i unconcealed, unobstructed, unprotected. aperte, adv., in the open, openly, clearlyt plainly, without concealment or reserve. apertus, see aperio. app-» see adp-. Applus, -I, M., a first name. — ^E. g., 1. Apvius Claudius Caecus, censor 312, APPIUS 11 ASIA 2. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, cos 54, broth- er of Clodius and Cicero's predecessor as governor of Cilicia. Appius, -a, -uxn, adj., ofAppius, Appian. — Esp.. referring to No. 1 above: via (the road from Rome to Capua, made by him). — As subst., Appla, -ae, f., the Appian road. aptus, -a, -um, a.di.y fit, suitc^le^ adapted j appropriate. apud(aput) , prep.with ace, aty with, near, at the ho-use of; in. the presence of, before^ among; in the works of, in the hands of. Apulia, -ae, v,, a district in the S. E. of Italy. aput, prep., same as apud. aQ.ua, -ae, f., water, — PI. medicinal springs, waters. aqulla, -ae, f., an eagle. — Esp. the eagle of a Roman legion. &ra, -ae, f., an altar. arator, -Oris, m., a plowman. arbiter, -tri, m., an (,eye)witne8S. — • Legal term, an arbitrator, judge. (S) arbitrate, m., abl., ai some one^s will, choice^ pleasure,'bidding. arbltrlum, -i, n., the jvdgment of an arbitrator. — Fig., power, will, pleasure, choice. arbitror, 1. v. dep., give judgment, de- cide, — Fig., judget thinks consider, believe. arced, -Ul, -ere, a., confine; keep away or off, hinder, prevent. arcesso (accerso), -sivi, -situs, -sere, a., call or send for or in, ammnon, invite. Arcblas, -ae, m., a poet, whose citizen- ship was impeached in 62. Sxdeo, -si, -sus, -ere, n., take fire, be on firCf blaze, bum, be inflamed (with emotion or passion), be excited, be eager. — ardens, -ntis, p. as adj., burning, blazing, hot; imp^uous, dashing, im- passioned. ardor, -oris, m., «■ fiame, blaze, flash; vehemence, fury. arduus, -a, -um, adj., high, steep; hence diMcvlL fS) area, -ae, p., a building site. argentartUis, -a, -um, adj., of or be- longing to silver ^r money. — As subst., argcntSirlUS. -i, m.. a banker or broker. — argent^la, -ae, it . the office or bvMness of a banker or broker. argenteus, -a, -um. a.6.\.. of silver. argentuzn, *I, n., silver, silver plate. argujuentor, 1. v. dep , adduce (as) proof, draw a conclu^on. argUmentum, -I, n., a proof, argument^ inference, sign. argfuo, 3. v. a., accuse, charge, prove. Arlmlnuzn, -1. s., a tov^n m Umbria, CD the Adriatic sea. Axlobarzanes, -Is, m., a king of Cap- 'padocia. — Also, the name of several eastern potentates. ArlStlppus, -I, M., a, Greek philosopher^ founder of the sect of Hedonists, arma, -Orum, n., pi., implements, tools. — Esp., arms, weapons. — Fig., war, war- riors, troops. arznatus, see ann5. Armenius, -a, -um, adj., of Armenia, Armenian. armo, 1. v. a., arm, equip. — Pass, reflex. » arm one^s seZ/.— armatus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., armed, equipped, furnished, aro, 1. V. a., plow. (S) Arplnas, -atis, adj., of Arpinum^ a town in Latium. — Esp., of Marius, who was born there. Arpinum, -X, n., a town in Latium. an*-, see adr-. Arretinus, -a, -um, adj., of Arretium. Arretium., -X, n., a town in Etruria. ars, artls, d-., practical skill, art, any pro* fession or calling; a principle of con- duct, quality t gift, habit; knowledge, learning. arte, adv , closely, tightly, fast, in close order. (S) artlfex, -Ids, m., artist, maker ^ originator, schemer, author. artiflcium, -!, n., a profession, trade, occupation; skill, knowledge, ingenuity; a skilful contrivance, a trick. aruspex = haruspex. arx, arcls, f., a castle, stronghold, fortress, citadel. — Esp., the northern summit of the Capitoline Hill, asc-, see adsc-. Asia, ae, f., a country of the east, now Asia Minor. Esp., the Roman province Asia, embracing th-; western third of A.sia Minor. ASIAIICUS 12 AURTJM Asiaticus, -a, -um» adj., of Asia, Asiatic asp-, see adsp-. asper, -era, -erum, adj . , rough, uneven, — Fig., harsh, cruel. aspernor [ab-spernor]^ 1. v. dep., cast off, spurn, refuse. (S) asporto [abs-porto], 1. v. a., carry or take off or away. ass-, see ads-. astutia, -ae, f., shrewdness, cunning. astutus, -a, -um, adj., shrewd, sagacious. — Often, in bad sense, sly, cunning, at, conj., bvi, at least. Athenae, -^um, f., pi., Athens, the capital of Attica. Atheniensis, -e, adj., of Athene, Athe- nian, — PL, subst., the Athenians. Atillus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E, g., 1. C. Atiliu^ Regulus Serranus, cos. 257 and 250. 2. M. Atiliua Regulus, cos. 267 and 256. 3. M. Atilius, con- demned for treason. 4. Atihu^ Gavia- nus, trib. pi. at the time of Cicero's recall from exile. atque or ac, conj., and also J yes arut, and even, and further, — Also, with words of likeness and comparison, as, than' allter ac (otherwise than, different from what); contra atcj.ue (different from); perlnde ac {just as); pro e5 ac (as); slmllis atque ijust like); slmul atque {as soon as); atque adeo inay even^ or rather). atqui, conj., and yet, hut yd., anyhow, still. atrocltas, -tatls, /,, hideousness, cruelty, enormity; savageneas, barbarity, atrdclter, adv., fiercely, cruelly, savagely. atrox, -dels, adj . , hideous, revolting; gloomy, sullen, fierca. attendo (adt-), -tend!, -tentus, -ere [ad-tendd], a., stretch or turn to or to~ ward. — Fig., mindy mark, observe, notice (often with axdmum). — atten- tus (adt-), -a, -um, p. p. as adj., jtten^ tive, intent upon, — attente, adv , , attentively, earnestly. attenuo (adt-) [ad-tenuo], 1. v. a.., make thin, weaken, enfeeble, impair; abase. atterd (ad-tero), -trivi, -tritus, -ere, a., rvb upon: hence wear away, weaken, destrou Atticus, -Z, M., the surname of Titus Pomponius, see on Ep. 1, Sal, attineo (adt-), -tlnui, -tentus, -ere [aa- teneo], a. and n., hold to, toward or near, hold fast, retain.-^ Also, belong to, have to do with, concern, matter, be of use or importance, make a difference, do good. attingo (adt-), -tlgi, -tactus, -ere [ad- tangolc a., come in contact with, touch reach. — Fig., affect, concern, — Also, touch upon, mention slightly, Attius, tI, m., a gentile name. — Esp. P, Attius Varus, governor of Africa ia 49. — See also Accius. attnbuo (adt-) [ad-trlbuo], 3. v. a,.- assign, allot, hand over to, attuli. see adfero. auctlonarlus, -a, -um, adj., of an auction, by auction. auctor, -oris, m., one who creates or prO' motes, a doer, supporter, voucher, author- ity, prompter, adviser, leader. auctoritas, -tatls, f., deliberate opinion, advice, moral influence, prestige. — Also^ documentary evidence, testimonials, cre- dentials. auctus. see augeo. aucupor. 1. v. dep., hunt birds, hunt. — Fig , search for, be on the watch for, catch at. audacia, -ae, *■., daring, audacity, pre- sumption, im.pudence, recklessness. audacter (-iter), adv., recklessly, rashly. audaz, -jlcis, adj., rash, venturesome, foolhardy, reckless. audeo, ausus sum, audere, semi- dep., dare, venture. — ausus. -a, -um, p p. as present, daring. audio, 4. V. a., hear (of), listen to, aufero, ^bstull, ablatus, auferre [ab- lero], a., carry off or away, remove, take away, put aside, augeo, auxi, auctus, -ere, a.., increase, expand, add value to. augur, -urls, m., an au^ur, see p. 64» §§ 83-90. Aulus, -i, a ^rst name. Aurelius, -I, m., a gentile name. — Esp., Aurelia Orestilla, wife of Catiline. — Also as adj., Aurelian: lex, forum. (S) aurls, -is, f., an ear. aurum, -I, n.. gold. AUSPICATO 13 BRUTUS ausplclltc [impers. abl. abs.], after taking ths aiispices- ausplcium, -i, n., an augury, auspices. aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut (.either . . .or). autem, -conJ., hut, on the other hand, moreover Autronlus. -i. m.. a gentile name. — E. g , P. AiUronius Paetus, see p. 19, § 23. (S) auxjilum, -I, N . , help , aid, assistance , support. — PI., auxiliaries, reinforce- ments, avSrltla, -ae, f., coveiov^v^ess, greediness, avarice, cupidity, love of money, greed for gain. ftverto. 3. v. a. [ab-verto], turn away, aside or off, divert, avert. — aversus, -a, -uzn, p. p as adj., turned away; dis- inclinea, indisposed, averse. avldUS, -a, -uxn, adj., longing, eager, desirous. avitus. -a, -um, adj., of a grandfather, ancestral, hereditary. aVOCO [ab-voco], 1 . v- a., call away or off. avorto = averto. a^llSo -i, M., a grandfather. bacchor, 1. v. dep., rave, rant, run riot, revel. barbarla, -ae. f^, a strange land. — Fig., rudeness , barbarism. — Also , a savage barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign, strange, barbarous, uncivilized, rude, cruel. — ■ As subst.. M , pi , barbarians, savages. barbatus, -a -um, adj., having a beard, bearded, — Esp,, of the ancient Romans who wore full beards baro -onis. m., dullard, blockhead. BasilUSt M. Minucius, one of the assassins of Caesar- beatus, -a, -um., adj., prosperous, happy, highly fxvored; well-to-do, rich. bellicosus, -a, -um., adj., warlike. bellicus, -a, -um., adj., of or belonging to war, military. bello, 1. V. a., and n., fight, make war, carry on war. bellum, -i, N., war, a war. belua, -ae f., a wild beast. — Fig., as term of abuse, bruie, monster. bene, adv. [bonus], well, successfully: habet (it is well). beneflolum (beni-), -I, n., a kindness, favor, service, benefit; often best render- ed by English plural, favors, services. benevolentla (benl-), -ae, f., good-will, kindness. benevolus (benl-), -a, -um, adj., well- wishing, friendly, kindly. benlgnltas, -tatls, f., friendliness, affability. bestia, -ae, <\, « beast, animal. — As a cognomen, L, Calpumiua Bestia, a conspirator with Catiline. (S) blbo, blbi, -ere, a. and n., drink. Bibulus, L. Calpumiua, colleague of Julius Caesar as consul; later governor of Syria. blduum, -I, N., the space of two days, two days. bini, -ae, -a, dist. num. adj., two apiece, two each, two by two. bipartito (-per-), adv., in two divisions, Blthynia, -ae, f., a part of Asia Minor. bonltas, -tatls, f., goodness, kindheart- edness. bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. — Neut. as subst., an advantage, blessing; pi., bless- ings, . goods, property. — Masc, pi , good men, the good; in political sense, loyal (used of members of the speaker's party). Bosporanus, -a, -um, of the Bosphorus. — Plur., the people living on its shores. brevls, -e, adj., short, of space or time, brief, short-lived. brevitas, -tatls, shortness. breviter, adv., briefly. Broccbus, -i, m., a family name. — E. g., T. Brocchus, an uncle of Ligarius. Brunduslnus (Brundl-), -a, -um, adj., of Brundisium. — PL, the people oj Brundisium. Brunduslum, -i, n., a town of Calabria, the port of departure for the east and Greece. Bruttius, -a, -um, adj., of the BruUii. — Ager Bruttius, Bruttlum, a region in S. W. Italy. (S) Brutus, -I M. (heavy), a family name. — ■ E, g,, 1. D. Junius Brutus, cos. 138. 2. D. Junius Brutus, cos. 77, husband of Sempronia. 3. D, Junius Brutus Ai- 14 CAPITG binita, SOD of No. 2, a legatus of Caesar and one of his assassins. 4. M. Juniits Brutus, leader, with Cassius, of the conspiracy against Caesar. C., abbreviation for Galus. C, abbreviation for centum (100). CID, sign for 1000. cadaver, -erls, n., a corpse, carcase. (S) cado, cecldi, casiirus, -ere, n., fall. — Fig. , fail, cease, coTne to naught, be killed. — Also , happen, turn out, come to be. caducus, -a, -uxn, adj., that falls, falling, inclined to fall. — ^Fig., frail, ineffectual. Caecina, -ae, m., a messenger of Octa- vian. caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind, sightless. — Also, dark, obscure. — Esp., as a proper name, see Claudius, caedes, -Is, p., a cutting down or off. — Fig., slaughter, murder, massacre, blood- shed, carnage. caedo, cecldl,. caesus, -ere, a., cut {off or down); strike, beat, strike down, kill, cut to pieces. caelestis, -e, adj., of heaven or the heavens, heavenly. — Fig., divine, peerless, match- less. Caellus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. M. Caelius, tr. pi. in 52. 2. Q. Cae- lius Latiniensia, also a tribune. CaelO, 1. V. ix.,hollowout, carve, engrave. — caelatus, -a, -um, p. part., emboasedt carved ' in relief. caelum, -I, n,, heaven, the sky; the air, atmosphere, climate, weather. Caeparlus (Ce-), -I, m., a gentile name.— Esp., Q. Caeparius, a conspirator with Catihne. (S) Caesar, -arls, m., a family name. — E. g., 1. L. Julius Caesar, cos. 64. 2. C Julius Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul, triumvir and dictator. 3. L. Julius Caesar, a legatus of No. 2. Caesetlus, C, a Homan knight, friend of Ligarius. Caesonius, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., M. Caesonius, aedile with Cicero in 69. Caleta, -ae, f., a port of Latium Cal., see Kalendae. calamltas, -t&tis, f., bUght, disaster. toss, injury, harm, defeat, misfortune, ruin. calamitosus, -a, -um, adj., unfortunate. Calatla, -ae, f., a town near Capua. Calendae, see Kalendae. Calenus, -I, m., a. family name. — ^E. g., Q. Fufius Calenus, tr. pi. in 61. Calldius, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. Q. Calldius, a former praetor, con- victed of extortion. 2. M. Calidius, praetor in 57. calUdus, -a, -um, adj., well-practiced, skilful; ingenious, clever. — Also, crafty, cunning, artful, sly. calo, -onis, m., a soldier's servant, camp- follower. (S) Calpumlus, -i, m.. a gentile name. — E. g., 1. C Calpumius Piso, cos. 67. 2. L. Calpumius Piso Caesoninus, cos. 58. — As ad]. Calpumian: lex. calumnla, -ae, f,, intrigue, trickery; false accusation. (S) calx, -cis, F., lim,estone, lime. camera, -ae, f., a vaulted roof. (S) Camers, -ertis, adj.. of Camerinum, a town in Umbria. (S) campus, -I, M., a field. — Fig., a field (of activity).— Esp., the campus Martius'. CanlnlUS, a gentile name. — Esp , C. Caninius Rebilus; consul for a day in 45. canls, -is, c, a dog, (S) cano, cecini, cantus. -ere, a. and u., sing. — Hence, because the earlier ora- cles and prophets spoke in verse, fore- tell, predict, prophesy, give warning. canto, 1. V. a. and a., sing, play. cantus, -us, m., singing, playing, music, song. Capenus, -a, -um, adj., of Capena, — Esp., Porta Capena, the Capene gate at Rome, where the via Latina left the city. capesso, "ivi, or -II, -Xturus, -ere, a., seize, lay hold of: rem publlcam (en- gage in politics). (S) capillus, -I, M., the hair. capld, cepl, captus, -ere, a., take, seize, get, acquire. capltalls, -e, adj., head, chief, foremost.— In law, involving one's civil rights, capi- /aU see caput). Capitd, -onlS, m., a cognomen (see Gabinius). CAPITOLINUS 15 CENA. CapltoUnus, -a. -um, adj., of the Capitol. CapitoUum, -i. n , the Capitoline Hill.— Ateo, the Capitol, i. e , the temple of Jupiter on this hill, Cappadocla, -ae, f., a province of Asia Minor. captd [freq. of caplo]. l^ v. a., catch at, try to seize. — Fig . seek, strive for, pur- sue. (S) Capua, -ae. r., the chief city of Cam- pania, noted for its luxury, caput, -itls, N , the Aeod.-r-Fig., life. — Hence, a marCs standing as a citizen, civil existence, political status, see p. 48, § 6. — Also, the main or chief point, principal thing; source, origin. Carbo. -onls, m., a family name. E. g., 1. C. Papirius Carbo. tr. pi. 128. 2. C. Papirius Carbo, his son, tr. pi. 89. 3. C. Papirius Carbo^ a democratic demagogue, cos 82. career, -eris, m . the prison. careo, -ui, -Iturus, -ere. n , &e or go vnthout^ not to have, be free from (some- thing bad), be deprived of (something good), lose, stay away from. carltas. -tatis. p., deamesa, high price, costliness. — Also, affection, esteem, love. carmen. -inlS, n., a song, poem, verse; poetry. Carth-. see Karth-. carus. -a. -um, adj , dear, costly; precious, valuable. CasUinum.. -i, n., a town near Capua. CasslUS. -i. M., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. L. CassiuSj a juror in the case of Verres. 2. L. Cassias Longinus, a conspirator in 63. caste, adv.. purely, uprightly, chastely. castrensls. -e. adj., of the camp. castnun. -I, n., a fortress. — PI., castra, -drum, a camp. casus. -US. M., a falling, falL — Fig., what befalls, an accident, contingency, chance; a mishap, misfortune, calamiiy.^-ca.siLf abl., by chance, by accident, as it chanced. Catllina, -ae, m,, a family name. — E. g., L, Sergius Catilina, leader of the conspir- acy of 63 (see p. 18, §§ 21-58). See Index. CatO. -dnis, m,, a Roman name. — E. g., 1. M. Porcivx Cato, the famous 'C-il > the Censor.* 2. M. Porcius Cato Uticensia, his great-grandson, see on Sail. 53. 3. C> Cato, an unscrupulous politician. Gatulus. -I. M., a family name. — E. g., 1. Q. Lviatius CatvliLs, cos. with Marius. 102. 2. Q. Lutatius Catidus, his son, cos. 78. causa, -ae, *■., a cause, reason, motive; causa (on account of; for the sake of). — Also, a cause or case (in law), a side, a legal process, a lawsuit. — ^Hence, a caitse. principle^ party, faction. caute. adv., cauiiousl/y, warily^ carefully, vrith caution. cautlo, -dnis. f., « taking carp, careful- ness, caution, precaution. caveO. cavl. cautus, -ere, a. and n., be on one's guard, be cautious, take heed, beware. — cave with subj,, in prohibi- tions, with or without ne, do not. — - Also, gitard against, provide against, beware of. — cautus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., careful, wary, cautious. cecidi, sec cad5. cecldl, see caedo. cecini, see cano. cedo, cessi, cesstjirus, -ere, u., go from, give place, withdraw, retire, retreat. — Also, yield to, submit to, allow, pcr- mit. celeber. -bris, -bre, adj., much frequented, crowded, populous. — ^Hence, famo us , renowned. — Also, nurr irous, frequent. celebrltas, ^tatls. f., u. large gathering, crowd, concourse. — ^Hence, fame, renown, distinction. celebro. 1. v. a., visit often, fregu^nt^ throng. — Hence, honor, talk mitch of^ celebrate in song or story. celer, -erls, -ere, adj., swift, fleet, quick, rapid. — Fig., hasty, impetuous. — As a surname (see Metellus). celerltas, -tatis, f., quickness, swiftness, speed; promptness, energy. celeriter. adv., quickly, speedily, promptly, with despatch, in haste, very soon. celd, 1. V. a., keep secret, conceal. — pass- of persons, be kept in the dark (about something), of things, be kept secret, be hid. cena, -ae, t-., dinner, the principal mealt eaten after noon. CENO 16 CITERIOR cen5» 1. V. n., dine. — cen3.tus, having dined, after dinner. censeo» censtu, census, -ere, a , assess (as a censor). — Hence, value, estimate. — - Also, he of opinion, judge, think, give one's vote for, Tnove, decree. censor, -oris, m., a censor, see p. 58 §§ 56-58. census, -us, m., a registering of citizens and property by the censors, a census. — Hence, one*8 wealth, income, property, centum, num. adj., one hundred- (S) centuria, -ae, f., a body of one hundred. — Esp., a century, see p. 52, § 25. venturid, 1. v. a., divide inU. hundreds or centuries. — centurlatus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., divided into centuries; esp. comitla centurlata, an assemblage of the people by cerduriea for the purpose of voting (see p. 53. §30). centurl5, -6nls, m. a centurion. Ceparius (Cae-), -I, m., a gentile name — E. g., M. Ceparius, a conspirator with Catiline. cepi, see capld. cemo, crevl, certus (in compounds usually cretus) , -ere, a. , separate. — Hence, discern, distinguish, perceive, see. — certus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., determined, resolved, fixed, settled. — Hence, sure, trustworthy, true, reliable. — Also, resolute, unfaltering. certamen, -Inis, n , a decisive contest, struggle, combat. — Fig., a rival effort, ri- valry, emulation, — Hence, ardor, energy. certe, adv., ceftainly, assuredly, no doubt. cert5, adv., vrith certainty. oert5, 1. V. a., and u., contend, struggle; struggle for. certus, see cemo. cervices, -um, f. (always pi. in Cicero) the neck, neck and shoulders, shoulders, cessi, see cedo. (ceterus), -a, -um, adj., the other, the rest. Cetheipjis, -i, m., a family name. — E. g., C. Cethegua, a conspirator. ChUo, -oniS, M., a family name. — E. g., Q. Annius Chilo, a conspirator. CMus, -a, -um, adj . , of Chios, an island in the Aegean, Chian. — PI., the people of Chios. clbus, -1, M., food. Cicero, -onis, m., a family name. — E. g., 1. M. Tullius Cicero. 2. Q. Tvllius Cicero, his brother. 3. M. Tvllius Cicero, his son. 4. Q. Tullius Cicero, his nephew, the son of No. 2. Cilices, -um, m., pL, the people of Cilicia. ClUcia, -ae, f., a country in Asia Minor. Cimber, -"bri, m., a family name. — Esp., Gabinius Cimber (P. Gabiniue Capita). SL conspirator. Clmbri, -orum, m., pi., the Cimbri, » German people, conquered by Catulus and Marius. Clmbricus, -a, -um, adj., of the Cimbri. dndnnatus, -a, -um, adj., curly haired. — Esp., as a proper name, the cognomen of the famous L. Qvinctivs Cincinnatus, dictator 458. Clncius, -i, M., a gentile ^ame. — E. g., the procurator of Atticus. clngo. cinzi, cinctus, -ere, a., encircle, surround. cinls, -erls, m., ashes. — Fig., ruins. Clnna, -ae, m., a family nam.e. — E. g., L. Cornelius Cinna, an opponent of Sulla. circiter, adv. and prep, with ace, about, near. Clrcum, adv. and prep, with ace, around, about, among. circumcludo, -sX, -sus, -ere [clrcum- claudo], a., shut in, enclose, surround. clrcum-do, 1. v. a., place or put around, encircle, invest, besiege. circum-eo, irr. v. a., go around. (S) Clrcum-f ero, irr. v. a. , carry around; spread about, publish. (S) clrcum-iens, pr. part, of clrcumeo. Clrcum-scrlbo, 3. v. a., eneircle, endose in a ring. — Fig., confine, -limit, deceive, cheat. drcumscrlptor, -oris, m., a cheat. clrcum-sede5, 2. v. a- , sit around, invest, beset. clrcumsplcld, -exi, -ectus, -ere, a... Look about, survey, consider. clrcum-sto, -stltl, -are, stand around, surround. Clrcum*TenlO, 4. v. a., coTne around, — Fig., distress, afflict. (S) dtatus, seeclto. citerlor, -lus, adj (comp, ->{ old clter^ CITO 17 COHAEREO whence cltr&), this aide, nearer, hither I'GaUla. Hlspania). (S) CltO, adv., quickly, soon. — Gomp., citlus, sooner, rather. Citd, 1. V. a,., hasten, urge. — Also, call, summon. — citatus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., quick, impetuous, swift. citus. -a, -um. part, of cieo. as adj., quick, lively, swift. (S) CiVlliS, -e, adj., of or belonging to citizens, civil. — Hence, relating to public life or politics, political, partisan, within the state, state. ClVls, -Is, c, a citizen, aruitive. — Also, a fellow-citizen. civitas, -tatls (gen. pi. -lum) , f. , citizenship. — Fig., a body of citizens, the body-politic, the state. — Hence, a nation. Clades, -is, f., disaster, loss, harm, injury, defeat. — Of persons, the scourge, bane.(S) clam, adv and prep., secretly, without the knowledge of. Clamlto, 1. V. a., keep crying out. claxno, 1. V. a. and n., cry out, exclaim, complain aloud. clamor, -oris, m., a loud cry, shout, battle-cry, outcry. Clarus, -a, -um, adj , clear, bright. — Fig., famous, renowned, distinguished. classls, -is, F., naval forces. Claudius, -I, M , a> gentile name. — E. g., 1. C Claudius, aedile 99. 2. App. Claudius Pulcher^ praetor 89, cos. 79, father of No. 3. 3. App. Claudius Pulcher, COS. 54, brother of P Clodius, and Cicero's predecessor as governor of Cilicia. claudo, -SI, -sus, -ere, a., shut {up), close, fasten, bring to a stop. Clemens, -entls, adj., mild, gentle, calm; merciful, forbearing, indulgent. clezaenter, adv., mildly, calmly. dementia, -ae, f., moderation, mildness, forbearance, clemency, mercy. cllens, -entls, m., a persoridl dependent, client, retainer, follower. (S) cllentela, -ae, f., the relation between client and patron, clientship, vassalage Clodius, -1, M., a gentile (plebeian) name. — E. g., 1. P. Clodius, the a^ch enemy of Cicero, see p 33, §§ 61-71. 2. C. Clodius, anotlier of the same family. Gn., an abbreviation for Gnaeus. Cnldus (Onl-), -I, f., a town of Caria. coactus, see cogd- coaequo, 1. v. a., make equal, level. coalesco, -aluX, -alltus, -ere, n., grow together, join, unite. (S) coarguo, -ui, -ere [con-arguo], a.., prove guilty, convict, expose. — Also, prove, establish, show. (S) cddlclUus, -1, M., u small tablet (usually in pi.). coegi, see cogo. coepi, -Isse, def . v. a. , began. — With passive' infinitives are used the passive forms coeptus (-a, -um) est. etc. COeptUS, -uum, m., pi , beginnings, undertakings. coerced, -cui, -cttus, -ere [con-arced], a., enclose completely, surround ■ — Hence, confine, repress, restrain, hold in check. coetus, -us, M., an assembly, m,eeting. cdglt&te, adv., thoughtfully, purposely, with reflection. cogltatld, -onls, f., thought. — Also, a thought, purpose, plan, project, judg- ment. COglto [con-agltd], 1. v. a., consider thoroughly, think of, over or aboul, plan^ intend, design. cognatld, -dnls, f., relationship by blood, kinship. cognatus, -a, -um, p. part [co-gn&s- cor] as adj. and subst., of common origin, related by blood, a relative, kinsman. cognltlo, -onls, f., study, acquiring knowledge. — Hence, acquaintance iurith), knowledge {of ) . cognltor, -oris, m., a legal representative, attorney, advocate, defender- — Fig , a supporter, voucher. cognltus, -a, -um, p. p. of cogndscd. cognomen, -Inls, n., a nam,e, last name, nickname. cogndscd, -gndvl, -gnltus, -ere, a., become thoroughly acquainted with, ascertain, know, perceive, understand, learn. — Also, recognize, acknowledge. cdgo, coegl, coa,ctuB, -ere [con-agd], a., bring together, collect, — Also, force, coTnpel. cohaered [con-haereo], 2. v. a., hoid COHIBEO 18 COMPARO or cling together. — Fig., be closely united or connected. cohlbeo [con-habeo], 2. v a. hold together^ hold %n check, repress, keep under, subdue, keep from. cohors, -ortls f , a cohort (10th part of a legion), a band of armed men. — Also, a company, train, throng. cohortor [eon-hortor], 1. v. dep., encourage. coll- see conl-f for words not found here. colo colul, cultus, -ere, a., cultivate, till. — ^Fig., pracUce, attend to, honor, worship, revere. colonlar mand of the fourth legion when it deserted Antony, ego, mei, pers. pron., /. egom.et, emphatic form of ego. egredior, -gressus, -^ [ex-gradior], dep,. march or go out. egregie, adv., excellently, eminently, sin- gularly, adm,irably. egregius, -a, -um, adj., diatin^guished, eminent, peerless, unrivaled. eicio, -leci, -iectus, -ere [ex-lacio], a.. fling, cast, thrust or drive out or forth, expel, banish. — Fig., reject, get rid of. — ■ With reflex., ru^k forth or away. — eiec- tus, -a, -um., p.p. as adj., outcast, banished, wrecked, ruined. electus, see eicio. eiicid, see eicio. e-labor, 3. v. dep., slip, pass or glide away or from, escape. e-laboro, 1. v. a., and u., take pain^, labor at or upon, work out, taring, force- — elaboratus, -a, -um, p.p. as ,adj., highly wrought, polished, finished. elegans, -"ntis, adj., nice, fastidious; tasteful, choice. eleganter, adv., choicelyy tastefully, fas- tidiously. (S) eligo, -leg!, -lectuB, -ere [ex-legd], a., pick out, choose, select. — electus, -a, -um., p.p. as adj., picked, selected, select, choice. eloquentia, -ae, f.,' eloquence. (S) e-ludo, -si, -SUB, -ere, a. and n,, have full swing or play; escape, evade. — Fig.., baffle, deceive, mock at, set at naught. e-m.entior, 4. v. dep., speak or say falsely. (S) e-mergo, -si. -sus, -ere, a. and n., free one's self, rise, emerge. emineo, -ul, -ere, n., stand out, pro- ject. — Fig., be prominent. e-mitto, 3. v. a., let go, send or drive EMO 31 EVOOO forth or out, throw, hurl. — With reflex-, rush or start forth. eind, ezni, emptus, -ere, a., buy, pur- chase, gain, acquire. e-znorior, -I, dep., die. en, interj., lo! behold! see! (S) e-narr6, 1. v. a.., tell, relate. enim, conj., for, for instance, I mean; in fact, tridy, certainly. enim-verd or enlm vero, adv., yes indeed, assuredly, indeed. enltescd, -nitui, -ere, n , shine forth, be bright, be distinguished. (S) e-nltor, 3. v. dep., struggle out or up, climb up, struggle, strive. ^IiiX.e,a.dv. , strenuously , earnestly , zealously . EnniUS, -I. m. (Q.), the father of Roman epic poetry, born 240. e-numero, 1. v. a., count over or up, recount. (S) e-nuntlo, 1. v. a., tell out, disclose, reveal, declare, pronounce. (S) eo, ivi (II), iturus, Ire, n., go, pass, proceed, move, advance, march. eo, adv., thither, to the place. eddem, adv., to the same place, lo that end or degree, thereto. Epheslus, -a, -um, adj., of Ephesus. — PL, M., subst., the Ephesians Ephesus, -I, *■., chief city of the province Asia. epl^amma, -atis (abl. pi. -atls), n., an inscription; an epigram. EpHns (-OS), -I, p., the N. W. district of Greece. epistula (-ola), -Ae, v., a written com- munication, a letter, epulae, -arum, f., see epulum. epulor, 1, V. dep., feast, revel, epulum, -I, N., and epulae, -arum, f. pi., a feast, a banquet. eg.ues, -itis, m., a horseman.— "Esp., a knight, see p. 50, §§ 18-20. equesljer, -trls, -tre, adj., of cavalry, of knights, equestrian. equldem, adv. (usually with 1st pers. sing.), for my part, at least, to be sure, indeed. equltatus, -us, m., cavalry. equus, -1, M., a horse, (S) erectus, -a, -um, see erigo. erga, prep. vf}*h ace, toward, in relation v»,, iri. respect- to- ergS, adv., on account of (with gen.) accordingly, therefore. erlgo, -rexl, -rectus, -ere [ez-rego], a.., set upright, raise, erect. — Fig. , roitse, excite, cheer, inspirit. — erectus, -a, ,-um, p.p. as adj., high, lofty; enthusi- astic, on the alert. eripld, -Ipul, -eptus, -ere [ex-rapio], a , wrest, pluck, tear or take away. — Hence, rescue, deliver, save. — Also, extort, rob, deprive of. erratum., -I, n., an error, a mistake. erro, 1. v. n., go astray, be mistaken, make a mistake. error, -oris, m., a mistake. e-ructd, -are, a., belch forth. erudl5, 4. v. a,., train, teach, instruct. — eruditus, -a, -um., p.p. as adj., learned, accomplished. e-rumpo, 3. v. a,, and n., break, burst or sally forth or out. escendo (exs-), -endl, -ensus, -ere [ex- scando], a. and n., ascend, mount, climb or go up. et, conj., and et . . . et {both . . . and; not only . . . but also). et-enlm., conj., for, and indeed, in fact, moreover. etlam. [et-lazn], now too, yet, even now, still, also, even: etlam atque etlaxn (again and again): etiam Si {even if, although): qulu etlam {why, even; nay, even). etiamsl, see etiam. Etrurla, -ae, *■., a country of Italy, N. of Rome. et-sl or et si, conj., even if, although. — Also, and yet. Eutrapelus, -1, m. (ht. 'vntty'), a sur- name of Volumnius. e-Tado, -SI, -sus, -ere, n., gel away, escape; turn out, become. e-venlo, 4. v. u., come out. — Fig., turn out, become, happen. eventus, -us, m., an event, issue, result, consequence, fate. e-verto (-VOrtO), 3. v. »., overturn, over- throw, ruin, destroy. evocator, -oris, m., one who calls forth or drums up, a recruiter. e-VOCO, 1. v. a., call out, forth or up, summon, invite.- — evocatus, -a, -um., DJ3. as adj., veteran. — PI., m. EVOMO 32 EXORNO veteran aoldiers who have reenlisted. _ (S) _ e-vomo, 3. v. »., vomit out, throw up, disgorge. ex (e), prep, with abl., out of, from, off, of, after; by virtue of, in accordance toithy according to; on the side of. in, on. exa-, see also exsa-. exaedlfico, 1. v a.., build, erect. (S) ex-aequ3, 1. v. a.., make equxil. (S) ex-aggero, 1. v. a., enlarge. ex-aglto, 1. V. a,, drive out, chase, pursue, harass, persecute. (S) exanimis, ^, adj., breathless, terrified. exanimo, 1, v. a., deprive of breath or life. — Fig., dishearten, terrify, prostrate. — exanimatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj , out of breath, fainting, exhausted, half dead. ex-ardesco, -arsi, -arsus, -ere, n., blaze out or up. — Fig., be provoked, incensed, exasperated; break forth. exaro, 1. v. a., lit. plow; vmie. eX'-audlO, 4. v. a.., hear faintly. ex-cedo, '6. v. n., go out, forth gr away, withdraw, retire, depart. excelld, -celsus, -ere, n., be eminent, superior, surpass. — excellens, -entls, pres. p. as adj., prominent, superior, surpassing. — excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., elevated, lofty; sublime, noble. — ■ As subst., N., an eminence, a height. excidd, -cidl, -ere [ex-cado], a., fall out, slip away, escape. excido, -idl, -isus, -ere [ex-caedo], a., cut out or off, raze, destroy. excleo (-cio), -civi, -citus, -cire, a., call out, summon; excite, arouse. (S) excipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -ere [ex-capid], tt., take out, except; catch, intercept, sur- prise; receive, welcome, entertain. — Also, follow, succeed, come after. exclto, 1 V. a,., call oui, summon, roitse. — Fig., excite, animate, provoke. ex-cludd, -si, -sus, -ere [ex-claudo], shut out, exclude, hinder, prevent. ex-cold, 3. V. a., cultivate, refine. ex-crucio, 1. v a., torture, torment. excubiae, -arum, f., pi., « watching; a watch, a gua/rd. exeursio, -oniS, f., a running oui; a sally, raid, incursion. excusatlo, -oniS, f , an excuse- exctisd, 1. V. a., justify, excuse; ; excuse; excuse, absolve- exe-, see exse- for words not found here. exemplum, -i, n , a sample; a copy, transcript; a pattern, type, example, prec- edent, instance, illustration; a warning. ex-eo, irr, v. n., go, move, proceed, march or issu^ oui or forth, remove, depari, withdraw; get out or abroad, become known. exerceo [ex-arceo], 2. v. a.., engage busily, employ; exercise, train, practice; perse- cute, harass. exercltatlOt -onls, f., exercise, practice, experience, ease, readiness. exercltatus, -a, -um, adj., trained, ex- perienced, disciplined. — Also* troubled, disturbed, worried. exercitus, -us, m., an army. ex-haurld, 4. v . a. , drain out. — Fig., carry off, exhaust, use up. exbllaro, 1. v. a., enliven, make gay. — exhilaratus, -a, -um, pass. part, as adj., gay, cheerful. exl-» see also exsl-. exlgo, -egl, -actus, -ere [ex-ago], a., drive out; prove, test, examine; finish, complete; pass, spend; exact, claim. exlguus, -a, -uzn, adj . , scanty, petty, mean, meagre. eximie, adv., exceedingly, very much, un- commonly. eximlus, -a, -um., adj., select, choice, unusual, superior, eminent. existimiitld (-tum-), -onls, f., judg- ment, opinion, public opinion; repiUa-- Hon, repute. existlmator (-turn-), -oris, m., a judge, . critic. existimio (-tumo) [ex-aestimo], 1. v. a., value, estimate, esteem; consider, think, regard, suppose. exitlosus, -a, -um, adj . , destructive, ruinous, deadly. exltlum, -1, N., disaster, destruction, ruin, havoc. exltus, -us, M., a going forth, an outlet. — Fig., a result, issue, event; conclusion, close. exo-, see also exso-. ex-opto, 1. v, a., long for. ex-orior, 4. v. dep., rise, arise. (S) ex-orno, l, v. a.., fit out, equip. — Hence, adorn, embellish. EXORSUS 33 EXTURBO exorsus, -us, m., a beginning. expectation see exspectatid. expecto, see exspecto. expedlo, 4 v. a. and n., extricate, dis- engage, clear, release; make ready, organ- ize, settle, prepare. — expedltus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., unencumbered, easy, quick, active. — expedite, adv., withovi hindrance, easily, quickly. ex-pello, -pull, -pulsus, -ere, a., drive out, banish, remove. expergiscor, -perrectus, -i, dep., awake^ be alert, bestir one's self. experior, -pertus, -iri, dep., try, find, experience. expers, -tls, adj., without pirt in, vyith- out, destitute. ex-peto, 3. v. »,., seek eagerly, long for, aim. at, desire. ex-pOo, 1. V. a,., rob, plunder. explano, 1. v. a., make level or even; make clear, explain. ex-pieo, 2. v. a.., fill up or out, complete^ finish, satisfy ex-plico, -a VI (-uS), -atus (-Itus), -are, a.., um^old, disentangle, set free, set forth. ex-ploro, 1. V. a., bring to light, examine, discover. — exploratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., assured, certain. ex-pono, 3. V. a., put or set out, expose, explain, describe. ex-porto, 1. V. ix., carry, bring or send away, export. exprlzuo, -press!, -pressus, -ere [ex- premo], a,, press, force or draw cut, represent. ex-promo, -prompsi, -promptus, -ere, a., draw or bring out or forth, exhibit, display expugnatlo, -onls, f., a taking by as- savlt, a storming. ex-pugno, 1. V. a., take by storm, cap- ture. — Fig., conqv,&r, subdue. expurgo, 1. V. a., cleanse, purify; clear (one) of a chdrge. (S) exqui^o, -sivi, -situs, -ere [ex-quaero], a., search out, ask. ex-sanguis (exan-), -e, adj., bloodless, lifeless, Jeeble, weak. (S) exsecratlo (exe-), -onls, f., an execra- tion, curse, solemn oath. (S) exsecror. 1. v dep , curse, execrate. (S) ex-sequor (exe-), 3. v. dep., follow up ■ or out, carry out, perform. (S) exsllld £ exl-) . -ilul. -ire [ex-sallo], spring, leap or bound up. exsillum Cexll-), -I, n., exile. ex-slsto (exis-), -stltl. -ere, n., step out or forth, come forth, emerge, appear, spring up, come to light; proceed, arise, spring, become, turn oui, result. — Fig.^ come into being, be visible, show one's self. ex-solvo (exol-), 3. v. a., unloose, set free, release, discharge. exspectatlo (exp-), -onls, f., a waiting for, anticipation. ex-specto (exp-), 1. v. a., look for, wait for or to see, anticipate. ex-stlnguo (ext-), -Inxi, -inctus. -ere, a., quench; kill, destroy, put an end to. ex-sto, -are, n., stand out, be prominent; be found (to be), be. ex-struo (ext-), -vlxI, -uctus, -ere, a., heap, pile or build up, construct, erect. (S) exsul (exul), -ulls, c, an exile. exsuld (exulo) 1. v. a., be an exile, be banished, live in exile. exsulto (exu-), -avi, -are, u., leap, dance; rejoice, boast. ex-superd (exu-), 1. v. a. and u , be superior, excel, exceed. (S) ex-tenuo, 1. >.-a., make thin, diminish.-^ Fig., disparage, underrate. exteri, -ae, -a, adj., pi., outward, ex- ternal; foreign, strange. — extremus, -a, -um, superl., farthest, extreme , last; last part of. extermlno, 1. v. a., drive out, banish, expel, exile. externus, -a, -um, adj., outside, public; foreign, stranffe. ex-tlmesc6, -tlmui, -ere, a., be afraid of, dread, fear, fear greatly. ex-tollo, -ere, a., raise, lift up. ex-torqued, 2. v. »., wrench, wrest or force from.. extra, adv. and prep, with ace, outside, outside or otU of. extra-ordinarius, -a, -um, adj., -ari^ usual, exceptional. extremus, see exteri. ex-turbo, 1. v. a., drive, put, turn oi thru^st out OT away, disturb. EXUO 34 FAUSTUS exuo, -ui, -utuv. -tre, a., throw, put, strip or cast ojf or aside. ex-urd. -ussi« -ustus, -ere, a., bum up, aown or to the ground. exuviae, -arum, n:, pi., that which is stripped off, spoil* b^oty, trophies^ faber, -bri, m., an engineer. Fablanus, -a, -uxn, adj., of Fabius. — Eap., fornix Pabianus, the Fabian arch. fabius, -I, M., a gentile name. — E.g., 1. Qm Fabius Ma^vnua AUobrogicue, who subdued the Allobroges 121. 2. Q. Maximus, consul part of 45'. — -Also, as adj., of Fabius. tabula, -ae, f., a story, play. facetiae, -arum, f., grace of speech, humor, vjit. (S) fades, ace. -em., i?., form, face, appear- ance, looks. (S) facile, adv., easily, readily, vrithout diffi- culty, umquestionably. faciUs, -e, adj., easy, simple, straight- forward, affable. facilitas, -tatls, f., ease, facility; readi- ness, affability. f acinorosus (-ner-) , -a, -um, ad j . , atrocious, criminal. faclnus -oris, n., a deed, action. — Esp., a misdeed, crime. faclo. feci, factus^ -ere, a. and n., make, do, form, fashion, create, produce, excite, cause, bring to pass, affect, accom- plish, perform, commit, render, furnish. — fid, fieri, factus &um, pass, in all above, senses. — Also, become, happen, result, come to pass, etc. — ^factum, -l, N . p.p. as noun, a deed, act, exploit. factio, -onis, f., a class, order, set, sec- tion, party, faction. (S) factldsus, -a- -um, adj., partisan, fac- tious, seditious. (S) factum, see facio. facultas, -tatls, f , capability, possibility, ability, chance, opportunity. — Also, abun^ dance, supply, means, resources. facundia, -ae, f.. eloquence. (S) faenerator (fen-), -oris, m., a rrwney- lender, ttsurer. (S) faesulae. -arum, 7.,^!., a city of Etruria. Faesulanus, -a,-um, adj., ofFaesulae. — As subst., M., a native of Faesulae. falcarlus, -X, m., u scythe-maker: inter laicarios {scythe-makers' street). Falcidlus, -I, M., ^ .'^entile name. — E.g., C. Falcidius, a tr. pi. fall&cia, -ae, f., Ceception, u. trick, an artifice. fallax, -acls, adj., deceitful. fallo, fefelli, falsus, -ere, a., deceive, disappoifU, escape one^s notice. — ^falsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., false, spurious, untrustworthy. — falso, abl. as adv., falsely, wrongly, erroneously. fals5, see fallo. falsus, see fallo. fama, -ae, f., common talk, report, rumor. — Fig., character, reputation, good name, ill-repute, fames, -is, n-., hunger. familla, -ae (-&s), f., the slaves in a household, a household, slaves: pater famillas (a householder), famillaris, -e, adj., of the household or family, intimate, friendly: res (.prop- erty). — -As subst., a friend, comrade- famlliaritas, -tatls, f., intimate friend- ship, intimacy. (S) familiarlter, adv., intimately, in full con- fidence. fanum, -I, n., a shrine. fas, N. (only in n^m. and ace), divin mill; right, permitted. fascis, -is, M., a bundle. — Esp, in pi. the fasces, see p. 58, §54. fasti, -drum, m., pi., a register of juddcial days, a court-calendar; a calendar, an almanac. — Hence, a register of events, annals. — Esp., the official lists of higher magistrates. fatalis, -e, adj ., set by faie- fated, destined, fateor, fassus, -eri, dep., confess, own. avow, acknowledge. fatlgo, 1. v. a., weary, wear out. ex- haust. (S) latum, -i, N., destirjy, fate, doo',.i; curae. plague, ruin: fata Dibyllina (aee p. 66, §91). fauces, -lum, f., pi., the throat, gullet. — Fig., throat, javjs. — Also, a defile, nar- row pass. Faustus, -I, M., a name. — IH.r;., /j. Coic FAVEO 35 FLi50 nelius Sulla Fauatiis^ son of the dictator Sulla. faved, fHvI, fautilrus, -ire, u , ap- prove, promote, assist. FavOnlUS, -!, m., a, gentile name — B g.« M. Favonitta, an enemy of Clodius. fax, facls, F., a torch, firebrand.- — Fig., ruirif deatritction. faxlnt =fecerirU, see faclo. febrlSt "ISf ^M O' fever. FebruSxlus, -a, -uxn. adj., of February. feci, see faclo. fefeUI, see faUO. fellclt&E, -tatls, F., happiness, good for- tune or lu£k, success. fexnlna, -ae, f., a woman. fener&tor, see faen-. fere, adv., about, usuaUy, generally, for the most part. ferentarli, -drum, m., pi., skirmishers. (S) ferlo, Ire, a., strike, strike down. (S) fero, tuU, latus, ferre, a. and n., carry, bring, move; get, obtain^ acquire; suffer, tolercie, endure; report, relate, publish; se ferre (move, betake one's self); aegre, indigne, gravlter, moleste ferre (be indignant at, resent): fertUX (it is said), ferocia, -ae, f., fierceness. (S) ferdclt&rS, -tatls, f., fierceness. ferociter, adv., fiercely. (S) ferox, -ocls, sidj., fierce, bold, fearless. (S) ferramenta, -orum, n., tools. ferreus, -a, -lun, adj., of iron. — Fig., hard-hearted, unfeeling. ferrum, -i, n., iron, steel; u sword, the sword. fertilis, -e, adj., fruitful. fen^is, -a, -UZU, adj., wild, cruel. (S) festind, 1. V. a. and n., hasten, hurry, do hurriedly. festus, -a, -um, adj., festal, festive, joyous, merry. fictus, see fingd. fldelis, -e, &A}., faithful. fidelitas, -tatis, f., faithful/ness. fldes, -ei, f., confidence, faith, reliance, belief; a promise, pledge; good faith, fidelity, honesty; protection, dependence, credit. FldlUS, -I, M., the god of faith; only in the phrase me dlus (medius) fldlus (so help me the god of truth). fld6, flsus sum, -ere, semi-dep. n., tru^t, have confidence. fIdUcia, -ae, f.. confidence, trust. (S) fldus. -a, -um,, adj., trustworthy. flgo, fixl, fixus, -ere, a., fix, fasten, nail, attach; place or planl (crucem.). fnia, -ae, f., a daughter. fniola, -ae, f., a little daughter. fUlOluS, -1, M., a little son, fUlus, -I, M., a son. flngo, finxl, fictus, -ere, form, fashion. — Fig., form mentally, im^igine, cort' ceive, suppose, fancy. — HctUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., false, fictitious, imaginary. finis, -Is, M., a limit, boundary, end.^Pl. territory, country. finltimus (-tumus), -a, -um, adj., adjacent, neighboring. — Aa subst., u., pi., neighbors. flo, flerL see faclo. fIrmLamentum, -!, n., a support. Flrmldlus, -I, m., a friend of Clodius. flrm5, i. V. a., m^e firm, fast or strong, strengthen, fortify. firznus, -a, -uzn, adj., firm, strong; stead- fast, stanch. flSCUS, -I, M., a basket, purse. fistula, -ae, f., a pipe, mu^cian^s pipe. — Fig., a cat-caU. fisus, see Hdo. fizus, see figd. FlaccUS, -I, M., a family name. — ^E.g., 1. L. Valerius Flaccus, cos. with Marias 100. 2 and 3. M. Laenius Flaccus. father and son, friends of Cicero. flagltlOse, adv., shamefully. flagltlosus, -a, -um, adj., scandalous, in- famous. flagltlum, -I, N., a shameful act, burning shame, disgrace. flaglto, 1. v. a., demand passional^, clamor for, implore. flagro, 1. V. n., bum, be hot, be on fire , unth, bti consumed by. Flamlnlus, -I, m., a gentile name. — E.g., 1. Q. Flaminius, cos. 223. 2. C. FlaTm- nius, a conspirator with Catiline. — As adj., Flaminian. flamma, -ae, f., afire, blaze, flectd, flexl, flezus, -ere, a., bend, turn, twist. — Fig., move, tempt, influeTicey 2>er> suade, turn aside, cha/jeige. • fled, 2. V. u., weep. ITLETUS 36 FRUOR fletus, -us, M., •!. weeping, lamentation; tears. £dred, -ui, -ere, u., bloom^ bloasom. — Fig., be flourishing, prosperous, eminent^ honored, etc. — florens, -ntls, pres. p. as adj , flourishing, prosperous, in the prime, in repute, em-inent, successful. fldresco, -ere, n., begin to flourish. flos, floris, M., a flawer. — Fig., theflowert crowii, best part. flumen, -inis, n , a river. fluo, fluxi, fluxus, -ere, a., flow, pour, stream, float. — fli^us, -a» -um, pf. part, as adj., fleeting, uncertain, focus, -1, M., hearth. foederatus, -a, -uzUb adj., leagued to- gether, allied. foedus, -eris, n., a league^ alliance, treaty, compact, bargain. foeduB, -a, -uin, adj., foul, hideous, offensive, disgusting. foenuxn, -i, n., hay. tons, fontis, m., a spring, fountain. — Fig., a source. foras, adv.. out through the doors, out of doors, fortn, out. fore, forem, from sum. forensis, -e, adj., of or .in the forum, public, forensic. forls, adv., oui-doors, abroad, out. f drma, -ae, f. , form, shape, figure, appear- ance, features. — Fig., form, nature, mannsr, kind. (S) Pormlae, -arum, f , a town of Latium Porxnianus, -a, -um, adj., near or per- taining to Forxulae; esp., w. fundus supplied, a eouQtry place near Formiae. formido, -inte, v., fear, dread. formldulosus (-oldsus), -a, -um, adj., alarming; fearfid. fornix, -Icis, m., an arch. fors, fortls, a-., change. — forte, abl., as adv., by chance, accidentally. torsltan [for fors sit an], adv. (with suhi.)i maybe, perhaps, fortasPe, adv., perhaps, possibly, forte, abl. of fors. fortls, -e, adj., strong, vigorous, stead- fast, bold, gallant, fOTtlter, adv., strongly, boldly, manfully, gallantly. fortitfido, -InlS, f., strength, firmness, manliness, intrepidity. f ortulto, adv. , by chance, accidentally fortuna, -ae, f., chance, lu^k; the god- dess of luck. Fortune. — Esp., good for- tune. — -"PI., fortunes, wealth, property. fortun3.tus, -a, -um, adj., luckrj. pros- perous, happy. forum, -i, n., a market place. — Esp., the Forum Romanum. fovea, -ae, «\, a small pit, pitfall, trap. foveo, f5vi, fotus, -ere, a., warm; cher- ish, assist, encourage. fragrlliS, -e, adj., hriUle. — Fig., frail, feeble, sensitive. (S) fraglUtas, -tatls, f., briMleneas. — Fig., weakness, frailty. frango, fregi, fractus, -ere, »., break or dash to pieces. — ^Fig., break' down, crush, overpower, defeat, wreck. f rater, -trls, m., a brother. frateme, adv., like a brother, heartily, cordially. fratemus, -a, -um, adj., of a brother, brotherly. fraudatlo, -anis, f., cheating. fraus, -dls, f., deceit, deception, impo' sition, treachery, (S) fregl, see frango. fremitus, -us, m., a low noise, murmur, mvtter, roar. frequens, -ntis, adj., often, covstarU; in large nun^ere, crowded, full. frequenter, adv., often, frequently; in large numbers. frequentla, -ae, r., u fidl attendance, throng, crowd. frequento, 1. v. a. and u., resort to, visit in crowds, cd^rate. fretum, -i, n. (abl. also fretfi, m.), a strait. — ^Esp., ths Strait of Messina, between Italy and Sicily. fretus, -a, -um, adj., leaning on, relying on, confident in. frigus, -oris, n., cold. — ^Pl. in same sense. frdns, -tls. M., forehead, brow; face, front, frQctus, -us, M., enjoymeni, delight. — Hence, produce, fruits, crops, profit, income. frfUnent&rius, -a, -um, adj., of grain: res (provisions). frumentum, -I, n., grain. (S) fruor, fractus (frultOrus), -i, dep, enjoy, delight in. FBUSTRA 37 GLABRIO frustra. adv., vnthout effect, to no purpose, in vain, (S) frustror, l. v. dep., bajgu^ disappoint, fuga, -ae. f., flioht, fuglo. lOgl, -ere, a. and u.. flee, flee fromj shun, avoid. — Also, esuipe the notice of one. fugltlvus, -a, -um, adj., runawny. — As subst., a runaway slave, fulseo, lulsl. -ere, n., shine. fulmen, -InlS, n., a lightning flasks thundeT^oU, Fulvia, -ae, f., the woman who betrayed the conspiracy of Catiline. Fulvius, -i, M., a gentile name. — ^E. g., 1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, a follower of the Gracchi. 2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, who triumphed over the Aetoli, i88. 3. M. FvlviuSy a young conspirator, put to death by his father. fund&izieiituzn, -1, n, , a foundation, support. fundltus, adv., from the foundation, utterly, completely. fundo, 1. V. a., lay the foundations of, found, begin, f undo, f udi, f usus, -ere, a. , pour, scatter; put to flight, rout. fundus, -I, M., the bottom, lowest part; piece of land, farm. funestus, -a, -um, adj., deadly, fatal; sad, dismal. fungor, functus, -i, dep., go through with, he done with, perform. fur, furis, m.^ thief. fuzla, -ae, f., a fury, scourge, curse. — PL, violerU passion, rage, madness. — Ksp., the Furies, goddesses of vengeance. furibundus, -a, -um, adj., raging, mad, wild, frarUic. (S) furiOSUS, -a, -um, adj., raving mad, furious, insane. FurlUS, -i, M., a- gentile name. — E. g., P. Furius, a conspirator. fUTO, -ere, n., rave, be mad. furor; -oris, m., madness, frenzy, fury. furtim, adv., by stealth. , furtum. -I, N., theft, a theft. fOsus, see fundo. GabiniUS, -I, m., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. A. Gabinius, tr. pi. 67, cos. 58, 2. Cimber Gabinivx (or P. Gabinius Capita), a conspirator. 3. P. Gabi- nius Capito, pra.eix>r 89, Also, as adj., Gabinian. G&lus, -I, M., u, first name, abbreviated to C. GalUa, -ae, i<\, Gaul, see Map. GaUf.canus, -a, -um, adj., of or from Cisalpine Gaul. Gallicus, -a. -um, adj., of Ike Gauls, GaUic, Gaulish. GaUus- -a, -um^ adj„ of Gaul, Gallic. — As subst , a Gaut. — Also, a family name. guinea, -ae, f,, an eating-house, low tavern, brothel (S) ganeo. -onls, m. a glutton, debauchee, profligate. gaudeo, gavlsus, -ere, seml-dep., he delighted, rejoice. gaudium, -I, N^ inward joy; gladness, delight, rejoicing, gavisus see gaudeS. GavlUS, a family name. — E. g., P. Gavius, the Roman citizen crucified on Verres* order, gaza; -ae, it.k treasures. gelldus, -a. -um, adj.. icy, cold Gellius, -I, M., a gentile name — E. g. L Geiliua Poplicola, cos. 72, censor 70. gemitus, -Qs. M., a sighing, sigh, groan, wailing, gener, -eri, m., a son-in-law. genero, 1. v. a., beget, create. gens, -tlS, F., a clan,' house; a people, u .tation, genus, -eris. n.- birth, descent; lineage, family. — ^Hence, a family, race, tribe; a breed, kind, sort, specie^. — Also chat' acter, nature; way, sort, manner, method, germanitas, -tatls. f.. brotherhood, sisterhood. gero, gessi. gestus, -ere, a., carry, have, wear; keep, entertain, cherish; exhibit, display; carry on or out, conduct, m,an- age, control, flU (an office): morem (humor, gratify), gestio, -ivi, -ire, a. and o., rejoice. — Also, desire earnestly. gestus, -a, -um, see gero. Glabrio, -onis, m., a family name. — E. g., M. Glabrio, praetor presiding over trial of Verres; general in the Mithridatic GLADIATOR 38 HEREDITAS glaal3.tor, -oris, m., a gladiator. — Hence, a bully, ruffian, gladlsitorius^ -a, -um, adj., of gladiators, gladiatorial. gladlus, -I, M..J a swords daucla, -ae, m., a famUy name. — E. g., C. Servilius Gtauda, killed 100. gldrla, -ae; *■., fame, renown. glorlor, 1. V. dep., booMt^ vaunt or brag of., glory in, gldrldsus, -ai -unif adj., famous, re- nowned.—^Also, boastful. Gnaeus, -I* m., a first name, abbreviated U>Cn. £natus, see nascor. gnavus, Gracchus, -i, m., a family name. — E. g., 1. Ti. Semproniua Gracchus, tr. pi. 133. 2. His brother, C Semproniua Grac- chus, tr. pi. 121. gradUS, -us, m., a step, pace. — Fig., u. step, degree, grade, rank, position. Graecla, -ae, f., Greece. Graece. adv., in Greek. Gr^ecus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to the Greeks, Greek. <3rrax (-li), -orum, m., pi., the Grseks. grandis, -e, adj., tall, large. (S) ^ratia^ -ae, f., favor, esteem; gratitude^ thanks; influence. — gratia, following a gen., for the sake of, on account of. gratiosus, -a, -um, adj., influential, popular; obliging. Gratitius, -i, m., a gentile name. — ^Esp., the prosecutor of Archias. gratuito, adv., withoul pay, voluntarily. gratulatio, -dnis, p., an expression of joy, congratulation; vote of thanks, public thanksgiving. gratulor, 1. v. dep., show on^s joy^ rejoice; congratulate, gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable, agree- able, pleasing; grateful, thankful. gravlSd -e, adj , heavy, solid; burdensome, grievous, severe, harsh; weighty, im- pressivct influential, venerable, emi- nent. graritas, -tatls, r., weight; power, strength energy, dignity, sterling worth, force of character. gravlter, adv., heavily, forcibly: with influence, dignity; seriously^ sternly: jeiTe (be indignant at). gravor, 1. v. dep., he vexed, take amiss, be reluctant. gregarius, -a, -lun, adj., of the common sort, common: maes (private), (S) grex. gregis. m., u flock, herd, drove; a troop band, company, crowd. gubematio, -dnis, p., a steering. — Fig., direction, managem.ent. guberno, 1. v. a., steer. — Fig., direct, manage. gula. -ae, f., the throat, nec^. (S) gusto, 1. v. a., taste, eat. habed, 2 v. a. and n., have, hold, possess, keep, occupy. — Also, esteem, think, regard, consider: honorem. (confer) : res se sic [bene] habet (the case stands thus [well\): gratiam habere, feel grateful, habito, 1. V. A and n , inhabit, live, dwell, make one's hom.e in. habitus, -Us. a., condition, state; bear- ing, aemeanor. hactenus, prep phrase, thud far, haereo. haesi, haesurus, -ere, n., hang, cling to, keep dose to.-~^A\so, pause, hesitat?f be perplexed or embarrassed. haesito, I v n., btick fast, flounder; falter beat a loss. HannlbaL -alis, ai , uhe commander of the Carthaginians in the second Punic wa.T. haruspex -Icis, m., a diviner^ soothsayer; seep, 66 §92. hasta, -ae, f , u spear^ lancd haud, adv ,not, not at all, by no means. haudquaquam., adv., nat by any means, not at all. (S) haurio, hausi, haustus (hauslirus), -Ire, a., drain, draw, drink; consume, exhaust haveo (aveo), only in imp\ , have, have- to, havete, hail, he well, fareweU. (S) hebesco, -ere, n., grow dull hem, interj., 0! well! indeed! alas! Heraclia (-ea), -ae« e., a Greek city of Lucania. Heraciiensls, -e, adj , of Heraclia. — Pi., the people of Heraclia. hercule, intcrj , by Heretics! m.ehercule (so help me Hercules!), hereditas, -tatls^ f., heirship, inheri' tance: an inheritance. HERENNIUS 39 lACTURA Herennius, -I, m., a, gentile name. — E. g., C. Herenniita, convicted of em- bezzlement; trib. pi. 60. heres, -edls, m. and f., an heir, heiress. herl, adv., yesterday. bestemus, -a, -uxn., adj., of yesterday, yesterday's; die hestemo (yesterday). heus, interj., ho! ho, there! holloa! see here! hiberna see. hibemus. hTberno, 1. v. n., pass the winter, winter. hibernus, -a, -um, adj., of winter, winder. — hlberna» -orum, n., pi., winter qttarters, hic, adv., in this place, here; on this oc- casion, under these circumstances. hlc, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, this present, these. — As subst., he, she, it; they. — hoc, neut. abl. used adverbially, in this respect, on this account, the: hOC magls (all the more); hlC . . llle (the latter . . . the former). hlClne (hic + -ne), interrogative adv . heref hiexnps (-ems), -emls, f., vnnter; storm, stormy weather or season. hinc, adv., hence. — Also, on this side: hinc . hinc (on this side . . on that) . Hlrtius, -1, M., a gentile name. — E. g., A. Hirtius, cos. 43. Hispania, -ae, jr., Spain. Hispanus, -a, -um, adj., Spanish.' — PL, subst., the Spaniards. hlstrid, -onis, m.. a stage-player, actor hodie, adv., to-day, now. hodiemus, -a, -um, adj., of to-day, to-day's: dies (to-day, this day), Homerus, -l, m., Homer. hOUM, -Inls, c, a man, human being. — Esp., contemptuous, fellow, creature- — Often equivalent to a. personal pro- noun. honestas, -tatls, f., reputation, character ^ respectability, credit. — Fig., uprightness^ integrity, honeste, adv., honorably. honestd, 1. v. »., honor. honestus, -a, -um, adj., honorable^ respecied, esteemed. honor (-os), -5ris, m., honor, an honorf a mark of honor. — Esp., a post of honor, an office. hon6rlfi.ee, adv., by way of praise. hora, -ae, f , an hour. horreo, -ui, -ere, a. and n., shudder, be frightened at, dread. horribllls, -e, adj., dreadful, frightful, fearful. hortatUS, -ftS, m., admonition, encourage- ment. Hortenslus, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., Q. Hortensiu^ HortaliLS, cos. 69, Cicero's rival in the courts. hortor, 1. V. dep., encourage, urge on, cheer; prompt, incite. hortUS, -I, M., a garden. hospes, -ItlS, M., a host. — Also, a guest, guest-friend. hospltlum, -1, N., a hospitable reception, entertainment. — Esp., the relation be- tween host and guest, guest- friendship. hostnis, -e. adj., of or belonging to the enemy, an enemy^s. hostls -Is, c, an enemy, a public enemy; the enemy. HS [for lis (duo semis, 2} asses)], an abbrev. for sestertii. hue, adv., to this place or point. huclne [h&ce -ne], inter, adv., to thii placet huius modi, see modus, humanltas, -tatls, f., human nature or feeling, — Hence, kindliness, gentleness^ courtesy. — Also, education, culture, ac' complishments. hum.anlter, adv., as befits a man. htimanus, -a, -um, adj., human, hw mane, cultivated, refined. humerus, see umerus. humllls, -e, adj., low, shallow. — Fig.- lowly, humble, poor, mean, ohscvv, insignificant. humus, -I, F., the ground: humi (on the ground), I laced, -ul, -ere, u., lie; lie down, dead, low or prostrate; be helpless, neglected, despised, crushed or overthrown. laclo, led, lactus, -ere, it., throw, cast, fling, hurl, lay. — Fig., drop, let fall, hint at, suggest, mention, impute. lacto, 1. V. a , toss, bandy about (of talk): se (insolently display one's self). lactura, -ae, f., a throwing away, loss, sacrifice, expense. lACTUS 40 IMPARATUS lactus, -us, M., a throw.. lam, adv., now, by this time, at last; already, hut now; aoon, ere long; ndn lain (no longer): nunc iam {now at last) : iam dudum, lam pridem (long ago, now for a lon^ time) . lanlculunif -I^ n., the high hill or ridge west of the Tiber — ^Mons Janiculus. ianua, -ae, f., a door, gate. (S) lanuarius, -a, -um, adj., of January. Ibi, adv., there, thereupon. Ibidem* adv.,. in the same place, just there. id., see Sdus. Idcircd, adv., on that (this) account, for that (this) purpose. Idem, eadem, idem, adj . pron. , the same. — Often rendered by an English adverb, also, likewise, as well, at the same time. Ideo, adv., for that (this) reason (purpose), the/refore. idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit^ suitable, adapted, deserving. idus, -uum, f ., pi., the Ides, on the 13th of all months -except March, May, July, October, when they fell on the 15th. leci, seeiacio. leiune, adv., meagrely, grudgingly. lelunus, -a, -um, adj., fasting. — Fig., mean, petty, meagre, poor. igitur , con j . , therefore, consequently; well then, to resume, as I was saying ignarus, -a, -uza, adj., ignorant, inex- perienced. Ignavla, -ae, f., worthlessness, cowardice. ignavus (-OS), -a, -um, adj., worthless, cowardly. (S) ignis, -is, M., fire, flame. ignobills, -e, adj., obscure. (S) Ignominla, -ae, f., disgrace, degradation, a stigma. Ignoratlo, -onls, «., ignorance. Igndro, 1. V. a., not know, fail to notice or observe, overlook. — Pass., be unob- served, unrecognized. ignosco, -novi, -notus, -ere, n., pardon, forgive, excuse. Ignotus, -a, -um, adj., unknown, strange, obscure, base. Ignotus, part., seelgnoscd. tllas, -a^s, F., the Iliad. Ilia-, for compounds with In, see Inla-. lllatus (Inl-), see Infero. llle-, for compounds with in, see Inle-. lUe, Ilia, lllud, dem. pron.. thai; those. — As subst., he, she, it, they. — Often of what follows, this, the following. — With proper names, the great, the famous: hie - . lUe (the latter . . the former). 1111-, for compounds with in, see Inll-. llUm, adv.. thence. illlnc, adv.. thence. iUu-, for compounds with in, see Inlu-. lUuc, adv., to,that place, thither, there. niyrlcus, -a, -um, adj.. of Illyrid or the lUyrians. — As bubst., Illyricum, -i, N., Illyria. imago, -Inls, f., an imitation, copy, representation (picture, statue, bust. etc.). — ^Hence, conception, thought, idea. Imbeclllltas (Inb-), -tatls, f., weakness. imbeclUus (inb-). -a, -um, adj., weak, feeble. (S) Imberbls (Inb-) , -e, adj . . beardless, vnthoui beard. Imbibo. 3.V. a..,drinkin, take in, conceive. Imbuo (inb-), -ui, -utus, -ere, u.., soak, moisten, stain, fill. (S) Imitator, -oris, m., a copyist, imitator. lm.itor, 1. V. dep., copy. Immanls (Inm-). -e. adj., hv^e, vast; wild, fierce; monstrous. Immanitas (inm-). -tatls. j^., vastness; fierceness, cruelty. Immaturus (In-m-), -a. -um. adj., untimely, unripe, prem,ature. immlneo (In-m-), -ere. u., overhang; threaten, impend. immlnud (in-m-), -ui, -utus, -ere, a., weaken, impair, injure. immltto (in-m-). 3. \. a., let or send in, down or loose, insert, throw, set on. immo, adv., nay. nay rather, nay more: Immo vero (nay rather). immoderatus (in-m-). -a. -um, adj.. unrestrained, excessive. (S) Immortalis (In-m-). -e, adj., deathless, eternal, endless. immortalltas (Inm-). -tatls, p., endless life; deathless name. ImmutO, 1. V. a., change. (S) imparatus (in-p-). -a, -um* adj., not ■ready, unprepared. (S) IMPEDIO 41 INCERTUS Impedid (Inp-), 4. v. a., entangle, hamper. — Fig. , embarrass, encumber, in- terfere with, obstruct, prevent. — Impedl- tus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., burdened; difflcidt. impello (In-p-), -pull, -pulsus, -ere, a., drive, push or urge on, — Fig. , impelt instigate, constrain, induce, impendeo (in-p-), -ere, n.. overhang, •tTnpend, threaten, impensa (inp-), -ae, f., ouilay, expense, sacrifice. Imperator (inp-), -oris, m., general, commander. imperatorlus (inp-), -a, -um, adj., of a commander. imperltus (in-p-), -a, -una, adj., ignorant, inexperienced. imperlu^ Ciiip-)» -i. n., u, command, order; avihorityi power, sway; military power; sovereignty, impero (inp-), 1. v. n., order, direct, command, give orders, levy. impertio (inP-). 4. v. a., impart, share, communicate, assign, give. impetro (inp-), 1. v. a., gain oits^s end, effect, get, procure by request. impetus (inp-), -fls, m,, an attack, assault; vigor, Jorce, impetuosity, impius (In-p-), -a, -um, adj., irreverent, unpatriotic, undutiful. implied (in-p-), -avi (-ul) -atus (-Itus), -are, a., entangle, entwine, bind up. imploratio (inp-), -onis, f., a call for help, an entreaty. imploro (in-p-), 1. v. a., entreat. impono (in-p-), -posui, -positus, -ere, a., pla£e, put, fasten or saddle upon. (S) importunitas (inp-), -tatis, f., unfit- ness, wrong -headedness. importunus (inp-) -a, -um, adj., unfit, inconvenient, cruel, unfeeling. impositus (inp-j, see impono. Impotens (in-p-), -entis, adj., power- less: SUX {ungovernable, lawless). impressus, see imprimo. imprimo (Inp-), -pressi< -pressus, -ere, a., impress, stamp, ma.rk. Improbe (inp-), adv., wickedly. ImproWtas (inp-), -tatis, f., vnckedn^sa, dishonesty, want of principle. ImprobO (in-p-), l. v. a., disapprove. improbus (in-p-), -a, -um, adj., wicked^ dishonest, disloyal. Improvldus (in-p-), -a, -um, adj., short-sighted; heedless, reckless. improviSO, adv., unexpectedly, suddenly. improvisus (in-p-) , -a, -um, adj . , unforeseen, unexpected. — As subst.: de improviSO (suddenly, unexpectedly) . impubes (in-p-), -eris, adj., beardless, immature, boyish. Impudens (in-p-), -entis, adj., shameless, barefaced, immodest. impudenter (inp-), adv., shamelessly, with effrontery. impudentia (inp-), -ae, r.. shameless- ness, effrontery. Impudicus (in-p-), -a, -um, adj., shameless, indecent, unchaste. Impulsus (inp-), see impelld. ImpulSUS, -us, M., a push, pressure, shock, impulse. impune, adv., without punishment. impunltas (inp-), -tatis, f., freedom from, punishment, license. impunitus ' (inp-), -a, -um, adj., unpunished, scot-free: Impurus (inp-), -a, -um, adj., unclean, impure, infamous, vile, Imus, seelnferus. in, prep, with ace. and abl. — With ace, . of motion, into, to, upon, against, among; of time, for, to, until; fig., to, toward, against, upon, over. — With abl., in, on, among, vnthin, at; in the case of, in the matter of, in respect to. — In comp.. in, upon, toward; negatively, notf in-, un-. inanis, -e, adj., void, empty, bare. — Fig,, vain, idle, unfounded. in-auditus, -a, -um, adj., unheard of, unknown; unheard. inaiuratus, -a, -um, adj., gilded. inb-, see imb-. in-cedo, 3.' v. n., proceed, walk. (S) incendium, -i, n., u burning, confla- gration, fire. Incendo, -di, -sus, -ere, a.., set on fire, bum. — Fig., arouse, inflame. Incensid, -onis, a., a burning. Inceptum, -I, n., a beginning, under- taking, enterprise, in-certus, -a, -um, adj., undecided, untrustworthy; doubtful. INCESSUS 42 INFAMU incessus, -tis, m., a watkt gaiU carriage^ heanng. (S) InchoS, see Incohd. In-ddd, -ol^, -ere [ln-cad5], fall into or upon. — Fig., fall in vritk, 'meet; happen, occur. Incldo, -cidi, -cisus, -ere [In-caedo], a., cut in, into or open; carve, engrave. Incipid, -cepi, -ceptus, -ere [in-capio], a. and n., begin, undertake. Incltamentum, -I, n., an indiemeni, incentive, inducement. In-Clto, 1, V. a,., set in motion, urge, spur, — Fig. , arovxe, encourage^ provoke. — Indtatus. -a, -um, p.p. as adj . , avnft, rapid, impetvoua. IncUno, 1. V. a. and n., bend, lean, turn; waver, gvoe way, Includd, -si. -sus, -ere [in-claudd], a.. shvi up or in, inclose, include^ insert. — Alao. keep in, suppress. In-cognltus, -a, -um, adi . , urUried, uninvestigated^ unkvown, Incolid (-choo), 1. v a., begin, IncolumlS* -e, adj., unhurt, unimpaired, undiminished. In-conunodus, -a, -um, adj., incon- venient, unseasonable. — Esp., as subat., In-commodum, -I, n., trouble, loss, misfortune. In-consSderatus, -a, -um, adj., uncon- sidered, ill-advised; heedless. IncdllSUlte, adv., indiscreetly, ill advised- ly, rashly, (S) Incorrupte, adv., justly. In-corruptus (iuconr-), -a, -um, adj., unboiled; upright, unbiased. lxk-Gr€t)r€scd (-l)esco), -brul, --ere, a., grow, increase, spread. In-credl bills -e, adj . , beyond belief, TnarvelouB, extraordinary. in-crepo, -ui, -Itus, -are, u., make a, noise. Incruentus, -a, -um, adj , bloodless. (S) In-CUltus, -a, um, adj., rough, rude, coarse, unpolished. (S) incultUS, us, M., want of care, roughness, uncouihnesa. (S) Incumbo, -cubul. -cubitus, -ere, u., lie upon, bend to, exert one's self. In-currd, -curri (-cucurrX), -cursurus, -ere, a. and n., rush at or upon, attack, aaaail. (S) Indago, 1, V, a., trace out, track. — Fig., search into, investigate. Inde. adv., from, that places thence, there- from,, thereafter, indemn&tus, -a, -um, adj. [In-dam- natus], uncondemrted, unsentenced. Index, -dicls, C, an informer, ivitness against. India, -ae» f^ India. indicium, -I, n. , information, charge, evidence, proofs. IndiCO, 1. V. n., point out, make known, discover, reveal, disclose, show. in-dico, 3 V. a., give notice of, proclaim, order, appoint, indlctus, p. p. of Indico. in-dictus, -^, -um, adj . , unsaid, un- pleaded, untried, unheard. indlgeo, -Ui, -ere, n., be in need or want of, long for, desire. — ^indlgens, pres. part., in need, in wa^, Indlgne, adv., shamefully . indlgnltas, -tatls, »:, heinouaness, shamefiUness; insult, outrage. In-dignus, -a, -um, adj . , unworthy, undeserving, undeserved. — As subst., indlgnum, -I, n., a shame, outrage. In-doctus, -a, -um, adj., untaught, un- learned, ignorant. (S) In-duco, 3. V. a., bring, lead or draw in or on, introduce. — Fig., induce, cause, impel.^ Indud, -vl, -utus, -ere, a., clothe, put on, assume; get involved in. Industrla, -ae, f., diligence, painataking: de Industrla (on purpose). Industrius, -a, -um, adj., diligent, painstaking, assiduous, Indutiae, -arum, n., a truce. (S) Inedla, ae, e., fasting. (S) ln-e5, 4. v. irr. a. and n., go or come in or into, enter upon. — Fig., begin, adopt, take upf take part in, gain, secure. ineptla, -ae, f., folly. — PI., silliness, trifles, absurdities. inermls, -e (-us, -a, -um), adj., unarmed, defenseless. (S) Iners, -ertls [in-ars], adj., without akill, shiftless, passive, spiritless. inertia, -ae, p., incapacity, want of energy, idleness. ineuntls, gen, of pres. p. of lne5. fnfamla, -ae, f., dishonor. INFAMIS 43 INOPIA Infamls, -e, adj., disreputable. Inf&ns, -ntlB. c, a child. Inferior, -us. comp. of inferus. in-f ellx, -Xcis, adj . , unfruitful. — Fig. , urvfortunate^ ill-fat^, unhappy, Infensus, -a, -um, adj., hostile, enraged, dangerous, threatening* In-fer5, irr. v. a., bring or carry in, intrO' duce, bring upon. — Fig., produce, cause, makef create, inflict, commit. Inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, beneath, lower. — ^As subst., Inferl, -Orum, m., the dead. — Superl., inflxnus (-umus) or ImuSf -a, -um.» lowest, at the bottom: inflmt (,the mast degraded). Infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe, unquiet. — Also, hostile, dangerous. Infldelitas, -tatls, f., faithlessness, per- fidy, treachery. InfldUS, -a, -um, a.di., faithless, treacher~ ous. (S) infimus, see inferus. In-finitUS, -a, -um, adj., endless, bound' less, countless. InfiTxnOp 1. V. a., weaken, invalidate, annul, make void. In-firmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, unsteady, inconstant, ineffectual. Initiator, -oris, m., a denier, repudiator: lentus (a bad debtor). mfitlor, 1. V. dep., deny, In-flammo, l. v. a., set on fire. — Fig., kindle, incense, infuriate. In-fld, 1. V. a., blow or oreathe into or upon. — Fig., puff up, elate. infra, adv. and prep, with ace, below. infumus, superl. of inferus. Ingenlum, -I^ n . , nature, temp erament, constitution, talents, bent. Ingens, -ntls, adj., vast, great. Ingenuus^ -a. -um, adj., frte-born.— As subst. , a free person. m-gratus, -a, -um, adj . , unpleasant, thankless; unthankful. In-gravesco, -ere, n., grow or become heavier, more serious, worse. Ingredior, -essus, -i [in-gradlor], dep.. go, come, walk or march in or inio, enter, engage in, begin, undertake. inhlbeo, -ul, -Itus, -ere [In-habeo], a., hold in, restrain, check. In-hlo, 1. V. n., gape or gaze at; hold the open mouth to. Inhonestus, -a, -um, adj., dishonorable^ . base. (S) In-hiun&tus, -a, -um, adj., uriburied. Inlcl6 (Inll-), -led, -lectus, -ere [In- laclO], a.., put, place, hurl, or throw in, into or upon. — Fig., inspire, occasion. caitse. Inll, seelne5. lnUcl6, seelniclo. Inimlcltla, -ae, f-., enmity, hostility. — Usually plural. Inlmlcus, -a, -um [In-amlcus], adj., unfriendly, hostile; of an enemy, — As subst., a private foe, opponent, rival. lnXg.ultas, -tatls, f., unevenness. — Fig., unfairness, injustice, Iniquus,. -a, -um [In-aeciuus], adj., uneven; unfair, unjust, unfavorable. Initio, 1. V. a., begin, initiate, consecrate, . admit. Inltlum, -!, N., a beginning, commence- ment. Inlucundus, -a, -um, adj., uwpleasing. Inlilrla, -ae, f., injustice, wrong, abuse. — Inlurla, abl., unjustly, without cause. Inl^lose, adv., unjustly, insultingly^ Inlussu {abl. only), m., wUhoul command. Inltiste, adj., unjustly. Inlustus, -a, -um, adj., unjust. inlatus, p.p. of Inferd. Inlecebra (111-), -ae, j*., an enticement, attraction, charm. In-libatus (lU-), -a, -um, adj., undi- minished, unimpaired. Inliclo (111-), -lexl, -lectus, -ere, a., entice, allure, ensnare, (S) In-ludo (1U-), 3. V. a. and n., play at, sport with, jeer, mock, ridicule. InlUStrlS (1U-), -e, adj., bright, clear, noble, honorable, distinguished. In-lUstro (111-) 1. V. a., light up, clear up, bring to light, explain. Inm-, see 1mm-. In-nocens, -entls, adj., harmless, guilt' less, blameless. Innocentla, -ae, f., blamelessness, in- tegrity. In-nOXlUS, -a, -um, adj., harmless; unhurt. — Fig., blameless. (S) ln-numeral>lUs, -e, adj., countless, numberless. Inopia, -ae, f., lack, scarcity; want, need, hclvlessness. rNP 44 INTEGER Inp-t see Imp-; IncLuam, v. def , eay. Inqulllnus, -a, -uzn, adj . of foreign birth; alien, unmigrant. CS) ing.uisitor, -oris, m., a tracker, spy and informer. in-r epo ( irr-) , -r epsi, -ere . u . , creep , slip or steal in, Ixiretld (Irr-), 4, v. a,, catch in a net, snare, entangle. In-rided (Irr-), -risi, -risus,, -ere, a. and n., jest at. mock a£, jeer InrZtO (irr-) 1 v. a., provoke, anger. — Fig , arouse, excite. In-rumpd (irr-), 3. v. a., and n., break or burst tn or into, intrude, attack; break down, destroy. (S) In-ruo (irr-), -rul, -ere, n., rush in, into or upon; enter upon, seize. In-ruptio (irr-), -5nls, f., a breaking in, inroad, invasio'.^, attack. Insatiabilis, -e, adj., insatiable. (S) In-scribo, 3. v. a., torite in or upon, inscribe, mark, trace. In-sepultus, -a, -um adj , unburied. In-sequor, 3. v. dep., follow up, after or close, pursue; attack. Inrsero, -sevi, -situs, -ere a., implant, ingraft. — ^insltus -a, -uixx, p.p. as adj., iTibom, natural, In-servio, -itus, -ire, n., be serviceable, devoted or submissive! to, serve, yield to. fnside&t -sedl, -ere, sit in or upon. — Fig., be fixed, asttled or established in or upon. Insidlae, -arum, f., pi., an ambush, — F^g., tricks, plots, craft, treachery. Insidiator, -oris, m., one lying in waif, a lurker, waylayer. Insidior, 1. v. dep., lie in wait, make treacherous attacks upon, plot against. Insididsus, -a, -um., adj., artful, cunning, treacherous. In-sSdo, -sedl, -sessus, -ere, a. and n., sit or settle in or on, be fixed, established, settled, deep-rooted, sink in, occupy. Enslgne, -is. n., a mark, badge, emblem, 'l symbol; a decoration, ornament, insignia. Often plural. InsignlS, -e, adj., marked, memorable, famous, renowned, nol le. In-Simulo, 1. V. a. , charge, accuse, tax with, blame, allege. In-sisto, -stitX, -ere, n., stand, step or tread on; advance, puraus, follow, Insitus, see Insero. In-SOlens, -ntls, adj., unusual; extrava- gant, in bad taste; arrogant, haughty. Insolenter, adv., unusunlly; instdtingly. Insolentia, -ae, f., unusu/iiness; arro- gance, haughtiness. Insolesco, -ere (only pres. system), u., become haughty or arrogarU. (S) In-solitus, -a, -um,, adj., unaccu8tom,ed to; unusual, strange. Insomnia, -ae, f. (n. la plur.), sleep- lessness. (S) insons, -sontis, adj., not guilty, innocent. (S) Insperantl, adj. (in dat. and abl. only), not hoping, not expecting. In-speratus, -a, -um, adj., unlooke^for, unhoped for, unexpected. Instauro, 1. v. a,., renew, repeat, begin anew. Instituo, -ui, -Utus, -ere [in-statudj, a,, and n., set up, fix, set; provide, pre- pare, procurs; draw up, set in order. — Fig. , appoint , establish, introduce; begin, set about, undertake; purpose, determine; instruct, teach, train. Instit'Qtum, -I, N., a principle, practice, custom, usage, In-sto, -stiti, -statOrus, -are, n., stand upon or over; press on, pursue, draw near, be at hand; impend, threaten. instructus, see instruo. Instrumentum, -i, n., a tool; equip- ment, stock in trade. In-strud, -uxi, -uctus, -ere, a., build, erect, order, organize; prepare, equip. Insuescd, -suevi, -suetus, -ere, u., grow accustomed. (S) Insula, -ae, f., an island. Xnsulsus, -a, -um., tasteless, insipid. — Fig. , silly, witless. in-sum, V. irr., be in, be found or con- tained in. Xn-suo, -ui, -utus, -ere, sew in, up or into. insuper, adv., cibove, over; moreover, in addition. (S) Integer, -gra, -grum, adj., whole, en^ tire, perfect, sound, fresh, vigorous. — Fig., pure, upright, honest. — Also, open, uTidecided, unprejudiced. INTEGRE 45 INVENIO l&tegre, adv., irreproachably, honestly. disinterestedly, impartially. Integrlt3.s, -tatls, f., soundness, blame- lessness, itiprightneas. Intellego (-Ugo). -exi, -ectus* -ere, a., perceive, understand, discern; learn, find out, know, be aware. IntexnpestuSt -a, -um, adj., unseason- Qble, unpropitious, dark. (S) In-tendo, -dl, -tus, -ere, a. and n., stretch out or forth, extend; direct to, aim at, threaten. Intentus, -lis, m., a stretching out. Inter, prep, with ace, between, among, in, through. — Of time, within, during, all through. Inter-cedo, 3 v. u., come, go or lie be~ tween, intervene; of time, pass. — Fig., be, exist or come between. — Esp., of magistrates, protest against, oppose, veto. Intercesslo, -onls, f., an intervention; a protest, veto. Intercludo, -usi, -usus, -ere [inter- claudd], a., shut or ciU off, block up, stop. Inter-duzn, adv., sometimes, occasion^ ally, now and then, inter-ea, adv., in the mean time. Inter-eo, 4. v. irr., perish, die, pass away, be lost., interflcld, -feci, -fectus, -ere [inter- facio], a., kill, destroy. Ini.tericid,' -led, -iectus, -ere [Inter- iaclo] a., throw between or in, interpose. — Mostly in p.p., placed between, inter- spersed, intervening. interim* adv , meanwhile. interlmo (-emo), -emi, -emptus, -ere [Inter-emo] a., do away with, destroy, kill, slay. interior -us, adj.. comp., inner, interior; more profound, secret or unknown; deeper^ m.ore intimate. tnterltus -us, m., destruction, ruin, an- nihilation, death Inter-mittO, 3. v. »., suspend, interrupt; let pass lose. inlerneclo (-nicio), -oniSr a., a massacre, general slaughter Snterpello 1 v a., interrupt, disturb, obstruct interfere with. infcer-pono 3, v a., put inbetween, inter- pose, in-^oduce; urge allege, use as a pre- text. — With, se, interfere, interm.eddle, offer one's services. interpres, -etls, c, an agent, go-between, messenger. — Eap., an agent for bribery. interpretor, 1. v. dep., explain, expound, define, construe, understand. inter-rogo, 1. v. a.., question, ask; cross- question, examine, Inter-SUm, v. irr., be or lie between; be different. — Fig., be engaged in, take part in, have a hand in. — ^Esp. in third person, it is of importance, it concerns. inter-vallum, -i, n., a space or time be- tween, interval. Interventus, -us, m., a coming between intervention. intestinus, -a, -um, adj., inward; civiL personal, Intimus (-umus), -a, -um, adj. superl , inmost, furthest, deepest; most profound. secret, close or cordicd.-~~Aa subst, an intimate friend. in-tolerabllls, -e, adj., insupportable, intolerable. In-tolerandus, -a, -um, adj , insup- portable, unendurable. (S) intra, adv., on the inside, intra, prep, with ace, toithin, into — Of time, within, in less than. — Fig , less than, fewer than, under, Intro-dUCd, 3. v. »., lead or bring in, introduce; represent. intro-eo, -Ivi, -ire, a,, and u., enter, come in. (S) introitUS, -us, m., an entering, entrance; passage, entry, In-tueor, 2. v. dep., look or gaze at, watch, regard. intull, see infero. intus, adv., within. in-ultus, -a, -um, adj., unavenged, unpunished. in-Uro, -ussi, -i^tus, -ere, a., bum in or into, brand, im/press indelibly, m-USitatUS, -a, -um, adj., unusual, strange, extraordinary. in-UtlllS, -e, adj., unserviceable, un- available, good for nothing. in-vado, -vasi, -vasus, -ere, a. and n., burst or rush into, assail, make an attack on, seize. In-venid, 4. v. a., come upon, find; find out, aiscover, ceam; invent, devise. INVESTIGO 46 lUVO In-vestigd, 1. v. a., search after ^ trace Old. In-veterascd, -ravl, -ere, n., grow old, become established, gather strength by time. in-TictUS, -a, -um, adj., unconquered, unconquerable. In-Vlded, 2. V. n., look askance at. — Fig., grudge^ envy, be jealous of. InVldla, -ae, f., envy, jeaUyday, prejudice, unpopularity, InTldlosuB, -a, -um, adj . , envious; causing envy or odium. Invldus, -a, -um, adj., envious, jealous, unfriendly, hostile, inVlSllS, -a, -um, adj., hated, detested. invito, 1. V. a., invite. Invitus, -a, -um, adj . , against one's viill, unwilling. locus, -I, M., jest. lovls, gen. of Jupplter. ipse, -sa, -sum^ intens. pron., self, very; mere. Ira, -ae, f., anger, rage, Iracundla, -ae, f., a proneness to anger, hasty temper, wrath. Ir&cundus, -a, -um, adj., irritable, passionate, easily provoked. Irascor, Iratus, -I^ dep., be angry. — IrSitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., angry, in anger. irr-, aee Im*-. is, ea, id, dem. proa., this, that. — As subst., he, she, it, they. — GO, a,bl. neut., on this account, the. Iste, Ista, istud, dem. pron., thai, this. — Often of an opponent, that wretched, base, etc. Istlc, adv., there, in that place. istinC; adv., from tfpat place. istilc, adv., to that placb: ita, adv., thus, in this way, so, in such a way, as follows. Italia, -ae, f., Italy. ItaliCUS, -a, -um, adj., Italian. Itaque, conj., therefore. item., adv., likewise, besides, too; just so, in like manner. iter, itineris, n., u way, road, course, march, journey. Iterum, adv., a second time, again. Itflrus, see e5. luba, -ae, m., Jvba, king of Numidia. lubeo, iussi, lussus, -ere, u., bid, order, command, prescribe. iucunditsis, -tatls, r., delight, enjoy- ment; good humor. iacundUS, -a, -um, adj., agreeable, pleasant, delight fid. iudex, -icis, m., a judge, juror, see C. T p. 244, §§ 2, 5, 6. iudldalis, -e, adj., of a court of justice, judicial. ludlcium., -1, N., a legal trial; sentence, verdict; a court of justice. — Fig., an opinion, judgment, decision. ludico, 1. V. a., sit as judge or juroi, decide, — Fig., think, consider. iugulo, 1. V. a., cut the throat, stab, kill, murder, put to death. iugulum, -I, a-,' the collarbone; throat, neck. lugurtba, -ae, m., king of Numidia. taken by Marius 106. lulius, -I, M., a gentile name, see Caesar. iungo, -UnxX, -unctus, -ere, a., join, unite, fasten together. lunlanus, -a, -um, adj., of Junius. luniUS, -I, M., a gentile name. — Esp D. lunius Silanus. cos. 62. See also BruLtUS. — As adj., Junian, pertaining to Junius. luppiter (lupi-), lovis, m,, the supreme divinity of the Romans. iurandum, see lus iurandum. iurgium, -X, n., a dispute, a quarrel. (S) iuro, 1. v. a. and n., swear, take an oath. — Esp., iuratUS, p.p. as adj., under oath, on oath. ius, iuris, N.. right, justice; a court; a law the law: iuris consultus (a legal expert, lavyyer.) ius itJirandum, iuris itirandl, n , an oath. lussI, seeiubeo. iussU, abl. sing, only, by order, iussum, -I, N., an order. iUSte, adv. , justly. iustitia, -ae, f., justice. iustus, -a, -um, adj., just. iuvenis. -is- ,adj., young. — As subst., a young pereoiX- iuventiis, -t-at'S, p.. the age of youth, youth. — Also, the yov-a. iuvo, luvi, IGtUS, -are. a.. A-'d. aid assist. — Also, delight, graiiJn- lUXTA 47 LATROCINIUM llixta, adv., near, close by; equaUy, alike. (S) K Kal., abbrev. for Kalendae. Kalendae (Cal-), -arum, f, pi., the Cal- ends, the first day of the Roman month. Karth&.glniensls (Car-), -e, adj., Car- thaginian, — As subst., the Carthaginians. Karth&gd (Car-), -inis, f., Carthage. L-. abbrev. for JyuciiLs. L, a sign for fifty. labefacto, 1. v. a., cause to totler, — Fig., shake, weaken, destroy, ruin. labes, -is, f., a fall, giving way, sinking. — Fig., downfall, ruin^ destrupUon. — -Also, a spot, stain, blemish.— -Fig., plague- spot, disgrace, ruin, poison. Lablenus, f., a famous legatus of Caesar, but opposed to him in the Civil War. lal)6, I. v. n., totter, give way. labor, lapsus, -!, dep., slide, fall, drift, pass away, perish; go wrong, be mis- taken. labor, -oris, m., toil, trouble. laborlosus, -a, -uza, adj., toilsome, troublesome, painful. labdrd, 1. v. u.., toil, struggle, strive. — Fig., he anxious, in trouble, embarrassed, care about, fret over, suffer. labos = labor. Lacedaemonlus, -a, -um, adj. and s ubst. , Lacedaemonian, Spartan. (S) lacerO -1. v. a., mangle, tear, (S) lacesso, -Ivi, -itus, -ere, provoke, irritate, assail, fall upon. lacrima (-uzna), -ae, f., a tear. lacrltno. 1. v. n., weep (for). lactens, -ntls, adj., sucking, nursing. lacus« -us, M., a lake. Laeca, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g., M. Jbaeca, see p, 25, §41. laedo, -SI, -sus, -ere, a., strike, hurt, injure; distress, offend. — Also, break (a promise, etc), transgress^ LaeliUS, -i, m., a gentile name. — ^E. g., C Laelius, the friend of Scipio. Laenius, -I, m., a, gentile name. — ^E. g., M. Laenius Flaccus, a friend of Cicero, laetitla, -ae, f., joy, delight. laetpr, 1. v. dep., rejoice, he glad, exult. laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, glad; pleas* ing, joyous. (S) laevus, -a, -um, adj., left — Esp., laeva {manus)t the left hand. (S) L&lS, -idls, F., name of a noted Greek woman- 13,iuent&tlo, -onls, f., a lamentation, wailing, mourning. l&mentor, 1. v. dep., wail, lament, mourn; bemoan. lamina, -ae, f., a thin plate of metal, plate, leaf, layer. lancea, -ae, f., a spear. (S) langueO, -ere, n., be faint, weary, languid. (S) languldus, -a, -um, adj., fa^ni, weak. — Fig., spiritless, lukewarm., powerless. lanlsta, -ae, m., a trainer of gladiators. Laudlcea, -ae, f., a city of. Phrygia, in Asia Minor (see LiLudicea). lapideus, -a, -um, adj., of stone. (S) lapis, -Idis, M., a atone. lapsus, see ISlbor. laqueus, -I, m., a slip-noose. — Fig., pi., meshes, toils (of the law). (S) Lar, LarlS, M.,a guardian of the house^ (S) large, adv., abundantly, freely, widely, comprehensively. ( S) larglor, 4. v. dep., give laijishlfy. — Esp., bribe. — -Also, supply with. largitlo, -onls, f., munificence. — Esp., bribery. largltor, -oris, m., a liberal giAjer, spend- thrift. — Esp., one who bribes. lasclvla, -ae, f., playfuJaiess, wantonness. (S) lassitude, -dlnis, f.„ weariness, ex- haustion. (S) late, adv., broadly, widely. latebra, -ae, f., a hiding-place. lateo, -ul, -ere, u., He hid, skulk, escape notice. Latinlensis, -e, a,di.i Latin.' Latlnus, -a, -um, adj., Latin. Iatl5, -5nlS, f., a bringing; the proposing (of a law). Latlum, -I, N., the country of the Latins. lator, -oris, m., a proposer (of a law). latro, -onls, m., a robber. latroclnlum, -I, n., robbery, brigandage^ bushwhacking; an act of robbery. — Also, a band of brigands. LATKOCINOR 48 LIBET latr6clnor, -arl, dep., carry on a bandit war, he a bushwhacker. latus, p.p. of fer6. l&tus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide, exten- sive. latus, -eris, n., the^ aide, flank. — Fig., the cheat, lungs. Lalidlcea (L&o-), -ae, p., Laodicea. laudd, 1. V. a., praiae, eulogize, commend, approve. laure&tus, -a, -uxn, adj . , crowned or decked with laurel. laus, laudls, f., praiae, fame, renown. — Also, merit, exploits. lautumlae, -arum, f., pi., a stone- guarry. —Hence, a prison. lautus, see lard. lavO. UtI, lautus (lOtus), -ere or -are, a. and n., wash, bathe. lectltd, -are, 1. v. a., read repeatedly, make a practice of reading. lectulus, -I, M., «, cowch, -bed. lectus, -I, M., a bed, couch. lectus, seelegd. Iegatl5, -onls, if., an embassy; a po- sition as legatua, legatus, -if M., an envoy, arnbaaaador. — Also, a lieiUenant. leglo, -6lliS. F., a legion. legltlmus (-tumus), -a, -um, &&'}., fixed by law, lawfiU; proper. Ieg5, 1. V. a., choose, appoint or send aa legatus. legs, legl, lectus, -ere, gather, collect; choose, select. — Also, read. — lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., choice, select, picked, first-rate. linio, 4. V a., soften, soothe. lenls, -e, adj., smooth, soft, gentle. — Fig., indulgent, mild, lenit&s, -tatls, f., softness, gentleness, mildness, clemency. lenlter, adv., softly, gently. Ien5, -onis, m., a pimp. — Fig., a go- between, tool. lenoclnlum, -I, n., position as pimp, pandering. lente, adv., slowly, deliberately. Lentldius, -1, m., a partisan of Clodius. Lentulus, -I, m , a family name. — E. g., 1. Cn. Comeliua Lentulua Clodianus, COS. 72. 2. P. Cornelius Lentulus 8wa, COS. 71, head of the conspirators in the city, seep. 27, §§ 46 ff. 3. P. Lentidu^, an unknown praetor. 4. P. Cornelius Lentulua Spii.ther cos. 57, Cicero's friend. 5. The son of No. 4, of the same name. lentus, -a, -um, adj., flexible; slow, insensible. lepldus, -a-, -um,, adj., pleasant, witty, graceful. Lepidus, -I, M., a family name. — E. g., 1. M. Aemilius Lepidua, cos. 78. 2 M'. Aemiliua Lepidus. cos. 66. lepds (-or), -oris, m., charm. (S) levamen, -Inls, n., a lightening (of sor- row), solace. levis, -e, adj., light. — Fig,, trifling, petty, insignificant; inconstant, unreliable, unprincipled. levity, -ti,tls. F., lightness. — Fig., warU of principle, character or steadfastness; restlessness, shaZlovmess. leviter, adv., lightly, calmly. levo. 1. V. a., lighten, relieve. lex, legls, F., a law, statvle. libelluB, -X, M., a little book, a writing of any kind. Ilbens (lu)}-), see Ubet. llbenter (lu-), adv., willingly, gladly, with pleasure. liber, -era, -erum, adj.,/ree, independent. — PI., u,,free men. liber, -bri; m., a book. Uberalis, -e, adj., gentlemanly, dignified, gracious, courteous. llberalitas, -tatis, f., the feelings of a gentleman; liberality. llberallter, adv., like a gentleman, graciously, liberally.. liberatio, -6nls, f., a setting or becoming free; acquittal. liberator, -5rls, m., » deliverer, aavior. libere, adv., ' freely, vnthout restraint; frankly, boldly. liberl, -orum, m., pL, children. llbero, 1. v. a., set free, release, acquit, prove n^t . . , absolve. llbertas, -tiitls, f., freedom, liberty, indeper^ence. — ^Personified, the goddess of Liberty. Ubertinus, -i, m., afreedman. llbertus, -I, m., afreedman. Ubet (lu-), -buit or libitum est, -bere, impers., it pleases. — llbens (lub-), lilBIDINOSE 49 LUXUS -ntls, pres. p. as adj., vriUing, with good will, with pleasure, glad. .Ubidlnose (lub-), adv., at one^a caprice, arbitrarily, wantonly^ libldlnosus (lub-), -a» -um, adj., aelf- willed, capricious. libido (lul)-), -Inls, F., passion, caprice, lawleaaness; liLst. librarlus, -I* m., a writer, a copyist. Ucentla, -aCi f. , license^ boldness, law- lessness. Ucet, -ult (Ucltum est), -ere, impers., it is permitted, allowed.-"— Introducing a concessioQ, although. ZilClnlus, -!, M., a gentile name. — E. g. 1. M. Licinius Crassua, triumvir. 2 A. Licinius Archias, a Greek poet de- fended by Cicero 62, 3. See LucvUus. Uctor, -oris, m., a Victor, see p. 61, § 71 Ug&rlus, -1, M., a gentile name. — E. g. 1. Q. lAgarius, defended by Cicero 46 2. T. Ldgariu^, brother of Q., quaestor urbanus. llmen, -Ixiis, n., a threshold. — Hence, a doorway, entrance, gate. lingua, -ae, f., a tongue; a language, speech, words. llnutn, -i, N.,fiax; a thread. llquefaclo, -f actus, -ere, a., make liquid, melt. Us, litis, F., a strife; a lawsuit, damages. lltera. see Uttera. Uteratus, see lltteratus. Uttera (Ute-), -ae, f., a letter of the al- phabet. — PI., anything written, a letter, epistle, dispatch, document. — Also, literal ture. lltteratus (liter-), -a, -um, adj., liber- ally educated, scholarly. lltura, -ae, f., a blot, erasure. lltus, -oris, N., the seashore. 10c5, 1. V. a., place, put, build, found. — Also, lease, invest. — Esp., with gerun- dive, contract for, let the contract for. LocrenslS, -e, of Locri (in Bruttium). — PI. subst., M., the people of Locri. locuples, -etls, adj., rich, wealthy, re- sponsible, safe. locupleto, 1. v. a., enrich. locus, -I, M. (pi., loca, -drum, n.). a place, spot; region, district; a post, position, station; a subject of discussion, point, topic (pi., loci, m.); room, free course, opportunity, chance; occasion time. loclltus, aeeloquor. longe, adv., far off, at a distance; by far, exceedingly. longlnquit^s, -t&tls, f., distance. longlnquus, -a, -um, adj., far off, distant, remote; lasting. Longlnus, -I, a family name (aee Cas- slus) . longltudo, -Inls, «■., length. longlusculus, -a, -um, adj., somewhaX long, rather long, a little longer, longus, -a, -um., adj., long, distant, tedious. lociu&clter, adv., with a multitude of words, at large. loquor, -cutus, -I, dep., speak, talk, converse, say, tell. lotus, seelavo. lub-, see lib-. LuccelUS, -I, the gentile name of a witness against Verres. Lucius, -I, M., a Roman first name. luctuoEUS, -a, -um, adj., full of sorrow, mournful, doleful. luctus, -Qs, M., grief, sorrow, mourning, lamentation. lUculentus, -a, -um, adj., clear, lucid, brilliant. Lacullus, -I, M., a family name. — E. g., L. Licinius LucuUus, commander against Mithridates. lUdibrlum, -I, N., play, mockery, de- rision; the subject of mockery, a b^^/^(S) lUdus, -i, M., a play, game; — PI., public games. — Also, a school, training school. IGgeo, -luxl, luctus, -ere, a. and a., mourn, lament, wear mourning, bewail, bemoan, deplore. Itimen, -itUs, n., ligJU, u light. luplnus, -a, -um., adj., of or bdonging to a wolf. Lupus, -I, M., a friend cf Cicero. lUstro, 1. V. a., reoiew, survey. — Relig. term, make bright, purify. lux, lilcls, F., light, sunlight, daylight. — Fig., the sight of men, publicity. luxurla, -ae, and luxuries, ace. -em, F., luxury, high-living, self-indulgence. luxuries, see IQxiirla. > lOxur^ose, adv., inluxury, luxuriouaty.iS) IQxus, -1^, M., indulgence, excess, vice.CS) M 50 MANLIUS M M., abbrev. for Marcus. M. sign for 1,000. M', abbrev. for M&nlus. Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia. Macedonlcus, -a, -um, adj., of Mace^ donia, Macedonian. (S) machlnator, -drls, m., a coiUriver, inventor. machlnor, 1. v. dep., contrive, imjent, scheme, plot. macto, 1. V. a.., sacrifice; load with evilst punish, kill. zaacula, -ae, £., a spot. — Fig., a bl&nish, stain, disgrace. Maellus (MS-), -I, m., a gentile name. — ■ E. g.,«Sp. MoeZiiM, killed by Ahala. maereo, -ere, t. a. and n., be sad. niaeror (xnoe-) -oris, m., grief, sorrow, lamentation. maestltia (moe-), -ae, t\, sadness, sor- row, dejection. maestus (moe-), -a, -uxn, adj., sad, sorrowful, melancholy. znaglS, adv., more, rather, in u higher degree. maglster, -tri, u., a Tnaster, director, commander, teacher. maglsteratus, -vis, m., a dvil office, magistracy. — ^Also, a magistrate, public officer. magnanlmus, -a, -uxn, adj . , great- souled, noble, generoits. magnifioe, adv., nobly, grandly, gener- ously, splendidly. magniflcus, -a, -uxn, adj., nohle,'grandf costly, fine. (S) znagnltudS, -inlS, r. , greatness, size, hulk; great number ^ great amount, abundance. — Fig. , intensity, depth, extent. naagnopere or magnS opere (used for the lacking adv. of magnus), greatly, exceedingly, particularly, very much, earnestly, zealously. magnuSp -a, -um, adj. (comp. maior, superl. maximus), great, large, abun- da-rU, considerable, mAich. — Fig., grand, mighty, noble. Znalestlis, -tatls, i<'., greatness, grandeur, dignity, splendor: (IsEesa), treason. malor, -us, adj., comp. of magnus in all the meanings there given.— Also, with ov without n&tu or annis, older, the dder. — Esp., in pi., malores, -um, u.. ancestors, forefathers. Malus, -a, -um, adj., of May. male, adv., badly, ill, wrongly, wickedly, unwisely. — Also, hardly: pac&ta (hard- ly reditced to submission, still rebellious). maledictam, -I, n., abusive language, insult. maleflcium (mall-), -I, h., wickedness, crime, harm, hurt. malevolentia (mail-), -ae, f., iU wiU, envy, malice. (S) malevolus (mall-), -a, -um, adj., envious, spiteful, ill-disposed. malltia, -ae, f., ill-will, spite. malleolus, -I, m., a small hammer; a fire-dart. tnSlo, malul, malle, irr. v. a. and u., choose rather, prefer. malus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. pelor, superl. pesslmus) , bad, low, wicked, injurious, hurtful, ugly, unlucky. — As subst., malum, -i, n., evil, mischief, misfortune ctUamity; punishment, injury, usage MEm., abbrev. for M^mercus. Mamertinus, -a, -um, adj., of Mars. — As subst pi., the sons of Mars, a. name assumed by the people of Messana. manclpium (-cup-), -I, n., a formal purchase or the slave or article purchased; mancipl5 et nexo, by purchase and ownership. mandatum, -I, n., a charge, order^ com- mission, injunction. mando, 1 v. a., command, commission; commit, entrust, consign. mane, adv., in the morning; early. xnaneO, mansi, m&nsus, -ere, n., stay, remain, last, endure, abide, continue. manicatus, -a, -um, adj., with long manifesto (manu-), adv.. clearly, openly, plainly, evidently. manif estus (manu-) , -a, -um, adj . , clear, plain, apparent, evident. — Of offenses, proved, exposed. — Of offenders, convicted, caught in the act. Manllius, -i, M., a gentile name. — E. r., C. Manilius, tr. pi. 66. Blanius, -I, m., a first name. Blanlianus, -a, -um, adj.. of Mardius. Manlius, -I, m.. a gentile name- — ^E. g.. MANO 51 MEMOR 1. Q. MarUius, juror in the case of Verres, tribunus plebis 69* 2. C. Man- liust a conspirator, m&nOt -avi, -&re, n., fiow^ run, drop. — Fig., spread, get abroad. mansuete, adv., gently, mildly. Zn&nsuetUdO, -iniS, f., mildness, gentle- ness, clemency. m&nsuetus, -a, -Jircit adj., tamed; mildj soft, gentle. mansOrus, see maneo. manublae, -arum, f. , pi. , money ob- tained from the sale of booty, prize-money. znanumitto or manu mltto, 3, v a , set at liberty, free. xnanus, -us, f., the hand. — Fig., force, prowess; an armed force, a host com- pany, — Also, the handvrriting. Marcellus, -I, m., a family name. — E, g., 1- M. Claudius Marcellua, who took Syracuse 212. 2. C. Claudius Mar- cellus, praetor 79, governor of Syra- cuse. 3. C. Claudius Marcellus, sou of No. 2, cos 50. MarclUS, -I, m., a gentile name. — E. g., L. Marcius, a Roman knight, friend of Ligarius. See also R6Z. Marcus, -I. m., a first name. zuare, -is, n , the sea. marltlzuus (-umus), -a, -um, adj.. maritime, belonging to the sea. XUaritus^ -i, m., a married man, husband. Marlus, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., C Marius, seven times consul between 107 and 86. znarxuor, -oris, n., marble. Mars, -tls, m,, the god of War. — Fig., war, the fortune of war. Martialls, -e, adj., of Mars. — PI. m. as subst., Martiales, -ium, the soldiers of the legio Martia. Martius, -a. -um, adj., of Mars. — Esp., legid Martia, which deserted Antony in 44. Massilia, -ae, f., a. seaport in Gaul. now Marseilles. Massiliensis. -e, adj., of Marseilles.— As faubst; pi., the people of Marseilles. mater, -trls, f., a mother: faznllias (mo- t-^on, mistress of a house). m.ateria, -ae, and m.ateries, ace. -em., f., stuff, matter, material, timber. — Fig-, cause, occasion, source, opportunity. (S) m&trlmonium, -I, k., wedlock, marriage. m,atr6na, -ae- f., a married womaut wife, matron. m&tfire adv , early, speedily matiiritas, -t&tis, f., ripeness, perfection, fulness, full time. mature, 1 v a and u., ripen. — Fig., hasten, make haste maturus, -a -um, adj. ripe; full- giown, omplete; early. maxlme (-ume), adv, in the highest degree, especially, exceedingly, very. maxlmus (-umus), superl. of magnus. Maxlmus -i, m , a Roman name. — E. g., see Fabius. Medea, -ae, f. a famous sorceress of Colchis. medeor, -eri dep., heal, cure, be good for. — Fig., remedy, relieve, amend, cor- rect, restore. medicina -ae, f.. the medical art, medi- cine surgery; a remedy m.ediCUS. -a. -um, adj., healing, curative. — As subst., medlcus, -X, m.. a phy- sician. m.ediOCriS, -e adj middling, ordinary, moderate. medlocrlter, adv., moderately, tolerably, somewhat, not very. meditatiO, -oniS, f., a thinking over, contemplation. m.edltor, 1. v. dep. reflect upon, muse over, consider, purpose. medium, -I n., the middle, midst. — Fig., the midst of all, the presence of aU, the public, community. medius, -a, -um, adj., in the middle, mid; undecided, neutral. medius fidius or me dius fldius, see fidlus. mehercle, mehercule, mehercules a me hercules (for me Hercules iuvet! by Hercules! melior, -us, comp. of bonus. melius, comp. of bonum, or of bene. membrum, -i, n., a limb. memlni, -Isse, def. v. a , remember. Memmius. -I, m a family name. — E. g 1. C. Memmius, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine war. 2, C. Memmiiis, son-in-laW of Sulla. memor, -oris, adj., mindful, remember- ing. MEMORABILIS 52 MISELLUS memorabills, -e, adj., worthy of remem- brance, worth telling, memorable (S) memoria, -ae, ii\, memory, recollection' nostra xnemoria (in our times). meniord, 1. v. a., mention, relate, tell (S) mendaciiixn, -i, n., a lie, untruth, false- hood. mendlcitas, -tatls, f., beggary. mendicus, -a, -um, adj . , beggarly, needy. — As subst., a beggar. mens, -Ms, f., the mind, underatanding, reason; plan, purpose, intention, de- sign. mensls, -Is, m., q month. mentiO, -onls, f., a mentioning. mentlor, 4. v. dep., lie, cheat, deceive, assert falsely, falsify. (S) mercator, -oris, m., a trader. merces, -edis, f., wages, pay; reward, recompense. mercor, 1. v. dep., buy. (S) mered and mereor, 2. v. a. and dep., deserve, jnerit, be worthy of. — Esp-, earn pay (as a soldier), serve (in the army) . merito, adv., deservedly, justly. meritum, -i, «., one's deserts; a service, kindness, favor. meritus, p.p. of niereo(r). merx, -ds, f., goods, wares. Messalla, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g., 1. M. Valerius Messalla, cos. 61. ^, M. Valerius Messalla, cos. 53. Messana, -ae, f., a city of Sicily. Messlus, -i, a gentile name. — Only C. Messius, tr. pi. 57. -met, a sufBx attached to personal pro- nouns, -self. Metellus, -i, m., a family name of the gens Caecilia. — E. g., 1. Q. Metellus Numidicus, cos. 109. 2. Q. Metellus Pius, COS. 80, son of 1, and patron of Archias. 3. Q. Metellus Creticus, cos. * 69. 4. M. Metellus, praetor 69, brother of No. 3. 5. L. Metellus, propraetor in Sicily 70, brother of Nos. 3 and 4. 6. Q. Metellus Celer, praetor 63, cos. 60. 7. Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of No. 6, COS. 57. metior, mensus, metlrl, dep., measure. CS) metUd, -Ul, -ere, a. and n., fear. metUS, -us, m., fear, anxiety. meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., my, mine, my own. ml, voc of meus. mUes, -ItiS, M., a soldier. mma (mm-), pi. of mQle. mllles (-ens), adv., a thousand times. mnitaris, -e, adj., belonging to a soldier, warlike, martial. militia, -ae, a-., military service, warfare, war. mnie, pi. milia (mill-), num. adj. in sing., subst. ip pi., a thousand. millesimus, -a, -um, num. adj.. the thousandth. millies (-ens), see milles. minae, -arum, f , pi., threats. minime (-ume), adv., least of all, very little; by no means, not at all. minimus (-umus), -a, -um, adj., superl. of parvus, least, smallest , very small, short, trifling or insignificant. — minimum, adv , very little, slightly. minitor, 1, v. dep , threaten. minor, 1. v. dep., threaten. minor, -us, adj , comp. of parvus, less, inferior, less important. — As subst., mindres, -um, m., ^ph, posterity, descend- ants. — minus, -oris, n , less (of). BSlnucius (-tius), -i, m., a gentile name. minuo, -ui, -utus, -ere, a., make smaU; lessen, diminish, weaken, restrict. minus, adv [n sing. ace. of minor], less; not at all, by no means, not. — With quo (often written quominus), that not, from. — With nihilo (often writ- ten nlhilominus) , nevertheless, no less. mlrabills, -e adj.. wonderful, marvelous. mirandus, -a, -um, adj . , wonderful, strange. mirifice, adv , marvelously. znirificus -a. -um, adj., wonderful, marvelous, extraordinary. miror, l. v. dep., wonder or marvel at, admire. mirus, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, mar- velous, €J:traordinary. misceo, miscul, mixtus, -ere, a., mix, mingle, unite. — Fig., stir up, excite; confuse, embroil, disturb. — mixtus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., made up of; heter- ogeneous. misellus, -a, -um, adj., poor, wretched, unfortunate. MISENUM 53 MOTUS Mlsenum, -i, n., a town in Campania. miser, -era» -erum, adj . , wretched, unfortunate, pitiable. miserabllis, -e, adj., pitiable, miserable, deplorable, sad. (S) mlserandus, -a, -um, adj. [gerundive of mlseror], pitiable. mlsere, adv., wretchedly, miserably, pitiably; desperately. misereor, -Itus, -erl, dep., feel or have pity or compassion. (S) zniseret. -uit* -ere, impers., it distresses, excites pity in. mlseria, -ae, *■., wretchedness. mlsericordla, -ae, f., pity, compassion, mercy, tenderness. anisericors, -cordis, adj., tender-^hearted, pitiful, compassionate. miseror, l v. dep., bewail, deplore, com.- passionate. (S) Mlthridates, -is, m., a. King of Pontus, called the Great. Mlthridaticus, -a, -um, adj., of Mith- ridates, Mithridatic. mltis, -e, adj. mild, gentle. mltto, xnisi, missus, -ere, a., let go, send, despatch; finish, end; release, dis- miss; pass over, omit; throw, hurl. zuixtus, seemisceo. m.6l)ilis, -e, adj , movable; rapid, swift; changeable, inconstant. m,dl)illtas, -tatis, r , movablenesa, changeableness. (S) moderate, adv., with moderation, moder- ately. moderatio, -onis, n , guidance, govem- merU; moderation, self-control, moderor, l. v. dep., rule, guide, govern; restrain, temper. — znoderatUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., within bounds, self-con- trolled, restrained. m.Odestia, -ae, r., obedience to law, self- restraint, sense of propriety, modesty, discretion. (S) modestus, -a, -um, adj., forbearing, temperate, sober, discreet. m.odice, adv., discreetly. m.odicus, -a, -um., adj., moderate, tem- perate; middling, m.0d0, adv. and conj., only, merely; now, just now: non m.odo (n^t only, I do not say) . — Also, provided only, on condi- tion that. modus, -I, M. , measure; limit, end, restriction; way, manner, method: huius (eius) modi (of this [such] a kind): modfi, In (ad) modum (in the manner [ofj). m.oenia, -ium,, n. pi., walls, ramparts, bulwarks, city walls. m.oe-, see m.ae-. m,oles, -is, f., a mass, massive structure. — Fig., greatness, power, might., strength; difficulty, labor. moleste, adv/, with difficulty or treble: lero (I am vexed). molestia, -ae, f., trouble, annoyance, vexation, disgust. molestus, -a, -um, adj., troublesome, grievous, annoying. m.oIlor, 4. V. dep., endeavor, strive; labor upon, work at. — Fig., undertake, attempt, set about. mollio, -Ivi, -itus, -ire, a., soften, enervate, render effeminate. (S) m.0llis, -e, adj., soft, pliaiU. — Fig., tender, mild, gentle, weak. molliter, adv., softly, mildly; effemi- nately. (S) ■ m,ollitia, -ae, j?., softness^ weakness. m.omentum, -i, n., movem.ent, motion. — Fig., weight, influence, importance, moment: ofncidrum {relative weight). moneo, 2. v. a., remind, advise, warn; inform, announce. mdns, znontls, m., a mountain. (S) m.onstrum,, -i, n., an evi^omen, portent; morister, monstrosity. monumentum. (moni-), -i, n., a mem- orial, monument,. mora, -ae, f., a delay, hindrance. morbus, I, M., sickness. morior, mortuus (fut. p. moriturus), xnori, 3. V. dep., die. — m(»'tuus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., dead. — As subst. pi., the dead. mors, mortis, f., death. morsus, -us, m., a biting, gnawing. mortalls, -e, adj., mortal, human, perish- able, transient. mortuus, p.p. of morior. m.OS, m.dris, m., a custom, way, fashion, use; nature, quality; a precept, law, rule. — In pi., manners, customs, char- acter: morem alicui gerere {bumor or gratify some one) . MOTUS 54 NE motus, -us, M., u movement; im^pulse, emotion, paaaion; a riaing, commotion, insurrection. moT&o, movl, motus, -ere, a., move, set in motion, 'shake, remove; excite', cause, •produce, begin; affect, inspire, mox, adv., soon, after-ward. zuticro, -onls, m., a point or edge; a sword, dagger. xnulco, 1 . V. a. , beat, maltreat. mulct, see mult-. znuliebrls, -e, adj., feminine, womunly; womanish, unmanly. (S) muUer, -erls, f., a woman. mullercula, -ae,?., a little woman (poor, weak, helpless, etc.). multltudo, -inlS, *., a great number. — Esp., the common people, the rruisses. multo [abl. IN. of multus], adv., much, by far. multo (-Ct5), 1. V. »., punish, deprive (as a punishment). multum, see multus . multUS , -a, -um, ad j . , Tmich , many : c5nsuetudo (close) . — multutn, -I, N., as subst. and (ace.) adverb, much. — Compar. , plus, -rls, n. [subst. and (ace.) adv. in sing.], mare: plures, -a [adj. in pi.], more, many. — Superl., plurlmus, -a, -um, very much, very many. Mulvius (Mil-), -a, -um, adj., Mulvian: pons, a bridge over the Tiber above Rome. munlceps, -clpls, c, a citizen of a free town. mOnlcipallS, -e, adj., municipal, pro- vincial. munlclplum, -!, n., a free town. m.€Liilficentla, -ae, f., generosity, munif- icence. (S) mtinid, 4. v. a. and n., defend (with a wall), fortify, protect. — Also, build, pave. — mOnltus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., well or strongly fortified, defended or protected. munltus, see mlinld. mtinus, -erls, n., a service, office, post, employment, function, duty; a tribute, gift, present. — Also, a show of gladiators. ]Vlurena, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g,, C Lidnius Murena, cos. 62. (S) xuurus. -i. M., a wall. MUsa, -ae, p., a muse, one of the nine Muses (goddesses of music, poetry and all liberal arts). mtitatld, -onis, r'., a change. Mutina, -ae, f., a town in Cisalpine Gaul m.Utd, 1. V. a., alter, change. mutue, adv., mviually, in return. mutus, -a, -um, adj . , dumb, silent, speechless. m.Utilus, -a, -um, adj., loaned, as a loan. m,ysterium., -i, n. , a secret service, a secret. Mytllenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Mytilene. Mytilene (-ae), -es (-arum), f , a city of Lesbos. N nactus, p.p. of nanclscor. nam., conj., for, for instance. nanciscor, nactus or nanctus, -I, dep , get, obtain; meet with, stumble on, find. narro, 1. v. a., tell, relate. (S) nascor, natus (gnatus), -i, dep , be born or begotten, derive origin. — Fig., arise, proceed, be produced. — natus, -a, -um, p.p. £is adj., born, produced; des- tined or designed by nature for anything. natalis, -e, adj., of one's birth. natio, -onls, f., a nation, race, people. — Contemptuously, a caste, a clique. natura, -ae, f., nature, character: rerum (the universe) . natus, p.p. of nascor. nSltU, M., abl. only, birth, age, years; malor {older): minor {younger). naufragus, -a, -um, adj., ship-wrecked.-^^ As subst., a ship-wrecked person -• Fig., pi., ruined men. nauta, -ae, m., a sailor, nautlcus, -a, -um, adj., of ships, of sailors, naval, nautical. navalis, -e, adj., of ships, naval, naiUical. navlcularlus, -a, -um, adj., of a small vessel. — As subst., a boat-owner, ship- master. navlgatld, -onls, f., a sailing, navigation, voyage. navlgo, 1, v. n., sail, set sail, go by sea. navls, -is, F., a ship, a boatt ne, interj., truly, verily, really. n@, adv., with subj., not. — Also, standing before, with g.uidem after, a particulai word or phrase, not even, not , . either. NE 55 NiriDUS ne, conj., in clause of purpose, that not, leat, to prevent. — With a word of fear, lest, that. — With one of hindering, from being or doing anything. "Qe, inter, particle, introducing a question to be answered 'yes' or 'no.* — In an indirect question, whether, usually followed by an, meaning or, NeftpoUtanus^ -a» -um, adj., of Naples. — As subst. pi., the people of Naples. nec or neque, conj., and not: neque. . neque {neither . . . nor). necessarlus, -a, -um, adj., unavoidable, inevitable, needful, requisite. — As subst., a relative, friend.- — Abl. n. as adv. , necessario, unavoidably. necesse, indecl. adj. used in nom. and ace. only, unavoidable, indispensable. necessltas, -tatis, f., force, compulsion, . constraint. necessitudo, -inls, jT., relationship, friendship, intimacy. — ^Also need, want, distress. necne, conj. in double questions, or notf necl-, see negl-. need, 1. V. a., putto death, kill. ne-fandus, -a, -uzn, adj.. unmention- able, impious, execrable. nef&rle, adv., impiously, execrably, abom- inably. nefanus, -a, -um, adj., impious, exe- crable, abominable. neglegenter (-Ug-), adv., heedlessly, carelessly. neglegentla, -ae, f., carelessness, heed- lessness. neglego, -exi, -ectus, -ere, a., not heed, be indifferent to, despise, disregard, slight, make light of. nego, 1. V. a. and n., say no, say that . . not, deny, refuse. negotiator, -oris, m., a wholesale dealer, banker, capitalist. negotlor, 1, v. dep., do business, trade, traffic- negotlosus, -a, -um, adj., busy. (S) negotlum, -i, n., business, occupation, employment, an affair. — Also, difficulty, pains, trouble, labor. nemo, dot. nemlni [ne-homo], c, no one, nobody. — Rarely, no one else (IV. 10. 10): non nemo {one or more). empe, conj., certainly, of course. nepos, -dtls, m., a grandson. — Fig., a spendthrift, prodigal. Nepds, -Otis, M., a family namQ, see Metellus, No. 7. neq.uam, adj., indecl., worthless, wretched, vile, bad. neque, see nec. ne-qued, -Ivi, ire, n., not to he able, be unable, cannot. nequlor, comp. of nequam. nequlquam (nequid-, nequic-), adv., in vain, to no purpose, without reason. ne-quls (-qui), -quae, -quid (-quod), indef. pronoun, that no one, let no one. nequissimus, superl. of nequam. ne-quitia, -ae, f., idleness, negligence, inefficiency. "^ Nero, -onis, m., a family name. — Esp. Ti. Claudius Nero, a senator. (S) nervus, -I, m., u. sinew. — Fig., vigor, force, power, strength. ne-sdo, -ivI, -Ire, a. , not know, be ignorant: nesclo an (/ do not know but; probably): quls (qui) {some or other). nescius. -a, -um, adj., unknowing, ignorant, unaware. neu, see neve, ne-ve or neu, adv. and not, nor, and that not, and lest. nex, -necis, f., a violent death. nexum, -I, n., legal obligation; see also manciplum. nl =nlsi. nihil, indecl., nothing.*— As adverb (adv. ace), not, not at all: non nihil {som^ what) . nlhllum, -I,- N., nothing: nlhilo (abl. as adv ) with a comp., noi a hit {the), none {the). Nnus, -i, M., the Nile. nl-mirum, adv., c&'tainly, surely.—^ Often ironical, dovbUess, forsooth. nlmis, adv., too, too much, excessivelyt beyond measure. nimius, -a, -um, adj., beyond measure, excessive, too much. — Ace. sing. n. as adv., nimlum, too (much). nisi, conj., if . . . not, unless, except: Jilsl Si {except if). nisus, see nitor. nlteo, -ul, -ere, u., shine, glitter. nitldus, -a, -um, adj., shining, glittering, bright. NITOR 56 NUMITORIUS nitor, nixus and nisus, -S, dep., reet upon; press forward. — Fig. , strive, rely or depend upon. (S) nix, nlTls, F., snow. nixus, p.p. of nitor. N5billor, -oris, m., a family name. — E. g. , M. FvlviiLS Nobilior, who triumphed 88 over the Aetolians. nobllls, -e, adj., well-known, famous, celebrated. — Also, high-born, of noble birth. — PI. as subst., the nobles, see p. 49, §12f. nolMllt^S, -tatls, K'., fame (rare). — Usually, high or noble birth. — ^Hence, the nobility, the nobles. noced, 2. v. u., ?iarm, hurt. — ^nocens, -ntiS, pres. p. as adj., hurtful; criminal, guilty. * noctu, adv., in the night, at or by nig'nt. noctumus, -a, -uzn, adj., of, by or at night, night. nolq, -ul, nolle [ne-yol5], v. irr., not wish, wish not, be unvdlling. Zidmen, -Inls, n., a name. — Also, an account: meo (eo) nomine (on my [thaf] account) . uomendator , -oris, m. , a prompter (see on Ep. 12. 37). ndmlnatim, adv., by name, expressly, one by one, in detail. nomino, 1. v. a., call by name, name, mention, report. n5n, adv., not, no. IVonae, -arum, f. pi., the Nones, the ninth day before the Ides. non-dum, adv., not yet. n5n-ne, inter, adv., expecting an affir- mative answer. ndn nemo, see nemo. non nihil, see nihil. ndn-nullus, -a, -um, adj., som.e, several. — Often subst. in pi. n5n-numquam (-nunq-), adv., some- times, occasionally. USnus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., the ninth. norma, -ae, f., a measure, standard, rule, pattern: vitam ad certam rationls normam derlgere (direct one's life according to the fixed rules of a system)- nos, pi. of ego, often of one person ndsco, novl, notus, -ere. a., get to know, become acquainted unth. — In perfect tenses, have become acquainted with, have learned, know. — ^notus, -a, -um, p .p. as adj . , known, familiar. — As subst., friends, acquaintances. noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., our, ours, our own; one of us nota, -ae, f. , a mark, sign. — ^Esp. , a m.ark of disgrace, brand. notlo, -onlS, f., an examination, inves- tigation: censoria {by the censors). noto, 1. V. a.., mark, n^te^ observe; brand with infamy, censure. ndtus, notior, notlssimus, see noscS. novem, card. num. adj., nine. Novemher, -hrls, -bre, adj., of Novem- ber. novI, see ndsc5. noviclus, -a, -um, adj., new, untrained. nOTiSSime, adv. superl., most recently, (S) novitas, -t&tis, f., Tiewness, strangeness, humble birth. (S) novo, 1. V. zt., make n^w, make a change, effect a revolution, (S) noTus (-OS), -a, -um, adj., new, young, fresti, recent; strange, unheard of: res novae (a revolution). nox, noctls, f., a night. nuho, nupsi, nuptum, -ere, n., marry (only of the woman). CS) Nucerinus, -I, m., of or belonging to Nvr ceria, a Campanian city. nudius t«rtlus [nuAc dies (est) tertius],- adv., day before yesterday. nudo, 1. V. &., make naked, strip; deprive of, strip of; plunder. nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, defense- less; plundered, without. nullus, -a, -um, [ne-ullus], adj., nat any, none, no, not. — With rel. pron., none of. num, inter, adv. , in direct questions expecting a negative answer. — In in- direct questions, whether, if. Numantla, -ae, f., a city in Spain. numen, -inis. m., the divine will, the power of heaven. numero, l. v. a., count, reckon; account, esteem, consider. numerus. -I, m., a number. Numldicus, -a, -um, adj., of Numidia, Numidian. Numitdrlus, C. a Roman knight, witness against Verres. NIJMMUS 57 OBSTREPO numxnus, -i, m,, a "piece of rrwney. — Esp., a sesterce. numquaxn, see nunquam. num-quls (-qui), -quae, -quid (-quod), interrogative pron., expecting the answer 'no.' nunc, adv., lutw. — After contrary to fact conditions, as it is, as things are. ntlndlnuni, -!» n., nine days, the interval {inclusive) between two nundinae or market-days. nunquazn (numq-) [ne-unquam]. adv., never. nilntlo, 1. V. a,., announce, report, in- form, narrate, make known. ntlntlus, -\, M. , a messenger. — Also , a message. ZLlXper, adv., lately, recently. nuptlae, -arum, f. , pi. , a marriage^ a wedding. nusquam [n^usquazn], adv., novihere^ in no place. (S) nutus, -uxil, -U [nom. ace. abl.], m., a nod, sign; will, pleasure. O, interj., 0/ oh! Ob, prep., with ace, about, before, in front of; on account of, because of, by reason of: quam ob rem {wherefore): Ob earn rem. {on this account). obedlo, see oboedio. Ob-eo, 4. V. iv. XL. and n., come or go to or against, .goMo jneet, engage in, attend to, perform, execute. Obf-, see off-. oblclo (-ilclo), -iecl, -iectus, -ere [ob-laci5], a., throw, hold or put before, up or in the way, expose, bring on, taunt, upbra:id.' ob-ltiirgd, 1. V. a., chide, scold, blame, reprove. obl&tus, p.p. of ofllerd. Oblectatlo, -onis, f., delight, charm. Ob-lect6, l.v. a.., delight, please. ob-llgd, 1. v.. a., bind up, put under obligations, make liable, pledge, mort- gage. Ob-lino, -levi, -litus, -ere, a.., besmear, daub. \ oblitus, p.p. of oMlno. oblltus, p.p. of obuviscor. ObUvlo, -onls, j!:,\forgetfulne88, oblivion. ObUvtsCOr, -ntus, -I, dep., forget. obnoxlus, -a, -um, adj. (w. dat.), sub- missive, subject, under obligation, H' able. (S) ob-nuntid, 1. v. a., announce anything bad. — Esp., announce unfavorable omens, prevent by declaring unfavorc^le aus- pices. oboedtd (obe-), 4. v. u., obey, yield obedience to, serve, be subject to. — Pres. part, oboedlens, obediertt, submissive, subject. Ob-orlor, 4. v. dep., arise, appear, spring up. ob-ruo, 3. V. a.., overthrow, overwhelm; cover, hide, bury. ObScHre, adv., darkly, covertly, secretly. Obscurltas, -t&tls, f, , darkneaa, obscurity; uncertainty; meanness. ObSCilro, 1 v. u.., darken, obscure, hide, conceal suppress. ObscOrus. -a, -um, adj.. dark, indistinct, unintelligible; ignoble, mean. — As subst., N. in Obscuiro {in obscurity). obsecro, 1 v. a., entreat, beg. ob-secund5, 1. v. u., be compliant, show obedience, hum^r, obey. observantla, -ae, f., attention, respect, regard, reverence. Ob-serv6, l. v. a., watch, heed, observe. regard, respect, honor. — observ&ns, -ntis, pres. p. as adj., watchful, atten- tive, respectful. obses, -idls, c . , a hostage; a pledge, surety, security. obslde5, -edi, -essus,''-ere [ob-sedeO]. a., hem in, beset, invest, blockade; watch closely for. obsidlo, -5nls, f., siege, investment, blockade; peril. ob-sidd, -ere, a., invest, occupy. (S) ob-sisto, -stltl, -stltus, -ere, a., stand in the way, oppose, withstand. obs-olescS, -lev!, -letus, -ere, u., grow old, decay, fall into disuse. obstlnatus, -a, -um, part, as adj., stubborn, obstinate. (S) ob-stipesc6, see obstupescd. Obstltl, perfect of obsisto and obstd. ob-std, -stiti, -are, n., stand in the way, hinder, thwart, obstruct. ob-strep5, -ul, -ere, a. and u., roar, resound; drown with noise. I OBSTRICTUS 58 OFFUNDO otistrlctus, p.p. of obstringO. ob-stringe, -strlnxi, •^trictus, -ere, a., bind, tie, fetter, hamper. obstruction -oxUS, f., abarrier, obstruction. obstructus, see obstrud. ob-strud, -axif -uctus, -ere, a.., build up, block, bar; hinder, obstruct. Ob-Stupefaclo, 3. v. a.* astound, render senseless, benuirib. obstnpesoo* -iii» -ere. "be wmazed. Ob-SUXU» irr. v. n., ftinder, hurt, injure, he prejudicial to. ob-tempero (opt-)» 1. v. u., comply with, attend to, submit to, obey. ob-testor, 1. v. dep., call as a witness, appeal to, protest. — Also, entreat, im- pldre, beseech. (S) obtlgi, see obtlngd. Obtlneo (opt-), -tini^, -tentus, -ere [ob-teneo], a. , hold, have, occupy , possess; keep, Tnaintain; assert, demon- strate; get possession of, gain, acquire. obtingo, -tigl, -ere [ob-tangd], a., fall to one's lot; happen, fall, occur. Obtrecto [ob-tract5]» 1. v. a. and n., detract from, disparage, decry;, be op- posed to, thwart, injure. obtull, see offerd. Ob-versor, 1. v. dep., move to and fro, go about, show one's self; hover or float before, appear to one. obverto (-vort-), -vertil -versus, -ere [Ob-vertd] a,., turn toward. Ob-vlam or Ob vlaxu, adv. , toward, against, to meet: fleii, venire {come to meet, meet). Obvlus, -a, -um, adj., in the way, meeting, 80 as to meet: esse {meet). OCcaslO, -onis, f., an occasion, oppor- tunity, fitting mom,ent: per occa- slonem {on a favorable opportunity). occasus, see occido. occasus, -Us, M., a going down, setting. — Fig., downfall, ruin, destruction, death. occldd, -cidi, -c&sus, -ere [ob-cadd], n., fall, die; be ruined, lost. occldo, -cidi, -cisus, -ere [ob-caedo], a., strike down, kill, slay, ocdudd, -si, -sus, -ere [ob-daudo], a., shut, dose, restrain. OCCUlte, adv., in secret, in concealment, privately. OCCUlto, 1. V. a., hide, conceal. occultus, -a, -um, adj., hidden, con- cealed, secret. occupatio, -5nls, n-., a seizing. — ^Fig., an occupation, business, employmetU, engagements. occupo, 1. V. a., take possession of, seize upon — occupatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., employed, busy, engaged. occurrd ( obc-) , -currS, -cursus, -ere [Ob-currd],Jn., run or go to meet, meet; come across, fall in with. — Fig., appear, occur, present or suggest itself. Oceanus, -f, m.. the ocean. Octllvlanus, -a, -um, adj., of Octcmius, Octavian. OctavlUS, -I, M , a gentile name. — E. g., Cn. Octavius, cos. 87. octavus, -a, -uzu, ord. num. adj., eighth. octo, card. num. adj., eight. (S) October, -brls, -bre.'^dj., of October. oculus, -f, M., the eye. odi, osUrus, -isse, def. v , hate. odiosus, -a, -um., adj., hateful, vexatious, annoying, troublesome. odium., -I, N., haired, grudge, animosity, enmity, aversion. odor, -5rls, m., a smell. oSendo (ob-f-), -fendi, -fensus, -ere. a. and n., hit, thrust, strike or dash against; hit, com.e or Hghi upon, ^neet, find. — Fig., blunder, make a m.iatake, fail, be unfortunate; dffend, give of- fense, shock, displease. — Offensus, -a, -um, p.p. as ad j . vexed, offended, embittered. — Also, offensive. o£Censi5, -onls f , a tripping — Fig., aversion, dielike, disgust, an accident, misfortune, oQensus, see oSendo. ofiero (obf-), obtuli, obliitus, oflerre [ob-fero], a , present rffer, show, exhibit, expose, adduce, bestow confer, inflict. Officio (obf-), -feci, -tectus, -ere [ob- facto], d , hinder, oppose, thwart, obstruct. (S) officiosus, -a -um, adj courteous, obliging, ready to serve; dutiful, obliga- tory, conscientious. Officlum., -i N., a service, kindness, favor, courtesy; av obligation duly. oSundo (Obf-) -Odi -usus, -ere [ob- fundo], pour out spread extend; cover, overspread. OLIM 59 ORNAMENTUM 51im, adv., once, formerly. Omen, -Inls. n., a sign, omen. omltto, 3. V. a. [Ob-mitto]. let go, let fall. — Fig. , let slip, pass over, omit, cease; give up, lay aside, neglect, diare^ gard. onmlnd, adv., altogether, wholly, entirely, at all, in all, ordy, omnis, -e, adj., ali, every ^ the whole of. onus, -erls, n., a load, burden. — Fig., care, trouble, difficulty. onustus, -a, -um, adj., loaded, laden, burdened. opera, -ae, p., service, pain^, exertion; dare {take pains, give attention). — PI., workmen; aiders, abetters, hired par' tisans, operio, -ul, -ertus, -Ire, a., cover over. — opertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hidden, concealed. — ^As subst., n.. In opertO (in a secret place). opUez, -ids, M., a laborer, workman, artisan. (S) Oplmlus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g., L. Opimiua, cos. 121. opixnus, -a, -um, adj., fat, fertile, rich, sumptuous. opinio, -dnis, f., supposition, conjecture, fancy, belief; one's own reputation; one's appreciation, esteem, judgment of another: latlus opinlone {more widely than one would have supposed) opinor, 1. V. dep., suppose, imagine, conjecture, think, believe. opitulor, 1. V. dep., hdp, aid, assist, succor. oportet, -uit, -ere, impera., it is neces- sary, becoming, proper, fit; one ought, mu^t, shoidd. opperior (oper-), -pertus, -iri, dep., wait, wait for. (S) oppeto (obp-), -Ivi, -itus, -ere [ob- petd], a.., m,eet, encounter. oppldO, adv., very, very much. oppidum, -I, N., a town. oppond, -posui, -positus, -ere [ob- pdno], a., set before, bring forward, allege, adduce. — op-positus, -a, -lun, p.p. as adj., opposite, opposed to, lying over against. opportunltas, -tails, f,, fitness, con- venience, suitableness; a fit time, favor- able opportunity. opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fit convene ient, opportune, advantageous. opposltus, p.p. of opp5nd. OpposltUS, -us, M., a placing or setting against, an opposing, oppressus, part, of opprlmd. opprlmo, -ess!, -essus, -ere [ob-premd]» a., overpower, subdue, suppress, over- whelm, overcome; surprise seize, catch, oppugno [ob-pugno], 1. v. a., attack, besiege; assail. ops, OplS, a-,, power, might; aid, help: property, wealth. Often plural. ops-, see Obs- for compounds with Ob. opt-, see obt-, for compounds with Ob. optatlus, comp. of optatum (opto). optimas, -atls, adj., of the best or noblest, aristocratic. — As subst. , optlm&tes, -lum, M., pi., the aristocratic party, the optimaies. optlme, superl. of biene. optlmus ^-umuis), superl. of bonus. Optd, 1. V. a., choose, select, wish {for), desire. — optatUS, -a, -um, p.p. els adj., desirable, pleasant. opus, -eris, n., work, labor; a military or public work, a work of art. — Esp., in nom. and ace. sing, with esse, need, want, necessity, necessary. — In abl. with magno, quanto, tanto, see magno- pere, etc. 5ra, pi. of OS. Cra, -ae, f., the coast, shore. dratld, -onis, f., speaking, language; a speech, oration, harangue; eloqu-ence. orator, -oris, m., a speaker. 6ratdriUS, -a, -um, adj., of the orator. orbls, -Is, M., a circle: terrae or terra- rum, see terra. ordlno, 1. v. a., order, arrange, dispose, regulate. 6rdlor, drsus, -iri, dep., begin, set about, undertake. 6rd5, -InlS, m., arrangem.ent, order; a layer, row, line, an order, rank, class, degree. OrestlUa, -ae f., Catiline^ s loife (see Aurelia) . orlor, ortus, oriri, dep., rise, appear; come or spring forth, grow, be descended . from. — orlens, -ntls, pres. p. as subst., the morning sun. — Hence, the East. Ornamentum, -I, n., ornament, mark oj ORNATE 60 PARllCEPS honor, decoration, embellishment. — Also distinction, honor. ornate, adv., elegantly. 5matus, see orno. drnatus, -us, m-, furniture, outfit- — Bsp., rich dressi costly apparel, ornaments. 5mo, 1. V. a., furnish, provide, equip; ornament, adorn, embellish. — Fig., Aonor, 6c an ornament to. — ornatUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., furnished, provided vnth; handsome, elegant; excellent, eminent, 0r5, 1. V a., apeak, plead, beg, entreat. Orpheus, -el, m., 1 The Thraeian bard. 2. A servant of Cicero's. drsus, p.p. of ordlor. ortus, p.p. of orior. ortus, -us, M., a rising. Gs, oris, N., the mouth- face. <05, o&SiS, N., a bone, ostendo, -d£, -tus, -ere [obs-tend5], a., exhibit, display. — Fig., disclose, show; declare, tell, make kriown, say. ostent&tlo, -ozils f . display. ostento, 1. V. a., show, display, vaunt, Ostiensls, -e, adj., of or at Ostia. Istlum, -I, N., a door; a mouth. otlosus, -a, -um, adj , idle, unemployed; calm., tranquil. dtlum, -S, N., ea^se, idleness; peace, quiet, tranquillity. P P., abbreviation for FUbUus. paciscor, pactus, -j dep , bargain, con^ tract. — ^pactus, -a. -um. p.p. as adj., settled, agreed upon, stipulated. paco, 1. V. a.., make peaceful, st^due.— pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj , peaceful, pacified, calm, tranquil. pactl5, -onis, f., an agreement, contract, bargain. pactum, -i, n., an agreement, contract. — Abl. in adverbial phrases, way, manner, means. pactus, p.p. of paciscor. pactus, p.p. of pangO. paene, adv., nearly, almost, I may {might) say. I paenltet, -ult, -ere, v. impers., it re- grets, dissatisfies: me paenltet (/ regret, am dissatisfied). palam, adv., openly, publ'icly. Fai&tlnus, -a, -um, adj.. of the Polaiium, Palatine. Palatlum, -i, n., the first of the seven hills of Rome. Pamphylla, -ae, p., ** country in Asia Minor. pando, pandl, passu?, -ere, a., extend, unfold, disclose, publish. pango, peplgl (pegi), pactus, -ere, a,., fasten, construct, agrtc upon. Panhormus, -i. f., a city of Sicily, now Palermo. Fansa, C, consul with Hirtius, 43. Paplus, -a, -um, adj , of Papius. — ^lex Fapla, a law providing for the depor- tation of foreigners frohi Italy. p3,r, paris, adj., equ^al, « match for; fit, proper, right. parate, adv., vnth preparation. paratus, -a, -um, part, and adj., ready, prepared. parco, pepercl, parsus, -ere, n., spare, show mercy to. parens, -a, -um, adj., thrifty, frugal, penurious. (S) parens, -ntls, adj., c, a parent. p^reo, -Ui, -ere, n., come forth, appear.' — Also, obey, submit to, comply with, con- sult for. paries, -letls, m., a {house) wall. parld, peperi, partus (fut. p. paritU- rus), -ere, n., bring forth, bear, produce. — Fig., create, accomplish, cauSe, pro- cure. par&, 1. V. a., prepare, furnish, provide, contrive, design; resolve, determine, be aboul to; procure, get. — paratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj . , prepared, ready; fitted', equipped, skilled. parrlcida (pari-), -ae, m., a murderer of a near relative, an assassin. — Fig., a traitor. parrlcldlum (pari-), -i, n., parricide, murder. — Fig., treason. pars, partis, p., a part, portion, share; a party, faction, side (often pi.); a part or character on the stage (always pi.); duty, function; a part, place, district, region, direction. Parthus, -I, m., a Parthian; inhabitant of Parthia, to the east of Syria. Com- monly plural. partlceps, -ipls, adj., sharing, partaking of, participating in. — As subst., a part- ner, comrade, associate, accomplice. PARTIM 61 PEDESTER partlm, adv., parity, in part, a part, soTne of, some: partim . . . partlxn (some . others; either . . .or). partus, p.p. of parlo. panun, adv., too little, not enoi^h, not very, inau^iciently. parvulus (-olus), -a, -um, adj., smalls little, petty, slight. parvus, -a, -um, adj., little, small, petty, inconsiderable. p&sco, pavi, pastus, -ere, a. and u., feed, nourish, support. — Fig., feast, delight, graUfy. — Pass., he fed; feed, pasture. passus, p.p. of pando and patlor. passus, -us, M., a step, a pace. P&stlO, -onis, F., a pasturing, grazing, pasture. p&Stor, -oris, m., u herdsman, shepherd, cow-boy. pastus, p.p. of pasc3. patefaclo, 3. v. »., lay or throw open, open.— Fig. , expose, detect, bring to light, disclose. . pated, -ui, -ere, n., stand, lie or be open, stretch out, extend. — Fig., be accessible; be clear, plain, evident, manifest.^ patens, -ntis, pres. p. as adj., open. pater, -trls, m., a father: famllias (a householder) . — ^In pi., fathers, fore- fathers, ancestors. — Also as a title of honor, e&pecially of the senate: patres conscript! {Conscript Fathers). patera, -ae, f.7 a bowl, shallow cup. (S) patemus, -a, -um, adj., of a father, fatherly, paternal.- patlens, -entis, pres. part, of patlor. patientla, -ae, f. , patience, endurance; forbearance, indulgence. patior, passus, pati, dep., support^ undergo, suffer, endure; allow, permit, let. — patlens, -ntis, pres. p. as adj., enduring, patient, tolerant. patrla, -ae, f., one's native land; one's native city, patricius, -a, -um, adj., patrician. — As subst., pi., the patricians. patrimonium, -i, n., an inheritance. patrius, -a, -um, adj., of a father, of one's ancestors; hereditary, ancestral. patro, 1. V. a., carry out, perform, accom- plish. (S) patrOoinium, -I, n., protection, defense patronage. (S) patrSnus, X, m , a protector, defender; advocaie. patruus, -I, M., a father's brother, pater- nal uncle. paucltas, -t&tls. f., fewness. paucus, -a, -um, adj. (usually pi.) a few, only a few. paulatim, adv.. little by little, gradually. (S) pauliSper, adv., for a little while, for a short time. ' paultllunx, adv.. u little, a very little, somewfuU. (S) paulum, adv., see paulus. paulus, -a, -um, adj., little, small. — As subst., paulum, -I, n., a little, a trifle. — Adverbially in abl. and ace. n., a little,, 8om,ewhat, slightly. Paulus -I, M , a family name.— E. g,, 1. L. Aemilius Paulus', the conqueror of Pers^ in 168. 2. L. Aemilius Paulus, praetor 53, cos. 50, accuser of Catiline. (S) paupert&s, -tatis, n:, poverty. (S) pavi, from p&scd, and paved. paved, pavi, -ere, a. and n., tremble, be afraid, quake with fear. (S) pax, -cis, F., peace. pecc^tum, -I, N., u fault, error, mistake, transgression, sin. pecco, 1. V. n., make a mistake, trans- gress, commit a fault, offend, sin. pecto, pexl, pexus, -ere, a., co b. pectus, -oris, n., the breast; heart, feel- ings; soul, mind. pecuarius, -a, -um, adj., of cattle. — As subst. , M. , a cattle-breeder; P. , cattle-breeding. peculatus, -us, m., embezzlement of public money. pecullarls, -e, adj., one's own; proper, special, peculiar. pecunia, -ae, p., property, wealth, riches. — Esp., money. pecunidsus, -a, -um, adj., rich. pecus, -oris, n.. cattle. pecus, -udis, p., a beast, brute, animal. pedes, -Itls, M., one on foot or afoot. — Esp., o foot-soldier. (S) pedester, -trls, -tre, adj., on foot, pedestrian; of afoot-soldier. PEDETEMPTIM 62 PERFUNGOR pedetemptim (-tentlm), adv., atep by step, atowly, cautioitsly. peior, comp. of malus. pelus, comp. of malum and male. pello, pepuli, pulsus, -ere. a., beat strike; drive out, banish; rotit, put to flight. Felopldes* -ae, m., a descendant or follower of Pelops. Penates, -ium., m., the Penates, guardian gods of the family, pendeo, pependl, -ere, n., hang, over- hang, depend upon. pendd, pependi, pensus, -ere, a and II., weigh (out); pay, pay out; suffer or undergo. — Fig., ponder, consider. (S) penetro, 1. v. n. and u,, enter, press or penetrate into. penltUS, adv., deeply, far within; com- pletely, wholly, entirely, penslto, 1. V. a., weigh (oui), pay. pensum, -I, n . (part, of pendd, as subst.), weight, importance. pependl, see pendeo and pendo. peperci, see pared. peperi. seeparlo. pepuli, see pello. per, prep, with ace, through, through- out, all over or along. — Of the agent, through, by, by means of. — Of the cause, for, by, on account of. — Of time, through, during, for. — In comp,, through, thor- oughly, very. per-adulescens, -ntis, adj., very young. per-agro, 1. v. a. and n., wander or travel over or through. — Fig., traverse, spread through. per-an^ustus, -a, -um, adj-. very narrow. per-benevolus, -a, -um. adj., very kind, very friendly. per-brevis, -e, adj., very short, brief or concise. percelld, -cull, -culsus, -ere, ^i., beat or throw down, overturn. — Fig., overthrow, ruin, destroy. perclpid, -cepi, -ceptus, -ere [per- capio], a., take possession of, get, obtain. — Fig., perceive, observe; understand, know. percommode, adv., very conveniently, by good fortune. per-oontor (-cunctor). 1. v. dep- ask, question. (S) per-crebresco (-besco) , -brul (-bul) , -ere, n , become prevalent, spread abroad, be generally known. percull, see percelld. percussor, -oris, m., a striker, murderer, assassin. percutlo, -Gussl, -cussus, -ere [per-qua- tio], a,., strike, thrust or pierce through; slay, kill. — Fig., strike, visit (with calamity) . perdldl, see perdo. per-dd, -dldi, -dltus, -ere, a., destroy, ruin, waste, lose. — perdltus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., hopeless, desperate, ruined; abandoned, corrupt; disloyal. per-doceo, 2. v. a., teach thoroughly. per-duco, 3. v. »., lead, brin^, conduct, guide; prolong. peregrlnor, l . v. dep . , live or travel abroad. peregrinus, -a. -um, adj., strange, foreign, exotic. perennis, -e, adj., everlasting, unceasing, unfailing. per-eo, irr. v. n., run through; pass away, perish, be lost. per-exlguus, -a, -um, adj., very small, little, short, petty. perfectio, -onis, £., a finishing, com- pleting, perfection. perfectus. see perflcid. per-fero, v. irr. a., carry or briTig (through), complete, accomplish; carry news, tell, relate, pass (a law). — Fig., p&^mit, endure, suffer. perflcio, -feci, -fectus, -ere fl/er-faclO], a., accomplish, perform, finish, com- plete; cause, effect, bring to pass. — perfectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., finished, compile; perjsct, excellent, exquisite. perfringo, -fregi, -fractus, -ere [per- frangd], a.., break or burst through, down or in pieces. — Fig , break through, infringe, violate. per-fruor, 3. v. dep , enjoy fully or thoroughly. perfuga, -ae, m., ^ deserter. (S) per-fugld. 3 v. n., flee (to a place) for refuge, take refuge in. (S) perfugium, -I, n., a place to flee to, u shelter, asylum, refuge. per-fungor, 3. v dep.. f^Ml, perform, PERGO 63 PERTERREO discharge. — Also, go through, undergo. — Hence, get through with, he rid of or done with. pergo, perrexl. perrectus, -ere [per- regS], a. and n., proceed, go on, pass on; continue, proceed with. per-gratus, -a, -um, adj., very gratifying, very pleasant, per-horresco« -rui, -ere, a., and n., tremble or shudder (at). periclltor, 1. v. dep., try, prove, test, make trial of. — Also, be in danger, be endangered, be exposed to danger. periclum, see periculum. perlculosus, -a, -uzn» adj., dangerous, hazardous. periculum, -i, n., a trial, proof, experi- ment; risk, hazard, danger. perizao or per-exno, 3. v. a.., destroy, cut off, hinder. per-inde, adv., in the same manner, just as, equally. per-iniquus, -a, -um, adj., very unfair, m.ost unjust. peritus, -a, -um, adj . , experienced^ practiced, skilled, skilful, expert. periuriuzn, -i, n., a false oath, perjury. perlatus, see perfero. perlego, -legi, -lectus, -ere, a., read through, read thoroughly. (S) per-magnus, -a, -um, adj., very great, large, high. per-maneo, 2. v. n., stay to the end, hold out, last, continue, endure, remain, persist. permisceo, -miscul, -mixtus, -ere, «,., m,ix thoroughly, confuse, (S) per-mitto, 3. v. a., give up, entrust^ surrender, commit; give leave, let, allow, suffer. per-modestus, -a, -um, adj . , very moderate, modest, shy. per-moveo, 2. v. a., Tnove, stir up. — Fig., excite, influence, induce. per-multus, -a, -um, adj., very much^ very many. perm.'Oltatlo, -onls, f a change, alter- ation, revolution. pernlcies, ace -em, jt., destruction, j-uin. overthrow, disaster, calamity. — Fig., bane, pest, plague, curse pemlciosus, -a, -um, adj., destructive, ruinous, baleful. per-nobiUs, -e, adj., very famous. per-noct5, l..v. n., stay all night, pass the night. per-oratio, -onts, f., conclusion (of a speech), peroration. per-oro, l. v. u,., completely plead; finish, conclude. perpello, -puU, -pulsus, -ere, »., drive, force, prevail on. (S) per-pendo, -pendl, -ere, a., weigh care- fully, examine, consider. perpetlor, -pessus, -I [per-patlor], dep., suffer with patience, abide, endure. (S) perpetud, adv., constantly, always, for- ever. perpetuus, -a, -um., adj., corUinuous, uninterrupted, unbroken, entire, perma- nent; oratio (full presentation of a case); In perpetuum. (forever). Persae, -arum, m., pi. (sing, -es, -ae), the Persians. per-saepe, adv., very often. per-scrlbo, 3. v. a., write out. per-seg.uor, 3. v. dep., follow after, pur- sue, engage in; come up with, overtake; prosecute, take vengeance on. Ferses, -ae, m., the last King of Mace- donia. perseverantla, -ae, a-., constancy, stead- fastness. persevere,* 1. v. n., abide by, go on with, persist in, per-solvo, 3. v. a., pay, show, render: poenas (suffer). persona, -ae, p., a mask; a character or part. persplclo, -ex!, -ectus, -ere, u.. , see through, look into or at; view, examine, inspect. — Fig., perceive, note, observe, ascertain. persplcue, adv., evidently, clearly, inani- festly, plainly. persplCUUS, -a, -um, adj., evident, clear, manifest, per-stringo, -inxi, -ictus, -ere, a., graze, touch closely; wound. — Fig., cen- sure, blame. per-SuadeO, 2. v. a. and u., convince, persuade; prompt, induce. per-tenuis, -e, adj., very slight, slender, weak per-terreo. -Itus, -ere. » , frighte:i or terrify thoroughly. PERTIMESCO 64 PLACEO pcr-tlmescO, -mui, -ere, a,, and u., be very much frightened, fear.greatly, pertlnacla, -ae, f., perseverance, con- stancy. — In bad sense, obstinacy, wil- fulnesB. ' pertlnax, -ads, adj., persevering, uvr- yielding, obstinate. pertlne5, -ul, -ere [per-teneo], n., reach, extend. — Also, relate, pertain, have reference to, concern, be pertinent. pertuli, see perfero. perturbatid, -onis, f., confusion, dis- order, disquiet, reoolution. per-turbd, 1. v. »., throw into confusion or disorder, disturb, embarrass, confound. pervado, -si, -ere, u,. and ii., pass or spread through, penetrate, pervade, fill. per-vagor, 1. v. dep. wander through, overrun, spread out, pervade, become common. — ^pervagatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wide-spread, well known. per-venlo, 4. v. u., come (to), arrive (a/), reach, attainto. perversus, p.p. of pervertd. per-verto (-vorto), 3. v. a., overthrow, destroy, ruin, corrupi.— perversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., askew, aivry. — Fig., perverse, wrong, evil, bad. pes, pedis, M., afoot, the foot. Fescennlus, -i, m., the name of a freed- man of Cicero. • pessime, superl. of male. pestifer, -era, -erum, adj., destructive, noxious, pernicious. pestilentia, -ae, >., a plague, pestis, -Is, F., a plague, pest, pestilence; destruction, ruin, death. — Of a person, curse, poison. petitlo, -dnls, d-,, a thrust, pass, attack; a soliciting for oifice, canvass. pet6, petlvl, petitus, -ere, a,., attack, assault, aim or thrust at, go to, make for, travel to; demand, require, ask, entreat; endeavor to obtain, canvass for, be a can- didate for. Fetreius, -I, m., a gentile name. — E. g., M. Petreius, the legatus of C. Antonius, and later of Pompey in Spain. petul&ns, -ntlS, adj., forward, saucy, impudent, brazen. petulantla, -ae, f., sauciness, impudence, wantonness. pexu^, p p. of pectd. FharsS.lia, -ae, f., the region about Pharsalus. Fharsalicus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Pharsalus. FharsalUS, -i, f., a city of Thessaly, scene of Caesar's victory over Pompey. Phlletaerus, -i, m., a freedman or client of Cicero. FhlUpplcus, -a, -um, adj., relating to Philippus. — -Esp., as subst., p., « pow- erfvl invective. FhlUppus, -i, M., 1, A King of Mace- donia. 2. L. Philippus, cos. 91. phllosophla, -ae, f., philosophy. phllosophus, -a, -um, adj., philosoph- ical. — As subst., 43. philosopher. placulum, -i, n, , propitiatory offering, atonement; the victim. Plcenum, -i, m., a district N. E. of Kome. PIcenus, -a, -um, adj., of Picenum. pictor, -oris, m., a painter. pictUra, -ae, f., the art of painting, paint- ing, a picture. pictus, p.p. ot plngo. pie, adv., piously, religiously, dutifully, pletas, -tatls, f.. piety, patriotism,, filial or parental affection. plget, -uit, V. impers., it wearies, 'makes one tired.* plla, -ae, f.. a ball; the game of ball, piLum, -1, N., a (heavy) javelin. (S) plngo, pinxi, pectus, -ere, a., paint, embroider, decorate. (S) plnguls, -e, adj., fat, fertile, rich; dull, gross, stupid. pirata, -ae, m., a corsair, pirate. FIso, -dnls, M.. a family name. — E. g., 1. C. Calpurnius Piso, co.s. 67. (S) 2. Cn. Calpurnius Piso, in plot to kill consuls in 66. (S) 3. M. Pupivs Piso Calpurnianus, cos 61. 4. L. Cal- purnius Piso Caesoninus, cos. 58 (the father-in-law of Caesar). 5. C. Cal- pumivs Piso Ftugi. Cicero's son-in-law. Fistorlensls, -e, adj., of Pistorium (Pistona), a city in Etruria. (S) plus, -a, -um, adj., dutiful (to gods, pE^rents, country, etc.) , devout, loyal, tender, loving, kind. Flus, see Metellus. pi., abbrev. forplebls. placed, 2. V. n., please, be acceptable. — PLACIDE 65 PORCIUS Usually impers., it pleases, seems right, best, is agreed, is resolved, is decided. placlde, adv., mildly, gently. (S) placo, 1. V. a. reconcile; quiet, calm, appease, pacify. plaga, -ae, f , a blow, stroke, cut, wound, stripe; injury. PlancluSy -i, m., u. gentile name. — E. g. , Cn. Plancius, quaestor in Macedonia 58. plane* adv., 8im,ply, clearly, distinctly; wholly, entirely. planltla (-es), -ae, p. (ace. -am or -em), o level ground, fiat surface, plain. (S) planus, -a, -um, adj., even, level, fiat; plain, clear, distinct. Flat5, -onis, m., the founder of the Academic philosophy. plaudo, -si, -sus, -ere, n., strike; clap the hands, applaud. plausus, 'VLB, u., a clapping of the hands, applause, PlautlUS, -a, -um, adj., of the gens Plautia. — Esp. lex Plautla plebecula, -ae, f., the mob, rabble. ple'belus, -a, -um, adj., of the common people, plebeian, vidgar. plebs (-bis), -bis, or plebes, -el (or -I), F., the commons, the plebeians, see p. 51, §§21,22. plenus, -a, -um, adj., fuU, filled. plerumque, adv. , for the most part , commonly, very often. plerusque, -raque, -rumque, adj., the greater part, the most, most. ploratus, -us, m.., lamentation, entreaty. Flotlus, -I, M., a gentile name. — As adj., ofPlotius, Plotian. plurlmus, superl. of multus. plus, comp. of multus. pluvius, -a, -um, adj., of rain; aqua (rain, or surface-water). poe-. see also pu-. poema, -atls, n. (da£. and abl. pi. -atis), a poem. poena, -ae, f., compensation, satisfaction, punishment, penalty. Foeni, -orum, m. pi., the Carthaginians, poenltet, see paenltet. poeta, -ae, m., a poet polio, 4. v. a., smooth, polish. — Fig., polish, refine, adorn. pollens, -ntls, part, as adj., strong, powerful. (S) polllceor, 2. v. dep., hold forth, offer, promise. poUlcltor, 1. V. dep., freq. of polliceoj, promise. poUuo, -ul, -titus, -ere [pro-luo], s , soil, defile. — Fig., dishonor, desecrate. ( j ) Fompeianus, -a, -um, adj., of or near the city of Pompeii. — As subst., m., pi. , the people of Pompeii. PompelUS, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. i^. 1. Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 141. 2. Cn. Pompeius Magnus, the triumvir. — 3. Q. Pompeius Rufus, sent to protect Capua against the conspirators in 63. — As adj., ofPompey; E. g., via Fom- pela, in Sicily. Fomponlus, -I, m., a gentil« name. — ^E. g., T. Pom,ponius Atiicus, see on Ep. 1. Sal., AttlCO. Fomptlnus (FontI-), -I, m., a family name. — Esp., C. Pomptinus, praetor 63. pond, posui, posltus, -ere, a. , put, place, set, lay, post, station; lay or put down or aside. — Fig., put, place, cause to rest, count upon, depend, found. — posltus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., set, situated, standing, lying. pons, -tls, M., a bridge. pontifex (pontu-), -ficis, m., a pontifex, seep. 64, §§81, 82. PQntlficatus, -us, m., the office of Ponti- fex. (S) PontUS, -I, M., the Black Sea. — Also, a district in Asia Minor. PopQlUS, -S, M., a gentile name. — E. g., C. Popilius, convicted of embezzlement 70. popina, -ae, n-., u cook-snop, eating- hou^e, low tavern. poposci, see posco. popularls, -e, adj., of or belonging to the people, demacraiic. — Esp., as subst., pi., adherents to, partisans of (w. gen.). popularlter, adv., in the interests of the people. populus, -X, M., a people, the people: Romanus (the people of Rome, includ- ing all classes, see p. 47, § 1. — Also, excluding the higher classes, see p. 51, §§21,22). Forcius, -i, M., a gentile name, see GatO. — As adj., Pordan; see Index under lex. PORRIGO 66 PRAECLARE porrlg5, -rexl, -rectus, -ere [pr6-ree5], a., put or stretch forth, reach out, i,ffer, present, grant. pOlTO, adv. , forward, onward; hence- forth, in the fviure; then, moreover, besides. porta, -ae, f., a gate, door. portatio, -onls, p., a carrying, trans- portation. portendd, -tendl, -tentus, -ere, a., foretell, portend. (S) portentum, -I, n., a sign, token; monster, monstrosity. — Fig., a strange tale, won- derful story. porto, 1. V. a., bring, carry. portuosus, -a, -um, adj., rich in (lit. full of) harbors. portus, -lis, M., a harbor, haven.^-Fig., place of refuge. pOSCO, poposci, -ere, a., ask, beg, demand, request, desire. posltus, p.p. of pono. possesslo, -onls, f., a seiziTig, occupying; possession, occupation; possessions, prop- erty. posslded, -sedl, -sessus, -ere, Ipro- sldeo], Ja,., own, possess; occupy, enjoy. possido, -sedl, -sessus, -ere [pr5- Sldo], a., take possession of , seize upon for one's self. possum, potui, posse, irr. v. u., be able, have power, can. post, adv., behind, back; afterward, after; then, next. — ^post quazu or postquam (conjunction), after. post, prep, with ace, behind, after; in- ferior to, less important than. postea, adv., after this, hereafter, after- ward. — postea quam or postea- CLuam (conjunction), after. posteaquam, see postea. posteritas, -tatis, f., future time, futurity, future generations. pOSterus, -a, -um, adj., coming after, following, next, ensuing, future; In posterum (/or the future). — poster!, -orum, M., pi., posterity, future gener- ations. — Superl., postremus, -a, -um, the hindmost, last; lowest, basest, mean- est. — postrem.d, abl, as adv., lastly, finally. posthac, adv. , hereafter. postquam, see post. postremo, see posterns. postremus, see posterus. postridle, adv., the next day. p08tul&ti5, -onis, F., a demand, request, desire. postulo, 1. V. »., ask, demand, require, request, desire. posui, see p5nd. potens, -ntls, adj., able^ mighty, powerful, having power over. potentla, -ae, f., might, power; authority, sway, influence. (S) potestas, -tatls,. f., ability, power; pos- sibility, opportunity. — Esp., magisterial (.civil) power, authority, privilege. potior, 4. V. dep., become master of, take possession of. potior, -us, adj. comp., belter, preferable, mare desirable. — ^potius, neut. ace. as adv., rather. — Superl., potlsslmus, -a, -um, principal, most prominent. — po- tlSSlmum, neut. ace. as adv., rather than any . . . else, preferably. poto, 1, v. a., drink. (S) potui. see possum. potus, -a, -um, adj . , drunken, intoxi- cated. pr. = pridle. prae, prep with abl., before, in front of; in comparison with; for, by reason of, on account of. — In comp . , before, in front. prae-acutus, -a, -um, adj., sharpened at the end, pointed. , praebed, 2. v. a. [prae-habed], offer, present, furnish, display, grant, cause, occasion. praeceps, -clpltls, adj., head foremost, headlong.— Fis-, hasty, rash, precipitate. praeceptum., -I, n. , a maxim, rule, order, command, teaching. praecido, ^cldl, -cisus, -ere [prae- caedo], a., cut off. — Fig., cvi short, end. praedpLo, -cepi, -ceptus, -ere [prae- caplo], a. and n., take or seize before- hand, gel the start of. — Fig. , advise, warn, instruct, bid, order. praeclpue, adv., chiefly, especially. p raecipuus, -a, -um, adj . , peculiar, especial, extraordinary. praeclare, adv , very clearly, admirably, excellently. PRAECLARUS 67 PRAETERQUAM prae-cl&rus, -a, -uzn, adj , very dear or bright. — Fig., magniJicerU, noble, famoua^ excellent, cel^rated. praecludo, -si, -sus, -ere [prae-claud5], a., ahtU, dose; prevent, impede. praecd, -ozUs, m., a crier, see p. 61, § 71. praeconlus, -a, -um, adj.. of a crier. — Subst., praeconlum, -i, n., a herald- ing, cel^rating. prae-curro, -cucurrl (rarely -currl), -ere, n., run or hasten on before or in advance. — Fig., excel, surpaaa. praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoil. praed&tor, -Oris, m.. a robber. praedlc&ti5, -onls, f., a^rmation; a prodaTtiation, publication; praising, praise. prae-dic5, 1. v. a., pvbliah, proclaim; reUUe, staie, declare. prae-dicd, 3. v. »., mention or say before- hand, predict, foretell. praeditus, -a, -um [prae-datus], adj., gifted, provided, poaaeaaed, furnished. praedium, -I, n., a farm. praedo, -onis, m., a robber. praedor, 1. v. dep., plunder, rob. prae-e5, -ii (-ivi), -ire, irr. v. n., go before, lead the way; prescribe, dictate. praefectlira, -ae, f., a city governed by a prefect, a prefecture. praefectus, -I, ta., a governor ol a. pvaviocB, conquered city, etc. prae-fero, irr. v. a., carry in front, hold before, show, exhibit; prefer^ value more, esteem above. praeflclo, -feci, -fectus, -ere [prae- facio], a., set over, put at the head or in command of. prae-hendo, see pre-, prae-mltto, 3. v. »., send on, forward or in advance. praemlum, -I, n., a reward. prae-moneo, 2. v. ^i.., forewarn. Fraeneste, -is, n., a city S. E. of Rome. prae-pono, 3. v. a., put first, place in command or charge. — Fig., set above, pref^ to. prae-posterus, -a, -um, adj., perverted, distorted, abaurd, unreaaoTiable. praerlpio, -rlpui, -reptus, -ere [prae- raplo], a., take away, carry off, forestall. praerogatlvus, -a, -uzn, adj., voting first. — As subst., f., the tribe or century voting first, see p. 54, §§ 33-35. — Fig., a sure sign; favor , aid. prae-scribo, 3. v. a., order, appoint, direct, command, dictate. praesens, pres. p. of praesum. praesentia, -ae, p., presence. — ^In presen- sentl& {ai the moment, for the present)^ prae-sentl6, 4. v. a., perceive before' hund, have a preaeniimerU, of, presage, divine. praesertim, adv., especially: praeser- tim cum {eaped.ally as, and that though). praesideo, -sedi, -ere [prae-sedeO], a. and n., protect; preside over. praesidlum., -I, n., u defense, protection, help, aid; a gmtrd, escort, garriaon; an entrenchment, cam/p, poat. praestans, p.p. of praest5. praesto, adv., at hand, ready, present, here; esse (meet, wait upon). prae-stO, -iti, -itus (fut. p. -st&turus), -Sfe, n., stand at the front, be superior, excel. — Impera., praestat (it is better). — Also, »., vouch for, be reaponaible for, warrant; fulfil, discharge; show, ex- hibit; offer, fumiah. — praestans, -ntis, pres. p. as adj , pre-eminent, remark- able, excellent, diatinguished. praestolor, 1. v. dep., atand ready for, wait for, expect. prae-sum,, irr. v. a., be at the front, at the head or in com/mand of, preaide or rule over, superintend. — praesens, -ntis, pres. p. as adj., present, in person, at hand, in sight, evident; prompt, direct, efficacious, powerful; collected, resolute. praeter, adv. , except, excepting, urdeaa, save. praeter, prep, with ace, past, by, beyond, againat, contrary to, above, mere than, beaidea, in addition to, except. praeterea, adv., beaidea, moreover, again. praeter-eo, -il, -itus, -Ire, irr. v. a. and n., go by or past, pass by, overtake; pass over, leave out, not mention, neglect to do. — praeteritus, -a, -um., p.p. as adj., gone by or past, departed. — As subst., n. pi., the past, bygonea. praeter-mitto, 3. v. a.., let pass; omit, neglect, leave undone; make no mention of, overlook. praeterquam,, conj , beyond, beaidea, except. FRAETERVECTIO 68 PROCUL praet^rvectio, -duls; f., a passing by. praetfextatus, *a, -uxn, adj , wearing the Pfetexta, young. praetextus, -a, -urn, adj., bordered, edged. — Aa subst., f., the toga praetex- ta, having a purple border and worn by children and magistrate. — alienee, In praetexta, m childhood. praetor, -oris, m,, a head, chief, preeident, commander. — Esp., a praetor, see p. 59, §§59,60. praetOrlum, -I, n., the general's tent (in camp), the governor's residence (in a province) . praetorlus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to a praetor: cohors (a general's body- guard). — As subst., M., an ex-praetor. praetura* -ae, f., the office of a praetor, a praetorship. prandeo. -di, -anaus. -ere, take treah- ■fast, Vunch. pr3.vltas, -tatlS, *■., irregidarity; impro- priety, viciousneBS. pr&vus, -a, -um, adj . , misshapen; irregular, perverse, improper. (S) prec£tl6, -dnis, f., a prayiiig, prayer. precor, 1. v. dep., ask, entreat, supplicate. prehend5 ( prae-) , and prendo, -dl, -BUS, -ere, a., lay hold of, seize, surprise. prem5, -essi, -essus, -ere, a., press, cover, burden; press upon, overwhelm. pretium, -I, n., pripe, value; money, wages, reward, bribe: operae est {it is worth while). (prex, precis), f. (only in abl. sing, and'in pi.) , a prayer, request. prtdem, adv., long ago. Often with lam. pridie, adv., on the day before. prlmo, adv., at first, in the begirvning, first. primum, adv., at first, first, in the first place; for the first time. — CUm (or Ut) prImum (as soon as). primus, -a, -um, adj. (superl. of prior), the first, foremost, chief, principal, most excellent, eminent or distinguished: cum primis and In prlmls (among the first, chiefly, especially). princeps, -IplS, adj., first, chief, most eminent. — As subst., m., the first, lead- ing or principal person, a head, author, originator, leader, contriver. principatus, -us, m., the first place, pre-eminence, leadership. princlplum, -J, n., a beginning. — prin- ciplo, abl. as adv., in the beginning.. prior, -us, adj. comp., former, previous. — prlus, N. ace. as adv., before, sooner, first; prlus quam or prlusquam, conj., before. pristlnus, -a, -um, adj., former, early, primitive, original, ancient. prlus, prlus quam, see prior. prlvatlm, adv., individually, personally, privately. (S) privatus, p.p. of privo. prlvlleglum, -I, n., a bill or law for or against an individual. privlgnus, -i, t\., stepson. (S) privo, 1. V. a., bereave, deprive; release, deliver. — privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., belonging to the indimdual, private, apart from the state; not in office, in private life. — As subst., m., a private citizen. pro, prep, with abl., before, in front of. — Fig., for, in favor of, for the benefit of; on account of, in return for; in place of, instead of, acting as; in proportion to, in com.parison with, accordinj to, by virtue of. — In comp., before, forth. pro, interj., 0! Ah! Alas! pro-avus, -i, m., a great-grandfather.— In general, an ancestor, probatus, p.p. of probS. probe, adv., rightly, properly, fitly, excellently; very thoroughly. probltas, -tatls, f., goodness, worth, honesty, uprightness. prob5, 1. V. a., try, test, judge of; ap- prove, recommend, show to be good; show, prove, demonstrate. — prob&tUS, -a, -um, p.p . as adj . , tried, tested, approved, good, excellent, esteemed. probriim,,-i,:v.j disgrace^ shameful act. probus, -a, -um, adj., good, proper, superior, upright, honest. (S) procax, -ads, adj., forward, bold, imper- tinent. (S) pr5cedd, -cessi, -cessum, -ere, v n., advance, go forward, come forth. procella, -ae, f., a storm, tempest, hurri- cane. prdcessl5, -onls, f., a marching on, an advance. procul, adv., at a distance, afar off, from afar, remote. PROCUEATIO 69 PROPIOR pr6our&tl5, -OnlS, f., superintendence, management, administration, procur&tort -Oris, m., a manager, agent, deputy, steward. prod-eo, 4. V. irr., go or come forth, appear. prOdlgium, -I, n., art omen, portent; monster, prodigy. prOdlgus, -a, -um, adj., wasteful, lavish, — As subst. , a spendthrift. prO-dd, -dldlt -dltus, -ere, a., put or brin^ forth; publish, make knovm, hand down; appoint, create; betray, sur- render treacherously, abandon. pro-dUc5, 3. v. a., bring or lead forth, out or forward; educate, bring up. proellor, 1. v. dep., fight. proelium, -I, n., a battle. prof anus, -a, -um, adj., not holy, com- mon, profane. (S) profectid, -OnlS, f., u going away, set- ting oui, departure. profecto, adv., really, assuredly, cer- tainly. profectus, see proflolscor. pro-ferd, irr. v. a., bring or carry forth, oui or forward, produce, make known, reveal, cite, mention: rebus prolatis (during vacation). professio, -onis, f., a public acknow- ledgment, avowal, declaration. proficlo, -feci, -fectus, -ere [pr5- facid], u. advance, make progress, be useful. proficiscor, -fectus, -I, dep., set out, start, go, proceed; begin, commence. profiteor, -fessus, -eri, dep., own, avow, confess; offer freely, propose, promise, make promises. profllgd, 1. V. a., strike, dash or cast dovin, overwhelm, ruin, destroy. — pro- fligatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ruined, wretched, corrupt, dissolute, profligate. pro-fuglo, 3. V. u , flee, run away, escape. profugus, -a, -um, adj., runaway, fugitive, exiled. pro-fundo, 3. v. a., pour forth, shed copiously; dissipate, squander, lavish. — profusus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., lavish, extravagant; costly, expensive. pro-fundus, -a, -um, adj., deep, profound, vast. — As subst., n., an abyss, gulf. prof t&sS, adv. , freely, excessively. (S) profQsus. see profundd. progenies, ace. -em, abl. -e, f., descent, race, family; offspring. progredlor, -gressus, -X, dep., come or go forth, advance, proceed. prohlbeo, 2. v a. [prd-habed], hold back, restrain, hinder, prevent, avert; keep, preserve, defend. prOlclO, -led, -lectus, -ere [pr5-lacl0], a., throw forth, cast out, drive away, banish; resign, renounce. pro-lnde, adv., just so, in like manner, just; hence, accordingly, therefore, then. prdl&t5, -are, a. and n., lengthen, extend; put off, delay, defer. pr31&tus, p.p. of prdfer5. prd-mereo, -Ul, -ere, a., deserve, earn, gain, win. prOmlscuus, -a, -um, adj., mingled without distinction, promiscuous. prdmlssum, -I, n., a promise. prd-m.lttdr 3. v- a., let hang down, put forth; promise, assure. promptus, -a, -um, adj . ready, quick, inclined to. (S) prOmulgO, 1. v a. and ii , propose in public; propose to enact pr5-nfUltld, 1 v a., make known, pub- lish, proclaim, announce pronus, -a, -um., adj , leaninj forward or downward, face down. (S) prOpagO, 1. V. a., propagate; eziend^ enlarge, prolong, preserve. propatulUS, -a, -um, adj . .. open, un^ covered. — As subst. , propatulum, -I, N . , an open place. prope, adv., near, nigh; nearly, alTnostf about. prope, prep, with ace, near to, hard by^ not far from. (S) prope diem or propedlem, adv., ai an early day; soon, shortly. propello, -pull, -pulsus, -ere, a., drive forward, beat off, repel. (S) prope modum or propemodum, adv., nearly, almost. propere, adv., hastily. (S) propero 1. v. a and n,, hasten. proplnQUUS, -a, -um, adj., near, neigh~ borittg; kindred, related. — As subst., a relative, kinsman. proplor, -us, adj compar , nearer. PROPONO 70 PUBLICUS mgher, more closely related. — Superl., proximus, see below. pro-pOno, 3. v a., pu( forth, lay, place or set out or before, expose, display — -Fig., imagine, conceive; point out, represent, report, say, publish; threaten, denounce; resolve, intend, design, determine. proprius, -a, -um, adj . , one's own, special, particular., proper, peculiar, characteristic. propter, adv., near at hand. propter, prep., near, close to; on account of, by reason of, from, for, because of. propter-ea, adv., therefore, for that reason, on that account. propugnaculum, -X, n., a bulwark, fortrpss, tower, defense. propulso, -atus, -are, ^., drive back, V ard off, repel, avert. prd-rlpio, -ui, -reptus, -ere, a., drag forth. — Fig. (se), ru^h, hurry. prorsus, adv., by all means, certainly, entirely, absolutely. j prd-scribo, 3. v. a., pubtish, advertise, proscribe, outlaw. (S) pr6scrlpti5, -onis, f., a notice of sale, outlawry, confiscation. prO-sequor, 3. v dep., accompany, at- tend; honor, adorn; proceed. pr5spere, adv., success fully. prOsperus, -a, -um, adj., agreeable to one's wishes, favorable, fortunate, suc- cessful. (S) prdspiclo, -exi, -ectus, -ere, a. and n., look forward, see afar off, descry, foresee; look to beforehand, look out for. provide. prd-Stem6, 3. v. a., throw down or to the ground, overthrow, prostrate. — Fig., sub- vert, ruin, destroy. pr5-€uzn, -fui, prodesse, irr. v. u.. be useful, do good, benefit, profit. prdtuli, see proferd. prdvenid, -veni, -ventus, -Ire, u., come forward, appear, make progress, prosper. (S) provldentla, -ae, x-., foresight, fore- knowledge, forethought, precaution. pro-Video, 2. v. a. and n., see to look after, care or provide for, Tnake prepar- ations for; foresee, see beforehand; prevent, obviate (an evil). prdvincla, -ae, f., a ditty, charge, 6«ai- nesa, function; sphere of office, adminis- tration, government. — Also, a province (i.e., a territory out of Italy, brought under Roman administration) . proTlnclalls, -e, adj., in, of or about u, sphere of duty or a province. pro-voco, 1. V, a., call forth or out; challenge, invite; excite, rouse, stimulate. proxlme (-ume), adv. [superl. of prope], of space, nearest, very near, next; of time, shortly before or after; of degree. next, next to, next after. proximus (-umus) , -a, -um, adj . [superl. , see proplor], of place, the nearest, next; of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, next, last^ folloudng; of degree, the next. — Also, the most closely connected or related. — - As subst., M, pi., one's nearest and dearest, one's intimate friends and relatives. prudens, -ntls, adj., foreseeing; skilled, experienced, versed, practiced; aware conscious, on purpose; sensible, intel- ligent, judicious. prudentla, -ae, f.. acquaintance with, knowledge of, skill in; sagacity, intel- ligence, discretion. prulna, -ae, f., hoar-frost. psalld -i, -ere, n., play upon the harp, play and sing. (S) Ptolem.aeus, -I, m., the name of several kings of Egypt; the king of Cyprus dethroned by Clodius. pubis, -erls, adj., grown up, adult. — As subst., M., pi., Tnen, adults. pubes, -is, F,, young men (able to bear arms), men. publlcanus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to the farming of the revenue. — -As subst., publlcanus, -I, m., a tax-collector. publlcatlo, -onis, f., a seizure for the stale, confiscation. publice, adv., at state cost, by or for the stale, in the name or behalf of the state. Publlcius, -i, M., a gentile name. publico, 1. V. »., confiscate. publicum, see publicus. pUbUcus, -a, -um, adj., of, by or for the stijite or people, common, general. — As subst., publicum, -i, n., the public good, the commonwealth; the public treasury, income, revenue; a public place, publicity. PUBLIUS 71 QUANDO QUIDEM Ftlbllus, -I, M., a first name, abbreviated to P. pudens, -ntis, adj., modest, sky; sensi- tive, conscientious, honorable. pudet, -uit (-itum est), -ere, imp v., it shames, one is ashamed. pudicltla, -ae, f., modesty, chastity, virtue. pudor, -oris, m., a sense of right, honor, propriety; a desire for approval, shame, decency, propriety. puer, -eri, m., a child, a boy, a lad. — Also, a slave. puerllis, -e, adj., of a child. puerltla, -ae, f., childhood, boyhood, pugna, -ae, p., a fight. pugnax, -acls, adj., ready to fight, war' like, guarrelsoTne. pugno, 1. V. n., fight, contend. pulcbeUus (-cellus), -a, -um, adj , beaviiful, handsom,e. pulcher (-cer), -chra, -chrum, adj , beautiful, handsome. — Fig-, fine, excel' lent, noble, glorious. Fulcher, -i, m., a surname of Clodius. pulchre (-ere), adv., beautifully, finely, nobly. pulchritudo (pidcr-), -inls, f , beauty, excellence. pulsus, p. p. of peUo. pulvinar, -aris, n., a couch of the gods punctum, -S, N., a small hole puncture.— Hence, a vote. — Also, a moment in- stant (of time). pungo, pupugi, punctus -ere, u. . prick, pierce through. Funicus (Foen-), -a, -um, adj , Punic, of or with Carthage. punio (poen-), 4. v. a., punish, correct, chastise; avenge. purgatlo, -onis f., a cleansing, purify- ing. — Fig. , a justification, purgo, 1. V. a. clean, cleanse. — Fig., ex- cuse, exculpate, justify cleat from accur' sation. purpura, -ae, f,, purpl color, purple; purple cloth, robes, etc, purpuratus, -l, m.. one robed in purple a grand-vizier courtier. purus, -a, -um, adj , clean, pure: un- stained, spotless, undefiyd. FuteoU, -drum., m., a. city on the coast of Campania. putd, 1. V. a., reckon, value, estimate: suppose, believe, think. Q., abbreviation for first name Quintus Qua, rel. adv., by which road, at which place, on which side, where. quadrlngenti, -ae, -a, card. num. adj-, four hundred. quadrlngentlens, num. adv , four hundred times. quaero, -sivl, -situs, -ere, a. and n., search or ask for, de«ire.-^Fig. , think out, meditate, plan; try to gain, acquire or procure; examine, inquire into judi- cially, investigate. quaesitor, -oris, m., an examiner, the presiding officer of a court, see C. T., p. 244, § 2. quaeso, quaeslmus, 3. v. def.,, / {we) beg, pray. quaestid, -dnls, f., an inquiry, investi- gation; a trial, a court. quaestor, -oris, m,, a quaestor, see p. 60. §§ 66, 67. pr5 quaestore 'acting quaestor). quaestorlUS, -a, -um., adj., of a quaestor. — As subst., M., an ex-quaestor. quaestuosus, -a, -um, adj., profitable, lucrative; rich, wealthy. quaestura, -ae, r., « quaestorship, the office of quaestor. quaestUS, -US, m., gain, acquisition, profit, advantage. quails, -e, adj., iuterrog., of what sort, kind or nature f — Relative, of sitch a sort, kind or nature, such as, as. quam,, adv., mterrog., how? — Relative, as, as . .as possible, than. quam. dlu, adv., how long? as long (as). quam. Ol) rem, adv. phr., interrog., for what reason? on what account? why? — Relative, on which account, for which reasov. quam-quam, conj., although. — Correct- ive, and yet. quam.-vls, adv., as much as you will, ever so (much), very. — Conj., however much, although. quando, adv.. interrog., when? — Indef., at any time- — Helat., when. quando quldem, adv., since indeed, since, seeing that. QUANTO 72 QUISQUE quanto, see quantus. quanto opere(quantopere), adv. phr., how greatly, how much. quantum, adv., ace. n. of quantus. how much, as much as. quantus, -a, -um, adj., interrog., how great? how miLchf — Relative, however great, (so great) oe. — Abl. as adv., quanto, n., as, the (with comp.). quantus-cumque, -a, -um, adj., how- ever great, of whatever size. qua-propter, adv., interrog., whyf where- fore? — Relative, wherefore, and on this account. qua re, or quare, adv., interrog., howf by what means? for what reason?' why? — Relative, whereby; therefore. quartus, -a, -um, ord. num. ad}., fourth, quartus-declmus, fourteenth. qua-sl, adv., as if, as though; just as, as; 8om.ewhat like, about, as it were, so to speak. quasso, 1. V. £u, brandish, wave; shiver, shatter. qua-tenus, adv., interrog., how far? to what extent? how long? — Relative, as far aa, to the, extent that. quattuor, card. num. adj , four, -que, enclitic conj., and. — After a nega- tive, but. queni ad modum, adv. phr , interrog., in what manner? howf — Relative, in what way, how; as. qued, quivi, qultus, quire, irr. v n , be able, can. quercus, -us, f , oak. querella (-ela), -ae, f., a com,plaimny, coTnplaint. querlmonia, -ae, a- , a complaint, re- proach, lament. queror, questus, -!, dep , complain, lament, bewail. qui, quae, quod, rel pron., who. which, what. — quo, abl. sing. « . the — quod, N., see quod, conj. qui, abl. of quis (qui) as adv . how. quia, conj , because. quicumque, quae-, quod-, indef. rel pron., who-, which- or wfiat- ever quidam, quae-, quod-, indef. pron . - a certain, some. — As subst - u. certain man, somebody, something — Often doubtfully, if I may say bo so to speak quldem, adv., indeed, in truth, certainly. — Often concessive, I admit; or restrict- ive, at least. quies, -etls, f., rest, repose; quiet, peace, tranquillity. qulesco, -evi, -etus, -^e, n., rest, repose, lie, be or keep quiet; remain neutral, abstain from action. — quietus, -a, -um, p. p. as adj., peaceful, neutral, tranquil, calm. quiete, adv., calmly, quietly, peacefully. quietus, see quiescd. quI-Ubet (-lubet), quae-, quod- and quid-, indef. pron., any you will, no matter who, any one, all. quin, conj., interrog., why not? — Relative, that not, but thai, but, from . -ing: quIn etlam {nay even). qui-nam, see qulsnam. Quinctnis (Quint-), -e, adj., 6f July. quindeclm., card. num. adj., fifteen. quingenteslmus, -a, -um, ord. num., five hundredth. quingeni, -ae» -a, distrib. num., five hundred apiece. qiungenti, -ae, -a, card, num., adj., , five hundred. quinquaglnta, card. num. adj., fifty. quinque, card. num. adj., five. quinquennium, -I, n., a period of five years. quintus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., fifth. Qulntus, -I, M., a first name, abbreviated toQ. quippe, adv., certainly, to be sure, by aU means; forsooth. Qulris, -Itls M., a Roman citizen, see on II. 1. 1. — In voc. pi,, fellow citizens! quls (qui), quae, quid (quod), pron. interrog., who? which? what? — Indefi- nite after si, ue, num, nisi, any one, anything, any. quis-nam (qui-), quae-, quid- (quod-), who {which, what) pray? who in the World? qulsplam (qui-), quae-, quid- (quod-) or qulpplam, indef. pron., any (some) one, body or thijig. quls-quam, quae-, quid- (qulc-), indef. subst. pron., any man, person or thing. quls-que, quae-, quod- (quid-, qulc-), indef. pron., whoever, whatever, each^ QUISQUIS 73 RECLAMITO every, everybody, everyone, everything. — With superlatives = oxrines (-la) with positives: doctlsslmus qulsque => omnes docti. quls-quls, quaequae, quidquid (qulc- quid) , indef . pron . , whoever, what- ever, every one who, each, every, all. quS-vIs, quae-vls. qiildvis (quod-) , indef. pron., who or what you please, any . . . whatever, quo, abl. N. of qui. quo, conj., for the reason that, because. — In final and consecutive clauses, that, so that, in order that: quo minus {so that . . . not, to prevent, from . . . -ing). quo, adv., interrog., to what plactf whitherfto what endf — Relative, whither, to which. — Indef. after Sl, etc., (if) to any place. quo-ad, adv., as long as, aa far as, as much as; until. ' qud-CircH, conj., for which reason, wherefore. quo-cumque^ adv., to whatever place, whithersoever. quod, conj . , that, in that, seeing thai , because; as to the fa^it that, whereas; with Sl, now if, but if, quoin, see cum, conj. quo minus or quominus, see quO, conj. quo modf> or quomodO, adv., interrog., in what wayf howf — Relative, in the manner in which, as. quondam, adv., at one time, once, form^ erly. quoniam, conj., since, because. quoque, conj., also, too. quot, adj. pi. indec, interrog., how many? — Relative, as many at,, as. quot-anms oi quot annfs, adv., every year, yearly. quotldianus, -a, -um, adj., da.ily. quotldle, adv. , daily. quotiens (-es), adv., interrog., how often? — Relative, as often as, as. quotlens-cumque (-esc-), adv., as often as, however often. quotUS, -a, -urn, adj., what in number? which in orderf how many? quotUS qulsque (sing, in Lat. =pl. in Eng.), how few. quotisque or qu5 fisque, adv., till when? how long? to what end? quO-Vis, adv., to any place whatever. quum, see cum, conj. radix, -Icis, t-., a root; foot. — Fig.. source, origin; basis, foundation. Raecius, a family name. E. g., L. Raeciu^, a banker of Palermo. raplna, -ae, f., robbery. rapid, -ui, -tus, -ere, a., carry off, teavt drag or hurry away; ravish, plunder; seize, lay hold on, rapto, 1 V. a., carry off, drag or hurry away; waste, ravage. raro, adv., seldom, rarely. ratio, -onls, f., a reckoning, account; relation, reference, respect; regard, concern, consideration; course, conduct, procedure, manner, fashion, plan; con- dition, nature, kind; judgment, under- taking; ground, motive, reason; pro- priety, order, law, rule; theory, system, science, knowledge; view, opinion. ratiOCinor, 1. v. dep., reckon, compute; reason, argue, infer. ratus.'seereor, rea, see reus. Beatinus, -a, -um, adj., of Reate, N. E. of Rome. recens, -ntls, adj., fresh, young, recent.^ ' Fig., vigorotis. receptor, -oris, m., a receiver, hajhore-t.^ concealer. receptrlZ, -Icis, f., u. harborer, concealer; see receptor. recessus, p.p. of recedo. recessus, -Gs, m., a retiring, retreat; a retired spot, nook, retreat. recido (recc-), reccldi (reel-), re- casQrus, -ere [re-cado], u., faU hack or down, be reduced to. recipero, see recupero. recipio, 3. v. a., take, get or bring back, regain^ recover; take to one's self, admit, receive; assume, undertake, warrant, promise. — With reflex, pron., with- draw, retire; recover or collect one's self. re-cito, 1. V. a., read out or aloud. reclamatiO, -Onis, f., a shouting back, cry (of an audience) of disapproval. re-clamito, -are, n., exclaim, against. RECLAMO 74 EEGIO re-clam.0, l. v. u., cry out againat. re-cognosc5, 3. v. a., know again, recog- nize; review, inspect. re-col6, 3. v. a., cultivate again; resume, renew, restore. reconciliation -dnis* f. , a restoration, renewal. re-eonciUo, 1. v. a., reunite, reconcile; re-eatablieh, restore. re-condo, 3. v. a., put back, lap up, store away; hide, conceal. — recon- dltUS, -a, -unit p.p. as adj., jrrofourtd, abstruse. recordation -onis, f., a recollection, remembrance. recordOFt 1. v. dep., think over, call to mind, remember. re-creo, l. v. a., remake, restore; revive, refresh, recruit. recta, see under rego, recte, adv., uprightly. — Fig., rightly, properly, accurately. — recte factum (a good deed) . rectus, p.p. of rego. recupero (reclp-), 1. v. a., get or obtain again, regain, recover. re-curro, -curri, -ere, u., run back.^ Fig., return, revert. recusatld, -onls, «., a refitsal. recuso, 1. v". a., decline, reject, refuse; object, plead in defense. redactus, seeredlgo. red-arguo, -ul, -ere, a. and n., disprove, refute, contradict. red-do, -didi, -ditus, -ere, a., put or give back, return, restore; give up, yield, resign, pay; assign, give; make or cause to be, render. redemptio, -onis, f., a buying back, a ransoming; bribery; a farming of the revenue. redemptus, p.p. of redimo. red-eo, 4. v. irr., go, come or turn hack, return, turn around; be brought hack, be restored, he reduced; arrive at, reach, attain. redigo, -egl, -actus, -ere [red-ago], a., drive, lead or bring back; get together, collect, raise (money, etc) ; brin^ or reduce to, make, render. redimlo, -itus, -ire, »., bind or wr'.athe around, encircle, crown. redimo, -emi, -emptus, -ere [red- emo], a., buy hack, ransom, redeem; buy up, contract for, hire. reditus, p.p. of reded. reditus, -us, m., a return. re-duc6, 3. v. a., lead, briTig, conduct or escort back, restore. red-undo, 1. v. n., run over, overflow. — Fig., he full of, overflow with, swim or reek with. refectus, p.p. of reficio. refelia, -felli, -ere [re-fallo], a., dis- prove, refute; repel. ref ercid (-arcio) , -si, -tus, -ire [re- farcio], a., fill up, stuff, cram. — refer- tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., filled full, thronged, crowded, replete; rich, wealthy. re-fero, rettuU, relatus, referre, irr. V. a., carry, bring, draw or give back. — With reflex, pron., go hack, return, •retire. — Fig., report, announce, relate; make a motion, propose, refer; enter, inscribe, register, record. re-fert or re lert, -tulit, -lerre, irr. v. imp., if IS /or one's interest or advantage, it matters, concerns, it is of importance or consequence. refertus, p.p. of referclo. reficio, -feci, -fectus, -ere [re-faciO], a , remake, restore, renew, repair. — Fig. , recruit, refresh. re-formldo, -atus, -are, a., dread, stand in awe of, shun, avoid. re-fricd, -ui, -aturus, -are, a.., rub, gall, fret. — Fig., excite afresh, renew. re-frigero, 1. v. a., make cool, cool off. — Fig., in pass., grow languid. refringo, -fregi, -fractus, -ere [re- frango], break open, up or in. — Fig., weaken, destroy. refugio, 3. V. a. and n., flee hack, run away, escape; run from, avoid, shun. ref13.td, 1. V. a., repel, repress, restrain; r^ut, confute, disprove. regalis, -e, adj., kingly, royal, regal; of, about or like a king. regie, adv., royally. — Esp., imperiously, tyrannically. Reginus (Rhe-), -a, -um, adj., pertain- ing to Rhegium, a city of Bruttium in southwestern Italy. — As subst., an in- habitant of Rhegium. reglo, -onis, p., a line; a boundary line. REGIUS 75 REPRIMO limit, boundary (usually pi.); a qiuiTier, region, tract, territory. regiUS, -a, -um, adj., kingly, royal, regal; of or belonging to the bing. Tegno, 1. V. IX., be king, reign; rule, govern, sway. regnum, -I, n., royal atUhority, domin- ion, sovereignty. — Also, u. kingdom. rego, rexi, rectus, -ere, a., direct, con^ duct, manage, ride, govern. — ^rectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., straight, upright, correct; proper, jvst, conscientious. — recta, abl. sing, f., as adv., straight- way, right on, directly. regredlor, -^essus, -i, dep., go, come or turn back, return. (S) relclo (-Ucio), -leci, -iectus, -ere [re- iacid], a., throw, hurl or drive back, off or away; cast off, repel^ reject, disdain, despise. — As legal term, of jurors, set aside, challenge, reject. reiectlo, -onls, f., a rejecting; a challeng- ing of jurors. relicid, see relclo. relatus, see refero. re-laxd, 1. v. »., lighten, relax. re-levo, l. v. a., lift up, lighten; relieve, free from., lessen, console. relli^io, -onls, f., reverence for the gods, piety; superstition, religious scruple or awe; an offense against religion; scru- pulousness, conscientiousness, exactness; holiness, sacredness, sanctity; a sacred place or thing. religiose, adv., scrupulously, conscien- tiously, punctually, exactly. relig^iosus, -a, -um, adj., fearing the gods, devout; scrupulous, precise, con- scientious; holy, sacred, venerable. re-llnquo, -liqui, -llctus, -ere, a.., leave (behind); forsake, abandon, desert; give up, resign, relinquish; leave un- noticed, undone or unmentioned. reliquiae, -arum, f. pL, the remains, remainder, what is left of anything. reliquus, -a, -um, adj., that is left, that remains, remaining; the other, the rest, the remaining or remainder of. re-maneo, -mansi, -ere, n. , stay or rcTnain behind; remain, be left, continue, abide, endure. remansio, -onis, f., a staying behind, remaining, continuing.. remedlum, -I, n.. a remedy, relief from or for, assistance, help agaiT\!St. (S) remex, -IgiS, m., a rower, oarsman. reminlscor, -I, dep., recall to mind, recollect, remember. remissid, -6nlS, f. , a sending back, a reUixing, abating. re-mltto, 3. v. a., l^ go, send, throw or drive back; return, restore; slacken, relax, relieve, abate, remit. — ^rem.l8SUS, -a, -iim., p.p. as adj., slack, loose, languid. re-moror, 1. v. dep., stay, linger, delay{ hold back, hinder, obstruct. remotus, p.p. of removed, re-moved, 2. v. a., move back, take away set aside, withdraw. — ^remiotus, -a,-um, p.p. as adj., distant, remote; separate, free from, strange to. re-novo, 1. v. a.., renew. re-nlintid, 1. v. a., bring back word, report, announce; proclaim, return (aa elected) ; disclaim, renounce. reor, ratus, reri, dep., believe, think, suppose, imagine. (S) re-pell6,' reppuli (repu-), repulsus, -ere, a., drive or thrust back, keep or ward off, repulse. repente, adv., suddenly. repentino, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly. repentlnus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, hasty, unlooked for, unexpected. reperlo, repperl (repe-), repertus, -Ire, a.., find, meet witK — Fig., discern, pro- cure, find, learn. re-peto, 3. v. a., attack again; go back to, return to. — Also, ask or demand backr demand or claim. — Fig., undertake againy renew, repeat. repetundae, or pecuniae repetundae, -arum, f., pi., extortion, embezzlement. re-pleo, 2. v. a., fill again or up, make full, supply. — ^re-pletus, -a, -um, p.p. as adi-, filled, full, crowded, richly sup- plied with. re-portO, 1. v. a,., bring or carry back, report. re-posc6, -ere, a., demand (back^. reppuli, see repello. • re-prehendo, 3. v. »., hold back or fast. — Fig. , blame, censure, rebuke, reprove, criticise. re-prlmj, -press!, -pressus, -ere [re- REPUDIO 76 REX prem5], a., keep back, check, curb, Testrain. Tepudlo, 1. V. a,., refuse, acorn. re-pugn6, 1. v. n., resist. repulsa, -ae, p.,'o defeat at the polls. (S) repulsus, p.p. of repello. re-puto, 1. V. a., compute. — Fig., think over, reflect upon. (S) requies, -etis, f. (ace. -etem or -em, abl. -6te or -e) , rest, repose. re-quiesco, 3. v. n., rest, repose; find consolation or peace. (S) requird, -6lvi, -situs, -ere [re-quaero], a., look or search for, want to. know, ask or inquire after; need, want, lack, re- quire. — Also, perceive to be wanting, look in vain for, miss. res, -rel, f., u thi/ng, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, case, condition. The precise meaning must usually be decided by the context. re-scindd, -soldi, -sclssus, -ere, a., cut, break or tear off, down or- open. — Fig., annul, abolish, repeal, rescind. re-scribo, 3. v. a., reply in writing. re-seco, 1. v. a.., cut loose, off or away. — Fig., curtail, restrain. re-serro, l.v.a., fteep back, save up, res&rve. resided, -sedS, -ere [re-sede5], n.. remain, rest, reside, sit. — Fig., remain behind, ' be left. re-sldo, -sedl, -ere, sit down, settle; sink, subside; abate, grow calm. re-Slgno, 1. v. a., unseal^ annul, cancel, rescind. reslplsco, -IvI (-ul), -ere, n., recover one's senses, revive. reslplsset, from reslplscj. re-slstd, -stlti, -ere, n., stand still, halt, stop, stay, remain; vdthstand, oppose, resist, make resistance, resplGlp, -spexl, -spectus, -ere, a. and D., look back, behind or about, look to or for. — Fig., regard, consider, respect. te-sponded, -spondl, -spOnsus, -ere, a., answer, reply; give a response, reply (of lawyers, priests, etc.); agree, cor- respond with, answer to. respdnsum, -!, n., u reply, answer, response. res p1il>Iica, rel publixsae, f., a common' wealth; the state, , constitution, publif life, public interests, politics. re-spuo, -ul, -ere, a., spit out, cast out or off. — ■Fig., reject, disapprove. re-stinguo, -inxi, -inctus, -ere, a., put out, quench, extinguish. — Fig., exter- miruUe, annihilate, destroy. restiti, froni resisto and restd. restitud, -ui, -utus, -ere [re-statu6], it., set up again, replace, restore, rebuild, revive. — Fig., restore to a former condi- tion, re-establish. restitutid, -onls, *•., a reatoringt resto- ration; recalling, reinstating. rs-sto, -stltl, -are, u., unthstand, resist; be left, remain. re-tardo, 1. v. 21. and u,, hinder, delay, retain, impede; tarry. retlceo, -ui, -ere [re-taceo], a. and u., be or keep silent; keep a thing secret, con- ceal. retlned, -tinui, -tentus, -ere [re-teneo], a,., hold or keep back, detain, retain, restrain.^ Also, keep^ retain, preserve, maintain. re-torqueo, 2. v. a,., twist or bend back, cast, drive or fling back. re-traho, 3. v. a., draw, drag or call back, withdraw, remove. rettulE, from refer5. re-tundo, rettudi (retu-) , -tusus (-tunsus), -ere, i».., heal back, blunt. duU. reus, -a, -um, adj concerned in a thing^ party to an action; accused, arraigned, defendant, prosecuted, under charges. — As subst. M. and f., a defendant, pris- oner, criminal, culprit. [re-verto] (-vort-), -ti [-ere], n., only in tenses formed on perfect stem, see reverter . re-vertor (vortor), -versus (-versus), -ti, dep . , only in tenses formed on present and supine stems, turn or come back, return. re-vinco, 3. v. a., refute, disprove, convict. re-vis5, -ere, a. and n,, look back on, come back to see, visit (again), re-vivisc6, -vixi, -ere, n., come to life again, revive, recover. re-VOCO, 1. v. a., caU back, recall; call off, withdraw; resume, regain, recover. revorto, -vorti, see reverts, reverter. rex, regis, m., a king. Eex, Regis, m., a family name. — E. g., RHEGIUM 11 SAEPE Q. Marciita Rex, a oommander of forces against Catiline. Rhegium (Reg-), -I, n., a city in the S. W. of Italy. Rheglnus, -a, -um, see Beglnus. Rhenus, -I, m., the Rhine. Bhodlus, -a, -um, adj., of RJiodes.-^ As subst., M. pi., the people of Rhodes. Rhodbs C-US), -I, F., Rhodes, an island off the coast of Asia Minor. i^deo, risi, risuzn, -ere, v. n., laugh. ildiculus, -a, -um, adj., laiighable; silly, risus, -Os, M., laviohter. robiir, -oris, n., oak, hard wood. — Fig., hardness^ strength, firmness, power. — Also, the best part, the pith^ kernel, flower. robustus, -a, -um, adj., of oak. — Fig., hard, firm, strong, hardy. rogatld, -onis, f., an asking, prayer^ entreaty. — Techn., a proposal to the people, a proposed law or decree, a bill. rogatu, M. (ablative only), a request. roglto, 1. V. a. (freq. of rogO), ask repeat- edly. (S) rogd, 1. V. a. and n., ask, question; beg, request, — Techn., propose a bill or law. — Also, pass a law (rare, cf. I. 11. 15). Roma, -ae, v., Rome. Rdznanus, -a, -um, adj., of Rome, Roman. — Esp. ludi Romani, the Ro- man games, given Sept. 4-12. — As subst. M., a Roman. Romulius (Romil-). -a, -um, adj., of Romulus: tribus. — Also as subst. *., the Romilian tribe. Romulus, -1, M., the founder and first King of Rome. Rosclus, -i, M., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. L. Rosdus Otho, who carried a law giving special seats in the theater to the Equites. 2. Q. Rosciu^ Gallua, the noted actor. rostrum, -i, n., the prow of a ship. — PL, rostra, -orum, n., the Rostra, a platform for speakers in the Forum. Budiae, -arum, f. pi., a town in Cala- bria, birthplace of the poet Ennius. Rudinus, -a, -um, adj., of Rudiae. rudls, -e, adj., unwroitght, rough, raw, wild; unpolished, uncultivated, ignorant. Btifus, -i, M., a family name. — E. g., 1. Q. Pompeiua Rufus, cos. 141. 2. Q. Pompeius Rufus, see Pom.p31US. rulna, -ae, d., a falling down, a faXl.^ Hence, a ruin. — Fig., downfall, dis- aster, overthrow, destruction. riim.or, -oris, m., comTnon talk, hearsay, report; fame, reputation. rumpa, rupl, ruptus, -ere, »., break, buret; destroy, make void. ruo, -ul, -utus (fut. p. ruitOrus), -ere, a. and n., fall down, go to ruin; hasten, hurry; cast or hurl down, prostrate. rupes, -is, p., a cliff, « rock. (S) rupi, see rumpd. ruptus, see rumpd. rursus, adv., back, again. rus, rUris, n., thecountry. rusticor, 1. v. dep., live in or msit th country. mstiCUS, -a, -um, adj.. belonging to the courUry; boorish, clownish. — As subst., a country fellow. S S., an abbrev. for semis, see HS. S. D., abbrev. for salutem diclt. Sablnus, -a, -um, adj., Sabine. — A» subst. M. pi., the Sabines. saceri sacra, sacrum, adj., holy, sacred,' consecrated to a divinity. (S) sacerdos, -Otis, c, a priest or pr stess. sacerdotium, -I, n., the priesthood, oMce of priest, aacred oifice. (S) sacrarium., -I, n. , u shrine, sanctuary, chapel, oratory. sacrllegUS, -I, m., one who lacks regard for sacred things, an impious or sacri- legious man. (S) sacro, 1. V. a., devote to a divinity, dedi- cate; hallow, consecrate. — sacratUS, -a, -um., p.p. as adj . , holy, sacred: lex (under the protection of the gods). sacro-sanctus, or sacro sanctus, -a, -um., adj., inviolable, sacred. sacrum., -i, n., a sacred or holy thing, vessel, utensil, building or spot; a re- ligious rite or act. — PI., worship religion. saeculum, or sseclum, -I, n., a lifetime^ generation; an age, the ages. Saenlus, -i, m., a gentile name. — ^Esp., L. Saenius, a senator, (S) saepe, adv.. ofttm,, frequently. SAEPIO 78 SCELERATUS Eaepl5 (sep-), -psi, -ptus, -Ire. ^t., hedge in, enclose; encircle, guard. saepius, comp. of saepe. saepta, -orum, n.. pi., a railing. — ^Esp., the voting booths, see p. 63, § 32. saeTid, -il, -Itus, -ire, n., rage, be angry or violent. saevltia, -ae, jr., fierceness, cruelty. (S) saevus, -a, -uzu, adj., raging, cruel, savage, fierce, violent. (S) tagax, -acls, adj., keen, shrewd. Balaminlus, -a, -um, adj., ofSalamis. — As subst. M. pi., the people of Salamis. Sallustlus, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. s-i C. Sallustius Crispus, tr. pi. 52 and a noted historian. — Also, the name of a freedman of Cicero, saltern, adv., at least, anyhow. salto^ 1. V. n., dance. saltus, -us, M., a forest, pasture; narrow pass, defile. salus, -Utls, F., safety, health, welfare, prosperity, preservation, delivefance. — Often, acquittal (of defendants in court). — Also, greeting, salutation, at the beginning of a letter. Sal&S, -Utls, a: , the goddess of Safety. salutarls, -e, adj., healthful, wholesome, ■ salutary, advantageous. saluto, 1. V. &.., greet, wish health to; pay one^s respects to. salVUS, -a, -um, adj., safe, uninjured, unhurt, well, sound. — Also, financially sound, solvent, able to pay one's debts. Sanmis, -itis, adj., of Samnium, Samnite. — As subst. M., a gladiator armed with Samnite weapons. (S) Samos (-us), -I, f., an island of! .the coast of Asia Minor, famed for its earthenware. Sampsiceramus, -I, m., the name of a petty eastern prince given in derision to Pompey. sanabilis, -e, adj., curable. sanclo, sanxi, sanctus, -ire, a., estab- lish, ordain, fix immiUably, ratify. — sanctus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj . . sacred, irmiolable; venerable, ■ august; conscientious, upright. sancte, adv., solemnly, conscientiously, religiously, with awe. sanctitas, -tatis, f., inviolability ricred^ ness: purity, virtue. sanctus, p.p. of sanclo. sane, adv., doubtless, truly, certainly; right, very. — Often with concessive force, by all means, for all I care. Sanga, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g., Q. Fabius Sanga, patron of the Allobroges. sanguis, -Inis, m., blood; bloodshed, murder, slaughter. sanitas, -tatis, f., soundness of body or mind, health, discretion. Sano, 1. V. a., heal, cure, restore to health. — Fig., restore, repair; allay. sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, safe, whole; sober, sensible. sapiens, -ntis, adj., wise, discreet, ju- dicious. — As subst., a wise man, a sage. sapienter, adv., discreetly. sapientia, -ae, f., wisdom. Eapl5, -ivi, -ere, a., and n., taste, smack oft — Also, be wise, sensible, discreet. Sardinia, -ae, f., an island W. of Italy. satelles, -itis, c, an attendant^ abetter, accomplice, tool, minion. satletas, -tatis, f., satiny, enough and more than enough, disgust. satlG, 1. V. a., fill, satisfy, glut, cloy, dis- gust. — In pass., be wearied. satis, adj. indec, and adv., enough, sufficient, adequate; sufficiently, amply. satis-facld, or satis faci5, 3. v. irr. n., do enough for, give satisfaction; make amends or reparation. satisfactlo, -onls, f., a satisfying, making amends, explanation. (S) Saturnalia, -Idrum (dat., abl. -ibus), N. pi., the festival in honor of Saturn, see on III. 4. 22. Saturmnus, -i, m., a family name. — E. g., L. Appideius Satuminits, tr. pi. 100, put to death by Marius. saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded. saxum, -i, n., a rock. scaena (see-), -ae, f., a stage. scaenicus (see-), -a, -um, adj., of the stage, dramatic, theatrical. Scaevola, -ae, m., a family name. — E. g., Q. Mucins Scaevola, a famous jurist in Cicero's time. Scaurus, -I, m., a family name. — iC. g., M. Aemilius Scaurzcs, cos. 115. scelerate, adv., impiously, wickedly, scandalously. Eceleratus, -a, -um, adj., uncked, im- SCELE3TUS 79 SENECTUS piozis, vicious; scandalous. — As subst. M., a wretch, yniscreanty scoundrel. scelestus, -a, -um, adj . , infamous , accursed, villainoua. — Aa subst. M., a toretchf miscreani, scoundrel. (S) SCelus, -ezlSt n., a crime, sin, enormity, wickedness. scena, see scaena. scenicus, see scaenlcus. sciens, seesclo. sclentla, -ae, f., knowledge, science, skill, expertness. SCUicet* adv., it is clear, evidently, no dotifti.— Ironically , forsooth. scintilla, -ae, t., spark. SClO, 4. V. a., know, understand, perceive. — SClens, -ntls, pres. p. as adj., versed, expert in; purposely, intentionally, wilfvXly, with one's eyes open. Scipld, -onls, M., a family name. — E. g., 1. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, COS. 205, 194, the conqueror of Hanni- bal. 2. P. Scipio Aemilianus Afri- canus Minor, cos. 147, 134, adopted grandson of No. 1, and destroyer of Carthage and Numantia. 3. L. Cor- nelius Scipio Asiaticus, cos. S3. seised, sclvi, scitus, -ere, n., appoint, enact, decree, ordain. — Esp., p.p. as subst., SCltuzn, -I, n., a decree, an enactmerU, e. g., pleblscltuzn, a law passed in the comitia tribuia (p. 53, § 29). scortum, -I, n., a harlot. scriba, -ae, m., a clerk. scriDo, scripsi, scriptus, -ere, a, and n., write, draw; compose, describe, commu- nicate; draw up or draft a, document; enlist, enroll. scrinlum, -I, n., a letter-case, portfolio.(S) SCI^ptio, -onls, p., writing, a writing. sciiptor, -oris, m., a writer. ScrlptHra, -ae, f., the act of writing. — Also, a'tax paid on public pastures. Scrupulus (scrip-), -i, m., a small sharp stone. — Fig., uneasiness, anxiety, doubt, trouble, scruple. se-cedo, 3. ■"■ n., go away or aside, sep- arate, remove, retire. se-cemo, 3. v. »., sever, separate; set apart or aside; reject. secessio, -onis, f., a withdrawal, going aside; a political separation. seclus, see sStluS. secundum, prep, with ace., by, along, after, next to, in accordance with, accord- ing to. secundus, -a, -um, adj., next, following, second; favorable, propitious, fortunate: res (prosperity); — n. pi. as subst., prosperity. securls, -Is, f., an ax. — As emblem of authority, see p. 68, §§ 54, 55. secus, adv., otherwise, differently, not so. sed, conj., but. sedeo, sedi, sessum, -ere, u., sit; con- tinue, remain, tarry, wait. sedes, ^s, F. , a seat, chair, bench; u dwelling-place, residence, home, seditlo, -onls, f., an insurrection, civil discord, r^ellion, riot. sedo, 1. V. a., allay, settle, stiU, calm, quiet, check, stop, stay. sedulltas, -tatls, f., assiduity, earnest- ness, persistency, zeal, application; officiousness. se-grego, 1. v. a., set apart, lay aside; separate, remove, divide._ se-iungo, 3. v. a., disjoin, part, separate, sever, divide. sella, -ae, f., a seat, chaxr, stool, work- bench: curullS, see p. 67, § 51. semel, adv., once, once for ail. semen, -Inis, n., seed.— Fig., origin, ground, source, cause, author. semlnarlum, -£, n., a nursery. semis, -IsslS, m., a half-unit, one-half: H S (twoand one-half [asses]y, the abbre- viation for sestertius. semper, adv., always. semplternus, -a, -um, adj., everlasting, perpetual,, .eternal, lifelong. Sempronla, -ae, f., the wife of D. Bru- tus, involved in Catiline's conspiracy. CS) Sempronlus, -i, m., a gentile name. — E. g., Ti. and C. Semproniits Gracchus, see Gracchus. — As adj., Sempronian, see Index under lex. senator, -oris, m., u senator. senatorlus, -a, -um, adj., of a senator or the senate, senatorial. senatus, -us, m., a senafe.^Esp., the Roman Senate, see p. 66, § 93; cOn- sultum, see p. 69, § 110. senectus, -tutls. f., old age. SENEX 80 SEVERE seuex, senis, adj., old, aged, advanced in years, senior (comp. senior) — Aa subst. M., an old man (over forty-five). senilis^ -e, adj., of old age, of old people; aged, senile. senior, comp. of adj. senex. sensus, -lis, m. , a perception, feeling , sensation; feeling, emotion; sense, understanding; a signification. sententla, -ae, f., an opinion, purpose, judgnunt, sentiTnent, determination, will, decision; a sentence, verdict, vote; a resolution, proposal, motion. sentlna, -ae, p., bilge-^ater. — Fig., dregs, refitse, offscourings.. sentlo, sensi, sensus, -Ire, a., feel, hear, see, perceive, be sensible of; obaerve, notice; think , deem , judge, imagine , suppose. — In official language, vote, decide, give one^s opinion. separatlm, adv., seoeraUy, separai^y, individually. (S) se-par6, 1. v. a., divide, separate. — sepa- ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., separate, distinct, particular, different. sepelio, -peUvi, -pultus, -ire, »., bwry. — Fig., overwhelm,, destroy. sSpes, sepio, see saep-. se-pOno, 3. V. a.., set aside, put by, pick out; assign, appropriate; exclude, put aside, set apart. septem, card. num. adj., seven. September, -brls, -bre, adj. (sc. men- sis), September, the seventh month when the year began with March. septem-declm, num. adj., indecl., seven- teen. Septlmius, -I, M., a gentile name.^E. g., 1. P. SeptimivA Scaevola, a senator condemned 72 for taking bribes. 2. Septimius of Gamerinum, a conspirator with Catiline. Septimus, -a, -imi, ord. num. adj., the seventh. sepultus, p.p. of sepelid. sequester, -tris, m. , an agent or go- between in bribery. sequor, -CUtus, -I, dep., follow, attend, pursue.— Fig., succeed, result, ensue; follow (a leader, party, etc.), comply with, accede to, conform to; strive for, aim at; come next. 3er., abbreviation for Servlu^* Serglus, -i, m., a gentile name, see Catl- lina. serius, comp. of ser5. serm5, -onls, m., talk, conversation; ordinary speech; commxjn talk, rumor, report; style, Uunguage. sero, adv., laie, too late. serp5, -psl, -ptus, -ere, a., creep, wind along, spread abroad. serta (-ae), -drum (-arum), n. (f.) pi., a garland, a wreath. Sertorlanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sertorius. Sertdrlus, -I, m., a gentile name. — E, g., Q. Sertorius, a general of Marius and leader of the Spaniards against the Romans. serus, -a, -um, adj.*, (too) late. servilis, -e, adj., of or like slaves or a slave, slavish, servile. ServUlus, -I, m., a gentile name. — E. g., 1. C. Serviliu^s Ahala, see Aiiala*^ 2. C. Servilius Glauda, praet. 100- 3. P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, cos. 79. servld, 4. v. n., be a servant or slave, be in service, serve. — Fig., be devoted to, accommodate one's self to, comply with, aim at. servltium, -!, n., slavery; the doss of slaves, slaves. servitUS, -tutls, f., slavery. Bervlus, -I, m., a first name. servo, 1. V. a., save, preserve, protect; uphold, keep, observe; give heed to, pay attention to, watch: de cael5, see p. 72, §89. servolus (-ulus), -i, m., a young slave. servus, -I, m., a slave. sescenti (sexc-), -ae, -a, card. num. adj., six hundred. — Often of an indefinite large number, a thousand, u multitude of. sese, or se, from SUi. sestertlum, n., 1,000 sesterces; with numeral adverb, hundred-thousands of sesterces; see Grammar. (S) sestertius, -I, m., u sesterce^ about five cents. Sestius, -I, M., a gentile name. setlus (sec-), adv. comp., less, in a less degree. Only with negatives. seu, see sive. severe, adv., gravely, aerioiisly^ rigidly^ sternly, austerely. ^- SEVERITAS 81 SI QUANDO Severlt&S, -t&tlS, «*., strictness, stemnesSt austerity. severus, -a, -um, adj., serious, grave^ strict, austere, stem. se-VOCO, 1. V. u., call apart, aside or away; separate, remove. sex, num. adj. indecl., six. Sex., abbreviation for Sextus. sexageslmus (-gensumus), -a, -um, ord. num. adj., sixtieth. sexUglnta, card. num. adj., sixty. Sextilis, -e, adj., of August. Sextlus, see Sestius. sextus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., sixth. Sextus, -I, M., a first name. SI, conj., if. — In indbect questions, to see if, whether. Sibilus, -I, M., a hissing. — Fig., hooting ^ cat-calls. Sibyllinus, -a, -lUU, adj., Sibylline: Xilxti. or fata ithe Sibylline books, see p. 66, § 91). Sic, adv., in this (sttch a) manner, so, thus; so mitch, to such a degree or extent; such, of such ft kind. sica, -ae, f., a dagger. sicarlus, -a, -um, adj., m,urderous. — As subst. M., a cutthroat. Sicca, -ae, m., a friend of Cicero. Slcilla, -ae, f., Sicily. SiclllenslS, -e, adj., of Sicily.^ As subst., a Sicilian. SiCUlUs, -a, -um, adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. — As subst. M. pL, the people of Sicily. Sic-ut or Sic-Uti, adv., so as, just as, as. Sigeuzu, -I, N., a headland near Troy. Signator, -oris, m., a sealer (of a docu- ment), vritness (of a will): signator falsus, a forger, (S) Slgnifer, -eri, m., a standard-bearer. — Fig. , a leader. Significatio, -onls, ir., an indicating, denoting; an indication, mark, sign; an expression of approval, applause. signified, 1. V. a., show, express, publish, indicate, intimate; betoken, foreshow, portend. Signd, 1. V. a., seal (a letter or document) . (S) Slgnum, -I, N., a mark, token, sign, indi- cation, ballot; a standard, banner; « seal, signet; a statue, figure, bust; a sign in the heavens, a constellation. Sn&nus, -I, M., a family name. — E.^, D. Junius Silanus, cos* with Murena Q2. Silentlum, -i, n,, silence, stillness; tran- quillity, peace. sUeO, -ul, -ire, a. and n., be stiU, silent, noiseless; not speak of, be silent about, sllva, -ae, £•., a wood, forest. SUvanus, -i, m,, a family name. — E. g., M. Plautius Silvanus, tr. pi. 89. sllvestrls, -e, adj., overgrown with woods, covered with forests. SimlLlS, -e, adj., like, resembling. Similiter, adv., in like manner. Slmllltudo, -inls, f. , likeness, resem- blance. Slm.pllclter, adv. , simply, straightfor- wardly, naturally. Simul, adv., at once, together, at the same time: attiue or ac (as soon as) . — slmul . . . slmul, nx)t only . . . but at the same time; now . , . now. simulacrum., -i, n., an image, figure, portrait, statue. Slmulatid, -onis, f., a false show, pre- tense, deceit, hypocrisy. simulator, -oris, m., a copier; a pre- tender, hypocrite. (S) sim.uld, 1. V. a., imitate, copy; feign, pretend, counterfeit, slmultas, -tatls, f., enmity, rivalry, jealousy, haired. sin, conj. [sl-ne], but if. sine, prep, with abl., without. slngularis, -e, adj., on^ by one, singly, solitary, singular, unique, matchless, ex- traordinary, remarkable. Slngulatlm, adv., severally, one by one, singly. (S) SinglUi, -ae, -a, adj., pi. one to each, one at a time, 8in>gle, separate. sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on the left. (S) slno, sivi, situs, -ere, a.., let, suffer, allow, permit, give leave. — SituS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., placed, set, situate, resting, dependent: potestas in V6- bls sita est (rests with you) . Slnope (-pa), -es (-ae), f., a city on the Black Sea. sinus, -Us, M., a curve, fold, hollow; the folds of a ffarment, the bosom, the top. — Also, a bay, a gulf. Si quando or slquando, adv., if evm: SI QUIDEM 82 SPAR si quidem or slquldem, adv., if only; since. Si quls, indef. pron., if any one, SiB [Sl-vis], parenthet. phrase, if you ivillt if you please, will you. Slsto, stltl, status, -ere, a. and n., place^ station; arrest, stop^ check. — status, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., set, fixed, appoint- ed, regular. SltlS, -Is, F., thirst. — Fig., greed. Slttius, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g., P. Sittius, a knight, a follower of Caesar. Situs, p.p. of slnd. situs, -us, M., situation, site. Sl-ve or seu, conj., or if. — As correl., if . . . or if, whether . . or. Smymaeus, -a, -um, adj.; of Smyrna, a city of Ionia. — As subst. m. pi., the people of Smyrna. sObrlus, -a, -um, adj., sober, not drank; prudent, catUioits. SOCer, -eri, m. , a father-in-law. Eocla, see socius. sodet&S, -tatls, f., a fellowship^ asso- ciaiion, union, community. — In mercan- * tile sense, a co-partnership, association in business, corporation; a revenue farmers' association. — ^In political sense,^ a confederacy, alliance. SOClUS, -a, -um, adj., sharing, partaking; united, associated, allied. — As subst. sing., M. and f., a partner, companion, associate, confederate, accomplice. — In pL, M., allies, allied nations. Eocordla, -ae, f., slothfulness, idleness, negligence. SOcratlCUS, -a, -um, adj., pertaining to Socrates. — As subst,, a pupil of Socrates. SOdalls, -Is, M., a fellow or member of a corporation, college or club, — ^Hence, a mate, comrade, companion; partner, accomplice. sol, soils, M., the sun. sSlaclum, -X, k., comfort, consolation, relief, solace. solemnis, see sollemnls. EOleo, solltus sum, -ere, semi-dep., be accustomed or word. solltUd5, -Inls, !•-., loneliness; a lonely place, udldemess. — Fig., want, lack, destitution. sollemnls C-ennis) , -e, ad j . , stated, established, appointed; religious, fes- tive. — As subst. w., a religious rite, ceremony; a custom, usage. (S) SOllidtatld, -onis, jr., vexation, anxiety; inciting, instigation, soliciting. solllcito fsoli-), 1. V. a,., move violently. — Fig. , disturb , disquiet; tempt, incite, inveigle, seduce, approach, make over- tures to. solllcltudd, -Inls, f., anxiety. sollicltus, -a, -um, adj., uneasy, troubled, agitated, anxious. s51um, see solus. solum, -I, N., the ground; foundation; soil, earth. — In phrase quod In solum (venit), whateoer comes up. solus, -a, -um, adj., alone, only, single, sole. — solum, n. sing. ace. as adv., only. SOlUtlO, -onis, F., a loosing, payment. solutus, p.p. of so1t5. so1t5, solvi, solutus, •«re, a,, unbind, disengage; discharge an obligation, pay, perform, fulfil; free, release, deliver. — solutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., free,un- controlled, insolent, careless, remiss. soninus, -I, m., sleep. — Also, sloth, idle- ness, inactivity. sono, -ul, -Itus, -are, a., and n., sound, make a noise; utter, cry out, thunder forth. sdns, -ntis, adj., guilty. (S) sonus, -1, M., a sound. soplo, 4. V. a., pui to sleep. SOrdes, -i\im, f. pi. (in sing, only ace. and abl.), dirt, uncleanness; a mourning garment (see C. T. § 14, p. 246), mourn- ing. — Fig., lowness, meanness, vileness, base conduct. — Of persons, the dregs of the people, rabble. soror, -oris, f., a sister. sors, sortis, f., a lot; a casting or drawiiig of lots, decision or appointment by lot; an office assigned by lot; fate, destiny, fortune. sortior, 4. v. dep., cast or draw lots; assign or obtain by lot. . sortltlo, -Onis, f., a drawing of lots; a choosing or assigning by lot, especially of jurors. sortitus, M. pi. (sing. abl. -tfl), a casting or drawing of lots. Sp., abbreviation for Spurlus. spargo, -si, -sus, -ere, »., scoU&r, dis- tribute, spread abroad, extend. PARTACUS 83 STUDIUM ^partacus, -I. m., the leader of the gladi- ators in their war against Home in 73. sparus, -I, M., a hunting-spear. (S) spatlum, -i, n . , room, space, distance; interval, extent. — Of time, a apace of time, interval, period; leisure, opportunity. Species* -em (ace), -e (abl.), f., shape, form, looks, appearance; a spectacle, sight, show. specto, 1. V. Uk., look or gaze at, watch, behold; look, face or He towards any quarter; have in view, aim ai, stnve for, endeavor after; tend, incline, refer to.— spectatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., tried, proved; respected, excellent. specula, -ae, f., a look-out post, watch- tower: In SpeculiS (on the watch). speculator, -oris, m., a spy. Specillor, 1. V. dep., spy out, watch, observe, examine, explore. Spemo, sprevi, spretus, -ere, a., de- spise, contemn, spurn, scorn, reject. sperd, 1. V. a., and n., hope, look for, trust, expect. spes, spei, *■., hope, anticipation: spe conatuque (ambitious efforts). Spinther, -eris, m., an agnom,en. See Lentulus. spiritus, -us, m., the air; u, breathing, breath, life. — Fig., pi., airs, pride, arro- gance. spird, 1. V. a. and n., breathe, breathe forth. (S) splendeo, -ere, n., shine, gleam. — Fig., be bright, illustrious, glorious. splendidus, -a, -um, adj., bright, shining. — Fig., brilliant, distinguished. splendor, -oris, m., brightness, lustre; magnificence; dignity, rank. spollatio, -onis, f., a robbing, plundering; deprivation, rem,oval from. spollo, 1. V. tt. and n., sfWp; rob, plunder, pillage, deprive, despoil. spolium, -1, N., booty, spoil. spondeo, spopondl, sponsus, -ere, a. and n., promise, engage. sponte (abl), f., only with possess, pron., of (one's) own accord. SpuriUS, -i, m., a first name. squaleo, -ul, -ere, n., be squalid. — Fig., be in or put on mourning. squalor, -oris, m., filthiness. — Fig., mauming garments, mourning. stablliO, 4. V. a., make firm; fix, stay, establish, StabiliSt -e, adj., fimi, steadfast; endur- ing, unwavering, intrepid. Stabilitas, -tatis, v., stability, durability, firmness, steadfastness. Statil^US, -I, M., a gentile name. — E. g., L. StatiHus, a conspirator. Statlm, adv., forthwith, at once, imme- diately, instantly. Stator, -dris, m., the Supporter, an epithet of Jupiter. statua, -ae, f., a statue. statuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, a., set up, place, fix, set, station. — -Fig., believe, assert, decide, conclude, determine, pose judgment. status, -us, M., a station, position; state, condition, circumstances. sternd, stravl, stratus, -ere, u., strew, scatter; overthrow, prostrate. — stratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., prostrate, prone, lying. Stlmulo, 1. V. a., spur, urge on, incite, stimulate. (S) Stimulus, -1, M., u goad. — Fig., a sting, pang; a spur, incentive. stipator, -oris, m., a dose follower, satellite. (S) stipendiarius, -a, -um, adj., liable to tribute, tributary. stipendlum, -I, k., tribute. — Also, a soldier^s pay, services, a campaign. Stipo, 1. V. a,, and n., crowd together; surround, accompany. Stirps, -pis, F., the root, offspring, descen- dants. — Fig., source. Sto, Steti, status, -are, n., stand; stand still or firm; remain, endure. Stratus, p.p. of sterno. stravi, see sternd. Strenuus, -a, -um, adj., vigorous. (S) strepitus, -us, m., a confused noise, a hum of voices, a murm.ur. studeo, -Ul, -ere, n., be eager, zealous or anxious for or about, favor, desire, strive after. studlose, adv., eagerly, zealously, anx- iously, carefully. StudlOSUS, -a, -um, adj., eager, zealous. fond, devoted, friendly. Studlum, I, N., zeal, eagerness, fondn&ss desire, effort, exertion; devotion, layaUy. STULTUS 84 &tnvi]MA kindneaa, kind servicea, partisanship; a pursuit, study. Stultus, -a, -um, sid}., foolish. stuprum, -i, n., lewdness. suadeo, -SI, -sus, -ere, a., and n., advise, recomviend, urge, advocate. suasor, -oris, m., an adviser, counselor, advocate. suavls, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant, agreeable, grateful, delightfvl. su&Titas, -tatis, f., pleasantness, agree- ableness, attractiveness. suavlter, adv., smoothly, pleasantly. GUb, prep, with ace. and abl. — With abl., under, below, at the foot of; just b^ore. — With ace, under, beneath, dose to, up to; just at or before. — In comp, (subs-), under, somewhat, secretly. subactus, p.p. of subigo. subc, see succ-. subdolus, -a, -uia, adj., somewhat crafty, tricky, cunning. (S) subdued, 3. V. a., lead or draw up; withdraw. (S) sub-eo, 4. V. a., go under, approach, en- dure, submit to. — subltus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sudden, unexpected, sur- prising. — subit5, N, abl., as adv., suddenly, unexpectedly. GUbf-, see sufl-. sublclO (-liclo), -lecl, -lectus, -ere [SUb-iacio], a., throw, lay, place or bring under or near; hand to, ^supply; substitute, forge, counterfeit'; submit^ subject, make subject; prompt, suggest. sublector, -5rls, m., a forger. subigd, -egl, -SLctus, -ere [sub-ag5], a., bring or get under; overcome, siAdue; incite, impel, force, constrain, SubUcld, see sublclo. subltd, see subeo ad fin. subituSf p.p. of sube&. sublatus, p.p. of tollo and suflcrd. SUb-levo, 1. V. a., lift from below, raise, hold up; sustain, support; aUeviate, lessen. suboles, -Is, F., offspring. subp-, see' Eupp-. subscrlptor, -oris, m., a joint prosecutor, BeeC.T.,p.244, §7. SUbselllum, -I* k., a bench. mb-seg.uor, 3. v. dep,, follow up or after; come after; comply vyith. subsidlum, -i, n. , troops in reserve, auxiliaries; aid, help, succor, support, assistance, protection. sub-sidd, -sedi, -sessus, -ere, n., ait or settle down; remain, abide, stay; lie in wait or on the watch. sub-sortior, 4. v. dep., subetituie by lot, choose as a aubstituie. sub-sum, irr. v. n., be under or beneath, near or at hand, approach,— Fis-, He concealed in. subter-Iuglo, 3. v. a., escape. sub-venlo, 4. v. a., assist. sub-verto (-vort-), -ti, -sus, -tere, a., overturn, destroy. (S) succedd, -cessi, -cessus, -ere [sub- cedo], n., come or go up, advan^ie, fol- low after, take the place of, relieve^ suc- ceed to; be successful, prosper. succenseo, see suscenseo. succuxnbo (sub-c-), -cubm, -ere, u.. fall down, yield,' submit, surrender. succurro (sub-c-), -currX, -cursus, -ere, n., help, assist, aid, succor. (S) sudis^ -is, F., a atake. (S) Suessa, -ae, f., a town near the boundary between Latium and Campania. suSero, sustull, sublatus, sufCerre [sub-ferO], a., undergo, endure. sufflclo, -feel, -fectus, -ere [sub- faclo], a., put in one^s place, substitute — ■ Intrans., be sufficient. sufiCragiuxn, -i, n., a vote, suffrage: ferre, Inlre (give one's vote) . sul, sibi, se, or sese, reflex, pron. of 3d pers., one's self. Sulla, -ae, m., a family name. — ^E. g., 1. L. Cornelius Sulla, the champion of the aristocracy against Marius; dis- tinguished in the notes as the 'Dictator Sulla.* 2. P. Cornelius Sulla, elected consul for 65, but deposed (p. 19, §23). Sullanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sulla, of the times of Sulla, Sullan. (S) Sulplcius, -I, M., a gentile name. — ^E. g., 1. P. Sulpidua, juror in the case of Verres, quaestor 69. 2. C. Sulpicius GaJba, praetor 63. — As adj., of Sul- picius. sum, fui, futOruB, esse, irr.Y.n.,be,exist. sumjna, -ae, f., the main thing, chief point; the whole amount, sum total; chief command. SUMMATIM 85 TABELL^ summatim, adv., in a general way, by topics. fummus, -a, -um, adj., superK of su- perus, at the top; the top of, highest part of. — Fig., highest, greatest, extreme, most distinguished. ijumO. sumpsi, sumptus, -ere [sub- exno], a., take up or away, assum,e, get, acquire: suppllcium {inflict, exact). sumptuose, adv., expensively, extrava^ gantly, lavishly. sumptuosus, -a, -um, adj., expensive; lavish, extravagant. sumptus, p.p. of sumo. sumptus, -us, M., expense. super, adv. and prep, with ace. and abl., above, over, beyond. (S) SUperbe, adv., haughtily, proudly, super- ciliously. superbus, -a, -um, adj., haughty, arro- gant, superdliov^. — Also, proud, splen- did, n^ble. superficies, -em (ace), f., the top. — In law, improvements, buildings. superior, see superus. supero, 1. V. a. and n., rise above, overtop, surmount. — Fig., be superior, overcome, surpass. — ^Also, be left over, remain, survive. super-sum, irr. v. n., be left, remain, exist still, survive; he superfluous. superus, -a, -um, adj., upper, higher. Mare Superum, the Adriatic. — As subst. M. pi., those above, the gods. — Compar., higher, upper; former, pre- vious, elder; stronger, more able. — Sup., SUpremus, highest, last. supervacaneus, -a, -um., adj., unneces- sary, needless. (S) suppedito, 1 V. a. and n., be in abun- dance; suffice; supply. suppeto (sub-p-), 3, v. u., be at hand, in store or available, supplex, -Icls, Sid}.- suppliant, humble. — As subst., a suppliant. SUppllcatlo, -onls, a-., p-ublic praise or prayer; a day of humiliation or thanks- giving, a thanksgiving. suppllcium., -i, N., a kneeling, bowing down. — Hence, any act of worship; punishment. $up-pono (sub-), 3. V. »., put or place imder, substitute falsely. supprlmd (sub-), 'pressl, -pressus, -ere [sub-prem,(5], a., keep back, check, suppress, conceal. supra, adv. and prep, with ace, above over, beyond, before. supremus, see superus. supt-, see subt-. SUra, -ae, u., an agnomen. See Lentu- lus. surgo, surrexl, -ere [sub-rego], n., rise, lea^ to one's feet. surrlpld (subr-), -rlpul, -reptus, -ere [sub-rapid], a., taJce secretly, steal, purloin, pilfer. suscensed (succ-), -ul, -ere, n., be an^ry, irritated, enraged. susclplo (succ-), -cepi, -ceptus, -ere [subs-caplo], a., undertake^ assume, begin, enter upon; undergo, submit to, accept: susceptus ex ioccasioned by). SUSpectus, -a, -um., adj., suspected, dis- trusted. — As subst., an object ofsuspicion. susplclo, -spexl, -spectus, -ere, -^.^ look up toward or at. — Fig., respect^ esteem, honor. — Rarely, look askance at. distrust. suspiclo (-tlo), -onis, f., distrust, mistrust, suspicion. susplcor, 1. V. dep., mistrust, suspect, feel suspicious. SUStentO, 1. v. a. and n., support, main- tain, uphold; hold out, endure, suffer, he patient. sustlnej), -ul, -tentus, -ere [subs- teneo], a. and n.. uphold, support, sua- tain; keep back, restrain, control; endure, hold out against, withstand. SUStull, see suSero and tollo. SUUS, -a, -um., poss. reflex pron., his her, its, their; one's, one* sown. Sjmnada, -ae, f., a city of Phrygia, in Asia Minor. Also Synnas, Synnadis. Syr^cusae. -arum, f. pi., Syracuse. Syractisanus, -a, -um, adj , of Syracuse. — PL M., the people of Syracuse. Syria, -ae, f., Syria. T., abbreviation for Titus. tabella, -ae, f., a tablet, u, writing tablet (see R. C. § 4), u, voting tablet lic document, a law; a picture, painting. tabul&riuxn, -i, n., o pid>lic registry, depository of records. ■^aceo, 2. V. a. and n., be silent, say nothing, hold one's peace; be or keep silent about, pass over in silence. — ^tad- tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., silent, quiet^ mute, tacite, adv., silently, in silence. tacitumltas, -tatls, f., silence. tacitUS, -a, -um, adj., silent, speechless. tactus, p.p. of tango. taedet, -ere, imp. v., it disgusts: zne (/ am. disgusted with). taeter (tSt-), -tra, -tnim, adj., offensive, loathsome; shameful, revolting, talaris, -e, adj., of the ankles, reaching (o the ankles. t&lis, -e, adj., sitch, of su^h a kind. tazu, adv.; ao, to such an extefU. tamen, adv., nevertheless, but still, in spite of this. taznetsi, conj . , notunthstanding that, although, and yet. taxn-CLuam (tan^-), as much as, just as if, as it were. . tandem, adv., at length, ai last, finally. — In impatient questions, pray, then. tangd, tetigl, tactus, -ere, a., touchy touch upon; border on, be contigucas to; strike, hit, beat; impress, affect. tanquam, see tamquam. tantO, N. abl. of tantus. tantopere or tanto opere, adv., so earnestly, greatly, very or mv^h, to sufih a degree. tantulus, -a, -oini, so little, small, trifling or insignificant. tantum, n ace. of tantus. tantum »nodO, adv., orUy, merely. tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such a size, measure or qv/ility, so great, such: tantus . . . quantus (as great . . as) ; tantus . . . quantus n5n {greater . . . than): tanti est (it is worth the cost). — tantum, n. ace. as adv., so mitch, to su£h an extent; only. — tanto, N. abl. of degree, so mu£h,Jhe (with a comp.). tardo, adv , slowly, late. tarditas, -tatis, f., slowness. tardo, 1, V. a.., hinder, delay, impede, prevent. tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow. (S) Tarentlnus, -a, -um, adj., of or n^ear Tarentum. — As aubst. m. pi., the people of Tarentum. Tarentum, -I, n., a town of lower Italy. Tarquinius, -I, m., a gentile name. — Esp., L. Tarquinius, a conspirator. (S) Tarracinensis (Ter-), -e, adj., ofTarra- cina. — As subst. m., a man of Tarrof cina. (S) Tarsus, -i, f., the capital of Cilicia. Tauromenlt&nus, -a, -um, adj., of Tauromenium, a Sicilian town. tectum, -I, N., a roof, house, shelter. tego, texl, tectus, -ere, i^., cover, shelter, protect; ■ hide, conceal. tellus, -uris, f., the earth, globe; land, ground; region, country. telum, -i, N., a missile, dart, javelin; a weapon, of any kind. temere, adv., without purpose, by acci- dent, thoughtlessly. temeritas, -tatis, f , chance, accident; rashness, indiscretion. temperantia, -^e, a-., moderation, self' control, discretion. temperd, 1. v. a-, rule, regulate,' corUrol one's self, he discreei. — temperatUS, -a, -um, p .p . as ad i . txd*<%, wdl- balanced, diadeet. tempestas, -tatis, ji-.. ^ season; weather (good or bad) , a storm. tempestivus. -a, -um, adj., timdv, seasonable, early. templum, -I. n., an open place, a con- secrated spot, a sanctu/iry; a ehrine, fane, temple. tempto (tento),-l. a a., handle, tovcn; attack, assail; try, sound, tempt, tamper -nth. 'lEMPUS 87 TOTIENS teznpuSp -oris, n., time^ a timet fitting or appointed time, right season, proper periodf opportunity; position, stale, condition; pi., the times, circumstances, necessities, extremities, crises, perils. tendo, tetendl, tentus, -ere. a., stretch (out); aim at; struggle, tenebrae, -arum, p. pL, darkness, gloom, obscurity. TenedoB (-us), -i. f., island near Troy. teneo, -ul, -tus,-ere, a.., hold, keep, possess, occupy, maintain; guard, bind; reachf gain. — Fig., conceive, comprehend, know. tener, -era, -erum, adj., soft^ delicate, tender; of tender age, young. tentd, see tempto. tenuis, -e, adj., fin^, thin, slender. — Fig., nice, subtle; trifling, mean. ter, num. adv., three times. Terentla, -ae, f., Cicero's wife; see on Ep. 9, Salutation. Terentius, -I, m., a gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Terentiits, a senator. (S) terg^uxa, -i, n., the hack. terxnlno, 1. v. a., bound, limit — Fig., define, determine; end, finish. terminus, -i, m., «. bound, limit. — Fig., end, termination. terra, -ae, f., the earth, the land; ground, soil; a land, Country. — orbls terrae (the whole earth). — orbls terr&rum (the Roman world), Terracinensis, see Tarra-. terreo,'2. v. a,.,frig?Uen, alarm, terrify. (S) terribilis, -e, adj.. frightful. (S) terrozi, -5ris, m., fright, dread; appre- hension, intimidation. tertid, tertium, see tertlus. tertius, -a, -um., num. ord. adj., the iAzW.— tertium, n, ace. as adv., for the third time. — ^tertio, n. abl. as adv., for the third timet in the third place, thirdly. testamentum, -i, n., a t^xU. testimonium., -I, n., vmness, evidence, proof; a testimonial, testis, -is, c, a witness. testor, 1 V. dep., cause to testify, call as a witness, appeal to. — Also, demonstrate, declare, assert. — ^testatUS, *a, •um, p.p. as adj., pvblit^, manifest, clear, proved. tetendi. »ee tendo. tetlgl, see tang5. tetrarches, -ae, m,, a petty prince. (S) TeutonI (-es), -5rum (-um), m. pi., a people of Germany. theatrum, -I, n., a theater. Themis tocles, -i (-Is), m., an Athenian general. Theophanes, -Is, m., a Greek liistorian. Thessalonlca, -ae, f., a city of Mace- donia, where Cicero dwelt during his exile. Tl., Tib., abbreviations for Tiberius, a praenomen. Tlberlnus, -a, -um, adj., of the Tiber. Tlberls, -Is, m., the Tiber. Tii^ranes, -Is, m., a king of Armenia. timed, -ul, -ere, a. and n., fear, be afraid (of), be anxious (for). tlmidS, adv., timidly. tlmidus, -a, -um, adj., afraid. tlmor, -oris, u.,fear, dread, alarm, appre- hension, anxiety. tiro, -onis, M., a recruit; a beginner, amateur, tyro. Tiro, -onlS, m., Cicero's freedman and secretary. Titus, -1, M., a first name, toga, -ae, f., the toga. togatus, -a, -um, adj., clad in the toga. tolerabllls, -e, adj., bearable, endurable. tolero, 1. V. a. and u., endure, sustain, support, hold ouj.— tolerandus, -a, -um, gerundive as adj., bearable, endurable. toUo, sustull, sublatus, -ere, a., lift, raise, exalt. — Fig., set up, elevate; take away, remove, carry off, make way with; kill, destroy; 'emove, abolish, annul. Tongllius, -i, m., a gentile name. — Only of a conspirator. toreuma, -atls, n., embossed work. (8) torpesco, -pui, -pescere, n., grow numb or torpid, become inactive, (S) Torquatus, -1, m., a family name. — ^E. g., 1. M. ManZius Torquatus, one of the heroes of early Rome. 2. L. MarUius Torquatus, cos. 65." torqueo, torsi, tortus, -ere, «,., turn (av}ay'\, bend; torture, rack. tor*or, -oris, m., a torturer. tot, indecL adj., so many. totlens (-es) , adv. , so often, so many time"-' as often. TOTUS 88 TRIVIUM tdtus, -a, -um, adj., all, all the, the whole, entire, total. tract^t 1. V. a., handle, manage, treat, practice, conditct, spend. tr&dd, -dldl, -ditus, -ere [trans-do], a., give up, hand over, surrender, betray. — Fig., deliver, transmit; relate, narrate, propound, teach. tr&daco or trans-dHco, 3. v. a., lead, bring or carry over or across, transport, transfer, remove; bring, tain or draw to one's side. tralio» traxX, tr&ctus, -ere, a.., drag, draw or haul (alon^, forth or away).^ Fig., attract, allure, influence; protract, prolong, delay, retard. trames, -Itis, m., a side-way, by-path, foot-path. (S) tranQ.ulUitas, -tatls, f., calmness of wind or weather, — Fig. , calmness, siillneas, quiet, serenity. trancLiiillus, -a, -um, adj., calm, quiet, still. — Fig., composed, tranquil. trans, prep, with ace. , across, over, beyond, to or on the farther side of. — In comp., over, across, through and through. tr&ns-alplnus, -a, -um, adj., beyond the Alps, transalpine. transcendo, -di, -ere [trans-scando], a., climb over, cross, surmount. — Fig., overstep, transgress. trans-dUco, see traduco. tr&ns-eo, irr. v. a. and n., go, come or pass over, across, by or through, cross, pass. (S) trans-f ero, irr. v. a. , carry or convey over or across; copy, transcribe. — Fig., fy-ansport, transfer, translate, transform. transigd, -egl, -actus, -ere [trans- ago], a., stab, pierce. — ^Fig., finish, settle, perform, dispatch, transact. trilns-niarinus, -a, -um, adj., beyond the sea, from over the sea. trans-mittd, 3, v. a., send, carry at convey over or across, dispatch, transmit. — Fig., hand over, commit, intrust. Transpadanus, -a, -um, adj., beyond ihePo. tredecim, card. num. cdj. (indecl.), thirteen. TremeUIus, -I, m., a geutile name. — E. g., C.Tremdlius Scrofa, a juror in the case of Verres, and tribunus militum 69. trepidatlo, -onls, v., agitation, confusion, consternation. trepido, 1. V. u., tremble, rush about in a panic, show alarm by confusion. (S) tres, trla, card. num. adj., three. tres-Virl, -drum, m. pL, a Board of Three, see p. 61, § 68. tribuliS, -Is, M., of the same tribe, a fellow tribesman. tribunal, -alls, n. , a raised platform, judgment-seat. triblinatus, -Qs, m., the oiflce of a tribune, atribuneship. trlbunlcius, -a, -um, adj., of a triune, tribunitial. tribunus, -i, m., a tribune, see p. 59, §§ 61-63: aerarlus (of the treasury, see on IV. 7.27): milltarls(o//Ae«oWiera). trlbuo, -ul, -^tus, -ere, a., assign, allot, grant, give; ascribe, attribute; divide, distribute. tribus, -us, f., a tribe, see p. 52, § 25. tributum, -i, n., tribute. trlbutus, -a, -um, adj., of the tribes; esp. comltia trlbuta, an assemblage of the people by tribes for the purpose of voting {x>' 53, §29). triciens (-es), num. adv., thirty times. triclinium, -1, n., a dining-couch: stemere (provide 'the furniture) . triduunij -l, n., three days' time, three days. triennlum, -I, m., three years. triglnta, card. num. adj. (indecl.) thirty. (S) t/lni, -ae. -a, dist. num. adj., three each, three. In ^ng. trinus, -a, -um. in phrase trinum nundlnum (see nun- dlnum). tristis, -e, adj . , sad, dejected, dismal, miserable; gloomy, stem. tristitla, -ae, f., sadness, misery, gloom, gnef. (S) trlumpbo, 1. v. n., celebrate a triumph. — Fig. , exult, rejoice. trlumpbus, -i, m., a triumphal proces- sion, a triumph. triumvir, -I, m., one of a commission of three (cf. tresvirl). (S) trivium, -I, n., a place where three roads meet. — Hence, a frequented place, public square. TROIANUS 89 UNDE Troianus, -a, -um, adj., of Troy, Trojan. (S) tropaeum, -i. n., a trophy. trucidatlo, -onis, p. , o slaughter, maasacre, butchery. trucidOy 1. V. a., cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher, massacre. tVL, till, pers pron., you. tuba, -ae, p., a trumpet. Tubero, -onis, m., a family name. — E. g., Q. Aelius Tubero, the accuser of Ligarius. — T., his father. tueor, tutus, -eri. dep , look at, behold; uphold, maintain, support, guard, de- fend, protect. — tutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., safe, secure, ovi of danger. tull, seefero. Tullla, -ae, p., Cicero's daughter. Tullianiun, -i, n., a dungeon in Home built by Servius Tullius. (S) TuUlola, -ae» *■., the pet name of Cicero's daughter. Tullius, -i, M., a gentile name. — E. g., 1, See Cicero. 2. Servius Tullius, sixth King of Rome. Tullus, -i, M., a family name. — E. g., L. Volcatius Tuilus, cos 66. turn, adv., then, at that time, under those circumstances, in the next place: tum . cum {at the time when). tumultUS, -us, M., an uproar, commotion. — Esp., a civil war, insurrection, riot, disturbance. tiunulus, -i, M., a mound, hill, hillock. — Also, a tomb. tunc, adv. [tum-ce], then, at that time. tunica, -ae, p., a tunic. turba, -ae, p. , an uproar, commotion; crowd, troop. (S) turbulentus, -a, -um, adj., restless, stormy; unruly, lawless. turma, -ae, p., u troop or squadron of cavalry. tuTpls, -e, adj., u{/ly, unsightly. — Fig., infamoits, dishonorable. turplter, adv., basely, shamefully, dis- honorably. turpltudo, -iziis, p., baseness, disgrace, dishonor, ih%famy Tusculanus, -a, -um., adj., of or at Tuscvlum. — As subst., w., a. villa near Tusculum. Tusous, -a, -um, adj., of Etruria, Etrurian, Etruscan, Tuscan. (S) tute, emphatic form of tu, you yourself. tuto, adv., safely, in safety. tutor, 1. V. dep., guard, protect. tutor, -oris, m., a guardian, trustee, conservator. ttitus, p.p. of tueor. tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron. , your (singular) , yours. tyrannus, -I, m., a tyrarU. uber, -erls, n., a teat, dug, breast. fiber, -erls, adj., full, fruitful, fertile^ productive. — ^Fig., rich, copious. ubertas, -t3.tl8, p., richness, fullness, abundance, fertility. ubl or ubi, adv.-^Relative, the place in which, where; of time, when. — Inter- rogative, where? Ubicumque (ubl-), adv., wherever. ubl-nam., inter, adv., where? where on earth? ubi-Q,ue, adv. , in arvy place wheUever, wherever, everywhere. UlcXscor, ultus, -!, dep., take vengeance on, avenge, punish. Ullus, -a, -um, adj., any, any one. — As- subst., any one, anybody. ulterior, -iUS, adj. comp., farther, more remote or distant. ultimus (-umus), -a, -um, adj. superl., farthest, most distant or remate. — Fig., most extreme, best or worst. ultra, adv. and prep, with ace, on the other side, beyond; above, exceeding, more than.' (S) ultro, adv., spontaneously, of one's own accord, unasked; gratuitously, actually: ultro et citro {to and fro). Ultus, p.p. of ulclscor. umbra, -ae, p., the shade, u shadotp. — Fig., a constant companion or accom- paniment. Umbrenus, -I, m.. a family name. — Only of a freedman, umquam (unq-), adv.- at any time, ever. 'Qna, adv., at the sam^ pWce or time, together, along {with). unde, adv. — ■ReL, whence, from which. — Interrog., whence? UNDECIM 90 VALERIUS undeclm, card. num. adj. (Indecl.) , eleven. undecimus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj.. the eleventh. undecLuinciuagesiinus, -a, -um, ord. num. adj., the forty-ninth. undlg.ue, adv., /ro7n or on all sides. ungruentum. -l, n., an ointment, an unguent, a perfume. tinlce, adv., exclusively. unlversus (-vorsus), -a, -uxn. adj., all together, whole, entire, collective. unquam, see umquaxn. Iinus, -a. -uzn, adj., one; alone, sole, single; but or ordy one. unus-CLUlsq.ue, indef. pron., each several one, each indivithial, every single, every. urbauus, -a, -um, adj., of or in Rome or the city. urbs, -is, F., a city, the city. urgue5 or urged, ursl, -ere, a., press, force^ impel; press hard, beset, burden, oppress. — Fig., follow up, urge on. usltatus, -a, -um, adj., usual, wonted, customary, common, ordinary, familiar. USpiam, adv., anywhere. usquam, adv., at any place, anywhere. usque, adv., all the way ito), until, unto, as far as; continually, incessarUly: q,uo usq.ue (to what end? to what purpose? how long?) UStor, -oris, m., a burner of the dead. usura, -ae, f., itse, enjoyment, right to enjoy. — Hence, interest (on a debt) , of. Old English 'usance-' usurpatio. -onis, p., a using^ the use. &5urp5, 1. V. ti., Mfic, employ, practice, exercise, enjoy; name, call, speak of, iLse or adopt in speech. tisus, p.p. of utor. USUS, -us, M , wfie, enjoyment; practice, exercise; experience, skill; intercourse, familiarity. — Also, usefulness, value, benefit, advania^e. — With esse, there is need, it is necessary, ut or uti, adv. (relative), as; (interrog.), in what way or manwer, htiw? ut or uti, conj . — Of time, when, as; ut primuzu, as soon as. — Consecutive or final, thai, so that; in order to, to. — Concessive, though, although. Uter, -tra, -trum, pron (interrogative), which of the two? which? (indefinite), whichsoever of the two, whichever one, the one who. uter-que, -traque, -trumque, adj., pron., both, each. uter-vis, utra-, utrum-, indef. pron., which you please, either. uti, see ut. uti, see utor. TTtica, -ae, a-., a town in Africa, near Carthage. Utllis, -e, adj., serviceable, fit, profitable, suitable UtlUtaS, -tatis, «-., usefulness, expediency^ benefit, profit. utinam, adv., oh thai! woidd that! if only! I wish that! 'utor, usus, -1, dep., make use of, employ, enjoy , take advantage of; practice, observe^ exp&rience: he intimate or fa- miliar with one. — ^With pred. noun or adj . , find, find in. ut-pote, adv., as, inasmuch as, since. utrlmque, adv., on both sides. utrum, interrog. adv., introducing the first part of a double question. uxor, -oris, f., a wife. V, sign for quinque, five. vacillo, 1. V. n., waddle, stagger. — Fig., waver, hesitate. vaco, 1. V. n., be empty, void, vacant, free from, unoccupied. vacuefacio, -feci, -factus, -ere, a., make empty, empty, clear. vacuus, -a, -um, adj., empty, free from, devoid of, udthout; vacant, unoccupied; at leisure, disengaged. Tadimonium, -I, n., a promise secured by bail, security, bail. vagina, -ae, «'., a scabbard. vagor, 1. V. dep., stroll about, roam. — ■ l''ig. , spread abroad. vagus, -a, -um, adj., rambling, roving; unsettled, inconstant. (S) valde, adv., very, very much, exceedingly, thoroughly. valeo, -us, -itUrus. -ere, u., be well or strong. — Fig., be strong, powerful, in- fluential, have weight, a-yaiY.-r-VAlens, pres. p. as adj., strong, vigorous; pow- erful, mighty. ■ Valerius, -i, m , a gentile name — ^E g« VAIvETUDO 91 VERO 1. L. Valerius Flacctts, cos. 100. 2. P. Valerius, an unknown friend of Cicero. — As adj.. Valerian: ISx, ta- bula. valetudo (vaUt-), -Inis, f., health (good or bad). validus,-a, -uin,adj., strong, vigorous. (S) V&nltas, -tatls, f.» emptiness, uselessnesSf weakness, folly. (S) vanus, -a, -um, adj . , vacant. — Fig. . idle, groundless, unmeaning. (S) Vargunteius, -I, m., a gentile name. — Only of L. Vargunteius, the would-be murderer of Cicero. (S) varle, adv., differently, variously. (S) varietas, -tatls, *., difference, diversity^ variation. Varius, -a, -um, adj., variegated, party- colored. — Fig., diverse, different, chang- ing; inconstant, untrustworthy. Varrd, -dnis, m., A. Terentius, a friend of Cicero. V&rus, -I, M., a family name. — ^E. g., P. Attius Varus, a supporter of Pompey. v&s, vasis, N. (pi. vasa, -drum) , a vessel, implement; baggage. (S) V&stsltid, -onis, f., a ravaging, devas- tation, laying waste. V&stltas, -tSLtiS, F., a waste, desert; desolation, ruin. vasto, 1. V. a., lay waste, desolate, devas- tate, ruin, destroy. vastus, -a, -uzn, adj., empty, unoccupied, waste, desolate; also insatiate, (S) vates, -is, u., a seer, prophet, soothsayer. Vatla, -ae, m., surname of P. Servilius. vatlclnor, 1. v. dep., foretell, predict. — Also, rave, rant. -ve, end. conj., or. vecordia (vae-) -ae, a-., folly, madness. ent. Toluslus, M., a contemporary of Cicero. volvo, -vl, -Utus, -ere, a., turn, turn around, roll, roll .along. — Fig., ponder, reflect uvon. (S) vorso, see versa. vorsus, adv. and prep., turned toward, in the direction of. (S) vorto, see verto. vormet, emphatic form of vos. VOSTER 94 X VOSter, see vester, V6x, vSclS, «., a voice .cry, call; words, TOtlTUSi -a, -uni» adj., promised by a talk. vow, votive. VUl-, see vbl-. TOtum, -I, M., a vow; a prayer. _ voveo, vovl, T5tus, -ere, ». and u., "'ow, dedicate; make vows. X, siga for decetu* ten. INDEX This ludex is intended to facilitate and unify the use of Introduction, Notes and Vocabulary. Occasionally a word or construction is indexed whirh is met in the Text but not in the Notes : in a few cases the reverse is true l but as a rule a reference in the Index represents a topic suggested by both the Text and the corresponding: note. When a usage is of frequent' occurrence only a few representative passages are noted in the Index. In the case of proper names, however, the aim is to include all essential references. The asterisk (*) indicates that references to the grammars are made in the note on the passage referred to. For abbreviations met in the Index see table on the page immediately preceding the Vocabulary. a. al>: agent w. com. nouns personified, 1.10.6; source, w. verbs of asking. II. 6.14; 7.17; *Verr. 16.19, 17.1; ah dis, III.9.24. — cavere ah, Sal. 62.8; a nobis abire, auction term, Kp. 9.34. — Abs ie, I.ll.lO; ab aliis, in two senses. Mar. 10.9,10- aliena a, Sal. 61.52. Abbreviations in letters, R.C. §§11,12. abdlcare, constr. \v., 111.6.13,38; Sal. 47.16. abest ut . . . ut, MX. 24.24. Ablative: see und ;r Cases. abs, w. te, see a, ab. Absolute use of trans, vb., *III. 10,14; M.L. 3.17; Sal. 61.103. Abstract Nouns: in concrete or collec- tive sense, 1.13.4; II.S.5, 5.34; III.9. 25; IV.2.27; Mar. 3.26.— Plural, 1.1.4; 11.5.13; IV.8.2; M.L. 22.24; Sal. 14.2. — Abstract and concrete together, II. 5.39. Abuse, terms of: gladiator, 1.12.4. latro (latrocinium), 1.13.4; Phil. 2.21; leno, IV.8.13; parricida, 1.12.8; Phil. 2.22; Sal. 31.24; percussor, Piiil. 6.12; pestis, 1.5.10; II.1.22; Phil. 3.11; Spartacus^ Pha. 6.12. abutor, not 'abuse,* 1. 1.1. 4iC, introducing new point, M.L. 13.5; aeque ac, III.12.30; contra ac, Sal. 60.11. See atque. Aficius, poet. Arch. 11.8; Ep. 18.3. Accumulation of synonyms, 1.6.7. — Of iudefinites, Ep. 9.4; 15.37. Accusative; see under Cases. Achaean League insults Roman ambas- sadors, M.L. 6.4. Achaia for Peloponnesus, M.L. 12.36. Actors not citizens. Arch. 5.13. actus, 'act* in play of life. Mar 9.1. ad: 'with regard to,' 1,5.24. — 'To (or 'at') the house of,' 1.8.3. — 'In addition to' (hoc), Sal. 17.11. — 'Into the vicinity of,' ML. 15.28. addictlo, legal term, Verr. 4.17. adfinls, w. gen. or dat., IV. 3.21. AsjECnvES; agree w. nearest noun of series, in.1.6; IV.1.2— Neuter w. nouns of different gender, II.9.13; III. 4.12; Sal. 5.3. — Not usually applied directly to proper names, 1.2.4- II. 6- 13. — Co-oril. w. abl. or gen. of quality, 1.2.4; 11.10.19. — Substantive: om- nium, *II.8.18; horum. Arch. 4.13. — Comparative above superl., III.5.45; Mar. 11.2; 'too,' IV.6.34,37; 'un- usually,' IV.6.8; standard of compan- son omitted. *II.5.2; III.2.10.— Super- lative w. unus. III. 10. 28; w. quisque, M.L. 1.4; Phil. 2.12. — Forms in -vos, -vom, Sal. *23.17, 61.23. admonere de, M.L. 16.24. adsuefactus w. abl., *II.S.6. 9,5 93 INDEX Advehbs: in -a, *I.9.14; in 'itua. III. 9.31.— Numeral, Verr. 13.16, 18.33. — Of place ( = prep, phraae) : aliquo, 1.7. 21; hinc, III.2.17; Aac, II.2.15; quo (rel.), 1.5.1; III.12.22, etc.; (Interrog.), 1.4.16; correlatives, *I.4.16. — As ad- lective: attributive, 11.12.17; predicate, 1.8.7,13; bene eat (abbreviated B.E.), etc., Ep. 2.1. — As substantive. Mar. 9. 6; Sal. 5.7,8. ;^edes: sense in sing, and plur., ITI.3.20; omitted w. a god's name, Ep. 10.75. &edlles: p. 60, §64. — ^Time of taking office, Verr. 10.19. Aemilius Paulns, IY.10.16; Sal. 51.10. — Aemilius Scaurus, Arch. 3.26. aeque ac, III.12.30. aera legum, III. 8. 15. aerarlum, depository of laws, 1.2.11. — aerarii tribuni, IV.8.28:/wr€«, Sal. 52.34. aes allenum, II.2.21; Sal. 14.5. Afranius, L., Ep. 12.54, 14.32. Africa, the province, Lig. int. note. Africanus: see Scipio. Age: expressions of, Phil. 1.21. — Age of eligibility tor office, p. 63, §77. age: see ago. ager Galllcus, II.3.2. ago, agere: 'aim at,' III.2.8; IV.6.31; Lig. 4.1. — cum popido, M.L. 1.2; Verr. 12.26; Sal. 51.118.— /orum, 'hold court,' Ep. 13.23.— gratias, IV.3.2; Ep. 7.1. — quid agis, two senses, Ep. 11.44, 19.2. — cigiturt 'is at stake,* M.L. 2. 7-22; impersonal w. de, M.L. 6.5: Sal. 52.16; w. ind. question, Sal. 52.25; 'is at issue,' Phil. 5.18. — Impers. pass. w. adv., 'be dealt with well,' etc., Verr. 14.8. — age, imperative as interjection, M.L. 14. 1( 16.1. — Active used abso- lutely, M.L. 3.17. agrarll, IV.2.22. Ahala, 1.1.22. Alaudae, Ep. 20.14. Alba Fucentia, Phil. 2.23. allenus, deriv., 1.9.20; w. gen., Sal. *40. 18, w. abl., Sal. 56.15; w. a and abl., Sal. 51.52; aes alienum, II.2.21; Sal. 14.5. allquando, 1. 10.1. allauo, 1.7.21. alius alll, Sal. 22.7, 52.75; plur., Sal. 53.3. — alium alio (adv.), 'one to one place, one to another,' Sal. *27.3; alios alibi, Sal. 60.1. — alii . . . pare, Sal. 61.15. Alliteration: m, Ep. 7.6,7; p., 1.12.21; Lig. 6.29; v, 1.6.22; IV.6.19; M.L. 20.11. Allobroges: hostile to Rome, III>9.26; Sal. 52.67. — ^Part in conspiracy, p. 28; III.2.13— 5; Sal. 40,41,44. altaria (plur.), 1.9.28. alter . . . alter, IV.4.6.— oiferum se, Ep. 12.62. alveolus, Arch. 6.20. Ambiguity: intentional (?), 1.6.9; of posi- tion, II.6.5.^TO)s, IV.6.49. ampllsslmus: said of senators, M.L. 1.2. ampllUS w. numeral: w. abl., Sal. 56.6; not affecting case, Sal. *69.19. an: elliptical, *I.1.17, 11.24; Arch. 4.27, 11.5, etc.; for an potiiLe, IV.6.25. — Be- tween members of ind. double question, Sal. 25.7. Anacoldthon, 1.12.1; M.L. 7.5; Mar. 4. 10; Phil. 5.4. Analtls, M.L. 9.22. Anaphora, 1.1.3; II.2.I8, 6.20; IV.6,28, 9.8; M.L. 2.26, 23.22; Arch. 9.18; Ep. 3.10, etc. anlmadvertere w. in and ace, 1.12.16. animus: of the intellect. Arch. 6.7; moral qualities. Arch. 7.5; courage, Phil. 1.4.— Pleonastic, IV.8.14; Ep. 2.17. anne for an, M.L. 19.9. ante (adv.), Phil. 1.6. — avie actus (ants' actus), 'past,' Mar. 1.24, antecedent incorporated in rel. clause, *I, 13.26; repeated, III.6.39 ante diem in dates, *I.3.7. Antioch, Arch. 3.3. Antithesis: 11.11.16-24; IV.6.20.— He, verba, Verr! 15.9; Sal. 35.1. Antonius, C: Cicero's colleague, pp. 20, 23; 1.13.19; in.6.10-12; IV.11.2; Ep. 3. int. note; Sal. 21.10, 24.1, 26.8. — Sent to defeat Catiline, Sal. 36.8; not in the battle, 'indisposed,' Sal. 59.18. — Proconsul of Macedonia in Cicero's stead, 1.13.19; IV.11.2; Sal. 26.8.— Ungrateful, Ep. 3. Antonius, M., orator, grandfather of triumvir, M.L. 12.15. Antonius, M., father of triumvir, M.L. 23.11. INDEX &ntomus, M., triumvir: seizes power on Caesar's death, Phil. 1.9,10; 2.4,22, etc., and int. note; Ep. 21. int. note. Apostrophe, Verr. 63.8; Phil. 3.1. Appius Claudius Fulcher, £p. 13.6,21, int. note. Applause, Phil. 1.10,19; S.IS; 3.8,14; 4.1,23. apud, 'at the house of,* 1.4.14; III.5.7; Sal. S6.1. — Replaced by ad, 1.8.3. — Form apui, Ep. 14.41. aqulla, legionary standard, 1.9.24; Sal. 59.11. Aquillius, M.L. 5.6. Archias, A. Licinius, poet. Arch. int. note and passim. argentum, 'plate,' II.8.15. Ariobarzanes, M.L. 2.11. Aristippus, philosopher, Ep. 16.18. Art; objects 'collected* by Roman gen- erals, M.L. 14.11; Verr. int. note. arx. the Capitohne fortress, IV .9 .9. Asia, the province, M.L. 2.5, 22,17. Assassins, would-be, of Cicero, 1.4.20: II. 6.6; Sal. 28.1-8. Assemblies: p. 52, §|25-43; see Comitia, Contio. Asyndeton: II. 1.5, 5.19, etc. — ^Between consuls' names, 1II.8.13. — Adversa- tive. IV.4 3; Arch. 4.22-26.— Shows passion, IV.2.24-28. at: marking change of scene, Sal. 43.1, and often. — at enim to introduce oppo- nent*s view. M.L. 17.9, Verr. 5.27, Sal. 51.68, etc. atque: to introduce stronger word, IV. 9.4. — 'And especially,* 1.5.8.-- — 'And even', M.L. 12.11. — 'Now,' to intro- duce new point. M.L. 2.1. — aigue adeo. 1.2.19, 4.11; 11.12.14, etc. — contra atgue, III.8.27. — See ac. Atticus, Ep. 1. sal. — Absent when Cicero returned from exile, Ep. 12.2. — Ad- dressed in Ep. 1,4-8. 12, 13, 17, 20. Attractiok: Adj. to case of pred. noun- 11.10.27; M.L. 4.20, etc. — Rel. pron. II.12.7. — ^Verb. properly impersonal to plur. pron., M.L. 12.26; verb to sub- junctive, *I.7.32; II.2.8; M.L. 4.4; Phil. 6.4; Sal. 45.S, etc. — Clause to un- natural depe>dence, M.L. 9.40. auetorltas: eena/i«. p. 70, §111; 1.1.26. — F.UT., 'documentary evidence,' Verr.3 A. audada: in bad sense, 11.5.13; concrete, 1II.9.25. audlre, 'hear of,' w. de and abl , 111,10.9. augures: p. 64, §§83-90; their power, p. 65, §§88-90. Augury: signs in west unfavorable. III. 8.8. Aurelia Via, II.4.7. — Forum Aurelium, I. 9.22. aures anlml, Sal. 58.6. ausplcla: p. 65, §85ff.; 1.13.26. — ^Taken before elections, Ep. 18.11. — ausviciis iisdem, 'at the same time,' 1.13.26. autem, correlative to primum, Ep. 15.52. Autronius, p. 19; Sal. 17.7. B beards, 11.10.19. beatl, 'welUto-do,* II.9.23 beneflcla, 'services worthy of reward,' Arch. 5.27. bellum, tumultus, latroclnlum, II.l. 12; III.2.13. Bestia, L., Sal. 17.9, 43.4. Bibulus, Ep. 13.24. Bithynia, M.L. 2.10. bona, II.10.5; Verr. 6.16. boni, 'patriots,' 1.1.5, 10.10; IIL12.10; Mar. 6.32 (w. viris); Ep. 14.1, and often. Bosphorani, M.L. 4.5. Bribery, methods in, Verr. 12-29; large sums "wo^ved, Verr. 13.16. Brocchus, T., Lig. 4.16, 11.15. Brundisium: important port, M.L. 11.5; date of founding, Ep. 12.29. Brutus, D. .Junius, Phil. 3.12; Sal. 25.3. — Consul-elect, Phil. 4.16. — His edict, Phil. 3.12; Ep. 21.11. — Addressed in Ep. 21, when at Mutina. Brutus, D. Junius (Gallaecus), Arch. 11.7. Brutus. L. Junius, 'the elder,* Phil. 3.16. Brutus. M. Junius, leader of Caesar's as- sassins. Phil. 3.16: Ep 20.24; his letter to Atticus, Ep. 17.1. Burial; importance of, IV.6.13. cadere fo^cidere, Ep. 5.3. caelum: de caelo in augury, III. 8. 14. Caesab, C. Julius; ancestry, IV.4.8. — Fontifex Maximos, Sal. 49.8. — Praetor, «2, 17.4.3.— Attitude toward Cat;- 98 INDEX line's conspiracy, IV,4,5; his speecn, Sal. 51,— Triumvir, p. 34, §63.— Breaks with Pompey and the senate, p. 40, §77; Lig. 6,18; Ep. 14.8.— Dic- tator, p. 40, §78. — His battles. Mar. 2.9; worM-wide exploits, Mar. 9.15-18; four-fold triumph. Mar. 9.18. — Re- forms projected. Mar. 8.1-4. — Deeply offended at Marcellus, Mar. 1.21; at Ligarius, Lig. int. note. — ^His mag- nanimity. Mar. 3.5, 6.7; Lig. 4.22; Sal. 54.4,6. — Friend of the people, IV.5.3, • 11; Lig. 12.28.— His power, Ep. 18; appointed consuls, Ep. 18.9, 21.9. — As- sassinated, Ep. 19. Caesar, C, adopted name of Octavius, Phil. 1.17; Ep. 20.8. Caesar, L., IV.6.36; cos. 64, Ep. 1.1. Calendar, confusion of, 11.10.30. Calls in eariy morning, 1.4.24. Campus Martius: L5.14; II.1.9. — Meet- ing place of comitia centuriata, p. 53, §31; scene of consular elections, IV.l. 12; Verr. 7.2; Ep. 18.8; consecrated for each election, IV.1.12; Ep. 18.11. CSLneve = praedicere, III. 8.10. Caninius, C, consul half a day, Ep. 18.13. Gapeua, porta, Ep. 12.40. Capltollum: three senses, IV.9,9; fire, IIL4.20. Cappadocia, M.L. 2.11. captus znente, III.9.2. caput, usually 'civic status,' p. 48, §6; IV.5.13; Ep. 9.13. career: Sal. 55.5. — Imprisonment not a means of punishment, 1.8.13; 11.10.16. - — Conspirators strangled there, Sal. 55. 10-16. Cases: Forms: Nom. in '^os, -vom, Sal- *23.17; 51.23.— Gen. in -as, *IV.6.18; in -I or -ii, I. title; in -i (decl. 4), Sal. 30.7; in -i (decl. 5), M.L. 19.19.— Dat. in -u, Sal. *58.20. Ablative, case of adverbial relations. Absolute: conditional, 1.12.20, etc.; concessive, M.L. 2.13; Mar. 11.15; Ep. 4.10, etc.; w. same subj. as main verb, *Phil. 6.27, Accordance; see under Cause. Agent w. pass periphrastic, M.L. 2.29 Attendant circumstance, *M.L. 10, 15; Ep, 15.64. Cause, *I.9.19; co-ord. w. causal clause, Arch. 4.5; 'according to,' M.L. 9.48; *Verr. 1.12; *Sal. 33.6, Comparison, for clause, *IV.3,22. Degree of difference: w. ampUus, Sal. 56.6; medley Arch. ll.S; post. Mar. 9.26: quo . , . hoc, 'the . . . the,' M.L. 20.9. Fine or penalty, *I.11.14. Locative (terra marique), 11.13.20.^ Appos. to loc, *Arch. 3.4; figura- tive w. stare, *Ep. 14.24; place within which, *I.8.7. Manner: w. adj., II.9.12; w. currit M.L. 24.6, etc. Place whence, without prep., IV. 10.13. Price, M.L. 6.27; Ep. 10.13; Sal. 35. 11, 47.3, 58.29, etc. Quality: Arch. 12.15£f.; w. proper name, 1.2.4 w. pron., Ep. 11.3; co-ord. w. adj., 11.10.19; in pred., *Sal. 5.1. Separation: *I.7.15; w. alienvs, Sal. 56.16; w. expers, Sal. 33.5. Source: w. natua, *Sal. 5.1; w. verb of. asking, *II.6.14; *Verr. 16.19, 17.1. Specification, Mar. 11.15; Sal. 25.2,4. Time: within which, Ep, 12.46; iu words not meaning time, 1.13.21; Ep. 4.25. 14.55. W. de for gen, part., *IV.5.12; w. ex, M.L. 9.26; w. de after admoneo, M.L. 15.24. W. facto, fio, 'make of,* 'become of,* *M.L. 20,3; Ep. 9.33; *Sal. 52.70; w. de and ftUurum, 'become of,* Verres 63.23. W. various verbs and adj.: assue- /actus, *II.5.6; defigere in, *I.6.33; frelus, nitor^ *Ep. 2.3; haereo, *I. 6.5; interest (poss. pron.), *IV.5.1; refertus, *M.L. 18.21; utendum im- personal, Sal. 51.24. One word in two abl. constructions, n.11.11. Accusative, cEise of direct object. Adverbial, *I,1.3, 4.26; Lig. 4.4, etc. — id temporis, *I.4.26. Cognate, *I.12.2; M.L. 13.14; *Sa\. 27.11; associated w. dir. obj., Sal, 45.12. INDEX 99 Duration, *1.2.9; IV.4.8, etc. Exclamauon, *1.1.10, etc. Person and thing: 1.4.13; *Sal. 16. 1,4,*25.4, etc.; w. moneo, II.9.29; ace. of thing w. pass., *Verr. 15. 13; Sal. *25.4, 50.13, etc. W. miseret and g-en., *Lig. 5.17; audire, 'hear of,' III. 10.9. W. pridie, *I.6.20. Dative, case of indirect object. Agent: w. pass, periphrast., 1.7,11. w, perf. tenses, *I.7.8; II.6.17; M.L. 24.23, etc. Ethical, *II.2.20. Interest, w. niibere, Sal. 15.3. Possessor, II. 12 .3; w. res est, Verr. 11. 13; Phil. 5.10, 6.1. Purpose, 1.6.10, Ep. 15.32; Sal. 16.5. Reference, *I.6.30; IV.6.14; *Ep. 12.28,38; *Sal. 30.28, etc. Separation, *IH 9.25. Two datives, Sal. 20.21. W. compounds: verbs, Ep. 14.8; Sal. 23.3, 27.15, etc.; nouns, II. 12.22; *Sal. 32.2. W. special verbs; 'believe,* *I.3.4; 'favor,' ■'1.1.22: 'serve,' *I.9.i7; 'spare,' *Sal. 14.17; confido, "'Sal. 16.9; confirmo, Verr. 17.4; consu- lere, *IV.2.1; irascor. Mar. 10.8; mederi, *M.L. 9.47; Mar. 8.11; necesse est, *Ep. 4.4: satiafacere, Verr. 1.20. — W passive imperson- al, *III.12.9r Verr. 9.38; Ep. 9.25. W. adj., *IV.6.2- <3«nitive, the adjective case, either at- tributive or predicate. Appositional, *I.5.28; Verr. 11.10; Lig. 5.20, etc. Of the charge, w. vbs. of accusing, etc., *I.2.16. Material, *II.8.10. Objective: w. verb of memory, '•'I. 3.5; IV. 1.6, etc.; in meniem venire, *Verr. 17.16; Ep. 15.3; misereor, Sal. *33.8; -miseret, paenitet, etc. (w. ace), *Lig. 5.17; IV.10.7; Ep. 13.12; w. potior, 11.9.2; Sal. 47.12; w. pres. part., *Sal 5.4. — W. nouns: abstract, Sal. 30.16; agent, *Sal. 5.6; aludium, Lig. 5.3. — W. adj.: particeps, 1.1.13; '*Sal. 17. l2; siudiosus, Lig. 12.20. Partitive: w. neuter adj., 1.4.19; pron., id iemporis, 1.4.26; id lod, *Sal. 45.8. — W. adj., expers, *M.L. 19.15; Sal. 33.4; plerique, Sal. 51. 26; superl., Sal. 17.6. — W. adv., '•'1.4,8. — Remote from governing word, IV.8.12. — Replaced by prep. phraae, IV.6.12. Possessive: attributive, vostrum, Sal. 33.8; governing word omitted, Ep. 10.15,*13.28.— Predicate, ■*III.8.4; IV.4.20; M.L. 7.15; Mar. 9.25, etc. QuaUty: *I.a.l0; III.10.21; ■*Sal. 17. 6; co-ord. w. adj., Verr. 13.3; Phil. 2.25.— Value, *I.9.7; Arch. 6.30; Ep. 4.24, etc.; w. facers, Lig. 5.31; w. pendere, Sal. 52.24; pensi habere, Sal. *5.12. Subjective, *I.1.5; Ep. 21.9, etc. W. adj.: alienus, *Sal. 40.18; pleniis. Arch. 3.10; proprium, *I.5.23; II, 10.18; similis, 1.2.26. W. expressions of plenty and want: egeo, "'Sal. 51.97; indigeo, *Ep. 12. 21; expers, *M.L. 19.15; refertua, M.L. 11.26 (see under Ablative). Modifying possessive pron., '•'1.4.11; IV.11.14. Of adj. w. noun in loc, *I.8.5; Sal, 28.5, etc. Double, 1. 5.28; (subjective and objec- tive), M.L. 15.21; Arch. 3.9; Ep. 4.11, etc. Locative: w. adj. in gen., *I.8.5, etc.; w appos. in abl., *Arch. 3.4; vitperi, Ep. 20.3. Nominative: case of subject. — Inde- pendent in titles, I. title. Vocative in apostrophe, 1.4.7; Verr 64. 13; Phil. 3.1, etc. CAxfLiNE: Int., pp. 18—32. — Birth and character, Sal. 5; served under Sulla, Sal. 5.3; endurance, I.lO.ll; III.7.15; murder of wife and son, 1.6.9,11; Sal, 15.5; influence over youth, 1.6.7; Sal. 14.13ff., 16; a crime-broker, Sal. 16.3; charged w. crimes not committed, Sal, 14.20, 22.7; financial straits, 1.6.15. — Held minor offices, p. 18; Sal. 36.7; race for consulship prevented by prose- cutions, pp. 18-20; 1.7,28; Ep. 1,5. — Forms conspiracy, Sal. 17, 20-22. — Leaves Rome, Sal. 32; assumes con' 100 INDEX sular state, Sal. 36; organizes army, Sal. 66; proclaimed hoatis, Sal. 36; refuses to enlist slaves, Sal. 56.14. — His retreat cut off, Sal. 67.12; address to troops, Sal. S9; defeat and death, p. 32; Sal. 60, 61. Cato, M. Porcius, Censor, Arch 7.15, 9.32. Cato, M. Porcius, Uticensis, Arch. 9.32; a Stoic, Sal. 52.21; speech on con- spiracy, Sal. 52; character, Sal. 54. Catulus, Q. Lutatius: opposed lex Mani- lla, M.L. 17.10; inconsistent, M.L. 21. 28; denounces Corrupt courts, Verr. 16. 14, defeated for pontifex maximus, Sal. 49.1 ; Catiline's letter to, Sal. 36 ; favored death penalty, Ep. 17.7. — His son. Arch. 3.27. causa, 'one's cause' or 'case,* II.8.14, 11.14; Arch. 12.18; Lig. 10.7, etc.; 'for the sake of,' Verr. 8.22. cave in prohibitions, *Lig. 5,16; Ep. 14, 51; Sal. 58.29. — eavere ab, Sal. 52.8. -ce, intensive suffix, *I.2.10, 13.23. cena, hour of, Arch. 6.19; Ep. 16.1. censeo, 'propose,' 'move,'IV.4.2; Sal.64.. 116, 62.97; constructions with, Sal. 51. 116; parenthetical and ironical, IV.6. 51; Sal. 62.70. censores: powers and duties, p. 58fr.; III.8.32, census lists. Arch. 5,18. centurlae: p. 63, §30; p. 54, §§35, 36; M.L. 1.14. certo scio, certuzn scio, Ep. 4.12. certus and quidam. Mar. 6.4. cervix, plur., in Cicero, 111.7,20. ceterae, allae, III.6.33. Cethegus, III.4.23; Sal. 43.15. Characteristic clauses, *I.2.28; see Sub- junctive, Chiasmus, IV,8.23; Arch. 2.7; Sal. 14.8, etc. Christmas and the Saturnalia, III.4.22. Chronological Table, pp. 43-46. Cicero, M. TuUius: life, pp. 11-42; place in history and literature, pp. 11-14. — Eques, M.L. 2.S; of senatorial rank by virtue of office, Verr. 14,25. — Entered public life early, M.L. 1.5; opposed by Verres for aedileship, Verr. 8.20; baffles attempt to postpone trial, Verr. 18.18, — Rivals for consulship, Ep. 1.4; sug- gests alliance w. Catiline, 1.6.21 ; Ep. 1.4; opposed but finally elected b\- nobltis, Sal. 23.14-18; held all offices suo anno, 1.11.19. — Vigorous measures against conspiracy, Sal. 29, 45-47, 60.8, 55; life assailed by the conspirators, I.4.19£f.; IV.1.13; Sal. 28.1-8, 43.5; oration I, Sal. 31.15; taunted w. using comperi, Ep. 3.13; called optimus conavl, Ep. 17.16; Sal. 43.5; yieldo province for 62 to Antony, 1.13.19; IV. 1.16, 11.2; Ep. 3.9; Sal. 26.8.— As- sailed for acts. Arch. 6.31; exiled, pp. 33-37, Ep. 5-11; the bills of Clodius, Ep. 6. int.; talks of suicide, Ep. 6.2; no faith in gods, Ep. 9.9; his home, p. 39; Ep. 10.19, 12.71; expenses, Ep. 10.22; return, p. 37-39; Ep. 12.— Pro- consul in Cilicia, p-. 39; Ep. 13. — Course in civil war, Ep 15; opposed Caesar; Mar. 1.12, 4.20; Lig. 2.20fF., and often, in command at Capua, Ep. 14,37; joined Pompey but did not fight, Mar. 5.14; constant advocate of peace, Ep. 16.20. — Long silent. Mar. 1.1; clung to hope of saving republic, Phil. 1.3; spent leisure in writing, Ep. 18.19. — Ap- proved Caesar's assassination, Ep. 19. — Opposed M. Antony, Phil.; Ep. 21. — Proscription and death, p. 42. — Private life: affection for family, Ep. 9-11; trials in his later years p. 40, §79; his villas, Ep. 15.5; his recreations, Arch. 6.15-21; Ep. 16.22. Cicero, M. (son), IV.2.13; Ep. 9. sal., 11. 30; his birth, Ep. 1.1, 11.7. Cicero, Q. (brother): praetor 62, IV.2.9; presided at trial of Archias (?), Arch. 2.2; poet and patron of literature, Arch. 2.10. Cilicia: pirate headquarters, M.L. 12.39; Cicero's province, Ep. 10. int. Cimbri and Teutones, III.IO.IO fin. Cinna, III.IO.IO. Citizens (ctves) enrolled by praetors, Arch. 4.29; c'ivia and hosHs, 11.12.16. Citizenship (civitas) : rights involved, pp. 47-49; properly granted by the people, Arch. 10.22; extended to Italians, M.L, 13.23; Arch. 4.6; a protection every- where, Verr. 62,28; forfeited by con- spirators (?), 1.11,15. Claudius, Appius: father, Arch. 5.1; son. En. 13 int., 6, 11. 21. INDEX 101 Glauses: suspension of, 11.8.2; M.L. 4.7. — causal, *II.1.22; Verr. 2.23, 65 12, etc.; non quo, M.L. 24.16; reason, IV.6.8. — Characteristic, *I.2.28, etc. ; w. cur, Ep. 15.44; quid est quod, *M.L. 24 .8. — Concession , III .3 .9. — Condition : see Conditions. — Purpose: w rel., *I. 9.21; M.L. 24.17; *Sal. 20.32; of men- tion, not of fact, II. 5.1 ; apologetic, Verr. 2.1.— Restrictive, *IV.8.9.— Re- sult: w. rel., *I.2.27, etc. — See other forms under Moods: Subjunctive. cllentelae, IV.11.4. Clodia, Ep. 4.16. Clodius, P., pp. 33-38; Ep. 4.16; his bills, Ep. 5. int. COgltare: nihil nisi w. ace, II. 5. 13; nihil nisi de, 1.7.23. cognate object, *I.12.2; IV.7.12; Sal. 27. 11, etc. cognltor, -advocate,' IV.5.4. cohors praetorla, II.11.8; Sal. 60.12, 61.4. collocare, 'place a contract,' III. 8.31. colonlae, munlclpla: defined, II.11.7; loyal, 11.11 .8. — coloniae Bullae, 11.9,19. colonus, 11.12 .4. colors in dress, II. 3. 9. jomltatus, passive, II.2.19. Comltla: p. 62, §§25-43; not deliber- ative, p. 54, §37. — Centuriata, p. 53, §30; 1.5.14; Ep. 12.34, 18. U.—Curiaia, p. 53, i28.—Tribuia, p. 53, §29; Verr. 9.15; Ep. 4.25, 18.11. comltlum, 1.6.22. cotmnemorare, meaning, II.5.5. eommlttere ut, *III.7.22; Verr. 18.1; Ep. 3.25. Comparison: standard omitted, *II.5.2; III.2.10. comperi, a favorite word, 1.11.6; Ep. 3.13. concursare w. sing, subj., IV.8.13. 3once3sion suggested by context, II. 12. 7; (in rel. clause), Verr. 64.27; (^tamen) , IV.11.5; Verr. 13.1. • Joncordia, temple of, 111.3.19,9.11; Sal. 46.14, 49.15. BOndlcio, II. 7.1; III. 1.9; Verr. 6.14,18. Conditional Sentences: Class 1 — fact assumed, *S. 58.18; w. hint of cause, II.3.11, 10.10, etc.— tPf.-pres., 1.7.5; fut.-fut., Ep. 9.22; fut. pf.-fut., *I.2.22; fut. pf.-fut. pf., IV.6.1; fut.-pre3., Ep. 14.32. Class 2 — condition possible, *I.8.1; loquaiur-debeat, 1.8.1 ; w. posse in' bonclusion, 11.11.14. — Proviso, '•'I. 9.7; Sal. 5.11; w. optative force, Ep. 14.33. Class 3 — contrary to fact: Subjunc. impf.-impf.,' '•'1.7.12; plupf .-plupf . , *I.8.26; plupf.-impf., Verr. 3.20; Ep. 11.11; impf.-plupf., *I.12.3; posse- mus-deberemus. Arch. 8.3; easel-erat deligeTidus, '•'M.L. 17.2; abl. abs.- futurum fuit, '''IV. 8.24. Mixed conditions; Class 1 — vis-perge, 1.9.14; placet-decernatur, IV.4.17. — Class 2 — possit-studeo, II. 8.5; vite- ■mus-videmur, 1.1.15; conferaiur-in^ tereat, III. 6.33; inter8it-liberabis,1.5.5. — Class 3 — impenderet-fui, 1.12.10; fuisset-erat, Phil. 2.6. Apodosis (conclusion): Impv., *I.9.14, 17; 11.10.27; Lig. 10.22.— Exclama- tion, II 5.10. — Conclusion of implied condition as protasis of a new con- clusion, Verr. 64.26. — Indie, of peri- phrastic: Active, '*'IV.8.25; passive, "M.L. 17.2. — Omitted (anacoluthon) , 1.11.5; III.8.22. Protasis (condition): Impv. (w. pres. conclusion), Lig. 10.14; (w. fut. con- clusion), 1.4.1; M.L. 13.24; Verr. 66.9 —Abl. abs., 1.12.20; IV.8.24.— Without si (parataxis). Arch. 9.33; *Verr. 65.20.— Omitted, III.7.21; implied in prep, phrase, "'Verr. 10.4. condonatlo, legal term, Verr 4.17. conducere, 'take a contract,' III.8.31. confectus, 'exhausted,' 1.10.16; II.11.4. conlerre, 'compare,' 11.11.10. confido, construction, '•'Sal. 16.9. congiarlutu, Ep. 20.19. conlectura, III. 8.3; M.L. 9.51. Conlunctlo, rhetorical term, IV.6.14. Conjunctions in series, II. 7.4. conlubet, personal, Sal. 51.30. conscrlptl ipatres), 1.2.14. Considius, C, Lig. 1.20. — M. (Nonianus) Ep. 14.16. tin all such couplets the first member represents the condition, the second the conclusion. 102 INDEX consilium: abstract, 1.1.27; 'council' (of the senate), 1.1.12; 'court,' 'jury,' C. T. §2; Verr 6.20, etc.; Sal. 35.3; consilium ■publicum , III 3.14. Conspirators w Catiline. Who they were, I.l.?;Sal 17.6ff.; classified, II .8-10.— Leaders left at Rome, II.3.15; 111 1.24; Sal. 43; their fatal blunder, III.9. 24; Sal. 41; arrest. III. 2.3; Sal. 46; exami- nation, 111.4,5; Sal 47; execution, Sal. 55. — ^Had they forfeited their iuia civiumt IV 6.20. Consul; legal age, I.ll 19; M.L. 21.23; . elected by comiiio centuriata, p. 53, §31; powers, p. 58, §§53-55; right to sum- mon persons. III. 2 6; president of sen- ate, 1.4.13; IV 10.1; might determine questions to be submitted, M.L 19.24; direction of public works, 111.8.32; names used to designate year, 111.8.1^. consularls, 1.5.12. consulo: w. ace, I 5.31; Verr. 11.1, etc.; w. dat., *'IV.2.1; Verr. 9.33, etc. consultum ultimum, pp. 30,. 31; I.l. 26, 2.1; Sal. 29.6. contendere: 'claim,' 'strive to obtain,' Verr. 16.19; 'compare, 11.11.14. contlnglt, of good fortune, 1.7.6. COntlO: meanings, II. title; IV.6.2. — An assembly, p. 55, §42, 43; Phil. 1> 1; Ep. 21.17. — A speech, II. title; Verr. 16.18; made by private citizens only on per- mission, p. 55; Ep. 12.58. contra: as adj., Ep. 3.12; corUra atque, III.8.26. convenlt w. infin. pf., 1.2.12. conventus, 'a corporation,' Lig. 9.11- convlvlum tempestlvum, Arch. 6.19. convortere, intrans., Sal. 52.73. copla, w. infin., Sal. 17.16. Corduba, Arch. 10.38 Oornelii, the three. III. 4. 16. Courts, Arch. 2.2; R.C.T., p. 244; held m or near the forum, M.L. 1.19. Crassus, L. Licinius, orator. Arch. 3.27. Crassus, M., triumvir, conspirator {?), Sal. 17.18ff. credo: w. dat. of person, *I3.5; par- enthetical and ironical, 1.2.22; II 6.24, Arch. 5.12, etc. — Crede mihi, 13.4; II 7.16. Cretans surrender to Pompey, M.L. 12.42, Cruelty to slaves, IV.6.26. cum (conj.): causal, but tr. 'when,* 1.6. 19; Mar. 1.27; *PhU. 6.8, etc.— Con- cessive, II1.3.9; w. indie, '"Sal. 20.35. — Temporal, w. subjunc, '''111.2.26; w. indie, impf., *IH,2.1. — Cum praeaer- tim. III. 12.20; vero, IV.6.15. — cum . . turn (cum omitted). Arch. 4.5. — Before abl , 1 13.8; IV.7.28; Arch. 10.11, etc.; before subjunctive not related, IV.7.33. cum (prep.): after verb of contending, II.8.23; Sal. 54.15; loQuor, III.5.26.— Near cum (conj.), IV. 6. 17; Arch. 4.1, etc. — Cum ielo, 1.6.22; cum telis essCf Sal. 49.15; cum gladio, 1.13.15. cumulation of indefinites, Verr. 14.1; Ep. 9.4. cupere w. ace. and infin., 1.2.14. cur, after non ease, Ep. 15.44. cura ut 7aleas, Ep. 9.52. curia: senate house, II. 1.10; 111.8,28; IV,1.12; the senate, Sal. 43.19. Curio, C, M.L. 23.25; Verr. 7.3, 8.6. Curius, M'., addressed in Ep, 18. — Q., conspirator, Sal. 23, 26.7. cursus honorum, 1.11.19; II.9.3. curulis sedes, p. 58, §51; IV.1.14. custodla: libera, 1.8.3; III.6.14; IV. 3.11; plur., Sal. 47.16.— Concrete, 'guards,' at gates, 1.3.22; on coast, M.L. 6.27. — See Synonyms. Cyzicus, Ep. 8.5. Damasippus, Sal. 51.82. Dancing, 11.10.25,33; unbecoming a. Roman, 11.10.25, and especially a woman, Sal. 25.4. dare eplstolam, Ep. 9.1, etc. Dates: the day. *I.3.7; Verr. 10.35; R.C. §8; Ep. 9.17; *Sal. 17.1; the year, 111,8 13; Arch. 3.18; Sal. 17.1. Dative: see Cases. Death, Epicurean view, IV.2.6-8, 4.10, 26; Sal. 51.57ff. debeo in a conclusion, -^Arch. 8.2. — debet-licet. Arch. 1.7. Debtors, proceedings against, II. 10.4; Sal. 33.6. Debts due on Ides and Kalends, 1,6.15. decumae, 'tithes,' M.L. 6.8. Defective verbs: odi, '•'1.6.3; memini, 1.3.7. deferre (ad aenatum), II.2.8, 6.8. INDEX 103 Definite perfect, *II.4,1. delnde omitted after primum, M.L. 9.14. Delo3, M.L. 18.1C. delubrutn, templum. III. 1.15. Democrats, Ep. 2.5. denlque, summing up, 11.11.19,23, etc. Deponent verbs passive: pf. part., I.IO. 11; 11.12.19; gerundive, *M.L.1.23. derlt = deerif, Ep. 11.39. desiderare, 'miss,' Ep. 2.13; 'claim, Ep.3.8. deslgnatus (consul, praetor, etc.): 1.5. 12, 6.26; Sal. 26.2; omitted, Ep. 1.1, 10.9. — Called to vote first in their rank, p. 68; Ep. 17.6; Sal. 50.13. die, etc., *I.5.3. Dictator, p. 57, §46; plur., II.9.14. dlctlto, *II.7.24; Sal. 22.6. dies: fern., HI. 11. 10; *Sal. 36.5.— Of indefinite time, III. 11. 10. dlenus qui (w. subjunc), *M.L. 5.30. Dilemma, Phil. 1.13, 3.20. DiMiNnmvEs: lectulut, *I.4.21; IV.8.18; filiolus, Ep. 1.1; malleoli, 1.13.16; plebecula, Ep. 20.23; vocula, Ep. 4.4; of a name, Tulliola, Ep. 9.23; adjective, parvulus, IV.2,13; longiuscvlus. Arch. 10 31; misellua, Ep. 9.25. Dinner hour. Arch. 6.19; Ep. 16.1. Dion, philosopher, Ep. 16.24. dlscesslo (in senate), p. 69; Ep. 17.9; Sal. 59 1. Pedibus ire, Sal. 50.17. dlssolvere double sense, II.8.12; dis- solviua, 'lax,' 1.2.15. Distributive numerals, M.L. 4.8; Ep. 15.6. Division (voting in senate) ; see dlScesslO. divlsores, agents in bribing, Verr. 8.20. docta w ace. of thing, Sal. 25.4. Dolabella, a governor, betrayed by Verres, Verr 4.9,13. — P. Cornelius, married TulUa, Ep. 14.41. doleo, constr., Sal 25.4. dolor, reiteration of, IV.1.1-16. domestlcus, not 'domestic,' 1.6.4; II. 1.8. domi milltlae (asyndeton), M.L. 16.29. domlcUlum sedesque. III. 11. 14. domlnatio, said of one man, II.9.2. Domitius, L., Ep. 14.16. domum: w. prep., 1.4.4; without. Arch. 2.21 donatio, Phil. 4.17. Double constructions: in same word — quibua, II 11.11; Sampaiceramum, Ep. 4.5. — Same case, M.L. 15.21; Arch 3.9; Ep. 4.11. dublto, 'doubt,' w. quid sit, M.L. 16.31; w. quin, M.L. 14.30. — 'Hesitate,' w. infin., 1.7.18; IV.5.26; w quin, M.L. 16.43. duo (die, Sojo, fer), *I.5.3. dulnt - dent, *I.9.4. dum: 'as long as' — w. impf.. III. 7.8; w. fut., IV. 11. 9; "until' (w. subjunc), "'Ep. 13.4; 'provided' (w. mo3o), *I.9.7; II.7.15; IV.1.9, etc. Dyrrhachium, Ep. 11.47. Early morning calls, 1.4.24. ecquid, III.5.38; adverbial, 1.8.23. edere Indicium, III.5.21. edlcere w. subjunc. Ep. 21.8. Edictum of D. Brutus, Ep. 21.11. educ, *I.5.3. egeo w. gen., *Sal. 51.97. Egnatuleius, quaestor, deserts Antony, Phil. 2.27. ego, written, *III.2.28. eiUS modi qui, III.10.23; ut, III.10.26. Elections, consular, in July, I 5.12. Elegiac verse. Arch. 10.30. Ellipsis: verb of saying, 1.6.33; II.2.4, 5.1; III.5.1, etc. — Apodosis, 1.12.10; III.8.22. — Subj. of infin. after iubere, 111.8,26. — Word governing gen , 1. 11. 23; Ep. 10.15, 13.28, etc.; noun w adj., Ep. 8.7, etc. — 'Say' (implied in other words) governing indirect discourse, II. 10.15; III.4.14, and often. — After tarn, etc., 1.7.14; II.9.11, etc Emotions freely expressed, IV.2.11. Emphasis: by anaphora, 1.1.3; M.L. 23 22, and often; by inversion, 1.2.4, 4.14; Verr. 62.25; by repetition, 1.1.27; III. 9.19; synonyms, 1.5.7; word position, U.12.14; IV.7.8; M.L. 17.28; ArcH. 4. 21; Verr. 9.1. enim, IV.5.7. Ennius, poet, Arch. 8.22, 9.29, 10.1. eo, ire, w. supine, Sal. 52.35. eo (adv.), w. u^clause following, Lig. 5.6. Epicureans: idea of death, IV.4.10; Sal- 51.57; no belief in immortality, SaL 52.37. eplgranuaa, Arch. 10.30. 104 INDEX equldem: regularly w. 1 siag., icl. 51.44; 'in my opinion,' w. 3 sing,, Sal. 62.45; w. 2 plur., Sal. 88.8. Equites: p. SO, §§18-20; as jurors, IV. 6.44; Arch. 11.18; Verr. 13.11, etc.; in harmony w. senate, IV.7.23; as revenue farmers, M.L. 2.5. -OS in Greek names, IV.10.17. Escort to city gates, 1.8.38. esse: w. dat. and cum, 'have to do with,' iri.S.22; vobis eat res cum, Phil. 6.10. — Fvi, fueram w. pt. part., 1.7.9; III.IO. 30. — Futurum de, Verr. 63.23; fiiturum /uisse, Phil.2.2;/oreti<,II.2.14;III.8.29; Sorent, *Sal. 18.6. et: 'that is,' II.2.5; et is, 'and at that,' III.9.5; IV.4.14; for last + in (a+b) + c, II.7.4; 'but' after negative, *II. 13.11: etlam. 'still,' 1.1.2. £tyinologlca flgura, IV.3.2; Sal. 35.12. Euphemism: siquid obtigerit, IV.2.6; mguid factum est, M.L. 20.3; Serra^ msnta, III.5.9. evocatl, veterans re-enlisted, Sal. 59.8. exaudlre, 1.8.35; IV.7.1. Exclamations: ace, *I.1.10; voc, 1.4.7. — Clause w. interrog., ''=11.2.23; ut and Bubjunc, ■*! 9.1.— Infin., Ep. *1.2, 10. 17, 11.3; verb omitted, Ep.1.2. ezcubiae, Mar. 10.22. exemplo vetere, M.L. 9.48. ezlre (in drawing of jurors), Verr. 13.24. ezistimatio, 'public sentiment,* Verr. 7.30. expers, derivation, M.L. 19.15; w. gen,, '*M.L. 19.15; w. abl., Sal, 33.5. exponere Indicium, III.5.21, ezsiUum allowed, p, 30, §53; Sal, 61.109. eztermlnare, 'banish,' III.z.3. evtreinus (partitive), *M.L.12.46. exuviae nautlcae, M.L. 18.25. Pablanus fornix, Verr, 7.9, Fabius, Q., Arch. 9.34, facere: used to avoid repetition, Ep. 6.5, 12.52; fidem, Ep, 20.24; ut, in peri- phrasis, *III,3.14; ut omitted, Verr. 17. 16; Ep. 9.22, 11.42. fadnus, vox media, 111,7.11; Sal, 20.11. factum atque transactum est, 111,6. 35; factum substantive^ IV. 6.42. Faesulae; at foot of Apennines, II.10.3I; camp at, 1,2.17; Sal. 24.6, tama, vox media, IV, 6.35, famllla, not 'family,' 11,8.15; 'slaves! collectively, Ep, 9.30; plur., 11,9.24; M.L. 6.26; a 'following,' Phil. 4.24; a 'school' of gladiators, Sal. 30.17. — Gen. in -as, '''IV, 6. 18; plur. w. moires, fUii, etc., '*Sal, 43.12, tasces, p, 58, §54; w, secures, 11,6.20 laureati, Lig, 3.11. tatallE, not 'fatal,' III. 4. 18; but com- monly in bad sense, IV, 1.26, fatum, 'destruction,* 111,7.22; governs the gods, 111,8.23, Favonius, M,, Ep, 12.70. fax, 1,6.9, 13.16, Fear, ut and rte after expressions of, '''1,2. 22; 11,7.20; IV,7.3; Mar. 4.17; Ep. 10.29, — ImpUed in videte, M.L. 7.30; in periculum est, Verr, U.S. Feeling, cause of, variously expressed, 11,1.17,22, Fees to lawyers forbidden, M.L, 1.12. ferenda, 'endurable,* 1,7.31; Ep, 9.46: non ferendus, 'intolerable,' III.9.1S, ferre, 'tell of,' 1,10,11; prae se ferre, Phil. 5.2; Ep. 4.18; sententiam ferre, IV.5.14. fides, 'credit,' 11,5.15; M,L, 7.23; fides publica, 111,4.1 ; fidem facere, Ep, 20.24. Figulus, C, Marcius, Ep, 1.1, Flgura etymologlca, IV,3.2; Sal. 35.12, Final clauses: see Purpose, under Sub- junctive; giving 'purpose of mention,' n,5.1; 111,5.1, etc. flscus, Verr, 8,17, Flaccus, L, Valerius, III.2.21; Sal, 45,2; M, Fulvius, 1.2.1-5; IV.6.36 (table). flos ac robur, II. 11.6, Foppery, 11.10.19, foras, forts, 11,1.22, fore ut in periphrasis, 11,2.14; III. 8.29. forensls opera, Ep. 4.13; usus, M.L. 1.19, foreut, *Sal. 18.6, forls, 11,2.17 (see foras). Formianus (fundus), Ep. 14.57. Fornix Fabianus, Verr, 7,9. fortissimus, complimentary, IV,6.36. Fortuna, personified. Mar, 2.20. Forum; Romanum — center of courts, IV.1.11; M.L, 1,19; Verr 66.25; banks, M.L. 7.28; temples, M.L, 15.14. — INDEX 105 Aurelium, 1.9.22. — forum agere, 'hold court,' Ep. 13.23. frater (patruelia), 'cousin,' Mar. 11.10. frequens conspectus, M.L. 1.1; senatus, III.3.18; plur., III.S.IO. Frequentative verbs: see Iterative. frequentla (.quiritium), Phil. 1.1. fretus w. abl., *Ep. 2.3. lUgltlVUS, meaning, II.9.16; Verr. 62.21. Fulvia betrays conspiracy, Sal. 23. Fulvius Flacous, M., I.2.1-S; IV.6.36 (table).— Nobilior, M., Arch. 9.34, 11. 10. — Fulvius, youth killed by father's order, Sal. 39.13. Furies, Sal. 14.9. Furius Philus, L., Arch. 7.13. Future punishment, 1.13.26; IV.4.29. futunuu fulsse, Phil. 2.2. Gabinius: A., tr. pi. 67, desired by Pom- pey as legatus in pirate war, M.L. 19.8. — P. (Cimber), conspirator. III. 3.5, 6. 15,23; Sal. 40.20, 47.5,18, 66.15. Gallia: dscUpijia, against Antony, Phil. 3.21,4.7; transalpina, limits ill defined, III.9.27; Oalliae ambae, Ep. 14.30. Gallicanae legiones. III. 3.1; Gallicus ager, II.3.2. Gambling prohibited. Arch. 6.20. Games iludi): Verr. 10.37—43; expiatory, III.8.24; votive, Verr. 10.37. Gender of rel. pron., II.9.13; M.L. 11.4; of adj., III.4.12; Sal. 6.3, etc. General truths, in subord. clause. III. 5. 27; (2 sing.), *IV.4.17; Sal. S2.10; in apod., *IV.10.30; Sal. 52.10. Genitive: see Cases. gens: for civitas, III.9.27; lldia, IV.6.8. genus, various senses, 11.10.17. Gerdndive: suggests possibility, 11.13. 10; purpose, IV. 6. 50; in noun phrase, III.8.31; M.L. 19.31; as subj. of infin., M.L. 21.6.— W. hcare, III.8.31.— W. abl. of agent, M.L. 2.29. — Of deponent w. passive sense, M.L. 1.23; impersonal, Sal. 51.24. Gesture w. demonst. pron., III.9.19; IV- 8.17, etc. Glabrio, M'. Acilius: presided at trial of Verres, Verr. 2.10, etc.; succeeded Lu- cullus against Mithridates, M.L, int., 2.13; supporter of Caesar, Ep. 18.25. Gnomic perfect, *Sal. 51,4. Gracchus, C: 1.2.1; IV.2.21, 6.43.— Ti., IV.2.20, 6.19. Graecia, Magna, Arch., 6.11. Grain supply of Rome, M.L. 12.30. gratiam habere, 1.6.8; referre, IV.2.5; Ep. 9.10; habere and referre, Ep. 9.15,16; gratias agere, III.6.6; IV.3.2; Ep. 7.1; agere and habere. Mar. 11.2. Grattius, prosecutor of Archias, Arch. 4.13. Greek widely read. Arch. 10.7. — Greek names in -es, IV. 10. 17. Grouping of words: (a4-b)+(c+d), I. 13.22; II.1.5; 111.7.14,16; (a+b+c+d) + e, II.7.4. H Habere and tenere w. pf. part., '•'1.1.7; *Sal. 29.4,68.1; se habere=esse, Ep. 9. 25; {in se) habere, 'involve,' IV.4.16; gratiam (gratias) habere (agere, referre), see gratiam. haerere, constr., *I.6.5. harusplces, p. 66, §92; III.4.15; Sal. 47. 13; consulted by senate, IV.8.19. hasta, in auctions, Phil. 4.18. haveto, Sal. 35.17. Hendiadts, 1.1.6,6.23,29; IV.6.23; M.L. 20.1; Arch. 4.25; Mar. 4.11; Ep. 2.19, etc. Heraclea, favored in treaty. Arch. 4.3; hesitates to accept civitas. Arch. 4.6. hlbema, M.L. 13.27. hlc (adv.), II.6.13; III.9.1. hie (pron.): of persons present, 1.1.6,7;. of nearness in time. Arch. 7.12, 9.32; contrasted w. ills in time, IV. 6.45,47; hie . . . ille, 'latter . . . former,' IV. 5.4,5; haec omnia, 1.8.36; II.9.2, etc. — W. -ce, intensive, *I.e.lO, 13.23, etc. — See also hoc. Hispanlae duae, M.L.' 12.34. hoc: ace. w. monere, *II.9.29; w. quod- clause appositive, II.2.3; followed by jussive subjunctive, II.9.29. — hoc est, 'that is,' Verr. 9.16. homo: 'a human being,' IV.6.26: Lig. 5 .31 ; contemptuous, II.6.3 ; Verr. 66.23 ; w. uncomplimentary adj., 1.6.3; of two different persons, Verr. 8.6. — Homo novus, Sal. 23.17. honos, 'political honor,' III.12.21; Sal. 20.22; plur., 'office,' 1.11.19; II.9.3; 106 INDEX M.L. 1.17. — CuTSUs honorum, p. 63, §77; 1.11.20. — Honoris causa, of a liv- ing man, M.L. 19. IS. horae, Ep. 18.12. Hortensius, M.L. 17.12; Verr. int., 4.1; his dominance of the courts, Verr. 11. 13, 12. — ^The Hortensii, Arch. 3.28. hospltlum, IV.11.4; Ep. 9.14. hostis, 1.5.30. Hours of the Roman day, Ep. 18.12. HS, Verr. 8.31. huc=a<2 hoc, II.2.15. huml, 1.10.12. Hypallaoe, M.L. 9.7; Sal. 39.18. Hysteron protbron, IV. 10. 13. -i or -11 in gen., I. title. Id: appositive to clause preceding, 1.8.20; III.4.6; id quod=quue res, *II.8.23; IV. 9.17; id temporis, *I.4.26; id loci, Sal. 45.8; in eo ut, III.2.7. Idem: trans, by adv., *I.3.12; w. adver- sative suggestion. Arch. 7.9; nom. plur. idem, II.7.22; III.1.16. Idoneus qui, ''M.L. 19.12. IdUS, day for settling debts, 1. 6.15. Igltur, resumptive, 1.4.14; IV.11.6. Ignis Vestae, IV.9.10; III. 4.20. lUe: 'that well-known,' 11.1.9; IV.10.12; M.L. 9.4; Mar. 8.12, etc. — Between noun and adj., II. 6. 13; w. adj. alone, IV.2.9.— 'The former," 1.6.25; IV.B.5. —W. gesture, III.9.19; IV.8.17, 9.10.— Neut., illud or ilia, w. appositive clause: guod-olause, *I.1.21; ut, III.9.8, 12.22; ne, II. 7. 19; w. appositive nouns. III. 5. 43,45, etc. imago, 'portrait,' on seal. III. 5. 15. imberbis, II.10.19. Immo vero, 1.1.12; II.10.18; IV.8.20; Arch. 4.29; Mar. 8.27; Sal. 52.74, etc. Imperative: see Moods. — Short forms (die, due, fac, fer). *1.5.3, 8.18, etc. imperator, 1.5.3; Phil. 4.10. Imperium: 'military authority,' p. 57, §50; IV. 11.1; holder must not enter Rome, Verr. 15.18. — Used of senate's power, 1.5.23; II.2.7; implies inde- pendence, III. 9.29. — Imperium ac potes- ias, M.L. 12.41. impero w. infin. passive, 1.11.12. Impetrare, 1.8.1. imprisonment of debtors, Sal. 33.6. improbi: in moral sense, IV.4.28; Verr. 12.27; political (cf. boni), 1.12.16; III. 12.15; Ep. 14.8, etc. In: w. abl. of persons, 'in the case of,' IV.6.28; Mar. 1.20, etc.; literal and fig. sense together, II. 5.39. — W. ace., 'against,' I. title; 'toward' ( = erga). Mar. 8.33, 11.16, etc.; in dies,'- from day to day,' Sal. 20.15. Inceptive (inchoative) verbs, *III.2.26, 3.5, etc. Incorporation of antecedent, '■'1.13.26. Indefinite pronouns: see PRONOtrNS. Indefinite subject (2 sing, w. subjunc): in cond'tion, '''IV.4.17; in both clauses (nisi), Sal. 52,10,11. — In main clause after ubi, Sal. 52.10; in both clausest Ep. 15.43; w. cum, IV.10.28-30; in main clause without protasis, *Sal. 25.7. Indicative: see ivIooDS. Indicium edere (exponere), 11I.B.21. Indirect discourre: depending on im- plied verb of saying, 11.10.15; 111.4.14^ and often; moods in, Sal. 44.17; im- perative in, *SaI. 34.2. Indirect questions: see Questions. inferis, ab, II.9.26; apud inferos, IV.4.29. infltlatores, 'defaulters,' 11.10.7. ingenui, IV.7.30. Initiata, 1.6.32. inluria (adv.), 1.7.14. iniussu poptdi, IV.5.22. innocentia, meaning, M.L. 13.6. InqulUnus, Sal. 31.23. Insertions in speeches on publication, 1.10.17. insignia of office, p. 57, §51ft.; Sal. 36.3; their origin, Sal. 51.100; of augurs, p. 65, §90. institutum, 'precedent,' Verr. 4.17. integrum, 'new,' 'not decided,' IV.3.14; Mar. 5.21; Lig. 1.10. Interest: 'there is a difference,' III.6.23; IV.B.IO; Verr. 18.23; 62.1, etc.; 'it is to one's interest,' '''IV. 5.1 ; Lig. 8.4; Ep. 4.24, 5.1, etc. [nouns. Interrogative pronouns: see Pro- interrogatus = accus<:2u8, Sal. 31.11. inter se, reciprocal, 11.11 .4; I1I.6.47. Intransitive verbs in passive: n^ceri. III, 12.9; Verr. 9.38; serviendum, Ep. 9.26; utendum, Sal. 61.24. INDEX 107 Invadere, constr., Ep. 14.8. Inversion, 1.2.4, 4.14; Verr. 62.25, etc. Inveterascere in good sense. III. 11.9. Inviotus, 'invincible,' II.9.10. ipse: prefers nom., I.S.2; III.12.13, etc.; for sita sporite, 11.1.4. Irony, 1.1.14, 2.22, 3.15; 11.1.4; Lig. 1.1-10, etc. is: = tali8. 1.9.11; III.12.14; Verr. 3.28, etc. — Talces up a, preceding hie, ille, etc., IV.6.21; 7108, M.L. 18.15; voa, M.L. 12. 22. — Et . . . is, 'and at that,' III.9.5; IV.4.14. Iste: 'that of yours,' *I.1.2,27, 3.5, etc. — 'Near you,' 1.7.7. — Idea of 2 pers. not obvious, 1.1.23. — Of an opponent, ""I. 1.15; M.L. 17.18; Verr. 1.24, 2.9 and often. — Contemptuous, *I.1.15; 11.5.7; IV.B.12; Arch. 7.2, etc. ita: properly of manner, not degree, II. 8.5; omitted before ui-clause, M.L. 7. 25; restrictive, IV.7.19; M.L. 3.12; Ep. 14.20; anticipatory, III.9.4; Arch. 6.23; Phil, i.3; ita ... id in asseverations, IV.6.7.— /(a w. adj., M.L. 8.2,3. Iterative (frequentative) verbs: dic- tito, *II.7.24; iaclo, II.9.23; labefacto, IV.10.38; cuTso, Verr. 9.14; concuTso, IV.8.13, etc. I (consonant) ^ laceo w. part., II.1.19; Ep. 2.5. lactare ae, II.9.23; IV 5.28. lam: w. fut. tense means 'soon,' 1.4.18; iam dudum, etc., tenses w.,*I.5.27, 13,1; iam pridem, II. 10.2; IV.3.17; iam vera, marking transition, II.4.18; M.L. 11.1, 13.33. luba, king of Numidia, Lig. 8.10; sup- porter of Pompey, Ep. 15.31. lubeo, constr. w., 1.11.12; subj. of infin. omitted, III.8.26. lucundus, gratus, IV.1.4. iudlces, 'jurymen,' Arch. 1.1; Verr. 1.1 and often; Ep. 1.5; three classes, IV.6. 44; aortiiio, 'drawing,' Verr. 6.16; reieclio, 'challenging,' Verr 3.27, 6.15; manner of giving verdict, Verr. 6.21 (cf. C.T. S§8, 9). ludlcium: recognition of service, M.L. 15.11, 16.13, a court. Arch. 2.2; Verr. 1.8. lulia gens, IV. 6.8. lunlanum oonslllum, Verr. 10.18. lupplter: declension, *I.5.8; Stator, 1.6. 8; III.9.19, etc. Juries: drawn from three classes, IV. 6.44; size, Verr. 10.31; sometimes 'packed,* Ep. 1.5. lus iiura) civium, p. 47, §§1-9; 1.11.16; III. 6.38; IV. 5.20; ius trium liberorum. Mar. 8.4; iua praetoris, III. 6.38; voca- tionia, III. 3.6; prekensionia, III.3.6. iUSSU, in abl. only, 1.9.16. Juxtaposition of cognate words. III. 12. 28; IV.3.2; Sal. 35.12, etc.; of pro- nouns, III.12.6; IV.5.1; Ep. 5.3. Kalendae, 1.3.9; Kal. luniae, *Sal. 17.1. Knights: see Equity. labefactare, IV.10.38. Labienus, T., Ep. 14.35. lacrlmae, signs of emotion, IV.2.11; Mar. 4.2, 11.3, etc. Laelius, C, Arch. 7.13; Ep. 2.27. Lais, case forms, Ep. 16.19. Lands given to veterans, Phil. 4.17. lar tamlUaris, Sal. 20.34. Latin read less widely than Greek, Arch. 10.7. latro, term of abuse, 1.13.4; Phil. 2.21, 6.12. latroclnlum: abstract, II. 1.14; con- crete, 'band of brigands,' 1.13.4. See Synonyms, helium. laureati fasces, Lig. 3.11. lautumlae, Verr. 61.6. Law courts near forum, M.L. 1.19. Laws: kept in temple, 1.2.11; named for proposers, IV. 5. 19; notice of seventeen days required before voting, M.L. 17.27; Ep. 14.19. See Lex. Lawyers took no fees, M.L. 1.12. lectlsternium, III.lO.l. lectus, lectulus, IV.8.1S. legatus: military, chosen by senate, M.L. 19.8; diplomatic, insulted by Achaeans, M.L. 5.4. leges = ' conditions,' Ep. 14.23. Legions desert Antony, Phil, int., 1.9. legum aera, III.8.15. leno, term of abuse, IV. 8. 13. Lentulus, p. 27, §46; full name, III.4.16; lOS INDEX his letters, III.5.36; Sal. 44.12; seal, III. 5. 13*: resigns praetorship. III. 6.38; relationships, IV. 6.36; denies guilt, then confesses, III.S.20-29; Sal. 47.8ff.; executed, Sal. 55.10S. Lepidus, M., 111.10.10,18. Letters. R.C. pp. 333-336; the address, III.6.35. lex: Aurelia, IV.6.44, 7.22; Verr. 1.1.— Caelia Didia, Ep. 14.19. — lulia, Arch. 4.6; Ep. 13.15. — Mcmilia, M.L. int. — Papia, Arch. 5.15. — Plavtia de vi, Sal. 31.11. — Plautia Papiria (quoted), Arch. 4.8.— Pom'a, 1 11.14; IV.6.19; Sal. 61. 62. — Sempronia, 1.11.14; IV.5.19; Sal. 61.62; (frumentaria) , IV.6.42. — Valeria, 1.11.14; IV.6.19; Sal. S1.62.— Leges sumptuariae, Ep. 1^.29. Ubertinl, IV.8.1. Ubrl SlbylUni, III.4.15; Sal. 47.10. licet: w. inlin., Lig. 6.12; w. subjunc, 1.3.6; II. 2. 17, etc.; passive form, Ep. 9.40. Licinius, A., see Archias and Lucullus. Uctores: p. 58, §54; p. 61, §71; of praetor, p. 59, §60; M.L. 12.9. — See fasces. Ligarius, Q., Lig. int. and paesim. — T. , quaestor, Lig. 12.13. Litotes: tion mvlta, 1.6.26; non nolle, III.9.28. lltterae: 'a letter,' III.2.15, etc.; lilterae ad. III. 6. 12; w. mandata, III. 2. 15; Ep. 21.3; 'history,' III.11.9; 'literature,' Arch. 6.26; lumen Htterarum, Arch. 6.34; 'literary pursuits,' Arch. 6.10; 'written records,' Arch. 4.23. locare, 'place contract,' "'III.8.31. Locative: see Cases. locus, 'vantage ground,' II.l.ll. loqul cum, 111.6,26. Lots: for jurymen, Verr. 6.16; for prov- inces, IV.7.29. Lucullus, L. Licinius: quaestor w. Sulla, Arch. 6.21; achievements, M.L. 8.6; recalled, M.L. 9.48. — M. Licinius (brother), Arch. 3.21, 4.1. ludus: gladiatoriua, II.S.2. — Ludi, pub- Uo games, III.8.24; Verr. 10.37,38,42, etc. — See Games. ^ lux, metaphorical, M.L. 3.11, 12.22; Phil. 1.5. luxury and extravagance, Sal. 20 22 m Maelius, Sp., 1.1.22. Magistrates: inviolable. Hi. 6.13,37; rela- tive ranlt, p. 62, §72; minor, p. 61, §68; Sal. 30.19. maglstratus (abstract), Sal. 21.7; resig- nation from, 111.6.13,38; Sal. 47.16 (dift. constr.). magno opere, Ep. 9.33. Magnus, surname of Fompey, Arch. 10. 20; Ep. 2. sal. malestas, 'treason,' Verr. 13.22. inale=OTa;, III.9.27. mallem and subjunc. without «?, II.3.10. malleoli, 1.13.16. mandpium, nexum, Ep. 18.21. mandata et litterae, III.2.15; Ep. 21.3. Manilla lex, M.L. int. Manlius, C, 1.2.17, 3.9; II.9.18; Sal. 24.6 — Caatra Manliana, I 6.3; SaL 32.6. Manumission, slave's reward, IV.8.2; pre- tended by Cicero, Ep. 9.31. manus, 'hand writing,' III.6.11. MarceUus, C, Mar. 11.10.— M., 1.8.27; Mar. int.; aaenator, Mar. 1.S; pardoned at senate's entreaty. Mar. 1.21; Lig. 12.25,27; Cicero's friend and fellow- student. Mar. 1.15; assassinated. Mar. 11. fin. — ^The Marcelli, Arch. 9.34;Mar. 4.2,5. Marcius Rex, Q., Sal. 30.7, 32.13. Marius, C, 1.2.5; conquered Cimbri and Teutones, III.IO.IO; IV.10.18; M.L. 20.22; consul 5 successive years, M.L. 20.21; overrode law, III.6.39; struggle w. Sulla, III.IO.IO; M.L. 3.13. Marius, M., addressed in Ep. 16. Mars=&e2Ium, Arch. 11.10. Martla legio deserts Antony, Phil, int., 1.9,24, 2.14. Massilia, II.6.27. maxlme w. si, 1.12.10. Maximus, Q. Fabius, Arch. 9.34. Medea, M.L. 9.4. mederl w. dat., *M.L. 9.47; Mar. 8.11. Medicine, metaphor from, II.5.36ff. ; simile, I.13.7£f. medius (adj.), w. partitive sense, *M.L. 12.46. medius fldlus. Mar. 3.24. mehercule, I.7.II; II.7.26. memlnl w. pres. Cimpf.') infin., *I.3.8; force of infin. tenses w., III.8.1S. INDEX 109 Memmius, C, IV.2.23. mens: 'purpose,' I.S.4; 'thought,' 1.6.23; vierUe captjiSt 1II.9.2; in mentem venire w. gen., Ep. 15.2. Messalla, M. Valerius, Ep. 12.54. Messius, C, tr. pi. and friend of Pompey, Ep. 12.65. Mbtaphors, 1.5.27, 12.9,25; II.1.20, 5.36; ni.7.20; IV.2.19; M.L. 5.5; Verr. 64.18; Phil. 5.11, etc., etc. Metellus: Q., Celer, II.12.9; Sal. 30.12.— Creticus, M.L. 12.42; Verr. 9.34; Sal. 30.8. — Nepos, denounces Cicero, pp. 32, 33. — Numidicus, Arch. 3.25. — Pius, .M L 16.10: Arch. 3 26, 4.11, 10.35.— M. Metellus, praetor 69, Verr. 9.25. — The Metelll as office-holders, Verr. 10.9. Miadle voice, *II.8.12. minitarl, constr. II.1.3; IV.10.8. Mlnucla via, Phil. 2.23. inlnus=no7i, 1.6.4, 9.5(>jnis-); III.11.7. Mlsenum, M.L. 12.15. mlseret w. ace. and gen., Lig. 5.17. Mithridates, M.L. int. and passim, his forces, M.L. 4.3; narrow escape, M.L. 9.13; received by Tigranes, M.L. 9.15; death, Ep. 2.1. Mithridatic wars, M.L. int.; 8.4. Mock modesty. Arch. 1.1; Phil. 6.26. modi w. eius, gen. qual., *I.2.10; III. 10.21. moenla, synonyms, 1.3.3. monere w. two ace, *II.9.29; w. infin., *Sal. 52.8. Money, how counted, Verr. 8.31, *13.16. monstra, of acts, Ep. 13.10. Moods. Indicative. Main clause — est primum, *I.6.22; in narrator's parenthesis in ind. disc, *III.4.8; M.L. 8.13; Verr. 10.7, etc.; fidurum fuit in apod., '''1V.8, 25; studeo, II. 8.5; other words, I. 1.15; 1.5.5; 1.12.10; III.6.33; Phil. 2.6, etc. Dependent clause — causal, Sal. 45.13; concessive, cum, *Sal. 20.35; gwam- guam, *III.12.30; temporal, '*I1I. 2.1; M.L. 7.22. Subjunctive. Main clause: Optative, *I.9.3; II.2.19; Ep. 9. 4,15. Potential: in mild statement: veJim, Ep.9.38, 10.33, 18.30; mal- lem, *II.S.10.— Indefinite 2 sing., ♦IV.10.30; i-Sal. 25.7.— Ironical. IV.6.51; Sal. 52.70.— Potential force in subord. clause, *Sal. 40. 13. Volitive: concessive, IV.10.12- Arch. 6.10; Lig. 6.14. deliberative, M.L. 11.5; Lie. 9.13. exclamatory, *I.9.1,21; IV.l. 25. imperative (2 sing.), Ep. 9.21, 16.6. jussive, *II.4.5, 5.38,40 (in apod.); IV.l. 23, 4.17; Verr. 12.32. Dependent clause; Attraction, *I.7.32; II.2.8; M.L. 4.4; Sal. 45.5, etc. Cause; quod (quoted), *II.1.22; Verr. 2.25, 65.13; cum, 1.6.19; Mar. 1.27; i-Phil. 6.8; Ep. 15.45, etc.; neque quo, M.L. 24.16, Ep. 15.40; Sal. 34.8, etc.; magis quam quod, Sal. 14.20; quid (nihil) est quoi, M.L. 24.8; Ep. 16.30; non est cur, Ep. 15.44 — these last really characteristic clauses. — Reason, Ep. 18.4. Characteristic: *I.2.28; *Sal. 14. 18; w. hint of cause, *I.9.21; quid {nihil, non) est quod (.cur), M.L. 24.8; Ep. 15.44, 16.30. Concessive, cum, III.3.12. Condition and Proviso: see Con- ditional sentences. Purpose: qui, *I.9.22; i-Sal. 20.32; quo, M.L. 24.17. — Purpose of mention, II.5.1; III.5.1, 7.29.— Apologetic, Verr. 2.1. Rel. clause, restrictive, *IV.8.9; after dignus, '''M.L. 5, 30 ;idoneus, *M.L. 19.12. Result, gui, *I.2.27; *Sal. 40.16; quin, Sal. 53.22. Substantive: Subject — dbest ut, M.L. 24.24; licet, *I.S.6; IL 2.17; Lig. 9.22; neceeae est, Lig. 1.16; Phil. 2.17; oportet. Mar, 9.13. perTnissum est, SaL 30.12: restat. Mar. 10.15. no INDEX Object — cave, *Lig. 5.6; Ep. 14. 51; Sal. 58.29; committer ft ut^ *II1.7.22;Ep. 1^.51 ; curare ut, Ep. 4.26; decemere ut, 1.2.1, wit'outu<» *Sa,l.29.G;diibitare quin^ M.L. 14.30; edicere, Ep. ^■*..8;facere ut, *III.3.14, with- out ut,yeTx, 17.16; Ep. 9.22; fear, expressions of, see Fear; ind. question. III. 5.22; double, *Sal. 25.7; w. necne, *II.6.15; maltem, *II.3.10; obtestari, Sal. 33.17; orare ut, III.5.3; Ep. 6.3; without ut, *Ep. 5 7; rogare ut, M.L. 5.29; suaai ut, Ep. 20.22; velim, *Ep. 9.38, 18 30. Appositive: quod-clause (fact) to illud (ilia), *I.1.21; ui-clause to pronoun, IIL9.8; Lig. 7.10; to noun, Sal. 43.8; Mar. 3.21; ne-clause, II.7.19, etc. With passive verbs: deterreor, * Verr, 5 .23 ; impediti ne, *Sal. 30.9. After quam (ut), II.2.4; *Ep. 5.4; Sal. 58.41. Temporal: cutti, *III.2.26; dum, (with hint of purpose), *Ep. 13.4. Imperative: as protasis, 1.4.1; M.L. 13. 24; Verr. 65.9, etc.; as apodosis, *I. 9.14; n.10.27; Lig. 10.22, etc.— Future form, *II.10.27; III.10.2; sdto, Ep. 9.22; kaveto, Sal. 35.17. — Replaced by subjunc. pres. 2 sing., Ep. *16. 6, 9.21 ; 3 pers., *H.4.5, etc. ; by fac (lU), *Ep. 9.22; in prohibi- tions by cave (ne) w. subjunc, *Lig. 5.6; Ep. 14.51; Sal, 58.29; by noli (nolite) w. infin., M.L. 23.17; Mar. 6.32; Ep. 10.1. Infinitive: exclamatory, *Ep. 10.17; infin. omitted, *Ep. 1.2. — ^Historical, Verr. 9.14; SaL 14.16, 16.3, 27.4ff; co- ord, w. indie, impf., Sal. 21.10, 24.4. — After copia, Sal. 17.16; coniurare, Sal. 52.66; deterreor, *Verr. 5.23, 9.4; dvbitare, 1.7.18; Lig. 8.4; monere, *Sal. 52.8; neceaae eat, *Ep. 4.4; oporlet, 1.1.16. — W. verbs meaning *know how,' 11.10.33. Participle: see Participle. Morning calls, 1.4.24. mos: maiorum, 1.11.13; 11.2.^; Sal. 52 102; replaced by vetue exemplum, M.L. 9.48. — morest 'character,' Mar. ^.22. multare, 'fine,* 'punish,' 1.11.14. inultO w. duperl., IV.8.19; w. mallem^ Arch. 12.8. mulvlus pons, III.2.26. munlcipla/ coloniae, II.11.S; Phil. 3.9. mums, 1.3.3, 5.6. Muses, temple to. Arch. 11.10. MytUene, Ep. 15.58. N Name: man's, I. title. *I.2.5; woman's Ep. 9. sal. — Mover's aame signed to senatus consuUum, p. 69; Ep. 12.57. Nanaea, M.L. 9.22. Nasica, P., 1.1.18. Navigation generally closed ni winter, M.L. 11.26. ne (interjection), II.3.19; Ep. 18.5. -ne (question mark), 1.1.3; for nonne^ 1.3.7; 'whether,' 111.5.13; -ne . . an in indirect double question, *Phil. 5.19. ne (conj.) : after expressions of fear, *I.2.22; II.7.20; mdete ne non, *M.L. 7.30; for nedum, *Ep.. 16.21 — Ne . . . quidem, 'not . . . either,* M.L. 7.1; does not destroy general neg., 1,10.5; IV.2.29; ne . . . non modo . . . sed ne . . . quidem, IV.9.21. nec = no7i aut. Mar. 2.9. necesse est: w. infin., Ep. 4.4; w. sub- junc, Lig. 1.16; PhiL 2.17. necessitudo, M.L. 2.8; plur., Lig. 7.13. nec-ne, *II.6.15. Negative, general, distributed, 1.3.23, 10.5; n.4.25; *Arch. 6.10, etc.; two negatives cancel, *IV.2.11. nemo (ne-homa) : gen. and abl. borrowed from nullus, *II.1.12; Mar. 2.1; for nuUus, IV.S.8; nemo homo, Ep. 12.37; noil nemo, IV. 5. 13; nemo . . . ne qui- dem, IV.2.29; nemo non modo . . . sed, II.4.25. neque non, *IV.2.11; neque . , , -que, *II.13.10; neque quo . . . neque quo, M.L. 24.16; neque . . . e<, M L. 1.10. nequeo replaced by non queo, Ep. 9.27. nescio an, 'perhaps,* IV.5.5; Lig. 9.5; neado quia, I.6.32,*13.2; II.5.28, etc.3 ■Ulud neado quid. Arch. 7.11- INDEX 111 rlhll for non, *I.1.3 and often; nihil nisi, 'nothing but/ 1.7.23, etc.; nihil aliud nisi. Arch. 4.12; Ep. 13.9; nihil neque . . . neque, Arch. 6.10. nisi: as co-ord. connective, before noun, II.5.13; IV.11.8; prep, phrase, 1.7.23; participle, Ep. 4.1; infin. clause, Ep. 13.9; quid {nihil) aliud nisi, Verr. 64.22; Ep. 13.9. — A^m vera, ironical, w. indie, 11.4.2; IV.6.36; nisi forte, 1^.10.22; nisi si, 11.4.2; Ep. 10.2; nisi quod, Ep. 9.44. — Out of place, 111.7.18. Nobles: p. 49; opposed Cicero's advance- ment, Ep. 1.9; Sal. 23.15. noil, nolite, w. infin. in prohibitions, *M.L. 23.17; Mar. 6.32; Ep. 10.1, etc. nomen: Roman names, 1. title; Twmine, 'in honor of,* 111.6.29; 'on account of,' Verr. 8.20, 13.19; Sal. 35.9,13. nomenclator, Ep. 12.37. Nominative: see Cases. non: for nonne, 11.9.15; non queo for nequeo, Ep. 9.27; =neg. prefix, in- or un-, 1.6.13; 111.9.18,28; M.L. 22.1; Sal. 35.11, etc. — Non modo . . . sed ne . . . gmdem, w. 3d neg., 110.5; IV.9.21; without, 119.31, 10.9; M.L. 13.32.— Non modo . . verum etiam (A+b), 11.3.6, 4.22; non modo . . . sed(,a,+ B), 11.4.25; IV.10.32: jion solum . . . sed, 111.10.8. — Non QUO . . sed ui, *M.L. 24.15; Ep. 15.39; Sal. 34.8; . . . sed ne, Ep. 3.2 — Non qui '(nom.) . . . sed quod, Sal 35.8. — Non ui . . . sed ut, M.L. 16.26. — Non . . . sed, w. infins.. Arch 4.15. — Non nemo, non nulli: see words. nonne. postponed, 11.11.25; replaced by non, 11.9.15. non nemo, IV.5.13. non nulll. 1.12.12. nos: expressed w. verb, *1. 1.14.— Edi- torial, *1.9.5, Mar. 6.1, 8.36, etc.; near .'jmg- ego or meits, 1.9.5; Ep. 1.6, 8.3; ambiguous, IV 6.49. — Gen. plur. nos- trum partitive, IV, 6.-30; nostri objective, Ep. 3.6. — Nostrum omnium, 1.6.18; IV.6.21. noster: near ego, Ep. 12.3; 'devoted to us,' Ep. 9.30. nota, 1.6.4. novae tabulae. 11.8.19: rumus homo, p. 50, §16; Sal. 23.17.— Forms novoa, novom, Sal. *23.17; 61.23. nudius tertlus, IV.5.14, 6.37. nullus: w. rel. =no«, 1.7.3; Ep. 4.9: w. iam., 11.1.5; non nulli, 1.12.12. — Forms used for missing cases of nemo: gen., *Mar. 2.1; abl,, *1I.1.12. num, 11.9.12; in ind. question, *I.5.31. Number: sing, (collective) for plur., Ep. 13.23; pron. 1 sing, and plur., see noS. Numerals: distributive,*Ep. 20.5; used for card., *M.L. 4.8; adverbs, *Verr. 13.16. numquam, distributed by non modo . . . sed ne . . .quidem., 1.10.5. nunc: introducing fact after unreal sup- position, 1.7.21; III. 7. 24; marking transition, II1.7.1; IV.5.1; Arch. 11.30; w. vero, 11.4.23. nundlnum, Ep. 14.19. O, interj.: w ace, *I.1.10; w. voc, 1.4.7. oblitUS (oblino), 11.5.23. oblltus (obliviscor), IV.1.6. obsldlo, blockade of a country, IV.10.18. obviam venire w. dat. Ep. 12.38. Octavian: Phil, int., 1.17; adopted by Caesar, Phil. 2.7:takes his name, Phil. 1.17; Ep. 20.8; his youth, Phil. 1.21; Ep. 20.9; baffles Antony, Phil. 1.24£F.; gives large bounties to his soldiers, *Ep. 20.5. odi, *I.6.3. Offices (magistratus) : dates of creation, p. 56; classified, p. 56; when terms be- gan, p. 57, §48. omnis: 'ever.y kind of,* 1.13.25; omnia= nihil nisi, 111.2,24; OTnnium. substan- tive, *11.8.18, 9.6. 'Only* implied in tantum, 111.10.34; in iam diu. III. 7.8. opera: /oreTwis, Ep. i.lZ;fortisfidelisque, 111.6.9; mea, Ep. 12.48; overam dare, Ep. 11.14, 14.55; Sal. 29.6; operas pre- tium est, IV.8.1. Opimius, L., 1.2.1. oportet: w. infin., 1.1.16; w. subjunc. Mar. 9.13. optare db, 11.7.17. cptlmates, 1.3.13. optlmus: quisque, M.L. 1.4; Sal. !s*-6; ironical, 1.8.10. — Optimus maximum w. Juppiter, I1I.9.9. 112 INDEX >pus as pred. adj., *VeiT. 3.22; 'Ep. 20.11. irare, constr., Ep. 5.7, 6.2 (ut); orare in audaciam, Sal. 50.7. aratlo perpetua, Verr. 11.10. orWs terrae, 1.1.20; terrarum, M.L. 15.9. Order of debate in senate, p. 69, §§104- 108; III.6.3; IV.7.1; Ep. 17.6. 'ifdO: narrower than ffenus, IV.7.9; hie ordo (senate), 1.1.27; IV.7.22, etc.; ordo pvblicanorujn, M.L. 7.8. — ^The or- dines, pp. 49-52; 1.8.30; Verr. 3.4; ordo senatorius = 7wbilitas, p. 50. OrestiUa, CatU'ne's wife, 1.6.9; Sal. 15.2, SS.10,15. -orum in successive words, 1.3.15; IV. 10.7. omatus, 'equipped,' M.L. 7.5. Orpheus, Arch. 8.26. Ostia, M.L. 12.17. ostium: Oceani, M.L. 12.24; Tiberinum, M.L. 12.23. OzymoTOn, *I.7.26; III.5.17. pace, apologetic. Mar. 2.4. pacto=modo, 1.7.12; IV.3.25. paenltet, constr., *IV.10.7; Ep. 6.2. Pairs, words in, I.1S.22; II.1.6; III.7.14. Falatlnus mons, p. 26; 1.1.4. Falatlum, 1.1.4. Pansa, C. Vibius, Lig. 1.9. Parataxis, *Arch. 9.33. paratus ut, Lig. 1.6. Parenthetical words: credo, 1,2.22; II.6.24; Arch. 5.12, etc.; cenaeo, IV.6. 51; Sal. 52.70; clauses, I1I.5.1, 7.29; Mar. 2.2, etc. parietlbus, 1.3.3; II.l.lO. parrldda: eiuium, 1.12.8; patriae, Phil. 2.22. parricldlum for caedes, 1.7.23. pars: 'direction,' IV.2.16; 'party,' Ep. 4.9. Participle: Present w. videre, etc., 1.2. 21 (cf. infin., *II.3.8).— Future, 'likely to do,' II. 8.27. — Perfect: in prep, phrase w. noun, IV. 7. 12; Arch. 5.14; Mar. 1.27; as co-ord. clause, *M.L. 6.8.9.11; w. fuit, etc., ■*! 7.9;w. habere, 'en're, *I.1.7; 111.7.2,13; M.L. 7.13; Verr. 14.7, etc.; of dep verbs w. pas- sive sense, 110.11; M.L. 1.23; of in- trans. verbs w. passive sense, IV 6.3S; in abl. neut. w. opits esse, *Sal. 43 17. partlm . . . partlm: II.10.3; M.L. 7.11; for aiU . . . aut, III.lO.ll. Partitive force in certain adj., *M.L. 12.46; Ep. 13.22. Passive of intrans. verbs, *III.12.9; IV. 6.33; of deponents, 1.10.14; M.L. 1.23; pass, infin. w. imperare, 1.10,12. patres conscriptl, 1.2.14. patria potestas, Sal. 39.14, 52.83. Patrician conspirators, II.12.8; III.9.29; IV.8.4. patroclnlum, Sal. 41.6. patronus: of a community, IV.11.4; Sal. 41.6; of an individual. Verr. 14.9, 64.1. paud, of the senatorial oligarchy, Sal. 20.17, 30.10, 58.24. Paullus, L. Aemilius, IV.10.16. pecudes, type of patience, II.9.32. pedarll, p. 69, §106. pedlbus ire (in senate division), Sal. 50.17. Felopidae, Ep. 18.3. Penalties: originally fines, 1.11.14. penates, national, IV.9.9. pensi habere, Sal. 5.12. per in adjurations, Sal. 35.17; per me, 'by personal means,' 1.5.17; more modest than a me, III. 1.19; per has annos, *I1.4.17. per- intensive, in adj., II.10.5; M.L. 4.4; Ep. 4.24. perdlti, political, 1.6.2. perflcere ut. Arch. 10.27. Perfumes and colors effeminate, II.3.9. periculuzu, 'peril of conviction,' M.L. 1.12; Verr. 4.13. perlnde atque. Mar. 4.17. Periphrasis: see committere, facere, fore, perficere. perpetua oratio, Verr. 11.10. Perses: form, *IV.10.17; his surrender, M.L. 18.13. Personal constructions: of conlvbet, Sal. 50.30; of videri, *I.6.28; III.8.3; M.L. 4.17; Arch. 8.6, etc. Personification, 1.10.6; 11.11.9,26; M.L. 12.30; Arch. 6.31. pestis, said of a person, 1.5.10; II. 1.22; Phil. 3.11. petitio, 'candidacy,' Verr. 9.5; Ep. 1,7; Sal. 21. n. INDEX lis Petreius, M., Ep. 14.32. pexo caplllo, 11.10.19. Phrase as attributive, 111.5.12,18; IV.5.2, remote from noun III.6.18. Pioenum, II.3.2. plla, 'ball-playing,' Arch 6.20. Piso, L. Calpurnius, TuUia's husband, IV.2.15; Ep. 9. sal, 29; 11.28.— L., COS. 58, hostile to Cicero, Ep 11.23. — C, COS. 67, tries to implicate Caesar in conspiracy, Sal. 49.1. placers (.smalui), 1.8.19. Plancius, Cn., quaestor who sheltered Cicero in exile, Ep. 11.21. Play on words, 1. 11.10, 12.22. plebecula, Ep. 20.23. plebl, gen., *M.L. 19.19. plebs, secessions of, Sal. 33.8. Pleonasm: animus, IV. 8. 14; M.L. 2.20, etc.; primo coepisset, III. 5.41; iemplum et locus, IV.7.11 ; fujc fere sic fieri solere, M.L. 9.33. plerique w. gen. part., Sal. 51.26. Plotius, L., Arch. 9.13. Plural: in exaggeration. 1.1.21, 2.5; IV. 3.24; instead of impers., M.L. 12.26; editorial, see nos; of abstract nouns, 11. 5. 12; IV. 2.27; generic, 'such men as,* Arch. 9.34; plur. verb w. sing. subj. (synesis), Sal. 43.2. poenltet, cohstr., *IV.10.7; Ep. 6.2. PoMPEius: achievements, III.ll. 13; IV. 10.19; M.L. 10-12. — Called imperator, M.L. 10.18; Magnus, Ep. 2. sal.; Sampsiceramus, Ep. 4.5,17. — Consul (70) at 36, M.L. 21.23; moved restora- tion of tribunician power, Verr. 15.12. — Exceptional experiences, M.L. 21; im- perator in all his campaigns, M.L. 10.22 ; his imperia, M.L. 10.23; poor success against Sertorius, M.L. 4.12. — Cicero's studia toward him, Ep. 2.11; Pompey's coldness, Ep. 2. int., 16. — Supported by senate in civil war. Mar. 5.8; his army's weakness, Ep. 15.13; followers boastful and threatening, Lig. 11.30; F-n. l.'i,17; his victory at Dyrrhachiura, Ep. 15.24; defeat and death, Ep. 15. int. Pomptinus, C, praetor, III.2.21; Sal. 45. lirrtlfox, p. 04, §81. pop' larls, 'friendly to the people,' IV. ^',11; 'adherents' to a cause Cw. gen.). Sal. 22.2, 24.2. Population of Rome, p. 51, §24. portenta: in year of Caesar's death, Phil. 4.27; atque prodigia, III.8.12fF.; Sal. 30.5. portoria, M.L. 6.8. posse muUum, plus, etc., '''IV.10.6; M.L. 15.3,24.10; Ep. 15.53, etB.;guod potest, Lig 4.1. possessio, legal term, Verr. 5.16. possesslones, always of land, II.8.11. Possessive: see Pronouns. Postponement of elections, M.L. 1.13. Postpositive nonne, 11.11.25; quid, II.7. 23; si, 1.7.12; quanta, II. 1.17; quantam, Sal. 58.9. Postscript, R.C. §15; Ep. 11.47. potestas, p. 57, §49; patria, Sal. 39.14, 52.83. potlTi w. gen., II.9.2. potlsslmum, of persons, M L.1.22, 16.10. prae, 'in comparison with,' II. 3.1; prae seferre, Phil. 5.2; Ep. 4.18. praecones, p. 61, §71; summon senate, p. 68, §103;;i.l2.13. praedlcere, 'state first,' IV.3.1S. praefectura, III.2.30; Phil. 3.9- Praeneste, 1.3.20. praenomen given on first mention of a man, III 4.12. praerogativa, Verr. 9.29. praesens: 'in person,' II. 9. 11; 'timely,' III.9.9. praesertlxn; cum, 'especially as,' III. 12.20; Ep. 3.7; qui, 'especially as,' III. 9.31; 'and that though,' Arch. 10.37. praesldlum: sing., IV.7.3; plur., 1.3.22; II. 11.4; IV.9.2: Sal. 26.9, 50.9, etc. praestare, 'answer for,' IV.11.21; 'sup- ply,' 'afford,' Ep. 10.6. praesto esse, w. dat., *Ep. 12.28, 15.6. praeter as oon'j., Sal. 36.7. Fraeterltlo, 1.1.22; II.ll.ll; III.8.7; M.L. 12.17, etc. praeterquam, mere connective, III.11.3. praetezta, II.2.20; praetextatus, Arch. 3.21. praetor: p. 59, §59; had imperium. III. 2.22; might call senate and submit questions, M.L. 19.24; enrolled new citizens. Arch. 4.29; presided at trials, C.T. §3; Verr. 2.10, etc.; Arch. 2.2^ two praetors taken by pirates. M.L. 11.8; praetor urbajius, 1.13.15. 114 INDEX praetorla cohors, II.11.2; Sal 60.12, 61.4. Pregnant sense, III.l.lO; IV.4.3; Ep. 12. 51, etc. Pkepositions: w. verbs of asking, *II. 6.14,7.17; III.9.24; Verr. 16.19, etc.; omitted w. loo. abl., *I.8.7; cuncla Asia, M.L. 6.20; after decedere, IV. 10.13; used w. tota Asia, M.L. 3.5; prep, phrase as adj., IIL2.17, 5.12, etc.; independent of sentence, Ep. 9.30. prldle: w. acc.,,*I.6.20; supplanted, Ep. 9.17. prlmum; omitted before correl. deinde, Ep. 16.6; deinde omitted, Ep. 9.31; jjrimum omnium, 11.9.6. princeps senatus: p. 69, §105; principea (=consutareB), II. 6. 11; III. 6.3. prlusquam w. infin., *III.3.11. prlvatus and TTiagistratus, 1.1.19. prlvlleglum, Ep. 5. int. pro, interj., Sal. 20.27. pro, prep,; 'in return for,' III. 11.1; IV.11.6; Ep. 3.11; 'in place of,' IV. 11.1; pro eo ac = sic vi, IV.2.5. pro consule, as judge, M.L. 13.29; Ep. 13.23; phrase in double sense, M.L. 21.15. prodlgia atque portenta, III.S.12r; Phil 4.27; Sal. 30.S. Prohibitions, *M.L. 23.17; see cave, noli. Frolepsis, Lig. 4.6. Pro-magistrates, p. 62, §§73-76; Verr. 4.12. Pronoun-s. Personal: expressed as subject, ego, *III.2.28; nos, *I.1.14; lu, Verr. 64. 3,21 etc ; vos, M.L. 5.2. — Editorial nos, *I.9.5, etc. (see Nos). — Gen. plur forms: objective in -i, '*'IV.9. 15; partitive in -um, IV. 6.30; w. omniuyn, 11.12.15. Possessive' for obj. gen. of pers., *I. 3.18; for subj- gen., Ep. 6.5; w. adj. in gen., *I4.11; co-ord. w. noun in gen., IV.11.15: same in pred., Sal. 52.28.— W. noun in loo , *I.8.5.— Beside its cognate personal, 111.12.5; M.L. l.A.—Vestrum est, *III.12.4.— See nosier, vester. Reflexive: referring to subj. of main clause, 111.4.11,12: to subj. of its own clause, III.4.14; to thought* subj., '*'III.12.5; to other antecedentg Mar. 5.7. — Inter se, reciprocal, II. 11.14. Relative: beginning sentence, 1.5.1; neuter w. antecedents of difTerent gender, II.9.13; Ep. 3.23; attracted by pred. noun, 11.12 .7; two relatives together, II.6.8; III.12.12. — Ante- cedent implied in poss. pron., *I.3.1S; incorporated, *I. 13.26; repeated w. rel., III.6.39, 10.30; repeated in synonym, III.9.27; antecedent re- mote, IV .8.23; Ep. 12.30.— Rel. = cum is, *I.9.21; III.2.24; et is, 1.5.1; III.12.12; Ep. 2.9; siguis, 11.12.22; III.12.12; ut is (purpose), *I.9.22; (result), *I.2.27; M.L. 1S.12.— Idem qui='the same as,' III. 12.2. — Re- strictive, w. proviso, IV.8.8. Interrogative: in exclamation, *II.2. 23. — See guis, quid. Interrogative and Indefinite: forms quis, qui (quid, quod) not always dis- tinguished, II.4.12, 6.8; quisque w. superl., M.L. 1.4; Phil. 2.10; w. unus, 1.1.13. — Cumulation of indefi- nites, Verr. 14.1; Ep. 9.6. — See aliquis, quidam, quisquam. Demonstrative: see hie, isle, ille. Intensive: see i-pse. prope, I1I.8.23; IV.1.26. proprlus w. gen., 1.6.23; 11.10.18; Mar. 4.7. propter, 'near,' M.L. 5.25. propterea . . . ut, Lig. 3.15. pro quaestore, Verr. 4.12. Proscriptions, III. 10. 17; property of vic- tims sold, Arch. 10.31; Sal. 21.6. prosequi, 'escort,' 1.8.38. provlncla cousularls, IV.11.2. Proviso, *I.9.7. pubUcanl, M.L. 2.5,9; Ep. 13.1. publice, not 'publicly,' 1.5.16. puer, indefinite term, Phil. 1.21. pulvlnarla, III.lO.l. Punic wars, M.L. 6.2. Punishments: p. 30, §53; originally fines, 1.2.8; of slaves, 1.6.4; IV.6.2S; of Ves- tals, III.4.20. purpuratus, IV.6.17. putare and existimare redundant, M L. 4.21. INDEX 115 quae cum ita sint, 1.5.1, 8.14; II.12.1; IV.9.1, etc. quaesltor, Verr. 10.10. quaestio legltima, Arch. 2.1. quaestor: powers and duties, p. 60, §66; time of taking office, p. 57, §48; IV.7.29* Verr. 10.23. quazn, conj.: same construction after as before: case, Ep. 2.22; *Sal. 47.6; mood, II.2.4; nom., w. verb, Ep. 2.21; u^-clause, Ep. 6.3; gen., w. governing noun omitted, 111.10.20. — Supra quam, Sal. 5.5. quamquam: concessive, III.12.29; cor- rective, introducing main clause, 1.9.1; II.7.23; III.8.1; IV.6.6, etc.; not correl. to a following tamen, 11.12 .7. quantUS = 9uam magnua, IV.9.18; = quanta sint qv/ie. III. 1.20. quasi clause in exclamation, *M.L. 23. 16; Verr. 66.1; Sal. 52.43; to qualify unusual phrase, Mar. 1.19; w. numeral, Verr. 8.19. -que after negative, 'but,' *II.13.11; at- taches explanatory word, M.L. 12.42. queni ad modum, 'how.' II.6.17. queo w. non for nequeo, Ep. 9.27. queror, constr., Sal. 40.10. Questions: Exclamatory w. ut, 1.9.1,26. — Indirect w. -ne ('whether'), III. 5. 13; -ne . . . an, *Phil. 5.19; Sal. 52.25 (w. an alone, Sal. 52.28); w. necne, II. 6. 17; w. quantis, etc., IV.9.18 (two questions in one); w. ut, 'how,' Mar. 3.21. — Rhetorical, 1.9.21; 11,8.14; M.L. 13. llfF.; Verr. 63.4ff., etc. — See an, -ne, nonne, num. qui, rel.: in clause of cause, *I.9.21; III.2.24; characteristic, *I.2.28; pur- pose, *I.9.22; result, *I.2.27; M.L. 15. 12; =siqui8, 11.12.22. — Non (or neque) quo . . . sed (two senses), *M.L. 24.16. — • Neut. plur. w. antecedents of different genders, II.9.13. qui, abl. as adv., 'how,' Phil. 6.8; *Sal. 51.66. quicquid for siquid, *I.7.32. quid, interrog.: exclamatory, before ques- tion, 1.3.19; quid qvod, 'what of the fact that,' 1.7,7,8.3; M.L. 5.15; quid est qtiod, 'what reason why,' *M.L. 24.8; Phil. 4.30: quid agis (two senses), Ep. 11.44; quid quaeria, 'in short,' Ep. 13.11, 15.18; quid scribam, 'what to write.' Ep. 10.3; quid vera, 1.6.9; IH. 9.26. quid, indef.: w. ne, *I.2.2; w. si, 'whafc- ever,' III.3.21. quidam: contemptuous, Ep. 20.12; Sal. 24.6, 40.1; to qualify unsatisfactory word or phrase, IV. 1.17, 6.10; Arch. 7.10; Mar 1.15; qvadam modo, w. bold expression, 1.7.25; quidam and cerium. Mar. 6.4. quidem: adversative, II.1.21; conces* sive, 11.5.18; emphatic. Arch. 11.7,23; restrictive, II.4.9. quln, 'why not,' Sal, 20,41. quin after dubitare, *M,L. 14.30; quin etiam, before strong statement, IL6.11; neminem quin, *Verr, 5.29. quippe qui, Sal. 48.7. Qulrlnus, III.l.ll. qulrites, II. 1.1; Phil. 1.1, etc. quls, interrog.: Form quis as adj., II.4. 12; qui as subst., Verr. 17.15. — In ex- clamations, *II.2.23. quis, indef., used after si, ne, num. qulsquam after implied neg., *M.L. 14.30. qulsque w. superl.: oplimua, M.L. 1.4; Sal. 34.6; primus, Phil. 2.10. quo, abl- of qui: quo . . . ?ioc, 'the . . . the,' M.L. 20.9; quo minus w. subjunc, after noun, *III.6.39; verb, Ep. 9.14. — As adv., 1.5.1. quo from quis, as adv., 1.4.16; see qui, adv. quod, neut. rel.: quad si, 'if this,' II.6.2r 'but if,' 1.12.9; Mar. 8.29, etc.; quod utinam, Ep. 9.4. — Subj. of introd. clause: quod atiinet, Ep. 10.25; quod hortaris, Ep. 9.36; quod reliquum est, II.J2J8; quod scribis, Ep. 10.19. — In char clause, quid (nihil) est quod, *M.L. 24.8; Arch. 5.8; Ep. 16.30 (cf. non esse cur, Ep. 15.44). quod, interrog., adj. form, *I.6.4. quod, conj.: moods w., *II.1.22; Phil. 4.7. — In subst. clause, 'that,' 1.1.21. — Contrasted w. si. Mar. 6.35. quodam modo, see quidam. quoni = cum, Ep. 14.44. quo minus, see quo. quotus qulsque, Lig. 9,6. 116 INDEX Tai/iO: oelli, II. 6. 17; doctrinae. Arch. 7.10; honorum, Lig. 10.10; pelitionia, Ep. 1.7; studiorum. Arch, 1.10; vitae, M.L. 1.5, 24.21; eadem ratione. III. 5. 18. — Plur., 'considerations,' IV. 5.7; 'plans,' Ep. 1.3. -re, 2 sing, ending; in pass, indie, fut., 1. 1.1. 7.24; pass, subjunc. pros., 1.9.9 (of. -rls). Keate, III.2.30. redtare, 'read,' Ep. 12.56,58. recta, recte, *I.9.14. Redundancy, M.L. 4.21, 10 7, etc. referre: ad senatum, 1.8.18; M L. 19.24; Sal. 29.4; refeiTe de, Phil. 2.8; Ep. 21.9; w. ind. question, Sal. 50.10; referre graiiaa, III.6 6; IV 2 5; gratiam, Ep. 9.15. refert: parvi, w. infin subj., M.L. 7.16; ma^is, w. infin., Sal. 52.47. refertus: w gen., M L. 11.26; w. abl , *M.L. 18.21 Reflexive (middle) passive, '•'II 8 12 relectlo, 'challenging of jurors,* Verr. 3.27. Relative: see under Pronouns; rel. clauses in effect independent, '^Phil. 3.3-5, 6.12. rellglo, 'scruple,' w. qunminua and sub- junc, 111.6.39,41; 'sense of duty,' Verr. 1.25. Religion, regard for, lost in higher classes, IV.4.31; Cicero's belief, I.lS.26ff.: IV. 4.28ff.; Ep. 9.9; officers of, p. 63, §§79-92. rellquum facere. Mar. 3.21; quid religui, *Sal. 20.39; nihil religui facere, Sal. 28.14. Repetition: si and abl. abs., 11.11.13; vt, III.2.19; Ep. 7.5; of words for em- phasis: ille, 111.9.19,20; fuit, 1.1.23, etc., etc. fepetundae, 'extortion,' Verr. 8.11; court derepetundis, C.T. §1; Verr. 14.17; Sal. 62.33. repulsa, 'defeat for office,' Sal. 20.23. ves: wide range of meanings, 1.3.11. — 'Cash,' II. 6. 15; 'a case in court,' Verr. 6.1; res pvblica, 11,2.7; rea novae, 'change,' 'revolution,* Sal. 28.10; rerum potiri, II.9.2. — Res eat w. dat., "have to do.' Verr. 11;13, Phil. 6.10. Result: see Subjunctive, under Moods. reus, IV.S.l, 6.17. Revenues in Asia, three forms, M.L. 6.8; farmed, M.L. 2.5. Rewards to informers, IV.3.9; Sal. 30.15ff. BbOdUS, 'Rhodes,' Ep. 15.58; Sal. 61.12. -rls in pass, indie, pres., 1. 1.10 (cf. -re). rogare legem, 'pass a law,' 1.11.15. rogatlo.'law,' 'bill:'of Clodius, Ep.6. int. Bomulla (tribus), Verr. 8.30. Romulus, III.l.ll; statue, III.8.17. Roscius, actor. Arch. 8.4,5. rostra, M.L. 1.2, 18.25. Kudlae, birthplace of Ennius, Arch. 10.1. Sabini, type of sturdy manhood, Lig. 11.12. sacrarlum, 1.9.26. Sale of army commissions, M.L. 13.13. Salus, temple of, Ep. 12.30. salutem dlcere (S.D.) in letters, R.C. §10; Ep. 11.45. salvus, 'solvent,' 11.8.22,9.25; in double sense, III.10.31. Sampslceramus, Pompey's nickname, Ep. 4.5. sane: concessive, 11.7.15; two senses, II.7.15, 10.1. sapere, of a child's understanding, fep. 11.7. saplentes,- 'philosophers,' Arch. 6.33; superlative. Arch. 12.12. saplentla, 'philosophy,' Arch. 6.43. satlsfactlo, 'explanation,' Sal. 36.4. SaturnaUa, III.4.22. Saturninus, L., 1.2.5; III.6.40; IV.2.22. 'Say' implied in other words, III.4.14., etc. ' scaenae, Ivdi, III.8.24. scelus, 'criminality,' IV. 10.5. scilicet, II.9.5; Sal. 62.73. Soipio: the elder, IV.10.12. — Younger, IV.10.14; Ep. 2.21; his career, Arch. 7.13; twice consul, M.L. 20.17. Sciplonlc Circle, Arch. 7.13. scito, '*II.10.27; Ep. 1.2, etc. scrlbae, p. 61, §70; classes, IV.7.28. scriptura, a tax, M.L. 6.8,20. se, sibi, sui: see Reflexive under Pro- nouns. se habere=e88e, Ep. 9.25; se alterum, Ep. 12.62. INDEX 117 Beats of senators, I.T.is; il.6.11; of con- suls, p. 58, §51,1V.1.14. Secessions of the plebs, Sal. 33.8. secures of lictors, M.L. 12.9. sed: in limitations. III. 7.8; resumptive, in.2.2; in transitions, III.12.1. sedes, sella curvlis, IV. 1.14. Senate: origin, p. 66, §93; power, p. 67, §§94-100; meetings, p. 68; voting, p. 69, §108; the senatus consultum, p. 70; 1.1.26; uUimum, 1.2.1; Sal. 29.6. — Properly called and presided over by consul, 1.4.13; IV.10.1; M.L. 19.24; or praetor, p. 68, §101; or tribune of plebs, Phil. 6.25; Ep. 21.8; summoned by ■praecones, 11.12.13; business finished by sunset, IV. 3. 20; not a judicial body, 1.8.20; Sal. 35.3; called an oligarch>/, Sal. 20.17, 30.10. — Reconciled to knights, IV. 7.22; w. Pompey in civil war. Mar. 5.8. Senators: age of eligibility, M.L. 21.5; seats, 1.7.7; II. 6. 11; order of calling in debate, p. 69; III.6.3; Ep. 17.6.— Con- trolled juries twelve years, Verr, 13.8; protected their fellows, Verr. 16.4. — Senators in Catiline's conspiracy, Sal. 17.8ff. sentina, term of abuse, 1.5.28. Sequence: see Tenses. sermones, 'conversations,' III. 11.9; Sal. 47.9. Sertorius, M.L. 4.11,13. ServUius, M., Phil. 6.25.— P., M.L. 23. 11,23. servltla=8erBi, IV.2.27, 6.48. sestertla, Sal. 30.15. Shaving, 11.10.19. si: postponed, 1.7.12; causal, 11.10.10; si quidem. Mar. 8.32; concessive — si maxime . . .tamerlf 1.12.9; si . . . iamen, 11.7.26; III.3.15; IV.IO.S, etc.; con- trasted w. quod. Mar. 6.35; nisi si, II.4.2. Slbylllnl Ubri, III.4.15; Sal. 47.10. sic, anticipating clause, M.L. 10.11; Ep. 9.52. Sicca, Ep. 9.51. Slgeuiu, Arch. 10.15. Sleoi&Da.tiones = portenta, 11.13.14. 'Signs,' 11.13.14; I11.8.12ff.; Phil. 4.27. slgnum: 'seal,' III.3.3, 5.3,13.35; Sal. 47.15; 'image,' III.8.28; 'signal for battle,' Sal. 59.1; plur., 'statues,' M.L. 14.10; military 'standards,' Sal. 59.6. Silanus, D., p. 31; IV.4.1; Sal. 50.13. slmllls, constr. w., 1.2.26. Slnxul, sometimes prep., *Arch. 11.18; simul atque, 1.7.9. Singing and dancing, how regarded, II. 10.25; Sal. 25.4. slve . . . sive, IV.6.1; Phil. 4.27; Ep. 5.4. Slaves: branded, 1.6.4; cruelly treated, IV.6.26; had no rights, IV.8.8; insur- rection feared, 1.11.9: Spartacus, M.L. 10.27,11.18; Verr. 62.21; Lentulus' at- tempt to incite, IV.6.48; Sal. 30.6; loyal to government, IV.8.11; Cicero's slaves, Ep. 9.30-36. socil made citizens, M.L. 13.23; Arch. 4.6. sodales, II.5.4. solum, quod in, Ep. 16.22. solutlo, 'Uquidation,' M.L. 7.23. sors: 'drawing' for provinces, IV.7.29, 11.1; of places by praetors, Verr. 8.15; by quaestors, IV.7.29. sortitlo, 'drawing' for jurors, Verr. 6.16; for provinces (sors), IV.7.29, 11.1. Spartacus, M.L. 10.27, 11.18; Verr. 62.21 ; as term of abuse, Phil. 6.12 speculator, M.L. 16.10; Verr. 63.24, 64.6. spirltus, 1.6.19; IV..4.8. splendor, splendldUs, said of Icnights. Lig. 11.25. stare, 'stand by,' w. abl., *Ep. 14.24. Stator, Jupiter, I.5.S, 13.27. Stoics, IV.2.9. Streets named from trades, 1.4.4. studeo in apod., II.8.5. subsellia, 1.7.8; 11.6.11; see Seats. sui w. gerundive, *I.3.15. Sulla, L. Cornelius: called summus itn- perator, M.L. 10.17; his revolution, ill. 10.10; gave senate control of juries, IV. 6.45; his veterans, II. 3.4; colonies, II.9.19. summa salus rel publicae, 1.5.11; in shorter form, 1.6.17; III.6.2. Eummuin bonum in plur.. Mar. 6.28. suznptus in, 'forced contributions,' M.L. 13.35; Ep. 13.13. suo anno, p. 21, §29; 1.11.18; Cicero's ambition, Ep. 1.4. superare: used absolutely. *'IIf.l0.14; intrans., 'abound,' Sal. 20.32. 118 INDEX ST>perlor nox, 1.4.1, II.3.17.' Sdpeblative: see Adjectives. Supine: in -urn, *I.4.24; Sal. 28.4; w. obi., Sal. 82.35; in -u, *I.12.3; Epj 13.6; *Sal. 14.2. suppetere. Arch. 6.6. supplicatio, III.6.27, 9.15. suppllcium, III.9.15. Supplies for pro consul en route, Ep. 13.15. supra quam, Sal. 5.5. Suspension of clauses, II. 8.2, 9.1; III.2.6 M.L. 4.7. SUStuIi, from tollo: literal sense, III. 1.12 derived, II.5.28. SUUS, referring to logical subj., '*=III.12.5 Mar. 4.4. Syllogism, IV.8. 19-21. Symmetry by in-sertion, I.S.24;~II.8,6. Synonyms: belluin, latrocinium, tumul- tus, II. 1.12; custodiae, praesidia, viQi- liae, 1.3.22; delubrum, templum. III.l. 15; exercitus, praesidia, II. 11.4; gratusi iucundus, IV. 1.4; homo, vir, 1.6.3; ho8' tie, inimicuB, 1.5.30; M.L. 10.19; iter, via, Ep. 13.1; rrwenia, murus, paries, 1.3.3; olium, pax, III. 7.31; omitto, prae- termitto, relinquo, III.8.12. — Synonyms grouped for emphasis, 1.6.7; 11.10. 1. tabellae, R.C. §4; ltl.4.i. tabellarii, R.C. §1; Ep. 11.43, 13 1. tabernae, IV.8. 14. tabulae: legum, 1.2.11; novae, 'business accounts,' U.S. 19; Sal. 21.6; tabulae, 'paintings,* M.L. 14.17; tabula Valeria, 'banit' (?), Ep. 10.15. iaedet, constr., *1V.10.7; Ep. 13 11. tain: between demons, and adj., 1.6.9; 'only so much,' III. 7.8 (of. tarUum); quam omitted, 1.7.14. tazuen: implies a preceding concession, IV.11.5; replaced by phrase, III.6.28 tametsi, corrective, 1.9.4. tandenip 'pray,' 1. 1.1; tandem aliquaruio, I.lO.l. tantl, gen. of indef. value, I 9.7. II 7.12- tantum: 'only so much,' 111.10 34 (ct- tam); Verr. 14.18; tantum abest ut, M.L 24.24. tantus: correlative omitted, II.9.11: III. 7.21; tanta quanta non=maiora 'quam. M.L. 11.6: demons, pron as = magnus, 1.6.9, 7.4; 111.7.20,26, etc. — Trans, by adverb, 11.9.30. Tarentinus (fundus), Ep. 8.7. Tarquins, the, Phil. 3.16. templum: p. 65, §86; 1.1.4; pleonastic, IV. 7. 11; omitted w. a god's name, Ep, 10.15. — Templa near forum, M.L. 15.14; templa, delubra. III. 1.15. tempus: one's 'interest,' Verr. 11.17; plur., 'necessities,' 'perils' (often legal) , 1.9.10; M.L. 1.9. tenere (.habere) w. pf. part., '"1.1.7; 111. 7.2,13; for scire, 111.7.9. Tenses. — Sequence after hist, presl, 111,- 6.10; Sal.32.8, 34,2; in gen. truth, 111, 5.27. Indicative: Present, historical, Verr, 9.9; Sal. 32.8, 34.2, etc.; w. iam diu, etc., '•'1.6.27. — Imperfect: conative, *I.6.30; III.2.1; Lig. 8,9; continued action, 1.5.18, 10.2; Hl.7.5; M.L. 17.32; Sal. 52.2; epistolary, R.C. §15; Ep. 9,17, 13.1,24; following co-ord, plupf., M.L. 9.33. — Perfect: definite, *11.4 1; Verr. 18.38; epistolary, Ep. ' 9.16; gnomic, *Sal. 61.4; w. simul atque, *I.7.9. — Pluperfect: epis- tolary, Ep. 8.1, 14.53, 16.59.— Future perfect: after si, uM, etc., *I.2,22; in conditions, both clauses, IV.6.1; in prot. only, 1.2.22. Subjunctive: Present: in direct com- mand, Ep. 9.21, 16.6; conditions, *I.8.1; jussive (3 pers.), '*11.4.5; IV.1.23; Verr. 12.32, etc.; optative, *1.9.3;, potential (velim), Ep. 9.38. — Imperfect: in conditions, '•'1.7.12, *12.3; Verr. 3.20; Ep. 11.11; poten- tial (maUem), '►11.3.10. — Perfect: epistolary, Ep. 17.2,20; w. historical force, *Phil. 1.24; in result clause, '•'Sal 34.4; as 'true perfect,' Verr. 3.7. — Pluperfect: epistolary, Ep. 9. 40; optative, II.2.20; for indie, futi pf in ind. disc, 111.6.13, 8.24; '*Sal. 17.21 Imperative: future, "'11.10.27; 111.10,2; Ep 1.2, etc. — Replaced by subjunc, Ep 9.21; ••'11.4.5; Ep. 17.2; by peri- phrasis, cave, *Lig. 5.16; noli, *M.L. 23.17. Infinitive: Present ('imperfect'), w, memini, '"1.3.8; w. past tenses of INDEX 119 debere, oportet, etc., 1.1.16; III.5.18, 9.32; w. noli(.te) in prohibitions, *M.L. 23.17; historical, Verr. 9.14; Sal. 14.16, 27 .4ff.— Perfect: w. debere, oportet, etc., *I.2.12; II.2.5; w. memini, III.8.18; volo, 11.12.16; 'true pf.,' Verr. 2.13. — Future: w. verb of_ 'hope,' 'promise,' *I.4.21; sup- plied by fore ut, 1II.8.29. Terentia, Cicero's wife, IV.2.12; Ep. 9. sal.; her long life, Ep. 10.27; ready to sacrifice her dowry, Ep. 10.22, 11.34. terra marique, 11.13.20. testamentum facere, privilege of citi- zens. Arch. 5.26. tetrarcha, Sal. 20. IS. Teutones et Cimbri, III.IO.IO fin. Themistocles, Arch. 9.9. Theophanes, Arch. 10.21. 'Threaten,' constr. w. 'verbs meaning, II.1.3. Tigranes, M.L. 9.15. Time within which, per and ace, II.4.17 (see Ablative, under Cases). Tiro, Ep. 14. sal., 47. Tmesis, Sal. 5.6. toga: full, called velum, 11.10.21; prae- texla, II.2.20; virUia, M.L. 1.5. togatus, 'civilian,' II.13.4; III.6.30, 10.7. toto, tota, prep, omitted w., *Ep. 12.64; written, M.L. 3.5. Trades in certain streets, 1.4.4. transactum est, Ep. 9.21. Transitions: et quoniam, 111.6.4; aed quoniam. III. 12.1; iam vero, II. 4. 18 nunc, III. 7.1 ; nunc vero, II.4.23. tresvlrl (for prisons, etc.), p. 61, §68; 11.12.26; Sal. 55.3 (.triumviri). Triarius, M.L. 9.42. tribunal praetorls, 1.13.15. tniiunl: plebis, p. 59, §§61-63; powers abridged and restored, Verr. 13.15; might summon senate, Phil. 6.25; Ep. 21.8; re-election forbidden, IV.2.21. — Aerarii, IV.7.27. — Militum, Verr. 10.28. trlbUS, voting by, p. 53, §§29-36; Verr. 9.15, Ep. 18.11. triclinium, Ep. 16.3. trlduum: in gen., Ep. 13.28; abl., II.7.19. trlnundlnum, M.L. 17.27; Ep. 14.19. Triumphs: III.11.4; IV.10.17; to whom due, M.L. 21.10; Caesar's fourfold. Mar. 9.18: Cicero's claim, Lig 3.11. Triumvirates: first, p. 34; Ep. 4.9, 10.10; second, p. 42. triumviri (for prisons, etc.): see ireS' viri. Tubero: L. Aelius, appointed governor of Africa, Lig. 7.3; Q., accuser of Li- garius, Lig. 7.3 et passim. Tullia, Cicero's daughter, IV.2.13; Ep. 9. sal. Tullianum, 11.10.16; Sal. 65.6. TuUiola, Ep. 9.23; see Tullia. tum: anticipating condition. Mar. 8.19; suggesting omitted condition, Lig. 5.35; after imperative, M.L. 13.24; tum vero, introducing climax, IV.7.34. tumultus, 'excitement,' III.3.13; war within Italy, III.2.13. tu-ne, 1.11.6. tunica, properly short and sleeveless, 11.10.20. tuto esse, 1.8.7. -tus, adv. ending, III.9.31. Tyrants, the thirty, Sal. 51.75. ubl: in char, clause, 1.10.15; =prep phrase w. rel., Verr. 65.2; Sal. 64.11. ubinam gentium, 1.4.8. ultimum consultum, 1.1.26, 2.1: Sal. 29.6. Ultimus, etc., w. partitive force, M.L. 12.46; Ep. 13.22. Ultro, III.9.29, 12.15. -Ulus, dimin. ending, *I.4.21. Umbrenus, P., III.6.22; Sal. 40.1. una, 'together with,' III.2.34. unde = ex quo. Mar. 11.1. uno homlne, 1.5.11. unus: = pnmus, II.8.10; unam . . . alteram, IV.4.1,3; 'only one,' M.L. 10,8; w. superl., *IH. 10.28; w. quisque, I.l. 14; 'general,' IV.2.18, 6.14; una nux, IV.9.20. usque ad, 1.8.37; usque in, M.L. 4.6; 12.42; qua usque, 1. 1.1. Ut; w. indio. — 'as,' 1.7.12; exclamatory, 'how,' 1.9.1; 'when,' III. 1.23; restric- tive, M.L. 24.19. — W. subjunc. — con- cessive, *Lig. 9.11; after expressions of fear, IV.7.3; Mar. 4.20; Ep. 10.29; 'how,' in ind. question. Mar. 3.21; Lig. 3.14; in subst. clauses, see under Sub- junctive, under Moods. — Omitted: 120 INDEX after da operant, Ep. 14,56; edicere, *Ep. 21.8; rruiUem, II.3.10; necesse esl, Phil. 2.20; velim, Ep. 9.38, 18.30. — Repeated, for clearness, 111.2.19; Ep. 7,5, to introduce different clauses — ita praeaens vt . . , id, 111.9.9; abest ut . . . vt, M.L. 24.24. — Ut aiunt, 1.6.29; 11.6.27. liter, Phil. 3.22. uterque in plur.: of groups, II.9.28; of individuals, Sal. 30.9. ntlca, Lig. 1.30. utor, utl, 'find in,' 11.8.25. utpote, Sal. 67.13. utrum . . an, Lig. 10.3. vadlmonium, J1.3.S, 10.4. valere multum, etc., i'lV.10.6; M.L. 14.23; Mar. 5.17; Ep. 15.53, etc. Valeria: lex, see under lex; tabula, Ep. 10.15. Valerius, L., 1.2.6. Vargunteius, L., 1.4.20; Sal. 28.2. Varro, A. Terentius, Ep. 14.44. Varus, L. Attius, Lig. 1.30. vectigales, M.L. 2.2, etc.; vectigalia, M.L. 2.7, etc.; kinds, M.L. 6.8. Tehementer w. adj., IV.6.20. Tel, offering choice, 11.1.4; Mar. 6.18. Telle: 'will have it that,' IV.4.30, 6.13; M.L. 13.38; w. vol. subjunc, Ep. 9.38 and often; w. eibi, 'mean,' 11.10.27; without aibi, 11.12.27. verbo and re in contrast, Phil. 1.10. Tero: in climax, IV.6.15; w. turn, IV. 7.31 Verres: in general, p. 16, §17; Verr. int. — As quaestor, Verr. 4.5; legatua, Verr. 4.8; praetor urhanus, Verr. 4.15, 13.24; propraetor in Sicily, Verr. 4.20 and passim. — Seeks postponement of trial, Verr. 10; fails, Verr. 18.18; tries to defeat Cicero for aedile, Verr. 8.20. — Actio II promised, Verr. 18.28. vesper and vespera, 11.4.8. Vestals: 111.4.20; IV.1.8; how pun- ished, UIA.20.— Ignis Yestae, IV.9.10. Testrl, obj. gen. form of vos, IV.9.15; Phil. 2.3; vestrwm, partitive form, IV. 8.12; objective, 111.12.29. — Vestrum est, 111.12.4. vetus: 'of long standing ' 11.10.4; 'of former times,' 11.9.28; 111.8.15. Tla: Appia, Ep. 12.40; Amelia, 11.4.7; Minucia, Phil. 2.23. vlatores, pp. 60, 61, §§63, 71. Tldellcet, 1.8.11; 11.6.3; IV.4.30; Sal 52.85. Tldere nemm, *M..lj. 7.30. Tlderl, passive, M.L. 4.19, 16.27; per- sonal, *I.6.28; Arch. 8.6. TielUa, division of time, *I11.2.32; plur. concrete, 1.1.4, 3.22. Tir; 'manly man,' 111.6.37; 'husband/ IV.6,38; not w. uncomplimentary' epithet, 1.6.3. — Viri fortes, ironical, 1.1.14; summi, referring to magistrates, 1.12.5. Tirtus: senses, M.L. 10.13, 13.1,2; 'qual- ities,' M.L. 1.27. Tita, term of affection, Ep. 9.8. . Vocative: see under Cases. vocula, Ep. 4.4. ToUtare, bad sense, 11.3.8. TOlO; see velle, Volturcius, T., p. 29; III.4; Sal. 44-47. VOS, subj., expressed, M.L. 5.2. Vox media, rhetorical term, 1V.6.3S: conspiraiio, IV. 10 .37 ; f acinus, 111.7.11; fama, IV. 6.35; tempestas, Ep. 9.41; vaietudo, Ep. 9.48. W Weeping of men, IV.2.11. West in augury, 111.8.8. Wills: see testaTnentum. Words inserted: see Symmetry; in pairs, 1.13.22; Hl.7.14. Z Zeugma, 11.9.9; 111.7.14; M.L. 23.27 r Verr. 14.17; Sal. 33.4. =!OLAW