m. 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029608316 
 
f' 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 Certain Maps and Charts, 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 Progrejs of Difcovery in America^ 
 
 AND MENTIONED IN 
 
 Hakluyt's Great Work. 
 By J . G . K^O H L 
 
 ALBANY: 
 
 J. MUNSELL, 1857. 
 K 
 

 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVEesiTV 
 
 «4 \ 
 

 I rOK THE MATIONAL -INTELLlQlijICBB. 
 
 'liescrijih've and TL'storical Notes on Certain Maps 
 and Charts rclatin(j to the Progress of Blscov- 
 eri/ hi Aiuen'ea and mentioned in iTalchnjt s 
 Gnat llv-r/v.— By J. G. Kohl. ^ 
 
 The maps and (.■liarts wliicli the discoverers of 
 new rogious used to construct form.a class of the 
 most interesting historical dooumenfe*. 
 
 They not only illusti-ate in a most clear way the 
 verbal reporta and the gco-raphical ideas of the 
 r\plorers and confirm them, hut they also contain 
 sunietimes (uMi'/(0«ai matter not contained in the 
 
 reports. , 
 
 The greater" number of authors on voyages and 
 colloctors of travelling reports, theref&re, have accom- 
 ptmied their works by maps. We find such in Eden, 
 iuKamusio, in Harris, in Prevost,in the Lettres 
 EdifiasteSj'and in innumerable other works of this 
 
 Only our good old Hakluyt seems to be deficient 
 in this. Besides a few maps, which he has pub- 
 lislied in his little volume, "Divers Voyages," and 
 besides a general map of the world,, edited in Paris 
 1587, and another one for the firsti edition of his 
 great work of 1589,lie has commupicatedto us no: 
 maps whatever, though he «aw at his time still 
 many interesting ancient draughts and sketches, 
 ■which he by publishing could have, preserved to us 
 as well as his valuable reports, jouruals, " traffiques, 
 and navigations," and which are now lost to us. 
 
 It can perhaps not be said that Hakluyt was not 
 uware of the value and import of an old nuip or 
 chart as an historical monument. On the contrary, 
 he seems to have been widely awake for the study 
 of ronps. He tells us himself that, when he 
 was stni a youth, the sight of a map decided the 
 direction of his inclination and study. "When he 
 once visited a cousin of kis, a gentleman in the 
 fiddle Temple— " - ■ ^ 
 
 r-'iH* found lying open upon liis boorJ covteine boolcs 
 [of coBinogrSpWe' SWiJA an unhiersaUe mappe. The cousin 
 Explained to him-ftll the parts of _tliis mappe, showed him 
 
4 
 
 the division of the earth into three parts after the olde '. 
 account, and then, according to tho latter and better dis- 
 tribution, into more, pointed with hia wand to all the : 
 inown seas, gulfs, bayes, capes, rivers, and empires. 
 J.nd from the mappe he hroxiyht him to the Bible, and di- 
 rected him to some verses of the 107 Psalme, where he read 
 that they which go dowue to the sea in ships and occupy 
 loy the great waters, see the works of the Lord and his 
 •woonders in the deep, &c. Which words of the prophet, 
 together with his cousin's discourse, (about the map,) 
 tooke in him so deepe an impression that he constantly 
 resolved he would, by God's assistance, prosecute that 
 tnowledge and kind of litterature tlie doors of yfhich 
 were so happily opened before him."* 
 
 Afterwards, it appears, Hakluyt was always and 
 plentifully surrounded by maps : 
 
 " In my public lectures," he says, " I was the first 
 that produced and showed both the olde imperfeetly com- 
 posed and the new lately-reformed mappcs, globes, and 
 epheares, to the generall contentment of my auditory. "f 
 
 So he «eems to have been the first man who ui- 
 irodmced the study of maps into England. 
 
 And still, after all, he thought so little of pos- 
 terity that he made no attempt of delivering to us 
 by print some of those treasures by which he was 
 surrounded. 
 
 He does not give us the reason for this singular 
 and much to be lamented omission. He only says 
 that he has " contented himself" with inserting into 
 his work " one generall mappe" of the world. The 
 ■whole passage in which he tells us this (at the end of 
 his preface to the first edition) deserves a place here. 
 Perceiving that every one of hia readers would re- 
 gret and miss and loant-maps in his book, he says : 
 
 ^'Nowe, because peradventure it would be expected 
 as necessarie that the descriptions of so many parts of 
 the world would farre more easily be cbnceived oi the 
 readers by adding geographicall and hydrograpliicall ta- 
 "bles thereunto, thoxi. are by the way to be admonished that 
 I have contented myself e with inserting into my worke one 
 of the best generall mappes of the world only !" 
 
 0, good Hakluyt, how short, how unsatisfactory, 
 how tyrannically spoken ! 
 
 * Ilakluyt in the beginning of the dedication to the , 
 first edition of his great work. 
 
 f In the dedication to the first edition of his great i 
 work, 
 
'' It is voiy probable, however, that HaJiluyt was 
 Hmself influonced iu this proceeding by another 
 great tyrant, iinmely, by the want of proper means. 
 He alludes, in his prefaces and dedications, some- 
 times to " great charges and expenses" which he 
 incurred for the benefit of the publicatiou of his 
 work ; and very probably he found that by the en- 
 graving of maps those expenses would have become 
 too large for him. From the same cause also Pur- 
 chas, as he openly avows, has in some iustances 
 omitted to reproduce for us most rare maps, which 
 he had before his eyes, and which would be invalu- 
 able at present for our historians. It is, however, 
 •very possible that Hatluyt would not have found 
 amongst his contemporaries men enough who would 
 lave sufficiently appreciated the value of maps as 
 Jiistorical doQuments. 
 
 The more general interest for the study of the 
 ancient maps, the antiquarian chartology, if I may 
 Tise this expression, is something quite new. It has 
 only commenced to flourish in our nineteenth 
 centuiy. 
 
 What Hakluyt omitted, either for want of means 
 or becau^ his time was not ripe for it, can, how- 
 ever, still, at least in a certain degree, be done to- 
 ^iay. We possess now a certain number of maps 
 and charts which belong to the old naviga- 
 tions and travels preserved in Hakluyt, and which 
 were made by the navigators and explorers them- 
 selves. We can and we ovgJit to collect them from 
 the different rare books and manuscript collections 
 in which they are dispersed, and to put them at 
 their right place near the reports and journals, to 
 which they belong. 
 
 It is with t£is view, with the plan ofprejmrhtij 
 £1 Haklnytian atlas, that I present to the student 
 of geography and history a little preliminary trea- 
 tise or catalogue on the maps relating to America, 
 which are mentioned in Hakluyt's " Third and Last 
 Yolume of the Voyages, Navigations, Trafiques, 
 and Discoveries of the p]nglish Nation : imprinted 
 at London. Anno Dom. 1600. "t 
 
 X My quofations afe, tliroujSliout tho whole treatise, 
 from tiii=! edition of ISOO. 
 
In this treatise I will confine my researelies to tlio " 
 American maps, because I tave studied them a lit- 
 tle better than those of the other parts of the 
 •world, and to the said " third volume," because in 
 his other volumes and works Hakluyt has mention- 
 ed no American maps which are not at the same 
 time mentioned in that". _ • 
 
 I exclude likewise the other few maps relating to 
 America, of which Hakluyt has published and giv- 
 en us engraved copies ; as, for instance, the map of 
 Thorne and that of Lok, in his " Divers Voyages," 
 the map ©f the world, in his. Latin translation of 
 Peter Martin Angiera's work, "Paris, 1587, and 
 the other map of the world, (including America^ 
 which ho has published in the first edition of his 
 great work of 1589, and likewise the eKcellent map 
 of the world composed by M. Emmerie Mollineux, 
 which was published partly on Hakluyt's admoni- 
 tion and probably with his assistance, || because all 
 these maps are already better known. I will limit 
 myself exclusively to notes and references on the 
 maps which Hakluyt does not c(jpy, and which he 
 only mentions, because his allusions are very much 
 scattered and have not been collected as yet, so far 
 as my knowledge goes. 
 
 I must define here what I understand by the 
 •word " 7neniitiniiig." Hakluyt has mentioned very 
 numerous maps. He alludes often to the charto- 
 yraphical works of Ortelius, of Mercator, and of 
 other geographers of his time. It evidently cannot 
 be my intention to enter here into a disquisition on 
 the works of such generally known men. 
 
 Hakluyt also occasionally alludes to some rarer 
 map, which, however, is in no further connexion 
 with his book, and to the illustration of which he 
 adds no further remark. Such allusions may be 
 commented upon in a note under the text of 
 Hakluyt. 
 
 They can, however, be no object of my treatise, 
 which shall only single out all those maps on vJiich 
 
 II I have copies of all those maps, and have tried to i 
 iiiKilyze them in another 'work, in " a General Catalogue 
 of all (ho Maps relating to America," of whieh this pre- 
 peut tioalJL-ic is a part. 
 
Jlokht//t ffiues pai-ticulars, the construe/ I'mi of irhicli, 
 he iJt:<cril)cs or the e.rixteiiee of which he makes at 
 /eu^t prohahle, and which belong to his travelling , 
 reports. 
 
 'Boeansc Hukhiyt has arranged his matter geo- 
 graphically, and because sometimes the same tra- 1 
 veller— a Drake, a Gilbert, or Cabot — has explored 
 different regions, therefore the reports of the same 
 person on diverse parts of America are sometimes 
 placed in very distant parts of the work. In the 
 arrangement of my notes on the maps I have fol- 
 lowed this plan of Hakluyt, and have given the 
 maps in the same order in which he gives his re- 
 ports. I admit that it would be in a certain man- 
 ner convenient to have all the maps of the same 
 person under one head, or to have them chronolo- 
 gically. But in a treatise like this, which is a kind 
 of commentary, it is probably still more proper to 
 adopt the order and plan of the work, which is to 
 be illustrated. 
 
 I think that this my task is a new and not easy 
 one, and I hope, therefore, that with respect to the 
 imperfect execution I may claim some indulgence 
 from a benevolent reader. 
 
 A Mojj of the World hi/ Bartholomew Colum- 
 bus, 1488. 
 
 Bartholomew Columbus was, like his brother, the 
 celebrated Christopher Columbus, " a man of expe- 
 rience and skilful in sea-causes, and could very well 
 make sea-cards and globes and other instruments 
 belonging to that profession, as he was instructed 
 by his brother." 
 
 Like his brother, he is said, under unfavorable 
 circumstances, to have gained his livelihood by ma- 
 king and selling sea-ehai-ts. 
 
 It is therefore probable that he made many charts, 
 of which none have come down, to us. We have par- 
 ticular descriptions of four or five of them.* In 
 our Hakluyt, however, owly one is particularly men- 
 tioned in an extract which he gives of the Biogra- 
 
 * I have coUceted all the seattered notiees of Barth. 
 Columbus's maps in my general- catalogue of Amerioan 
 . maps. 
 
8 
 phj' of Christopher (Jolumbus, written by his son, 
 Don Fernando Dolumbus. • 
 
 Bartholomew Columbus was sent out to England' 
 by his brother to King Henry VII, to lay before 
 him his scheme abouj; a navigation to the west. 
 After many difficulties he " at length began to deaL 
 with King Henry VII," and drew for him " a map 
 of the world," which was presented to the King, 
 to show to him which way and how the Colum- 
 bus's intended to sail. 
 
 We have no special description of this map ; it 
 is, however, probable that it gave the configurations 
 of the oceans, continents, and particularly of East- 
 ern Asia and Western Europe and Africa, in a 
 similar manner in which we see them depicted on 
 the famous globe of Martin Behaim, in Nurenberg, 
 of 1492.t 
 
 Fernando Columbus gives us nothing of the con- . 
 tents of the map of his uncle but a few Latin ver- 
 ses which were written upon it, and which are trans- 
 lated by Hakluyt in the following manner : 
 
 "Tliou ■which desireat easily the coasts of lands to 
 
 know, * 
 This comely map, right [Icarn'edly, the same to thee 
 
 will show: 
 Which Strabo, Plinie, Ptolemy, and Isodore maiutaine ; J 
 
 Yet, for all, they do not all in one accord remaine. 
 Here also is set down ihe late discovered burning 
 
 zone 
 By Portingals,|| unto the world which whilom was un- 
 
 knowen, 
 Whereof the knowledge now at length thorow all the 
 
 world is blowcn." 
 
 1 1 have given my reasons for this in my general cata- 
 logue of American maps. 
 
 J The Latin original has " Isidorus." Probably Isido- 
 re of Sevilla, a famous and learned geographer of the 7th 
 century, is meant. 
 
 II The Latin original has here ths^Spaniards, (" Hispan- 
 is carinis.") Hakluyt corrected that to " Portingals," 
 probably because he thought, like Humboldt, (Kritisehe 
 Untersuchungen, Berlin 1852, vol. IL, page, 274, note,) 
 that the praise for the discovery of this part of Africa 
 ought to be given to the Portuguese, and that the poet 
 or author of the map alluded hero in his verse to the 
 Portuguese expedition of the years 1846-'87, under Bar- 
 tholoraaeus Diaz, at which expedition, as Las Lacasas 
 asserts, Barth. Columbus himself was present. 
 
A little further under this verse was added tlie 
 followitiLi; : 
 
 " For the autliour or the drawer." 
 He, whose deare native soile high t stately Gi'iiua, 
 Even he, whose name is Bartholomew Colon de Terra 
 
 Rubra, § 
 The yeare of grace a thousand and four hundred and 
 
 fourescore 
 And eight, and on the thirteenth day of February 
 
 more. 
 In London published this worko. To Christ all laud, 
 
 therefore." 
 
 From these ver.ses we learn that B. Columbus 
 made, or at least gave out, (" edidit,") this map in 
 London on the 13th of February, 1488 ; and, fur- 
 ther, that the map probably contained also the west 
 coast of Africa as far south as the Cape of Good 
 Hope, which cape was circumnavigated by Bar- 
 itholomaeus Diaz in May, 1487. Diaz returned from 
 there in the end of August, 1487, and consequent- 
 ly Bartholomew Columbus could be informed about 
 his results already in February, 1488, and could 
 call them lately made discoveries, ("zona nuper 
 sulcata carinis,") whereof the knowledge now 
 ("nunc") was blown all' over the world. If it is 
 true, what Las Casas asserts, that Bartholomew Co- 
 lumbus was not only informed about Diaz's expe 
 dition by report, but that he assisted at it, and was 
 an eye-witness and actual surveyor of the west coast 
 of Africa, then the greatest historical value of this 
 his map existed probably in that part of it which 
 depicted the African coast. 
 
 Sehasf. Cahofa Charts. 
 
 Sebastian Cabot was one of the greatest disco- 
 verers of his time. He made himself diiferent 
 voyages j he- planned and favored expeditions of 
 others; he wag for sOme time in Spain, as "piloto 
 mayor," (chief pilot,) at the head of what might 
 be called the Hydrographical Bureau of Spain. He 
 kept also in England, in the latter part of his life, 
 an influential position, connected with the progress 
 of discovery, geography, and chartoeranhv. 
 
 \ Terra Rubra or Terra Ro«sa is a little village east of 
 Genoa, of which the Columbuses took sometimes their 
 name. See about this Humboldt. 1. c. 
 
10 
 
 From all this there can be no doubt that he exe-' 
 cuted during his long life many interesting charto- 
 graphical works. Unfortunately not one of 'them 
 has been preserved to us, and even the occasional 
 accounts which we have of some of them are very 
 scant. Hakluyt alludes to the following: 
 
 1. A map of the East coast of North America, 
 made hy Seb. Gahot, and engraved hy Clement 
 Adams. It appearsT[ that the original of this en- 
 graving was made by Sebastian Cabot himsielf. He 
 represented upon it the discoveries which he made 
 on his first voyage, in the year 1497, as some be- 
 lieve in company, or as others suppose under the 
 commandment, of his father, John Cabot. It is, 
 therefore, probable that the greater part of the east 
 coast of America, from Northern Labrador to Flo- 
 rida, was represented on it, so as Cabot thought to 
 have recognised these coasts. 
 
 All that we know for certain about the contents 
 of this map is contained in the inscription which 
 was written upon it, and which Hakluyt has happily 
 preserved to us. This inscription, ichich indicates 
 the very day and hour at which North Am,erica 
 was discovered, and which, therefore, is one of the 
 most interesting documents for the history of North 
 America which we have, says the following : 
 
 " In the yere of our Lord, 1497, John Cabot, a Veni- 
 tian, and hia Sonne, Sebastian, (with an English fleet, 
 set out I'rom Bristol,) discovered that land, whicli no man 
 before that time had attempted, on the 24 of June, about 
 5 of the cloche early^ in the mornihg. This land he called 
 Prima Vista, that is to say, First Seene, because, as I sup- 
 pose, it was that part whereof they had the first sight 
 from sea.". 
 
 " That island which lieth out before the land he called 
 the Island of St. John, upon this occasion, as I thinke, 
 because it was discovered upon the day of John de 
 Baptist,"** &c. 
 
 From this we learn that the point on which Cabot 
 first saw the coast, and which he called Prima Vista, 
 
 I From Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 6. 
 
 ** I give the inscription only so far as it is interesting 
 for us ; that is to say, so far as it describes the lost 
 map. The remainder of it has some notes about the 
 beasts and inhabitants of the country, whieh has nothing 
 to do with maps. 
 
11 
 
 •was marked ou» this chart, and that, further, an 
 ishmd was represented on it " lying out before the 
 land," whieh he called "the Island of St. John."- 
 
 This map was " (.-ut" by the engraver Clement 
 Adams, a contemporary and probably a friend of 
 Cabotft in the year 1549,tt and copies of it seem to 
 have been not rare in England at the time of 
 Ilakluyt. Hakluyt says§§ in his Work (printed 
 ] (iOO) that one of -thege copies " was to be seen 
 in hfer Majestie's privie gallerie at Westminster,'' 
 and others " in many ancient merchant h'ouseg." 
 
 A\^e know at present of no existing copy of this 
 map. Humboldt believes that the copy of it which 
 was hanging in the lloyafgallery in Whitehall Was 
 lost or destroyed either at the occasion of the pub- 
 lic sale after Charles Is. death or at the great fire 
 under William III.* 
 
 We observe that Hakluyt speaks here only of the 
 map engraved by Adams after Cabot, and not of 
 Cabot's original manuscni-pt charts. Hakluyt, or' 
 rather Sir Humphrey Gilbert, quoted by Hakluyt,f 
 speaks once more of Cabot's charts in the following 
 manner : " Sebastian Cabota, by his personal expe- 
 rience and travels, hath set forth and described this 
 passage (the northwest passage) in his charts,, which 
 are yet to be seen in the Queen's Majesty's privy 
 gallery at Whitehall." Mr. TytlerJ thinks it 
 " evident " that in ttiis place Hakluyt or Gilbert 
 allude not to the engraving, but to the original man- 
 uscript charts of Cabot. ■ The expression " charts" 
 instead of map or cJiart seems to support this opin- 
 ion, whieh, however, I believe might still be 
 doubted. 
 
 It is more certain that Hakluyt has these origi- 
 nal manuscript charts in view in another place and 
 passage, namely, in his note on Sebastian Cabot, in 
 
 ft See about thig Tytler History of the Discovery of the 
 Northern Coasts of America. New York, 1889,' p. 17. 
 
 X% Purchas, vol. III. p. 807. 
 
 II Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 6. 
 
 * Humboldt's Critical Researches on the Geography 
 of the New World, German edition; Berlin, 1852. 
 
 t See Hakluyt, 1. a., p. 16. 
 
 j See his vindication of Hakluyt in his Historical View 
 of the Progress of Discovery of the more northern coasts 
 ' of America. New York, 1839; p. 344. 
 
12 
 
 his Divers Voyages, || where he concludes this note' 
 with the following words : 
 
 " This much concerning Set). Gabotes disooverie 
 may suifice. for a present case; but shortly shall 
 come out in print all his owne mappes and discourses, 
 drawn and written by himselfe, which are in the custo- 
 die of the worshipful Master William Worthington, one 
 of her Majestie's Pensioners, who, because so worthie 
 monuments should not be buried in perpetual oblivion, is 
 very willing to suffer them to be overseene and published 
 in as good order as may bee to the encouragement and 
 benefit of our countriemen." 
 
 Riohward Willes, a " gentleman " who wrote a 
 treatise about the -northwest passage (contained in 
 Hakluyt's Vol. 3, p. 24 sq.) mentions also (p. 25) a 
 map of Cabot. He says that " the Earl of Bedford 
 had at Cheinics a tahle" made by Seb. Cabot ; and 
 on page 26 he mentions again such " a table of 
 Seb. Cabot." We are unable to decide if these 
 " tables " of Cabot, mentioned by Willes, were ma- 
 nuscript maps of Cabot, or copies of the map " cut 
 by Adams," or quite another production of Cabot. 
 
 Ortelius speaks in his remarkable catalogue of 
 maps and charts which he saw or used for his great 
 " Theatrum Orbis," and which he enumerates in 
 the beginning of this work, of an engraved univer- 
 sal map of the world by Cabot. He alludes to it 
 in the following manner : " Sebastianus Cabotus, 
 Venetus. Universalis Tabula, quam impressam 
 aeneis formis vidimus, sed sine nomine loci et im- 
 pressoris." (Sebastian Ciabot, from Venice. A 
 universal map of the world, which I saw engraved 
 on copper, but without the name of the place and 
 printer.) The map which Hakluyt and his con- 
 temporaries saw appears to have contained only, or 
 at haat princvpalli/, the coasts discovered by Cabot; 
 and it seems therefore that that work which Orte- 
 lius saw, and which he calls " a universal map of 
 the world," was something different. We can, how- 
 ever, not say any thing more of it. Perhaps it was 
 the same' map of which Kamusio speaks as being "a 
 large map of the world, with the navigations of the 
 Porluqucsc and Spaniards minuteli/ laid doivn on 
 
 II See edition printed for the Hakluyt Society, London, 
 1850, p. 20. 
 
13 
 
 'it" aud of ■wlii«h he snys that a map of this dc- 
 scviption was shown by ('abot himself to a certain 
 gentleman, a friend of Ihe (.'olebrated Fraoastoro.§ 
 
 Charts and maps liy Solwstian tiabot, whioli ex- 
 isted at first in mauusrript, probably in different 
 manuscript copies, and, since iri4'.l, in many iirint- 
 ed cojH'c.'i, were no doubt lool;ed-at nud recopied by 
 many persons ; and we may therefore believe that 
 on other maps nf that time we Tiave still some 
 traces of the ideas and surveys of Cabot. The 
 oldest sketch after Cabot is perhaps contained on 
 the celebrated map of North America by Juan de 
 la Oosa, (Anno 1500.) Cosa has -delineated on this 
 map a part of the east coast of North America, to 
 which he writes " Mar descubierta por Yngleses." 
 (S*i discovered by the English.) Before 1600 we 
 know of no other English expedition to these re- 
 gions besides that of Cabot. Cosa could have re- 
 ceived some account, or perhaps also a rough draught 
 of Cabot's discoveries — perhaps by Cabot himself, 
 perhaps by some of his sailors or pilots, who, after 
 the expedition, may have come to some port of 
 Spain. Cabot may have had among his crew even 
 some Spaniards, who, after the expedition, re- 
 turned to Spain and brought over the news and re- 
 ports of his discovery. 
 
 Soon after 1500 the Portuguese as well as the 
 French made maps of some parts of the coasts 
 which Cabot discovered. The Cortereals (1499, 
 1501) brought maps of Labrador to Portugal. The 
 earliest French map of Newfoundland and vicinity 
 is of the year 1506 ; but these maps became pro- 
 bably not at once known in England ; and, be- 
 sides this, they represented not so large a tract of 
 coasts as the map of Cabot. It is therefore very 
 probable that the maps of Cabot were for more than 
 thirty years the only ones after which geographers 
 and navigators, especially in England, shaped their 
 ideas of those regions. The sailors who went to 
 those parts had probably copies of Cabot's' maps on 
 board. Perhaps also the expeditions of the Spa- 
 ? See about this Ramusio, first edition, torn. I v'' 
 418, 414. ' . f 
 
i4 
 
 niard Gomez and of ffie French Captain Verrazam-. 
 were planned on Cabot's maps.^ 
 
 A Chart of John Cahot. 
 Jolin Cabot was by profession principally a mer- 
 cbant, but he acquired also some cosmographical 
 knowledge, or made himself, as Hakluyt expresses 
 it, "very expert and cunning in knowledge of the 
 circuit of the world and islands." " He showed 
 this," adds Hakluyt further, " hi/ a sea card and 
 other demonstrations." We know, however, no 
 other particulars of this " sea card" which John 
 Cabot appears to have made.** 
 
 ' FroMsker's Charts.— 1576, 1578. 
 
 Master George Best, the well known journalist 
 and reporter of Martin Frobisher's voyages, describes 
 his general as a man who was " thoroughly furnished; 
 of the knowledge of the sphere and all other skills 
 appertaining to the art of navigation. "ff Long be-: 
 fore his voyages of discovery he occupied himself 
 with cosmography, and made probably, like Columbus 
 and other planners of discoveries, many conjectural 
 maps. Afterwards he made also maps from actual 
 survey of those parts or America which he visited. 
 
 In Hakluyt are mentioned : 1. A conjecturat 
 map of the world. 
 
 Best in HakluytJJ says " that Frobisher laid be- 
 fore his friends " a plaine plat," to prove to them 
 "that the voyage to the northwest was not only 
 possible, but also easie to be performed." And 
 again he informs us that Frobisher laid also such a 
 conjectural map of his composition before the King. 
 His words are the following : " He (Frobisher) re- 
 paired to the Court (from whence, as from the foun- 
 taine of our commonwealth, all good causes have 
 their chief increase and maintenance) and there laid 
 open to many great estates and learned men the 
 Tplot and summe of his clavice."\% 
 
 \ The map of Cabot is mentioned again in Hakluyt, 
 1. c, p. 26, with these words: "Sebastian Cabot, his 
 table," without, however, any further addition. 
 
 ** See about this Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 9. 
 
 tt Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 57. 
 
 $t Page 57. 
 
 \l See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 58. 
 
15 
 
 We have no furtlier description of this " phiine 
 plat" and "ph>t," but it was' probably something- 
 very similar lo the map of the world which Frobisher 
 made nft<i- his discovery, and which is preserved to 
 us. Wc will speak of it soon. 
 
 2. A partkulor chart of Frohisher s Strait and 
 meta incognita. 
 
 . On his three voyages (1576, 1578) we see Blartin 
 Frobisher, though he was more busy with his pre- 
 tended gold mines, sometimes ocoupied with sur- 
 vci/iny the cotintri/. 
 
 Best says, for instance, on one occasion, |||| "our 
 Geberall was coasting the country in two little Pin- 
 nesses, whereby at our return he might make the 
 better relation thereof." Repeatedly it is mentioned 
 in Best's reports tliat the "height of the sunne" and 
 the "latitude of a place" were taken, though the 
 figures and numbers for these latitudes are never 
 given. In Best's report an empty space is left 
 where these figures ought to be.^^ We are informed 
 that Frobisher was very particular and mysterious 
 about the true geographical position of his " meta 
 incognita," and secreted it as much as possible even 
 from his own people. Best was perhaps never duly 
 
 info5»ied about the latitudes of the places, or in 
 omitting them he yielded to the seereting tendency 
 of his general. 
 
 In the report of Frobisher's third expedition we 
 are particidarly informed of the surveying opera- 
 tions and qualities of one of the companions of Fro- 
 bisher, a certain " JameS Beare, Master of the Anne 
 Francis," one of the vessels of the expedition. 
 
 This Beare is said to have been " a sufficient and 
 skilful mariner, and to have observed the year he^ 
 fore (1577, on the second expedition) the whole 
 place, and to have drawn out the cards of the coast."* 
 And again, in another place of the report, we are' 
 informed of this same " Master of the Anne Fran- 
 cis ;" that he " went up to the toppe of Hatton's 
 headland, which is the highest land of all the 
 nil See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 36. 
 
 f ][ Hakluyt, 1,. c, p. 73, and on many other places of 
 the report where latitudes are mentioned. 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 80. 
 
16 
 
 streights, to the end to descry the situation of the 
 country, and to take a true plot of tlie place."f 
 
 It appears from this that this James Beare was 
 Frohisher' s principal surveyor and inathematician. 
 It is very probable that he made a number of charts, 
 maps, and plans. We do not know where they re- 
 mained and where they may exist perhaps still at 
 present. The only thing which we have still is a 
 special chart or sketch of Meta incognita, Fro- 
 bisher's Strait, and the Northern Atlantic, which is 
 probably only an extract or a reduced copy of 
 Beare's and Probisher's charts. 
 
 This engraved sketch is contained in the work, 
 ",A True Discourse of the late Voyages of Bisco- 
 verie for the iinding of a Passage to Cathaya by 
 the North Weast, under, the conduct of M. Fro- 
 bisher Generall," (by Best,) London, 1578. 
 
 The chart is without an indication of latitudes 
 and longitudes, which are left out for the same 
 reasons from which they were omitted in the report 
 itself. " With a particular card," says Best, on the 
 title of his .book, " so farre forth as the secretes of 
 the voyage may permit." Though it is a very 
 rough sketch, still it is highly interesting, because 
 it is the only somewhat minute cliartographical do- 
 cument delivered to us from that expedition. 
 
 Meta incognita is dejpicted on this map in the 
 same manner as it is described in Best's report — 
 " as broken lands and islands, being very many in 
 ' number, which seem to make an Archipelagus, 
 i' and which all differ in greatnesse, forme, and 
 ' fashion from another."! 
 
 We see on this map Labrador, Hudson's Strait, 
 Frobisher's Strait, and the broken lands on both 
 sides of it so well depicted that there can be no 
 mistake. In the interior of Labrador we find the 
 following inscription : " Supposed firmeland of 
 America." Hudson's Strait is called "the Mis- 
 taken Straights" — a name which was given to it on 
 the third expedition of Frobisher, when he by 
 chance e- tered it, and sailed a long way up in itto- 
 tHakiuyt, 1. c.,"p-"89." ' 
 
 j See Hakluyt, L c, p. 93. 
 
17 
 
 wards the west, believing tliat it was the same strait 
 wliich he had entered at the first and second expedi- 
 tion. In the western part of this " Mistaken 
 Strait" (our Hudson's Strait) we find the words, 
 " The way trondin to Cathaia." We are informed 
 by Best that Frobisher himself believed that through 
 this strait was really a passage to the west. Tiie 
 different islands, capes, and headlands have all on 
 the map the names which are mentioned in Best's 
 report as being imposed to them by Frobisher. It 
 would, however, conduct us here too far if we woujd 
 enter info the further particular history of those 
 names. 
 
 3. — A Jlaji of the World, hy Frohisher, after his 
 Expedition s — 1 578 . 
 
 In the same already quoted work of Best, " A 
 True Discourse," &c., is further contained a gene- 
 ral map of the world/ which either was made by 
 Frobisher himself, or at least after his papers and 
 ideas. 
 
 No. 1 may have been, as I have said already, such 
 a plot like this; only that here now (in No. 3) a 
 little picture of the Archipelago of Meta incognita 
 is inserted from actual survey, and likewise a long 
 broad strait, called " Frobisher'fs Straights," which 
 runs from Meta ineognita westwards, and at the 
 western end of which we find "Japan" and "Ca- 
 thaia," (China.) 
 
 I abstain liere, however, from more particulars 
 on this map, because it is not particularly mention- 
 ed in Hakluyt. 
 
 Charts of John Davis, 1585-1587. 
 The able navigator John Davis appears to have 
 been very fond of '^platting out the situation" of 
 the countries seen by him. We are informed that 
 when he was at the outset of his first voyage, driven 
 back by a storm, and constrained to stay for some 
 time ^mong the " Silley islands," he niade at once 
 the best use of his leisure time hy surveying these 
 islands. "He went about all those islands, and 
 did plat out and describe the situation of all those 
 islands, rocks, and harboroughs to the exact use of 
 navigation, with lines and scalps thereunto conveni- 
 
is 
 
 ent." If Davis Tv:as- already so industrious in sur- 
 veying on the coasts of England, tow much more 
 eager and active may he have been in the till then 
 unknown regions which he discovered ? It may be 
 supposed that from eveiy one of his three voyages 
 of discovery he brought back a rich set of .charts, 
 plats, and maps. "" 
 
 In the reports on his voyages we find often men- 
 tioned not only the latitudes, but also, which is a 
 rare thing at this time, " the longitudes from the 
 meridian of London,\\ as observed and determined 
 by him. And he likewise marks, not seldom, "the 
 variations of the compass. "§ Nay, in " the Traverse- 
 book, made by John Davis in his third voyage, an- 
 no 1587," he gives us more than one hundred 
 observations on the " altitude of the pole," with an 
 accurate indication of the distances, of the direc- 
 tion of the wind for every day, and sometimes for 
 6-9 different hours of the day. 
 
 From this it -is nearly certain that Davis brought 
 already from \as first voyage a new chart, made by 
 him, though we are not informed about the exist- 
 ence of such a chart. 
 
 The chart which he brought from his second 
 voyage (1586) is mentioned by himself in the short' 
 letter which he wrote to William Sanderson, a 
 wealthy merchant of London, and the well-known 
 and principal favorer of Davis's expeditions. He 
 speaks in this letter of a " card which he will bring 
 to Sanderson."^ He does, however, give no fur- 
 ther descriptions of the contents of this " "card." 
 For Davis says the following : " I hope I shall 
 lind favour with you to see your eard. I pray God 
 it be so true as the card shall be which / bring 
 you." It seems evident from this that Sanderson 
 and his asseciates had already a previous chart, 
 on which something like Davis's Strait was depict- 
 ed, and on which they planned their expeditions to 
 that region. We know nothing about this conjec- 
 tural chart. But it is very probable that upon it 
 was something depicted like what we see on M. 
 IJ For instance, Hakluyt.'l. o. p. 107. 
 I For instance, Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 113. 
 H See Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 108. 
 
19 
 
 Lok's chart of iNorth America, published by Hak- 
 luyt (1582) in his "Divers Voyages." 
 
 We see there upon the west side of Greenland a 
 long broad channel running to the north exactly 
 like Davis's Strait. Something similar is also found 
 on many other maps previous to the expeditions of 
 Davis. This appearance of Davis's Strait on the 
 maps before Davis's actual discovery is somewhat 
 similar to the appearance of Magellan's Strait on 
 the maps before the time of Magellan's expedition. 
 Perhaps it was a mere conjecture and chance, per- 
 haps an old tradition, that Greenland was separated 
 there from the rest of America. However, Davis 
 himgelf appears not to have thought much of these 
 old indications of his strait, for he says in his trea- 
 tise, " The World's Hydrographical Description," 
 that he " had no direction either by chart, globe, or 
 other certain relation, in what altitude that passage 
 was to be searched."** 
 
 In the report of Davis's Thirds Voyage again no 
 charts are mentioned, but there is no doubt that 
 he broiight home also from this expedition special 
 charts. 
 
 All his original charts have been lost to us. We 
 have, however, a very valuable com^nlatien and 
 reduction of them on the famous globe of the world 
 made in 1592, that is to say, a few years after Da- 
 vis's return, by the well known geographer and 
 friend of Hakluyt, Molineux, at the cost and ex- 
 pense of William Sanderson, which globe is still to- 
 day preserved in the library of the Middle IJemple 
 in London. 
 
 Molineux was a most able geographer, who made 
 • beside this globe a plain map of the world, which 
 is, I believe, the best and most conscientious plain 
 globe of the time. We may, therefore, presume 
 that he copied the charts of Davis very correctly, 
 md laid them well down on his globo. That he 
 gave- the true experiences and ideas of Davis seems 
 quite evident from a passage in Davis's Treatise, 
 "The World's Hydrographical Description," where 
 he says, " How far I proceeded, and in what form 
 ** S«« Hftkluyt, I. «. p. U9. 
 
this (my) discovery lieth, doth appear upon the globe . 
 which Mr. Sanderson, to his very great charge, hath 
 published, for the which, he deservith great favor 
 and commendationf."*. From this passage it ap- 
 pears that Davis himself saw the globe and approved 
 of the manner in which his discoveries were laid 
 
 A Chart of the North Atlantic, hy Antonio Ze^o. 
 
 It is well known that the first report on the vw^- 
 ages and discoveries of the two Italians, Zeni, accom- 
 panied by a very curious chart of the Arctic coun- 
 tries and the North Atlantic ocean, is contained in 
 the work : 
 
 '• Eelazione dello acoprimento dell isole Frislanda, 
 Eslanda, EngroTeland, Estotilanda, and Icaria, fatta da 
 due fratelli, Zeni M. Nioolo il oavaliere e M. Antonio. 
 Con un desegBo particulars di tutte le dette parti di 
 tr.amontaua de lor sooperte. In Venetia, per Francisco 
 MarcolJni, 1558." 
 
 [Relation of the discovery of the island* Frislanda, 
 Eslanda, Engrovelaad, Estotiland, and Icaria, made by 
 the two brothers Zeni, Master Nicolo, Knight, and Master 
 Antonio, with a particular plot of all those northern 
 parts discovered by them. Venice. By Francisco Mar- 
 colini. 1558.] 
 
 This work and the map contained in it excited 
 so great an^nterest that the latter wag already, in 
 the year 1561, re-edited by Ruscelli in his Geogra- 
 phy of Ptolemy, and a year later by Giuseppe BIo- 
 letti, in his Geography of Ptolemy of 1562. 
 
 The map v.'as no doubt known to Halduyt and 
 his contemporaries. In the collection of Hakluyt 
 there are two allusions to it, once in the report on 
 Frobisher's voyages,* where it is said that the Zenis 
 wore the first who discovered "West Frislande," 
 (Greenland,) and " in their sea cards set out every 
 part thereof ;" and a. second time in the extracts, 
 which l^^klnvt communicated out of the work of; 
 
 * See Hakluyt, 1. 0. p. 120. 
 
 ■j- When I was in London I had an opportunity of eopy- 
 ing that part of the globe which relates to Davis's 
 voyages. 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. c, page 62. 
 
21 
 
 Franci^P Marcolini, j" where something similar is 
 said, m 
 
 Ilakluytr himself gives no new dates for the his- 
 tory of this map upon which so much has been, 
 written, and in the examination of which we will 
 not further enter here, because our author has also 
 taken so little notice of it. 
 
 A Chart of the East Coast of North America hy 
 a Canon of Si Paid. 1527. 
 
 Hakluyt says that Blartine Frobisher and 
 Richard Allen, a Knight of the Sepulchre, told 
 him that a canon of Saint Paul in London, who 
 was " a great mathematician, and a man indued 
 with tfealth," favored much the expedition of two 
 ships to North America, which set out in the year 
 1527, and which is usually called the voyage of the 
 Dominus Vobiscum ; and that this mathematician 
 " went therein himself in person." He says fur- 
 ther that one of the ships was cast away in the 
 north parts of Newfoundland, but that the other 
 sailed south to Cape Bretog and along the coasts of 
 Arambee, (New England,) and that, oftentimes 
 putting their men on land to search the state of 
 those unknown regions, they returned home about 
 the beginning of October.| 
 
 If this be all true, if a distinguished mathema- 
 tician was with the Dominus Vobiscum, if the peo- 
 ple made so diligent research along the east coast 
 of America, then they no doubt made also a map of 
 that region. This map would be very interesting, 
 if perhaps we could find it still in some hidden 
 place in England. 
 
 Charts of Sir Humphrey CHIbert. 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert was very much addicted 
 to the study of geography, as he says himself in his 
 short discourse on a " passage by the northwest to 
 ■ Cathaia," (China.) He " perused and diligently 
 scanned the descriptions of Europe, Asia, and Afri- 
 ca, and conferred them with the mappes and globes, 
 both antique and moderne." || He was by this study 
 naturally lead to construct maps for himself. 
 
 t HakluytTl. c , P^-gs 127. 
 
 X See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 129. 
 
 II Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 11. 
 
We possess *till one map of him, which is added 
 to the work : " A discourse of a Diacoverie to a new 
 Passage to Cataia ; written by Sir Humphrey Gil- 
 bert, knight ;" - with the motto, " Quid non !" 
 " LoHdon, 1576." 
 
 This work is the " large discourse" which Sir 
 Humphrey Grilbert, in Hakluyt,§ is stated to have 
 written on the subject of the Northwest passage. 
 
 The said map has the title : " A General Map, 
 made for the particular Declaration of this Disco- 
 very," (the Northwest passage.) On it America is 
 represented as an island; " as he, by all the de- 
 ' ' scriptions, found it to be environed round about - 
 ' with sea, having on the south side of it the fretum 
 *or the straight of Magellan; on the west side Mar 
 
 * del Sur, which sea runneth towards the north, se- 
 
 * parating it from the east parts of Asia, where the 
 'dominions of the Cathaians are ; on the east part 
 
 * the West ocea;n ; and on the north side the sea, 
 
 * that severeth it from Groneland, thorow which 
 
 * Northern sea the passage lyeth, which he took in 
 ' hands to discover." On this map he cuts up Ca- 
 nada and Greenland into many large and small 
 islands ; and, on the other hand, he makes Novaya^ 
 Zemlya to be a large peninsula, running towards the 
 Pole, and barricading a passage through the North- 
 east, to which latter passage Sir H. Gilbert was not 
 favorably disposed. 
 
 I believe this is the only map made hy Gilbert 
 lohicli has come dotmi to ws^ He does not mention 
 it in that short discourse which Hakluyt has em- 
 bodied in his work. 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, from a student of geo- 
 graphy, became himself a navigator and discoverer, 
 and from a compiler of maps a surveyor. He made 
 in the year 1583 a voyage, with the intention "to 
 discover and to plant Christian habitants upon those 
 large and ample countreys extended northward from 
 the Cape of Florida."^ 
 
 In the. reports on this voyage we see him repeat- 
 edly occupied with surveying the coasts of New- 
 
 founxlland. He went out " in his frigatte, the 
 i Hakluyt, 1. o. p. 23. - ►^ - ' 
 
 If See Hakluyt, 1. o. p., 143. 
 
23 
 
 ' Sqiiirrell; the same frigatte being most convenient 
 ' to discover upon the coast, and to search into every 
 ' harbour and creekc, which a great ship could not 
 ' dee."*''' This little surveying vessel is mentioned 
 at different occasions in the reports on his voyage. f'f 
 The learned Hungarian, " Steven Parmenius, of 
 Buda," who accompanied liim in this expedition, 
 assisted hini probably in his surveying operations 
 and astronomical observations ; for, though w'e no 
 where learn the speciality of this learned man,, still 
 it is from his connexion with Hakluyt, and from . 
 his desire to partake in an expedition of discovery 
 probable, that his learnedness must have had some- 
 thing to do with cosmography and astronom;^. 
 
 The charts and surveys which in this manner 
 were produced may have been very valuable and 
 interesting. We are told that they had upon them 
 " the due graduation of the harbours, bayes, and 
 capes.*' They, however, have not been preserved 
 to us. TJiey perished'^'l with the Admiral Gilbert, 
 who disappeared in a storm one hundred and twen- 
 ty-one leagues east of Cape Race.\\\\ 
 
 Some rare Maps mentioned in the treatise about 
 the NoTthweat Passage, by M. Richard Willes. 
 
 In the little essay on the Northwest passage by 
 M. Richard Willes, which Hakluyt communieates,§§ 
 are mentioned some maps of which it will perhaps 
 be found useful to give some information. 
 
 Bichard Willes, in writing this treatise, had evi- 
 dently many maps before him. Some of them are 
 still more or less commonly known ; for instanpp 
 
 ** See Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 154. 
 
 ■j-f For instance, again Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 166. 
 
 XX Hakluyt 1. c. p. 152, Edward Haies, the author of the 
 report on Gilbert's Voyage, says : " The cardeS and 
 plats that were drawing with the due graduation of the 
 harbours, bayes, and capes did perish with the Admi- 
 riill." 
 
 {Ill Hakluyt, 1. o. p. 155. 
 
 ^^ Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 24, seq, Hakluyt does not say at 
 what time this treatise was written. But from the cir- 
 cumstance that Sir Humphrey Gilbert's discourse on the 
 Northwest passage (which was published in 1576) is. 
 menlioned in it, it is evident that Willes must have writ- 
 ten hJ8 pamphlet after 1576, and even after 1578, because 
 frobisher's expeditions are mentioned in it. 
 
24 
 
 those of Ortelius, Mercator, and other celebrated 
 'oosmograpliers. I omit them here, and will only 
 point out the legs generally known. 
 
 1. WiWes mentions maps of an Italiati, Joseph 
 Moletius; " halfe spheres of the whole world/' as 
 well as "a sea-carde/' (p. 21;) and, again, "a 
 Tiniversall table of the,globe," (p." 29.) 
 
 Josephus Moletius (or Guiseppi Moletti) was an 
 Italian geographer after the middle of the sixteenth 
 century. Willeis and Hakluyt and their contempo- 
 raries may have seen more maps of him than we 
 ^know^t present. We have>stilla.work by him,^ 
 ^witkmaps, entitled " Q-eographia-Ptplemaei," (the 
 Q-eography of Ptolemy.) 
 
 2. ^Mappes and. globes of Gemma Frisius" are 
 repeatedly men tioued byWilles. Gemma Frisius, 
 as a gebgra|)her, is sufficiently known. We have 
 dso a few maps by him. But Willes may have at 
 his time known more numerous of his produetions. i 
 J. believe that we have not any "globes" of him. 
 
 3.'. A "table" of Sebastian Cabot, which,^ as 
 Willes says, "the Earle of Bedford had at Chey- 
 nies." We have already mentioned this table 
 among the general notes on the maps of Cabot. 
 
 i. A "mappe cut out inform of a harte, made< 
 by certain French geographers," on which, as Wil- 
 les says, the West Indies (America) are represented 
 as a part of Asia. I have a copy of a map, made 
 before 1576, which has all the qualities given to it; 
 by Willes, which was made in France, which is cut 
 out in the form of a heart, and which shows Ameri- 
 ca as a pari of Asia. It is dated " ParisuB, mense 
 Julio, MDXXXI," (Paris, in the month of July, 
 1531;) made by a well known geographer, F. Del- 
 phinati, and added to the French edition of Gry- 
 nffius. It is therefore very probable to me that 
 Willes aHudes to this map. 
 
 5. On page 26 Willes meption^ "a table of New 
 France, bi/ BeJognine Zalterius," on which, as he 
 says, the "Strait of Anian," between America and 
 Asia, is put dowu and is made similar to the Strait 
 of Magellan. "Belognine," or rather Belognini 
 Zaltieri, engraved in Venice, in the year 1566, a 
 
25 
 
 map of North America, which has all the sigos 
 given by Willcs to the map which lit- had before his 
 e3'es. it was published some years before AVilles 
 wrote his treatise. It has, though representing the 
 whole of North America, the title Map of New 
 France, (" Desegno del discoperto dclla Nova Pran- 
 za;") and it has the Strait of Anian esactly like 
 Magellan's Strait, as Willes describes it. It is, 
 therefore, no doubt the very map which Willes 
 used for his discourse on the Northwest passage. 
 
 6. A card for naviyation, hy Don Diego Her- 
 mano de Toledo, on p. 26. With a. map of this 
 author I am not acquainted. The same man as a 
 mapmaker is mentioned by Willes again on pages 
 28 and 29, under the appellation "Don Diego." 
 
 7. A chart of North America and a Northwest 
 Passage, hy Andrew Urdaneta. Willes mentions 
 sueh a chart on page 26. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
 also mentions the same chart in his treatise on the 
 Northwest passage.* 
 
 Andrew Urdaneta is said by him to have been "a 
 Friar of Mexico," who pretended to have circum- 
 navigated the northern parts of North America, 
 and to have come by way of a northwest passage 
 from the Pacific to Grermany. 
 
 He is further said to have made " a sea card by 
 his own experience," (from actual survey,) "where- 
 in was plainly set downe and described the north- 
 west passage, agreeing in all points with Ortelius's 
 mappe." 
 
 Urdaneta showed this chart to " one Salvatiera, a 
 gentleman of Victoria, in Spain, who by chance 
 came out of the West Indies into Ireland anno 
 1568, and spoke there of Urdaneta, of his voyage, 
 and his chart, which he had seen eight years before, , 
 to Henry Sidney, the Deputy of Ireland, • and Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert."f " 
 
 There can be no doubt that the voyage and the 
 discovery of a northwest passage by Urdaneta rests 
 on false pretences. But it is very possible that a 
 chart made by this same Urdaneta existed in the 
 
 * Hakluyt, page 19. 
 
 t See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 19. The map of Urdaneta is 
 again mentioned in Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 26. 
 t Spc Hakluyt, 1. c p.. 232. 
 
year 1560, and that it may have been an interesting ; 
 one, showing the ideas current at that time amongst 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 8. "J. map ivMch Ti-amezint imprinted." A 
 map of this description is unknown to me. 
 
 Charts of Jacques Oartier — 1534, 1542. 
 
 Jacques Cartier, sent out to the northern parts of 
 America by Francis I, and the Sieur de Meyller- 
 aye, vice-admiral of France,' made three principal 
 voyages to Newfoundland and the -waters and re- 
 gions to the west of it ; the first during the summer 
 of the year 1534; the second from May, 1535, to 
 July, 1536 ; and the third from May, 1540, to the 
 summer, (about July ?) 1542. 
 
 Cartier's voyages were oificial royal expeditions, 
 made for the exp7-ess purpose of discovery. Besides 
 this, he is aduiitted by all authorities to have been 
 a very able and active mariner. He was no doubt 
 fitted out with such instruments and means for making 
 observations and for surveying as his time ahd con- 
 temporaries could afford him, though we have in 
 the reports on his voyages no particular list of such 
 instruments and no specifying descriptions of his 
 surveying activity. 
 
 It is therefore more than probable that he sent 
 or brought home himself new charts from every one 
 of his voyages of discovery, and presented them to 
 the King and the Admiral of France. Such maps 
 may also be hinted at in the passage which intro- 
 duced the report on his third voyage, where it is 
 said that " Francis I, having heard the report of 
 Captain Cartier, his pilot general, in his two former 
 ■voyages of discovery, as well hy writing as by word 
 of mouth,. touching that which he had found and 
 geene in the western parts of Canada and Hochela- 
 ga,"|; etc. There can be no doubt that to those re- 
 ports and writings were also added maps and charts. 
 
 1. Cartier's charts from the first voyagc-^-l^hz 
 charts of Cartier's first voyage could have com- 
 prised only the present great Gulf of St. Law- 
 ^rence as far as the Bay of Chaleurs and Gasp6 ; for 
 Cartier on this voyage did not yet enter the great 
 river of Canada, aad he not even recognised the 
 island of Anticosti, at the mouth of tlfis river. 
 
27 
 
 J. Rotz, iu his famous and splendid manuscnpt 
 atlas, called " the Book of Hydrography," dedicat- 
 ed to Henry VIII, and dated from the year 1542, || 
 sceins to have drawn the coasts of Canada according 
 to the information and ideas which Cartier brought 
 from hisjirst voyage. 
 
 Rotz has the great Gulf of St. Lawrence com- 
 plete. The bay of Chaleurs and the peninsula of 
 Gaspe may he recognised. But there is on his map 
 no island of Anticosti, no river St. Lawrence, of 
 which latter only the mouth appears as an open 
 bay or channel of undefined length. I conclude 
 from this that Rotz used for the compilation of his 
 map an old chart brought home from Cartier's first 
 voyage, though he might have had in the year 1542 
 the charts of the gecond voyage. 
 
 2. Charts of Cartier's Second Voi/age, 1535-36. 
 Cartier made his principal discoveries on his second 
 expedition. He discovered and surveyed on it the 
 Island of Anticosti, the two channels to the south 
 and north of it, and the whole course of the great 
 river of Canada as far as Hochelaga, (Montreal,) 
 and the sauts or rapids above this place. 
 
 In the report on this voyage no maps are men- 
 tioned. But we are very rich in splendidly-exe- 
 cuted manuseript maps, which were made in the 
 middle of the 16th century, which all represent the 
 river of Canada as high up as Hochelaga and to the 
 first sauts. We find marked on them many of the 
 names which are mentioned in the second report 
 of Cartier. But as all these maps, with the only 
 exception.of that of Rotz, were made after 1544, 
 after the return of Roberval and his men, they 
 therefore contain likewise the discoveries and ' 
 names of Roberval, and can be called copies from 
 Cartier's second set of charts only in so far as those 
 charts lay at the bottom of all these later pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 3. Charts of Cartier's Third <Vo.i/age, 154:0-42. 
 The original report on Cartier's third voyage, of 
 which Hakluyt gives us a translation, seems to 
 
 jj In tlie manuscript department of the British Mu- 
 , seum, old royal library MS. 20, E. IX. 
 
28 
 iiaye been accompanied and illustrated by charts 
 and plans. 
 
 At Hast once, on page 235, Hakluyt interrupts 
 bis report, leases a blank space, and puts into this 
 space, witb great letters, the remark : " Hereafter 
 followeih the figure of the three Sauts." He does 
 not, kowever, give us this " figure." He may have 
 omitted more such "figures," and perhaps also 
 charts which accompanied the original, which he 
 had before his eyes. 
 
 4. Maps and Oliarts of Canada, made hy Gar- 
 tier aftsr his three Expeditions. — Where the origi- 
 nal charts and plans of iCartier finally remained we 
 cannot tell. There seems to have been an uncertain- 
 ty about their fate even in the year 1587. From 
 some very interesting letters which Hakluyt has 
 preserved us§ we may gather the following : 
 
 A certain Master John Growte, " a student in 
 Paris," who was fond of geographical and histori- 
 cal researches, appears* to have made inquiries in' 
 St. Malo, the birthplace of Cartier, after the charts 
 and writings of this mariner, and to have addressed 
 himself to a certain Jaques Noel,f a relation of Car- 
 tier's, who lived in St. Malo ; for this Noel pro- 
 mises to his -friend' Grrowte, amongst other things, 
 " that he will not fail , to informe himself if there 
 ' be any meane to find out those descripitions which 
 ' Captain Ca:rtier made after his two last voyages 
 ' into Canada." 
 
 The letter in which Noel promises this is datsd 
 "from St. Malo, the 19th day of June, 1587." 
 
 In a following; letter, which is ^without date, 
 ^ See Hakluyt, 1. o., p. 236. 
 
 * This seems, amongst others, to be evident from" the 
 Gircumstanee that he presented a' newly published map 
 of the West Indies to his hrotlier-in-law, Giles Walter. 
 
 f This Jaijues Noel is once called a "nephew," and at 
 another time a " grand nephew" of Jaques Cartier. I 
 think he was his nephew — 1st, because he himself calls 
 Cartier " his uncle ;" 2d, because he asserts that he liad 
 been with his uncle in Canada, who was then not so old 
 that he was likely to have had already grand nephews. 
 In the report on Cartier's third voyage also a nephew of 
 the family, name of Noel, is mentioned ; but he is called 
 Steven Noel. In Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 234. 
 
29 
 
 the game Jaqnes Noel writes to the same John 
 Growte that he could not reeover any thing of the 
 ■writings of Captain Jaques Cartier, his uncle, de- 
 ceased,~althout);h he had made search in all places 
 that he possibly could in the town of St. Malo, 
 savino- of a cer/aine hoolcc, made in manner of a 
 sea chart. This book, Noel goes on to say, "is in 
 ' the possession of Master Cremeur. It is passing 
 ' well marked and drawne for all the river of Can- 
 ' ada, whereof I am well assurred, because I myself 
 ' have knowledge thereof as farre as to the Sauts, 
 ' where I have bene ; the heights of which Sauts 
 ' is in 44 degrees. I found in the sayd chart, be- 
 ' yond the place where the river is divided in twaine, 
 ' in the midst of both the branches of the said river, 
 ' somewhat nearest that arme which runneth to- 
 ' ward the northwest, the words following, written 
 ' in the hand of Jaques Cartier : ' By thfe people 
 ' of Canada and Hochelaga it was said that there is 
 ' the land of Saguenay, which is rich and wealthy in 
 ' pre sious stones.'" * 
 
 " And about an hundred leagues under the same 
 ' I found written these two lines following in the 
 ' said carde, inclining towards the southwest : ' Here 
 ' in this country are cinamon and cloves, which they 
 ' call in their langviage ' oanodeta.' " 
 
 Besides this chart of Cartier, "in the possession 
 of Mr. Cremeur," there existed still another chart 
 of Cartier in St. Malo, which his nephew Jaques 
 Noel owned himself. He speaks twice of it : at 
 first in his first letter, where he speaks of ^^ my 
 books, which is agreeable to the booke by Jaques 
 Cartier," (of Mr. Cremeur?!) and then again in 
 his second letter|| where he writes the following : 
 " Touching the effect of m.y booke, whereof I spoke 
 ' unto you, it is made after the manner of a sea 
 ' chart, which I have delivered to my two sonnes, 
 ' Michael and John, which at this present are in 
 ' Canada." From this we may with probability con- 
 elude that this Noel's hooh or chart was a copy of 
 Cremeur s hook, though it appears not to have had 
 so evident signs and proofs of its having been a 
 J See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 236. 
 II See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 237. 
 
- 30 
 
 work of Cartier ; for instance, no inscriptions writ- 
 ten " i?i the hand of- the uncle." 
 
 From this all we learn for certain that there 
 existed in St. Male in the year 1587 charts of 
 Cartier. We cannot from our scanty information 
 exactly say what they were. But from the phrase 
 in the postscriptum to the first letter, " desoriptions 
 which Capt. Cartier made after his two last voyages ' 
 into Canada," it seems probable that they were a 
 compiIatw7i which Cartier made himself after his 
 voyages, when he lived quietly in St. Malo, and not 
 his old original sea charts, which he made during 
 the .voyages, and which were probably delivered to 
 the Government. 
 
 Charts of Eoherval—lbi2-'4:4:. 
 
 John Francis de la Boche, Lord of Roberval,' 
 was, in the year 1.540, appointed by Francis I. as 
 his Lieutenant-G-eneral in the countries of Canada,: 
 Saguenay, and Hoohelaga, and sailed from France; 
 in the month of April, 1542, to taie possession of 
 his Grovernment, and to found there colonies. Car- 
 tier, who was to prepare him the way, had already' 
 preceded him in the year 1540, and when Soberval' 
 arrived in Newfoundland he (Cartier) returned to; 
 France, having already accomplished his third voy- 
 age and taking little notice of Hoberval, who was 
 appointed to be his chief. 
 
 Both voyages, the third of Cartier and the first 
 of Roherval, may therefore be considered as quite 
 separate expeditions; and they resulted probably 
 also in separate and different charts. 
 
 Roberval had no doubt copies of Cartier's charts 
 on board, which, however, on his expedition prb-^ 
 bably were revised, corrected, and augmented. 
 
 Roberval himself was more of an enterprising- 
 grand seigneur or a chevalier than a mariner, as- 
 tronomer, or mathematician. We hear of him that 
 .he used very good justice, and punished every man 
 according to his offence. " Michael G-aillon was 
 hanged for his theft ; John of Nantes was laid in 
 irons for his offence ; and divers were whipped, as 
 well men as women, by which means they lived in 
 quiet." But we never see him "going out in a 
 
31 
 
 s?niiN jnnasse," like Sir Huniplirey Gilbert, Davis, 
 and others. However, the Grand Seigneur Roberval 
 was accompanied by an " excellent mariner," John 
 Alfonse of Xanctoigne, who was appointed to 'be 
 his chief pilot. That this Xanetoignewas occu^ned 
 on the vojjage toitli survei/ing and astronomical oh- 
 sercations we see from his little nautical essay 
 which Hakluyt communicates under the title : 
 "The course from Belle Isle, Oarpont, and the 
 Grand Bay in Newfoundland, up the river, of Ca- 
 nada, for the space of two hundred and thirty 
 leagues, observed by John Alphonse of Sanctoigne, 
 chiefe pilote to Monsieur Roberval, 1542. "§ ' We 
 might call this essay a geographical chart, written 
 and expressed in words. It contains a complete de- 
 scription of the countries, islands, banks, and river 
 of New France, with the indication of distances, 
 latitude, and trending of the coasts. Though we 
 are not expressly informed that he laid this all 
 down in lines and figures on a chart, still 
 there can be scarcely any doubt that lie did so.^ 
 We have more than one old manuscript map of Ca- 
 nada and vicinity which were made soon after the 
 year 1544, (the year in which Roberval returned** 
 to France,) and which bear witness that they have 
 been copied principally from the charts made on his 
 expedition, probably by Xanctoigne or under hjs di- 
 rection. These charts are, however, not exclusively 
 taken from Roberval and Xanctoigne. They have 
 embodied also the matter and discoveries of Cartier, 
 and they must therefore be considered as copies or 
 com,pHatlons from hoth sources, whilst their original, 
 the true sea-charts of the three named discoverers 
 which they laid out on their voyages themselves, 
 have been lost to us. 
 
 I will give here a list of the principal, oldest, and 
 
 I Hakluyt.; Lc, p." 237. ' :" 
 
 f I am nearly certain that I have seen maps "made 
 ty Xanctoigne," though at this 'moment I cannot say 
 where. 
 
 ** Roberval made still another voyage to Canada af- 
 ter 1548, tut the reports of it are very uncertain. It 
 seems, however, certain that he did not return to Europe 
 from this voyage; and probably, therefore, no maps 
 or charts of it came to Europe. 
 
32 
 
 most interesting charts relating to the voyages ot 
 Cartier and Roberval, which I have seen, and of 
 which I possess fac-similes. They are — 
 
 1. That chart of Canada, Labrador, and tlie 
 whole east coast of America in the Atlas of Rotz, 
 of which I have spoken already. i 
 
 To this map we can with certainty give the eldest 
 date of the class. It was made in 1542 ; that is to^ 
 say, before the return of Cartier from his third and' 
 of Roherval from his first voyage. I have said al- 
 ready that it seems probable that this map was 
 compiled after the charts and discoveries made on 
 Cartier's first voyage, (1534.) 
 
 . 2. A cJiart of Canada, Labrador, and the whole: 
 eaU coast of North America, as far south as Flori- 
 da, contained in a brilliant manuscript atlas, in thd 
 library of Sir Thomas Phillips, at Middlehill, in 
 Worcestershire, England. ff It is a most interesting 
 document, of which we know also the date with cer- 
 tainty ; it was made in the year 1547, by a certain; 
 Nieolaus Vallard, of Dieppe. From the circum- 
 stance that the principal settlement which Rober- 
 val made on the -river of Canada, and which he 
 called " France Roi," does not appear on the map, 
 we might be induced to the belief that Vallard used 
 for the compilation of his work only Cartier's maps. 
 But another fact makes this again doubtful. Among 
 -the groupea of Frenchmen depicted on the map may be 
 also observed ths portraits of different French women 
 or ladies. • We are not aware that such were brought 
 over by Cartier, who came only with the intentioH 
 of discovery ; whilst we know for certain that Ro- 
 berval, who had a plan for settling and colonization, 
 brought also ladies and women.* 
 
 3. A Sketch of Canada, I^ewfoundlcmd, and 
 the river St. Lawrence, on a manuscript map of 
 
 the world, in the possession of the excellent Mr. 
 
 f f This gentleman, with tie most generous Kinanesg, 
 allowed me, when I was in England, not only to viait and 
 use for my purposes his most valuable eoUeotion of book* 
 and manuscripts, but also to copy different rare maps 
 contained in it, 
 
 * See Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 240. 
 
33 
 
 Jomard, in Paris. Date and uutlior of the map are 
 uncertain. It is, however, evident from the work 
 itself that it was made after 1544, (the year of Ro- 
 berval's return,) and with the assistance of Rober- 
 val's reports and charts j for, at first, Koberval's 
 fort, '' France Roi," is indicated on it; and, se- 
 condly, a troop of French soldiers, with an officer or 
 plumed knight at their head, are depicted on it, 
 and under the figure of the officer is written, 
 "Monsieur de Roberval." The unknown author 
 of tbis map appears, however, to have used Car- 
 tier's map ; for we find likewise " Ste. Croix," 
 the settlement or principal station of Cartier's ves- 
 sels on his second voyage, indicated on it. 
 
 4. A picture of Canada and vicinity, on a large 
 French map of the world, preserved in the British 
 Museum. (Harl. Add. No. 5413.) The exact date 
 and the author of this interesting work are not 
 given. The fort of Roberval, " France Roi," is 
 not upon it, but the principal- ship-station of Car- 
 tier, " Ste. Croix," and Cartier's non plus ultra, 
 '' St. Male," (named after his birth-place,) are in- 
 dicated. From this we might conclude that the 
 unknown author of the. work used principally Car- 
 tier's map, if it was not for the portrait of a grand 
 seigneur, in a red velvet cloak and yellow silken 
 stockings, who is also depicted on it, and who seems 
 to be more like Roberval than Cartier. 
 
 Every one of theae maps, though in the general 
 features they are all alike, has its particularities. 
 We cannot, however, here enter into a more minute 
 history and criticism of them, because they arc not 
 alluded to at all in Hakluyt. It suffices here to 
 have indicated them in a general way.f 
 
 The picture of Canada, Newfoundland, and the 
 river St. Lawrence, given in these works, which 
 were all derived from Cartier's, Roberval's,^ and 
 iXanetoigne's surveys, was throughout the whole 
 gizteenth century copied by many geographers and 
 map-makers of Europe, and the geography and maps 
 of thoae regions were essentially changed only after 
 the discoveries and travels ®f DeMons, Champlain, 
 etc. ; that is to say, after 1600. 
 
 f I dwell more on them in my General Catalogue of 
 American Maci and Charts. 
 
34 
 
 ^1 Map of America, printed' and published' in 
 Paris in ahout 1587. 
 
 In tlie letters of Jae^ues Noel to John Growte, of 
 ■wliich we spoke just now in alluding to Cartier's 
 maps, a " mappe" is mentioned and described in 
 the following manner : " A Blappe printed at Paris, 
 ' dedicated to one Mr. Ilakluyt, an English gentle- 
 ' man, wherein all the West Indies, the Kingdom 
 ' of New Mexico, and the countreys of Canada, 
 ' Hoohelagaj and Saguenay are contained."* 
 
 Noel thinks that " the river of Canada is not 
 marked on this map, as it ought to be," and as it 
 was laid down in his " Bdoke of Jaques Cartier." 
 His criticism is, however, not verjP important. 
 
 This map is one which Hakluyt published him- 
 self in Paris in 1587, and we have already stated in 
 our introduction why we will not enter into a further 
 criticism on it. 
 
 We will only add here this remark, that the Eng- 
 lish gentleman "Hakluyt," to whom the map was 
 dedicated, is not our Riohiird Hakluyt, but proba- 
 bly that learned cousin of Ilakluyt who is mention- 
 ed in Hakluyt' s preface to his great work, and 
 whose christian name was also Richard. f 
 
 Maps of the first English navigators to " Virginia," 
 {North Carolina,) and particularly of John White. 
 
 The well-known expeditions to " Virginia," (our 
 present North Carolina,) niade at the charge and 
 under the direction of\Sir Walter Raleigh, com- 
 menced in the year 1584 with the first voyage to 
 those parts under Captains Amadas and Barlowe. 
 Thi.', expedition was followed during the years 
 1584-1590 by a series of others under the com^ 
 luand of Raleigh's captains — Greenville, Harlot, 
 White, and others. With the expedition of John 
 White (1590) ended the series of the Qrat prineipal 
 voyages of discovei-y to "Virginia." 
 
 It is very probable that, on all those expeditions 
 sketches and draughts were made of the new dis- 
 covered country, the interior of which was for the 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. e., p. 23G. 
 
 f I giye more upon this map in my General Catalogue 
 of American Maps and Charts. * 
 
35 
 
 first time entered at this occtisiou, tliough we have 
 only (with one exception) verbal reports of them. 
 
 By Amadas, Barlowe, Clieeuville, Harlot, the 
 "whole configuration of the east coast of Ndvth Ame- 
 rica between Cape Look-out and Chesapeake Bay 
 was repeatedly surveyetl. They entered our pre- 
 sent Albermavle and Pamlico Souuds, circumnavi- 
 gated the islands lying in them, and marked the 
 mouths of the rivers Neuse, Roanoke, Chowan, &c. 
 emptying into them.| 
 
 From an occasional observation which Captain 
 Hariot makes in his report we learn that these cap- 
 tains of Sir Walter Raleigh were, according to the 
 time heing,- not ^adli/ /urn isJie J IV ith the means and 
 instr'uniirnts for making observations and maps. 
 Capt. Hariot enumerates among the things which 
 they had with them, and which astonished th? In- 
 dians, and which were strange to them also, " ma- 
 ' thematical instruments, sea compasses, a perspec- 
 ' tive glasse, writing and reading and spring clocks." 
 We ourselves may find it strange that we must 
 gather our information about the scientific outfit of 
 the expeditions at such an occasion, and that these 
 captains never give about so important a point due 
 information in the hitroduction to their reports. 
 They seldom forget to tell us how well they were 
 famished '^ith " ammunition, victuals, cannon- 
 shot, powder, and armory ;" but of the astrono- 
 mical and nautical instruments no particulars are 
 given of what description they were, by whom 
 made, &c. These latter are always eomprised un- 
 der the " other simdry things necessary to n'aviga- 
 gation." They enumerate also their soldiers, their 
 sailors and gunners, and sometimes even the 
 " trumpeters." But the astronomers and some 
 other somewhat scientific men, and the qualifica- 
 tions they had, are rarely or never alluded to. 
 
 The most effectual exploring and surveying ex- 
 cursions appear to have been made at the time of 
 the first Virginian colony on Roanoke island, (from 
 the 17th of August, 1585, until the 18th of June, 
 1586,) under the conduct of Mr. Ralph Lane, the 
 governor of that colony. 
 
 1 Sec the reports in Hakluyt, 1^0., pp. 246-295. 
 
36 , 
 
 Ralph Lane extended the discovery and explora- 
 tion of the country from " Roanoke into the south, 
 into the north, into the northwest, and into the 
 •west." Northward his furthest discovery was Chesa- 
 peake Bay,|| and westward into the interior of the 
 country he went ob the river Moratuk (our present 
 Hoftnoke river) as far up as he could go by four 
 days' rowing in boats. § 
 
 Prom this it is very possible that Ralph Lane 
 innade the pr inciiyal map of those regions, or at least 
 collected the principal materialjS for such a map. 
 He mentions in Jiis report also his maps, but only 
 to tell us that they were unhappily lost and destroy- 
 ed in the water. 
 
 He says that when Sir Francis Drake sent his 
 pinnaces unto the island of Roanoke to fetch away 
 a few men that were still left there with the bag- 
 gage, " the weather was so boisterous, and the pin- 
 naces so often on ground, tbat the most of all we 
 had, with all our carch, hoolas, and writings, were 
 hy the sailors cast operhoard.'"^ 
 
 It is, however, very possible that Ralph Lane, in 
 the same manner in which he afterwards put down 
 a report without his " hoohs and leritings," so also 
 laid out again a draught or sketch of the country 
 without his "cards." 
 
 Also, during the time of the so-called second co- , 
 lony of Virginia under the charge of John -White, 
 gome explorations were made. John White sailed 
 from England on the 2(3th of April, 1587, and re- 
 turned to England in November, 1587, leaving hia 
 "-second colony" in the country, with the inten- 
 tion to bring them supplies. 
 
 John White made afterwards another voyage 
 to Virginia, to look after his forsaken and unlwppy 
 colonists which he left there in 1587 without being 
 able to return so soon. He set out for this voyage 
 from England on the 20th of March, and returned 
 to England on the 24th of October, 1590. On this 
 , voyage he made no new explorations at all, and it 
 is therefore very probable that the map of V^irginia 
 
 ll Sae Ilakluyt, 1. c. p. 255. 
 
 g See HaHuyt, 1. e. p. 259. 
 
 \ HakUiyt, 1. c. p. 264. 
 
37 
 
 ■which is ascribed to him, and of which we have 
 still a copy, was prepared ou tke voyage of 1587. 
 
 Where the original dranghts of this map«i White 
 remained we cannot tell. Eut the first printed copy 
 ■ of it has been given to the world by Theodore de 
 Bry, in the work, " AdmirandaNarratio, fide tamen 
 digua de commodis et incolarum ritibus Virginia 
 ete., Francoforti ad Mooniim. Anno MDXC."— 
 (Wonderful relation, nevertheless very true, of the 
 commodities and "of the customs of the inhabitants 
 of Virginia. — Prankfort-on-the-Main, in the year 
 1590.) 
 
 The well-known map in this book has the title : 
 '■Americts pars nunc Virginia dicta, primum ab 
 Anglis inrenta sumtibus Dni ^\^alteri Raleigh, Anno 
 Dni. MDLXXXV/' etc.— (A part of America now 
 called VirginiSj for the first time found by the Eng- 
 lish, on the expenses of Sir Walter Raleigh, in the 
 year of our Lord 1585.) 
 
 This map of the country which we now call 
 North Carolina is by De Bry put at the . head of a 
 collection of images, pictures, and sketches, on 
 v/hich he makes the following remark : " Omnia de- 
 ligenter observata, ct ad vivum exprcssa a Joanne 
 With ejus gratia in illani provinciam annis 1585 et 
 1-588 nlisso. Deinde in sea incisa et primum in 
 lucem_ eviilgata h, Theodoro de Bry." (All this is 
 accurately observed and after nature expressed by 
 John With, who for the purpose was sent "to that 
 province in the years 1585 and 1588. Afterwards 
 it was engraved, and for the first time published by 
 Theodore de Bry.) 
 
 On the map itself we find again the inscription : 
 
 " Auctore Joanne With. Sculptore Joanne de 
 
 Bry." (The author of this map was John With ; 
 
 the engraver John De Bry.) 
 
 , De Bry gives us no further information about 
 
 ^ the history and the author of the map, except that 
 
 he procured {bought ?] it in England.** The ques- 
 
 ** De Bry »ays at another place, whero he speaks of 
 
 the maaner in which he procured his map of Florida, 
 
 that he had formerly spoken somewhat at large about the 
 
 manner in which he procured the map of Virginia ; but 
 
 1 was not able to discover any where in his works suoh 
 
 pn explanation. 
 
38 
 tion is, wto this " .Tolin Whit " was who is named 
 as the author of this interesting document— thq 
 oldest map of Carolina ? I think he cannot be any- 
 other man hut the Capt, John White. Camus* 
 thinks that he was " a painter" sent over to Virginia 
 with one of the captains, and says that he is called 
 somewhere " pictor." He does not, however, give 
 his authority for this. In De Bry there is nothing, 
 about it. That De Bry makes him to be as well the 
 author of the Indian portraits a;nd views is no proof 
 of his being a painter. Those fanciful portraits and 
 views were probably all invented by l)e Bry him- 
 self, and were never made after nature, neither by 
 a pa Inter nor by a Captain John White or Whit. 
 
 To make our pretensions more plausible we must 
 at first state that there_ is some confusion in De Bry 
 as well in writing the name of his map-maker as in 
 the dates of his voyage. , . 
 
 He writes the name of the map-maker once 
 "Whit," and once "With." Capt. John White 
 writes his name always " White." When De Bry 
 was, as it is shown, uncertain about the spelling of 
 this name, then we may assume that none of his 
 two spellings was right, and'that the name ought to 
 be " White." 
 
 His dates are also partly wrong. He says that 
 "John M'ith" was sent out to Virginia in loS.""! 
 and 1588. . In the expedition of 1585, under Sir 
 Richard Greenville, no "painter John With" is 
 niciitiuned; but our Captain ''John White "j' v.s- 
 mentioned. That in the year 1588 a "painter 
 John AVith " should go out to Virginia is very im- 
 prob.ible, because we do not know of any Virginian 
 es]iedition of that year in whicli the poor and ■suf- 
 fering "second colony" wms left quite alone there. 
 Do Bry thought probably of " Capt. John White's " 
 expedition of the year 1587. We find also On the 
 list of the settlers in the second colonyj'no "John 
 With " mentioned, only " John While," the Cup- 
 fain, and Governor of the colonii. 
 
 * In his well known researches on De Bry's work, 
 f Hakluyt 1. c. p. 253. 
 + See Hakluyt 1. c. p. 287. 
 
39 
 
 From all this I conclude that "John ^Mtli," 
 which He Bry puts down as the author oi' the iu:ip, 
 is nobody else than the often-mentioned Captaiu and 
 Governor John A\'hite. If he really made a,iid drew 
 the map may be doubted. Pe Bry procured pro- 
 bably the map from AVhite, and madr him to be 
 the author. But it is possible that Captain John 
 White compiled the map, or directed it to be com- 
 piled, as well from his own observations as also 
 from the notes, reports, and draughts of his prede- 
 cessors — priueipally of Ralph Lane, who, as I said, 
 after the loss of his cards, may have made another 
 sketch. 
 
 The picture which we find on the map resembles 
 very much the description which Ralph Lane 
 trave of his discoveries. || We find on it Chesapeake 
 Bay, (" Chesepiooc Sinus,") and also the river 
 " Moratue," (our Roanoke river.) John White, 
 who never was in this bay and river, could only 
 lay them down on his map after Lane. 
 
 Because in Hakluyt this map is not mentioned at 
 all we must abstain from a further criticism of it, 
 and may only add the .observation, that this map 
 remained for a long time a model and type for 
 all geographers who made maps of this part of 
 America, (North Carolina,) because it lasted more 
 than sixty years after the unsuccessful colonisation 
 of Roanoke, until the exploration and settlement 
 of those regions commenced anew. We therefore 
 see this picture of John White reproduced mant/ 
 times in the atlases of Mercator and Hondius, and 
 in the works of Laet. Nay, even still the first 
 chartographers of the province of Carolina seem to 
 have used this picture of " Ould Virginia." 
 
 A Cliart of the Eait Coast of America, hy John 
 ,de Verrasano. 1524. 
 
 We see from the short report of Verrazano in 
 his voyage of discovery in the year 1524, contained 
 in Hakluyt,§ that he was constantdij occupied wi/h 
 surveying and accurately describing the new coasts 
 along which he sailed. He indicates repeatedly 
 
 II See our notes above. 
 , 'i Hakluyt, 1. c, from page 295, 300. 
 
40 
 
 the aspect and trending of the coasts, the rhumb's, 
 the distances from 6ne place to the other, and some-l 
 times he also gives ns the latitudes observed by^ 
 him.^ We are not in this report explicitly infonned| 
 by Verrazano himself that he laid also all these ob-l 
 servations down on a ehart. But at first it would 
 have been astonishing if a well instructed Italian 
 navigator of that time had not- drawn a chart on I 
 ^uch an occasion. And then Hakluyt informs us, 
 in his divers voyages of the existence. of a map of 
 the east coast of North America, presented by Ver- 
 razano to King Henry VIII, and probably also 
 made by him.** 
 
 It appears that Verrazano's charts are lost to us. 
 But no doubt other map compilers of the sixteenth 
 century knew and saw them, copied them, and 
 drew after them the coasts of North America. • So, 
 for instance, perhaps Ortelius, (1570.) It is true 
 he does not mention the charts of Verrazano in his 
 remarkable catalogue of such maps, which he pos- 
 sessed or saw. But he puts down Verrazano's; 
 " Isle of Claudia" ff on his general map of America. 
 It is possible, however, that he took this island 
 only from the report in Kamusio about Verraz&no; 
 and not from a chart. 
 
 It is more certain that M. Loh had the charts, 
 or at least some charts of Verrazano before him 
 when he drew his map of North America, which 
 Hakluyt has inserted in his " Divers Voyages 
 Touching the Discoveries of America. London, 
 1582." We see on this map not only Verrazano's 
 Island of " Claudia," but also the great harbor or 
 gulf near it, (our Narragansett Bay.) Likewise 
 the River Hudson,, discovered by Verrazano, is 
 plainly indicated On that map as a long channel ; 
 and besides _ this a "Mare de Verrazano." Lok 
 reduced all these parts of his map from a larger 
 map of Verrazano, which he had before his eyes. 
 
 f For instance, page 300. 
 
 ** See HaMuyt's Divers Voyages. Edit. 1850, p. 11. ' 
 
 fl I have tliis name here unchanged, though I'believe 
 
 and will prov& elsewhere that the island ought to be 
 
 called by another name. . 
 
41 
 
 A Map of Florida hy James le Moync — ITiGS. 
 
 On the celebrated expeditions of the Frenchmen 
 to what was then called the Eastern Coast of Flori- 
 da we have in Hnlvkiyt the following reports : 
 
 1. The first 'voyat^e of Captain John K-ibault to 
 Florida ill 1562.;|;f 
 
 2. The voyage of Captain Ren^ Laudonnierre to 
 Florida, 1564.|||| 
 
 3. A second voyage of Captain John Ribault to 
 Florida, 15(55.§§ 
 
 4. The voyage of Captain Dominique Gourgues 
 to Florida; 15(37.tT[ 
 
 We will not gi\'e here the literary and bibliogra- 
 phical history of these reports. We consider them 
 exclusively with respect to what they contain about 
 our subject — about the composition of maps. 
 
 All these expeditions had a different character 
 and tendency, and they conducted to different 
 results. 
 
 The first, 1562, had the character of a prelimi- 
 nary exploring expedition. Ribault sailed from 
 France in February, 1562, and returned there in 
 July, 1502. 
 
 The expedition was fitted out with royal consent 
 by the Lord Admiral of France, the celebrated de 
 Chastillon. It was explicity destined for discoveri/Q^ 
 and settlement, and accordingly fitted out for that , 
 purpose. It is therefore more than probable tJiat 
 fdso a rliart of the Coast of Ilorida was composed 
 on this expedition, though the report does net speak 
 about it at all. 
 
 Ribault sailed along the whole cast coast of the 
 peninsula of Florida and of our present Georgia and 
 South Carolina. He discovered there many capes, 
 islands, and rivers which were new to him, and to 
 which he gave names. He entered and surveyed 
 different ports, and at last settled a little colony and 
 fort called " Oharlesfort," at the wide mouth of an 
 
 tl Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 308. 
 
 nil Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 319. 
 
 ii Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 349. 
 
 f f Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 356. , 
 
 (1) Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 308. 
 
42 
 
 iulet or river, which he named " Port Royal," and' 
 tlien sailed homo to bring to the Admiral and King 
 his report, (and his maps ?) and to abide their deci- 
 sion what should be done further. 
 , The men whick Ribault left in Florida made dif- 
 iferent excursions into the interior, and prosecuted 
 the discovery of the country, but, being left with- 
 out succor, they got in trouble and want, and were 
 at last rescued by an English ship. 
 
 The civil wars broken out in France and other 
 unfavorable circumstances were for some time in the 
 way of a second outfit, of a relief expedition. At 
 last, in April, 1564, this expedition sailed from ;' 
 France under the command of Capt. Rene Laudon- 
 niere. Ha liad prrJbahlii a chart of the country hy\ 
 Rihault with him. He made about the same voy- 
 age and followed the same route as Eibault; but he 
 changed tlie place of settlement from Port Royal to 
 the -mouth of what he named the " River May," 
 (our present St. John's river.) He founded there 
 a, fort called "Fort Caroline," tmi stayed in the 
 country two summers and one winter. He had with | 
 Lim different able officers and a "painter" (map-; 
 maker ?) and no doubt corrected the preliminary [ 
 map of Ribault in many respects. 
 
 During his stay the principal discov erica into the 
 intcrirrr of the country were made, and particularly 
 tho whole river St. John was surveyed on repeated 
 expeditions and boat voyages. 
 
 Of all the four expeditions this second is therefore 
 in point of geography the most important one. 
 
 The third expedition under Ribault, 1565, was 
 only made for the purpose of bringing over ii new 
 commander of the colony, fresh soldiers, ammuni- 
 tions, and succor. No new discoveries (and proba- 
 bly also ho maps) wci'c made on it. Ribault sailed 
 directly to the river May, to Fort Caroline, where 
 soon after his arrival the Spaniards, under the Gen. 
 Don Pedro Meneudez, in a most cruel manner made 
 an end of him and of the whole French colony. 
 
 The last expedition under Gourgues, 1567, had 
 no scientific or exploring tendency at all. It was a 
 mere private undertaking, made for the sole pur- 
 pose of hitting a blow on the Spaniards and of tak- 
 
43 
 
 ing revenge on them for their njurderous deatrue- 
 tioii of the French colony. It was exeeutrd very 
 (juiokly. 
 
 The only map or chart wliit-h has come down to 
 us from all tliest^ iM-cach expeditions is that which 
 Do IJvy has preserved for us, and whieh he engraved, 
 printed, and published in his work: 
 
 " I'revis Narralio eorum quae in Florida, Amerieae 
 pvovincia Gallia acciderunt, secunda in illanavigatione 
 Duce Reuato de Laudoniere, classis prefecto. Anno 
 MDLXIII.* Auctorc Jacobo le Moyne, etc., Francofurii 
 ad Moeiium. Sumptibus Theodori de Bry. Anno 
 MDXCI." 
 
 (.V short n.arration of the events in Florida, a province 
 of America, at tho second expedition to it, under the 
 command of the Admiral Rene de Laudonniere. In the 
 tlie year 1563* by James Le Moyne. Frankfort on the 
 Maine. At the expenses of Theodore de Bry, in the year 
 1591.) •^ ■^ 
 
 The map itself has the title : 
 
 " Floridae, Amerieae provinciae rocens et exactissima 
 deseriptio. Auctore Jacobs le Moyne, cui cognomen de 
 Morgues, qui Laudonierum altera navigatione comitatus 
 est, at que, adhibitis aliquot militibus ob pericula regionis 
 illius, interiora et raaritimadiligeuterlustravit, et exactis- 
 sime dimensus est, observata etiam singmlorum iluminum 
 inter se distantia, ut ipsemet redux, Carolo IX, Galliarum . 
 Regi demonstravit." 
 
 (A new and exact description (map) of Florida, a pro- 
 vince of America, by James Le Moyne, called de Mor- 
 ques, who aecorapanied Laudonniere in the second French 
 expedition to that province, and who, with the aid of 
 some soldiers to protect him against dangers, explored 
 the interior as well as the maritime parts of that region 
 most industriously, and measured it very exactly, ob- 
 serving also the distances of the single rivers from each 
 other, as he showed it himself after his return to Charles 
 IX, King of France.) 
 
 Ilakluyt does not describe this map, but he ap- 
 pears to uUude to it, and at all events mentions the 
 name and the work of the Frenchman, Le Moyne, 
 whom he oidls by his surname, De Morgues, in the 
 following- passage, which occurs in a letter written 
 
 * The year 1563 must be a mistake by De Bry, for we 
 do not know of any French expedition to Florida in 1668, 
 and Laudonniere, with his map-maker, Le Moyne, set 
 out from France in April, 1564. 
 
44 
 
 by Hakluyt, addressed by him to Sir Walter Ea- 
 ieigh, and dated " London, 1st of May, 1587 :"f 
 
 " Many special poyutg, concerning the cpmmodities of 
 
 ,hose pai-ts with divers other things, are lively 
 
 Irawn, in colours at your no small charges by the skilful 
 painter, James Morgues, sometime living in the Black- 
 "ryers, in London, (whom Monsieur Chastillon, then 
 idmirall of France, sent thither with Laudonniere for 
 the purpose,) whieli was an eye-witness of the goodness 
 ind fertility of those regions, and has put down in wri- 
 ting many. singularities which are not mentioned in this 
 treatise, [videlicet, which Hakluyt embodied in his 
 work,] which since he has published, together with the 
 portraitures." « 
 
 This is all that Hakluyt has about the activity 
 and productions of our map-maker, Le Moyne. 
 Hakluyt, in the year 1587,. when he wrote that 
 letter, could not know the Latin ancl illustrated 
 editioB of Le Moyne's work made by De Bry in 
 the year 1591. '\Vhen he therefore speaks of a 
 publication of Le Moyne's work, pictures, views, 
 and maps, it seems that he must allude to another 
 publication, which he moreover says was made by 
 Le Moyne himself, and as it appears in England. 
 The whole (manuscript, or also print ?) was exe- 
 cuted "at the not small charge" of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh. I do not know of any such English 
 publication previous to De Bry's edition, (1591, )- 
 and I am perfectly at a loss to tell what Hakluyt 
 means here. 
 
 From' De Bry we can gather still the following 
 about the history of our map-maker and his work. 
 He tells us in his " Ad Leotorem Praefatio," (Pre- 
 face to the Header,) on the second page, that he 
 procured this report and the pictures, (" icones,") 
 under which, after his manner of speaking, he com- 
 prises also the map, (" Provincce Chorographiam,") 
 in England, from the widow of James Le Jloyne, 
 the painter, (" pietor,") who accompanied Laudon- 
 iiiere, made those drawings and wrote that report, 
 which all in his lifetime he had also shown 
 sometimes -to De Bry, as he did show it before to 
 Charles IX, King of Franco. If this King of 
 
 t See tljis letter in Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 303, 305— the 
 passage p. 303. 
 
45 
 
 France, as we sliould suppose, retained a niauit^ 
 script copy of tlic map, and if sucli a copy could 
 perhaps be found yet in France, I cannot tell. 
 
 At tlie end of his introduction to ]io Moyne's re- 
 port I)cBry says again the same thing, a little more 
 explicitly, undcrtlie title: "Deocoasionc et auctore 
 hujus historian," (on the occasion and on the author 
 of this history.) He says there that ho " houghi" 
 the manuscript- writings and pictures from the au- 
 thor's widow in the year 1.587. 
 
 This is all that we can learn about the exterior 
 history of the map. As for the interior history and 
 criticism of the map, we cannot here, without giving 
 to the reader a copy of the map itself, enter into 
 a full analysis of it, and will only make, on it the 
 following g^eral remarks : The map commences in 
 the south 'wii^h _ the Cape of Florida (Promonto- 
 rium Fkiridfe") and a part of the Bahama Islands, 
 and ends an the north with " Promontorium Ter- 
 rafalij," (Cape Trafalgar.) 
 
 The southern extremity (Cape Florida) is very 
 well situated. It has about the latitude of 25^° 
 north, which comes very near the truth. The 
 northern extremity of Cape Trafalgar is laid down 
 in ooJ° north latitude, and this supports .the view 
 of those who believe that the old Spanish " Cape 
 Trafalgar" is our Cape Lookout or Cape Fear, 
 whilst others have believed that it was Cape Hat- 
 teras, which is IJ degree further to the north. 
 
 The French actual surveys and observations did 
 not go beyond the River Jordan (Charlestown har- 
 bor) and beyond Cape St. Roman. Le Moyne took 
 all the coast between River Jordan and Cape Trafal- 
 gar from Spanish maps, which is sufficiently indi- 
 cated by the old Spanish names which he "has all 
 ailing this coast : Flunien Siccuni, (Rio Seco,) 
 Poi-tax Priacipis, (Puerto del Principe,) &c. The 
 same may be said of that piece of the map which 
 lies to. the south of Cape- Canaveral. The French 
 navigators coasted here only along the shores, with- 
 out making particular observatians. Their explo- 
 rations and landings commenced from a point a 
 little south of St. Augustine harbor, and went not 
 ■quite as far north as Rio Jordan. 
 
46 
 
 Tliough De Bry, as I said, published this map in 
 the year 1591, still it does not appear that the geo- ■ 
 graphers and map-makers made at once an extensive 
 use of it. It is true Hondius, L'Escarbot, Mercator, 
 Laet, and other celebrated Dutch and French geo- 
 graphers and map-engravers cif the fifty years sub- 
 sequent to De Bry's publication copied the map in 
 their great works. But we find in the same period 
 many other great maps of America which do not 
 show the slightest acquaintance with this map. 
 The Spaniards especially ignored it completely, 
 though they had scarcely any thing better to show, 
 so far as they at least pleased to make the world ac- 
 quainted with their productions. 
 
 Nay, more, those which copied the map of Le 
 Moyne copied it, by the by, quite badly and disfig- 
 ured it very much. This disfiguration and deterio- 
 ration of the map seems to grow worse in the course 
 of time — probably in the same proportion in whieji 
 the valuable and expensive works of De Bry grew 
 scarce. We have, for instance, a copy of the map of 
 Hondius of the year 1607, which is tolerably .good 
 and accurate, whilst in the great atlas of Hondius 
 and Mercator (edition of 1633) a yery false and 
 wrong copy is given. Even that excellent geog- 
 rapher, Laet, gives in his much praised, and in many 
 
 respects most estimable work, apicture of the French 
 Florida and its rivers in which the principal features! 
 are totally misrepresented. So, for instance, he lays] 
 the whole scene of the French expedition to the' 
 north of St. Augustine and of Rio S. Mateo, and 
 makes quite a different river of the Spanish Rio S. 
 Mateo and the French May river, whilst they are 
 essentially the same. Likewise he changes com- 
 pletely the course of the May river, (St. John's river 
 or S. Mateo river,) which on the old map of Le Moyne 
 is so well and truly represented. Consequently, 
 also, Cape Francois and every other object of the 
 coast is misplaced. 
 
 The first man who introduced this fault was, so 
 far as I know, a Frenchman, and no less a person 
 than the famous historian of New-France himself, 
 L'Kscarbot. He has in the edition of his work 
 
47 
 
 of tlie year ] GIS a map to ■wbioVi he f;ivo,s the title : 
 " Figure et description de hx torre, recoimuo et hab- 
 ' itee par lesJFrancois a la Floride et aivde^a, gisante 
 ' par les 30, 31, etHl! degrees, de lamain de Mr. Marc 
 ' L'Escarbot." (_ Figure and description of the gouu- 
 try reeonnoitered and inhabited by the Freuch in Flo- 
 rida and further on, lying under ;)0, 31, and 32 deg., 
 by the hand of Mr. Marc L'E.soarbot.) From whence 
 he has taken this map he does not say, nor why 
 he has introduced his incorreet and completely false 
 changes. He makes the Riviere des Datiphins (Dau- 
 phin river, Augustine harbor) tojfe quite a large 
 river, running, from a great lake, whilst it was rep- 
 resented on Le Moyne's map only as an inlet in the 
 coast, with a river running into it, in harmony with 
 reality. He makes of Riviere de May (May river, 
 St. John's or St. Mateo river) a river flowing di- 
 rectly from the northwest out of an immensely large 
 lake, while it is represented on Le Moyne's map, in 
 accordance with nature, as a crooked river, at first 
 coming from the southwest and then abruptly turn- 
 ing to the southeast. Also, his representations of 
 the other French Floridian rivers, and especially of 
 Port Royal, are no improvements. 
 
 L'Escarbot's work, however, as something new, 
 wa^ probably at the time more read and in more 
 hands than the already somewhat antiquated De 
 Bry, and therefore also hig map was more copied. 
 Laet and others adopted L'Escarbot's corrupted 
 copy of Le Moyne's excellent old map. 
 
 We say that the same has been done by all subse- 
 quent map makers throughout the whole course of 
 the 17th century, until 1670, until the first English 
 settlements in the colony of Carolina. We find 
 still in|thc year 1682, on the map of Carolina, pub- 
 lished by order of the proprietors, the southern part 
 of that province drawn after the map of Le Moyne, 
 or rather after the corrupted copy of this map by 
 L'Escarbot. 
 
48 
 
 Chart of California hij Castillo, 1541. 
 Hakluyt takes no notice of tlie first expeditions 
 to the Californian Gulf conducted by Hurtado de' 
 Mendoza, and by Hernando de arijalva, and by 
 Cortes himself. He gives us only the _ reports of 
 the two principal early exploring expeditions of the 
 gulf and peni-nsula of California under Francisco de 
 Ulloa (1539) and Fernando Alarcon, (1540,) of 
 which the first was sent out by Cortes and the second 
 by the Viceroy of Mexico, Mendoza, Cortes's suc- 
 cessor in command. 
 
 The most important of these two voyages was no 
 doubt that of Ulloa. He sailed along the whole 
 eastern as well as western shore of the gulf to its 
 northern end, explored and named numerous har- 
 bors, river-mouths, and islands, believed to find the 
 gulf in the north closed, sailed back along its west-; 
 ieCn shore, ascertained that also there was no pas-i 
 sage, no broken land and islands, but one continuous 
 shore, turned round the Cape of Southern California, | 
 and sailed along its outer or oceanic coast to the north- , 
 ■west, as far as what he called the Cabo de Engano, 
 (Capo of Mistake,) which he puts in 30 J° north 
 latitude. 
 
 The second- voyage under Alarcon ranged like 
 the first along the eastern and western shore of the 
 inner gulf, but, did nothing at all for the further 
 discovery of the outer or oceanic coast. Instead 
 of this Alarcon had the merit of ascertaining bet- 
 ter then Ulloa the nature of the northern end of the 
 gulf and of exploring the great river Colorado, 
 which he asserts to have sailed up for eighty-five 
 leagues. 
 
 Both Ulloa and Alarcon appear to have made a 
 very good survey and research. Both were accom-, 
 panied by good pilots — Ulloa by one Juan Castillo*' 
 and Franeisco Preciado, who wrote the report on 
 this voyage ;f Alaroon^by one Nicolas Zamorano, 
 Ms Piloto Mayor and " Doviinico del Castillo,"'^ 
 which latter made the chart to that voyage, of which 
 
 I 
 ''- His " chief pilote," Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 408. 
 See tliis report in Hakluyt^^p. 397, seq. 
 See Hakluyt, 1. e., p. iSLh,-^ 
 
49 
 
 ■we ■will speak instantly. Tlie reports on botli voy- 
 ages are so ably and clearly ■written as few journals 
 of that time, especially that of the first or Ulloa's 
 voyiige, written by Francisco Preciado. The report 
 on the second voyage is written by the Commander 
 Alaroon himself. Both were printed for the first. 
 time in Ramusio, from which Hakluyt took them. 
 They are unhappily both not complete. That 
 of Alarcc'n has only a few words on the home- 
 voyage, and that of Preciado has only a short 
 Bote on the discoveries of Ulloa beyond the island 
 of Cedros, towards Oabo de Engano, because Pre- 
 ciado was no eye-witness in this last part of Ulloa's 
 explorations. 
 
 Tliere can he nodoidit that on hoth voyages charts 
 u-tre made. 
 
 Tha original charts of both voyages are, how- 
 ever lost to us. But the pilot of the second or 
 AJarcon's expedition, Dominioo del Castello, as he 
 is called in Hakluyt, or " Domingo del Castillo," 
 as he calls himself, compiled after the second voy- 
 age, in the year 1541, in Mexico, a little chart of 
 the visited coasts, for which he appears to have 
 used the sketches and materials collected on both 
 voyages. 
 
 This chart was preserved and hidden for a long 
 time in the archives of the descendants of Cortes, 
 until, after the middle of the eighteenth century, 
 the Bishop Lorenzano found it there, copied it, and 
 published an engraving of it in his well-known 
 work on Mexico. 
 
 Tha's chart is the oldest and most interesting 
 chartographical document on California which we 
 have. 
 
 It has the following inscription : " Domingo del 
 Castillo, Piloto, me fecit en Mexico aiio del Naci- 
 mieHto de N. S. Christo de MDXLI." (Domingo 
 del Castillo, pilot, made me in Mexico in the year 
 of the birth of our Saviour, 1541.) 
 
 This chart is particularly rich in names on the 
 eastern shore of the (J-ulf of California, or oa the 
 coasts of Mexico, Cinaloa, and Sonora. 
 
 In the report o^f Alarcon we hear very little or 
 -nothing on the explorations made by him along this 
 
50 , - ^ , , 
 
 . coast, tliougli he boasts that he sailed so near the 
 shore that he discovered there many other good 
 tavens, which ."the ships of the Marquesse del , 
 Yalle," (Cortes,) that is to say, the expedition under 
 XJlloa, neither saw nor found. || Some of the names 
 mUrked on this coast on our chart are mentioned in 
 the expedition of Ulloa; as, for instance, "the river 
 ■of S. Pedro and Paulo," " Ancon de S. Andres." 
 The rest is perfectly new, and neither contained in 
 the journal of Ulloa nor in that of Alarcon. It is 
 Tery common that the navigators mention in their I 
 journals not all the names given by them, and fill 
 with them their charts. It is evident, therefore, 
 that our chart can serve us, not only as an illustra- 
 tion, but also as an additional supplement to our 
 reports. 
 
 The principal discovery of Alarcon was the ex- 
 ploration of the north end of the Gulf, and of the 
 mouth, bar, delta, and lower course of the Rio Co- 
 lorado, which Ulloa did not explore. 
 
 He sounded there, measured distances, and ob- 
 served the geographical position, and probably made 
 a large special map of it. 
 
 Ho requested there even an intelligent Indian, 
 with whom he conversed, " to set Mm downe in a 
 cliarte as rmich as he Jcnew concerning that river;" 
 " which this Indian did willingly,"§ 
 . In our little general sketch these parts have been 
 treated very generally. That, however, the charts 
 of Arlacon were used is evident from the circum- 
 stance that two principal branches of the Uio Colo- 
 rado have received the names " Rio dc Buena Guia" 
 and " Brazo de Miraflores," names which do not 
 occur in Ulloa's reports, but only in that of Alarcon. 
 
 Castillo puts (ftiwn upon his chart the northern 
 end of the Gulf and the mouth of the Rio Colorado 
 under about 34° N. L., in harmony with Alareon's 
 observation, who says about this in his re port the 
 following : 
 
 ' ' By the situation of the river, and by the height 
 ivhich I took, I findc that that which the masters and 
 pilots of. the Marquesse (Ulloa, Cortes's captain) took is 
 
 11 Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 425. 
 
 I Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 4S8. 
 
51 
 
 Salse, and that they- were deceived by two degrees, and 
 I have sAyled beyond them above four degrees."^ 
 
 Accordinc; to tliis, I said, Castillo puts down the 
 nortliern end of the Gulf in 34° N. L. This is 
 more than two degrees higher than the true latitude 
 Trhich ive have on our present maps ; and if, as it 
 appeal's from Alarcon's journal, Ulloa had this la- 
 titude, he must have been a much better observer, 
 and we must regret it so much more that we do not 
 possess at present his original charts. 
 
 It is to be observed that there is a spirit of boast- 
 ing in the reports of Alarcon, and that ^^there was 
 a feeling of emulation and envy between him and 
 his predecessor, Ulloa, naturally growing out of the 
 circumstance, that they were sent upon the same 
 errand — " to find out the secret of the Gulf." This 
 invidious feeling was probably still enhanced by the 
 other circumstance that Ulloa was tjommissioned by 
 Cortes and Alarcon by Mendoza, the successor 
 and, in a certain degree, opponent of Cortes. Alar- 
 con wished to surpass Ulloa in every respect. 
 
 The coast of the peninsula of California towards 
 the main ocean, which was not seen at all by Alar- 
 cen, is put down in Castillo's chart after the charts 
 of Ulloa. "We find here the names " Punta de la 
 Trinidad," " Pto de Senabad," " the islands of St. 
 Estevan," of which one was the Island of Ceders, 
 (Isle de Cedros,) to which on our chart is written 
 the D.nme " Pto de reparo," (the harbor of careen- 
 ing or caulking,) because Ulloa repaired and caulk- 
 ed there one of his ships and the " Cabo del 
 Engaiio." 
 
 The latitudes are in this part of the chart much 
 too low. The St. Stephen's islands are put in the 
 latitude of 26,° whilst they stand in 27° ; and the 
 Cabo del Engaiio is put in 27°, whilst Ulloa ap- 
 pears to place** the cape which he called so in 30° 
 31\ The same invidious and boasting feeling which 
 induced Alarcon and his pilot (Castillo) to extend 
 the interior of the Gulf, which thev considered to 
 
 Tjin Hakluyt, 1. c., p. 439. 
 
 ** Hakluyt, 1. e., p. 424. It 1g, however, somewhat 
 douhtful if the concluding remark of UUoa's report, 
 11-hich cnnfaiBs that observation, belongs to the original 
 •repoit it£i;li or if it is an additional remark of Hakluyt. 
 
52 
 
 be tlieir own discovery, two degrees furdier to fhe 
 nor til, induced them probably also to bring the ne 
 'plus ultra of Ulloa further down to the south. 
 
 Chart of Francis Gualle — 1584. 
 
 Francisco de Gualle* made in the years 1582-'84 
 a voyage from Acapulco to Manilla and China, and 
 from there back again to Acapulco, which was in a 
 certain degree a voyage of discovery, and is therefore 
 often mentioned in the history of the Geography of 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Hakluyt gives us Gualle's report after Linschoten, 
 and from the concluding remarks appended to this 
 report it appears that Gualle probably made a chart 
 of his discoveries and route. The " Conclusion " 
 says this : 
 
 " All this description and nayigation have I myselfe 
 (Gualle) seen, prooved, and well-noted in my voyage, . . 
 irs / will more at large set doivn^ with the longitudes and lati- 
 tudes thereof, as God shall permit meetime andleysure."f 
 
 It seems likely that Gualle promises here a map, 
 and if we could find this map it would be one of the 
 most interesting documents for the history of the 
 American northwest coast. 
 
 Maps of Guyana, Tjy Sir Walter Raleigh — 1595. 
 Sir Walter Ea]egh,J when he had planned an 
 expedition to Guyana, sent out in the year 1594 to 
 that country BIr. Whiddon, one of his captains, " to 
 get icliat hiLOwlechje he could of Gut/ana."^ We 
 have in Ilakluyt no particular report on the voyage 
 of this Capt. Whiddon, and the chart which he 
 brought home is not pointed out to us. That he con- 
 structed and brought one is very probable, because 
 his voyage was a preliminary and reconnoitering ex- 
 pedition, and because it therefore seems that the 
 construction of a map ought to have been one of its 
 principal objects. Whlddon's reports and charts, 
 were probably delivered to Sir Walter Ralegh, wljo, 
 however, does only once allude to' them, and as it 
 aTDpears blames them as not verv exact. He says, 
 
 * I write this name like Hakluyt. 
 t See Hakluyt, p. 447. 
 
 j I write this name with the spelling adopted by Hak- 
 luyt. 
 
53 
 
 after having mentioned Whiddon's expedition, " but 
 my intelligence was far from truth," § meaning, evi- 
 dently, the preliminary intelligence which he re- 
 ceived from Mr. Whiddon, his reports, papers, (and 
 
 ma 
 
 ps?) 
 
 After Wliiddon's return. Sir Walter Kalegh him- 
 self set out from England for Guyana on the 6th of 
 February, 1595, and, after having explored the 
 coasts and waters before the mouth of the Oi'inoco, 
 ' the Gulf of Paria, the Island of Trinidad, different 
 •river-branches of the delta of the Orinoco, and this 
 'river itself as high up as the river " Caroli," (our 
 Caroni,) he returned to England at the end of the 
 same year 1595, and wrote a circumstantial report 
 on his voyage, addressed to Lord Charles How:ard 
 and Sir llnbert Cecyll.^ 
 
 We learn, from different passages in his report, 
 that he wrote it — probably at least the greater part 
 of it^during the voyage ifeelf. He may have cor- 
 rected and mended it after his return ; liut the 
 whole report must have been perfectly finished very 
 soon after his return, probably in the year 1595. 
 This is evident from the letter or " Advertisement 
 to the Reader," signed W. R., (Walter Ralegh,) 
 and put by Hakluyt as an introduction to a certain 
 collection of Spanish letters which were captured 
 by Capt. Popham. In this advertisement Sir Wal- 
 ter Ralegh says that Capt. Popham returned to 
 England " two moneths after him," (consequently 
 in the beginning of 1596,) " and also long after the 
 writing of the former discourse," alluding to his 
 own circumstantial report.** 
 
 Sir Walter Ralegh appears to have made, or at 
 least prepared himself during and after this voyage 
 different maps. The two of which he speaks in ex- 
 plicit terms are the following : 
 
 1. A special ma]) of the Island of Trinidad. — 
 Ralegh, after having given a geographical descrip- 
 tion of this island, says : " Of other ports and rivers" 
 (of the island of Trinidad) " I leave to speak here, 
 
 II Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 633. 
 
 g Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 633. 
 
 \ Hakluyt gives this report, 1. c, p. 627, 662. 
 
 ** Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 662, 663. 
 
54 
 
 and nieane to describe them as they am situate in 
 the particular plot and description of the yland. ; 
 Three parts of it I coasted with my barge that I 
 might the better describe it/'ft 
 
 And still in another place, laeing on the coasts of 
 Trinidad, Ralegh says : "I left the ships and kept, 
 by the shore, the better to come to speach with 
 some of the inhabitants^ and- also to understand the 
 rivers, watering places, and ports of the yland, 
 which, as it is rudely done, my purpose is to send 
 your lordship after a few days. "f J 
 
 li'rom this there is no doubt that Sir Walter 11. 
 made a particular survey of the island of Trinidad, 
 and prepared a map or rude sketches of it. If he 
 afterwards really plotted out and compiled these 1 
 sketches and composed them to a nice picture, as 
 he '^ meant" to do, we do not know, and if so we 
 also do not know if this map does still exist some- 
 where. 
 
 2. A lafcje general map of Guyana, of 'the whole 
 river Orinoco and hordering regions : 1595. — Sir 
 Walter Ralegh states himself, in explicit, terms, 
 that he made such a map. After having given a 
 sbort report of the Spanish expedition along the 
 Orinoco under the command of Antonio de Berreo 
 he 
 
 "How all these rivers orosse aiicl encounter, how the 
 country lies and is bordered, the passage of Berreo, 
 mine owne discovery, and the way that I entered, with, 
 all the rest of the nations and rivers, your lordships shall 
 receive in a large chart or map, which I have not yet| 
 finished, and which I shall most humbly pray your lord- 
 ships to secret, and n'ot to suffer to passe your owne; 
 hands ; for by a draught thereof all may be prevented! 
 by other nations."|||| 
 
 He again alludes to his map, when, after havingi 
 
 enumerated different Indian tribes, he says : "All: 
 
 which shall be described in my description as they] 
 
 ' are situaie."^^ | 
 
 ■ And again after having named different branches i 
 of the Orinoco, and after having described their 
 
 tt See Hiakluyt, p."632. 
 
 it See Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 631. ; 
 
 lilf Hakluyt, 1. o. p. 637. 
 
 II Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 638. 
 
55 
 
 course, ho sjiys : "But to speake of more of these 
 rivers without the description were but tedious, and 
 therefore I will leave the rest tothedescription."\'^ 
 The word "description" was in former times often 
 used for " map." I could produce many old maps 
 which are called on the title-page " descriptions." 
 That Sir Walter llalegh takes it in this sense is 
 evident from the manner he uses that word. 
 
 And agftin on his return journey through the 
 Delta of the Orinoco, after coming to the sea-shore, 
 he says : "To speake of what passed homeward 
 were tedious either to describe or name any of the 
 rivers, islands, or villages of the Tiuitiuas "which 
 dwell on trees. We will leave all those to the gene- 
 rail mappe."(l} 
 
 From these quotations it is evident that Sir Wal- 
 ter Ealegh was occupied on his travels in making 
 a large map. He had prepared it and commenced 
 its execution, though not quite "finished" it, at 
 least not when he wrote the letter to Lord Howard 
 and Sir R. Cecyll, He, however, finished it after- 
 wards, and the British Museum contains the very 
 document in question. Because I believe that the 
 discovery of this document is something new, and 
 because it is a production of such -a. man like Sir 
 Walter Ralegh, and as the best illustration to Sir 
 Walter Ralegh's travels in Guyana of some value, 
 I may be allowed to be on this point as explicit and 
 complete as possible. 
 
 At first I will give a description of the exterior 
 of this interesting paper, and then I will enter into 
 the detail of its contents, compare it with the re- 
 ports of Sir Walter Ralegh, and put it quite toith- 
 out doubt that we have in it nothing else but that 
 very map which Sir Walter Ralegh promised to his 
 'frieads and lords. 
 
 The map in question is contained amongst the 
 rolls of the manuscript department of the British 
 Museum. (2) It is drawn on thick parchment, which 
 
 Iff Hakluyt, I.e. p. 653. 
 
 (1) See Hakluyt, 1. o. p. 658. 
 
 (2J To my great, regret I have lost my note about the 
 catalogue number of the map, and cannot ia this distant 
 country replace it. 
 
56 
 
 IS rather somewliat darkened by age, and more "of 
 less roughly treated, and not without wrinkles. 
 This parchment, or rather the drawing o)( the parch- 
 ment, is about two English feet long and about one 
 and a half feet broad. 
 
 All that is represented on the map — coast and 
 river lines, mountains, names^is drawn with a pen ; 
 and with somewhat faded ink, not very marked, 
 and without any coloring at all. The surface of the 
 sea is covered with short horizontal lines or dots, a 
 kind of shading, which was, about 1600, very 
 usual for marking the surface of the sea. The 
 broad rivers are also shaded with short stripes; the 
 mountains are shaded on the western side; the 
 names of places, rivers, nations, &c. are pretty dis- 
 tinctly written, some with larger, some with smaller 
 letters, none with wry large ones. The Indian vil- 
 lages and " nations"^ have a sign which seems to 
 imitate a group of tents or huts. What is intend- 
 ed to be a Spanish settlement or city is indicated 
 either with three joined little roofed houses with 
 chimneys, or with a group of different buildings, 
 with churches, cupolas, and towers. If the names ; 
 are written in the handwriting of Sir Walter Ra- 
 legh I was unable to decide. If this were the 
 'case, then this map in the British Museum could 
 be proved to be the very map which he made with 
 his hands on his voyage. That the contents of the 
 map and the whole composition itself originated in 
 /tiim, and that our parchment contains at least an 
 '°.xacl copy or tracing from his map, I will prove. 
 
 I must still observe that the map has also, like 
 the original maps of Frobisher and other old navi- 
 gators, no indication of latitude and longitude. 
 Probably Sir Walter Ralegh, who, as we have seen, 
 was very anxious that his map should not fall into 
 other hands, was afraid of putting his astronomical 
 observations down on the map, from fear that his 
 secrets might be divulged. Also, in his long report 
 he mentions onlj' once or twice a latitude, and never 
 a longitude. 
 
 About the history of the parchment I learned 
 nothing more than that it was bought for the Bri- 
 tish Museum of T. W- Turner in the year 1849, 
 
57 
 
 wliieli I thiuk was writtea on the map itself or 
 noted in the catalogue. 
 
 I will now compare the contents and na> .a on 
 the map with those given in Ralegh's report, and 
 show how perfectly both map and report agree. 
 They agree at firet in irsjjtct to the rajions which 
 thcfi comprise. 
 
 The report gives descriptions principalis/ of the 
 Orinoco and Guiana, but notices also the countries 
 to the south "west, and north; Ralegh names dif- 
 ferent-towns, Spanish cities, and Indian nations in 
 New Granada and the present Venezuela, and en- 
 ters sometimes into specialities. He also mentions 
 Quito, and has some, but very vague, remarks on 
 the Amazon river. 
 
 The ?>ioj) has, in the same manner, the whole 
 Orinoco iu the centre of the picture. In New Gra- 
 nada and Venezuela all the cities mentioned by Ra- 
 legh, and even many more are put down. Quito 
 appears on the western margin, and in the south 
 the Amazonas is drawn in a very rough and^ vague 
 manner. 
 
 Entering into the details, I may begin with the 
 Island of Trinidad. Ralegh says, iis I remarked 
 ubove, that he himself surveyed this island particu- 
 larly, and that he made a special chart of it. Our 
 niap bears proofs of this special survey. The island 
 has its true si.uation and configuration, and is het- 
 te.r laid down than anij other part of the country. 
 
 Raleigh often mentions on this island the " Puer- 
 to de los Espaiioles," (the port of the Spaniards^) 
 which, as he says, the Indians call " Conquerabia." 
 On the map we find " Cumquerabia.'' 
 
 Something iiimilai" may be said of the Gulf of 
 Paria, which is very well represented on our map, 
 which Ralegh crossed so often, and in which (Bay 
 of Guanipa) "his vessels were anchoring whilst he 
 was in the interior. The great delta of the Orinoco 
 is in the report depicted thu.s : 
 
 " The great rivci- Orenoque hath nine branches, which 
 fall out on the north side of his owne mainc mouth. On 
 the south side it hath seven other fallings into the sea. 
 So it disembogueth .by sixteen arms in all, between 
 islands and broken ground. But the islands are very 
 'great, many as bigge as tlie Isle of Wight, and bigger. 
 
58 
 
 aud many lesso. * Aud all those (hat inhabit in the 
 mouth of this river upon the severall north-hranehes are 
 the Tiuitiuas. f 
 
 . And again, in describing tlie labyrinth of rivers 
 in tlie Delta, Ptalegh says : ^ ' 
 
 "I know all the earth doeth not yeelde the like con- 
 fluence of streams aud branches, the one crossing the 
 otlier so many times, and all so fair and large, and so j 
 like to another, as no man can tell which to take." J 
 
 The map corresponds with this description per- 
 fectly. It represents one " maine river," and then 
 to the north exactly nine branches- emptying into 
 the sea, and in the interior of the delta a large net 
 work of river-branches, alike fair, alike broad, one 
 crossing the other. The seven branches on the 
 south side are not all given. The Indian nation 
 Tiuitiuas are named in the delta with great letters. 
 We find on it also the names of some of the princi- 
 pal branches, the " Amana," the " Tapuri," etc., 
 jften mentioned in the report. 
 
 About the general direction of the course of the 
 Orinoco Ralegh says : " The river lieth* for the 
 ■ most part east and west, even from the sea unto 
 ' Quito and Peru." So he has it also on his inap, 
 upon which the winding river follows the indicated' 
 direction^ The city of Quito lies at its sources, 
 which all is not so very wrong, if we take the Gu- 
 aviare as the upper Orinoco. : . 
 
 Kalegh went himself up the Orinoco as high as the 
 Caroni, which is called by him " Caroli," and which 
 is indicated on his map, though without the name. 
 Beyond this river, he says, follow the Aruij" "the 
 Caora." We fiud them in this situation on liis map, 
 on which also the couutry " Aromaia," " the great 
 Valley Amario-tapana," the province " Emeria," 
 "the mountains of Wakarima," and different other 
 places are put down to the south of the Orinoco in 
 that position which is ascribed to them in the re- 
 port. 
 
 All these parts of the map from the Island of 
 Trinidad through the Delta as high up as the Caroni 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 644. ;- 
 
 t Hakluyf, 1. c, p. fi44. 
 JHakluyt, 1. c, p. 643. 
 
£9 
 
 may be considered as laid down by Sir Walter Ka- 
 legb from actual survey. All the more western 
 parts of the river-systciu he knew and drew only 
 from the report of the Spaniards and Indians. 
 
 Sir A\" alter Ralegh was a very active, ■ curious, 
 aijJ inquisitive traveller, most desirous of informa- 
 tion. 
 
 " Much knowledge," he says, "I got from conference. 
 Of some one 1 learned one, of others the rest. Having 
 with me aa Indian that speako many languages, I sought 
 out aU the aged men, and such as were greatest travel- 
 lers, and by the one and the other I came to understand | 
 the situations, the rivers, the kingdoms, from the East- 
 sea to the borders of Peru and from Oreooque southward 
 as farre as Amazones."|| 
 
 His principal authority, however, was Antonio 
 de Berreo,§ the Spanish governor of the Orinoco 
 provinces, (Nueva Andalusia,) whom he made a 
 prisoner in the Island of Trinidad, and whom he 
 carried for awhile with him " to gather from him 
 as much of Guiana as he knew."*[f 
 
 This Berreo could know much of the country, for 
 he had travelled through the whole Orinoco basin 
 from west to east. He had been commissioned by 
 the Spanish Government with the conquest of the 
 country, and with its protection against the English 
 expeditions and Sir Walter Ralegh's plans, of which 
 the Spaniards probably had received some informa- 
 tion. With 7U0 horses and 1,000 head of cattle he 
 had set out from Sta Fe de Bogota and the Mountains 
 of. New Granada, along the .river "Cassamar," 
 " whieh falleth into a great river called Pato. Pato 
 falleth into Meta and Meta into Baraguan, which is 
 also called Orenoque." In this manner Berreo 
 arrived at the shores of the sea in the east. 
 
 Berreo was, as Sir Walter Ralegh says, a gentle- 
 man "well descended," " very vah ant and liberall 
 and of great assuredness and heart."** But in the 
 same time he was very " unlearned, not knowing the 
 east from the wei-it," neither was he very curious in 
 things relating to the geographical knowledge of the 
 ccuntry.f j" Nevertheless h e was for many things the 
 
 II Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 639. 
 
 ^ By the Spanish authors called Berrio. 
 
 f Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 633. 
 , ** lb. 1. c, p. 633. ft See Hakluyt, l.'c, p. 639. 
 
60 
 
 only authority which Sir Walter lialegh had, and 
 what he learned from him he laid that down in his 
 report and on his map. 
 
 On this latter we see the river system of the Meta 
 pretty well indicated, with its heads or sources in 
 the vicinity of Sta Fe de Bogota and Tunia. As its 
 principal branched ' are given the "River Pato" j 
 (our present Pauto) and the " Cassamar," (in the , 
 report Cassamar, our present Casanare.) At the 
 junction of the Meta with the Orinoco this latter 
 bears also the name "Baraguan," mentioned in the 
 report. 
 
 Still further up the Orinoco we find on the map 
 as the most western branches the " Guiare," (our 
 present Guaviare,) and another branch, the " Manta." 
 They are likewise mentioned in Ralegh's report. 
 
 Like the different river-branches so we find also 
 all the names of the different Indian nations, which 
 are mentioned in the report, laid down on the map, 
 with the same orthography and in the same situa- 
 tion given to them in the report. 
 
 At last also to his fabulous lake and city of Ma- 
 noa that place is assigned on the map which Ra- 
 legh gives to them in his report, between the Ori- 
 noco and Amazon. " The lake," he says, " is 
 about two hundred leagues long,"* and this length 
 it appears to have on the map. The " imperial 
 city" he describes as exceeding in bigness every! 
 city in the world, and on the map the city appears 
 with numerous towers and cupolas. 
 
 I could still enter more deeply into the detail of 
 the congruity between the report and map, if I did 
 not believe I had done enough to prove what I 
 wished to prove. 
 
 I thought for some time that Sir Walter Ralegh 
 might have found ia the possession of Berreo or. 
 some other Spaniard a Spanish draught of the Ori-[ 
 noco and vicinity, and that he might have used] 
 this for the compositisii of his own map.. But for! 
 this 1 find not the slightest proof or indication in 
 his report. If Ralegh could have got hold of such 
 a map he would no doubt have mentioned it, be- 
 cause, after his manner, he would have considered 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 634. 
 
61 
 
 it ais something very precious and yaluable, and be- 
 cause he mentions in all other instances his autho- 
 rities and informants. 
 
 That lie could have used for liis compilation 
 afterwards a map of the Orinoco in Europe appears 
 also not likely to me, because it does not appear 
 that the first Spanish conquerors and discoverers of 
 the Orinoco, of the early part of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, were very anxious to make such maps. There 
 may have been such maps hidden in the Spanish 
 archives. But it is a very remarkable circumstance 
 that not on a single one of all the numerous Spanish , 
 French, or Italian maps, (manuscript or printed,) 
 of the time before Ralegli,f the Orinoco is laid 
 down as a great river. It is on all of them only 
 indicated at its mouth with the name " Rio Dulea," 
 or " Rio del Drago," or " Rio Uriapari." Its body 
 and course are perfectly left out, whilst on the same 
 maps the Amazon, the Rio Plata, and Magdalena 
 make already a great figure. I cannot quite ac- 
 count for this circumstance, but it is a fact. And 
 Sir Walter Ralegh has decidedly the merit to have 
 for the first time tried to lay down the course and 
 system of that river on a map, entirely after his 
 own observations, after his travelling notes, and 
 after the reports and information collected by his 
 industry. He introduced for saying so this river 
 into geography, and soon after his time we find it 
 on a« the maps. 
 
 For that part of his map, however, which repre- 
 sents the northern coast of South America, Ralegh 
 no doubt copied another map of his time, perhaps 
 a Spanish one. He has given there the names and 
 positions of about fifty Spanish towns and cities, 
 the river Atrato, the river Magdalena, the gulf of 
 Venezuela, the island of Margarita, etc. He could 
 not draw this all after Berreo's report. He does 
 not, however, tell us which map he consulted for 
 these parts. 
 
 From all that I have said it results, as something 
 quite certain — ■ 
 
 1. That Sir Walter Ralegh was sufficiently in- 
 formed about his country and river to draw a man 
 t At least on none of all those -which I have seen. 
 
6S 
 
 2. That he really drew oae. 
 
 3. That the document in the British Museum to 
 which I alluded is in general correspondence with 
 his report. 
 
 4. That the document has, as well in respect to 
 its materials as also in respect to the manner of 
 drawing, handwriting, and orthography, the look of 
 a very old document, of about the time of .1600. 
 
 I admit that, with these results alone, we are still 
 far from the certainty that the document in ques- 
 tion was made by the hand of Sir Walter Ealogh 
 himself, or even that it was an exact copy of his 
 own map, made by a contemporary. But I believe 
 I am still able to prove that the document in ques- 
 tion was, if not drawn by Raleigh's own hand, at 
 least a copy or tracing from his own chart. One 
 may feel inclined at first sight to ask if somebody 
 could not.^ have composed this map after Ea- 
 legh's report, and if the congruity could not 
 be explained in this manner ? A close inspection 
 of the document, however, I believe excludes this 
 supposition. In this respect I ask the attention of 
 the readei-'to the following circumstances : 
 
 1. Ealegh saySj as I have stated above, that he 
 has made a "large" map of the Orinoco and Guya- 
 na. Our document, as I showed, is 2^reUi/ large, 
 (2 feet by IJ.) A compiler or imitator after Ra- 
 legh's reports might have overlooked this, and could 
 ilso have made a small chart. 
 
 2. Ralegh had made, as' I said, a ]}artimlar: 
 survey of the Island of Trinidad, and this island isl 
 on our map the best and most correct part of it. I 
 believe it perfectly impossible that a co npiler or 
 imitator could have given to this island that good 
 and true configuration only after Ralegh's verbal 
 description and withsut having his maps before 
 his eyes. I 
 
 3. In the same manner I believe it not possible 
 that a contemporary student could have drawn the 
 J' main mouth" of the river and its delta so well as 
 it is represented on our map without the use of 
 Ralegh's charts. 
 
 4. Furthermore, I may state that, notwithstand- 
 ing the general accordance of map and report, still 
 
63 
 
 there are some slight differences, irfome names are 
 mentioned in the report which are not given in th(! 
 map, and, vice versa, there are some Indian names 
 on the map which Jo notoccur in. the yepoi-t. A few 
 names are also written otherwise in the map than 
 in the report. It is very probable that au indus- 
 trious, accurate, and pains-taking compiler would 
 have put down the names, and all the names, on 
 the map in the same manner in which he found 
 them in the report. And certainly he could not 
 have added to the map new names which he did 
 not find in the report. On the contrary, it is very 
 natural that Ralegh himself should put down the 
 ''hard" Indian names, about the orthography of 
 which he was not at all sure sometimes differently. 
 And he only, and nobody else, could also add 
 some names to ■ the map which he had omitted in 
 the report. 
 
 5. A compiler from the report would probably 
 also have taken the trouble of adding the latitudes, 
 whilst Ralegh, as I said, had his reasons for leav- 
 ing them out. And they are left out in- our docu- 
 ment. 
 
 All this, I believe, puts it quite out of doubt that 
 we have in our map, if not Ralegh's actual map 
 itself, at luast a true copy of it, made hy one of his 
 contemporaries, and consequently a very interesting 
 document. 
 
 The question if the British Museum possesses 
 the map drawn by Ralegh's own hand and pen 
 could be quite satisfactorily settled only by an able 
 diplomatist and by a close comparison of the hand- 
 writing of the document with Sir Walter R.'s usual 
 handwriting. I am not able to attempt this at 
 present. 
 
 Very soon after Ralegh's return copies of his 
 report, or at least of some contents of it, and also 
 perhaps of his map, became known in Europe. 
 And the geographers set thetnselves at once to work 
 to mate maps of the Orinoco. 
 
 The oldest and most interesting are those pub- 
 lished by Hulsius, Hondius, and in De Bry. Also, 
 the history of these second-hand copies and com- 
 
64 
 
 pilations after Ralegh is very interesting. But 
 we will not enter into a further criticism of them, 
 because our Hakluyt, who does not mention tkem, 
 affords us no oecasion fur it."|" ^ 
 
 Charts of Captains L. Kermis and T. MasTiam. j 
 1696-'97. : 
 
 Sir Walter Ralegh, full of the most extravagant 
 hopes for his enterprise to Guyana, sent out at once, 
 in the following year, to the regions visited by him 
 two other expeditions, one under the command of 
 Capt. Lawrence Keymis, which sailed on the 26th 
 of January, 1596, and another under the command 
 of Capt. Thomas Masham, which sailed on the 14th 
 of October, 1596.. Roth fchese captains surveyed 
 or reconnoitered the coast of Guyana, between the 
 mouth of the Amazon and the Orinoco, a part of 
 South America which Ralegh had not seen at all. 
 Both brought home reports of their voyages, and 
 prohahly also charts. ' Neither of them, however, 
 did add much to the knowledge of the Orinoco, 
 which they did not explore farther and better than 
 Ralegh had done it. The more important of both 
 voyages and reports are those of Keymis. || 
 
 No charts are explicitly mentioned neither in the 
 report of Keymis nor in that of Masham. But in 
 that of Keymis -we find different passage^, which | 
 show us that he inspected veri/ closely different 
 parts of the coast seen by him. " As we passed," 
 he says, "we alwajs_j£ept the shore within view 
 and stopped the floods, still anchoring at night ini 
 three or four fathomes."* lie speaks also repeated- 
 ly of the " pilots" which he took in at the coasts to 
 show him the way.f 
 
 He spent in this way " 23 daysin disGovery upon 
 this coast"! (of Guyana, between the Amazon and 
 Orinoco.) He also gives a long table of names of 
 the rivers, nations, and towns which he discovered 
 
 X I have tried to give the history of these maps "more 
 at large in my general catalogue of American maps. 
 
 II See those reports in Hakluyt, 1. o., p. 672, 697. 
 
 * See Hakluyt, 1. c, page 673. 
 f For instance, page 674. 
 X See Hakluyt, 1. c. -p. 6J6. 
 
65 
 
 on the coast. Among them are difFevenfc river- 
 names, which are still to-day in use, and which by 
 Keymis were for the first time pronounced and in- 
 troduced into geography; for instance, the Wiapoes, 
 the Capurwacka, Oaiane, (Cayenne,) Marawini, 
 Shurinama, (Surinam,) Cusawini, Bcrhice, Det^se- 
 kebe, (Essequebo.) 
 
 From all these si(/iis of an iii(Jiix/n'i'iia research 
 it is very probable that Keymis laid thiti ail aho 
 Jiiirn 0)1 a. map, which he probably presented to Sir 
 M'alter Ealei;h. It is true he nowhere gives" the 
 longitudes and latitudes of the places in his report.' 
 But this is no proof that he did not make observa- 
 tions on the geographical position. He left them 
 perhaps out ■purposely. They and perhaps all his 
 charts may have been amongst " the ptariicular re- 
 ' lation of some certain things, which he had re- 
 ' served, as properly belonging to his chief, Sir 
 ' Walter Ealegh."|| • 
 
 Of Masham's expedition, which was very quick 
 and of which the report is very short, we cannot say 
 much. Neither charts nor surveying ©perations are 
 mentioned, though he makes sometimes a geo- 
 graphical remark, which afterwards was inserted by 
 geographers into their maps. For instance, a re- 
 mark on the river Dessekebe, his seize, and his ruii- 
 ning up into the country " within a daye's journey 
 of the golden lake of Parima." We find on many 
 subsequent maps the river Essekebo, drawn in ac- 
 cordance with this remark, ami Masham's note 
 itself vrritte II io *'<.§ 
 
 It is very probable that charts of Captains Key- 
 mis and Masham or copies of them served Hondius, 
 Hulsius, and De Bry in the construction of their 
 maps of Guiana, for which they took the Orinoco 
 from Ralegh's charts and the Southern seacoast 
 from the charts -of the named Captains. 
 
 We find upon them many names mentioned in 
 Keymis's " table." 
 
 II See Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 6«3. 
 
 'i For instance, on the map of Guyana, in De Bry. 
 
An English Surmy of La Plata river — 1527, 
 1530. >. 
 
 Hakluyt speaks of the voyage of Sebastian Cabot 
 to the river La Plata only very shortly^ because it 
 was a voyage undertaken at the oommencemeut and 
 for the benefit of the Court of Spain, and because it, 
 therefore, was no object for his work on the Voy- 
 ages of the English nation. Partly, however, also 
 this voyage belonged to England, because a few 
 Englishaieu accompanied Cabot. On these only 
 Cabot gives us a most interesting note.^ 
 
 From this note it appears that the well-known** 
 Englishman, M. Robert Thorne, settled as a mer- 'i 
 chant in Seville, " employed in the fleet," which 
 was sent out in 1527, under the command of Seba.s- 
 tian Cabot, from Spain, to Magellan's Strait, 1,400 
 ducats. He " and his partner" gave this sum, prin- ■ 
 oipally for the purpose "that two Englishmen, 
 ' friends of his, which were somewhat learned in 
 ' cosmography, should go in the same ships, to bring 
 ' him certaine relation of the situation of the coun- 
 ' trey, and to be expert in the navigation of thosei 
 ' seas, and there to have information of many other 
 ' things, and advise that he desired to know espe- 
 ' cially." " If they should see," so the note goes 
 on, "that in those quarters are ships and mariners 
 'of that country, and cards, by which they sail, 
 'which might be unlike the charts of the European 
 'nations, they should procure to have the said 
 'cards." 
 
 It is well known that Cabot's expedition of 1527 
 was intended for the South Sea and the Spice 
 islands, but that he did not come so far ; that he 
 was stopped at the river Plata, and remained in the 
 Plata country several years. Perhaps those two 
 English " oosmographers" who were sent out by| 
 the wealthy merchant Thorne, with so special in- 
 structions for collecting and making charts, stayed' 
 there with Cabot, and employed their time by mal- 
 ing at least a chart of the La Plata. I say " per- 
 haps,", for we do not learn any thing more of the 
 
 fate of Jii^se. Eno-lishmen and their chart-makine 
 ^ SeeHakluyt, 1. 0., p. 726. ° 
 
^7 
 
 operations. The " Rutier and particular ^descrip- 
 tion of the river Plata," which Haklnyt nwittiinis 
 in his title of the said short " report of the two 
 Englishmen," page 7-t.i, and which he f/ivm ou 
 page 728 sq., was evidently not made by these two 
 Englishuieu in the year 1527, because it contains 
 allusions to much later events ; for iu.stanoe, to the 
 first planting of Buenos Ayres by Don Pedro do 
 Mendo^a.f-j- 
 
 The history of Cabot's own surveys in the La 
 Plata country, and their influence upon geography 
 and map-making, can make no part of our research ; 
 because Hakluyt omits from the stated reasons the 
 further circumstantial reports on this expedition. ;|:| 
 
 Sir Francis Drake— l&ll, 1580. 
 Hakluyt has not preserved us a copy of the in- 
 structions given to Sir Francis Drake on his re- 
 markable circumnavigation of the globe. But we 
 can guess what they inay have been from the in- 
 structions given to a contemporary of his, to Mas- 
 ter Fenton, who sailed only two years after Drake's 
 return, in the year 1582. Hakluyt gives in cxtensu 
 these " instructions given by the right honorable 
 ' the Lords of the Council to M. Fenton, Esq., for 
 ' the order to be observed in the voyage recom- 
 ' mended to him for the East Indies and Cathay." 
 Amongst these instructions occurs the following re- 
 markable passage relating to chart-making: 
 
 "18. Item: you shall give straight order to restraine, 
 that none shall make any charts or descriptions of the 
 said voyage but such as shall be deputed by you the 
 Generall ; which said charts and descriptions we think 
 meete that you, the Generall, shall take into your hands 
 at your return to this our coast of England, leaving with 
 them no copie, and to present them unto us at your re- 
 turne ; the like to be done, if they find any charts or 
 maps in those countries. "|||| 
 
 ** He is well known from Hakluyt's " Divers Voy- 
 ages," where Hakluyt speaks more of him, and commu- 
 ni'^ates aleo a map of the World, sent out to England by 
 this merchant. 
 
 f f See Hakluyt, 1." c, p. 729. 
 
 tj I speak about it in my General Catalogue. 
 
 IlllSee Hakluyt, 1, c, p. 756. 
 
68 
 
 This, I believe, is the first and oldest inst 
 an official (English) disposition or nautical 
 tion about the making and preserving of 
 which Hakluyt gives us. But it is from d 
 evident reasons very probable that similar a 
 ments and instructions were already given b 
 many other instances. 
 
 We may derive from the quoted article 
 lowing conclusions : 
 
 1. That the English navigators of the 1€ 
 tury were in the hah it of making sea-charts ^ 
 expeditions. 
 
 2. That not only the navigators and comn 
 themselves made such charts, but that the 
 often also other persons on board of their 
 who were so curious and desirous of .geogi 
 instruction that they also tri^d to make char 
 
 3. That this, however, was by law pro 
 'and as much as possible restrained. 
 
 4. That they also then already, as we fin 
 later times often mentioned, looked diligenl 
 charts amongst other nations, and tried to 
 charts and make use of them. 
 
 5. That all the charts made on board the 
 expec^tions or captured on board of foreign 
 were taken care of by the commander, aftei 
 turn delivered to the Lords of the Council, j 
 bably preserved by this office. 
 
 Sir Francis Drake's great expedition roi 
 globe was for saying so of a mixed natui 
 equipped it partly on his own account, parti 
 help of private adventurers. But, notwiths 
 this, he had a commission of the Queen, y 
 therefore, doubt that such strict and detailed 
 tions were given to him by the " Lords of tL 
 oil'.' as to Eenton. But it is to be suppos 
 his private adventurers or he himself /o^foio, 
 lai- rules with respect to charts as those %oh\ 
 put don:n in the instriKtions of Fciiton 
 though in the reports on his voyage no char 
 are given, and not even mentioned, still we 
 convinced that he made, or ordered to b 
 charts ; that he took care of these charts, ai 
 
69 
 
 wards presented them either to the Queen, or to the 
 Council, or to the board of his private adventurers. 
 
 In Hakluyt's report on Drake's voyage we find 
 only a very few scanty allusions to charts which 
 Drake took on board when he sailed, or which he 
 ordered to be made during the voyage, or which he 
 captured from foreigners. 
 
 It is possible that Drake captured a chart already 
 in the first ship, which he took near the island of 
 St. Jago, on the coast of Africa, soon after his de- 
 parture. "We know for certain that he took in it a 
 Portuguese pilot, Nuiio da Silva.* He was the only 
 prisoner whom Drake "retained," and who was 
 forced to acGompany him on his voyage through Bla- 
 gellan's Strait as far as Mexico, i'tis Nuno da Sil- 
 va appears to have been an able pilot, and to have 
 assisted Drake in his navigation with his experience 
 and advice, and helped him perhaps also in the con- 
 struction of the charts. He wrote afterwards a re- 
 port of Drake's voyage ' " for the Viceroy of New 
 Spain."t 
 
 When Drake had passed Magellan's Strait and 
 sailed northward along the coasts of South America, 
 we find in our report the following remarks : 
 
 " We supposed the coast of Chile, .is the geuerall maps 
 have described it, namely, northwest ; which we found 
 to lie and trend to the northeast and eastwards, whereby 
 it appears that this part of Chile hath not bene truely 
 hitherto discovered, or at the least not truely reported 
 for the space of twelve degrees at the least, being set 
 down either of purpose to deceive or of ignorant conjec- 
 ture."^ 
 
 From this passage we may conclude that Drake 
 had maps on board, which he compared with what 
 he had before his eyes. It were probably maps of 
 Jiercator or of Ortelius, which have, like all the 
 others of the time, the coast of Patagonia and Chili 
 running in the indicated erroneous manner. We 
 may also conclude, from the said passage, that Drake 
 made a better and more correct sketch of that part 
 
 * Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 732. 
 
 •[• Wee this report. ITakluyt, 1. c. p. 742, sq. 
 
 % Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 1?. I. 
 
70 
 
 of tlie coast. The good maps, which were 
 ttiade after his return, liave the coaf5t laid dow: 
 as he describes it. 
 
 In the South Sea itself Drake took diff< 
 Spanish vessels with rich cargoes, and very 
 bably also with Spanish maps and sea-charts. 
 one instance these sea-charts are exj)licAtly tneh 
 cd. . The pilot Nuiio da Silva relates it in hi 
 port. Drake took, Silva says, on the 13th of M 
 on the coast of Central America, before _he pi 
 into the harbor of Guatulco, a Spanish frigate, vi 
 was laden with sarsaparilla, pots with butter 
 honey, aiid other victuals. On board of this fr 
 was found a Spanish saihr, who meant to j 
 Panama and fro ill there to China ; and who ' 
 about him letters and patents, among the w 
 were the letters of the King of Spaine, sent tc 
 Grovernment of the Philippinas ; as also thi. 
 cards, wherewith they should make their vo 
 and direct themselves in their course. || 
 
 These Spanish sea charts may have been 
 valuable to Drake. They may have comprised 
 whole South Sea and its shores, so far as know 
 the Span^Jtajm Mexico aad Peru. The cir 
 stance seW^^Bte remarkable to Plakluyt, an 
 makes onai^Riafgin oyiis work the annota 
 ■' Sea charts of the Sou^Kca taken." 
 
 After leaving the harbor of Guatulco, Drake 
 his men " espied a shippe and tooke her and f 
 in her two ■pilots and a Spanish Governour c 
 for the islands of the Philippinas. "§ It is 
 than probable that this Spanish' Governor h;i.d 
 maps and charts with him and that Drake 
 them. 
 
 Whim Drake and his men arrived on the co: 
 "Nova Albion" (Northern California) we fine 
 following remark : " It seemeth that the Span 
 had never bene in this pa,rt of the country, ne 
 did ever discover the land by many degrees t( 
 southward of this place." Drake and his men 
 to this conclusion probably by looking at their i 
 
 IIHakluyt, 1. c. p.;747. 
 
 f Hakluyt, 1. c. p. 736. 
 
71 
 
 isli charts. Is it likely that they, being iiwarc or 
 believing that they liad discovered a perfectly new 
 until then unknown coast, should not try to 
 ,^ it down on a chart ? 
 
 From all this we may with some certainty con- 
 clude that Drake hrouijlit Jionie a rirli harvest ul 
 rJiarh, iSpunitiJt (vs loell as of his own. moki:. 
 Though it seems that all these charts and maps of 
 Drake have disappeared for us, still it is very pro- 
 bable that some of the contemporary geographers 
 saw and used them for improving their own oliarto- 
 graphical compositions. Soon after Drake's return, 
 and evidently with the help of Drake's reports, 
 (and charts ?) Hondius made (1589) a map of the 
 world, on which he laid down Drake's track. We 
 see on it also added a little plan of " Drake's Har- 
 bour,'" (^near San Francisco.) Perhaps this plan of 
 Hondius was after an original survey of Drake him- 
 self. 
 
 A few years later (1592) the celebrated geogra- 
 pher, Molineaux, composed his still much more 
 valuable maps : 1st, that often by us quoted globe 
 in the Middle Temple, in London; and, 2d, that 
 plain map of the world, after Mercator's projection, 
 of which Hakluyt speaks in the preface of his first 
 volume. On both these works Molineux evidently 
 made use of Drake's discoveries, reports, (and 
 "maps ?) He puts down on them the_ southern end 
 of America, (Cape Horn,) and the group of islands , 
 and the open water to the south, which Drake dis- 
 covered there, when he was coming out from Ma- 
 gellan's Strait, driven back by a storm, to 57° S. 
 L., and much to the cast.^[ Molineux has also in- 
 troduced in his maps the better indication of the 
 trending of the coast of Chile as given by Drake. He 
 gives on his globe the track of Drake, and, further, 
 the coast.s of New Albion, (or Northern California,) 
 discovered by him lolth certaintij as high as 48° N. 
 L., and a.fier his coiijeclure with dotted lines as high 
 as about 55° N. L. 
 
 I mention all this, however, only briefly, and 
 cannot enter here more deeply into fhe criticism of 
 
 Tf Also, lionduis has these things already on his map. 
 
these maps u/ttr Drake, because tlaey belons 
 in a certain degree to our subject.** I ad^ 
 still the remark that the map which accom 
 the well-known work, " The World Encompi 
 by Sir Fr. Drake. London.: 1628," has evi 
 little to do with Drake's own original charts. 
 
 Charts of M. Thomas Candish.— 1586- 
 
 Thomas Caudisb, in his celebrated circumn 
 tion of the globe, followed the footsteps of ] 
 His voyage is nearly in every respect similar 1 
 of Drake with respect to the general plan and 
 tion of it, as also with respect to the route fol 
 and even with respect to the events on the V' 
 Candish sailed, like Drake, through Mag: 
 Strait; from there along the coasts of Sout 
 Central America to California, where he, ho' 
 did not go up north as far as Drake, and from 
 to the Philippinas and the coast of China, and 
 to England round the Cape of Good Hope. I 
 his voyage he captured diflFerent prizes, and an 
 them the great Spanish royal vessel, the S. 
 laden with the treasures of the East, and affi 
 to him prohahly, also, Spanish maps of the 
 Sea. 
 
 We may, therefore, appl^ the same xi 
 which we made on Drake's expedition also 1 
 of Candish. It is probable that he made h 
 new charts, and also that he brought home S 
 charts. 
 
 Candish, after his return, reported abo 
 voyage to Lord Hunsdon, " one of her Ma; 
 most honourable Privy Councell,"'j"t- and v 
 conclude from this that he had also instn 
 from this Privy Council ; and among theiu si 
 article about chart-making and ohart-preserv 
 the Lords of the Privy Council gave in th 
 1582 to Eenton.|| 
 
 Caudisli had also with him a very able pile 
 Thomas Fuller', who was master in the Desire 
 
 ** I do this in my general catalogue of Americai 
 and charts. 
 
 tt.Sce HaMuyt, 1. c, p. 837. 
 
 IJSee above, in our notes on Drake's charts. 
 
73 
 
 of Ciindisli's ships. Of this Fuller we have in 
 _Hakluyt a long series of " corl-aine rave and specinl 
 notes" oil " the heights of certain places'' on the 
 eoasts of Brazil, Chile, Peru, &c. ; on the " sound- 
 iuus" on these coasts, the trending of the shores, 
 and other nautical objects. |||| Fuller's notes coi;itain 
 a series of the most complete sailing directions, 
 given in Hakluyt. He must have been a very good 
 astronomical observer and an industrious man. Per- 
 haps he ii-dn also the prinrij^ul chart-maker of the 
 t.ipiditiiin. 
 
 We are further informed by Hakluyt that Can- 
 dish " hrovijht home a large map of China." Hak- 
 luyt communicated to us ciSrtain notes, taken out of 
 this map.§§ If Candish took a special care of this 
 Chinese map, which ('.-; mentioned, it is very proba- 
 ble that he took also care of the other Spanish 
 charts, whicliihe probably captured, iliough they are 
 not mentioned. 
 
 We can, however, say nothing more about the 
 fate and further history, of Candish's maps. Upon 
 the whole his discoveries were not so novel, and did 
 not extend so far north and south as those of Dralie. 
 Hondius and Molineux may, however, have used 
 them also in the construction of their maps of Ame- 
 riua and of the world, to which I alluded above. 
 
 nil See Haklayt, 1. c, p. 825, sq. 
 
 II See Hakluyt, 1. c, p. 837.