CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Vi> &?&& The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31 92402881 2935 Uj ^Zj? HISTORY -OF THE- mi TOWN i OF i CANDIA. ROCKINGHAM COUNTY, N. H, f Prom Its First Settlement to the Present Time. -BY- J. BAILEY MOORE. ■^•Safr^r*"^- MANCHESTER, N. H. : GEORGE W. BROWNE, PUBLISHER. l8 93 . ' '"^i^r, v ■■■'H-l\ti]iiiy ■'■■■■ AUTHOR'S UNFINISHED PREFACE. ' "Previous to about the year 1824 very little had been done in sthe way of preparing or publishing histories of the towns in New Hampshire. A small volume containing a sketch of the fiistory of Concord was published that year by Jacob B. Moore, a journalist of that town, and whose mother was a na- tive of Candia. _ "Charles Bell, a brother of Judge Samuel D. Bell, wrote a sketch of the histoty of old Chester, which was ■printed in Moore and Farmer's Historical Collection. Jn 1846, Thomas B. Fox of Nashua published a small volume, ■ the farm and attended school in District No. 2, until he was fifteen, when he- walked to Lowell, a distance of 30 miles, and found employment in the family of John Avery, the agent of the Hamilton mills. While there he attended -the- grammar school on Middlesex street, taught by Joshua Merrill, being soon, chosen as monitor and selected to hear classes recite. After remaining two- years in Lowell, he attended Pembroke Academy one term, and then went to* Boston, where he lived for two years, after which he went to Lynn, "Mass. Nearly three years later he returned to Boston,, where he w as employed in a shoe store six years. While in Boston he gave considerable attention to the- study of art and attended several courses of lectures on physical science, litera- ture, mental and moral philosophy,, which were delivered by some of the most .eminent scholars in Europe and America, among whom were Agassiz, Lyie,,. the great geologist of London, Prof. Silliman oft Yale college and many others.. During this time he was making a careful study of the various religious systems,, including Catholicism, Protestantism, the ideas of Swedenborg, the Transcen- dentalists and the philosophy of Free Religion, with the view of solving the- great truths relating to the beautiful world as it appeared to him. In his studv he sought the acquaintance of the leading thiirkers of the day, such, men as. Theodore Parker, Ralph Waldo Emerson and A. Bronson Alcott, fcra the pur- pose of obtaining more light and instruction.- He also enjoyed the pane privi- lege of listening to Webster's and Choate's oratory at the bar and upon the- rostrum at Fanuel Hall on many momentous occasions. Upon leaving Boston, he took up his residence in Manchester, and in the course of tws years he de— livered numerous lectures upon subjects relating to the philosophy of nature,. after which he became connected with the press. When Abraham. Lincolm made a great speech in Manchester in March, i860, he was present and made an, extended report, which was published in daily newspapers of tire city. In Nov- ember he voted for Stephen A. Douglas, the Democratic candidate for Presi- dent, but when it became known that Mr. Lincoln had beem feirly elected, anrft. vi HISTORY OF CANDIA. VU the Souih Had seceded from the Union, he wrote a long article calling upon the citizens of all; parties to rally to the support of the government. It was a time of great peril and excitement, and many leadirrg^politicians could not rise above partisan prejudices and resentments to perform their duty. Shortly afteiwards he became associate editor of the Daily American, a Republican journal, and held that position three years, while the editor and proprietor was serving as a Major in the Federal army at the front. He was local editor of the Union three years and a reporter for the Daily Mirror about one year. He was the regular ^correspondent of the Boston Journal seven years, the Boston Herald six years, and a contributor to the Post of Boston and the Concord People and Patriot several years. He also wrote a series of articles for the Candia Banner entitled "Reminiscences of By-gone Days," under, the signature of Scribbler. Various addresses, pamphlets and .documents of his have been published, among which were The Anonymous Letters Examined and Considered, New Hampshire at the Centennial at Philadelphia in 1876, and a paper of 26 octavo pages entitled A Description of the Art Exhibition at Philadelphia. The two, latter d6cuments were published by the state. He r^ever belonged to any society, social or religious, except a debating club, ever disclaiming all preten- sion to pompous titles and rites and ceremonies pro/claimed from the house-top. He never held an office or sought for one, but fervently believed that a man is .not necessarily any better or more deserving of honor for being very wealthy or . for holding an office of any sort. < Mr. Moore was a man of versatile gifts and deserving of higher recognition than the preceding modest paragraphs drafted by himself. He was more than a newspaper correspondent or the writer of an occasional pamphlet, He.was an acute logician, with a, ready command of language and an incisive wit few could match. He was a philosopher with the imagery of a poet; and he realized and appreciated life in its many phases, as prompt' to say a word in defense of the ,. unfortunate as he was to utter one of his scathing rebukes when occasion seemed to call for it. A devotee of art, he was an artist of acknowledged talent, and did in crayon and oil several meritorious works, including lifesize portraits of Abraham Lincoln, Gen. Stark and Gen. Grant. A close student of human nature and a worshipper of the. beautiful in the handiwork of the Creator, with a brain fitted to receive impressions swiftly and faithfully and a most remarkable memory able to retain what he saw and heard and conceived, he was a person of healthful ideas and a cheerful, generous heart. With his varied talents he was extremely modest and unassuming, ignoring the opportunities which came to him for poli- tical preferment, choosing the humbler walks of life, though living in a mental world many have not attained. Never marrying he lived with his mother for a long period, making pleasant with a sincere devotion her declining life. More recently he had made his home with Mrs. Elizabeth A. Kimball of Manchester, who was an old acquaintance^ the family, and who kindly administered to him in his last illness. Perhaps in no work he had undertaken did he have the pride and interest which he had manifested in this history of his native town. It was the great, absorbing work upon his mind through the last few years of his life, and there is no doubt that the care and anxiety it incurred tendered to hasten him on toward that end so near and so inevitable. He had been troubled witli an affec- Vlll HISTORY OF CANDIA. tion of the heart at intervals for some time and a severe cold taken while attend- ing the funeral of his cousin, Mrs. Sarah York, on Sunday, April 30, 1893, was followed by prostration from which he never rallied, and gradually his strength and consciousness faded away, until at the setting of the sun on Thursday, May 11, in his 78th year, he passed from life into memory. Prayers were held at the house on the following Sunday, and later in the day funeral services were held at the Congregational church in Candia, after which his remains were borne to rest beside those of his parents in the old family lot. G. W. B. CONTENTS. Pages. CHAPTER I. SETTLEMENTS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. Capt. Mason's Grant— Sir Henry Roswell's Grant— John Wheelwright's Deed o ly CHAPTER II. THE BOUNDARIES. New York Controversy — Secession Movement in New Hampshire— The Northern Boundary 22 CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENT OF CHESTER. S low Growth of Settlements — First towns settled — Survey of Chester ... 25 CHAPTER IV. ' SETTLEMENT OF CANDIA. Wirst Settlers — Signers of Petition to Gov. Wentworth — Act of I n corporation 2(» CHAPTER V. TOPOGRAPHY. Situation of Candia— Geology — Elevations— Mill-streams — .Ponds — Villages — Hamlets and Neighborhoods — Fauna — Flora . . .* 34 CHAPTER VI. CIVIL HISTORY. First Town-meeting — Deer Inspectors — Haywards — Hogreeves — Fence Viewers — Ty thing Men — Other Town-meetings — Parsonage and School Lots — Officers elected at Town-meeting in 1764 4& CHAPTER VII. PRIVATIONS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS. tog Cabins — Cutting away the Forests — Building Fences 52 CHAPTER VIII. HIRING AND SETTLING MINISTERS. ""'The Standing Order of the State" — Candia's First Minister — Mr. Jewett's Troubles 54 CHAPTER IX. THE FIRST MEETING HOUSE AND PARSONAGE. "Work upon the Church — Description of the House — Extracts from the Ac- count of Cost — 'The parsonage, etc. — The Province Divided into Counties.* 57 CHAPTER X. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. Causes which led to it — Battles of Lexington and Concord — Battle of Bun- ker Hill — Names of the Candia Men who were Engaged in it — Candia Soldiers at Cambridge in 1775 — Association Tests 65 he HISTORY OF CANDIA. CHAPTER XI. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— (CONTINUED.) Letters to Co 1. Emerson from Col. Webster — Battle gf Bennington . 75 CHAPTER XII. WAR OK THE REVOLUTION — (CONTINUED.) Prices Fixed by the Regulation Act upon "Articles of Life" — Diary Kept by Lieut. Fitts — Battles of Stillwater and Saratoga — -Efforts made toward Raising Quota of Men — Lieut. Dearborn's Death while trying to Save a Soldier — Letters from Capt. Dusten to his Wife . 8t> CHAPTER XIII. WAR OF THE REVOLUTION — (CONCLUDED.) List of Candia Soldiers — Heroic Efforts to Support the Cause of Liberty — Peace Declared CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS. Ratification of United States Constitution — List of the Taxpayers in Candia in 1778 ' ioe CHAPTER XV. CEMETERIES AND THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD. The First Cemetery — North Ro id Cemetery — Cemetery on the New Bos- ton Road — Reynolds' Cemetery — Cemetery at East Candia— First Vil- lage Cemetery — Cemetery at the Island — New Village Cemetery — Cemetery at the Corner — Burial of the Dead — Custom of Wearing Mourning ' CHAPTER XVI. FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE WAR OF 1S12. Secret Political Societies — Constitution of Washington Benevolent Society —By-Laws — Admission of Members — Meetings— Business — Names of Members — Warofi8i2 — Drafted Men from Candia . . . iij CHAPTER XVII. SCHOOLS. First School in Candia — Names of Teachers from 1780 to 18 do — First School Districts — Names of Teachers 60 to 70 Years ago — First School Books — State Literary Fund — High Schools I2a> CHAPTER XVIII. HISTORY OF THE MILITIA. The Old Seventeenth Regiment— The Uniformed and Ununiformed Com- panies—Field Officers— Artillery— Cavalry— Lower Infantry Company — May Training— -Lane Rifles — Musters in Candia ." 13a, CHAPTER XIX. MISCELLANEOUS. Chester Turnpike — The Currency — Tax List of 1800 .... • . . . jj^ CHAPTER XX. WAR OF THE REBELLION. Names of the Candia Soldiers in the War — Action of the Town in Support of the Union— Names of Drafted Men— War Debt of Candia 16& HISTORY OF CANDIA. XI CHAPTER XXI. RELIGIOUS HISTORY — (CONTINUED.) Congregational Society and Organization of the First Church — Biographical Sketches of the Congregational Ministers— Burning of the Meeting. House — The New House — The Old Granary — Dedication— Revivals — Names of the Pew Owners in the New Congregational Church— Deacons — Funds of the Society— Sale of the Parsonage Lot — New Parsonage 183 CHAPTER XXII. FREE WILL BAPTIST AND OTHER SOCIETIES. First Persons in Candia to Accept the "New Doctrine" — Union Baptist Society — First Free Will Baptist Meeting House — Names of the Pastors of the Church — Funds— The Parsonages-Baptisms — Methodist Society — Names of the Pastors — The Universalists — Meetings of the Rockingham Association — Spiritualists — Adventists — South Road Free Will Baptist Society— The Catholics . 215 CHAPTER XXIII, 1 MISCELLANEOUS. Eree Masonary in Candia — Odd Fellowship — Daughters of Rebekah — Grand Army of the Republic — Taverns — Libraries — Candia Literary Society — Stages — Candia Mutual Fire Insurance Company — Tax- payers in 1&10 — Fires — The Railroad . 229 CHAPTER XXIV. INDUSTRIES. History. of the Mills in Town— Farming — Domestic Manufactures — Coop- ering — Shoe-making — Silk Culture — Wood and Timber — Carriages. Sleighs, etc. — Tanners — Blacksmiths — Carpenters — Nail Factory — Hat Manufactory — Saddlers and Harness Makers — Picking and Selling Blue-berries — Catching Pigeons 249 CHAPTER XXV. STORES, POST OFFICES, ETC. History of the Stores Located in Different Parts of the Town — Post Offices — Post-Masters — Surplus Revenue — Justices of the Peace — Additional Notes Pertaining to the Roads — The Census — Law Suits 282 CHAPTER XXVI. -DEATHS BY SUICIDE, ACCIDENT AND UNDER PECULIAR CIRCUMSTANCES, AND , MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. Tax-Payers in 1820 — Imprisonment for Debt — Remarkable Case of Som- nambulism — Professional History of Candia — Yankee Dialect — Halls — Pauperism — Tax Payers in 1830— -The Pound — Whipping Post — Wed- dings — Arrest and Trial of Edmund R. Ingalls for Alleged Embezzlement and other Items ' . ... 303 CHAPTER XXVII. HISTORY OF MUSIC. Sacred Music — Names of the Male Members of the Congregational Society Choir from 1770 to 1892 — Names of some of the Female Singers in the Congregational Choir from 1770 to 1892 — Names of some of the Leaders — Choirs at the Free- Will Baptist— 7 Names of some of the Leaders and Principal Singers at the Free-Will Baptist Church — Choir of the Method- ist Society — Bands — Teachers of Music — First Melodeon; and Pianos' . . 372 XH HISTORY OF CANDIA. CHAPTER XXVIII. PHYSICIANS. Biographical Sketches of Candia Physicians — Epidemics — Varying Methods of Practice 38i CHAPTER XXIX. I THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY AND OTHER MATTERS. Newspapers— Town Fairs — Longevity — Names of those who have lived to 70 years or more — Snakes — Tramps — Phrenology — Celebrations — May Day — Decoration Day — Marking Soldiers' Graves— Enlarging, the Old Cemetery — The Soldiers' Monument — Reception of Gov. Smyth — Time- Pieces— Witch-Craft— The Indians— Electric Telegraph— Telephone- Liberty Poles— Secret Ballot — Asa Fitts's Academy — Debating Clubs — ' Spelling Schools— School Examinations— Old Houses— A Quartet of Lambs — Five Stages of Farming — The Lost Steers— Anecdotes — Camp Meetings— Lake Massabesic — Wells — The Inventory for April 1, 1891 — Fashions — Amusements — Sewing Circles-^Tea Parties — The Mowing Machines and other Improvements— Shows — Potato Rot — Colorado Bug etc. — Other Anecdotes — Climbing the Lightning Rod — Encounter with the Devil — Amendments to the Constitution — Political Parties — Pensions to Soldiers — An Aged Colored Woman . 391 CHAPTER XXX. RELIGIOUS HISTORY CONCLUDED. Progressive Orthodoxy — Foreign Missions-^Officers of the Union Baptist Church . . '. 4 6 i- CHAPTER XXXI. TOWN OFFICERS. Representatives to the Provincial Congress at Exeter — Under the New Constitution — Moderators — Selectmen — Town Clerks — Town Treasurers — Collectors — Super. ntendents of Schools — Deputy Sheriffs — Remarks about Town Meetings 472 CHAPTER XXXII. HOMESTEADS AND THEIR OWNERS. Names of the Owners of Residences Throughout the Town from the Time the Town was Settled to the Present Date 479. CHAPTER XXXIII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Nathaniel Emerson — John Sargeant — Cyrus Sargeant — Abraham Emerson John D. Emerson — Francis Patten — John T. Moore — John Moore — Family of Ephraim Eaton — Stephen Smyth— Frederick Smyth — Joseph P. Dudley — Samuel Dudley — Woodbury | Dudley — Francis B. Eaton — Joseph C. Langford — John Brown- -Samuel Morrill— Charles F. Morrili —James H. Fitts — Samuel C. Heane — Aaron G. Whittier — Andrew J. Edgerley— Jacob S. Holt— Frank P. Brown— Coffin M. French— Thomas Lang, Jr. — J. Lane Fitts — George Hall — Philip A. Butler — Albert Pal- mer I Sam Walter Foss — Caleb Cushing Sargent — J. Rowland Batchelder. CHAPTER XXXIV. ADDITIONAL ITEMS. Candia as a Summer Resort — Patrons of Husbandry — Changes in Popu- lation 522 ILLUSTRATIONS. J. Bailey Moore . ... Frontispiece Big Boulder . Opposite page 17 Abraham Emerson . 33 John D. Emerson „ . . . . . . , 49 John Brown . '. . . 65 Samuel Dudley . . 81 Francis Patten . . ■ 97 Stephen Smyth . . . 113 Dorothy Smyth . . 113 John Moore 129 Mary Moore ,' . . . 129 Coffin M. French 145 James H. Fitts 161 Joseph C. Langford 177 Congregational Church •. . . . . ... 183 Old Congregational Church 199 Free Baptist Church • 215 Methodist Church 223 Henry M. Eaton 241 •George Hall , 257 Samuel Morrill 273 Mianda Morrill 273 Charles F. Morrill 289 Philip A. Butler 305 Aaron G. Whittier . . 321 John T. Moore 337 J. Lane Fitts 353 Thomas Lang, Jr 369 Andrew J. Edgerly ... ... 385 Frank P. Brown ... 401 Joseph P. Dudley 417 Residence of W. J. Dudley 425 Woodbury J. Dudley 433 Jacob S. Holt . . 449 Map , 479 Cyrus Sargeant ... . ...... 497 Frederick Smyth ... . 503 Emma Lane Smyth 503 Francis B. Eaton 509 Samuel C. Beane 513 Albert Palmer 519 Sam Walter Foss 520 xiii ERRATA. Had Che author lived to complete his task he would have corrected many- errors which unavoidably find way into u work of this nature and for which the kind indulgence of the reader must now be claimed. Page 18— Line 5 of the note at the bottom of the p ige the word "equally" should be omitted. 23 — Line is from the top for "charter'' read charters. 34 — Line seven from the bottom lor "shell contracted" read shell be- came contracted. 38 — Line 17 from the bottom, supply was before the word ''stranded." I 69 — Line 18 from the bottom read 1775 instead of "1776." 72 — Line 19 read 1775 instead of "1776." 86 — Line 14 from the top for "1776' read 1777 ; and line 8 for "has" read have. 102 — Line 20 from the bottom for "candidate'' read delegate. 106 — Line 9 from the top for "glazed' 1 read gray. 116 — Line 3 from the bottom lor "preamble" read constitution and by- laws, etc. > 141 — Line 14 from the bottom for "officers" read captains. 156 — Line 20 from the top for "Justice Morgan" read Justin Morgan. 160 — Line 8 from the bottom for '$27.00" read $2700. 193 — Line 19 from the top, for "Rev. Lauren Aiusby" read Rev. Lauren Armsby. 321 — Line 12 from the bottom, after the word "preacher" add Rev. Mr. Berry. 222 — Line 9 from the bottom, for "administrated' 5 read administered. 255 — Line 11 from the top, for "had to cut" read had to be cut. 357 — .Line 4 from the top, for "cast steel" read Castile. S71— Line 9 from the bottom, ior "Elijah Morrison" read ' Elbridge Morrison. 275 — Line 9 from the bottom, insert the word church after Free Baptist. 389 — Line 10 from the top, for "his" read their. 392 — Line 12 from the bottom, for "Nathaniel" read Nathan. 401 — Last line, omit "Dr." before Joseph Foster. 403 — Line 19 from top, supply "Mrs." before Reuben Fitts. 439 — Line 12 from the bottom, for "was" read were. 400 — Under date 1808, for "David Beane" read Mrs. David Beane; 1812, for "Jethro Hill, 70," read Jonathan Hills, 90. 401 — Under date of 1838, for "80" read 84 as the age of Mrs. John Sargeant; 1835, for "80" read 84, as the age of Moses Buswell. 402 — Under date of 1841, as the age of Mrs. Samuel Worthen, for "74" read 76 ; 1842, as the age of Mrs. Samuel Colcord, for "80" read 84 ; 1845, as the age of Mrs. Amos Knowles, for "80" read 86 ; 1848, as the age of Nathaniel Emerson, for "70" read 76. 403 — Under date of 1849, as the age of Benjamin Smith, 2d, for "78" read 81 ; 1854, as the age of Mrs. Silas Cammett, for "67" read 99 years and 6 months ; as the age of Mrs. Reuben Fitts, for "76" read 85 ; 1857, as the age of Mrs. Jonathan Martin, for "70" read 79. 404 — Under date of 1859, as the age of Mrs. Josiah French, for "76" read 70 ; 1862, as the age of John Dolber, for "82" read 89 ; 1867, as the age of Mrs. John Prescott, for "93" read 73 ; 1868, as the age of Mary Dudley, for "79" read 85. 406 — Under the date of 1878, as the age of John Clay, for "78" read 81; as the age of Mrs. Silden Moore, for "77" read 71 ; as the age of Benjamin Sawyer, for "71" read 77; 1881, for "Mrs. Young" read Mrs. Lucy Young, xiv ADDENDA. AGED PERSONS. The following are the names of persons who have died in the town above seventy years of age, in addition to those given in Chapter XIX : 1803, Dorothy, wife of Thomas Worthen ; 1812, Jonathan Hills, 90 ; 1816, Joshua Moore, 73 ; 1818, Dea. John Hills, 80; 1822, Mrs. Caleb Hall, 77 ; 1823, Samuel Adams, 74 ; 1828, William Wilson, 84 ; 1832, Sarah, wife of Col. Thomas Wilson, 77 5 1833, Mrs. James Eaton, 98 ; 1834, Benjamin Hubbard, Sr., 88; Joseph Pillsbury, 92 ; 1835, Stephen Clay, 71; 1836, Mrs. John Cammet, 83, Dorothy Fitts, 73; 1841, Thomas Anderson, 2d, 79 ; 1842, Thomas Patten, 2d, 85, Mrs. Nathan Thorn 82 ; 1843, Mrs - Timothy M. Pearsons, 85 ; 1846, Mrs. Ephraim Abbott, 93 ; 1847, Edward Prescott, 77 ; 1848, Mrs. Joseph Abbott, 70 ; 1850, Samuel A. Anderson, 78 ; 1851, FJisha Huntoon, 80, Nathan Thorn, 91 ; 1852, Henry Clark, 2d., 74, Robert Patten, 76 ; 1854, Mrs. Thomas Anderson, 2d, ■79 ; 1858, Mary, wife of Samuel Anderson, 71 ; 1862, Josiah French, 76 ; 1865, Mrs. Lewis Worthen, 75 ; 1867, Mrs. Eben Eaton, 72 ; 1868, Mrs. Theophilus Currier, 90, Eliza, wife of Moses Emerson, 2d, 77 ; 1869, Mrs. Jesse Eaton, 82 ; 1871, -Sally Adams, 87, Mrs. Joseph Palmer, 73 ; 1872, Mrs. Asbury Buzzell, 70, Miss Nancy Brown, 81, Mrs. Jeremiah Barker, 78, Ann, wife of John C. Fifield, 88, Eliza, wife of Francis Watson, 71, Lewis Worthen, 82, Peter Neal, 79 ; 1873, Charles Smith, 79 ; 1874, Mrs. Josiah Fitts, 83, Polly, wife of Thomas Hobbs, 79 ; 1875, Mrs. Moses Critchett, 77, John P^ Smith, 84 ; 1876, John Fitts, 82, Jeremiah Lane, 77, Lew Barker, 75 ; 1877, Mrs. Ephraim Davis, 70 ; 1878, John Clay, 3d, 81, Joshua Fitts, 78 ; 1879, Willis Patten, 86, Rufus Patten, 7i, John Page, 75 ; 1875, William Anderson, 89, Miss Jane, daughter of Samuel Anderson, 80 ; 1880, Nathaniel B. Hall, 75- So far as it appears by the records no person who has died n town had reached the age of one hundred years. xv XVI HISTORY OF CANDIA. ADDITIONAL NAMES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS, In summing up the names of the Revolutionary soldiers of Candia on pages 95, 96 and 97 the following were accidentally- omitted. Moses Norris, Jonathan Clifford, Jonathan Ring, John- Sargeant,. Stephen Palmer, Daniel Whittier, Ichabod ,Robie, Benjamin Smith, James Libbey, Joseph Pillsbury, Amos. Knowles and Benjamin Wadleigh. OTHER STORES. John Moore, Esq., and Daniel Taylor, his brother-in-law,, established a store at the village about the year 1822, in the east end of the Dudley tenement block near the saw mill. Ir» 1824, they were succeeded by William Turner, who traded about three years there. In 1825, Samuel Dudley establishes a store in connection. with his shoe business in a building on the spot where his son,. Woodbury J., has traded many years. In 1844, Nehemiah Colby opened a store in a building which stood on the east side of the main street near the residence of the late Benjamin Taylor. In 1856, a union store was started by a number of citizens in the building on the west side of the street and recently owned and occupied by the late J. Rowland Batchelder, and which is now utilized as a shoe shop by Nelson Plumer. The stock of the union store was finally bought by W. Sanborn, who had been its agent, and who traded on his own account until 1857, when he commenced to trade in the building on the east side now owned by George E. Kimball. He traded there for ten years, and then sold out to A. A. Whittredge. In 1885, Geo. E. Mitchell bought the stock and traded until 1889, when he sold to Mr. Kimball who opened a meat market. In 1879, Cyrus T. Lane opened a grocery store in the build- ing which stands near the corner of Main street and the road which leads to the lower saw mill. Nearly twenty years ago J. Meader Young opened a watch and jewelry store in the building near the bridge on the east side of the main street. Mr. Young left town in 1886. VIEW FROM HIGH STREET LOOKING NORTHEAST. GREAT BOULDER. Sketch, page 38. HISTOKY OF CANDIA. CHAPTER I. SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Christopher Columbus discovered the island of San Salva- dqr, one of the Bahama group, October 12, 1492; but he, did not come within sight of the American continent until 14981 during his third voyage from Spain. John Cabot, of England, and his son, Sebastian Cabot, discovered the American 1 continent 'at Labrador,- June 24, 1497, fourteen months before Columbus reached the main land. * In 1605, more than one hundred years after the first Eu- ropean., adventurers visited the new world, Martin Pring, an Englishman, sailed up the Piscataqua river and landed at Odiorne's Point in Rye and was thus the first white man to tread the soil.of New Hampshire. In 1620, King James I., of England, granted to an associ_ ation composed of dukes, «arls and other prominent gen_ tlemen of England all, the, territory in North America lying between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north lati- tude. This association was called ''The Council at Ply- mouth for planting and governing New England in America. '' Fernando Gorges was President and Captain John Mason/ was -Secretary. In 1620,' Captain Mason obtained from .the Plymouth Council a grant of all the lancLfrpm the river Naumkeag near Salem, Mass., to the, Merrimack river and up the heads of each of those rivers, 'then to cross over from the head of *It has been claimed by the historians of Iceland that in about the year 1000 and later, vessels were fitted out , on that island and voy- ages were made to the American continent by a company of Northmen, originally from Norway, under the command of Leif Erikson; that a landing was made at some point on the coast of what is now New England where a settlement called Vinland was established; that the colony was re-einforced from time to time by other immigrants from v-1 1 8 HISTORY OF CANDIA. one to the head of the other. This grant which was called Marianna was made in the belief that the Naumkeag river was a large stream; whereas it is only abou,t twelve miles in length and the territory granted was not so large as Rockingham County. In 1622, Mason and Fernando Gorges obtained from the Plymouth Council a grant of land lying between the Merri- mack river and the Kennebec in Maine and extending back to the great lakes and rivers in Canada. This grant was called Laconia. ( In 1623, David Thompson, of Plymouth, England, with his wife and four men, arrived at the mouth of the Piscata- qua river. Thompson, who was the first white settler in New Hampshire, established himself at Odiorne's Point, sometimes called Little Harbor. He built a cabin* planted a few acres, set up salt works and made preparations to en- gage in the fur trade. At about the same time Edward and William Hilton, brothers, who came from England, ob- tained a grant of land from the Plymouth Council and formed a settlement at Dover Point. > In 1626, Thompson left his plantation and went to reside on Thompson's Island, in Boston Bay, which was granted to rum by the Council of New England. Great hopes were entertained by the early colonists that there were rich Iceland and that the people were engaged in lumbering, fishing and in cultivating the soil; that an extensive-trade grew up between the col- ony and Iceland^ the colonists receiving their necessary supplies in ex- change for their fish, valuable lumber called masar wood and other products; that the settlement equally flourished for two or three cen- , turies'when it began to languish and at last, about the year 1300 the country was abandoned and the survivors returned to Iceland ; that in the course of years this story was almost totally forgotten and that fi- nally some records which were left by several leaders in the enterprise were discovered and published to the world. Bancroft and various other historians have denied this story- while a few others, among whom we're Alexander Von Humboldt, the great German scientist and philosopher who believed that there was satisfactory evidence of its truth. In his Cosmos Humboldt refers to a letter written by Columbus in which it is stated that he visited Ice- land a short time before he set out ononis first voyage of discovery from Spain. E. N. Horsford, a distinguished Professor in Harvard University, has recently made the startling announcement that he has discovered on the banks of the Charles river in Watertown and other towns in the vicinity of Boston the site of the settlement of Vinland and the an- cient city of Norumbega and the remains of forts, canals, boom-dams, artificial ponds, amphitheatres, wharves, storehouses, dwellings, and v various other remains of the works of a highly civilized race of people. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 9 mines of gold and silver in the territory similar to those which were found by the Spaniards in Mexico and Peru. In 1627, Sir Henry Roswell in behalf of the Massachusetts , Bay Company obtained , from the Plymouth Council a grant of land from the mouth of Charles river and a line running from the Atlantic ocean three miles north of the Merrimack river. In 1629, Captain Mason obtained from the Plymouth Council a grant of land from the middle of Piscataqua to its head, thence forward sixty miles and through the Men- rimack river to its farthest head, and thence Westward sixty miles, then to cross overland to the end of the sixty miles as counted from the Piscataqua river. ' Mason called this grant New Hampshire, after the County, of Hampshire in England. The grants to Mason and those to Roswell for the Massa- chusetts Bay Company were in direct conflict with each other and were made in complete ignorance of the geog- raphy of the country on the part of the grantors, and grant- ees. It was believed that the Merrimack river ran from west to east throughout its whole course, whereas it runs from north to south from its source to Pawtucket Falls near Lowell where it makes a bend towards the east and runs in that direction to the sea, a distance of less than thirty miles. On account of these blunders a great dispute arose which continued more than one hundred and fifty years. In 1634, Gorges sold his right to lands in New Hampshire to Mason, and the latter then made important improve- 1 ments upon his settlements near the mouth of the Piscata- qua river. He sent out a company of men -and women with cattle, swine and stores of all kinds. More land was cleared, salt works were erected and the business of fishing was pursued with vigor. It has been claimed ,that Rev. John Wheelwright, the founder of Exeter, bought of Passaconaway, an Indian chief, a large tract of land which is now included in Rockingham County. The genuineness of the deed has been disputed by some historians and accepted by others. Wheelwright never profited much by the deed and but little attention was ever paid to it. In 171 9, the colony of Scotch-Irish which 20 HISTORY OF CANDIA. settled Londonderry got a deed of that township of Rev. John Wheelwright, of Wells, Maine, the grandson of 1 the first Rev. John Wheelwright. ( Mason died suddenly, in 1635, leaving his property to his grandson, Robert Tufton, then a boy, on condition that he ( would take the name of Mason. Mason's widow, as exec- utrix of his will, tried\to manage his ,estate in the colony^ but she utterly failed. Some of the men who had been em- ployed by Mason took possession of much of his personal property, and many of the tenants refused to pay rents or to surrender the lands which they occupied. Soon after Mason's death the Massachusetts Bay Compa- ny succeeded in bringing the colonists in New Hampshire under their government and, in 1641, the General Court de- creed that the northern line of the Massachusetts Bay Com- pany's territory extended to the Piscataqua river. In 1652, a committee of the Massachusetts legislature found that the head of the Merrimack river was at the out- let of Lake Winnepesaukee and Massachusetts then claimed that a line from a point three miles north of the head of the river to a point on the east bank of the Piscataqua river in the same latitude was the northern boundary of the grant from the Plymouth to the Massachusetts Bay Company. > In 1650, Robert Tufton Mason, on coming of age, under- took to get possession of his estates by appealing to the King; but on account of the civil wars he obtained no re- dress until 1664, when the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench decided that his title was strictly legal; whereupon Massachusetts abandoned' its claim to the territory occu- pied by the colonists at the mouth of the Piscataqua river, and New Hampshire soon afterwards had a separate gov- ernment. In 1680, Robert Tufton Mason came from England and attempted to enforce his claim to the property left him by his grandfather, Captain Mason; but the colonists refused to pay back rents, to take new leases or to surrender the lands which they occupied. Maspn met with so much op- position that he was obliged to return to England. In a short time afterwards he gave Edward Cranfield an impor- tant interest in his claims and secured his appointment as HISTORY OP CANDIA. 2] Lieutenant Governor of the province. Through- Cranfield's influence judges, sheriffs and other public officers were ap- pointed, and many suits were brought against the tenants who occupied Mason's'lands. By bribing the jury, verdicts against the defendants were returned; but the people were sp indignant and united that they made it impossible for the sheriffs and other officers to compel the tenants either to paj for their lands or to surrender them to Mason. Robert Mason died. in 1691, leaving his property to his sons, Robert Tufton Mason and John Tufton Mason. , These heirs soon sold their claims to Samuel Allen, who made a great effort to recover possessions of the lands but he ac- complished nothing. He died in 1705 leaving his' son, Thomas Allen, and two daughters, heirs to his claims. These heirs were not able to agree, and made no attempts to recover possession of their property. In 1746, John Tufton Mason, a son of John Tufton Mason, senior, by his second wife, made a claim to the lands in New Hampshire granted to Captain John, Mason on the ground that his father and uncle Robert had no legal right to sel the property to Allen for a longer term than their own lives. This John Tufton Mason entered into some negotiations foi a sale of the property to the province of oundary line of that state and, the New Hampshire seces- sionists took their hats in their hands, and like certain se- :essionists of a later day returne'd^o their homes sadder if lot wiser men. THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY. At the close of the war of the Revolution in 1783 the reaty of peace which was agreed to by the contending pow- :rs provided that the boundary line between New Hamp- ihire and Canada would be from the northwest angle of ^ova Scotia along the highlands dividing those rivers which :mpty into the St. Lawrence river and , those running into he Atlantic ocean to the northwestern head of Connecticut iver; thence down along' the middle of that river to the orty-fifth degree of north latitude. In running the line the outlet of Lake Connecticut was :onsidered the north-western head of Connecticut river, and he boundary was established in accordance with that view, n 1823, another and a more careful survey showed that Jail's Stream, another tributary to the Connecticut river, ad its source in the highlands several miles farther west lian the outlet of Connecticut lake. In 1842, when the great northeast boundary question was ettled at Washington by Webster and Lord Ashburton, the . ouiidary line was extended west to Hall's stream and New lampshire gained territory sufficient for three good-sized iwnships. CHAPTER III. SETTLEMENT OF CHESTER. For many years i the growth of the settlements in New- Hampshire was exceedingly slow on account mainly of the great wars between the English colonists throughout New England and the Indians, which began in 1675 and raged with greater or less violence until 1698. Portsmouth, Dov- er, Hampton and Exeter, the four original plantations, con- tinued for a long time to be the centres of population and trade. Hostilities were at length suspended and colonies be- gan to go forth from the old towns and, settlements were made upon the unoccupied lands in their immediate vicini- ty. Among' the towns which were settled next to Ports- mouth, Dover, Hampton and Exeter, were Northampton, •Southampton, Hampton Falls, Seabrook, Stratham, Kings- ton, Epping, Poplin now' Freemont, Brentwood and New Market; but the western portion of Rockingham county remained an unbroken wilderness about one hundred years from the first time the settlements were made upon the banks of the Piscataqua river. Near the close of the first quarter of the eighteenth centu- ry the settlements near the sea coast had so increased ,that there was a considerable, demand for more territory for townships for the accommodation of people who were anxious to provide themselves with farms. At this time a large number of companies were organized in some of the oldest towns in New Hampshire and Massachusetts for the purpose of securing grants of lands in the province for 'set- tlement, as was alleged, but more frequently for the pur- pose of speculation on the part of those most directly con- cerned in the enterprises. , In 1 71 9, a company was organized at Hampton for the purpose of securing a grant of territory lying between Exe- ter and the Merrimack river. The members of the compa- ny, mor,e than one hundred in number, belonged mostly 'to Portsmouth and Hampton; but a few were residents of Ha- 26 ' HISTORY OF CANDIA. verhill, Bradford and Newbury in Massachusetts. In 1719, the company presented a petition to His Excellency Samu- el Shute, then the Provincial Governor of New Hampshire,* for a township of land ten miles square, situated between Exeter and Merrimack river. The territory was surveyed •and a township was laid out by a committee of four persons appointed by the Governor. Upon May 8, 1723, Governor Shute gave the association a charter.for a township, bounded on the north by Nottingham, now Deerfleld and Notting- ham, east by Exeter, now Kingston and Epping, south by Londonderry and west by Merrimack river and Harrytown, now a small part of the city of Manchester. The territory, which was of irregular shape, was fourteen miles in length in the longesbpart and ten miles in its greatest width, was at first called the Chestnut country from the circumstance that chestnut trees were found in abundance upon the soil; but when it was incorporated it was named Chester after old- Chester, in England. The charter provided that one proprietor's share shoukfbe reserved for a_parsonage, one for the first settled minister and a third for the support of public schools. - One class of the original proprietors consisted of the Gov- ernor and members of the Council. The others could well afford to give the Governor and the members of his Coun- cil a liberal share in th ; en terprisi for their good- will, besides allqwing them very heavy fees for other services which they rendered. Some idea in regard to the amount of the fees paid to Governo,r Shute and the members of his Coun- cil may be obtained from a statement of the amount of fees which were paid to Lieutenant Governor Golden, who was acting Governor of New York, , in 1764, when Vermont was claimed as a part of that province. It is said that he re- ceived the sum of 331.25' for every thousand acres in the towns to which he gave charters in Vermont at that time, amounting to about $500 for a township six miles square. The total amount of fees paid to the governor, secretary, attorney general, surveyor general and clerk, amounted, to $2,300. It is fair to presume. that Governor Shute was 1 willing to receive the same fees which were allowed to, the other royal governors. While he, was governor of New m.< :■•'■ ■ ' HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2 J Hampshire he gave many charters to towns besides Chest- er, among' which were Nottingham, Rochester, Bow, Barn- stead, and no doubt he received heayy fees and a farm of five hundred acres in each of those towns. , When Chester was surveyed, in 1719, the proprietors laid out one hundred and fifty lots of twenty acre's each in the southeast part of the territory which was granted to them. These lots, which were called Home lots, were . in close proximity to each other, so the settlers could, unite, readily for defence against the' Indians. They also laid out a large number of lots of fifty acres each. for farms. These lots were situated as near as possible to the Home lots. The next division of lots was made in what is now Ray- mond. , These lots contained one hundred acres each and this division was called'Old Hundred. The next division was called the Second Part of the Sec- ond Division. A part of these lots were situated in, the ex- treme south part of Candia. > . The next, was called the Third Division. These were all situated in Candia and contained 'eighty acres each. The next was called the Fourth Division and the lots were situated partly in Auburn, but mostly -in Manchester and Hooksett. The Fifth Division of lots consisted of lands situated be- tween the Fourth Division and Allenstown line. The last, or Sixth Division, Which was made in, 1772, consisted of x tracts of undivided land and supernumerary lots in the oth- er divisions of the town. Thus it will be seen that there were eight divisions in all, viz: 1st, The Home lots, 2nd, The Additional lots, 3d, Old Hundred, now Raymond,- 4th, Second Part of Second Division, 5th, The Third Division now Candia, 6th, The Fourth Division, so called, ,7th, The , Fifth Division, 8th, The Sixth Division. Each proprietor had eight lots amounting in all to upwards of four hundred acres. The lots were distributed among the proprietors by a. sort of lottery. Some of the proprietors had good luck by drawing good land, while .others drew some land that was swampy or very rocky and unfit for cultivation. None of the original proprietors ever settled, in Candia and it is probable that very few ever visited the town. 28 HISTORY OF CANDIA. In 1751, the south-western part of old Chester was set off to form with a part of Londonderry, and a small tract of ungranted land the tcwn of Derryfield. The name of the town was changed to Manchester in 18 10. The northeastern part of the old town was made a sep- arate township called Raymond, in 1764. ', In 1822, the northwestern part of old Chester was united wifh.a'part of Bow and Dunbarton and incorporated as the town of Htooksett. That part of the old town, which is situated on the east of the present city of Manchester and includes more than one- half of Lake Massabesic, was made a separate township named Auburn, in 1845. CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENT OF CANDIA. The question as to who was the first settler in Candia has not hitherto been positively determined. Mr. Eaton,, in his history af the town, stated that David McClure bought the western naif of lot No. 30 in Second Part of Second Division lying in. Candia, in 1743, and gave it as his opinion that he,, McClure, was the first settler in the town. On the other hand Benjamin Chase, iri his history of old Chester, states that Mr. McClure on May 17, 1744, bought the western half • of lot No. 17, Second Part of Second Division lying in Chest- er and built a house, and that, in 1749, he left that lot, and bought lot No. 30 in Second Part of Second Division situat- ed in Candia, and built a log house. Mr. Chase also states that William Turner, previous to 1742, bought the northeastern end of lot No. 9, of additional lots in Chester, and that in 1741 he bought lot No. 35 Third Division in Candia. Now, if .McClure sold his lot in Chest- er and bought another in Candia eight years' after Turner purchased his lot in the Third Division the latter was probably the first settler. Among those who came at a very early period in the his- , tory of Candia were Benjamin Smith, who came in 1749 and settled on lot 73 3d division, Thomas Anderson, who Came in 1751 and settled on lot 132 2nd part "of 2nd division, Win- throp Wells, who settled on lot 36 3d division, in 1750, Da- vid Bean, who settled on lot 78 3d division, Enoch Colby, who settled on lot 89 3d division, in 1750, Samuel Mooers, who settled on lot 69 3d division, in 1756, Robert Patten, who bought lot 30, 2nd part 2nd division, in 1741, Enoch Rowell, who was the first settler at the Corner on lot 87 3d division, Jacob Sargent, who was the first settler on lot 130 3d division, Mathew Ramsey, who was the first settler on lot 116 3d division, Benjamin Hills, who was the first settler on lot 94 3d division, Col. Nathaniel Emerson, who settled o n the lot where John Cate resides, Moses Emerson, who was , HISTORY OF CANDIA. the first settler on lot 65 2nd part of 2nd divsion, Nathaniel Burpee, who .settled on lot 36 in 3d division, in 1753, Caleb Brown, who came to town in 1762, Benjamin Cass, who settled on lot 95 3d division, Thomas Critchett, who was the first settle^ on lot 62 3d division, Ichabod Robie, who was the first settler 1 on lot 61 3d division, Walter Robie, who was the first settler'On lot 119 2nd part 2nd division, Asahel Quimby, who was the first to settle on lot 114 2nd part 2nd division, Dr. Coffin Moore, who settled on lot 51 2nd part, 2nd division, in 1760. v ' At a later date, and previous to 1763, the following named citizens settled in the town: Samuel Towle, Theophilus . Clough, Moses Baker, Jeremiah Bean, Zebedee Berry, Phin- ' ehas Towle, Abraham Fitts, Stephen Palmer, John Sargent, Stephen Fifield, Sherburne Rowe, Isaiah Rowe, Theophilus Sargent, Benjamin Batchelder, Henry Clark, John Robie, John Carr, Samuel Buswell, Nicholas French, and Jonh Hills. Candia, previous to 1763,' was sometimes called the North Parish of Chester and sometimes Charming Fare from the , circumstance, as it is said, that some Chester men, who were among the first to visit the locality, .killed and roasted a deer, and while eating the venison some one of the party exclaimed : " This is charming fare ! " All agreed that the feast Was indeed charming fare. The exclamation became a by-word among the people, and it was suggested that it would be a good name for the territory. The most of the people of Candia lived at a distance of from. seven to fifteen miles from the meeting house; and the business part of old Chester, and it was a great burden for them to be obliged to travel on foot or on horseback over bad roads to go to town meetings, and to attend church. There were no mills or stores in the parish at that time, and on this account the people were subjected to much inconve- nience. Under these circumstances they were anxious to be set off into an independent town; and so in 1761, they caused the following article to be inserted in their warrant for the annual town meeting: "To see if the town will vote that the North Parish shall be set off by the authority as set forth in a petitionto the selectmen by Messrs. Jethro Batchel- 32 HISTORY OF CANDIA. by the council. The following is a copy of the act incor- porating the town ofCandia: Anno Rkgni Georgii Tertii Magnce Brittannke Francice et Hibernice Quarto. - — — An Act for Erecting and Incorporating a New Parish *-" °- in the North Westerly part of the Town of Chester in this Province. Whereas a petition has been exhibited to the general as- sembly by a number of the inhabitants of Chester aforesaid setting forth, that it would be very convenient for them to be incorporated into a new parish as they lived a consider- able distance from thd parish in said' town to which they belonged and there was a number in the same situation sufficient to make a new parish to which the town had con- sented of which due notice having been given and no ob- jections made ; and the petitioners praying to be so incor- porated by the bounds and limits agreed to by the town- It is therefore Enacted by the Governor, Council and As- sembly that there be and thereby is a new parish erected and incorporated in the town , of Chester by the following boundaries, viz. : Beginning at the northeast corner of said parish on the line of the township of Nottingham at a hem- lock tree at the head of the old Hundred acre lots, then runs south twenty-nine degrees west joining to said lots as they are entered on the proprietors records about four miles to a stake and stones, then west north west to a maple tree be- ing the north east bounds of the lot number forty-three in the second part of the second division, and continuing the same course by towerhill pond to a stake and stones what completes five miles and a half upon this course, then north twenty-nine degrees east to a pitch pine which is the south west boundary of the eighty acre lot in the third di- vision number one hundred twenty-three, then north twen- ty-nine degrees east to Nottingham line and then on that line to the hemlock tree first mentioned. And all the inhab- itants dwelling or that shall dwell within the said bounda- ries, and their estates are hereby made a parish by the name of CANDIA and erected into a body politic and cor- porate to have continuance and succession forever, and AHRAHAM EMERSON. Sketch, page 499. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 33 are hereby invested with all the powers and enfranchised with all the privileges of any other parish , within this pro- vince and are chargeable with the duty of maintaining the poor that do or shall inhabit within said parish. Repairing all highways within the same; and maintaining and sup- porting the Ministry and preaching the Gospel, with full power to manage and transact all Parochial affairs as fully to all intents and purposes as any parish in said province may legally do. And' the said inhabitants are hereby exonerated from pay- ing any taxes that shall hereafter be assessed in the said town, with regard to the support of the matters and things aforesaid, but shall continue to pay their province tax in the same manner as before the, passing of this act until v a new proportioh thereof shall be made among the several towns and parishes within the same. And SAMUEL EMERSON, Esq., is hereby appointed and authorized to call the first meeting of said inhabitants giv- ing fourteen days public notice of the time place a/nd design •of the meeting. And they the said inhabitants at such meetings are authorized to choose all necessary parish offi- cers as at the annual, meetings is done in other parishes and such officers shall hereby be invested, with the same power of other parish officers in this province. province of / ' In the House of Representatives, , NEW HAMPSHIRE. • f , , Dec. 1 6th, 1 763. This Petition having been read three times — ■ Voted, That it Pass to be Enacted. H. SHERBURNE, Speaker. In Council, Dec. 17th, 1763. This Bill read a third time and passed to be Enacted. T, ATKINSON, Jun., Secretary. Consented to. B. WENTWORTH. CHAPTER V. TOPOGRAPHY. Candia is situated in Rockingham County in the State of New Hampshire. It is in 43 degrees 8 minutes north lati- tude, in 71 degrees and 18 minutes west longitude from Greenwich. The, town is bounded north by Deerfield, east by Ray- mond, south by Chester and Auburn, and west by Hooksett. It is ten miles northeast from Manchester, eighteen miles- -southeast from Concord, the capital of the state, thirty-one miles west from Portsmouth, fifty-five miles from Boston, two hundred and fifty-six miles from New York and five- hundred and eight miles from the city of Washington. The geographibal center of the town is on the old William Duncan place, South Road, now owned by George Brown. The exact spot is within a few rods of Mr. Brown's resi- dence. Its area is above 17,744 acres, or more than 27' square- miles. GEOLOGY. The majority of the most eminent geologists agree to the following propositions: That the earth was, once a mass of molten matter and that, while whirling in its orbit around , the sun, its surface became gradually cooled, until at last it became a granite crust or shell, and covered the earth as an egg is covered by its shell; that this shell, which was thin at first, became thicker and thicker as the process of cool- ing went on, until now it is supposed to be from forty to' sixty miles from the surface down to the liquid mass of heated matter below; that as the earth cooled its shell con- tracted and wrinkled, like the skin of a baked apple, causing great elevations in some places and depressions in others, and the elevations became mountains while the de- pressions became the valleys and the great beds of the-, ocean ; that there have been many of these great convul- sions upon the earth and that its surface has been tilted up 34 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 35 at various times; that whole continents have been slowly raised from the depths of the ocean in one part of the globe while vast territories of dry land have been submerged in, others; that each o'f the great changes in the structure of the surface of the globe, has been followed by another which was better adapted to the development of higher and still higher orders of organic life, until at last man, rudimenta- ry, savage man, at first but little above the most highly de- veloped brutes, like the gorilla or the ourang outang, ap- peared upon the scene ; that the last great change., called the drift or glacial period, which has been wrought upon the earth, took place from eighty thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand years ago when, in consequence of a fall from a moderately warm to an intensely cold tempera- ture, a great sheet of ice or glacier was formed in the north- ern polar regions and finally extended down as far south as the thirty-fifth or fortieth degree of north latitude, and that it was more than a mile in thickness and covered the tops of the highest mountains ; that in Siberia in the eastern hem- isphere and in Alaska in the western, vast herds of ele- ' phants and other animals resembling those which now abound in tropical regions were overwhelmed and de- stroyed ; that the glacier which slowly moved towards the south twenty degrees east ground down the granite crust of the eaijth to a depth of several hundreds of feet, dug out the valleys and lake beds, and bore away many square miles of earth and pushed itself a score or tw,o of 'miles into the sea ; that many of the rocks which were torn off from the tops of the hills and fell upon the top of the glacier foiind their way to the bottom of crevasses ; that these embedded rocks became great gouges or rasps and cut grooves , of various degrees of width and depth upon the crust of the earth, and smoothly polished the quartz and other hard sub- stances of which it \vas composed ; that the grooves were made in lines exactly parallel to the direction in which the glacier moved. After many thousands of years had elapsed the tempera- ture became warmer, and caused the glacier to melt slowly it first, and then more rapidly ; that the great rivers which were formed brought down boulders and great masses of 36 HISTORY OF CANDIA. sand and gravel and deposited them all over the country that the process of melting went on for hundreds of yean until at last the glacier disappeared, the vast torrents of we ter subsided and the rivers became reduced, to their preser magnitude. The evidences of the great glacial period are nowher more clearly manifested than in the town of Candia. I fields, pastures and woods in all sections of the town gres boulders, some of which are many tons in weight, lie scai tered on the $urface of the earth. All these rocks, as we as all the little pebbles, the gravel, sand and clay, all c which latter are nothing but pulverized rocks, were brough here by the glacier from the hills and mountains in th the north many thousands of years ago. In many plade iii the town the most positive proofs of the, passage of th glacier may be plainly seen. As has already been stated the rocks embedded in the bottom of the glacier often mad grooves on the surface of the granite ledges over which the passed. These grooves may be seen upon the ledg-es in a: parts of our town. On a ledge on the south side of Hig! Street opposite the residence of Mrs. Abraham Fitts, and a] so upon the ledge on the north side of the same street op posite the barn belonging to Frank A. Hall there are ver marked grooves and scratches running nearly from north west to southeast. Soon after the first settlements were made in the town, i was found that there was a deposit of ibrick clay upon th south end of the school lot upon land formerly owned b' William Duncan and now owned by George Brown. 1 brick yard was established there and bricks were manufact ured, in limited quantities for several years. It turned ov that the clay was of inferior quality and also that the sup ply was quite small. Brick clay was also found upon the land now owned b^ Isaiah Lang near the east side of Walnut Hill. About th year 1827, David Lang, then the owner of the clay pit, man ufactured a considerable quantity of bricks, but the busi ness was long ago abandoned. Upon the flanks of Hall's mountain there are la'rge depos- its of pure quartz, and ( it has been believed by several golc HISTORY OF CANDIA. 37 hunters who have visited the locality, that by making deep excavations in the rock, gold, in greater or less quantities, may be found. There are some very remarkable boulders in this town both on account of their great size and the manner in which they were deposited on the granite crust of the earth. In the pasture belonging to J. F. Holt, about fifteen rods from the northeast side of the Langford road leading to East Candia and near the residence of Edward J. Morrill, an ir- regular, egg-shaped boulder may be seen poised upon the exact center of its shortest diameter upon another square- shaped boulder, which had been previously deposited. The first of these boulders is about 12 feet long and 5 feet wide at the widest part 'and is pointed at both ends. Within about two rods of these boulders is one of great size. It is about 25 feet long, 20 feet wide and 9 feet high. It has been split asunder by the frost and a tree has grown up through the opening, Upon the old Colcord farm, which thirty years ago was the town farm, there is a cube-shaped boulder of 15 or 20. .tons in weight set squarely upon a boulder of about the same length and width. 1 Some of the boulders which have been deposited in the town were of one species of rock such as gneiss or syenite, and were taken from one locality at one time, while others were another kind of rock such as porphyretic granite and were torn off at another period from, a mountain in another locality. Upon Dudley Hill, close to Raymond^line and about half a mile south of the old James Critchett's place, there is a boulder which is about 27 feet long, 22 feet wide and 9 feet high. The top of the west end projects over the base about five feet, and affords a nice shelter from the rain for animals or men. In former times sheep, which were kept in the pasture found the boulder good protection in stormy weather. There is a great boulder in a pasture on the side of the Colcord road and a few rods northwest from the residence of Samuel Fisk. This is about 24 feet long in the longest part, 21 feet wide and 8 1-2 feet high. £8 , HISTORY OF CANDIA. There are many remarkably large boulders in the vicini- y of the. New Boston road, the North road and the South oad. Upon a wood lot which is owned by George H. Brown, situated a few rods north of Kinnicum Pond, a very large joulder rests upon the top of another which is about three feet above the ground. Under one end of the top boul- ler there is a large opening which forms a den for hedge- logs and other wild animals. This boulder is about 1 8 feet long, 1 2 feet wide and 6 feet high. In a pasture owned by Frank A. Patten and about half a mile west of his residence on the Chester road, there is a very large and well-shaped boulder. It is somewhat oval in form, and is 27 feet long in the longest part, 22 feet wide and from 12 to 15 feet high. It is probably the largest well- defined boulder in the town. If this immense' boulder could speak, what a thrilling sto.' ry it could relate of its adventures from the time when it was suddenly torn away from its home in the far off north, where it had rested in peaceful security for ages; how it had been rudely thrust down from some lofty mountain peak and borne upon the back of the great glacier over mount- ains, hills and deep gorges at a snail-like pace for hundreds of years, arid stranded at last upon a barreri, ledge of rock; how, when the great floods formed by the melting glacier had subsided, it found itself one of a great family of boul- ders amid a scene of utter desolation with not ■ a vestige of animal or vegetable life ; how at length the fine particles of matter which had been disintegrated from the great rocky crust of the earth became animated by the force, the life and intelligence, which pervades every particle of matter, throughout the universe, and the green plants and the great forests appeared, to flourish for a time and then to decay and to be followed in turn by other plants and forests for thousands of years. But the great granite boulder refuses to respond to our questionings and the secrets of its history we must learn as best we can. ELEVATIONS. Candia is an elevated town, beautifully diversified with hills and valleys. The highest elevation is Hall's mount- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 39 ain, situated in the western part of trie town, 900 feet above the level of the sea. The next highest point, Tower Hill, situated iii the southwestern part of the town, is about 775 feet high. Patten's Hill, in the southeast corner of the town, is about 675 feet high, and the most elevated points on High Street and Walnut Hill are each about 700 feet high. Clark's' Hill, formerly called Wadleigh's Hill, in the eastern part of the town, is about 475 feet high. From all these heights the most charming views of the distant mount- ains and local scenery may be obtained. Pine Hill, situat- ed about a mile southwest of the railroad station, is not more than 100 feet above the general level. It was so named by the' early settlers from the circumstance that it was cov- ered with a dense growth of pine trees. •MILL STREAMS. There are no large streams of water in the town, but there are several good-sized mill streams which have often been dignified by the people with the name of river. One of these rivers rises on the south side of Hall's mountain and flows through a meadow, crosses the Merrill road and from thence it flows to a saw mill situated half a mile north of the residence of J. Henry Brown and owned by George H. Brown, son of the late Aaron Brown. About a mile farther on it operates a saw mill owned by Samuel A. Davis. It then crosses the road leading from High Street to Deerfield South Road and from thence it runs to a saw mill situated on lot No. 42, 3d division. It then crosses North road and flows about a mile and ajialf to lot No. 38, 3d division, near the New Boston road where there was once a saw mill and grist 1 mill. The stream then crosses the road which leads from the Congregational Church and unites with a stream which is an outlet of Martin's Pond situated in the southwestern corner of Deerfield, and near Candia line. The stream then flows to Candia Village, thence to the Island and Raymond and unites with a stream from Deerfield and Nottingham and forms the Lamprey river. ■ A good mill stream which has its source in Kinnicum Pond and Moose Meadow, flows in a westerly direction about a mile and a quarter to the site of the Genesee saw mill. " It soon after crosses the turnpike and empties into 40 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the Maple Falls stream, which is an outlet of Sargent's' Pond and Sawyer's Pond in Hooksett. The latter stream once operated a saw mill which was situated on the Manches- ter road in Hooksett about a mile south of Rowe's Corner and flowed to Maple Falls, and from thence to Clark's Pond in Auburn, and through that pond to Lake Massabesic. A small; stream of water rises in the hills near the old bed of the Portsmouth railroad, at the' height of land between Portsmouth and the Merrimack . river about a mile and a half west of the South road. The stream flo.ws through Brown's meadow to Cass' grist mill. From that point it flows to Emerson's saw mill situated near Candia depot and from thence > to a saw mill near East Candia depot, and about two miles farther down it emptfes into Jones' Pond. Quite a large stream of water flows from- the southeast section of the town near the Major Jesse Eaton place to Murray's saw mill in -Auburn and empties into the Little Massabesic in that town. There are many beautiful brooks in the town, all of which are tributaries to the larger streams , herein described. One qf these rises, near the north side of Hall's mountain and falls into the mill stream which operates Brown's and Da- vis' saw mill. PONDS. There is only one entire natural pond in the town. This is ' called Kinnicum Pond. According to a tradition it was so- named by the Indians. It is situated about a mile and a half south of the residence of Mr. George H. Brown on High Street, and about half a mile south of the old bed of the Portsmouth and Concord railroad. The pond probably con- tains upwards of" a dozen acres. It is surrounded by a 'swamp, which is covered with a thick growth of low bush- es and ferns rooted in a spongy substance. A few small pickerel and horned pouts are taken there every year. The pond was formerly much la'rger' than . it is at the' present time. Tower Hill Pond lies in a deep valley at the base of Tower Hill in the southwest corner of the town of Candia and the northwest corner of Auburn. The line ' between the two towns passes through the middle of the pond, and one-half HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4Q is in Candia and the other half is in A,uburn. Its area is probably forty acres or more. This is a beautiful sheet of water and is* much frequented by fishing parties. VILLAGES, HAMLETS AND NEIGHBORHOODS. The following are the names of the various villages and principal .neighborhoods in the town : Candia Village, situated near the north part of the town. Depot Village, situated on the line of the Portsmouth rail- road about a mile southeast from the geographical center of the town. Candia Corner is situated at a point where the road from Chester to Deerfield crosses the road leading from the Con- gregational Meeting House and a mile northeast from the center of the town. The Colcord Road is a part of the town lying between Candia Village and the northwestern jpart of Raymond. The Burpee Road is a neighborhood situated between the road leading from the south side of Candia Village to Hea- ley's Corner where it crosses the road which extends from the meeting house to the New Boston- road. The North Road is the neighborhood which is situated on the highway which extends from Healey's Corner to the res- idence of Lorenzo Hoit and Addison Smith in the northwest section of the town. New Boston is a territory lying upon the highway that intersects with the road from Deerfield to Chester and ex- tends to Walnut Hill. , This section was' probably so . named in irony, on account of its somewhat desolate ap- p earance in former times. The Island is a small hamlet in the eastern part of the t own. • 4 • East Candia is a small village situated in the eastern sec- tion of the town. The Patten Road is the highway which extends from the point where it crosses the Portsmouth railroad a mile below > Candia depot and the east side of Patten's Hill. The Turnpike is a hamlet in the ( southwestern part of the town, situated on the old Chester turnpike. The Merrill Road is the highway which leads from near the west end of High Street to the North road. 42 HISTORY OF CANDIA. The Doniphan, Road is the highway which extends from the upper end of High Street to the turnpike. The South Road is the highway which extends from the Congregational Meeting House to Auburn. That part of the highway which extends from Depot Village to East Chester was formerly called District No. 4- The Wason Road is the highway which leads from East Candia to East Chester. There is a small neighborhood on the Libby road which extends from the South road to where Isaac Libby formerly resided, and the highway which extends from the residence of Edmund Smith to the old Anderson place on the turn- pike. i The Baker Road is the highway formerly called the Mar- den Road which leads from near the residence of George F. Cass to where Enoch Baker and his father-in-law, Stephen Marden, resided. The highway which extends from the Baker road to the road which leads to tha't extending from .Chester to Deerfield, was formerly called the Colby Road,* from 'the circumstance that Enoch Colby and his son, Nehemiah Col- by, lived on that highway many years ago. FAUNA. When Candia was first settled ravenous and dangerous wild animals were frequently seen in the forests. Wolves sometimes came down from the north in great packs and attacked and Julled sheep and cattle. They were also very destructive to the deer, which at that time lived here in con- siderable numbers. Black bears, some of which weighed three or four hun- dred pounds,. were t quite common in , Lovell, Washington, Crotched^ Francestown, Pack' Monadnock, Peterborough, Lyndeborough, Lyndeborough, Wachusett,' Princeton, Mass., 1 , Joe English, New Boston, Uncanoonucs, Goffstown, Saddleback, Northwood,' , Pawtuckaway, Deerfield and Nottingham, Mount Delight, in the western part of Deerfield, is quite a lofty eminence, but its height has not been ascertained! It makes a very fine appearance from Candia. 3,185 feet, 2,943 2,487 2,066 2,289 1,500 2,025 1,100 i>333 1,000 900 CHAPTER VI. CIVIL HISTORY. THE FIRST TOWN MEETING. In accordance with the terms of the charter granted to the «vn by Governor Wentworth, Samuel Emerson of Chester ued a call for the citizens to assemble for the purpose of janizing and establishing an independent town govern- ;nt. The meeting was holden on September 8, 1764. ie place of the meeting has not been recorded, but it is >bable that it took place in one of the dwelling houses on ndia Hill, in the vicinity of the present Congregational :eting House. The meeting was called to order by Sam- 1 Emerson, who presided. The citizens brought in their tes for Moderator. Dr. Samuel Mooers was elected to it office and the citizens then proceeded to elect, the fol- ding board of town officers ; Parish Clerk, Dr. Samuel Mooers ; Constable, Winthrop ells; Selectmen, Lieutenant Benjamin Batchelder, John ly, John Sargent; Tything man, John Clay; Surveyors Highways, Lieutenant Samuel Towle, Moses Baker, tsha Bean, Zebedee Berry ; Fence Viewers, Mathew Ram- y, Stephen Webster ; Haywards, Stephen Palmer, Moses lart ; Deer Inspectors, Theophilus Clough, Jonathan an ; Committee to examine the Selectmen's 1 accounts, :phen Webster, Walter Robie, Nathaniel Emerson. Voted that for the future the annual, town meeting shall held on the second Tuesday of March, yearly. In giving a list of the first town officers who were elected me explanation in regard to the nature of those offices rich have now become obsolete or merely nominal, may t be altogether unnecessary. DEER INSPECTORS. A.n act was passed by the British Government in 1758 for- lding the killing of any buck, doe, or fawn from the first y of December to the first day of August. This act was ssed for the purpose of preserving deer enough for breed- 46 ESvy- , , HISTORY OF CANDIA. 47 W** * ' ' ,' / ing purposes and thus preventing the extinction of this race of animals. HAYWARDS. The duty of a hayward was to take up and impound neat cattle or other domestic animals from running at large on ■i, the highway or on common land. The duties of field driv- ers were the same as those of haywards. HOGREEVES. The hogreeve, upon the complaint .that any person re- fuses or neglects to yoke or ring his, hog shall yoke and ring them and receive, ■ therefor, a fee of twelve pence. It was required that all hogs found running at large between April and October should be properly ringed. The ringing was performed by inserting a piece of iron wire through the hog's nose, .bringing the ends together and then twisting them. The twisted wire was made to project about an inch above the nose so as to prevent the animal from rooting. When the settlers had provided themselves with fences and were able to secure their swine in pens and yards, there - was no further need for hogreeves. The custom, however, . of electing men to this office has been continued from that day to this as a good joke r and the honor has been con- ferred upon those who have been married within the year. FENCE VIEWERS. The duty of .these officers was to adjust all disputes be- tween the owners of farms bordering upon each other in re- gard to the fences separating them. It often happened that one owner would neglect to build his part of the fence or would build one which was imperfect. In such cases the fence viewer was called upon to settle the difficulty and his ,' decision was final. TYTHING MEN. An act passed in 171 5 provided that no taverner or retail- er of spirits should suffer any apprentice to drink in his &*"_/ house, nor any inhabitant after ten o'clock at night, nor more than two hours ; nor suffer any person to drink to in- i£, toxication, or others than strangers to remain in his house Y JT; on the Lord's day, under a fine of five shillings. W - : The act also provided that' at least two tything men should \\ 4$ HISTORY OF CANDIA. be annually chosen, whose duty it was 1 to inspect all li- censed houses and inform of all disorders to a Justice of the Peace and also to inform of all cursers and swearers. By an act passed in 1799, all labor and recreation, trav- eling and rudeness at places of public worship on the Lord's day were forbidden. The tything men had power to com- mand assistance and forcibly detain all travelers unless they could give a sufficient reason for so doing. This act was enforced in this town from the incorporation of the town until aboutthe year 1825, when the custom of arresting peo- ple for traveling on the Lord's day became obsolete. Among other town officers, there have been sealers of weights and measures, sealers of leather, cutters of staves and surveyors, of lumber. OTHER TOWN MEETINGS. At a meeting of the citizens of the town held on April 4, 1764, Lieutenant Benjamin Batchelder was Moderator. It was voted to raise 150 pounds Old Tenor to hire preaching to' begin on the first of August next. Voted that 100 pounds Old Tenor be raised to hire schooling. At a. meeting held on October 24, 1764, Benjamin Batch- elder was Moderator. ' v Voted tp lay out a road four rods wide beginning at a stake and stones at the south side of Nathaniel Emerson's land, by spotted trees across the said Emerson's land, by spotted trees to a hemlock tree marked upon the said Emer- son's land to lot No. 120, then across said lot to the beaver dam, then across the lot No. 125 straight to the southwest corner bounds of lot No. 126. Then following the road as i.t now runs to Moses Baker's house, then south upon said Baker's land to the reserve. Then following the reserve to the road that leads from Thomas Patten's to Benjamin Row- ell's. This road is that whichi extends from the residence of John Cate to Patten's Hill. That part of the road which was laid out from Moses Baker's house to Benjamin Row- ell's was never built. For damages to Col&nel' Emerson's land the selectmen gave him the reserve for a road; which was laid out by the original proprietors- on. the north side of his, land, and JOHN D. EMERSON. Sketch, page 499. HISTORY OF CANDIA, ' , 49 for, damages done to lots 124 and' 125 they gave hinvthe re- serve on the north of said , lots. For damage done to lot - 126 they gave him the reserve on the south side of said lot. The part of the reserve awarded to Colonel Emerson for damages above referred to was intended to be a continua? tion of the Colby road ; but on account of the deep valley in that locality it was deemed imprudent to build a road there. 1 On October 29, 1764, the selectmen laid ou r t a road begin- ning at the southwest corner -of, lot 89, then following the reserve as far as the path goes by Mathew Ramsey's house, ,then from said reserve across said Ramsey lot, then follow- ing the reserve about twenty rods upon the west of the hundred acre lot, No. 1 14, then running a southerly course through Asahel Quimby's land two rods wide to the east ,end of Lieutenant Benjamin Batchelder's house, then run- ning westerly, through said Batchelder's land until it strikes the reserve about twenty rods north of said Batchelder's southwest corner bounds, then following the reserve about forty rods through Samuel Buswell's land, a straight course v to the east side of said Buswell's house,- then through Walter Robie's land a straight course to the west end of said Robie's house. The road thus laid out by/ the selectmen was the first highway which extended from the east end of the Baker road in rather a zigzag course to the house where Mr. Truell now resides. A few years later the road was straightened considerably, and has been known as a part of the South road. ' ^When the original proprietors of Chester made the eight divisions of territory into lots, they la-id out reserves of lan4 for roads. Ip the third division of lots, which is wholly in Candia, the most of the reserves are laid in regular order and cross each other at right angles. The law provides that all roads in a town must be laid out in due form by the selectmen, in order that the town shall be responsible for their proper construction and maintainance. The first roads in Candia were laid out by the selectmen in Chester, while the former town was still a parish. The first road so laid out was that which extends from- the south- 50 HISTORY OF CANDIA. west corner of Raymond to the Wason neighborhood from thence across the east side of Patten's Hill to the deuce of William Patten, now George Patten's, and thence over Wadleigh's or Clark's Hill to Benjamin Si residence, and then to Candia Meeting House. This the first road which was laid out by selectmen in Cam In 1758, the road from Deerfield to Candia Come Chester waslaid out. In 1760, the road from the Island to what is now C Village was laid out. THE LOTS. The original- proprietors laid out a parsonage lot : Jot for the support of public schobls. The first lot w; uated on the southeast corner of High Street and the road. The school lot was situated on the southwest con High Street and the South road, and soon after the was incorporated a committee was appointed to tak< of the lots. That part of the town called the 2nd part of the 2nd sion was laid out in one hundred acre lots a consid> time before the 3d division was laid out. The lots latter division contained only eighty acres each. The bering of the lots in the 3d division began at the nor corner of the town and proceeded in regular order northwest corner. Then the numbering was continu going back to the Raymond line on the next tier of lo proceeding westward in the numbering as before. At the town meeting held on the 12th of March, 176 followirlg officers were elected : HISTORY OF CANDIA. 5 I tee to- examine Selectmen's accounts ; Zebedee Berry, Pound Keeper. , / At a town meeting held April 18, 1765, it was voted to raise 300 pounds Old Tenor for preaching, and Benjamin Batchelder and Theophilus Sargent were appointed com- mittee to examine the selectmen's accounts. CHAPTER VII. PRIVATIONS OF THE EARLY SETTLERS. A few of the first settlers of the territory of Candia. cam from Chester or from some of the older towns, where the had cleared up a lot of land and furnished themselves wit homes and some property. Such'as these were prepared t make a new settlement under comparatively cotnfortabl circumstances. There were others, however, who'hadbi little capital, except their hands and a good endowment c strength and courage, to enable them to meet the diffica ties they were called upon to encounter;" It should be borne in mind when the territory was firs settled it was mostly covered with a thick growth of fores trees, many of which were of great size, and that ther were but few if any paths. The hardy pioneers must hav brought with them a sufficient supply of provisions to la* them for a few weeks at least. The first thing to be done was to build a cabin of log with a chimney of rough stone. They then proceeded t make a clearing. The big trees, upon two or three acres were cut down and burned and a part of the land was pr< pared for a crop of rye. Plowing was out of the questio on account of the stumps, and so they were obliged to di up the soil and'work the seed with clumsy hoes. _A sma patch of land was then planted with potatoes, corn and few beans. There were no carts and everything was ca ried to the fields in roue-hhods. There wasa nlpntv r>f o-am HISTORY OF CANDIA. 53 / a dozen or twenty miles to be ground, and in case ther e was no horse, the head of the family carried half a bushel or more of corn upon his back to the mill. Their food was 6f the plainest quality. The greater part of the time it consisted of salt pork fried and boiled, baked beans, bean porridge, hasty pudding, bread and milk. They had no table cloths and but few plates and knives. They had no tea and 1 for coffee they used rye or roasted barley pounded in a mortar. In the spring they sometimes had veal, and in the autumn and winter they had fresh beef, and pork, and at Thanksgiving they regaled themselves with chicken pie and in rare cases with roast turkey. Besides doing all the house work and taking caTe of the children, the women and girls often worked in the fields with the men. They could drive oxen, plant potatoes and corn, reap and bind, spread hay and assist in getting it in- to the barn. They also spun and wove all the cloth worn in the family. The settlers continued to cut down the forest, and to bring a few acres under cultivation year by year, until they had goodly farms suitably cleared into fields and pastures. But all these improvements required the hardest and most persistent labor. To construct the walls and fences was a herculean task. As these farms became more productive and increased in value, their condition in regard to food, shelter and clothing was greatly improved. The log cabin or shanty was exchanged for a substantial house, generally of one story for the first succeeding years, and good barns and other out buildings. CHAPTER VIII. HIRING AND SETTLING MINISTERS. The majority of the early settlers of New Hampshire wei Calvinists and Congregationalists, and the ministers of ths denomination of Christians were leg-ally constituted th "standing order'' in the state. The citizens of the town were required by law to tax themselves for the support c the doctrines and ordinances of that sect whether their cor sciences approved of them or hot. The people in tow meeting assembled voted for their religious teachers, an the meeting houses and parsonages were built and suppor ed at the public expense. The grantees of the township in many cases were required by the terms of their charter to reserve one lot for a parsonage and another for the sup port of the minister. A provision of this sort was containe in the charter of the town of Chester. This condition c things was continued in New Hampshire without much op position for more than a hundred years. Very soon after Candia was incorporated, measures wer taken by the citizens to provide for the support of the Chris tian ministry. At the very first town meeting, in 1764, i was voted to raise 150 pounds Old Tenor for preaching In 1765, it was voted to raise 300 pounds Old Tenor, and i: 1766, four hundred pounds was raised. Tristram Gilman who was the first minister in town, was employed to preacl HISTORY OF CANDIA., was re-elected, and the sum of twenty pounds was raise for the support of pleaching. Mr. Gilman preached fiftee Sabbaths and Rev. Mr. Hall preached two Sabbaths. Joh Clay was paid two pounds for going after Mr. Gilman an for boarding him. Moses Baker was paid three shillings and Ichabod Robie was paid five shillings for going afte ministers. The meetings for religious services were hel at that time in the dwelling house of Joseph Palmer, wh lived in the house nearly opposite the old parsonage. There were no post offices, telegraphs, telephones, rai roads or stages in those days, and no communications b< tween people living at a distance from each other could b had except by special messenger, and yet they managed t get along, notwithstanding. On June 8, 1768, the town voted that there should be minister settled as soon as it could be conveniently dons and it was voted that the committee already appointe should appoint a day for fasting and prayer in order to th calling of a gospel ,minister, and hire administer uppn pre bation or trial. It was voted, as the parish had agree upon Rev. Mr. Gilman as a minister, that the commi tee should hire him upon trial in order for settlemen. Mr. Gilman declined the call.^ In June, 1769, it was voted to raise twenty pounds lawfi money to be laid ,out for preaching, and' Dr. Samuel Mooei and Benjamin Cass were chosen a committee to lay out th money. It was also voted to select for further ' trial th three ministers who had preached. In August, of the sam year, it was voted to give Mr. Searle a call to settle and 1 offer him a salary of forty pounds with the use of the pa sonage. Mr. Searle gave a negative answer. Mr. Sear] was paid for preaching ten Sabbaths, Mr. Currier for twe and Mr. Lancaster for four Sabbaths. In November, 1 770, it was voted to give Mr. David Jev ett a call to the work of the ministry, and to give him a sa ary of fifty pounds the first year, and to add five pound to that amount, annually, until it was sixty-five pound; and that should be his stated salary, with the income of th parsonage ; to finish the parsonage and barn and dig a we as soon as convenient. Mr. Jewett accepted the call, an 56 HISTORY OF CANDIA. was ordained on the first Wednesday of September, 1770. Mr. Jewett performed the duties of the ministerial office to the satisfaction of the people for eight or nine years, when from some cause troubles arose, and on February 8, 1779, the town voted that he be requested to resign his po- sition as minister. This was in the midst of the war of the Revolution, money had greatly depreciated in value, and the people were greatly straightened in .their circumstances. It has been suggested that Mr. Jewett wanted more salary. It should be stated that the paper currency had become greatly depreciated in value, and it would seem that Mr. Jewett'was fully justified in demanding more pay for his . services. On May 27, of the same year, the town voted unanimously not to make any addition to his salary that year. A few days later, Mr. Jewett sent a communication to the selectmen, whereupon the people voted not to act upon any paper or letter which he had written. Subse- quently another 'committee was chosen and authorized to settle with Mr. Jewett in regard to the civil contract ber- 1 tween him and the people of the town. On May 8, 1780, the people voted not to increase his salary. - Upon the request of Mr. Jewett; the whole -affair was re- ferred to a mutual council of five citizens, who belonged to some of the neighboring towns. The referees were chosen, but a part of them declined to act. Hon. Meshech Weare, who was consulted, advised another trial for settlement. Mr. Jewett then made a communication in which he offered some terms of settlement. His terms were accepted and soon after he was dismissed and left the' town. CHAPTER IX. THE FIRST MEETING HOUSE AND PAKSONAGE. At a town meeting held September 8, 1766, it was voted to build a meeting house and to set it near the northwest corner of the parsonage lot. This lot is No. 90, on the pro- prietors' plan. , It was voted that the meeting house frame should be com- menced upon the 22nd day of September, and that John Clay, Walter Robie, Benjamin Cass, Nathaniel Emerson and Abraham Fitts be a' committee to oversee the work. It was voted to raise sixty pounds lawful money to be paid in lumber or in work at two shillings and sixpence per day for common hands, and that the committee hire work- men to construct the said frame and have it completed by the last day of October ; and if any persons refuse to pay "their proportion in work or lumber, they would be required to pay the same in money to the constable. It was voted that the meeting house should be built 45 feet wide and 55 feet long, and at a town meeting held on October 20th, it was voted that the selectmen should assess a sufficient sum to finish the meeting house frame, and pro- vide the workmen and the people who assist at the raising a supper of codfish, potatoes and butter. The timber for the building, which consisted mostly of red and white-oak, was probably cut from the parsonage and school lots, which belonged to the town and were situ- ated in the immediate vicinity of the spot which was chos- en for the site of the meeting house. The huge Jogs were drawn to the spot by ox.teams, and it must have required a great amount of labor to hew and prepare them for their proper places in the frame. There were great double raft- ers in the frame to, support the roof, as many a boy who clambered up to the attic sixty years after the building was raised could have testified. The work upon the frame was completed in the best 57 58 HISTORY OF CANDIA. manner possible and, on the day appointed, everything w^s ready for the raising. All the able-bodied men in the town were on hana to assist in the great work. Many women and children were also present as witnesses of the exciting scene. The building was successfully raised without accident, and the supper of codfish, potatoes and butter was served in the dwelling house of Colonel John Carr according ta the' programme; but, alas! no record of the details of the event has been preserved. No daily newspapers, with their long col- umns of local items, were published in the town or in the vicinity in those days and the people of the present and succeeding generations must remarn in utter ignorance as to who was the- master builder on the occasion, or whether he worked by the square .or scribe rule; or whether; when the last wooden pin had been driven into its proper place, some bold adventurer, inspired by the inward conscious- ness of genius, climbed to the ridgepole and, standing erect, proceeded to dedicate or " name " the building in an ex- temporaneous oration, and whether when the climax of the peroration had been reached, he dashed upon the heavy timbers below a decanter' of rum and sprinkled the precious/ fluid over the beams, the spars, the braces and the sills, as was oftentimes the c ( ustom on similar occasions in those days. Neither can they know as to where in the great ocean the codfish served at the supper were taken, whether- off Marblehead or on the banks of Newfoundld or how many pounds were required to feed the hungry farmers and mechanics assembled at the feast, or where they were pur phased, whether at Portsmouth or Newburyport ; or wheth-> er they were paid for in depreciated continental money or in red oak hogshead staves; nor can any person now living know as to how many bushels of potatoes were cooked or whether they were long reds, old-fashioned whites or lady fingers ; and, worse than all, the names of the good housewives of the town who assisted Mrs. Carr in cooking and preparing the entertainment, and those of the rosy-cheeked maidens who waited upon the tables and laughed at the dry jokes of the young men seated before them, have long since been consigned to oblivion. HISTORY Of CANDIA. 59 At a town meeting held February 5, 1767, it was voted to sell the pew -ground for the wall pews, and Moses Baker, Dr. Samuel Mooers and William -Turner were chosen a com- mittee to sell it and take care that the frame be boarded, shingled and underpinned. The pew ground was sold Feb- ruary 19, 1767. At a town meeting in September, it was voted to sell ground for six more pews behind the men's and women's seats, in order to raise funds to finish the outside of the meeting house that fall as far as the avails from the sales would go. ! The purchase of the pew ground referred to -was sold Octd- 'ber, 1, 1767, and the purchasers paid for it in merchantable" pine boards at eighteen shillings per thousand and in shin- gles at seven shillings per thousand- On November, 1767, it was voted that the meeting house should be glazed that fall, and liberty was given to cut tim- " ber on the parsonage and school lots to make red oak hogs- head staves to defray the expense, the staves to be three feet and eight inches long, and delivered at the meeting house by the 10th day of February following. In 1769, it was voted that the meeting house committee build the men's and women's seats in the meeting house, and in June, 1773, it was, voted to build a pulpit, within six months. From the foregoing account of the building of the meeting house, it appears that the progress in the under- . taking was exceedingly slow, as nearly three years had elapsed before the men's and women's seats were built, and about seven years before a pulpit was .constructed. It does not appear from any record that the building was ever formally dedicated nor is it known when the first religious, service was held within its walls. The latter event proba- bly took place immediately after the building was boarded, shingled and glazed late in the fall of 1767. In 1775, it was voted to sell ground for pews in the gallery to the highest bidder and the finishing of the meeting house to the low- est bidder. In 1779, it was voted to build seats in the gal- lery and that the breast-work should be ,lined during that season. It would seem that this work was not done that year, for on July 21, 1783, it was again voted to>build the seats and 60 HISTORY OF CANDIA. complete the work upon the breast-work, or panel work be- low and around the gallery. The house faced the sbuth a few degrees east. Over the pulpit, which was ejected in the middle of the north side of the building, there was an old-fashioned sounding board, and in front and below the pulpit were the deacons' seats. €)n the west side of the broad aisle and immediately in front of the pulpit there were seats or benches for the accommo- dation- of the elderly men of the congregation, who were hard of hearing, and on the east side there were seats for the elderly. women. All of them were free seats. In 1828, these seats were removed and a tier of pews was erecte4 in, their places. The wall pews, so called, were erected next to the walls of the four sides of the building, and the rest of the area, which was covered with pews, was called the ground floor. There were 36 pews on the lower floor and 24 in the gallery. The pews were of panel work with a row 'of turned balus- ters about eight inches long near the top. The seats, which were placed upon three sides of the pews, were hung with hinges and, during prayers, they, were turned up for the convenience of the worshippers. When the prayer was ended the seats were slammed down upon their supports, causing a loud, rattling noise slightly resembling a volley of musketry. In the gallery there were pews around the walls on three sides, and three pews on the east and west sides be- ween the wall' pews and the breast-work. The latter pews were built about a foot lower than the wall pews. Next, 'south of the pews last described, there were two long seats or benches for the use of those persons who were not other- wise accommodated. Those on the west side were occu- pied by men and those on the opposite side were occupied by women. Mrs. Flora Stewart, the colored servant of Mr. Duncan, the trader, seated herself on the east side of the , gallery while her sons, Isaiah and George, who worked on Mr. Duncan's farm, were seated on the west side. A few Df the pews were owned by one person, but the most of them were owned in shares. Some owned half a pew and others only a quarter of a pew. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 6 1 The pews were built at the expense of the parties who bid off the pew ground. None were built, however, for sev- eral years after the building was raised, boarded' and shin- gled. Some of the pews were built by one carpenter and others by other workmen. John Lane, who was an excel- lent carpenter and cabinet maker, built a large number of pews as will be seen by the following extracts from his ac- count book : September 2Q, 1791. John Sargent, -Dr. To building part of a pew, 8 shillings. In the same year there were the following charges : John Bagley and Lieutenant Fitts, Dr. September 24, to building a pew, 1 pound. "Benjamin Rowe, Jonathan Brown and others, Dr. To building half a pew, 10 shillings. David Pillsbury, Dr. To building a pew, 1 pound. Nathan Bean and Phinehas Bean, Dr. To building a pew, 1 pound. Isaiah Rowe, Dr. To building 1-4 of a pew, 5 shillings. In 179 1, there were also the following charges : Jonathan Rowe, Dr. To building 1-4 of a pew, 5 shil- lings. ' 1 Thomas Towle, Dr. To building 1-2 of a pew, 10 shil- • lings. Daniel Dolbef, Dr. To building half a pew, 10 shillings. Elijah Clough, Dr. To building 1-4 of a pew, 5 shillings. Samuel Colcord, Dr. To building half a pew, 10 shillings. Moses Dustin, Dr, To building part of a pew, 1 1 shil- lings. Mr, Lane performed a large amount of labor upon the meeting house for the town, between the years 1 796 and i8do. He kept a strict account of every item of work as it was performed day by day, as the following extracts from his account book, in 1791, will show : The Parish of Candia, To John Lane, Dr. August 13. To six days' work on the meeting house, 1 pound 4 shillings. August 20. To three and a half days' work, 14 shillings. September 7. To three days by Lieutenant Buswell and one by myself, 16 shillings. 62 HISTORY OF CANDIA. September 25. To one day's work, 4 shillings. , October 1. To four and a half days' work, 18 shillings. October 8. To six days' work, 1 pound 4 shillings. . October 29. To nine days' work by my brother, 1 pound 16 shillings. Mr. Lane continued to make charges for work done upon the building at times during the remainder of that year. BUILDING THE STEEPLE. In the year 1795, the people of the towri began to talk of adding a steeple, a spire and a porch to the meeting house. At a town meeting held March 29, 1796, a proposition to build a steeple was defeated by a vote of fifty-two to fifty- nine. 1 For more than twenty years after the meeting house was erected, the entrances to the gallery were by stairways in the southeast and southwest corners of the building. At a town meeting held early in the spring c-f 1796, it was voted to take away the stairways and sell the spaces which they had covered for pew ground and devote the money received therefor to building a steeple, provided a sufficient sum could be raised by subscription to carry out the under- taking. The necessary funds were immediately raised, and a very handsome steeple was soon erected at the west end of the' building. The spire was supported by eight strong oak pillars, and the dome of the belfry, which was of octa- gon shape, was constructed in an artistic manner. The distance from the ground to the gilded rooster, which sur- mounted the spire, was said to have been about one hun- dred and ten feet. A lightning rod was attached to the steeple soon after it was built. John Lane also performed a good deal of work on the steeple. It appears that Major Samuel Mooers was a mem- ber of the committee appointed^ by the town to build the structure, and "was authorized to employ the carpenters to do the work. In the summer and fall of 1796, Mr. Lane charged Major Mooers, the chairman of the committee, for services on the steeple. The following are a few of the items set down in his account book : To myself and horse to Chester to view the meeting house in that town, 6 shillings. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 63 To myself six days, and Joseph, (one of his sons) three days, boarding, etc., i pound 1 6 shillings. To one day after stuff, 4 shillings. To finishing the inside of ye porch by the job, finding myself, 6 pounds. To myself and Joseph two days on ye foreside, 1 pound 16 shillings. To myself three and a half days on ye ogee and eight square, etc., 15 shillings 9 pence. To myself and Joseph two and a half days on ye eight square, etc., 15 shillings 9 pence. ' To myself five days, and Joseph six days on the inside ye steeple, 1 pound 12 shillings. There were various other charges in the bill of the same character, the, total amounting to 24 pounds, 6 shillings and 9 pence. THE PARSONAGE, ETC. On October, 1768, the town voted to build a parsonage for accommodating the ministers who came to settle in the * parish ; to dig a well ; clear up and bring under improve- ment thirty acres within fqur years. To cut down and burn off the thick growth of old trees and shrubbery, which stood upon the lot; to take off the- boulders, dig up and prepare ,the soil for a crop of rye, corn and grass, was no small job, and it required many hard days' work. On February 6, 1 769, it was decided that the house should be located on the north end of the lot upon the spot where Mr. Sylvester now resides, and nearly opposite to the pres- ent parsonage belonging to the Congregational Society. The house was thirty-eight feet long and twenty feet wide, with a " Citching Room," (kitchen) upon the east end of the south side, two stories high and eighteen feet square. In August, 1769, it was voted that the overplus of the staves be laid out in buying brick for the parsonage house chimney. In 1770, it was voted to build a stack of chimneys with two fireplaces, and finish one room by the first day of Octo- ber, of that year ; likewise, to finish another room by the first day of December ensuing ; dig a cellar and also set 64" HISTORY OF CANDIA. out an orchard of one hundred apple trees the next spring. During the time that the parsonage lot was owned by the town, it was occupied by Rev. Mr. Jewett about ten years, by Rev. Mr. Prince seven years, by Rev. Mr. Remington - twenty-five years, by Rev. Mr. Jones two years, and by Rev. Mr. Wheeler ten years. Upon September 13, 18 13, it was voted to sell one acre of the parsonage lot, situated on the northeast corner, to Rev. Mr. Remington' THE^ PROVINCE DIVIDED INTO COUNTIES. Previous to 1770, all the business pertaining to the courts, etc., was transacted at Portsmouth. In August, 1767, the House resolved to divide the province into four counties, while the Council insisted that two counties were sufficient The King was appealed to, and he gave leave to the House and Council to pass a bill establishing five counties. The bill was passed and signed by the provincial governor. The following are the names of the five counties which were es- tablished : Rockingham, Strafford, Hillsborough, Cheshire and Grafton. Portsmouth and Exeter became the shire towns, and the the jail and the offices of the Register of Probate and the Register of Deeds were established at those places. Trials by jury also took place there and for several years the expenses of the jurymen -were paid by the towns from which they were sent. By the selectmen's accounts for the year 1775, it appears that nine jurymen were paid by the town for services at the courts at Portsmouth at various times during that year. ■fi JOHN BROWN. Sketch, page 510. CHAPTER X. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION, After the conquest of Canada and the close of the French and Indian wars, the people of the American colonies cher- ished the hope that they would be permitted to enjoy a long period of peace and prosperity. But they soon began to realize that their hopes were delusive dreams, so long as they were under the dominion of tyrants beyond the seas. The long war with France had exhausted the British treas- ury, and various schemes were devised by the ministry and parliament to replenish it. Among these was an act to tax the American colonies, by greatly increasing the duties On tea, sugar, molasses, coffee, and other goods imported from the West Indies and other countries. The Stamp Act, which was passed by Parliament in 1765, providing that no deeds, wills, or other legal papers should be valid unless, they bore -government stamps, which were brought from England and sold at stipulated prices, was another exercise of tyran^ nical power. The intelligence of the passage of this act caused great excitement and indignation throughout the col- onies, as it had been constantly asserted and maintained that taxation without representation was tyranny. The duty on tea was the most obnoxious tax, not because of the amount per pound, but because of the claim of the Brit- ish • Government that it had a right to tax their American colonies at all ; and the people very generally entered into an agreement that they would not import or use tea while it was subject to a duty. As a consequence, the importation of tea was greatly limited, and the attempt to derive a rev- enue from this source was a complete failure. The British Government there upon taok off the duty, and the East In- dia company was allowed to ship their teas to America, and to pay the Government three pence per pound on its being landed. The three pence per pound was of course added to'the cost of the tea to the consumers. The colo- 6 5 5 66 HISTORY OF CANDIA. nists were not so stupid as to be caught by so transparent a trick, and their resistance to the tax became more deter- mined than ever. Public meetings were held in many of the towns in the colonies, and it was resolved that " whoever directly or indirectly aided or, assisted in the im- portation of any of the East Indies company's teas, or any teas whatever, should be deertied an enemy to America." ' An attempt to import a quantity- of tea at Portsmouth, caused great excitement, and the tea was afterwards , re- shipped. At about the same time a ship arrived in Boston harbor with a cargo of tea. The vessel was boarded by a resolute company of the colonists, and the tea was taken from the hold and thrown overboard into the sea. The British Government, finding that the colonists would not submit to their acts of tyranny, resolved to overawe them by making a display of its power. As Boston was the central point of the resistance to the demands of the King and Parliament, a force of 3,000 men, under the corn- mand of General Gage, was sent to Boston and quartered among the people of that town. Trade and business of all kinds were suspended, in consequence, and the people suf- fered from the want of food and the other necessaries of life. In this emergency, the people of the adjacent towns sent them food, and otherwise, contributed to their support. In the latter part of December, 1774, an order from the King and Council forbidding the exportation of powder* and other military stores from England to the American colo- nies was received at Boston. At the same time, it became known that troops were about to be sent from Boston to- disarm Fort William and Mary at the mouth of the Piscata- qua river. The information was immediately conveyed to Portsmouth by Paul Revere, whereupon the Committee of Safety of that town collected together three or four hundred men, who belonged to Portsmouth and the surrounding towns, for the purpose of capturing the powder and stores from the fort. The enterprise was successful in every par- ticular, and ninety-seven barrels of powder, sixty stand of arms and sixteen pieces of cannon were taken and removed to a place of safety. The blow aimed at the people -of the Province of Mass'a. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 67 chusetts, the principal place to offer open resistance, to the attempt to deprive them of their rights, was also directed towards the people of all the British colonies in America, and the people of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and the other colonies, at once prepared to co-operate with their brethren of New England in the work of defending the rights of all. In May, 1774, a Congress, consisting of delegates from ill the colonies, assembled .at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a confederation of,the colonies in opposing the attempts to strip them of their rights and liberties. New Hampshire joined in this movement with alacrity, and a Provincial Convention -of delegates was called to , meet at Exeter on January 25, of that year, to ch,oose dele- ' gates to attend the first Philadelphia Convention or Conti- nental Congress, -as it was called. At a special town meeting held in Candi'a, July 11, Abra- ham Fitts was chosen a delegate to the General Congress at , Exeter. l The Provincial Congress at Exeter elected Nathaniel Fol- sorri and John Sullivan delegates to the Continental Con- gress at Philadelphia. The Continental Congress in an address to the people, counselled them to maintain peace, harmony and union among themselves, to practice economy, to pro- mote manufactories, avoid law suits, improve themselves in such military arts as would best fit them for real action in engagements. In response to the address, the military companies in Candia and other towns were frequently drilled in the use of arms. , ' At a town meeting held January 3, 1775, Moses Baker was chosen a delegate to the Provincial Convention to be held'at Exeter, January 25, and it was voted that the select- men should buy a barrel of powder, flints and lead, an- swerable thereto as a parish stock. At the same meetiiig - Walter Robie, Nathaniel Emerson, Samuel Mooers, Benja- min Cass and Jacob Woithen were chosen a committee to inspect all persons, to ascertain their views in'regard to the - affairs of the present day. 68 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Voted that Nathaniel Emerson, Moses Baker, Ensign Bean ,be a committee to request ail the males in Candia, from six- teen to sixty years of age, to meet at some convenient time at the meeting i house in order to viewing with arms and ammunition. At a town meeting held February 21, 1775, Nathaniel Burpee, Abraham Fitts, Moses Baker and Ichabod Robie were added to the Committee of Inspection. BATTLES OF LEXINGTON AND CONCORD. On the 19th of April, a detachment of troops was sent by 'General Gage from Boston, to destroy a quantity of provis- ions and 'ammunition which had been collected by the Americans, and stored at Concord. On arriving at Lexing- ton, they were ordered to fire upon a company of about sev- enty Americans, who had assembled upon the common, near the meeting house of the town. The order was obeyed, eight of the Americans fell, and the remainder re- treated. The British troops then proceeded to Concord and destroyed a part of the stores collected there, when they were furiously assaulted by the citizens of Concord and the neighboring towns. The British commander ordered a re- treat. The Americans slowly followed, and poured in up- on them a most destructive fire along the whole line of 1 march to Lexington. At that point, the retreating troops were re-enforced by a regiment of British infantry, which had been sent to their relief by General Gage, from Boston. The total loss of the British, in this affair, was two hundred and seventy-three, in killed, wounded and missing. The Americans lost eighty-eight men. The news of this, the first conflict of the war, spread with great rapidity throughout all the surrounding towns. It is said that Colonel Nathaniel Emerson received the news at midnight, and rode up to the meeting house, firing minute guns as he went, to arouse the inhabitants. Nine or* more of the most resolute of the able-bodied young men of the town, volunteered to proceed to the scene of conflict. Prep- arations for departure were hurriedly- made, a supply of provisions were placed in their knapsacks, and with their muskets upon their shoulders they were soon on their way HISTORY OF CANDIA. 69 to Lexington. These men from Candia were followed by others in a day or two. When they arrived at Chester, they were probably joined by men from Deerfield, Nottingham and other neighboring towns, who were bound on the same patriotic mission. Finding upon their arrival in Massachu- setts there were no indications that 'hostilities would be re- sumed immediately, some of the volunteers from Candia returned home, while others enlisted in Massachusetts reg- iments. At a special town meeting, held May n, 1775, Samuel Mooers was chosen a delegate to represent the town in the Provincial Convention to be held at Exeter, May 17, and Moses Baker, Abraham Fitts, Samuel Towle A Stephen Palm- er, Nathaniel Emerson, and Jacob Worthen were chosen a committee to give general instructions to Dr. ^Mooers. The appointment of this committee shows that the citi- zens of Candia realized the full responsibilities the colonists were about to assume, and the necessity of proceeding with great caution, in order that nothing should be done in a hasty or indiscreet manner. At the meeting of the Provincial Congress at Exeter, May 17, 1776, it was voted to raise two thousand men to be or- ganized into three regiments. The commanders of these regiments were John Stark, James Reed, and Enoch Poor. Nathaniel Folsom was elected Majur-General. The regi- ments immediately proceeded to Cambridge, and were placed under the command of General Artemus Ward, the Commander-in-Chief of the Massachusetts forces. THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. On the evening of June 16, orders were given to Colonel William Prescott to occupy and fortify the heights of Bunk- er Hill, with a detachment of one thousand men. By some mistake, Prescott advanced to Breed's Hill, about three- fourths of a mile nearer to Boston, and, proceeded to con- struct intrenchments at that point. At daybreak the next morning, the British General opene 1 a heavy artillery fire upon the works of the Americans, but without much effect. Early in the afternoon, a large body of troops, which were sent over from Boston in boats by General- Gage, to attack the American worlds. The British columns were twice repulsed with great loss. On the third assault, the Americans, who had expended their ammuni- tion, were, compelled to retreat. The British loss at the battle was one thousand and fifty- four, in killed, wounded and missing. The American loss was four hundred and fifty-three men. The powder used by the New Hampshire troops in this battle was a part of that captured from Fort William and Mary. • Seven men, who belonged in Candia, were present in this battle. They were enlisted in Captain Hezekiah Hutchins' Company, of Colonel James Reed's Regiment, of. New Hampshire. The following are the names, ages, time of enlistment, etc., of each. After the names of the killed and wounded, are the losses in arms, clothing, etc., as certified by Samuel Herbert Martin, and the amount paid for the same : Remarks. Private, Sergeant . Private killec wounded wounded Names. Enlisted. Age. 19 Occupation. Husbandman, May 4,' 1 1 a 36 it 1 1 it a 18 a a 1 1 a !9 1 1 it " " 25 " 6 it ( ( 19 28 it a Clifford John, Hills John, Hills Parker, Knowles Amos, Morrill' Samuel, v Morrison John, Varnum John. The following is a statement of the losses sustained a1 the battle by the above Candia soldiers : John Clifford, 1 coat, 1 blanket, 1 shirt, 1 pair trousers, 1 pair stockings, and i.pack. Paid 2 pounds, 4 shillings. Parker Hills paid 5 pounds, 3 shillings, 2 pence. Amos Knowles, 1 coat, 1 blanket, 1. shirt, 1 pair stock- ings, 1 knapsack. ' Paid 1 pound, 12 shillings. Samuel Morrill, 1 blanket, 2 jackets, 1 shirt, 2 pair trous- ers, 1 pair stockings, 1 pack, 1 gun. 'Paid 4 shillings, ig pence. John Varnum. 1 blanket, 1 gun, 1 shirt, 1 coat, 1 pack. Paid 5 pounds, 1 shilling. ' John Wentworth, who was the last Governor of New Hampshire, and was appointed to, the office by a British King, found the position too hot for him after the battle o HISTORY OF CANDIA. 7 1 Bunker Hill, and fled from his residence at Portsmouth to the Isles of Shoals, and soon afterwards he went to Eng- land. After the abdication of Governor Wentworih and the dis- solution of the royal government, New Hampshire,' for a short time, had no regularly appointed rulers. A conven- tion was held at Exeter, May 17, 1775, to establish a pro- visional government. One hundred and two towns were represented by one hundred and thirty-two delegates. The convention which assembled at Exeter, made pro- visions for calling a new convention which should more fully represent the people. A new convention promptly assembled, drew up a temporary form of government which assumed the name of House of Representatives, adopted a constitution, and chose twelve men to constitute a distinct and. co-ordinate branch of the government called the Coun- cil. Meshech Weare was appointed president of the Coun- cil and president of the Executive Committee of Safety. CANDIA SOLDIERS AT, CAMBRIDGE IN 1775- ' The following is a list of tl" e rarrcs ci Cfic'a men who were enlisted and served in Captain Coggswell s com- pany, of Colonel Loammi Baldwin's regiment, of Massa- chusetts, from April ist to August 24th, 1775: John Bagley, Sewell Brown, Nathan Burpee, John Clay, Silas Cammet, Thomas Dearborn, Lieutenant Moses Dus- fin, . Jesse Eaton, Jacob Flanders, Jonathan Green, David Hill, Drummer, Isaac Knowles, James McClure, Samuel Mooers, Philip Morse, Moses Morse, Stephen Palmer, Ber- nard Pollard, Ezekiel Pollard, Enoch Rowell, Sergeant, Ro- bert Wilson, James Eaton, Joseph Long. i At Bunker Hill, Samusl Mprrill received a ball in his loins in consequence of which he was partially paralyzed. He was treated in a hospital in Cambridge for several weeks, far which the Government paid 2 pounds, 19 shillings, 5 pence. It is said thatjohn Hills, while lying upon his back in the act of loading his gun, a spent ball, which was fired by a British soldier, struck one of his feet without doing him much harm, and that he endeavored to return it to the orig- inal owner, but found it too large for his gun. 72 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Soon after the battle of Bunker Hill, a very large bpdy of troops were in camp at Cambridge and Charlestown to watch the British army, which was quartered in Boston,, and prevent it from making further advances into the coun- try. The following is a return of the number of cartridge boxes, cartridges, the amount of powder and number of balls in the possesssion of the Candia soldiers, who be- longed to Captain Coggswell's company, at Sewell's Point, December 21, 1775 : balls. Silas Cammet, 1 box, 7 c; irtridges powder, 5 Samuel Mooers, 1 " 16 1 1 1-4 lb Robert Wilson, ' ' 16 1 1 John Clay, i< " 1 i 8 Jeremiah Towle, 1 " 12 " Jesse Eaton, 1 " 1 1 1-2 21 Stephen Palmer, 1 " 11 1 < 6 James McClure, 1 , " 8 < t 1-2 7 •In June, 1776, General Washington was chosen Com- mander in Chief of the American army by the Continental Congress. In a few weeks afterwards he arrived at Cam- bridge and took command of tl|e troops stationed there. He immediately proceeded to ^discipline the recruits and make preparations for driving the British army from Bos- ton. Forts were built at various points on the land side of the town. The siege continued' until March, 1776, when Washington took possession of Dorchester Heights, a point within, a short distance from the British camp, and es- tablished heavy batteries there. On the 17th of March, St. Patrick's Day, everything was in readiness to bombard the town. General Gage was filled with dismay as he saw his danger, and hastened to open nego- tiations with Washington in regard to the state of affairs. It was finally/ agreed that the British general should be al- lowed to embark his troops upon his ships and withdraw from the town. In a day or two, the British fleet with the army on board, sailed out of Boston harbor and proceeded to Halifax. The next day Washington, at the head of his" troops, marched into Boston to the great joy of the in- habitants'. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 73 During the siege, many Candia men were on duty at Cambridge and Charlestown, but when the British army retired they returned to their homes. 'On the first of December, 1775, the troops stationed at Winter Hill from Connecticut refused to tarry longer in service there, and General Suli van, who had been appointed a Brigadier-General, urged the Committee of Safety to send men- from New Hampshire at once to fill their places. Thirty companies were accordingly immediately raised in the various towns in the state, and a large part of them were sent to Winter Hill. Captain Moses Baker, of Candia, was Captain of the Eleventh company, Joseph Dearborn, 1st Lieutenant, and Benjamin Cass, 2nd Lieutenant. These troops were called The Six Weeks Men. ASSOCIATION TEST. In April, 1776, the' Committee of Safety in New Hamp- shire, acting in accordance with the* wishes of the Conti- nental Congress, sent to each town a circular, a copy of which is given below : Select Men of Candia. , In Committee of Safety, April 12, 1770. In order to carry the underwritten Resolves of the Hon- orable Continental Congress into execution, you are re- quested to desire all males above twenty-one years of age, (lunatics, idiots and Negroes excepted,) to sign to the dec- laration on this paper; and when so done, to make return hereof together with the name or names of all who shall re- fuse to sign the same, to the General Assembly or Commit- tee of Safety of this Colony. M. WEARE, Chairman. In Congress, March 14, 1776. Resolved, That it be recommended to the several Assem- blies, Conventions, and Councils, or Committees of Safety, of the United Colonies, immediately to cause all persons to be disarmed within their respective Colonies, who are no- toriously disaffected to the cause of America, or who have not associated, and refuse to associate, to defend by arms, „ the United Colonies against the hostile attempts of the Brit- ish fleets and armies. Extract from the minutes. (Copy.) CHARLES THOMPSON, Sec'y. In consequence of the above resolution of the Hon. Con- tinental Congress, and to show our determination in join- our American brethren in defending the lives, liberties and properties of the inhabitants of the United Colonies. We, the subscribers, do hereby solemnly engage and , promise, that we will to the utmost of our power, at the risk of our lives and fortunes, with arms, oppose the hos- tile proceedings of the British fleets and armies against the United American Colonies. William Baker, John Clay, Thomas Dearborn, Jonathan Pillsbury, Samuel Dearborn, Enoch Rowell, James Eaton, Nathaniel Emerson, Samuel Mooers, Ezekiel Knowles, Wal- ter Robie, Abraham Fitts, Nathaniel Maxfield, Moses Baker, Nicholas Smith, Thomas Emery, Benjamin Batchelder, Enoch Colby, John Lane, Jonathan Smith, Robert Wilson, John Sargent, Joseph Palmer, James Varnum, Thomas Pat- ten, Benjamin Hubbard, Samuel 'Buswell, Henry Clark, Elijah True, John Clark; Zachariah Clifford, Samuel Brown, Daniel Hall, Benjamin Cass, Jonathan Brown, «John Hills, John Colby, Aaron Brown, William Eaton, William Turner, Jethro Hill, Obadiah Hall, Robert Smart, Sherburne Rowe, Moses Sargent, David Bean, Joseph Fifield, Thomas Ander- son, Obediah Smith, Stephen Fifield, Ebenezer Eaton, James Miller, Theophilus Clough, Robert Wason, Benjamin Row- ell, Jonathan Hills, Paul Eaton, Nathaniel Burpee, Samuel Morrill, David Hill, Jeremiah Burpee, William Hills, Samu- el Towle, Nicholas French, John Cammet, Simon French, Stephen Palmer, Samuel, Clough, Benaiah Colby, Nehemiah Brown, David Jewett, Daniel Dolber, Samuel Worthen, John Carr, John Moor, Sewell Brown, James Prescott, Hugh Me- dellan, Stephen Palmer, Jun., Jonathan Bagley, Jonathan Ring, John Prescott, Zebulon Winslow, Joshua Moore, Rich- ard Clough, Amos Knowles, Stephen Clark, Obedom Hall, Jesse Eaton, John Clifford, Benjamin Fellows, John Sar- gent, Jonathan Cammet, Biley Smith,, Ephraim Eaton, Jacob Bagley. CHAPTER XL THF WAR OF THE REVOLUTION'— (Continued.) On the 4th of July, 1776, the American Congress at Phila- delphia declared that the United American Colonies were a free and independent nation. This declaration was re- ceived in all the colonies with the heartiest demonstrations of satisfaction. Within fourteen days it was published in .all the shire towns of New Hampshire. , At Exeter, it was read by the patriotic Gilman to a great assemblage of citi- zens. The citizens 'of Candia were in no sense behind their fellow citizens of other towns in the country, in giving expression to their approval of the action of the Continent- al ,Congress at Philadelphia. ' During the early pstrt of the year of 1776, the assembly of New Hampshire voted, to raise 2,00b men to be divided into four regiments. The rnen were raised, and a part were sent to reinforce the army in New York and a part were or- dered to Canada. The battles of Trenton and Princeton took place this year. Many New Hampshire troops were " Engaged in these battles. During the latter part of the year 1776, there was an ur- 1 gent call for troops to re-enforpe the , army in the field, and also for the purpose of organizing other expeditions to op- pose the enemy. The Comm/ttee of Safety of New Hamp- shire were earnest in their endeavors to raise the men re- quired. Major-General Folsom, who acted under the orders of the Committee of Safety, was in constant correspondence with the field officers of the regiments, upon the subject of securing the 1 necessary numbers of men. John Webster, of Chester, was at that time the Colonel of the 17th regiment, and Nathaniel Emerson, of Candia, was Lieutenant-Colonel; The following letters from Colonel Webster to Lieutenant- Colonel Emerson, explain themselves : Chester,. Ddc. 24, 1776. Colonel Emerson : •v Sir, — I must request of you that you notify 75 '' 76 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the men that are enlisted in Candia to go to New York, that they appear at my house next Saturday, at ten of the clock in the forenoon, all complete and fit to march. Of the men's narr\es that have enlisted are Paul Eaton, John Clark, Amos Knowles, John Clay, Jun. Sir, in complying with the above you will oblige, yours, John Webster, Col. Exeter, March 22, 1777. Colonel Emerson : '• Enclosed are orders for raising men, and as I am not at home, neither can be very soon, I must entreat and require of you that you take the utmost care and pains as fast as possible to get men, and that you call upon the other officers to assist, and also upon the selectmen, if need be, and to inform them that it is the opinion of the 'court that the shortest time for a town or parish meeting in this case will be sufficient, In case the people are notified, it may happen that there will be no need for meetings. I think it will be best to get the officers together as soon as possible, to make a proportion of all the men to be raised with each captain, and I should be glad, that if agree- able to you, you might meet next Tuesday. As our town meeting is next Thursday, it may be of some advantage to our town meeting in raising their proportion. In comply- ing with the , above and using your best endeavors will be very pleasing and gratefully acknowledged by yours, John Webster, Col. ' The enclosed orders referred to were written by Josiah Bartlett, of Exeter. THE BATTLE OF BENNINGTON. Early in July, 1777, information was received in New Hampshire that General Burgoyne, with a strong force, was about to march from Canada to attack the Continental Army in Northern New York. The New Hampshire Legislature hastily assembled to consider the state of affairs, and to de- vise measures to raise troops to take the field at once. Gen- eral Stark was given the command of several regiments, and appointed No. Four, now Charlestown, as the place of HISTORY OF CANDIA. * 77 rendezvous. The yeomanry of New Hampshire quickly rallied to his standard. Being invited by the Green Moun- tain Boys to lead them against the enemy, he forthwith sent 400 or 500 men to Manchester, a town twenty miles northeast of Bennington, and soon followed with the re- mainder of his forces. On the 4th of August, Nathaniel Emerson, ofCandia.-who was Lieutenant-Colonel of Colonel Stickney's regiment, was sent by General Stark to the valley of Otter Creek to collect stores. Also, to watch thetories, and to prevent them from making a flank movement in favor of the British invaders. On the 9th of August, a courier arrived at Stark's quarters with the intelligence that a force of 150 Indians had arrived at Cambridge, a town about twelve miles distant, and on the night of the same day, it was learned that Colonel Baum, with a large force consisting of infantry, artillery and 150 Indians, had arrived at that point. Swift couriers- were at once sent to Emerson to return immediately to headquarters, and a message was also sent to Colonel Warner, the commander of a Vermont body of militia, to hasten to Stark's support. On the 14th of August, Stark moved his whole force west- ward across the Wallobmosack river, when he met Gregg falling back before a superior force of the enemy. Finding the ground unsuitable for a general action, Stark retired "with his forces about a mile and encamped, intending to make an attack that day when his expected re-enforcements should have arrived. Col. Baum selected a. position upon two hills, situated" half a mile west of the dividing line -between Vermont and New York, and the battle was fought in the latter state. On the 1 5th of August, there was a great rain storm, and neither army was in a condition to fight a battle. All that day and the greater portion of the night was spent by the British forces in strengthening their position. At midnight, Baum received a despatch from Colonel Breyman that re-enforcements would reach him the next day. Stark had failed to get reliable information of Breyman's approach, but his promptness and energy probably saved ,h.im from the results of Baum's strategy. 78 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ' , On the 1 6th of , August, Stark, who had his forces aug- mented by the Berkshire men from Massachusetts, resolved to attack the main body. His force now amounted to six- teen hundred men. Colonel Nichols, with two hundred men, was ordered to the rear of the enemy's left wing; and Colonel Herrick, with three hundred, to the rea.r of their right. , Three hundred men were ordered to attack them in front, and draw their attention. Then, sending Colonels Hubbard and Stickney, with two hundred, to attack the right wing, and* one hundred more to reinforce Nichols in the rear of their left, the battle commenced by an attack on the rear of the left wing, at precisely thr^e o'clock in the afternoon. It was immediately seconded by the other de- tachments, 'and, at the same time, Stark himself advanced with the main body. For two hours the Hessians fought bravely ; but, overwhelmed by numbers, and their en- trenchments assaulted by yet braver troops, they were ov- erpowered. The Americans forced their entrenchments v and they fled in disorder. But carelessness had now well nigh lost what valor had won. • The Americans, apprehend- ing no danger, dispersed in search of plunder and fugitives. Suddenly the reinforcements sent to Baum arrived, and fell furiously upon the scattered Americans. Lieutenant-Colonel Emerson, who had made a hurried march from Otter Creek, arrived within a few miles of the battle field early in the afternoon of August 16th, when he halted to, rest and refresh his men. In a short time he heard the roar of the battle and the march of his troops was hastily resumed. He arrived near the scene of the conflict, at about the same time that Breyman, with his re-enforce- ments had come to the relief of Baum. Emerson's forces were soon united with those of Colonel Warner, which, for- tunately, had just arrived, and a nucleus was immediately formed, . around which the demoralized troops who had been engaged in the first battle rallied. The battle lasted till night, when the enemy, retreating under cover of the darkness, made good their escape. Four pieces of cannon, with all the baggage wagons and horses of the enemy, were the trophies of the victory. Two hun- dred and twenty-six men were found dead on the field of HISTORY OF CANDIA. 79' battle. Colonel Baum, mortally wounded, was taken; be- sides whom thirty-three officers and seven hundred privates were made prisoners. Of Stark's brigade, four officers and ten privates were killed, and forty-two were wounded. The following is a list of the names of Candia soldiers who were enlisted in Captain Stephen Dearborn's Company, in Golonel Thomas Stickney's Regiment of General Stark's Brigade, which marched from Chester and joined the Conti- nental Army ; John Bagley, John Cammet, Joseph Cass, Sergeant, John Clay, Anthony Clifford, Israel Clifford, Enoch Colby, Thom- as Dearborn, Sergeant, Samuel Dearborn, Benjamin Eaton, Moses Emerson, Benjamin Fellows, Captain Nathaniel Maxfield, John Moore, Samuel Mooers, Ichabod Robie, Ben- jamin Smith, Amos Knowles, James Litoby, Benjamin Wad- leigh, Oliver Smith, Thomas Wilson, Philip Morse, Joseph Pillsbury, Robert Wilson, Jun. These men were enlisted July 21, 1777, and were dis- charged September 28. / The decisive victory at Bennington gave great joy to the American people. The colonies had long been depressed by disaster and defeat ; but when the result of the battle was known throughout the country, all true Republicans felt assured that a more glorious victory over their British oppressors would not long be delayed. Among those who aided in securing the triumph of the American cause at Bennington, none were more active and faithful in the performance of their duties than Colonel Em- ' erson, and none were more deserving of the honors which have been bestowed upon them than he. CHAPTER XII. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION— (Continued.) On January 18, 1777, 'the General Assembly at Exeter passed an act for regulating prices with the following pre- amble : " Whereas the exorbitant prices of the necessary and con- venient articles of life, and also of labor, within this state, •at this time of distress (unless speedily and effectually rem- edied) will be attended with the most fatal and pernicious •consequences." The act fixes among others the following prices : s. d. s. d. "Wheat, 7 6 Sugar, 8 Rye, 4 5 Molasses, 3,4 Corn, 3 6 Salt, 10 •Oats, 3 Coffee, 1 4 Peas,, 8 Cotton, 3 8 Beans, 6 . Flax, 1 Potatoes, in fall, 1 4 Wool, 2 Potatoes at any season, 2 Stockings per pair, 6 ■Cheese, 6 Flannel per yard, 3 Butter, 10 Tow Cloth, 2 3 Pork, from 100 to 140 lbs. ,041-2 Coarse Linens, 4 Pork, from 140 to 200 lbs. ,05* Cot'n, or C. & linen .3 8 Raw Hides, 3 Good N. E. 1 oar iron, 40- Sole Leather, 1 6 Farm labor in sum. , 3 4 "West India Rum, 6 8 ' Mechanics . inproppr- N. England Rum, 3 10 tioir, as to usage. At a town meeting held May 19, 1777, Moses Baker, Wal- ter Robie, Abraham Fitts, and Benjamin Cass were chosen .a. committee to affix and settle prides in addition to the reg- ulation act. January 19, 1778, a committee was appointed to procure our quota of Continental soldiers for three years or during ■the war, and at an adjournment, in February, another com- 80 - ' SAMUEL DUDLEY. Sketch, page 508. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 8 1 mittee of five was chosen to make further trial at once. April 20, the committee was instructed to make further trial, and hire money and pursue the business without loss of time. In the early part of August, Captain Moses Baker marcheed from Candia with a company of men, which was raised in Chester, Raymond and Candia, to join in opposing the at- tempt of Burgoyne to send an army to New York through Vermont; but he did not arrive at Bennington in time to participate in the battle at that place. His company was attached to Lieutenant-Colonel Welch's regiment of Gener- al Whipple's brigade, and marched to Saratoga. This com- pany was engaged in the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. The following are the names of the officers and privates: Moses Baker, Captain; Abraham Fitts, Lieutenant; Jona- than Bagley, Ensign; Isaiah Rowe and Jonathan Clifford, Sergeants; Sewell Brown, Jonathan Ring, John Sargent, Nathaniel Burpee, Jacob Clifford, Benjamin Hubbard, Rich- ard Clough, Stephen Palmer, Enoch Rowell, James Haz- zard, Silas Cammet, Samuel Bagley, John Hills, Jesse Eat- on, Privates. AN OLD DOCUMENT. Copy of a diary kept by Lieutenant Abraham Fitts, of Captain Moses Baker's company of volunteers, who marched from Candia, and joined the Northern Continental army at Saratoga, in September, 1777 : Inlisted Saturday ye 27 of Sept 1777. Met & Drawd powder tuesday ye 30 of Sept. Marcht from Browns on friday ye 3d of October to hoyts in amesburytown, Robies in perrytown 6 miles to Lanes in Fisherfield 22 miles from hopkinton meeting house. Hani- ka is Southerd from Lanes. Lodgd at Clarks in fisherfield. 5 mile from Lanes by Great Sunnepy. Marcht Saturday ye 4th from Clarks to grouts 2 1 mile from Clarks, thro part of Saville by E Bradburys then in unity by Judkins * * * to grouts at No. 4- .Sabbath October ye 5th marcht from Grouts to No Joy- town [?] 3 mile then over the ferry to Reeds in Rocking- 6 82 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ham in the State of Vermont 3 mile & Logd a Sabbath Day- night. Marcht ye 6th on monday morning from Reeds & marcht by Chandlers in Chester to ottersons in Kent 20 miles & put up & Lost ye Little Bag. Octobr ye 7th tuesday morning marcht from ottersons by Capt Rogerss in Kent & Barlows in Brumley & thro part of winhall 20 mile to Aliens in manchester. Octobr ye 8 on Wednesday morning from aliens by head Quarters in manchester Southerly through part of Sunder- land & turnd Short to the Right hand westerly thro allenton & thro Sunderlahd * * * in Southerly to Camebridge 27 miles to Besses. thursday morning oct ye 9 : marcht from Besses in Cam- bridge by the Frame of a meeting house a Crooked Road to Botten kills by tiffs mills twelve miles to house owned by Nathan tanner. Friday morning oct ye 10 at twelve o'clock precisely Lar- umd & marcht to Saratogue from thenc to the mouth of the River above Slytars after the Regulars & marcht Back again to our Lodging a tiffsmills. ' Saturday October yen marcht from Lodging at Bottenkil mills to ye Lines at ye Narrows at Bottenkil went to In- trenching. I came Back with the horses & Sargent Row & Deacon hill to our Lodging & there Staid. Sabbath morning ye 12th went up to the Brest work and Back again. monday ye 13 went up again and Carried half a Bushel of potatoes. ye 14th tuesday Sessation on arms I went up & hazzad came Down & Back. ye 15 Wednesday Staid to home at tanners & went Down to Saratogee Sessation Day again. ye 16 went up to the Lines & worked and Sessation but all alarmed till 2 o:Clock & came back. ye 17 Friday Mr. Burgoyne marcht off the Ground & Gcnl Gates marcht In Then w c marcht to Saratoge put up in a Barn Saturday ye 18: marcht from Saratoge to Still water & HISTORY OF CANDIA. 83 went Down bslow for a Front Guard & put up in a Barn 16 mil * : Sabbath ye 19th marchi from /the Barn in Scattercook to tyeoxyok and Capt Baker & I put up at Colo Derwent in Cambridge 12 miles. monday ye 20 no clock marcht from Dertworts in St Croix Cambridg to Abbotts in Sd St Croix & it Raind while towards Day & then Snowd till morning 5 miles. tuesday 21st Early in the morning marcht from Abbotts by Duch husack thro pownall into williamstown by the meeting house 20 odd mile to Thos Duttens & it snowd most all Day. ye 22d Staid at Duttons in Williams Town. 23. march from Duttens to meckenes 2 mile. ye 1 24 march from meckeenes by Williamstown meeting , house thro Lanesborough into pitsfield to Beldens by the Iron works 18 mile & 1-2. Saturday ye 25 marcht from Beldens by pitsfield meeting house to graveses 6 mile Sabbath ye 26 march from Grav * * over hoosick mount- ain to pearses in partridgfield to mile. monday ye 27 marcht from pearses to agars in worthen- ton and Drawd some Salt meat & then was Dismised by Coll Weltch in a rage & went to Niles:s the Blacksmith & staid & left Capt Baker Behind 2 miles. 1 tuesday morning 28 marcht from Niless by herricks the tavern in Chesterfield to Kings and staid & eat pork & cab- bage * & itt Snowd & haild & Raind a very Severe Storm in- deed 4 miles Wednesday ye 29th marcht from Eleazer kings by fair- fields town in Williamsburg & thro N: hampton'over the Ferry to old hadley to one Smiths & Staid all Night & left Capt Baker & Silas Cammet Behind 15 miles. Thursday ye 30th of October marcht from Smiths In had- ley into amherst by the meeting house & took Breakfast at Joseph Easmans got the meeting house in Shutesbury about one o: clock by a Stone pound went on thro New Salem to petersham by the meeting house 3-4 of a mile to Clemmon- ses — 30 mile. Friday ye 31st marcht from Clemmenses in petersham by 84 HISTORY OF CANDIA. templeton meeting house & it Stood a Little one Side of the way at the Right hand to martains in Lunnenburgh mile &. half from the meetting house 27 mile. Saturday ye 1st of Novembr 177.7, march from martains by lunnenburgh meeting house & townsind meeting house Stood on a hill to Gyles' & took Breakfast- then to hollis by the'meetinghouse then thro merrimack over the River to Litchfield & put up at Widow Parkers 30 mile, mr hubbard paid for milk at Cockrans c — 2 — 10 I paid at aliens in manchester for 4 Suppers & mare keeping o — 4. 6 Sargent Rowe paid at Besses for keeping mare -in Cambridge for a loaf of bread octobr: ye 10th mr hubard paid — ■ Sergnt Rowe paid oct: ye 21 Sewal paid — oct ye 23 I paid at Duttens Sargnt Rowe paid Due to Sewal Brown from me Due from mr hubbard to me Due to Sewal from Sargent Rowe Sewal owes mr hubbard — A Fitts J Rowe Ste palmer E Rowel 6d piece to J Clifford for Cyder. Joseph Clifford owes me 1 — o : 5 Lieutenant Fitts reached Candia on Sunday, November 21. The above diary is given here as an illustration of ,the simplicity of the habits of the men who fought to secure the liberties of the country, and the difference between the man- ner of performing long journeys which prevailed a hundred years ago, when there were no stages or steam cars, or few if any carriages, and that which prevails at the present day. Lieutenant Fitts, though his knowledge of the principles of grammar was limited, was a man of soundjudgment and intelligence in the management of public as well as private affairs. Captain Baker's company proceeded from Candia to Sar- atoga by the way of Henniker, Fisherville, Bradford, Unity, No. 4 now Charlestown, Rockingham to Chester,' Sunder- — I O 2 — 10 O —3 — 9 —9 2 —3 O—O —9 —4 O 3 ■A. —3 — —5 HISTORY OE CANDIA. 85 land, Arlington, to Saratoga. They returned home by an- other route soon after the surrender of Burgoyne. BATTLES OF STILLWATER AND SARATOGA. After the battle of Berinington, the soldiers from many parts- of New England rushed to the standard of General Gate, the commander of the Northern Continental army, who soon found himselfi at the head of five thousand men. On the 12th of September, 1777, Burgoyne crossed the Hud- son, and on the 17th moved forward to Saratoga and en- camped within three miles of the American army. The next day, the battle of Stillwater took place. It began by skirmishes between the scouting parties of both sides, and, in a short time, the whole of both armies were engaged. The Americans took refuge in a dense wood, from which they ported a gelling fire. The British lines were soon bro- ken, the Americans made a charge and pursued the enemy to an eminence, when they rallied and charged in their turn and the Americans were driven into the woods, from which they again poured a deadly fire. Again the British fell back and, at every charge which was made, upon them, their artillery fell into the hands of the Americans. Night soon put an end to the contest, and the Americans retired to their camp having lost between three and four hundred .men. The British lost over five hundred. On the 7th of October, a general battle was fought at Sar- atoga. The Americans,, under General Poor, commenced the battle by making an attack on the left flank of the ene-~ my, while Morgan attacked the right. In about an hour the British gave way. The Americans pursued them to their entrenchments and night coming on the battle ceased. The Americans rested on their arms that night upon the field. The next day Burgoyne, finding himself completely sur_ rounded and that his supplies were completely cut off, surrendered his whole armyof five thousand, seven hun- dred and fifty-two men as prisoners of war. Thirty-five field pieces and five thousand stand of arms fell into the ' hands of the Amercans. After the battle of Bennington, Lieutenant-Colonel Emer- son was engaged in guard and supply duty. On the 31st 86 HISTORY "OF CANDIA. , of August, he was addressed by General Stark respecting an expedition he had conducted to Otter Creek. On Sep- tember 8, he was requested to order a corpcvrals' guard from his command, to take* cattle and bring them from pasture. Again Stark ordered him to send prisoners under his care, as Major Kensalear might request an examination, understand- ing that they had been reported to be tories. The following is an order to Colonel Emerson from Gen- eral Stark by Adjutant General John Casey : " Please to order or detach one 1 corporal and three men from your party as a guard. Take care of the cattle delivered into your custody by the leader. They are to be brought back from the pasture in the afternoon." In September, 1776, two more regiments were raised in this state, to re-enforce the Continental army in New York. In the seventh company of one of these regiments, which was commanded by Colonel Thomas Tash, Samuel Bus- well, ofCandia, was Ensign," and Ichabod Robie, William, Anderson, Moses Turner, John Morrison, John Clifford, Samuel Mooers, Thomas Wilson, also ofCandia, were pri- vates. The regiment was stationed at one time at Fishkill, N. Y. At a town meeting, held January 19, 1778, it was voted that Colonel Nathaniel Emerson, Lieutenant Samuel Towle and Mr. Thomas Dearborn be a committee to procure our quota of Continental soldiers during the war or for three years, and that they be empowered to procure them in the best manner and the most reasonable rate they can, and make return of their doings at the adjournment of that meet- ing. Feb.2. "Voted that the vote passed* upon the 25th of April, 1777, is reconsidered, and that the money voted to those persons that has done service in the war in times past be applied in hiring our quota of men for the Continen- tal Army.'' Adjourned meeting, February 8, '78. "Voted to choose a committee of five to make further trial to procure our quota of Continental soldiers :' Lieuten- ant Jacob Worthen, Walter Robie, Esq., Major Moses Bak- er, Mr. John Clay, and Mr. Jeremiah Bean be a committee. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 87 "Voted that the selectmen hire money to procure our quota of Continental soldiers as they shall stand in need until it can be raised by way of tax." At an adjourned meeting held April 25, 1778, it was voted to accept the report of the committee, which was appointed to make inquiry as to what time and money was expended in supporting the war since the Concord fight, which is as follows, viz. : Concord men at one shilling per day and extra charges. Eight men with Lieutenant Emerson, four dollars, each. Ditto with Lieutenant Dusten, four dollars each. Winter Hill men with Captain Baker, one dollar each. One year's men to New York, one dollar each." Ditto to Deleware, two dollars each. , Tyconderoga men, thirteen dollars each. New York men last year, two dollars each. * Joseph Bean to Canada, twenty dollars. At a town meeting held August 3, 1778, it was \ oted that Walter Robie, Jonathan Brown and John Lane be a com- mittee to take into consideration and make inquiry into the condition of the families of those now commissioned offi- cers and private soldiers, who have engaged in the Conti- nental service for their parish for three years. At a town meeting held October 26, 1779, it was voted that the parish comply with the prices stated by the Colo- nial and State Convention, and that John Lane, Jacob Wor- then, Caleb Brown, John Clifford, Benjamin Batchelder and Edward Robie be a committee to state the prices upon ar- ticles not mentioned by the convention, and they were em- powered to act from time to time, until the next annual meeting. At a town meeting held July 10, 1780, it was voted that Jeremiah Bean, Silas Cammet, Walter Baker, Zebulon Wins- low be appointed a committee to assist the selectmen in providing a quota of beef for the Continental army. At a meeting held September 25, 1780, it was voted not to accept the plan laid before the committee that was chos- en, to make an average of what is done by the m^itia in this parish since the beginning of the war with Britain. At a meeting held February 5, 1781, it was voted that 88 HISTORY OF CANDIA. v John Carr, Walter Rob'ie, Jeremiah Bean, David Bean dna Edward Robie be a committee to complete our quota of Continental soldiers, agreeable to an act pi the General Court. 1 PAY ROLL OF CAPTAIN MOSES BAKER'S COMPANY, WHICH MARCHED. FROM CANDIA TO JOIN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY AT SARATOGA. Moses Baker, Captain, time of services, i month, 27 days,, paid 15 pounds, 4. shillings. Abraham Fitts, time of service, i monthj 8 days, paid io» pounds, 3 shillings, 2 pence. Jonathan Bagley, Ensign, time [of service, 1 month, 8: days, paid 7 pounds, 12 shillings. Isaiah Rowe, Sergeant, 6 pounds, 4 shillings, 2 pence. Travel of the company out, 161 miles, 3 pounds, 2 shil- lings, 3 pence. Travel home, 109 miles, 10 shillings, 8 pence. Whole amount, 9 pounds, 1 shilling, 1 penny. ' The privates were paid in ' wages, 3 pounds and 3 shil- lings each, and for travel out and home, 2 pounds, 16 shil- lings, 1 pence. Total amount, 8 pounds, 10 shillings, 11 pence. The following is a record of the six months men raised in Candia, in 1781 and 1782, as returned to the state author- ities by the selectmen of the town: David Bagley, Daniel Libbey, John Lovering, Ezekiel Smith, Peter Cammet, Moses Norris/ Benjamin Sanborn,. Nehemiah Leavitt, William Patten, John Caldwell, John v Kent, Jonathan Norris, Ebenezer Eaton, John Moore, Jasom Hazard. The following is a list of the names of men from Candia. as returned by Colonel John Webster, in 1781 : John Wason, Nathaniel Underhill, Jonathan Davis, Thom- as Anderson. The total amount of the abatement of the taxes of soldiers- in Candia, made in the taxes for the year 1775, was 13; pounds, 10 shillings. Moses Dusten was a captain in the second New Hamp- shire regiment, in 1781. The following is a copy of a bill which was presented by the State of New Hampshire to the United States Govern- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 89 ment for services in a campaign in Rhode Island : " the United States to the State of. New Hampshire, Dr. Brigadier-General Whipple's Staff Roll— Volunteers to. Rhode Island, in 1778. Colonel Moses Nichols' Staff Roll. Subsistence to Na- thaniel Emerson, Lieutenant-Colonel. £ s d 26 days at 4-IO, 3 180 To John Webster, Major, 26 days at 3-7, 2 18 Captain Joseph Dearborn's Co. No. 7, Nichols' Regiment commissioned officers, 22 10 8- 3 Sergeants, 2 mos., 8 days, at 60 s., 7 16 b 3 Corporals, 4 mos., 18 days, at 44 s., 5 14 5, For Privates in full, 26 rrios., 26, days, at 40 s., • 53 14 g. 4175 miles at 1 d. out, 17 7 11 5175 do. home at 1 d., 17 7 11 Captains' subsistence, 26 days, at 45 s., 0190 Lieuts. and Ensigns' subs't, 26 each, at 23 s., 1 19 8 40 Horses, \ 0192 129 8 5.. Lieutenant Thomas Dearborn, who served at various times and places in the Revolutionary army, was serving as- a Lieutenant at Rhode IslandMn Colonel Peabody's regi- ment, in 1 778, where our forces were co-operating with the; French fleet to expel the British from that state. On Au- -gust 28, he was killed by a cannon ball, which was fired from a British battery. It is said, that, when he fell, one of his soldiers, who had been badly wounded in the leg, was endeavoring to get to the rear, but could make little- progress without assistance. Lieutenant Dearborn immedi- ately came' up to help him along, when his men shouted to him to look out for himself and get out of the range of the- British artillery. He refused to leave the wounded man alone to perish. The two men were making good progress "towards the rear, while the enemy were rapidly advancing. Just at the moment when Dearborn was helping the soldier over a stone wall, a cannon ball struck him in the head and killed him instantly. The wounded soldier, by creeping along behind the wall, escaped. ()0 HISTORY OF CANDIA. At that time, many of the officers carried a gun in the army, as well as a sword, and Lieutenant Dearborn had his gun in his hands when he fell. He came to Candia from Chester about the year 1764, and settled on the lot Hear the Congirtgational Meeting House, where the late Nathaniel B. Hall resided many years. He married Mary Morrison, who was brought up in the family of Captain Moses Baker. They had four children, viz.: David, John, Thomas and Samuel. The last mentioned was the father of the late Leonard Dearborn, and the grandfather of Leonard F. Dearborn, who resides at East Candia. ( The gun which Lieutenant Dearborn carried at the time he was killed came into the possession of Honorable Abra- ham Emerson, and the sword is now owned by Isaac Fitts. The widow of Lieutenant Dearborn married Joseph fann- er and had another family. ' Many years ago, a story was current in the town to the effect that, one day the wife of Lieutenant Dearborn, while .sitting by a window, thought she distinctly saw her hus- band, who was absent in Rhode' Island, coming up the street. She ran to the door, to welcome him, but upon opening it no person could be seen. The circumstance struck her very forcibly as a bad omen, and she fell to the floor where she was found in a senseless condition. It was further said that her husband was shot at the very time she thought she saw him coming up the street. Moses Dusten, of Candia, who was a captain in Colonel Reid's regiment in 1788, and in attendance on a court-mar- tial at Spririgfield, Massachusetts, and at Charlestown in New Hampshire in 1781, presented the following bill against the United States Government for extra expenses : The United States, Dr.. To Captain Moses , Dusten. For extra expense for myself and horse attending on Court-Martial at Springfield and Charlestown in New Hamp- shire, from April 8th to June 10th 1780. Dollars. From Danbury to Springfield, 90 miles, 161 Six days at Springfield, 157 HISTORY OF CANDIA. \ 9 1 From Springfield to Charlestown, 90 miles, 156 Four weeks and three days at Charlestown, 364 From Charlestown to Springfield, 90 miles, 168 From Springfield to Danbury, 90 miles, 167 From Danbury to Westpoint, 40 miles, 92 $1,265., 'Bounties paid Candia by the United States Government : 1. s. d. Lexington Alarm, Ap'l., 1775, 45 18 o Wingate'sReg. Canada, i3menjuly, 1776; 36 00 o Continentals, 5 men, at 30/". May, 1777. 150 00 o Continentals, 5 men, Feb., 1778, 308 100] 4 men, Ap'l. 1778,3820001515 2 3 4 men, May, 1778,398000] Moon'ey's Reg., R. Island, 2 men, 1779, 19 12 o New Levies, 6 mos. 6 men 34-10 each, 1780, / 207 00 o Nichols & Bartlett's Reg. 10 men, 1780, 195 00 o Reynold's Reg., 4 men a 18^ each, 1781, 72 00 o New Levies, 6 mos. 4 men 45-10 each 1 78 1, 182 00 o Continentals, 8 men. , 1782, 452 7 o Stark's Brigade, 21 men. 1777. 63 00 /i937 19 3 The following letters from Captain Moses Dusten, of Can- dia, to his wife, give a very striking illustration of the dif- ficulties which were encountered by the soldiers of the Rev- olution and the people generally, on account of the scarcity of money and the depreciation of the currency : New Hampshire Village, May 6, 1781. My Dear : I take this opportunity to inform you that I ar- rived at camp in eight dalys from Haverhill, and find all friends in good health. I hope that you are enjoying the same bless'ing of health. I find that money is much depre- ciated. On the way betwixt here and New Hampshire, in trie room of giving ^"75 for one, I was obliged to give 120 and 140 in many places. If that should be the case in New Hampshire, I would not have you let those notes go out of your hand, except you can put the money at the same lay that you could when f came away. By all means 92 HISTORY OF CANDIA. make inquiry about the matter before you let them go, for I have lost money enough that way already. Send me word about the matter the first opportunity you have. I ever remain your loving husband, M. Dusten. N. B. If you find that it will answer for you to take the money, I would have you send me some the first opportu- nity that you have, for I cannot sell my horse, and I am destitute of money, and know not what to do for money to pay for washing and other necessaries that I cannot do« without . Remember me to all inquiring friends. M. D. Camp, New Hampshire Village, New York, May 18, 1781. My Dear : I take this opportunity to write to .you, hoping that you and the children are all well, as I am at present. Since I wrote to you, we have had the misfortune of hav- ing one colonel killed and one major killed, one doctor wounded and one lieutenant wounded and both taken pris- oners, one sergeant and about forty privates killed and tak- en down on the lines. I am ordered to go on command to- morrow morning, but which way I cannot certainly tell, but I will write to you and inform you the first opportunity that I have. Since I wrote you the last letter, I have had some prospect of getting a small matter of money, so that you need not trouble yourself about sending me any if you should have it to spare. Money depreciates so fast that I think it not worth your while to take any more than that note of David, if that will v answer your end, but I would have you do as you think best. I ever remain your loving husband, M. Dusten. [Post Mark.] Captain Moses Dusten, Candia, New Hamp- shire. To be left at Esquire Webster's, Chester. Captain Dusten was a great grandson of the famous Han- nah Dusten, who was taken by a band of Indians from Ha- verhill, Massachusetts, and brought to Boscawn, near Con- cord, where, with the assistance of another captive, she killed all of her savage enemies while they were asleep, after which she returned to her home. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 93 Paid Margaret, trie wife of John Mitchell, a Continental soldier for Candia, ^"18, 6 s. ■■-■.. Paid several persons for interest on money that was hired to pay Continental, soldiers, £\,- 6 s., 6 d. ;.■>.. Account for men raised by the 'state to fill up th$ Conti- nental battalion, in the year 1779, for one year, or fqr the war : John Clark,, 'for the war, ^"150. 1 John Anderson, for the war, £\ 50. John Taylor, for 12 months, ^"90. Travel to Springfield, 6 shillings. John Moore, for the war, X150. Voted that Walter Robie, Abraham Fitts, Dr. £>amue'l Mooers and Nathaniel Burpee be a committee t(> draw in- structions for our Representative to the Grand Assembly to Jay before the citizens of the parish for their approbation. At a town meeting held April 25, 1777, it was voted that the money voted to those persons who had done service in hiring our quota of men for the Continental army, is hereby recommended. The following is a copy of the instructions of the free- holders of the Parish of Candia to Moses Baker, then rep- resentative : ( '» It is the voice of the people of Candia that the Eighth ar-> tide in the Confederation on agreement, is not expressed so plain to our understanding as that it should not admit of an exception. We think that the states ought to be taxed - according, in some manner at least, to their real and per- sonal estate and number of votes, not particularly by lands and buildings. As to .the Ninth and Tenth articles, we think there ought to be a provision that one or more of the New England States be of the same mentioned. As to oth- er- things we have no exception that appears to us natural, but that we approve the same. The following are the names of Candia men, who served in Captain Joseph Dearborn's company, of Colonel Wy- xnan's regiment against Canada in 1776 : Benjamin Cass, Peter Mooers, Joshua Moore, Ezekiel Xnowles, Enoch Rowell, Sergeant, David Hill, Drummer. - Each private xeceived ten pounds, four shillings and nine 94 HISTJORY OF CANDIA. pence, The ^sergeants received eight shillings extra, the drummer, four shillings. ' The following Candia men served in Captain Samuel McConnell's company, of Colonel David Oilman's regiment in the Continental army in New York, in 1 776 : Ichabod Robie, Sergeant, John Clark, Corporal, Amos Knowles, John Clay, Paul Eaton. CHAPTER XIII. THP WAR OF THE REVOLUTIOX-(Cjnclude.d.) The following is a list of the names of the Candia sol- diers, who served in Captain Stephen Dearborn's company, of Colonel Stickney's regiment in Stark's brigade, of the Northern Continental army, in 1777, and were present at the battle of Bennington : Nathaniel vMaxfield, Ichabod Robie, Joseph Cass, Ser- geant, Thomas Dearborn, Sergeant, Israel Clifford, John Cammet, Benjamin Smith, Anthony Clifford, Samuel Mooers, Jr., Samuel. Dearborn, James Libbey, Benjamin Eaton, Benjamin Wadleigh, Oliver Smith, Enoch Colby, John Clay, John Bagley, Moses Emerson, Thomas Wilson. Captain Joseph Dearborn's company, of Colonel Moses Nichols' regiment, served in Rhode Island from August 5 th to April 28th, in 1778. The following are the names of the Candia men who belonged to the company : Benjamin Cass, Lieutenant ; Jacob Worthen, Ensign ; Benjamin Batchelder, Sergeant ; Zebulon Winslow, Corpor- al ; Aaron Brown, Corporal ; Obededom Hall, Jonathan Cammet, Silas Cammet, Walter Clay, Henry Clark, Joseph Bean, Amos Knowles, Enoch Colby, Thomas Wilson, Oli- ver Smith, Burleigh Smith, William Shannon, Sewell Brown, Jonathan Pillsbury. CANDIA SOLDIERS. The following is a list of the names of soldiers, who served in the war of the Revolution, and were credited to Candia. Many of the men belonged to other places, but were employed by the Candia authorities to fill up their quotas from time to time : John Anderson, William Anderson, Thomas Anderson, Jonathan Bagley, Samuel Bagley, David Bagley, Jacob Bagley, John Bagley, 95 ThornaSgShannon, Ezekiel Smith, Biley Smith, John Taylor, Jeremiah Towle, Moses' Turner, James Varmrm, Thomas Wason, Nath. Wadleigh, Thomas Wilson, William Wilkins, James McClure, David Morrison, , John Mitchell, , John Moore, Samuel Mooers, ' Peter Mooers, Philip Morse, , , John Morrison, . Joseph Palmer, \ William Patten, Michael Poor-, , Jonathan Pillsbury, Benjamin Pollard, Asahel Quimby, Enoch Rowell, Jr. , John Shannon, Benjamin Sanborn, James Tjel, piiver Smith, Anthony Towle,' Benjamin Towle, Neh&miah Underhill, John Varnum, Robert Wason, John Wason, Robert Wilson, Zebulon Winslow, Isaac Worthen. It is believed that the foregoing list of the names of the , Candia soldiers who served in the war is substantially cor- rect. It will be noticed that a large proportion of the most prominent and Wealthy men in the town, including many "town officers, served in the ranks as privates, and never thought of asking for a commission. ' It is quite remarka- " ble, considering the length of the war, that so few were killed or seriously wounded or died while serving in the field. , ' It is probable that the most of those soldiers who came from other towns arid enlisted to fill the quotas of Candia, " did so to secure the bounties which were offered. Many of 7 .' I-".- 98 HISTORY OF CANDIA. I''... these, as well as some of those who belonged to the town, enlisted several times each during the first three or four years of the war for short campaigns of from one to three months, and received bounties upon each enlistment. Two or three of those who came from other towns were bounty „„„ jumpers and deserters ; but the most of them served their full time and were honorably discharged. A few Candia men, in the course of the war, enlisted in other towns. In the fifteenth volume of the New Hamp- shire, State papers, in which is contained an account of the New Hampshire men who enlisted in Massachusetts regi- ' Jp ment, it is stated that Moses Turner, aged 23, James Libby, aged 22, and Stepnen Palmer, aged 24, all of Candia, New Hampshire, enlisted in a regiment at Salem, Massachusetts, *» April 20, 1778. It is also stated that James Libby; of. Can- dia, enlisted for the town of Raymond, in 1781. During the first two years of the Revolutionary war, the majority of the soldiers who belonged in Candia, were en- listed to serve in the armies which svere grappling with the enemy on or near the territory of New England, and within from two to five days' inarch of their homes. They were sometimes organized into companies or parts of companies, and marched together to the field of conflict, and their names were placed upon the rolls of the regiments which S- they served with some-degree of order and regularity.' At a later date, the quotas of men raised in the town were gen- erally sent out in squads of from two to five to fill up arm- ies in New York, Deleware, New Jersey, Virginia, and oth- er distant localities. In such cases it is sometimes quite difficult to ascertain the facts in regard to the position of each soldier and the battles in which he was engaged; S Some were with Washington at Trenton and Princeton, and some spent the gloomy winter at Valley Forge. ■ '"" In the years 1780 an'd 1781, the people of Candia made ;g heroic ^efforts to support the cause of liberty and indepen- dence. They taxed thems.elves over and over to raise j«<: money to pay the bounties of the soldiers and to support -;S the families of such as had no means. In 1 780, when the Continental Congress called for large quantities of beef for the use of the army, which was then contending with the: jB HISTORY OF CANDIA. - 99 enemy in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and other middle states, the town responded to the call without delay. The selectmen, assisted by a committee, purchased the cattle and payments were made to a large extent in the notes of the town, signea by the selectmen. In some cases, the cattle which were collected in Candia Were united with those which were being raised iri Chester, Londonderry, and pther towns in the vicinity, so as to make a large drove,, and in this way were taken to Albany and from thence to the army. In some cases the cattle were driven to other p uints. The following are some of the items relating to the sub- ject which appear in the selectmen's accounts of the time : November 15, 1780. Paid Zebulon Winslow's note for beef, 665 pounds sterling, 16 shillings. Paid Silas Cammet ditto, 248 pounds, 15 shillings. , December 4. Paid John Sargent's beef note, 180 pounds. Paid Nathaniel Burpee for hiring money to buy beef, 60 pounds. Paid Jonathan Pillsbury's note for beef, 1683 pounds. January 27, 1781. Paid Silas Cammet for beef, 123 pounds. February 19. Paid Jeremiah Bean 15 shillings for pastur- ing an ox one month. Paid Silas Cammet for two oxen do. one month, 3o g 'shillings. ' Paid Edward Robie for driving cattle, 9 shillings. During the last two or three years, the Revolutionary war dragged along ^lowly with varying success: Some- times the Americans gained a battle, and sometimes the British were successful, but neither side gained much ad- - vantage upon the whole. In the autumn of 178 1, General Cornwallis, the command- er of a large British* force, established his headquarters at Yorktown, Virginia. In this position he was attacked at all points by the American troops, his supplies were cut off, ' and he was unable to move. On the 19th of October, he was compelled to surrender his entire army, consisting .of upwards of seven thousand men, to General Washington. This great victory raised the spirits of the Americans > 100 HISTORY OF CANDIA. throughout all the country, for all felt that it decided the contest in favor of the Americans. There was some fight- ing after the surrender in some localities for nearly two years ; but no extensive campaigns were planned by either side. During that period the Americans were careful to keep an army in the field so as to be prepared for every .emergency. The people of Candia continued to support the cause of liberty, doing everything in their power. On September 3, 1783, a treaty of peace was made at Paris by the British and American Commissioners, and the United States became an independent nation. On the 3d of November, 1783, the Revolutionary army was disbanded and the soldiers returned to their hbmes. CHAPTER XIV. MISCELLANEOUS . THE STATE CONSTITUTION. ' Soon after the close , of the Revolution, several attempts were made by a convention* of delegates to form a new- Constitution of the State of New Hampshire to take the place of that which was adopted in 1776, to continue through the war, but nothing satisfactory to the people was effected until 1783. In that year, a constitution which had been formed by a convention of delegates was ratified by the people, and in 1784!, became the organic law of the state. Meshech Weare was elected President, being the first executive officer elected by the people of the state. Abra- ham Fitts was elected representative by the people of Candia. In 1787, a convention of delegates from all of the thirteen states met at Philadelphia for the purpose of establishing a general or national system of government The convention was in session many weeks, but at last a constitution was adopted and sent to the several states for ratification. In some of the states a very strong opposition was manifested. In 1791, a convention of delegates assembled at Concord for the purpose of revising the constitution which was adopted in 1784. It changed the name of the executive from President to Governor, and provided that twelve sena- tors should be chosen from twelve districts, into which the state was to be divided by the Legislature. It also provid- ed that a council of five members should be chosen from five districts into which the state might be divided, instead of the same number of counsellors which had been •chosen by the senate. William Plumer, of Epping, after- wards Governor of the State, who was a member of the committee which prepared the revision, proposed an amendment abolishing all religious texts, and giving to Ro- 102 i HISTORY OF CANDIA. man Catholics and Deists an equal right with Protestants to hold office. The' amendment was adopted by the con- vention, but was voted down by the people. Josiah Bartlett was the first governor elected under the new constitution. ' i RATIFICATION OF THE UNITED STATES' CONSTITUTION. In 1787, a convention of delegates from the thirteen states assembled at Philadelphia to fe>rm a national system of government. After a session of four months, a constitution to go into operation, when nine states had ratified it, was agreed upon. The people of New Hampshire took a deep interest in the question of adopting the new national constitution. The first session of the convention to consider the matter, was held at Exeter, in February, 1788. Some of the most dis- tinguished statesmen, lawyers and civilians of the state were members, among whom were John Langdon, Josiah .Bartlett, John- Taylor Gilman, John Pickering, Mr. Atherton, of Amherst, and Joseph Badger. Mr P Stephen Fifield was , the candidate from Candia. At the outset, it seemed evi- dent thatthe opponents' of the constitution were in the ma- jority, and that many of the delegates had been instructed by their constituents to oppose its ratification. Mr. Ather- ton was the chief leader of the opposition. Among the provisions of the constitution which were the most bitterly assailed, was one which gave protection to the foreign slave trade for a period of twenty years, and another which allowed five slaves to be counted as three whites in mak- ing up the basis of representation in the national House of Representatives, thus giving the slave states an unjust ad- vantage over the non slave-holding states. The friends of the constitution in the convention were in favor of adjournment, in the hope that some of those who were opposed to ratification might be induced to charge their minds after further consultation with their constitu- ents. The convention was adjourned to meet at Concord in the following June. Upon the re-assembling of the con- vention, it was found that those who favored ratification had increased in number, and after a session of four days HISTORY OF CANDIA. I 03 the constitution was accepted by a vote of fifty-seven to forty-six. Mr. Stephen Fifield, of Qandia, voted against ratifying the constitution. As New Hampshire was the ninth state which had rati 7 fled the new constitution, preparations were at once made to organize a national government in accordance with its stipulations. George Washington was unanimously elect- ed President, and John Adams, Vice President, and the several states elected Senators and Members of the House of Representatives. On March 4th,' 1789,. the new Congress assembled, and Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic. \ The following is a list of the tax-payers in Candia, in 1778: Abraham Fitts, Amos Knowles, Amos Knowles, Jr., Aaron Brown, Arthur Libbee, Abijah Pillsbury, Alexander Stevens, Widow Anna Robie, Widow Ann Quimby, Widow Anne Whicher, Widow Abigail Brown Dr. Benjamin Page Benjamin Brown, Benaiah Colby, Jr., Biley Smith, Benja- min Smith, Benjamin Batchelder, Benjamin Rowell, Benja- min Cass, Benjamin Fellow^, Benjamin Pike, Benjamin Hubbard, Benjamin Rowe, Esq.', Benjamin Lang, Caleb Brown, Caleb Shaw, Widow Catherine Cammet, Charles Sargent, Widow David Jewett, David Bean, David Hills, Dean Woodleth, Edward Critchett, Enoch Colby, Enoch Colby, Jr. , Elisha Towle, Ezekiel Knowles, Edward Robie, Esq., Ephraim Eaton, Ebenezer Eaton, Widow Elizabeth Quimby, Enoch Rowell, Gilman Dudley, Humphrey Hook, Henry Clark, Henry Clark, Jr., Captain John Sargent, John Wiggins, Jacob Sargent,, James Miller, Jacob Bagley, Jeremiah Quimby, John Clifford, Jacob Clifford, Jeremiah Bean, Joseph Bean, Joshua Moore, James Libby, Isaac Randall, Joseph Palmer, John Robie, Israel Dolber, Jesse Eaton, Deacon John Hills, James Eaton, Jonathan Sargent, Jr., John Carr, John Clay, Lieutenant Jacob Worthen, James McCluer, Jonathan Brown, Jethro Hills, Joseph Fi- field, Jonathan Cammet, Jonathan Hills, Ensign Jonathan Bagley, Widow Jane Moore, James Prescott, Jeremiah Bur- pee, Isaiah Rowe, Jonathan Woodman, Jonathan Ring, John 104 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Prescott, Jonathan Pillsbury, John Lane, Jonathan Smith, John Cammet, Jeremiah Towle, James Randall, Joseph Bean, jr. , James Philbrook, John Morrison, John Golby, Isaac Morse, Jonathan Currier, Johnfj Clay, Jr., Jonathan Browning, Joseph Fitts, Moses Baker, Esq., Thomas Hobbs, Moses Sargent, Lieutenant Moses Dusten, Moses French, , Widow Miriam Rowe, M.bses Buswell, Moses Emerson, Colonel Nathaniel Emerson, Deacon Nathaniel Burpee, Nicholas Smith, Nicholas' French, Nehemiah Brown, Na- thaniel Hall, Nathaniel -Burpee, Jr., Obediah Smith, Oliver Smith, Obededom Hall, Obediah Hall; Paul Eaton, Captain Phineas Batchelder, Peter Mooers, Paul Jewett, Robert Wil- son, Richard Clough, Robert. Smart, Richard Clifford, Reu- ben Bean, Robert Wason, Robert Patten, .Deacon Stephen Palmer, Samuel Clough, Samuel Brown, Sherburne Rowe, Stephen Fifield, Silas Cammet, Samuel Morrill, Lieutenant Samuel Buswell, Simon French, Lieutenant Samuel Towle, Samuel Dearborn, Samuel Bagley, Stephen Clark, Samuel Colcbrd, Samuel Mooers, Samuel Worthen; Samuel Bean, Stephen Palmer, Stephen Marden, Thomas' j^Dearborn, Thomas Anderson, Thomas Patten, Thomas Wason, Thom- as Critchett, Thomas Sargent, Theophilus Clough, Thomas Emery; Thomas Wilson, Thomas Sanborn, William Eaton, William Clifford, Walter Robie, William Turner, William Evans, William Anderson, William Wormwood, Zebulon Winslow, Zachariah Clifford. CHAPTER XV, CEMETERIES AND THE BURIAL Off THE DEAD. THE FIRST CEMETERY. : N About the year 1 7,54, the town laid put the first cemeterjr on the northeast corner of lot No. 91, of the- 3d division*- which was reserved by the , proprietors for the support of public schools. This lot is situated on the corner of High Street and the South Road, and contains about four acres. The lot. was filled with boulders, many of which are from, one to three feet in diameter, and very hard gravel, and on this account the land is one of the worst places for a ceme- tery which could have been selected, while for convenience- of location it was all that could have been desired. It is said that, when the settlers were one day engaged in cutting down the trees and bushes, and putting the grounds to order, one among the boys who were present said to his companions, " I wonder who will be the first person to be buried here ? " and it turned out that the re- mains of the boy who asked the question were the first to- be buried in the cemetery/ At a revival meeting, which, was held in the old Congregational Church on a Sabbath evening, in 1 831, ..Rev. Mr. Wheeler related this anecdote as an illustration of the uncertainty of life. There was never any systematic division of burial lots, in this cemetery, but when a person died, the surviving members of the family to which he belonged, selected such an unoccupied burial place as best pleased them, the first bereaved families, of course, having- the first choice. In 1858, the cemetery was enlarged by taking in a wide unoc- cupied strip of the highway on High Street, the north boundary of the enclosure. Walks through the grounds were constructed, and the cemetery was otherwise greatly improved. The original entrance to the grounds was closed up, and a new and handsome iron gate supported by ham- mered stone posts, was placed two or thtee rods further * 105, . 106 HISTORY OF CANDIA. "east. The gate was the gift of Governor Frederick Smith, of Manchester. The first grave stones were constructed of a soft and per- ishable material, of a nature between slate and soapstone. Some of these have become so weather-worn, that the in- scriptions upon them cannot be deciphered without difficul- ty. The most durable monuments in the cemetery, appear to be those which are made of a very firm, tough kind of slate, sometimes of a glazed tint and sometimes a reddish brown. One of this sort, which was erected over the grave of the first wife of Rev. Mr. Wheeler, in 1832, is now as bright and perfect as it ever was. About seventy years ago, white marble gravestones werfe first introduced. Among these, were several which were erected to Jethro Hill and members of his family. Some of the largest mar- ble gravestones in this cemetery were, unfortunately, so thin, that they have been broken off by the winds and ruined. It early became customary to inscribe a, verse of script- ure, a stanza of poetry or an appropriate motto following the name and age of the deceased. The following is the Latin motto upon the gravestone which was erected by the town in memory of Rev. Mr. Remington, who died in 1815: ^ " Sic transit gloria mundi." (So fades the glory of the world. ) In 1823, the town bought a well-made hearse and bier and also a full set of tools for digging giaves, such as shov- els, picks, iron bars, etc. The hearse was made by Thomas Critchett, the carriage maker at the village. A hearse house to contain the apparatus, stood for many years on the north side of the cemetery, about three rods 'west of the present entrance. The first funeral at which the hearse was used, was that of Mrs. Nicholas French, w'ho died in 1823 in the house now occupied by Allen Nel- son, on the Burpee road. This hearse was in constant use for nearly fifty years, ending in 1871, on the occasion of the burial of Thomas Dearborn, who died at the old Caleb Brown place, on the Marden road. The old hearse house and the old hearse were removed to a spot near the district schoolhouse adjoining the Congregational Church. In 1871, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 107 a new, elegant hearse was purchased by the selectmen, and a new hearse house was built on a spot on the north side of High Street, opposite the cemetery. The new hearse was used for the first time aj the funeral of Thomas Bean. At the present date, nearly all the space in the old ceme- tery is occupied, and other land adjoining must be added or another lot, must be secured elsewhere. s NORTH ROAD CEMETERY. In the early part of the present century, a small plot of ground on the farmof J. Chase Smith, upon the North Road, was laid out for a cemetery. The remains of quite a num- ber of the people who had resided in this section of the town, are buried here. Of late years, however, an inter- ment at this place has been very rare. On September 28, 1820, Josiah Prescott, who had resided in the neighborhood, died of a fever, and his remains were buried at this cemetery. During the begining of the follow- 1 ing year, it was suspected that Prescott's body had been taken from the grave for dissection by some of the students of Dr. William Graves, a distinguished physician and sur- geon, of South Deerfield, about four miles distant from the cemetery. On the 13th of May, 1821, the grave was opened,, and it was found that the body had been removed. Pres- cott left a widow and four children. Upon the facts be- coming known,, the people of Candia and the neighboring towns were greatly shocked, and much indignatibn was felt towards the suspected parties. The case was thorough- ly investigated, but 'no positive proof of the ' guilt of any person could be obtained. The great event was celebrat- v ed jn a long poem, which was said to have been written by Elijah Smith, of Candia North Road. The following stanzas will give some idea of the genius displayed by the writer. If he did not demonstrate that he was a great poet, it was no fauLt of his own, for it was ev- ident that he didthe very best that he possibly could : " But here among the cells of clay, An awful scene has been displayed, Miscreants bold have stol'n away A subject which has here been laid. I08 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Beneath the covert of the night, They did commit this shameful act. That none might bring their crime to light, Or dare to charge them with the fact. Yet in the resurrection day, When all in judgment shall appear, Prescott will then without delay, Meet those who stole his body here. Then hear and tremble at the thought, > Ye perpetrators of the deed, That you in judgment must be brought, Then guilty of the crime to plead." • Among the students who were instructed by Dr. Graves at the time referred to, were Dr. Isaiah Lane, of Candia, and Dr. Noah Martin, of Pembroke, afterwards of Dover and Governor of the State. Neither of these men ever suf^ fered any loss of reputation on account of the affair. It is related that on the occasion of the marriage of Ezekiel Lane to Polly Rowe, which took place in 1824, Isaiah Lane, his brother, was one of the guests who witnessed the ceremo- ny at the residence of Nathaniel Rowe, the^ bride's father. At the dinner which followed, some of the gentlemen pres- ent were requested to carve the turkey ; .but the most of them were very shy and bashful, and respectfully declined. At last, Sally Wiggins, afterwards Mrs. Nehemiah Hardy, of Hooksett, who was assisting as a waiter at the table, stepped up boldly to Dr. Lane and exclaimed, " Doctor, you know all about dissecting, and are just the man to cut ■jp that turkey." All of the guests laughed heartily at this keen thrust, and none more heartily than Dr. Lane, who in- stantly arose from the table , carved the turkey in a very scientific manner, and Sally Wiggins was happy. At the time when it was found that the body of Prescott had been exhumed, it was feared that the remains of sever- al persons, which had recently been interred in the old cem- etery, had been removed. Several graves were accordingly opened, but no signs or their having been tampered with were discovered. CEMETERY ON THE NEW BOSTON ROAD. When Benjamin Lang, one of the first' settlers on the New HISTORY OF, CANDIA. IO9 'Boston road died, his remains were buried in a field belonging to his farm, a short distance from his dwelling house. His wife, who died in 1830, was also buried there. Since that time, the remains, of a few [ other members of the family- have been buried in the lot ; but of late years an interment in this cemetery has been a rare occurrence^ as many of the people in that section of the town have, for a number of years, buried their dead at either the, old cemetery or that which is located in the village. The grounds at the Lang cemetery, which have always been kept in good condition, are well adapted for a burial place. the Reynold's cemetery. In 1835, a number of people of the tpwn were afflicted with small-pox. The Reynolds family, who lived on the road leading from the Corner to Raymond, were the great- est sufferers. Mr. Reynolds and one or two daughters died, and their remains were buried in a .small lot of land situated on the south side of the highway, about a quarter of a mile west of the upper end of the Langford road. The lot, which was walled, is yery near the highway. cemetery at east candia. Previous to the year 18 18, the people of the Langford Dis- trict, or East Candia, as it is now called, buried their dead at the old cemetery, near the • Congregational Meeting House, more than three miles distant. During the winter of that year, Miss Sally Clifford died in the neighborhood. The following evening, the subject of the funeral was talked over by several citizens at Abel Follarisbee's store: The trouble of reaching the old cemetery in cold and stormy weather was referred to, when Benjamin Edgerly, who was present, remarked that he would set off from his farm a lot for a cemetery, provided other citizens would enclose it by ' a good stone wall. Upon this, David Heath, William Clif- ford and Jeremiah Bean agreed to build the wall and put the grounds in order. The land was immediately staked out, and the remains of Miss Clifford were the first to be buried there. Some years ago the grounds were enlarged, and various improvements were made. 11 P HISTORY 0F~ CANDIA. THE FIRST VILLAGE CEMETERY. About the year 1815, a lot of land containing upwards of an acre, was laid out for a cemetery in Candia Village. The lot, which was walled in, was situated on the northwestern side of the mill pond and a few rods from the Free- Will Baptist Meeting House. The remains of a considerable number of the people in that section of the town were bur- ied there during a period of nearly forty years. In 1851, the remains of most of those buried there were removed- to the new cemetery, which had been established in another section of the village. ' At the present date, there are very few graves or, grave stones remaining in the old village cemetery. THE CEMETERY AT THE ISLAND. Many years ago, a cemetery was established at the Is- land near the Raymond line, and a' few rods below the vil- lage. The remains of the Bean family, for several genera- tions, are deposited here, including those of Abraham Bean and wife, Joseph Bean and wife, Gordon Bean and wife, and David Bean and wife. The remains of many of the members of other prominent families in that neighborhood, ' are also buried in this cemetery. The lot, which contains about an acre of land, is well laid out and walled in. Many of the monuments erected in this cemetery, are very beautiful in design and finish. It is probale that the re- mains of one hundred persons have been buried here. THE NEW VILLAGE CEMETERY. In 1850, a company, with a capital stock of 150 dollars in shares of three dollars each, was incorporated by the legislature of 1850, for the purpose of establishing a new cemetery at Candia Village. The following are the" names of the most of the original associates and stock-holders : Elihu Chase, Benjamin Taylor, J. B. Richardson, C. B. Haines, J. W. Lovejoy, L. F. Buswell, J. G. Turner, J. G. Richardson, A. D. Dudley, E. S. Bean, P. W. Sanborn, A. E. Morrison, David F. Clay, D. B. Dearborn, A. Gilchrist, - (| J. Godfrey, N. Brown, Samuel Fisk, E. Davis, O. G. Critch- , , HISTORY OF CANDIA. I 1 1 ett, Samuel Colcord, Cyrus T. Lane, F. J. White, J. W. Bean, M. D. Richardson, J. P. Godfrey; S. G. Moore, D. S'. Bean, J. Hall, Thomas Robinson; Thomas J. Morrison, Jacob Morrill, Lorenzo Hoitt, Jefferson Griffin, John 4 Moore. The cemetery is beautifully, situated in a grove in the south part of the village, a few rods from -the east side of the main road. The grounds have been laid out in excel- lent taste. In 1880, the cemetery was enlarged, so that the lot now contains three acres. THE CEMETERY AT THE CORNER. In 1878, Mrs. Sarah Holbrook, of Lowell, Mass., bought a lot of land containing about five acres, which was form- erly a part of the farm which belonged to the late Captain/ Jonathan Pillsbury. It is situated near Candia Corner, the west side of the road leading from Chester to Deerrield. The west side of the' lot, containing about two and a half acres, was laid out for a cemetery. Subsequently, a sub- stantial receiving tomb was' erected, upon the grounds. A considerable number of lots have been sold, and the re- mains of about thirty persons have been buried in the cem- etery. / THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD. For many years after the settlement of the town, the dead were prepared for burial in the most simple and inex- pensive manner. The body was dressed in plain under- clothes and wrapped in a linen or cotton sheet, which was a'rranged in a manner so that the head could readily be covered or uncovered as might be desired. The coffin was generally made of white pine boards, by some joiner in the neighborhood of the family of the deceased. The lid was attached to the cover by leather or iron hinges. For a long time there was no inside lining to the coffin, but in the course of years plain cotton cloth was used for that purpose. Until about the / year 1826, coffins were painted usually with lamp black mixed with boiled skim milk. In this way the paint dried in a very short time. The whole expense for coffins for adults, was one dollar for a long pe- 112 HISTORY OF CAND'IA. . riod. In an account bobk kept by John Laney Senior, from 1784 to 1801, lie ih'variably charged only four shillings for ah adult, which 'was about equal to one dollar in Amer- ican currency. ' Coffins were universally painted black until 1826, when red became the favorite color. In November of that year, ■a daughter of Samuel Sargent died in Dedham, Massachu- setts, and the body, which was brought to Candia for buri- ■al in the old cemetery, was enclosed in a coffin of bright red color. About that time, it became the custom to make coffins of better materials and better workmanship. About 1830, they were painted of a mahogany color. The color in a few years afterwards; was changed to that of rose- wood. Caskets made of veneered mahogany or rosewood, or in -imitation of those kinds of wood, came into Vogue about the year 1855. A few years' afterwards, caskets covered with black broadcloth, richly lined with satin and furnished with heavy silver plated handles, were introduced. The custom of dressing the corpse in a plain black robe, was introduced about the year 1830, and it was not until ;aboutthe year 1845, that the dead Were to any great extent arrayed in their very best and most costly apparel. The costly funerals in the cities and towns of. New Eng- land, are in wide contrast to those of seventy five or one hundred years ago. Then there were no undertakers, ex- ' cept in the largest cities and towns. The neighbors, who had cheerfully alternated with each other in watching with the sick, when a death occurred, volunteered to assist in laying gut the remains. One neighbor would notify the rela- tives and friends of the sad event and the time of the fune- ral, while two or three others would dig the grave, and still another selected the bearers and made arrangements for •the funeral. „Until within about ninety years, there were no carriages tn the town, and the dead were borne to the grave upon a rude bier made for the occasion, and the bier was carried by a double set of bearers, who alternated with each other, in case there was a long distance 'between the house of mourning and the cemetery or grave yard, as it ■was then called. The coffin was covered with a black pall STEPHEN SMYTH. « Hi DOROTHY SMYTH. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 113 or grave cloth, which was furnished by the town and kept for such purposes. After the grave had been filled, the bier was placed over it, where it often remained for many- years in a state of decay. Sixty-five years ago, there might have been seen in the old cemetery many biers of various sizes in all stages of decay. All this was changed for the better when biers were provided at the public expense. During the first seventy-five years after the town was set- tled, the expenses of a funeral were merely nominal, ex- cept for mourning apparel. Now-a-days, the cost of what is deemed a respectable funeral for people in ordinary cir- cumstances in our country towns, ranges from twenty-five to seventy-five dollars; while in the cities and large towns it is double that sum, and those of the very rich classes range from two hundred to one thousand dollars. Under these circumstances, a funeral becomes a great burden to people of limited means. In view of these things, it has been said that many people Were so poor that they could not afford to die. The custom of wearing the symbols of mourning is much, less common than formerly, and some of the people of Candia, in these days, venture to say there is no more rea- son why people should dress themselves in solemn black for two years after the death of a relative, than that they -should clothe themselves in coarse sackcloth, sprinkle ash- es upon their heads, and wail and howl for days together, as was the custom under the same circumstances among our barbaric ancestors, many centuries' ago. In this age, many of the wisest and best people regard death as a bene- ficent ordinance of a wise and beneficent Creator, and neith- er a calamity or a curse for some fancied disobedience of the requirements of an angry Deity., Such as these, believe that everything possible should be done to soothe the wounded spirits of those who are called to part with their fr,iends at the portals of the tomb, instead of surrounding them with the emblems of gloom and sadness. > Hence they rejoide in the change which has brought flowers to the house of mourning instead of crape, and sweet music in- stead of dismal dirges and the tolling bell. In view of the 114 HISTORY OE CANDIA. fact, that at death all earthly distinctions are at an end and all ate equal before the Infinite Father, many good people now believe that the custom of making costiy dis- plays at funerals in token of respect fbr the deceased, "is more honored in the breach than in the observance." The statement relating to the use of the new hearse for the first time on page 107, was erroneous. It was at the funeral of Richard H. Bean, a son of Thomas Bean, who died October 4, 1871, that the hearse was first used. -'A u ,>*"■ '* CHAPTER XVL THE FIBST POLITICAL PARTIES IN CANDIA AND THE WAh OF 1812. Soon after the Constitution was adopted and the general 'government was established, the people of the country- were divided into two great political parties. One of. them was called the Federal party, and the other was known as the Anti-Federal, or Democratic party. From the outset, the members of these parties differed widely in regard to the measures which should be supported in the administra- tion of the government. It has been said that the leaders of the Federal party were in favor of a strong central gov- ernment, and the introduction of forms and ceremonies for the purpose of dignifying the young Republic, and com- manding the respect and reverence of the pe*ople. The Democrats, on the other hand, feared that the rights of the states would be destroyed, and that the government would become costly and aristocratic like those of European na- tions. Washington, Hamilton and Adams belonged to the Federal party, while Jefferson was the great leader of the Democratic party. In the course Of years, the affairs of the United States were placed in a most favorable condition. The financial matters were put upon a sound basis, and there was a pe- riod of peace between the Republic and England. At length, however, a great war broke out between France and England. A very large proportion of the people of the United States sympathized with France, for the reason that she had been the great ally of, the United States in the Revolutionary war, while there was another party who sympathized more with England, on account of the gross outrages which were perpetrated by the people of that country during the reign of terror. In the course of this war, England issued an order forbid- ding all nations to trade with France. This order was soon followed by an order from Napoleon, who was at the IJ 5 , Il6 HISTORY OF CANDIA. head of the French government, forbidding all trade with England. France and England claimed the right to search all vessels engaged in such trade, so that every American vessel was liable to capture by brie or the other of the belligerent nations. The result was, that a very, large number of American vessels were captured or destroyed by the French and English cruisers. At about the same time, the British government claimed the right to search all American vessels for English seamen, and to seize any. such if they, were found. It is said that several hundred seamen were seized in the' course "of one year. The British frigate, Leopard, attacked the American frigate, Chesapeake, and took from her four seamen on the pretence that they were deserters, one of whom ; was hanged. ... > In 1807, Congress passed an act forbidding all American vessels to. leave American ports, which was called an em- bargo; but this measure completely ruined the commerce of the United States, and proved more injurious to the peo- ple of this country, than to those of England/ There was great opposition to the policy of the general government, especially by. the Federal party. Many declared that the injuries committed by England upon the United States, were no greater than, those committed by France. The Democrats, on the other hand, were bitterly hostile' to England, and were in favor of adopting the severest meas- ures in retaliation for the injuries- they, had inflicted upon the American people. The act laying an embargo Upon the American shipping was at length repealed, but the out- rages upon America by the British government* were con- tinued,. -.,.-• > About, this time, , secret political societies were organized by the Federals in, a very large number of the • towns in New England, , called Washington Benevolent Societies. These associations were evidently . formed mainly for the purpose of. aiding in the overthrow of the Democratic party and the administration of President Madison.- The fol- lowing, is a, copy of the preamble and by-laws of a society of this kjnd, which was formed by the prominent- Federal ists of Capdia,, about the year i8rt : - . - . '-« HISTORY OF CANDIA. I 1 f CONSTITUTION Of the Washington Benevolent Society, of the Town of Can- dia, County of Rockingham,, and State of New Hampshire. PREAMBLE.. We,, the undersigned, having witnessed with pain and deep regret the deep inroads which have been made, and still are making upon the public morals of our beloved country, perceiving. also that our invaluable civil institu- tions may soon be shaken to their center by the corrupt conduct and practice of designing men, and unless coun- teracted, they will overwhelm in one common ruin every- thing valuable in society, and produce oppressive and uni- versal dis'tress ; and believing when bad men combine, it is absolutely necessary that good men should unite, that the only effectual mode of opposing the tide of immorality and corruption, which appears to be setting strongly against the best interests of the community, is that of forming as- sociations for the laudable purpose of inculcating upon the minds of men, virtuous principles, disseminating correct and useful information among the people, and by benevolence and brotherly love, fostering and encouraging those immu- table principles of moral obligation, which' ennoble human mature, and render the heart a fit receptacle of virtuous im- pressions. . ,, . We have thought proper, .therefore, to adopt the following articles as, a constitution, by which we will be governed and directed in the execution of so benevolent a design: ARTICLE I. This society shall be known and distinguished by the >name of the Candia Washington Benevolent Society. ' Article ii. a \ The officers of this society shall consist of a .President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Stewards, a Standing (Committee of seven persons, and Doorkeepers, all of which officers shall hold, their offices one year from the first Mon- day of February, annually. The society shall make all •elections by ballot, and the candidates having the greatest Il8 HISTORY OF CANDIA. number of ballots shall be declared duly elected ; and if any vacancy shall happen in any of the said offices, a new election shall be held at the next regular, meeting. ■ The ,*j President, Vice President, Secretary, .and Treasurer, shall be ex-ofncio members of the Committee, in addition to the several persons elected for that purpose. ARTICLE III, The society shall hold a regular meeting.on the first Mon- | "■• day of each month, and may adjourn, from time to time, j| and at ;every meeting the Prescient,, or in his absence the Vice President, or in the absence of the President aud Vice ->.j President, the senior member of the Standing Committee shall preside. , • ; ARTICLE IV. The Secretary shall keep the books and minutes, and re- cord such proceedings as the society shall direct. ■A ARTICLE V. ,4 The Stewards shall provide a place of meeting for the so- , \f ciety, procure the necessary accommodations, distribute ,j and collect the ballots at the election of members, assist in preserving order, and be the acting officers in the society , >|j under the direction of the acting President. -s | ARTICLE VI. The Standing Committee shall distribute the Benevolent ; donations of the society, and attend to such other duties as the society shall direct ; but no donation shall exceed the sum of five dollars to any one persori in one month, with- out the consent of the society is first obtained, and they shall make a report to the society every three months what donations they have made, and to what persons, and they " !| shall have power to draw on the Treasurer for such sums as they shall expend. ARTICLE VII. The Treasurer shall hold the funds of the society, called the initiative fees and dues of the members, and report ev- j ery three months to the society the state of the funds. HISTORY OF CANDIA. I IQ ARTICLE VIII. Every member shall pay on his initiation, the sum of one dollar, which payment shall entitle him to a copy of Wash- ington's Farewell Address to the People of the United States, containing a certificate of his admission, and each member shall pay the annual sum of one dollar in quarter yearly payments. ARTICLE IX. Persons who have been duly initiated into any other so- ciety of a similar nature, on producing their certificate of admission and signing the constitution and by-laws of this society, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a member of this society, and shallbe liable to the annual sum as re- quired in the next preceding article, providing no excep- tion be made to his admission by any one of the Standing Committee. ARTICLE x. Persons proposed as members must he recommended by two or more of the Standing Committee at a meeting of the society, and be balloted for with white and black: balls, and the balloting may be postponed to any future meeting at the request of one-third of the members present. The Pres- ident shall examine the ballots and declare whether the candidate is admitted. Five black balls shall be sufficient to prevent the admission of any person applying for that purpose, and no person shall be balloted for or any other business done, unless ten members are present. ARTICLE XI. The form of initiation and the manner of receiving mem- bers into the society, who have been duly elected, shall be regulated* by the by-laws. ARTICLE XII. The society shall have power to make such by-laws as may be deemed necessary, but no part of this constitution shall be altered without the consent of a majority of all the members of the society residing within the town. I 120 HISTORY OF CANDIA. BY-LAWS Of the Washington Benevolent Society, of the Town of Can- dia, County of Rockingham, and State of New Hampshire. ARTICLE I. Section i. The President, or person whose duty it shall be to preside, shall take the chair on each evening or day at the hour the society stands adjourned, and immediately call the members to order, and as soon as ten members are present, including officers, and before entering on any busi- ness, shall direct the stewards to see whether all the per- sons in the room are members, after which he shall direct the minutes of the preceding monthly meeting, and of the special meetings which have been held since the last monthly meetings, to be read, He shall then, read in a sol- emn manner, the form of prayer adopted by the society. Section 2. The President shall preserve order and deco- rum, and definitely decide on questions of order. Section 3. Questions shall be definitely put in the affirm- ative and negative, if the President doubts or a division is called for, those in the affirmative shall first rise from their seats, and afterwards those in the negative. Section 4. All committees, except the Standing Commit- tee, shall be appointed by the President, unless a majority of the members present shall otherwise direct. ADMISSION OF MEMBERS. ARTICLE II. Section 1. The names of persons proposed for admit- tance shall be given to the President in writing, signed by two of the Standing Committee, and the paper containing the recommendations shall be filed by the Secretary. Section 2. The candidates shall be admitted, not exceed- ing six at one time, by a Steward, under the direction of the President. On the entry of the candidates, the mem- bers shall rise from their seats and stand, until the candi- dates *re presented to the chair. The . President, or seme other of the Standing Committee, shall address the candi- dates in the following manner : HISTORY OF CANDIA. 121 i Gentlemen:— . You have been balloted for and admitted thus far into' this society; but' before you are admitted to all the privi- leges of the society, it becomes my duty to inform you on what principles this : society was established. We believe the cause of Benevolence is better promoted among our fellow citizens, by forming in their minds the true principles of moralty and integrity, than by charitable distributions of money. We believe the best method to prevent distress among" the Citizen's of any country, is to adopt a government for themselves, which shall secure them rights and privileges, and- we think the Constitution of the United States establishes such a government. But no system of government cari be so properly formed, that by being badly administered it may not 'be corrupted and perverted to improper uses. While the Government of the United States Was adminis- tered by that illustrious patriot, George Washington, it was conducted with purity, honesty,' a due regard to the Consti- tution and the best interests of the citizens, as 'proved by our general prosperity. It is, therefore, the duty of every good citizen to use all lawful- exertions to • prevent corrup- tion under every spurious mark from destroying our Con- stitution, and to place- the administration of the govern- ment in the' hands Of the disciples of Washington. Having observed with regret the baleful effects of combinations against the morals and habits of Our fellow-citizens, the dangerous influence^ofdesignihg men, and the popular de- ception they practice by pretending to be the friends of the. people, and of Liberty and equality, we have adopted as our motto, '• By their fruits ye shall know them." Con- vinced that When bad men ■'- combine- good ; men should unite, this society has thought it necessary to associatefor the purpose of preserving inviolate 'the true principles of our Federal Government, more effectually to establish among our fellow^citizens • Morality, Harmony, Benevo- lence, and a union of sentiments to supportsound principles, to aid the distressed, and diffuse such "useful information as may promote the general good. ■ He shall then ask the' candidates the following questions : 122 HISTORY OF CANDIA. i. Are you willing to join a society supporting these principles ? If this question is answered in the affirmative, the candi- dates must be directed to answer on their honor the follow ing questions, which are to be put separate, and the assent of the candidates required to each : 2. Are you firnily attached to the Constitution of the United States ? 3. Are you willing to use your exertions to preserve it against the inroads of Despotism, Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy, and endeavor to have it administered on the principles of our beloved Washington ? 4. Will you endeavor to divest yourself of all partiality to foreign nations, which shall interfere with the interests of the United States ? 5. Will you agree to use your privilege as citizens, and vote at elections for such men as you conscientiously be- lieve will: be faithful to the Constitution, and attached to those political principles which distinguished the adminis- tration of Washington ? 6. Will you endeavor to aid and assist the members of this society in their several calling's, when it will not inter- fere with your duty to others or your own interests ? 7. Will you promise never to communicate, unless it be to a member of this society or when compelled by due pro- cess of law, anything said or done in this society ? The candidates shall then be requested to repeat the fol- lowing : "All these things I do most solemnly declare on my honor, and call on all those who are present to wit- ness. " The President shall then address the candidates, and tak- ing each by the right hand, shall, in a low voice, divulge to them the Pass-Word and Countersign of the society, and charge them never to divulge or mention them as the Pass- Word and Countersign of the society to any person, not even a member, excepting within the room where the soci- ety is assembled and to the door-keeper, for the purpose of gaining admittance, and then only in a whisper. The newly admitted members shall then subscribe to the Constitution, pay the initiation fee to the Treasurer, and re- HISTORY OF CANDIA. I2J ceive a certificate of admission with a copy of Washing- ton's Farewell Address. MEETINGS. ARTICLE III. . Section:!. The monthly meetings of this society, ap- pointed by, the Constitution, shall be holdeh oh the first Monday of each month. ' Section 2. The Secretary shall cause notice to be pub- lished the week preceding the monthly meeting, of the,, time and place of holding such meeting. Sectjon 3. It shall be the duty of the President, whenev- er it shall be recommended by two or more of the Standing Committee of the society, and direct the Secretary to give 1 notice of the meeting to as many members as the time will admit. BUSINESS. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Standing Commit- tee to appoint one or more persons to deliver an address at each monthly meeting. The committee shall also propose at each monthly meet- ing, a subject or question of discussion at the next succeed- ing monthly meeting, and appoint two disputants on each side of the question, whose particular duty it shall be to discuss the question, any other members, however, to be at liberty to deliver his sentiments. ; ORDER. ARTICLE V. Section 1. When any member is about fo speak in de- bate and deliver his sentiments on any matter to the socie- ty, he shall rise from his seat and respectfully address him- . self to the President. Section 2. When two or more members happen to rise at once, the President is to name the member who is first to speak. Section 3. No member shall speak more than twice on the same subject, without the leave of the meeting. 124 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Section 4.' When a member is speaking, no private dis- course shall be held in the room, nor shall" any person pass between him and the President. Section 5. While the President is putting the question or addressing the meeting, or while the ceremony of initiation is performing, no person shall enter or go out, or walk across the room, or hold any conversation or private dis- course in the room. Section 6. When the reading of any paper is called for, and objection is made thereto by any member, the society shall determine it. 1 Section 7. No smoking, either of cigars or pipes, shall be allowed in the room when the society is. assembled on 'business, nor shall any liquors or other refreshments be in- troduced. Section 8. Any member guilty of riotous, indecorous or improper conduct shall be ' publicly reprimanded by the President, or expelled from the society at the discretion of those present ; but no member shall be expelled except twenty, members are present, and the votes of two-thirds of all members present shall be necessary to expel a member. ARTICLE VI. Section 1. Jt shah be the particular duty of one of the Stewards to superintend -the door. . - Section 2. The doorkeeper shall attend at least half-an hour before the time appointed- for the meeting of the socie- ty, shall see the room is lighted and a tire kindled when necessary. Section 3. The doorkeeper shall receive the pass-word from all the persons wishing to enter the society, after the meeting is opened fjor business, and the countersign from all persons not members of this society, and on meeting them shall admit them under the direction of the President. Section 4-. When a jrnember of any other society shall ask for admission, he shall report his name, together with the evidence of his membership to the Steward, and the Steward shall inform the President, who may direct his ad- mission, if satisfied of his being a brother. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 25 AUDITING ACCOUNTS. -,,.,. • ARTICLE VII. . Section 1. All accounts for auditing shall be endorsed with the- names of two of the Stewards. Section 2, The Treasurer shall pay no accounts t or bills out of the 'funds of the society, unless they shall have been audited by three of the Standing Commit- tee one of whom shall be the President, and the names of the auditors shall be signed with their own hands to the amount audited. ■ ', Section 3. No accounts shall be audited without the persons auditing shall be present at a meeting- appointed for that purpose. ' ARTICLE VIII. Every alteration or amendment of the By-Laws that may hereafter be proposed, shall be made in writing arid'la'idon the Secretary's table for consideration one month previous to its adoption. NAMES OF MEMBERS. Moses Fitts,, Samuel Foster,' Daniel Fitts, Henry Eaton, John Clay, Samuel, Fitts, 1 William Robie, Samuel Clough,, Jesse Eaton, Samuel .Sargent, Peter Eaton,, . Samuel , Ander- son, Moses Patten, Ichabod ,Cas§, Josiah Shannon, Parker Hills, John Biiswell,. Joseph Hubbard, John Lane, Jr., Nathaniel Wheat, Jpsiah, Sargent, John Prince,, Joshua Hub- bard, Joseph .Prince, Benjamin, Cass, . Nathaniel Rpwe, Thomas Remington, William Eaton., Reuben Fitts, Moses.., Emerson, Jr., Moses Chase, Jr., Nathan Brown, Jr., Samu- el Cass, Jr., paniel, Fitts,. Jr.-, Caleb Prince, .Samuel Cass, Moses Sargent, 3d., Joshua Lane, Thomas Wason, ; Thpnv as Hobbs, Isaac Libby, Jeremiah .Brown, Tiltons H. Bur- pee, Eben Eaton, Abraham Fitts, Jacob Buswell, Jesse Merrill, Moses Barnard, ' Walter 'Clay, Thomas Wilson, Amps Knowles, George, Titcpmb, John Robie, 3d.,, Asa Ea- ton, Benjamin Eaton, Jr.,, Jacob P.- Sargent,. Nehemiah Brown, Ezekiel Lane, John , Emerson, John Fitts,, Moses Sargent, Jr., Elijah -Clqughi Samuel Anderson, ( Jr., Robert, Crawford, Henry Clark, .Nicholas French, Jr., Thepphilus Currier, Stephen Smith, Joseph Burpee. , !26 HISTORY OF CANDIA. The above document is copied here as a part of the polit- ical history of Candia. The sentiments contained in the preamble are patriotic and well expressed. The men who signed their names to the paper were among the most in- telligent' arid worthy in the town, and there is no reason to doubt that in joining the society they were endeavoring to promote the welfare of their country. The meetings of the society were pirobably held in a hall in the second story of Moses Fitts' store. Why the members of the society «deemecl it expedient to keep their deliberations upon public affairs a profound secret, can only be surmised. It may be mentioned here that abou,t the beginning of the present century, many prominent men belonging to New England favored secession from the southern states. Among them were some of the most eminent men of New Hampshire. The late Governor Plumer, in a letter to John •Quincy Adams says : "During, the session of Congress in 1804, I was a member of the United States Sen- ate, and was at Washington every day. In the course of the session, at different times and places, several of the Federal Senators and Representatives from the New Eng- land states informed me that they thought it necessary to establish a separate government in New England, and if it should be found to be practicable, to extend as far south as to include Pennsylvania. They complained that the slave holding states had acquired, by means of their slaves, a great increase of representatives in Congress." Governor Plumer added: "I was myself in favor of a separate gov- ernment for New England." The biographer of Governor Plumer has quoted from the published letters of many New England statesmen, jurists and divines, similar sentiments. THE WAR OF l8l2. The British Government became more aggressive towards the United States from year to year, and at length it became evident that their emissaries were employed in exciting the western Indians against the Americans. The frontier settlers were greatly alarmed, and it soon became appar- ent that a majority of the people of the country demanded HISTORY OF CANDfA.' I 27 that the outrageous conduct of the British rulers should be resisted by the force of arms. War was declared against England, June 18, 1812, and Congress passed an act au- thorizing the President to enlist 75,000 volunteers, and to no- tify the governors of the several states to call out 100,000 ■men belonging to the local militia, to defend the sea coast and the frontiers. New Hampshire responded to the call of President Madi- son, and Governor Langdoh issued a general order for de- taching 3, 500 men from the militia df the state. The order was Obeyed, and the companies and regiments were duly or- ganized. " In the" latter part of June, 181 2, Governor Plumer ordered General Clement Storer, of the First Brigade, to detach two companies from his command to be stationed at Portsmouth' for the defence of the sea coast. Subsequently, two other •companies were detached and stationed at Portsmouth. In July, 18 1 2, Governor Plumer ordered Brigadier-General Robinson, of the Third Brigade, to detach a company of .artillery for the defence of Portsmouth. This company was under the command of Captain John Leonard, of Lon- donderry, and was stationed at Jaffrey's Point, where a bat- tery of two nine pounders had been erected. The men en- listed in this company belonged to the several regiments which constituted the Third Brigade, among which was the Seventeenth regiment. Among the members of the compa- ny from Candia, were William Turner, Winthrop S. Dear- born, Josiah Whicher, and Enoch Worthen. The company served three months, and was discharged November 30, 18 1 2. Winthrop S. Dearborn subsequently enlisted in an- other regiment, and was present at the battle of Plattsburg. In August, 181 2, a company of artillery was detached from the Third Brigade for the defence of Portsmouth. The company was stationed at Jaffrey's Point, which commands Little Harbor, where a battery of two nine pounders had been erected. John Leonard, of Londonderry, was Cap- tain of the company, Winthrop S. Dearborn and Enoch Worthen, of Candia, were privates. In the summer of 18 14, great fears were entertained of .an attack upon Portsmouth, as many British men-of-war 128 HISTORY OF CAJfDIA. were constantly cruising -near .the coast in plain sight of the people in' that vicinity. At the call of the Governor, a large body of troops was detached from the various regiments of the State. These troops, which were enlisted for ninety days, were under the command of Brigadier-General Mont- gomery. The following is a list of the names of the Gan- dia men, who were members of the company commanded by Captain Samuel Aiken : . Joseph Hubbard, ist. Lieutenant ; William Turner, Ser- geant ; Abel Reed, Sergeant ; Benjamin Rowe, Corporal ; Richard Eaton, Josiah Turner, Daniel Taylor, Gilman Richardson, Josiah Lane, John Clark, Willis Patten, Mos- es Patten, Jonathan Robie, Nathan, Thorn, John Colby, Jeremiah Brown, Parser. Hills, Benjamin Eaton, Moses Stevens, Sewell Brown, John Moore, Moses Critchett,, Biley Smith, Sargent French, James, Wilson, Aaron Rowe, Will-: iam Eaton, Joseph Rand. The following are the na,mes of the Candia men, who ( served in the company commanded by. Captain Collins, of Deerfield : Jonathan Cass, Sergeant ; Josiah Whicher, Corporal ; Squires Batchelder, Joseph Clifford, Richard Currier, Gil.-, man D. Cass, Jonathan Emerson, James. P. French, Reu ben Gale, Phinehas Healey, John.Towle. DRAFTED MEN. ' In May, 1814, a company of men was drafted from the Seventeenth regiment to defend Portsmouth Harbor. The following are the names of the members of the company who belonged in Candia : Reuben Bean, Sergeant ; Moses Dudley, Corporal ; Mos- es Critchett, Musician. Privates : Josiah Anderson, Jona- than Cass, Richard Cass, Richard Robie, Wadley Richard- son, Enoch Worthen. Thomas D. Morrison, of Candia, was a member of Cap- tain Charles E. Tobey's Company, of the 21st Regiment, of United States Infantry, commanded by Colonel James Mill- er. Mr. Morrison was present at the bloody battle of Bridgewater, sometimes called the battle of Niagara, be- cause it was fought near the great cataract of that name. JOHN MOORE. Sketch, page 5 01 - MARY MOORE. CHAPTER XVII. SCHOOLS. In 1647, when New Hampshire was a British Province, ^ law in relation to'public schools was enacted, of which the following', is a part : It is ordered that every township in the jurisdiction, after the Lord has increased them to the number of fifty house- holders, shall then forthwith appoint . one within their town to teach all children as shall resort to him to write and read, whose wages shall be,paid. either by the parents •or masters of such children ; or by the inhabitants in gen- eral, by way of supply, as the major part of those that or- dered the prudentials of the town shall appoint, provided those that send their children be not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other towns. And it is further ordered that when any town shall in- ■crease to the number of one hundred families or household- 'ers, they shall set up a grammar school, the master, thereof, fteing able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the Uniyersity ; provided, that if any town neglect the per- formance hereof, above one year, that every such town shall pay £5 to the next school, till they shall perform this >order. In 1719, an act was passed which provided that every town within this province having the number of fifty house- holders or upwards, shall be constantly provided with a •schoolmaster to teach children and youth to read and , write. And when any town or towns shall have the num- ber of one hundred families or householders, there shall be a grammar school set up and l^ept fn every such, town, 'and by some discreet person of good conversation, well in- structed in the tongues, shall be procured to be the master thereof ; and every such schoolmaster to be suitably en- couraged and paid by the inhabitants. 129 9 130 HISTORY OF CANDIA. When the proprietors of old Chester surveyed and lai out the town, they reserved lots in the several divisions fo the support of public schools ; but the schools were no established in the first settlement until 1737, about fourteei years after the charter was obtained. In that year, it wa Voted to raise thirty pounds to hire a schoolmaster. Befor that date, some of the children were taught at private houses In 1738, twenty pounds were raised for the support ■schools, and in 1740, it was voted that there should be ; school maintained in the town that year throughout ; parti] by schoolmasters and partly by school dames, as the se lectmen should judge best. In 1748, the first settlement was made in Candia. Thii settlement remained a parish of old Chester for a period o fifteen years. D,uring a part of that ,time, two or ihrei schools were maintained in the parish by the town of Ches ter. In the selectmen's accounts in Chester, in 1757, the follow ing item ,appeared : "Paid to Charming Fare (the first name of Candia) £z(> fo: schooling." Samuel Mooers, who had previously movet from Chester to Candia, was a school teacher at the latte: place in 1757, and he was probably the first school teachei in the town. 1 " In 1763, Cand,ia became an independent township. Al the annual town meeting in Chester, in 1763, soon aftei Candia, then sometimes called Charming Fare, was in cor porated, it was voted : That it be left with the selectmen to inquire into and see how much is justly due to Charming Fare, so called, £01 their proportion of the school money raised in this town fpi three years past, and if they have not had their share then •to deliver the same to them, provided they lay out the same for schooling among themselves ; and also all the pthei parts of the town that have not had their proportion of the schooling, nor money as above mentioned, shall be consid ered, an4 have tfieir proportion on the same condition's. ' THE FIRST 5CHQ0L. Soon after the town of Candia was organized, measures HISTORY OF CANDIA. 13I were taken to provide for the education ( of the young. Among the first entries in the selectmen's accounts in 1764, is the following item : ' ' Paid Dr. Samuel Mooers for keeping school, 4o[pounds. The salary of Dr. Mooers, the teacher, was doubtless pa-id in paper currency, which had become considerably depre- ciated. The town appropriated' a sum of money from year to year, until the outbreak of the War of the Revolution. For sometime after that event no appropriations were i made. The following are the names of some of the teachers in the schools from 1764 to 1776 : Samuel Mooers, Daniel Rowe, Mrs. Zachariah Clifford, Master Haselton, Mrs. Isaac Clifford, Mrs. Bowen, Master Shaw, Nathaniel Emerson, Mrs. Israel Gilman, Master Jew- ett, Mrs. Richard Clifford, Paul Jewett, Samuel Buswell, Ezekiel Worthen, Walter Robie, Elizabeth Smith, Abraham Fitts, William Dow,lan, Ebenezer Eaton, Master Forsaith, Master H ass ard, Master Otis, Master Sawyer, Master Hoyt, Huldah Sanborn. In the early days, the schools were mostly kept in rooms hired of the citizens in various parts of the town, and some- times a teacher, after teaching a school in one quarter of the town a short time, would open a school in another sec- tion during the same season of the year. Reading, writing and arithmetic were the principal studies in the school dur- ing the first forty years. The following are the names of some of the teachers, who haJd charge of the schools between^the years 1780 and 1800 : Master Severance, Master Condy, Ichabod Robie, Mas- ter True, Master Melville, Master Allen, Dolly Sanborn, Master Perley, Lydia Fitts, Dr. Kelly, Mrs. Burbank, Debo- rah Hobbs, Master Jenkins, Master Prince. Sarah Thorn. Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Peabody, • Mrs. Plumer, Molly Ordway, Master Moses Fitts, Dr. Samuel Foster, Master Brown, Sa- rah Bean, Master Howe, Abigail Clifford, Jonathan Bean, Master Towle, Master Mitchell, Molly Silver, Master Batch- elder, Richard Emerson, Master Bagley, Master Hall, Mas- er Gilman, Master Clark, Master Sargent, Master Coffin, 132 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Master Huntoon, Ruth Lane. Master Randall, Joanna vis, Molly Chase. The locations or districts, where the schools were est lished, were called quarters for many years. Thus tr. was the center quarter at the Corner, the west quarter the west end of High Street, the se»uthwest quarter, af wards'called the South Road district, the southeast qua at Patten's Hill, the northeast quarter, now called the Isli district, the east quarter, now East Candia district, south quarter, now called the Chester Road district, north quarter, afterwards called the Walnut Hill dist; the northeast quarter, now the Village district, the no west quarter, afterwards the North Road district or trict No. 7. The school district in the neighborhood the Congregational Church was called the United disl for several years, and sometimes the Meeting House disti About the year 1825, the districts in the town had creased to the number of thirteen. 'At about that time th districts were numbered in the following manner : District No. 1 was that part of the town in the vicinitj the Corner. District No. 2 was the territory lying near Congregational Meeting House. District No. 3 was i section which borders upon the south end of the Sc Road. District No. 4 was that part of the town, which situated upon the south end of the road which exte from Chester to Deerfield. District No. 5 was made of the territory lying on the east end of High. Street, ginning at a point about two-fifths of a mile west of Congregational Meeting House. District No. 6 was territory which borders upon the west end of High Str District No. 7 was constituted of territory situated at northwest section of the town. District No. 8 was m up of territory situated near Walnut Hill. This disl was originally a part of district No. 2. The territory 1 organized as a separate district about the year 1814. District No. 9 we.s made up of territory situated in Village and the immediate vicinity. District No. 10, wl was sometimes called the Critchett district and sometii the Colcord district, included the territory situated the northeast section of the town. It is now called HISTORY OF CANDIA. 133 Island district. District No. 1 1 was the territory which is situated in the eastern part of the town and is now called East Candia. It was formerly called the Langford district. District No. 1 2 was that made up from territory lying in the southeast section of the town; It is now called the Patten Hill district. District No. 13 was Tower Hill and a section near the Chester Turnpike. District No. 14 was constituted of territory situated on the North Road, which was formerly a part of district No. 2. It was set off and made a separate district in 1849. The following are the names of a few of the prominent teachers in the schools from sixty to seventy years ago : Samuel Cass, Daniel Fitts, Jr., John Lane, Joshua Lane, Ezekiel Lane, Moses H. Fitts, Franklin Fitts, Frederick Parker, Henry M. Eaton, Abraham Emerson, Francis Pat- ten, Alfred Colby, Nathan Carr, Rufus E. Patten, Asa Fitts, Abigail Lane, Polly Rowe, Lucinda Dolloff, Melinda Patten, Julia Rowe. About the year 18 10, the school districts were made inde- pendendent, officers were elected, and each district man- aged' its own affairs. The principal officer, who was called the Prudential Committee, hired the teacher and had the general oversight of matters pertaining to the school. Each of the schoolhouses in the town was erect- ed at the expense of the taxpayers of the district in which it was located. The oldest school house now in town, is that which was probably built one hundred years ago, on the North Road, in what was formerly district No. 7. The frame o the school house at the Corner was probably put up more than ninety years ago. Nearly all of the other school houses in town are of comparatively modem date. The following is a partial list of the' text books which were in use in the schools of the town near the close of the last century and during the first quarter of the present cen- tury : Dilworth's Spelling Book, Webster's ' Spelling Book, and Marshall's Spelling Book, Webster's Third Part, Bingham's American Preceptor, Scott's Lessons, The Celumbian Ora- G r, Murray's Introduction, Murray's Reader, Blair's Rheto- 134 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ric, Ladies' Accidence, Pike's, Welch's, Adams' and Wali Arithmetics. Text books for parsing : Pope's Essay on Man, Young's Night Thoughts, Milto Paradise Lost, Thompson's Seasons. Watts' on the Mind was a very common text book sia five years ago. Colbum's intellectual Arithmetic was introduced into scndols in Candia about the year 1826. This little work v ( pf immense benefit to the pupils of that day, as it enab them to work out, not only simple sums in arithmetic wi out the use of a slate, but also those of a somewhat com; pated nature. This work was soon followed by Colbui Sequel. The following are the names of some of the read bopks which were in use about the year 1826 : Popular Lessons, The New Hampshire Book, The Hisl ical Reader, Porter's Analysis, Pierpont's National Read and the American First Class Book, Reverend Abraham Wheeler was one of the Superinte: ing Committee at the time Pope's Essay was introduced be used for parsing exercises. Both Mr. Wheeler and D con Daniel Fitts condemned the work, on account of heretical suggestions contained in it. They could not ag with Pope that " all partial evil is universal good," that " whatever is, is right/' and so the book was tal out of the schools. , Among the duties of the school teachers prior to 18 was that of making and mending pens for the pupils. 1 pens of those days were made from quills plucked from wings of geese, and it required a considerable amount skill and experience to make a good article from these r, terials. The teacher was sometimes required to make mend twenty or thirty pens every day, besides setting copy in each pupil's writing book. -Sometimes much bel pens were made from quills which had been boiled in < These latter were called Dutch quills, and were brouj jnto the town from Boston or Newburyport A Superintending Committee, consisting of three more members, was first appointed by the selectmen HISTORY OF CANDlA. 135 1816. The members of this committee were charged with the duty of examining all candidates for positions as teachers, and of visiting all the schools in the town. About the year 1 880, the school in District No. 5, near the east end of High Street, was discontinued. A part of the pupils belonging to that locality were transferred to District. No. 2, in" the vicinity of the Congregational Meeting House, and a part to District No. 6, near the west end of High Street, at the east end of North Road, District No. 14 was also discontinued, and the pupils were transferred to Dis- trict No. 2. At the same time, school District No. 8, which included the Lang road and Walnut Hill, was united with school District No. 7, situated in the northwest section of the town. In 1885, the New Hampshire Legislature enacted a law abolishing the old school district system of the state and uniting all the schools into a single district. This school district was placed under the control of a school board con- sisting of three persons. The board was authorized to ex- amine and select all of the teachers, furnish the fuel and other supplies, and to have a general supervision of th& school. The following are the names of the first school board which was chosen in this town under- the new law : J. Lane Fitts, Henry A. Hubbard, and George F. Cass. The first named was elected to serve for three years, the second for two years, and the third for one year. The following are the names of the members of the board for 1890 : Albert E. Colcord, George E. Richardson, and George F. Cass. In 1889, the Legislature enacted a law, which provided that all the books used in the public schools of the state should be furnished at the expense of the several towns. It Was also provided that the books should be selected by the school boards of the towns. The following are some of the text books now in use in the schools : . Barnes' Readers, Sheldon's Arithmetic, Harper's Geogra- phy, Barnes' History, Meservey's Book Keeping, Harvey's Grammar, Munroe's Speller, Brand's Physiology, Ij6 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Seventy years ago, there were many families of from eight to twelve children, and in many cases three- fourths of them attended schpol at the same time. In the largest districts, there were often from seventy to eighty scholars in the winter. In these days, there are , very few Ameri- can families in which there are more than three or four children, and in many cases there are none at all. The schools are consequently thinly attended, the average, .lumber in the eleven branch schools being eighteen. The school houses were warmed with open fires, previous to 1828, when stoves were introduced. The tire-place,, which was located upon one side of the building, was large enough to receive wood four feet long. Iii the very coldest weather, a roaring fire was necessary to keep the pupils comfortable, and sometimes the girls and boys'had to stand around the fire in the morning or after recess. Sometimes, when one of a group of boys happened to stand with his back to the fire and his arms behind him, a mischievous companion, who wanted a little fun, would slyly snatch up a live coal and drop it into the palm of one of his hands: As there were no janitors in those days, it was the cus- tom for the larger boys to take turns in building the: fire in the morning an hour or two before the commencement of the exercises of the school; and just before the school was closed in the afternoon of each day, the master announced the name of the boy whom, he had appointed to make the fire on the succeeding morning. Many years ago, some of the teachers of the schools be- lieved that obedience and good order could not be secured without an appeal to the fears ; of those who were placed in their charge. Under such circumstances, the discipline was severe, and pupils found guilty of whispering, quarrel- ing, making up faces, circulating comic pictures drawn up- on their slates, idleness or inattention to their lessons,, throwing spit balls or other violations of the rules of the school, were sure of encountering the wrath of the teacher. The ferule, a hard wood ruler, fifteen inches long, an inch and a half wide, and half an inch thick, was the weapon principally relied upon in such cases. The heavy blows, which were struck by the tea chei "upon the hands of the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 37 offender?, caused intense pain, and in some eases the hands were blistered. The worst offences of. the boys,, were pun- ished by. a severe whipping upon the, back;. with a strong withe. Lighter offences were sometimes punished by com- pelling the offender to stand upon one leg with a book held aloft in one of his hands. .Some teachers had a habit of seizing a pupil by the ear with one end of a pen-knife han- dle and the thumb on one side, and the fingers upon the other, and 'dragging him from his seat into the floor, , These errors on the score of discipline were by no means universal, among the teachers in this town. The greate 1 " majority were , discreet and kind-hear,ted, and greatly respected by their pupils. In 1828, a law was enacted by the Legislature, which provided for taxing the. discount banks in the state to the amount of one-half of one per cent, for the purpose of rais- ing a fund for the benefit of the common schools. The money thus raised was called the Literary Fund. The money has been paid out to the towns in proportion to the amount of their state tax many years, The law is still in operation, and the' tax upon the greatly increased amount of bank stock now. owned in the, state, yields a conjpara- tiyely large sum for. the Literary Fund. The proportion of the fund paid to Candia in 1890 was $18^60. The money which was derived from the sale of the school lots during -the early part of the present century, was of great benefit to the schools of that day. The amount of money annually appropriated for schools in the town during the present century, has ranged from five hundred dollars to fifteen hundred dollars. The amount appropriated in 1 890, was fourteen hundred and fifty dollars. Until recently, the money raised for schools in the town was divided among the several districts in proportion to the amount of taxes which were paid b,y each. Thus, if the people of a district paid more taxes than were paid in any other, they received more school money than any other district, and could consequently have the longest school terms. Seventy years ago, there Was more taxable proper- ty in district No. 2, and the schools in that district were I38 HISTORY OF CANDIA. kepf six months each year and sometimes longei while the schools, in some of the other districts were nc kept more than two-thirds as long. In some of the districts the prudential committee, fo the purpose of lengthening out the school term, sometime: made an arrangement for the teacher to board around, th citizens agreeing to furnish board' and lodging withou charge to the town. By the law of 1885, by which all the old school district of the town are consolidated into one, the people of the va rious sections of the town enjoy equal school advantages This main district is divided into eleven branches or sub districts as follows : The Corner, the Meeting House district, South Road High Street, North Road, the Village, the Island, Eas Candia, the Chester Road, the Turnpike, and Patten's Hill. HIGH SCHOOLS. Ever since 1820, High Schools have been kept at inter vals in Candia. The first teacher in these schools wai probably Daniel Fitts, Jr. He was for sometime a pupi, in the academy at Bradford, Massachusetts. He kept i private school in the town several terms in Master Fitts hall, and two terms in the old Remington house, afterwards owned by Joseph Fitts. He was succeeded by Moses H, Fitts, Frederick Parker, a Mr. Rfce and Mr. WhKtemon David Cross and James O. Adams, of Manchester, all o whom kept excellent High Schools upon the hill near the Congregat'ional Meeting House, more than fifty . years ago. CHAPTER XVIII. HISTORY OF THE MILITIA. Very soon after the first settlements were made in New Hampshire, all the able-bodied men jn the colony were or- ganized into squads and military companies for the com- mon defence against the Indians and when the colony be- came a British Province the military forces were organized. irito battalions and regiments. During the long war be- tween France and England about the middle of the eigh- teenth century, the Province of New Hampshire greatly aided the mother country by furnishing regiments of troops at various times to serve in Canada, Cape Breton and else- where. At the beginning of the War of the Revolution, there were itwo classes of soldiers, besides those who enlistect to serve in the continental armies, viz. : A Training Band, which was constituted of all able bodied persons in the stat;e from Sixteen to fifty years of age, and the " Alarm List," which was made up of all males between sixteen and sixty-five years of age. These were liable to be called out when an alarm was given by firing three guns rapidly, one after another. Soon after the independence of the colonies had been achieved and New Hampshire become a state, the people took a great interest in military affairs. In 1792, the militia was organized into twenty-seven reg- iments, six brigades, and three divisions. The seventeenth regiment belonged to the Third Brigade, First Division. The regiments were organized into two battalions, each Moore, Jr., 1822, John Smith, 1825, Stephen Bean, 1830, James Gale, 183I, Moses Varnum, 1832, Asa O. Colby, 1835, Joseph Noyes, 1837, Jason Godfrey, 1840, Austin Cass, 1841, George Em- erson, 1842. Lieutenants, who had no higher rank : Samuel O. Dear- born, 1831, Jacob Morrill, 1832, Thomas Dearbotn, 1837, Nathan Rollins, 1841. Ensigns, Josiah Turner, Jacob Worthen, Gilman W. Nich- ols, 1826, Warren Clay, 1831. About the year 1836, the two Infantry Companies having become quite thin, were consolidated into one. The uniform of the cavalry consisted of bright scarle HISTORY OF CANDIA. 143 coats with brass buttons, dark blue pantaloons and leather caps with red plumes. The Artillery Company wore dark blue coats and panta- loons, trimmed with red. They had leather caps with black plumes tipped with red. The uniforms of the officers of the ununiformed Infantry' Companies, consisted of blue coats trimmed with silver lace, white pantaloons, and leather caps with white plumes tipped with red. MAY TRAINING. By the law of 1818, all males between eighteen and forty years of age, were required to perform military duty three times each year, viz. : in May, in September, and at the general muster of the regiment. The following was nearly the form of the notice to each soldier, warning him to appear for inspection on May train- ing day : Candia, N. H., April 20, 1825. To John Severance, 1 Sir : — Yo"u, being duly enrolled as a member of the Company of Infantry in Candia, commanded by Captain Amos Smith, are hereby warned to appear near the Congregational 1 Meeting House on Tuesday, May 10th, at 1 o'clock P. M., arfned and equipped as the law directs for inspection and military exercises, and then wait further orders. Stephen Gates, Sergeant. The men who were between forty and forty-five years of age were required to exhibit their muskets and other equipments to the officers of companies, on the first Tues- day in May ; but they were not required to perform any pther military duties. According to the law, the display 1 of the equipments could be made by proxy, and .it °ft en happened that a boy was employed to perform thai ser- vice. The law provided that all officers qf a regiment who served six years, became exempt from all further military duty, and, although it was thought to be a great honor to hold a commission, there were sjorne who sought tfye Ro^i- 144 HISTORY OF CANDIA. tion for the purpose of thereby obtaining an early dischargi from military- obligations. In case the weather was pleasant on the first Tuesday ir May, there was a very large gathering of men, women anc children on the street near the old Congregational Meeting House, to witness the evolutions of the soldiers. The members of the Light Infantry Company' assembled at Peter Eaton's Hall,, those belonging to the Artillery Com pany at Master Fitts' Hall, while the ununiformed Compa ny belonging to the west half of the town assembled at e room in Master Fitts' dwelling house, .or if the weather was fine,, under the, trees near the Congregational Meeting Housa After the roll was called, the laws relating to the duties of the soldiers were read, and then the inspection of equip ments took place. The company was then drilled in the use of arms by the officers, after which came the marching and counter-marching of the company to the music of i fife, a tenor or snare drum, as it was called, and a bass drum. This was quite entertaining to the spectators, espec ially when a man of true military spirit and enthusiasm was in command. How dignified was his bearing, am haw proudly he marched around the old meeting house anc up towards the Pound at the head of somewhat less than ; hundred men, from High Street,* the North Road and th< South' Road. At the same time, the 1 ' Light Infantry anc Artillery are performing sundry and divers evolutions upor the grounds, each one with a small band of music mucl superior to that employed by the ununiformed Infantry for among the instruments used, there is a bugle and per haps two clarionets, and in rare cases, a t. ombone. To wards the middle of the afternoon, the captain of the LoW er company of ununiformed Infantry, consisting of soldier: belonging to the village, the Colcord and Larigford dis tricts, and the Burough road, under the command of Cap tain John Smith, came marching up the hill from the Cor ner to join their brothers-in-arms, at the meeting house. I little later, the troop which had also been inspected at thei quarters at the Corner, have arrived at the old church, an< at the sound of the trumpet are executing various miliar COFFIN M. FRENCH. Sketch, page 516 HISTORY OF CANDTA. 14 5 evolutions. And now the scene has become lively and in- spiring. The artillery has: unlimhered the cannon and op- ened a furious assault upon an imaginary foe in the valley below, in the direction .of Mr. Duncan's store. The gun- ners ram down the cartridge with vigor, and the piece is touched off with a fuse, made of a section of tarred rope at- tached to an iron rod> , The three privates, who have been . detailed to carry the, two small, blue-painted chests contain- ing the ammunition, rush boldly, up close to the cannon's mouth to deliver the cartridges, to the gunners as they are wanted from time to time. The . gun, though only a four- pounder, sends forth a loud and sharp report, which echoes over the hills and valleys, for miles away. Once in a while on the explosion of a cartridge,, the smoke rushes from the muzzle of the gun in the form, of a ring, which as it ascends, becomes larger and thinner, until at last it is lost to view. The Light Infantry, , posted. upon the left of the artillery,, is rapidly firing volley after yolley of musketry, sometimes by platoons, sometimes by sections and sometimes by the whole company at once. Meantime the troop, which has bden on a short reconnoitering, expedition upon the high- way leading to the North road towards the old schoolhouse in District No. Two, is returning on a full gallop to the pa- rade ground. The smoke frorh'ithe cannon and the musk- ets of the Light Infantry nearly covers the field • the bands of the companies are playing, s6me one time and some an- other, and the enthusiasm of the soldiers and spectators has reached its height By this time the sun is fast creeping along towards the western horizon ; the Light 'Infantry has expended all of its ammunition and the artillery has fired its last cartridge. The lower, ununiformed infantry, escorted by the troop, is now marching towards the corner. The Light Infantry and artillery have reached their quar- ters ; the upper company of ununiformed militia, which has been drawn up under the elm and Lombardy poplar trees at the west end of the old Congregational meeting-house, have been dismissed after having been complimented for their good behaviour by the captain The men, women andchil- 10 (46 HISTORY OK CANDIA. ' "' ' .' >.' ' ' *','.' ^ iren, who have been greatly entertained by the stirring ivents of the day, are returning to their homes, and ere the sun has sunk behind the' western "-mountains, scarcely a sound can be heard in the neighborhood, which a short half- >our before had been a scene .of confusion and excitement. The above is a faint deScri-pticfcruaf the- May trainings in he town as they were between < the years 1820 and 1830, ,vhen the old militia system was in the height] of its popu- arity and when there was the greatest number of men who vere liable to perform military duty. In those da) r s it was the custom for the commisioned of- icers of the Light Infantry to give the privates a supper at their residences after the May training, as a token of their ippreciation of the honor of having been chosen to fill their several positions in the company. ■■ Sometimes the custom ivas varied by giving a breakfast on the morning of muster lays. ; In those times the field officers and the officers of all the companies were required to meet early in September upon the grounds v which had been .selected for the muster, for drill and also for the purpose of making all necessary ar- rangements for the great parade- which was to take place a few days later. THE MUSTER. The muster of the regiment was the great military festi- val of the year. For months the boys had been saving all the money that they could scrape together and had count- fed the weeks and days which, would elapse before the great event would take place. Many of the soldiers who belong- ed in Candia lived from ten to sixteen miles from the mus- ter-field when the muster took place in Chester or Ray- mond ; and they were consequently obliged to start at least an hour before day dawned ; and so, while it was yet dark and the stars were shining brightly, long lines of wagons filled with soldiers or those who were to officiate as spec- tators were passing down High Street, the North Road, along the Colcord Road and the other highways towards the great point of attraction. Many of the young men and - HISTORY OF CANDIA. 147 boys were trudging along on foot and if, perchance, a boy was lucky enough to be invited to ride sitting upon a peck measure in the rear of the wagon, he was quite willing up- on approaching a hill to jump out and walk to the top of- it. Every dwelling house along the route was lighted with at least one tallow candle, showing that the occupants were more or less interested in the approaching display ; and all the roosters crowed as loud as they could scream. Now and then there was heard a strain of music from a bugle or a clarione't,, and anon there came the report from a musket which was sometimes discharged close by and at others at a point a mile distant. At sunrise the members of the various companies arrived upon the borders of the muster field. And now the drums are beating and the fifes are screaming, calling the soldiers of the several companies to assemble without delay. The sergeants and coporals soon bring order/ out of chaos and every man finds his proper position. The adjutant, mount- ed upon his prancing steed, esco rts each company to its place in regimental line, the troop or cavalry ;on the extreme, right, then the artillery, next the Candia and Chester Light Infantry and last the six companies of ununiformed infantry. The regiment is formed in two parallel lines, the colonel and the other field officers take their position in front, and then the adjutant gives the order, "Present arms." The in- fantry companies obey the order and the colonel takes com- mand of the regiment. The regimental standard is then es- corted to the field by a company of infantry under the di- rection of the adjutant, after which the regiment is formed into a hollow square. The chaplain appears upon horse- back and offers an appropriate prayer. The regiment is then brought again into line and various military exercises are performed under the direction of the colonel. THE INSPECTION. At about 10 o'clock the regiment is broken into compan- ies for inspection. All the field officers dismount, and lucky are the boys who get a chance to take care of the 1 + 8 HISTORY OF CANDIA. horses while the inspection is in progress and enjoy a slight . taste of military glory as they ride up and down the field, imagining themselves veritable colonels or majors for a brief hour. The shilling or quarter of a dollar which they receive for their proffered services, goes a great ways to- wards paying for the gingerbread, the candy and other lux- uries which they will take to their homes. The Brigade or Division Inspector, accompanied by an aide-de-camp, appears upon the field mounted and proceeds at once to make a thorough inspection of the arms and, equipments of the regiment, beginning with the cavalry. He first rides around the company and then critically ex- amines every sword, pistol and all the other equipments, one by one ; and if any imperfections are discovered the aide-de-camp notes them in a book which he carries for the purpose and the delinquent is doomed to pay a fine. After completing the inspection of this arm of the service, the , inspector and his aid dismount and next inspect the artil- lery. When the old cannon and all the sabres and other ac- coutrements of the menlbers of the company have been ex- amined, the various infantry companies are attended to. The privates stand in ranks a few feet apart With their ramrods inserted loosely in the barrels of their guns. The inspector, with great formality, seizes each musket as it is presented to him and shakes it up and down vigorously to ascertain by the jingle which follows whether the barrel is clean or foul and whether there is any ramrod at all. There were no breech loaders in those days and the percus- sion cap had not been invented. Every infantry man was required to furnish himself with a flint lock musket, two spare flints and a priming wire and brush, the latter articles being necessary in case the aperture which connected the powder in the pan ofthe lock with the charge in the barrel became foul and obstructed, It the inspector succeeds in cocking the musket of ancient days and in springing its lock without difficulty no fault is found with it, no matter how old or rusty it may have become. Many of the inspectors of those times, after examining a musket, often returned it with a stiff arm and a sudden horizontal jerk which was liable to knock the owner down HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 49 unless he was well on his guard. At the close of an exami- , nation of a company some inspectors made a brief address to the captain in the course of which they gave some account of their investigatipns. Sometimes they criticised severely and sometimes they praised without stint. In most other cases, they pointed out a very few imperfections, but were careful to give credit where it was due. A some- what pompous inspector who officiated at a muster of the old Seventeenth regiment addressed the captain of several of the companies he had examined nearly in the following style : "Captain Blank, I have very carefully inspected your company and I am happy in being able to state that, with a very few slight exceptions, I have found that it is in excellent condition. Your company, sir, is an honor to the regiment and the State of New Hampshire. I sincerely hope and trust sir that all imperfections and deficiencies will be remedied before the next annual inspection. " Then, after making a very profound bow to the captain, the elo- quent official turns upon his heels with military precision,' and marches off with a majestic air to another company, the scabbard of his sword dangling against his boots and spurs. THE REVIJEW. After the inspection, the regiment is placed in' readiness for a grand review. The Brigadier or Major General and all the 'members of his staff superbly mounted appear upon the grounds and ride at a moderate pace around the regi- ' ment, which is formed in two parallel lines or battalions. The general, as he passes up and down the lines, carefully notes the appearance and bearings of the several companies. After performing this duty, the reviewing officers take a position opposite the centre of the regiment, the general being posted three paces in advance of his subordinate officers. ,. When the review was about to take place at the musters sixty years ago all the bands of the several companies were consolidated into one regimental band under the direetion of the drum major. Previous to 1&20, the fife and the bass 150 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and tenor or snare drums were the principal instrurr in use at trainings. The' eight or ten fifes and as many and snare drums in the^ands of the enthusiastic perf ers must have made a great racket if not the most chart music. As the regiment with the band at its head marched b< the general each officer as he passed, saluted him by b: ing his sword in front with the hilt on a level with his f then bringing it to his right and extending it outward £ angle about forty-five degrees, with the ploint nearly to ing the ground ; next by bringing it again in front ; the its place at the shoulder. One of the attractive features of the muster was splc:) .lid appearance of the general and the members o staff in their gay uniforms, which consisted, of fine blue broadcloth coats, trimmed with gold lace', buff bree and vests, high top boots, gold epaulets and black bea- cocked hats, , with black ,ostrich feathers. Their ho which were the handsomest and most spirited that c be found in the region, were furnished with highly < mented bridles, breast plates, martingales and sac with leopard skin housings. The uniforms of the regimental and brigade officers quite a sum of money and there were some men who aspired to high military honors who could ill affo make the outlay, and so it became a custom with rrn this class to hire uniforms and hors^ equipments of of) who were able to own them. The uniform of a colon a brigade staff officer which had been worn at a must one locality was very easily transported a dozen or tw miles for the use of an officer at a muster of another ment a few days later. When the officer who hired a uni was somewhere near the size of the Owner, the econoi scheme to shine in borrowed plumage Worked well. HISTORY OF CANDIA. I 5 S- • chase for themselves a dimmer. 1 : At~a late date the sum was raised to fifty cents.- Each of the uniformed companies^ generally dined together at' 4he residence of some thrifty farmer and they were sure^f: being, feasted with roast beef, plum puddings, mince and apple-pies with all the trim- mings. Before the temperance reform was inaugurated*; nearly all took a glass of -goo*!' bldWest India or New Eng- land rum before they sat down to dinner. The general and his staff and the regimental officer sometimes dined to- gether at a tavern or at the- residence of some prominent citizen. At the muster which took place in 1828 on Nehe- miah Colby's field, about half a rtiile northwest of the pres-. ent railway station, Samuel D. Bell, the Colonel of the regi- ment, who then resided in Chester, with the rest of "the field officers dined at the residence of Lt.-Col. Samuel Cass. The brigade officers dined at the tavern near the meeting- house, which was kept by Frederick Fitts. The fore part of that muster day was cold and rainy, but? the afternoon was bright and beautiful. .... The old time muster was sure to> attract a large number of peddlers of all sorts of goods, 1 hats, jewelry, patent medicines and books. But none, of the enterprising traders- were better patronized than' the venders of gingerbread; candy and other sweatmeats. Softie of the peddlers sold their goods at auction -arid their funny jokes "and comie songs, like "Betsey Baker-" and' "Tom Bolin " always greatly entertained the crowd of listeners. There was a greater or lesser variety of shows at * the musters. Sometimes- a. bear, a couple of wild cats or a live rattlesnake might have been seen for a few cents. Some- times Joe Pentland; or some 1 other performer, gave an ex- hibition of skill upon the slack; wire or the tight rope, or showed how he could eat a ■ quantity of tow which, after burning fiercely in his stofnach a few moments, could be changed into many yards of beautiful ribbon and drawn, out of his mouth. At a muster in Raymond in the Lane District, near the southwest Corner; of that town, in 1826, ,what was called "The. Learned Goat," was the principal: show.' A quantity of cards' were arranged upon the ground nside of a tent and a common goat spelled the name of HISTORY OF CANDIA. any person by picking up the proper letters, one by on< with its mouth. The goat-was eaabled to perform the trie hy watching the secret signals given by the exhibitor, hand organ, which was probably the : first one ever seen i the parts, was operated by a woman. "Blind Dexter, " wh was the owner of the concern, tended the door and too the change. " Jakey Lane, " the harmless imbecile of Raj mond, who attended the musterwas transported withjoy a he stood outside of the tent and listened to the sweet sound which issued from the organ. In his ecstacy he gave ver to his feelings by exclaiming, over and over again, "0 how dreadful pooty that- music' is ain't it ?" During the da Jakey gave several exhibitions to the admiring spectatoi on his own account, by running forty or fifty rods with long stick in one hand, and his outstretched arms extende high above his head. For each performance he receive the sum of one cent. Dancing was frequently one of the entertainments at th musters of many years ago. Two adventurous fiddler who were sometime of African descent, would establis themselves in a barn or a temporary ball room which con sisted of a flooring of boards laid down upon the grounc in some spot near the field, and any person who would con tribute a small sum to pay for the music could take a pai in the fun. Many were the boys and girls who didn't car a bit for etiquette or dignity that sailed in just as they were with their hats and bonnets upon their heads ; and the wa they balanced, cast off, swung round and double shuffle would have delighted the soul of the manager of a moder negro minstrel troupe. For many years previous to 184 the owners of the fields where a muster took place had special license from the selectmen to sell spirituous liquor by the glass. A bar-room was established in some part c the dwelling house which stood near the field and the profit from the business sometimes amounted to seventy-five do! lafs or more. The members of the uniformed companies displayed *(T~ ,'-.-. ,. .. -J HISORY OF CANDIA. I 53 whereas the ununiformed companies of infantry took no pains whatever to make a decent appearance upon parade. They came to the field arrayed in clothing of all varieties of material, style and color and there 1 were scarcely any two sets of equipments which resembled each other. Some of the muskets were long and heavy, while others were light fowling pieces. At last those raw, Undisciplined in- fantry companies were felt to be a disgrace to the state and many of the people contemptuously called them "Slam BangCompanies", "Flood Wood Companies, ''or "String Bean Companies " About the year 1830, many young men who were compelled to perform military duty in those organiza- tions were determined to make the trainings a still greate r burlesque. With this end in view, some of them appeared upon parade in their work day clothes with old hats and shoes, ragged coats and breeches. Some were barefoot and some appeared with old tin pails for canteens and some with old meal bags for knapsacks. Some pretended to' be so stupid that their officers found it to be impossible, to get them into straight line, and, on the march, some staggered one way and some another. All the soldiers who were- full of fun and merriment were ever respectful to their of- ficers. In many of the towns the most stupid and incompetent members of these companies were chosen as officers and in some cases the members of the company endeavored to evade the laws requiring them to performjmilitary duty by neglecting to attend the meetings for the election of officers. A case of this kind occurred in the town of Raymond, in , the spring of 1835. One of the ununiformed .companies of that town had neglected to choose officers, whereupon Col. David Pillsbury, the commander of the regiment, appointed Capt. John Rowe of Candia, to take charge of the company. Capt. Rowe thereupon warned the Raymond men to appear on May. training day near the Congregational meeting house in Candia, for military exercise. The men appeared at the appointed time. Capt. Rowe put the members of the company through a pretty severe course of discipline and marched them up and down some of the hills of the town until near sunset when they were dismissed to enjoy the pri- 154 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ■wlege of trudging back to their homes, a distance of more than six miles, in the,ir own way and manner. At the annual muster of the regiment at Raymond in 1834, the Chester tight Infantry was accompanied to the field by the Haverhill, Mass. , brass band which had been engaged for the occasion at much expense. When the review was about to take place, Col. David Pillsbury, the commander' «f the regiment, ordered all the bands present to be united into one, and to take a position at the head of the line wider the direction of the drum major. Capt. Thomas Smith; the commander of the Chester Light Infantry, refused to allow the Haverhill band to obey the order, whereupon Col. Pillsbury ordered it to leave the field. The band accordingly retired and took up a position in an adjoining field, a few rods distant from the regiment, but beyond the jurisdiction of Col. Pilhsbury. All day long the band performed at in- tervals greatly to the annoyance of the officers and mem- bers of the regiment as well as a majority of the spectators. It was well understood that the movements of the Haver- hill band Were dictated by the captain and officers of the Chester Light Infantry to spite Col. Pillsbury, and with a view of breaking up the parade. When the regiment was dismissed at night Col. Pillsbury left the field in company with the Lieut. Colonel of the regi- ment, Abraham Emerson, of Candia. When the two officers reached the highway th ey were surrounded by the Chester and Candia Light Infantry and a brisk fire of blank cartridges was opened upon Col. Pillsbury by which the plumes upon his cap were destroyed and his uniform much injured. Col. Pillsbury's horse which became much frightened clung closely to that upon which Lieut Col. Emerson was mount- ed. Under those circumstances, no further injury could b« inflicted upon Colonel Pillsbury without endangering fh< safety of Lieut. Col. Emerson. At this point a member o the Candia Light Infantry privately approached Lieut. Col Emerson and requested him to leave Col. Pillsbury to hii HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 55 attack upon Col. Pillsbjiry. This advice was heeded an3 the Chester company, finding that they could not succeed ia their designs without support, marched off and Col. Pills-, bury and Lieut. Col. Emerson received no further molesta- tion. In due time a court martial was summoned to try CaptJ Smith for his conduct in the affair ; but after a long investi- gation he was acquitted on the ground that there was n© evidence that he had committed any act for which he could be held responsible to a military tribunal, as the alleged as- sault upon Col. Pillsbury took place after the regiment had been dismissed. In 1840, the laws relating to the militia of the state were revised and persons having conscientious scru- ples against bearing arms, and persons between the ages of forty and forty-five were exempted from perforating , military duty. The law also provided that every company required to be armed with muskets or rifles, and having thirty-two rank and file should receive from the State arsen- als muskets or rifles enough to arm said company not ex- ceeding sixty-four ; that every company having sixty-four rank and file enlisted and uniformed should receive thirty- two muskets or rifles. About the year 1845 a majority of the members of the artillery company resided in Raymond and the cannon was removed from Candia to that town. , In 1850, the Legislature passed a law abolishing all parade duty, inspections and reviews of all companies not raised by volunteer enlistments ; and provided that uniformed com- panies might remain organized or become organized by the enlistment of persons of eighteen years, and upwards. Itwas further enacted that instead of regimental reviews and in- spections the several brigadier generals subject to orders of the division general might order out their brigades for in- spection and review. In 185 1, the legislature passed a law to the effect that the militia of the State should not be required to perform any active duty, except in case of war or insurrection. The; act also provided that, in case of such emergencies, the volun- teer uniformed companies should first be called out 156 HISTORY OF CANDIA. BRIGADE MUSTER. « During the autumn of 1850 there was a muster of the /olunteer companies which belonged to the five regiments which constituted the Third Brigade upon a field near the Congregational church in Chester. The five regiments re- ferred to were the Eighth which included the companies in Deny, Londonderry, Salem, Windham and Pelham ; the Eleventh which included those in Concord, Bow, Pembroke, Allenstown and Hooksett ; the Seventeenth in Chester, Candia and Raymond ; the Eighteenth those in Nottingham, Deer- field, Northwood and Pittsfield ; the Thirty-Eighth those in Chichester, Canterbury, Loudon and Northfield. The five regiments were well represented by a large number of vol- unteer companies in fine uniforms. The Cavalry, the Ar- tillery, the Chester Light Infantry and the Candia Light In- fantry represented the Seventeenth regiment. Gen. Atwood of Pelham, who commanded the Brigade was mounted upon one of the finest and most celebrated horses which was ever raised in New England, viz : the old Green Mountain Morgan stallion, a grandson of Justice Morgan the original ■ sire of the famous Morgan breed of horses. The day was fine and there was a great concourse of spectators present. Maj. Gen. William R. Parker, the commander of the First Division outranked Gen. Atwood, and reviewed the Brigade. At the conclusion of the review Col. Amos Hadley of Bow, an aide-de-camp of Gen. Parker, made a very spirited ad- dress to the troops. This was the last muster which took place in the western part of Rockingham county under the old military system. The military forces of the State which in 1850 consisted of forty-two regiments, dwindled down to one regiment and twelve independent companies in i860. A year or two previous to the last mentioned date all the cannon and other military stores belonging to the state were sold under the direction of the Adjutant General. And so the old four pounder brass cannon, which had been 1 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 57 THE LANE RIFLES. In the year 1873, the legislature passed an act which pro- vided for the organization of three volunteer regiments of Light Infantry, a company of Cavalry and a full battery of - Artillery. The three regiments composed a Brigade which was placed in the command of a Brigadier General. All the uniforms, arms and equipments were furnished 'by the state. The law also provided that these troops should re- ceive thorough instructions from some competent officer and go into camp at Concord for the, term of one week an- nually. And it was provided, that all the expenses for pro- visions for the troops at the encampment and transporta- tion back and forth should be paid by the state. This body of trpops was called New Hampshire National Guards. The entire annual expense of keeping up this military system averages about forty thousand dollars. In 1876, a company of infantry was organized inCandia, and attached to the first regiment of the brigade. It was named the Lane Rifles in honor of Col, George W. Lane of Derry, a native of Candia. The following are the names of the first officers who received a commission : Captain, J. Lane Fitts ; 1st Lieutenant, Henry True Eaton; 2d Lieu- tenant, Jesse C. Crowell. The following are the names of the next board of officers of the company : Captain, Henry • True Eaton ; 1st Lieutenant, Jesse C. Crowell ; 2d Lieu- tenant, Charles A. Jones. In 1880 the name' of the company was changed to that of The Patten Guards in honor of the late Captain William R. Patten. In 1887, the company was disbanded and the uniforms and equipments were taken to Derry for the" use of a com- pany which was organized in that place. MUSTERS IN CANDIA. • The following is a list of the places where musters^ have taken place in the town : Upon a field near the railroad station which was originally owned by Col. Nathaniel Em- erson, afterwards by his son Nathaniel Emerson, and now rs8 HISTORY OF CANDIA. owned by John Cate. The Seventeenth regiment was mus- tered four or five times, one of which was in 1830. About the year 18 12, the Second Battalion of the regiment mustered upon a field situated upon the north end of the tot formerly owned by Master Moses Fitts, and now owned Iby John Patten. There were two annual musters of the regiment upon a field situated on the north side of Patten's Hill then owned by Joshua Moore, the father of Silden These musters took place previous to 1820. In 1823, the annual muster took place upon a field owned By Benjamin P. Colby, near the Corner. There have been three or four musters upon a field at the Corner, formerly ®wned by Benjamin Pillsbury, William Tdrner, and John Moore, Esq., and now owned by Henry W* Moore. In 1828, the regiment mustered upon a field then owned i>y Nehemiah Colby, and now owned by the widow of Rev. James Adams. In 1835, the regimental muster took place at the plain on High Street about a quarter of a mile south of High Street on land then owned by Capt. Abraham Fitts, and now owned by Samuel Morrill. The (regiment was formed in the morning on High Street opposite the residence of Mrs. Abraham Fitts, and marched to the field. Oysters were among the refreshments which were sold upon the field, and some of the shells which are still scattered over the small space upon which they were served seem as fresh as they were fifty-seven years ago. Two of the uni- formed companies were provided with dinner at the resid- ' ence of Capt. Abraham Fitts on the day of the muster, Note. On page 140 of this chapter the name "Col. Samuel D. Mason" should have been printed Samuel D. Wason. Page 141 the word "of- ficers" in the fourth paragraph relating to the Candia Light Infantry should have been printed captains. CHAPTER XIX. MISCELLANEOUS. CHESTER TURNPIKE. The Chester Turnpike Corporation was chartered by the legislature in 1804 for the purpose of building a road from Pembroke to East Chester meeting house. Among some of the principal members of the company were John Bell, Daniel French and Henry Sweetser of Chester, and Isaac' Hill and Amos Kent of Concord. The road, which was fourteen miles and two hundred rods long, extended through the southwest corner of Candia from northwest to south- east, a distance of more than three miles. This section of the town at the time the road was constructed was mostly a dense forest. The stock of the coporation was divided into three hundred shares, rated at ninety dollars each. The work of constructinig the turnpike was done upoa contract by several parties. The section through Candia was done by Simon A. Heath of Epsom at the rate of four dollars and fifty cents a rod. The road bed was to be twenty-six feet wide, the centre to be thirty-six inches above the gutter ; the causeways to be twenty-two feet wide and covered with gravel eighteen inches deep. The hills were to be reduced so that the ascent should riot be more than eighteen inches to a rod. John Melvin and Abraham • Sargent contracted to build the road over Lakin's hill, which was quite steep, for $3,000, if the tract measured a ■mile and three-quarters, or in that proportion. Asa Robin- son contracted to build the bridge over Suncook river for $1,000. There were two tailgates on the turnpike, one of which was located near the foot of Lakin's hill in Hooksett, and the other in Chester, now Auburn, about half a mile below Abraham Hook's present residence. It was provided in the charter that no tolls should be taken of persons going 159 l6o HISTORY ON CANDIA. ' v to meetings, funerals, to mill or upon ordinary business in town, nor of soldiers going to perform military duty. 11 was also provided that, in forty years, the state could take the road by repaying all expenses and nine per cent inter- est on the stock. The road proved to be of great advantage to the farmers living in the northern and western part of New Hampshire and Vermont, as it opened a direct route to Boston, New- buryport, Portsmouth and other markets on the sea- board where they could readily dispose Jof the products oi their farms. For many years great numbers of pungs some of which were drawn by two horses came down in winter through this thoroughfare. Sometimes the pungs which were large open chests or boxes set upon runners came in companies of from five to twenty each. It often happened that many ot the owners of those pungs struck off from the turnpike near what is now Rowe's Corner and came down High Street, and through Candia, on their way toNewbury- port, Portsmouth or Salem, and returned the same way with great loads of all sorts of groceries, salt and fresh codfish ~ and other goods which they had received for their butter, cheese, corn, wheat, poultry and other products. > Previous to the building of the turnpike the roads in Ches- ter, Candia and other towns in the vicinity were constructed in a very simple and bungling manner. It was not cus- tomary to elevate the centre of the road bed, and to con- struct gutters so that the water on the road could be readily drained off. The roadway was merely cleared of the stumps and stones, and wet places were covered with logs. - The Turnpike company built a tavern at the upper toll gate, at the foot of Lakin's Hill at their own expense, and and also cleared a large tract of land for a farm. The tavern and other buildings cost about $27,00. Anderson's tavern four miles below was built about the same time. The tavern at the toll gate was burned about twenty years ago. The road proved a poor investment on the whole to the stockholders. v ^?fii >* AMES II. FITTS. Sketch, page 513. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 .6 1 I THE CURRENCY. For many years after the settlement of New Hampshire, there was but Jittle money of any kind in circulation. A small amount of specie was occasionally brought into the country by immigrants and some was obtained in the West India Island in exchange for exports. Trade in the province was carried on to a great extent by barter. Peltry, beans, corn and other products were exchanged with, the store keepers for West India and other foreign goods. The gov- ernment was obliged to take the most marketable products, such as oak staves, pine boards, salt beef and pork, Indian corn, wheat, peas, salt, fish, etc., in payment for taxes. In 1690, the want of currency became so pressing that the province of Massachusetts authorized the emission of 7,000 pounds in paper currency in denominations of five shillings to five pounds. New Hampshire, which was then united to Massachusetts, had the advantage of this currency. In 1709, the New Hampshire Assembly voted to issue fpur thousand dollars in bills of credit to be redeemed in 1714. There were seven other emissions of bills of public credit 'issued by the Assembly, between the years 1714, and 1741. In the latter year the Provincial government took measures to call in all their bills, establishing their value at only one quarter the amount of that expressed upon their face. In 1742, the government made another emission of bills of various denominations. This issue was called New Tenor, while those previously issued were called Old Tenor. Bills of both issues gradually decreased in value from 1720, when an ounce of silver was equal to seven shillings and six pence, to 1760, when an ounce of silver was equal to 120 shillings in currency. At the beginning of the Revolution war paper currency was issued again by the government of New Hampshire. The Provincial Congress, which met at Exeter in June, 1775, issued currency to the amount of ten thousand and fifty pounds. In July following there was another issue of ten thousand pounds, and in 1.776 an issue of twenty thousand pounds. j62 history of candia. , In July, 1775, the Continental Congress at Philadelphia ordered an issue, of bills to thft amount of two millions of pounds. Of this issue forty thousand pounds were assigned to New Hampshire. In December of the same year three millions more of the same currency was issued. During -the first year of the war this currency passed readily at par, but in 1776, it became greatly depreciated; the Tories did all they could to lessen its value, and it was counterfeited in England, and sent over to America and distributed in ^arge quantities. In 1 78 1, this currency had so depreciated that it took $200 cf it to buy a quire of .paper, $30 to buy three pounds of sugar, and $27 to pay the subscription price of a news- paper for one year, $25 for a pound of tobacco, $60 for a bushel of corn, and in the same proportion for all other ar- ticles. Matthew Patten, a prominent citizen of Bedford, recorded in his journal that he paid $28 in currency for fourteen gills of rum, and when he held v a court at Chan- dler's tavern in that town he paid $4 for a mug of toddy. 3n 1779, 100 pounds of paper currency circulating in the province was worth only fourteen pounds in silver. The people of Candia, as well as those of the other parts of tha province, suffered greatly on account of the want of a sound currency. The first bank in New Hampshire was established at Portsmouth, in 1792, with a capital of f 160,000. In 1861, .there were fifty-three banks in the state, with an aggregate capital of more than five millions of dollars. Previous to .that time all the banks in the United States were chartered by the state governments, and the bills issued in one section of the- Union were not generally current in others. Many banks failed from time to time, and counterfeiting was carried on upon a large scale. All prominent traders patronized a monthly periodical called the United States Counterfeiter Detector, in which all banks were noted and "the numerous counterfeits of bank bills were described. With all the care which was taken counterfeit bills were of- ten passed upon unsuspecting persons. In 1862, these troubles were done away with. The State banks were abolished and a great national bank- HISTORY OF CAKDIA. 1 63 I ing system was established by the Federal Government. By this system National banks in all the states of the Union are supplied by the government with paper currency for cir- culation by depositing in the United States Treasury gov- ernment bonds to the amount of ten per cent above tlje face value of the bills, or, in other words, the government re- ' quires a deposit of $100,000 in government ponds for $90,000 in National bank bills. By this system the general gov- ernment is amply secured against all loss and guarantees the redemption of the bills. Before the independence of the colonies was secured and the United States -government was established, the curren- cy was reckoned in pounds, shillings and pence, as in Eng- land. About the year 1790, the United States government established a mint at Philadelphia, where gold, silver and copper currency was coined; but for many years aftewards the great bulk of the metallic currency in circulation in New England was of foreign origin, the largest amount be- ing Spanish milled dollars, half-dollars, quarters, eighths apd sixteenths. The eighths of a dollar we're called nine- penny pieces and were of the value of twelve and one-half cents ; the sixteenths were called four-pence half penny pieces. There were also silver coins of the value of seven- teen cents, which were called pistareens. In 1861, at the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion all banks in the country suspended specie payments and in few weeks, the specie of all kinds almost wholly disappeared. In this condition of things, the traders and people in all conditions of life were greatly embarrassed on account of the difficulty of making change in small amounts. In some cases, the traders purchased postage stamps in considerable quantities for use as a medium of exchange in trading with customers. Other traders issued printed notes of small amounts, which were redeemable at their stores in bank bills or goods upon presentation. When a trader was well known to be an honorable man and finan- cially responsible these fractional notes were taken as cur- rency without hesitation by other traders, as well as by citizens generally, though no man had any legal right whatever to issue them, even for his own accomodation. 1 64 HISTORY ON CANDIA. Some of the traders of Candia issued fractional currency of this kind. All this difficulty in making change was soon overcome by the Federal Government, as the Secretary of the Treasu- ry gave orders to issue fractional currency of various de- nominations from five to fifty cents, beautifully engraved and printed upon bank note paper. Soon after the war was closed metallic currency became abundant and fractional paper disappeared. TAX LIST OF l800. v Anderson, — Samuel, William. Bagley, — Jonathan, Jacob, Samuel, Timothy, William, William, 3d, Winthrop; Batchelder, — Benjamin, Odlin; Bean, — Abraham, Benjamin, Jeremiah, Jonathan, Joseph, Aaron, Nathan, Phinehas, Josiah, Joseph, Reuben, Jona than, jr.; Brown, — Aaron, Caleb, Caleb, jr., David, Dan- iel, Richard, Sewell; Bennett, — Burleigh, William, William, jr.; Blake, — Jeremiah; Burpee, — Nathaniel, Nathaniel J, Ezra; Buswell,— Samuel, John. Clark, — Eleazer, Henry, John, Moses, Henry, jr., Joseph, Henry, 3d.; Cass, — Benjamin, Samuel, Levi, Jonathan; Clay, — John, John, jr., Stephen, Walter ; Collins, — Jonathan; Critchett, James ; Clifford, — John, Zachariah;Clough, — Sam- uel, Elijah, Theophilus, Samuel, jr. ; Currier, — Jonathan, Edward, Jonathan, jr., Timothy; Colcord,— Samuel ; Cam- mett, — John ; Colby, — Enoch, Nehemiah. Dearborn, — Samuel, Thomas; Duncan, — William; Dol- ber, — Isarel, John. Eaton,— David, Henry, Ephraim, Benjamin, Paul, True, Jesse ; Emerson, — Nathaniel, Nathaniel, jr. Moses, Samuel, Richard; Edmunds, — Edward. Fowler, — Benjamin ; Foster, — Samuel, Joseph ; French, — Nicholas, Nicholas, jr., Moses, Moses, jr. Simon, John, Jonathan, John, jr., Mark; Fifield, — Stephen. John ; Fitts, — Abraham, Daniel, Moses, Reuben. Griffin, — David; Gordon, Thomas. Hall,— Obededom, Caleb, Benjamin, Sargent, Jonathan, Henry, jr.: Hardy, —Samuel ; Hills, — John, J.. Josiah; Heath, David; Hubbard, Benjamin, Joshua; Huntoon, Elijah, HISTORY OF' CANDIA. 1 65 Knowles, — Amos, Amos, jr., Ezekiel, Seth, Levi. Lane, — John, Peter; Libbee, — Jacob, Abraham; Lang, — Benjamin. Miller,— Josiah, Robert, William ; Martin, —John, Moses, Joseph; Moore, — John, Joshua, Andrew; Moores, — Peter, Samuel; Morrill, — Samuel, Samuel, jr., Parker, Josiah. Nay, Samuel. Ordway, Asa. Poor, — Eliphalet; Palmer,-:— Joseph, Stephen; Patten, — • Thomas, Thomas, jr., .Robert; Prescott, — David, Josiah ; Prince,— Caleb ; Pillsbury, — Abijah, David, Jonathan ; Phil- lips, — William. Rowe, — Isaiah, Jonathan, Nathaniel, Sherburne ; Robie, Walter, Walter, jr., John, William, Ichabod, Lowell. Sargent, — John, Josiah, James, Moses, Theophilus, Jona- than; Smith, — Oliver, Biley, Jonathan, Oliver, jr., J. Chase, Timothy, Daniel, Benjamin, Benjamin, jr., James; Stev- ens, — Solomon. Turner, — Moses ; Taylor, — John ; Towle, — Thomas, Wil, liam, Elisha, Joseph, Benjamin ; Thorn,' — Nathan. Varnum, James. Wiggin, — Joseph, Richard ; Wadleigh, — Benjamin; Ward, Simon ; Worthen, — David, Jonathan, Samuel, Jacob ; Whit- tier, — David, Richard; Wason,— John, John, jr.; Wilson. — Thomas, Thomas, jr.; Woodman, — Jonathan. CHAPTER XX. THE WAR OF REBELLION. The immediate cause of the civil war between the North- ern and Southern sections of the Union was the triumph of the Republican party in i860 and election of Abraham Lin- coln, its candidate, as President of the United States. That party in its platform of principles plainly announced its hos- tility to the further extension of slavery in the territories belonging to the General Government, and endorsed the' sentiment that the conflict between freedom and slavery , was irrepressible. ( Though the Republican party had committed no overt act against the rights of the South, a large majority of the statesmen in that section of the country professed to regard the election of Mr. Lincoln as the beginning of a movement to< abolish slavery throughout the entire nation by law, and ' on this 'pretext proceeded to withdraw from the Union.. Within a week after the result of the Presidential election< had been known, a considerable number of the Southern states seceded from fhe t Un ion, and, ch Feb. 4th, 1861, the Southern Confederacy was established. Jefferson Davis was chosen President at Montgomery, Alabama. Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States, March 4th, 1861, and soon afterwards the Federal authorities despatched a vessel laden with provisions and other stores for the relief of Fort Sumpter. The Confed- erates pretended to regard this movement as a threat , on the part of the Federal Government to coerce them into submission to its authority, and they forthwith opened a fire upon the vessel and bombarded the fort. After a brave defense of two or three days Major Anderson, the com- mander, surrendered to the rebels. This act of war roused the people of the North to a high pitch of indignation and excitement. President Lincoln immediately issued a pro- clamation calling for the enlistment of 75,000 men for three 166 H I STORY OF CAHB I A. 1 6 7 months, to crush out the rebellion. '01 this number of men New Hampshire was required to furnish one regiment. THE FIRST RSGIMENTj In compliance with the requisition of the Federal author- ities enlistment papers were at once issued by the Adjutant General for twenty- eight stations in various paits of the state. It was soon found that a sufficient number of re- cruits to form a regiment had volunteered. Mason W. Tap- pan of Bradford was commissioned Colonel, Thomas J. Whipple ofLaconia, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Aaron F. Stev- ens, Nashua, Major. The regiment arrived in Washington, May 28th, 1861, and became a partof a brigade command- ed by General Charles P. Stone. During itsterm of service the regiment was not engaged in any battle, but was mostly employed in guarding the lords of the Potomac river and in watching the rebels in Virginia, to prevent them from mak ing an advance upon Washington. Henry C. Buswell was the only Gandia man who enlist- ed in this regiment. When President Lincolnissuedhis call for 75,000 men, many people of the North believed that the rebellion could be easily put down with that number of men ; but it soon became apparent that the contest was to be no holiday af- fair, but a terrible struggle between the representatives of the two great sections of the nation, who were equally brave and determined. < THE SECOND REGIMENT. Before the organization of the, first regiment was complete the President issued a call for 300,000. men .for three years, and measures were taken to raiseother regiments. A camp was established at Portsmouth, and the second regiment was soon filled, and in a few days made ready- to march to the front. Gilman Marston of Exeter was -commissioned Colonel, Frank S, Fiske of Keene, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Josiah Stevens of Concord, Major. 1 68 HISTORY OF CANDIA. The following are names of the Candia men who enlisted in this regiment : J. Lane Fitts, Wells C. Haines, John W. Brennan, George W. Clay, Horace L. Dearborn, James T. Gannon, Henry C. Nort6n, - Francis A. Fifield, Samuel C. Carr, George C. Emerson, John H. Worthen, Edwin J. G6dfrey. The regiment arrived in Washington, June 21st, 1861, and on Sunday, July 21st, participated in the disastrous battle of Bull Run. Of Candia's men, Wells C. Haines was severely wounded in the thigh, while J. Lane Fitts and George C. Emerson, with nearly fifty others belonging to the Second regiment, were taken prisoners, to be conveyed to Rich- mond and incarcerated in Libby Prison. They suffered greatly from hunger, foul air and on various other accounts. They were also much abused by the managers of the pris- on. Lieut. Todd, a Southern rebel, who was a brother of the wife of President Lincoln, was the chief officer in charge of the prison. One of the Federal prisoners died and his body was taken to headquarters by the guards. This so exasperated- Todd that he kicked the corpse into the gutter. One day while he was on the street near the prison he overheard some remarks of several prisoners, which offended him; whereupon he drew his sword and rush- ing up stairs he stabbed the first prisoner whom he met and declared that "every damned Yankee ought to be treated in the same way I " Herman C. Burke, a prisoner who be- longed to the 1 0th; company, of the 79th New York regiment, was brutally shot and killed while he was standing in a win- dow to ascertain whether a blanket he had washed was dry. Firing upon the prisoners was of frequent occurrence. Wells C. Haines of Candia died of his wounds in Libby prison. George C. Emerson, a comrade and a fellow pris oner, took care of him at the prison. Mr. Emerson was at length exchanged and returned t< his regiment. He was slain at the battle of Williamburg. J. Lane Fitts was taken to the rebel prison pen at Salis- bury. HISTORY OF CANDIA. I 69 ~Onedayan attempt was made by some of the prisoners to b;eak out and escape from confinement; but the guards opened fire upon them and the attempt was a failure. Joel P. Bean of Candia and a member of the Eleventh New Hampshire regiment was one of the prisoners at the time ; but he took' no part in the attempted escape. He was sitting in his tent when the guards fired and he was shot and died in a few hours. Mr. Fitts. after being confined at Salisbury several months, was exchanged and«soon afterwards rejoined his regiment. The Second Regiment was present at many of the hard fought battles of the war among which were Williamsburg, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. THE THIRD REGIMENT. The Third Regiment was organized at Concord in the summer of 1861. Enoch Q. Fellows of Sandwich' was Col- onel, John B. Jackson of Portsmouth, Lieutenant-Colonel, John Bedel of Bath was Major. The following are the names of the six Candia men who enlisted in this regi- ment : Stephen C. Fifield, Stephen Dearborn, William Robinson, David R, Daniels, George A. Turner, John Hagan. The regiment was attached to the expedition to Port Roy- al, which sailed from Fortress Monroe and arrived at the former place, Nov. 4th. In June, the regiment was engag- ed in a battle with the rebels at James' Island. In that action Stephen Dearborn was killed. The Third regiment was engaged in the deadly assault upon Fort Wagner and other battles near Charleston, S. C. ; also at Drury's Bluff, ■Chapin's Farm, Bermuda Hundreds and various other en- gagements. David R. Daniels of Candia was killed at the assault on Wagner. THE FOURTH REGIMENT. This regiment was organised at Manchester, in Augus* 170 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and September, 1861. Thomas J. Whipple of Laconia was appointed Colonel, Louis Bell of Farmington, Lieutenant- Colonel and Jeremiah H. Drew of Salem, Major. This reg- iment also joined Sherman's expedition to Port Royal. Sub- sequently it served in Florida for some time. Among the battles in which it afterwards took part were those of Bermu- da Hundreds, battle of the mine at Petersburg and the dead- ly assault on Fort Fisher. Five men, who were credited to the town of Candia, were enlisted in this regiment, viz. , David Beede, James S. Schemer, William Beede, Frederick Pherson, Amos W. Brown. THE FIFTH REGIMENT. This regiment was organized at Concord in the summer ofi86i. Edward E. Cross of Lancaster was Colonel, Samuel G. Langley of Manchester, Lieutenant-Colonel and William W. Cook of Derry was Major. The following are the names of the six men who enlisted in this regiment and were cred- ited to Candia : John Sullivan, Patrick Donelly, James Webb, Charles Fuller, Frank Rogers, Edward Boyle. The Fifth regiment took part in some of the bloodiest battles of the war, among which were Fair Oaks, Malvern • Hill, Antietam, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and Deep Bot- tom. THE SIXTH REGIMENT, This regiment was organized in Keene and mustered into service in November, 1861. Two recruits which were eredited to the town of Candia, enlisted in that regiment, viz. : John Stern, James Sullivan. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 17» FIRST NEW HAMPSHIRE BATTERY. The First New Hampshire Battery, which was organized in. Manchester in 1 86 1, was engaged in many of the hard fought battles of the war, among which were those at Fred- ericksburg, the second battle of Bull Run and Gettysburg. James H. Brown and John G, Burbeck of Candia enlisted in this organization. THE EIGHTH REGIMENT. 1 This regiment was organized at Manchester, in the fall of 1 86 1. Hawkes Fearing of Manchester was Colonel, O. W. Lull of Milford, Lieutenant-Colonel and Morrill B. Smith of Concord, Major. The regiment Was a part of the forces- which belonged to General Butler's" army at New Orleahs in the spring of 1862. It served many months in Mississip- pi and, took part in the assault on the rebel works at Port Hudson. The following are the names of the Caindia men who enlisted in this regiment : Daniel Bean, George H. Roberts, William Daniels George W. Willey. THE NINTH REGIMENT. The Ninth Regiment was organized at Concord, in the summer of 1362, and left the state under the command of Colonel E. Q. Fellows. In less than three weeks the regU ment took part in the battle of South Mountain, and three days later engaged in the great battle of Antietam. It was afterwards engaged at Spottsylvania and various oth- er actions. Names of the Candia soldiers in this regiment: Charles B. Carr, Edmund J. Langley, > Charles Fitzum. THE TENTH REGIMENT. This regiment wes recruited at Manchester, in the sum- mer of 1862. Michael T. Donahoe of Manchester was Col- onel, John Coughlan of Manchester was Lieutenant-Colon 172 HISTORY OF CANDIA. el. The regiment left for the South in September and wi soon employed in action. It was present at the battle Fredericksburg, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Fort Harriso Bermuda Hundreds and various others. Candia furnishe .the following men for this regiment : Nathaniel G. Hardy, William Collins, Henry T. Eaton, David B. Langley, Ezekiel L. Shurtleff, John H. Hanson, Paul G. Robinson. THE ELEVENTH REGIMENT. The Eleventh regiment was organized in August, i8( arid mustered into service at Concord. Walter Harriman Warner was Colonel, Moses A. Collins of Exeter, Liei enant-Colonel and Evarts W. Farr was Major. Willia Patten of Candia was commisioned a captain in tl regiment and he proceeded to raise a company, the folio' ing being the names of the Candia men who enlisted this company : R. Baxter Brown, Charles C. Page, Edmund Harris, George W. Brown, Heman O. Mathews, William M. Clark, Thomas J. Morrill, Albert M. Morrill, Charles R. Rowe, H. Dexter Reed, Charles M. Lane, Levi Barker, jr., Daniel C. Davis, Reuben H. Dunn, Frederick F. Emerson, Joseph L. Gleason, Augustus B. Gile, Hiram G. Gleason, George H. Hartford, Angustus Archer, Joel P. Bean, Jesse D. Bean, Manson M. Brickett, Asa E. Buswell, Charles C. Brown, Edward F. Brown, Charles A. Jones, James H. Morrill. Henry W. Rowe, Charles E. Wason. Llewlyn Wallace, Edward B. Robinson, Robert Clark, Leonard F* Dearborn, Ansel Emerson, Ezra W. Foss, JohnH. Gile, George W. Grffin, Woodbury Hartford, John A. Haines. HISTORY OF CANDIA. .173 John Wilson, Thomas O. Reynolds, John Brown, George Smith, John Nelson, Martin Rasser, Charles Smith, Edward Black, George C. Brown. Edmund Harris of Candia, a soldier of the Eleventh, was the first man belonging to the regiment who was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg. He was shot immediately- after the regiment crossed the river and was marching through the town. THE FIFTEENTH REGIMENT. I This was the first regiment raised by the state under the call of the President for three hundred thousand nine months troops. The regiment was organized at Concord in the autumn of 1862 and J. W. Kingman of Durham was appointed Colonel, Henry W. Blair of Plymouth, Lieuten- ant-Colonel. The regiment sailed for New Orleans, and was attached to the army of General Banks. In May, 1863, the regiment was ordered to embark for Baton Rouge, and ■soon after it was engaged in the attack upon the rebel works ' along the Mississippi at Port Hudson and vicinity. From this time to June, 1863, it was employed in throwing up earthworks, building magazines, moving guns, digging rifle pits and supporting batteries. Subsequently the regiment took part in several severe engagements with the enemy and lost a considerable number of men in killed and wound- ed. The following are the names of the Candia men who served in this regiment : George W. Taylor, Edward P. Lane* Joseph Avery, Levi Barker, Walter W. Bean, John C. Fifield, Franklin Clay, Samuel C. Nay, David Hall, Benjamin F. Swain, Andrew J. Mead, George C. Fifield, , John H. Brown. *Died in the service. i 74 HISTORY OF CANDIA. THE EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT. In July, 1864, an order was issued from the War De- partment, calling for five hundred thousand volunteers. Under this call the New Hamphire authorities commenced recruiting the Eighteenth regiment. Thomas L. Livermore of Milford was Colonel, Joseph M. Clough of New London was Lieutenant-Colonel and William I. Brown of Fisher- ville was Major. The regiment reported to General Fere- ro at Bermuda Hundreds in May, 1865. The regiment was engaged in Virginia for a short time before the surrender of General Lee to General Grant, and returned- to New Hampshire in July, 1865. The following are the names of the men who enlisted in this regiment as a part of the quota of the town of Candia: Samuel C. Nay, Lewis H. Cate, William G. Fitts, ' George L. Merrifield, John W. Means, John C. Fifield, Orestes I. Bean, Frank G. Buzzell. John L. Quimby, Lewis D. Moore. NEW HAMPSHIRE HEAVY ARTILLeRY. In April, 1863, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles H. Long of the Seventeenth New Hampshire Regiment of Infantry was commissioned as captain of the First Company of Heavy Artillery of Volunteers for the special defence of Portsmouth Harbor. The Company was raised and station- ed at Fort Constitution. Other companies were raised and stationed at Portsmouth. In May, 1864, these companies were transfered to Washington to relieve the garrisons at the forts of that city. During the winter of 1865 a very large force of Heavy Artillery garrisoned a line of works ten miles in extent. During the latter part of 1864, the fol- lowing Candia men enlisted in this arm of the serv;;e: Aaron F. Patten, Orlando Brown, ' George H. Brown, Cyrus W. Truel,' William F. Eaton, ■ Reuben H. Fitts. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 75 FIRST NEW H AMPSH I RE CAVALRY. The First Regiment of New Hampshire Cav'alry was raised in the state in the spring of 1864. Four companies' of the regiment consisted of veterans who were raised in New Hampshire in 1861 and formed a battalion which became a part of the New England Cavalry. The first Major of the New Hampshire battalion' was David B. Nelson of Man- chester. The battalion was mustered into service at Con- - cord, and in December, 1861, went into camp in Rhode Is- land. In March, 1862, the regiment proceeded to Washing- ton and soon afterwards , its name was changed from the New England to the First Rhode Island Cavalry. In January, 1864, the New Hampshire battalion was de- tached from the Rhode Island Cavalry with a view of form- ing a regiment of men exclusively from the former state. The New Hampshire battalion 'was mostly employed in in Virginia during the war and participated in various im- portant battles. , The following are the names of Candia men who belonged to the regiment: Edward Mathews, Charles H. Turner, bugler, , Edward Gleason, James Wright, Thomas Harvey, George Bower, James Robinson, James Thomas, Edward Batier, Charles Dubois, Charles C. Morey, Lowell W. Marston, Charles H.Fifield, RECRUITS FOR THE COLORED REGIMENTS. The following are the names of the men who enlisted' as a part of the quota of soldiers of the town of Candia, the most of them assigned to colored regiments : James Green, James O. Donnell, Alexander White, Thomas Marks, Richard Haward, Robert Field* Japob Shearman, James Cheney, William H. Williams, Joseph B. Quimby, , Thomas Smith, Nicholas Johnson, f John Logan, , William Robins, I76 HISTORY OF CANDIA. John Gardner, , Henry A. Turner, ■ Frank Stanton, Orren Witherell. Carl Neagle. *Served in the marine. fNavy. VETERAN RESERVE CORPS. The following are the names of three recruits who enlist-' ed in the U. S. Veteran Reserve Corps : Horace G. Coburn, Nelson Hurd, James Webber. DIED IN SERVICE. The following are the names of Candia soldiers who died in the service in addition to those alreayy mentioned : Charles B. Carr, / Edward F. Brown, Nathaniel G. Hardy. Llewellyn Wallace, Edward P. Lane, Daniel Hall, Benjamin F. Swain, Charles F. Hoyt, George W.Clay, William M. Clark, George Mead. , ACTION OF THE TOWN OF CANDIA IN SUPPORT OF THE UNION. The citizens of Caridia during the great rebellion with unanimity rallied to the support of the Federal Government in exercising its authority over all the'states and territories, and did all that was required of them in aiding in the en- listment of soldiers and in the support of their families. At a legal town meeting held Pet. 17, 186 1, it was voted that the selectmen be authorized and instructed to raise by loan a sum of money not exceeding five hundred dollars, and expend so much of the same as they think proper in aiding the families of such persons as have enlisted into the service of the United States from ' this town, also that the same provision be granted to all who may hereafter enlist. At the annual town meeting in March, 1862, Voted that that the selectmen abate the poll tax of all soldiers that JOSEPH C. LANGFORD. Sketch, page 510. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 77 have enlisted into the U. S. service from this town. At a legal town meeting held Aug. 14, 1862, Voted, that one thousand dollars be raised to aid the families of volun- teers. Voted, that the selectmen hire, at the lowest rate of in- terest, a sufficient sum of money to pay each volunteer who has enlisted, or who may enlist into the service of the Uni- ted States for three years, and who has been mustered into said service to make up the quota of Candia, agreeable to the last call of the President for three hundred thousand men, two hundred dollars. Voted, to add one hundred dollars, making three hun- dred dollars to each volunteer. It was also voted to pay the nine months men one hun- dred and fifty dollars each. At a legal town meeting which was held January 10, 1863, it was voted, to appopriate six hundred dollars to aid the families of volunteers. ' ■ At the annual town meeting held in March, 1863, Vcted, to raise one thousand dollars to aid the families of volun- teers. At a town meeting held July 14, 1863, Voted, to appropri- ate two thousand dallars to aid the families of volunteers'. At a legal town meeting held Sept. 2, 1863, it was voted to pay each drafted man three hundred dollars whether he serves himself or procures a substitute. -At a town meeting held November 30, 1862, the select- men were instructed to procure a sufficient number of men at as low a rate as may be ; and that the town raise a sum of money, not exceeding eight thousand dollars, and ap- propriate as may be necessary in procuring said men. v At fhe annual town meeting, held in March, 1864, it was voted to raise one thousand dollars to aid the families of volunteers. At a legal meeting held April 28, 1864, it was voted to pay veteran soldiers three hundred dollars bounty. It was also voted to raise two thousand, five hundred dollars as bounty to raw recruits and $5,000 to full quotas prior to March, 1865. At a legal meeting held August, 1864, it was voted 178 HISTORY OF CANDIA. to raise fifteen hundred dollars to aid the families of vplun. teers. It was also voted to raise five thousand dollars in addition to what had been already raised ; and to pay draf- ted, or substitutes for drafted or enrolled men, the highest bounties allowed by law. At a town meeting held December 28, 1864, it was voted to pay volunteers resident in Candia six hundred dollars for one year. It was also voted to raise a sum not exceed- ing twelve thousand dollars to pay volunteers and substi- tutes. At the annual town meeting held in 1865 it was voted to raise twelve hundred dollars to aid the families of volun- teers. THE BOUNTIES. The town of Candia paid no bdunties to the soldiers whc belonged to the town previous to the summer of 1862. In August and September, 1862, the town paid its soldiers a bounty of $300 each, and all the soldiers who enlisted for the town at that time signed a receipt in the Selectmen's books for that amount. The town paid a bounty of $150 to soldiers who enlisted for nine months. The men who enlisted in August and September, 1862, belonged, mostly to the Tenth, Eleventh, Fifteenth anc Eighteenth regiments. The following are the names of the soldiers who enlistee for three years to fill up the quota of Candia in 1864, witl the amount of bounty the town paid each : James Thomas, $300. Thomas Harvey, $300. James Wright, $360. : George Bower, $395. Malcolm McKinne, $395. Edward Baitor, , $395. Charles Dubois, $400. George A. Turner, f 300. William Robinson, $300. Richard Haward, colored, -300. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 179 Alexander White, #400. Robert Field, #300. Nicholas Johnson, $300. Cyrus W. Trjiel, $300. William F. Eaton, #300. John W. Brown, #300. DRAFTED MEN. The following are the names of the m pn belonging to Candia, who were drafted in 1863, to fill up the quota of the town, and the names of the substitutes they procured by paying them $300 each: Drafted Men. William Patten, Frederick Clay. Wallace N. Young, Caleb Brown, |-' Franklin Hall, The following are the Substitutes. Thomas Marks, Carl Fitzum, John Stevens, , James Sullivan, James Hern, names of enrolled men and the names of the substitutes who went to the war in their places and were paid #300 each : Enrolled Men. Daniel S. Bean, John Batchelder, S. Freeman Rowe, John H. Npyes, George F. Patten, John S. Patten, Jeremiah Brown, Edward W. Hall, Moses French, George W. Morrill, George Smith, Alvin D. Dudley, Joseph C. Smith, ' (Substitutes. Joseph B. Quimby, Thomas Smith, John Logan, Frank Rogers, John Gardner, Charles S. Fuller, Frank Stanton, James Webb, James Cheney, William Williams, James Gunn, John Haines, Edward Boyle. As the war went on men who were willing to take the field became much scarcer and largely, increased bounties were offered. The following are the names of the men who enlisted in 1864 to fill up the quota of Candia and were l8o HISTORY OF CANDIA. paid bounties by the town, and the amount paid to each as appears by the Selectmen's books : Aaron F. Patten, for one year, $300. Orlando Brown, #300. Reuben H. Fitts, $300. Samuel C. Nay, $300. John C. Fifield, $600, Orestes^ Irving Bean, $600. Lewis H. Gate, 1 $600. William G. Fitts, $600. Samuel S. Garr, $600. George L. Merrifield, $600. John W. Mears, $606. John L. Quimby, $600. Frank G, Buzzell, $ 600. I,ewis D. Moore, $600. STATE AND W. S. GOVERNMENT BOUNTIES. When the. first eight regiments were raised and sent t» the field the state paid each soldier a bounty of ten dollars. In 1862, the state raised the bounty to volunteers, first to #20, next to $50, and $60 and finally near the close of the war offered $300. The General Government near the close of the year 1864 offered re-enlisted veterans a bounty of $400. At the close of the war the General Government gave each soldier who had served three years $ 100. BOUNTY JUMPERS. It will be readily seen that a large number ot the men who were enlisted to serve in the war as a \: art of the quota of Candia were substitutes, who were hired by the town authorities. . It is probable that the most of the names un- der which they enlisted were fictitious. The business of furnishing substitutes for the towns in all parts of the North ■was carried on upon a very large scale, and the profits HISTORY OF CANDIA, l8l were so great that many of those who were engaged in it at the close of the war retired with a handsome fortune. It was well understood that some of the substitute brak- es in New Hampshire and Massachusetts cleared from $20,000 to $50,000 or more apiece, Gov. Walter Harriman, who was Colonel of the Eleventh N. H., regiment, in his history of Warner, refers to this mat- ter in the following terms : "The town, state and na- tional bounties in 1864 amounted tp $1,000 or $1,200 per man and bounty jumping became a business. A man would enlist for a certain town, take his bounty, desert, and, under another name, enlist for another town ; and so continue enlisting and deserting to the end of the war. The South was visited, the great cities were hunted and Canada was raked over for recruits. Even the doors of the jails and prisons were opened in certain cases and the in- mates were granted immunity from punishment on enlist- ing as soldiers to vindicate the integrity of the government., Of such recruits 625 were sent to fill the depleted ranks of the Eleventh, N. H., regiment ; but only 240 of them ever reached the regiment at all. "The N. H. Adjutant General's Report for 1865 gives the names of 425 recruits who were enlisted in 1864 under the stimulus of extravagant bounties, 300 of whom deserted in less than two mdnths; 122 are not accounted for, two died and one served his country." SPECULATING IN SOLBKRS' CLAIMS. I In the course of the war the state and town authorities frequently gave their notes to the soldiers for bounties for the reasou that they had no money in the treasury at the time. Many of the soldiers, especially many of those who were hired as substitutes, were so anxious to get their mon- ey at once that they were willing to make extravagant dis- counts on their claims. Here was a grand opportunity for the shrewd speculator who loved (?) his country. With his pockets chock full of bank bills he was ready to accom- odate these poor soldiers^ Sometimes the aforesiad specula- 1 82 HISTORY OF CANDIA. i tor would buy a claim of $300 or $400 against a town or state for half its face value, and in a few days afterwards the claims were paid and he was rejoicing that his noble deed of charity was so soon rewarded. 1 " > V THE WAR DEBT OF CANDIA. At the close of the war in 1865, the debt of Candia was upwards of. $50,000. Sometime after that date, the town re ceived from the state bonds -to the amount of f 12,600 to- wards the payment of its debt. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. CHAPTER XXI. RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Continued. THE CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY. Rev. Tristram Gilman, who, in 1768, declined to accept a call to the work of the ministry in Candia was born in Durham and was graduated at Harvard College, in 1759. He became the settled minister of a church in North Yar- mouth, Maine. ReV. Jonathan Searle, who also declined a call, to settle in town,, was a graduate of Harvard College. After leaving Candia he was ordained as a minister of the church in Sa- lisbury in 1772. He was dismissed in 1789 and died in 1818 from the effects of intemperance. Rev. David Jewett the first settled minister in town was a graduate of Harvard College, of the class of 1769. Dur- ing his residence in Candia the war of the Revolution -was in progress and he took an active j part in support of,the patriot cause. He voluntarily deducted three pounds from his salary to aid his parishioners, who were heavily taxing themselves to raise the means to carry on the ■ war. Updfl one occasion he assisted in forwarding ammunition and a supply of flints to the soldiers who were serving at the front. He settled over a church in Winthrop, Maine, in 1782, and died thereafter a ministry of fourteen months, at 34 years of age. In 1770, while Mr. Jewett was settled in Candia the Con- gregational church was organized. The following are the names of the first members: Ste- phen Palmer, John Hills,. Amos Knowles. Theophilus Sar- gentj Benjamin Batchelder, Jonathan Hills, |Nathaniel Bur- pee, Susan Robie, Abraham Fitts, Samuel Mooefs, Henry Clark, Nathaniel Emerson, Nicholas French, and Mehit- able Robie; Stephen Palmer and John Hills were chosen deacons. . Rev. Joseph Prince was born in Boston, in 1723. When 183 184 HISTORY OF CANDIA. he was 7 years old he lost the use of one of his eyes by an accident, and when he was fourteen years old the other eye failed him and he became completely blind. On this ac- count he became very despondent and gave expression to his feelings in a poem. He had a very remarkable mem ory and was able to report, sermons and addresses with great accuracy. He began his religous work at the time wheri the cele- brated George Whitefield of England visited America the first time. He began to exhort and pray at revival meet- ings and in private dwellings, andjn a short time the places where he held forth were crowded. His exhortations were acceptable to the people, but when he began to preach he met with much opposition. His father was greatly offen- ded by his attempt to preach without a license, and rebuked him in severe terms. Sometime afterwards, however, he relented, having become convinced that he had wronged his son and invited him to preach in his own- house. Mr. Prince visited Connecticut where the laws were very strict against itinerant preachers, and soon met with great opposition. He was finally arrested and punished by ban- ishment; as he was hurried along by the constables he often made appointments to preach. He afterwards traveled through the most of the New England states, seldom stop- ping more than two days in any one place. Upon an av- erage he preached ten sermons a week. In 1747, he mar- ried Sarah Carpenter, a daughter of Captain Ezekiel Carpen- ter of Attleborough, Mass. They had twelve sons and one daughter. All these children became in their turn guides to their sightless father. Mr. Prince was employed for sometime as an assistant to Rev. Nicholas Gilman of Durham. From Durham here- moved to Barrington and was ordained as the first minister in that town. He was dismissed in 1768, and removed to Wiscasset in Maine. The war of the Revolution was then raging and Wiscasset was bombarded by a British frigate. This circumstance and other troubles incident to the war made it necessary for him to seek a place of gi eater safety. He came to Candia, in 1878, and made an engagement to take charge of the religious soiety for a certain period, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 85 but he was not permanently settled. His sermons were carefully thought out at his home and arranged in his mind and delivered from memory. His wife or some other member of the family read to him such books as were re- . quired, and he was always attended by some one when he called upon his parishioners. On Sundays he was escorted to the meeting house and conducted through the broad aisle to the pulpit. He preached in Candia about seven years, and ithen he ceased to hold the position of pastor of a church, though he continued to preach as opportunities offered. While he was on a visit to his brother in New York he preached several times in that city and also in New Jersey. While sojourn- ing in the latter state he made an appointment to preach at the town of Manchester. On his way to the church he was much prostrated by a paralytic shock. He was able, how- ever, to fulfil the engagement to preach, but he never occu- ' pied a pulpit afterwards. In 1790, he removed to Newburyport, Mass., and died there in 1791, at 68 years of age. Rev. Mr. Murray, a dis- tinguished clergyman of Newburyport, preached a sermon 1 at the funeral in which the deceased was described as an eloquent orator and devout Christian. His remains were deposited in the vault of the First Presbyterian Church by the side of those of George Whitefield, who had died in that , place a few years previous. After Rev. Mr. Prince removed from Candia, Rev. Mr. Lambert, Rev. Mr. Howe, Rev. Mr. Tilley and other cler- gymen were employed at various times to preach for the church and society. Rev. Jesse Remington was born in Abbington, Mass., in 1760, and was graduated at Harvard College, in 1784. In 1808, the college conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. He studied theology and came to Candia, 1790. After preaching, a few Sabbaths he was invited to settle as minister over the church and society. He accepted the call and was ordained in the fall of that year. While he was preaching as a candidate he boarded at the residence of Dr. Samuel Foster, who then owned the place 1 8 6 HI STORY OF C AND I A. on South Road recently possessed by A, J. Edgerly and now owned by Mr. Clough. The members of the Council of Ministers and delegates from the neighboring churches, who took part in the ordi- nation services were entertained at Dr. Foster's residence at an expense to the town of ten pounds and sixteen shil- lings. Soon after Mr. Remington took up his residence in Candia he was married to Polly Jenness, a daughter of Thomas Jenness of Deerfield. They had quite a large family of children. Mr. Remington was regarded as a very thorough scholar and an able preacher and was very highly esteemed by his brethren in the ministry as well as by the people of his pa- rish. His constitutional impulsiveness sometimes brought him into difficulty, but no man was more willing to confess his faults than he. He was devout, diligent and untiring in his efforts to promote the welfare of his people. There were no theological seminaries for the instruction and training of candidates for the ministry in this country a hundred years ago and many young men received in- struction to fit them for the profession from the ablest and most distinguished clergymen who were active in the per- formance of the duties of their calling. Rev. Mr. Reming- ton had serveral theological students who boarded with him at the parsonage, among whom were Rev. Josiah Web- ster of Chester and Rev. David L. Morrill , who was sever- al years a settled minister at Goffstown and afterwards Governer of the State and Senator in Congress. Near the close of 1814, Mr. Remington was afflicted with a painful sickness, which terminated his life March 6, 181 5. His funeral which took place March 6 at the meetinghouse, was attended by a large concourse of people. Rev. Mr. Prentice of Northwood, Rev. Abraham Burnham of Pem- broke, Rev. Nathaniel Wells of Deerfield and other clergy- men participated in the exercises. Rev. Mr. Prentice* preached the funeral sermon from the text, ' Be ye also ready, for ;n such an hour as ye think not the Son of man cometh." The preacher, at the close of his sermon, very tenderly addressed the widow and children of the deceased, his brethren in the ministry, the members of his church and H I STORY OF CAND I A. I 87 the congregation. The sermon was printed in Concord and distributed among the people of Candia. Rev. Isaac Jones was the successor of Rev. Mr. Reming- ton as pastor of the Congregational church and society. He was born in Hopkinton, Mass., 1782, and studied theology with Rev. Samuel Austin of Worcester, Mass. He brought a letter of recommendation from the C° n g re g a tional church at Williamstown, Mass. , where he had been previously settled. ' 1 The 1 installation of Mr. Jones took place Feb. 7, 1816. The sermon was delivered by Rev.^Dr. Asa McFarland of Concord. Charge by Rev. Nathaniel Howe of Hopkinton, Mass., Right Hand of fellowship, by Rev: Nathaniel Wells of Deerfield. Mr. Jones was a man of tender susceptibilities, refined tastes and superior intellegence. He very soon secured the esteem and warm effection of the people, but, his minis- try was of short duration. He became discouraged an d nervous and his health became much impaired. He be- came so sensitive that he could not bear the sounds which proceeded from the anvils in Ichabod Cass' blacksmith shop, which stood opposite the parsonage. He was dis- missed by a council in 1818, of which Rev. Abraham Buth- ham was moderator. After leaving Candia, Rev. Mr. Jones was employed as the stated supply in a church at Plaistow, also in Billerica and Wellfleet, Mass., and Tiverton, R. I.; also labored as a missionary in several of the New England States. In his old age he went to Derry and resided with one of his sons, who at one time was Superintendent of the State Reform School. He died about the year 1872 at upwards of 90 years of age. Rev. Abraham Wheeler, who was the fourth settled min- ister in the town, was born in Grafton, Mass., in 1779, and was graduated at Williams' College, at Williamstown, Mass.. He studied theology and was ordained over a Congregational Church in Fairhaven, Mass. He was mar- ried to a woman in that place by the name of Mary Sar- gent, the same as that which was borne by his third and last wife, to whom he was united in Candia. By his first 188 HISTORY OF CANDIA. wife he had one son, named Abraham Wheeler. While he resided in Fairhaven his first wife died, and some time afterwards he was married to Mary Ann Albro of that place. By this marriage he had a daughter named Mary Ann Wheeler, who was born in Fairhaven. He remained in Fairhaven seven years, after which he preached a short time in Pelham and in several other places. He came to Candia in 1818 and, after preaching a few Sun- days, he was invited to settle over the church and society. He accepted the invitation to be installed January 12, 1819. The Council of Ministers and Delegates met at the resi dence of William Duncan. The following was the order of exercises at the installation : — Introductory prayer, Rev. Dr. Asa McFarland, of Con- cord ; Sermon, Rev, John H. Church, of Pelham ; Right Hand of Fellowship, Rev. Stephen Bailey, of Raymond ; , Charge, Rev. Josiah Carpenter, Chichester. Concluding Prayer, Rev. Josiah Prentice, ofNorthwood. Mr. Wheeler soon became quite popular in the town on account of his ability and. good practical common sense. He was a portly and fine looking man, and made a good ap- pearance in the pulpit. He was, moreover, an excellent baritone singer and freely joined with other singers at con- ference and prayer meetings. He resided at the old parson- age about nine years, when be bought of Nicholas French the farm and buildings on the North Road: which are now owned and occupied by the widow of the late Thomas Morse. In 1824, Mr. Wheeler was sorely afflicted by the insanity of his wife, which very soon followed the birth of a child, that lived only a few hours. Everything possible was done to restore her, and for a few months she was a patient at the Somerville, Mass., Insane Asylum After it had been found that she was a confirmed lunatic she was brought to her home and confined in a room of Mr. Wheel- er's residence, situated in the first story of the L of the building. Soon after she became insane she escaped from confinement and fled like a deer to the woods and fields HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 89 pursued by some of the family or some of the neighbors. Though a very delicate woman she would sometimes per- form feats of almost superhuman strength by lifting heavy boulders or other impediments which she found in her way. Mr. Wheeler bore up under his misfortunes with great for- titude and patience and had the hearty sympathy of the members of his flock. Mrs. Wheeler died in March 1832, during the progress of a four days meeting at the old church. The funeral took place in the church and the exercises were conducted by some of the clergymen who were in attendance at the meeting. , A few months after the death of his second wife, Mr. Wheeler was united in marriage with Miss Mary Sargent, a daughter of Samuel Sargent, who resided on the South Road. Miss Sargent had previously resided in the family of Mr. Wheeler as his housekeeper. Soon after the mar- riage, a few of the parishioners of Mr. Wheeler opposed him with considerable bitterness for the reason, apparently that the union was not exactly iiv accordance with their tastes and wishes, though the bride was regarded as a very sensible and worthy woman. Under the circumstances, Mr. Wheeler concluded to resign his position and Jseek a home elsewhere. A council of ministers , and delegates from the, neighboring churches was accc-rdingly called to take into consideration the unpleasant relations which ex- isted between the pastor and his opponents. No specific charges of wrong doing were preferred against him and the council passed resolutions unanimously expressing their confidence in his integrity and faithfulness as a minister and heartily recommended him to the favorable considera- tion of all other churches. Mr. Wheeler preached a farewell sermon from the text : "And they cried, away with him!" in which he severely scathed those who had opposed him. The preacher and many of his hearers were moved to tears on the occasion. Mr. Wheeler sold his place on the North Road to Stephen, the father of Gov. Smyth, for $1,800. Soon after leaving the town he was installed over a Congregational Church at Meredith Bridge, now Laconia. He remained in that place seven years and then removed to the West. After officiat- 190 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ing as a Congregational minister a year or two in Ohio, he became an Episcopalian in sentiment, received orders and was finally settled over an Episcopal Church in the town of Grafton, which is situated about twelve miles from Cleve- land. In 1857 Gov. Frederick Smyth visited him and his daughter Mary Ann at his residence and upon the latter's request, Mr. Wheeler went to Cleveland and sat for a pho- tograph of himself. Gov. Smyth paid the bill for the pic- ture which was an excellent likeness. An enlarged copy now hangs in the vestry of the Congregational church in Candia. Mr. Wheeler died Dec. 4th, 1857, aged about 78 years. His daughter, Mary Ann, died about ten . years ago. His son Abraham soon after leaving New Hampshire was en- gaged as a traveling salesman in the West After pursu- ing the business a year or two he disappeared and his father and sister never saw him again. It was thought that he was a victim of foul play. After the death of her husband, Mrs. Wheeler returned to Candia to reside among her friends and relatives. She erected a handsome monument to the memory of her husband in the old cemetery near the grave of his second wife. Mrs. Wheeler the third wife died about six years ago and her remains were buried near the monument she had erect- ed in honor of her husband. Rev. Charles P. Russell, the fifth minister of the Congre- gational church was born in Greenfield, Mass. He receiv- ed a college education, studied theology and was licensed to preach in 1 83 1. He supplied various churches in Mas- sachusetts, during a period of about two years and came to Candia in 1833. He soon after accepted a call and settled over the Congregational church. Rev. Abraham Burnham of Pembroke was the moderator of the council. The fol- lowing was the order of exercises at the ordination : Sermon by Rev. Jonthathan Clement of Chester. Charge to pastor, Rev. Julian Smith of Exeter. Ordaining Prayer, Rev. Benjamin Sargent of Auburn. Right-hand of Fellowship, Rev. E. L. Parker of Deny. Mr Russell was a man of fine culture and refinement, HISTROY OF CANDIA. 191 and he secured the esteem and affection of the people. In his sermons and addresses he appealed less to the fears of his hearers and more to their moral and spiritual in- stincts then was the custom with his predecessors and some of his successors. Heboarded for s a considerable period in, the family of William Duncan the trader, and thus came into intimate relations with William Duncan, jr., his gifted and accom- plished son. In 1839, he was married to a daughter of Judge William M. Richardson of Chester and went to house keeping in the west part of the dwelling house then owned by Deacon Daniel Fitts; but now owned by the widow of Dr. Page. He retired from the ministry in r842 and accept ed a clerkship in the post-office department at Washington. He held that position many years. He died several years ago. Rev. William Murdock was born in West Boylston Mass., in 1 8 13. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1837 and became a student at Andover Theological Semi- nary. He graduated at the Seminary in 1841 and was married that same year to Miss Mary J. Reed of Rutland. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Candia, Dec. 1st, 1841. Rev. Abraham Burnham, of Pem- broke was moderator of the Council, and Rev. P. B. Day of Derry was scribe. The following was the order of exer- cises at the ordination : Invocation, Rey. E. N. Hidden of Deerfield. Introductory prayer, Rev. Nathaniel Wells, Deerfield, Sermon, Rev. Edward L. Parker, Derry. Charge to the pastor, Rev. Jonathan Clement, Chester. Right hand of fellowship, Rev. David Andrews, Pepperell, Mass. Charge to the people, Rev. C. W. Wallace, Manchester. Concluding prayer, Rev. Mr. Day, Derry. While Mr. Murdock resided in Candia, he was afflicted by the the death of his wife and two infant children. On account of failing health he resigned his pastorate and left Candia in May, 1853. He preached in Boylston, Mass., from 1857 to 1859, and in Center Harbor for some time in 1862. Mr. Murdock continued to reside at Boylston most of the time after he left Candia, until his death, Nov. 13th, 1879. 192 HISTORY OF CANDIA. He had retired in his usual health the evening before. It is supposed that he died of heart disease. He left a second wife> Miss Caroline Holmes of Londonderry and three children, one of whom is William Murdock, of the firm of Sampson & Murdock, Directory publishers, Boston. Rev. William T. Herrick, a native of Vermont, was- grad- uated at the University of Vermont at Burlington, and after completing his theological studies he was ordained pastor of a church in Winooski, Vermont, in 1851. He was installed pastor of the Congregational Church in Candia July 5, 1854. The following was the order of exercises : Invocation and reading of the scriptures; Rev. E. F. Abbott, Deerfield; Introductory prayer, Rev. William Murdock ; Sermon, Rev. Dr. Nathan Lord, President^ Dartmouth College, at Hanover ; Installing prayer, Rev. J. W. Wellman, Derry; Right hand of fellowship, Rev. David Burt Raymond ; Address to the people, Rev. S. C. Bartlett, Manchester ; Concluding prayer, Rev. Robert Crossett. Mr. Herrick was dismissed in 1848. He was stated sup- ply of a church in Pelham from 1858 to 1861, and from 1861 to 1 871 he was stated supply at Clarendon, Vermont. Soon after the resignation . of Rev. Mr. Herrick, Rev. Ephraim N. Hidden was invited to become the pastor of the society. He was born in Tamworth, August, 181 1. He fitted for college at Exeter and was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1830 ; he was then perceptor of Gilmanton Acade- my from 1836 to 1838. He studied for the ministry at Gil-, manton Theological Seminary and was graduated in 1840. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Deerfield in September of the same year. ; he was married about that time to Mary E. Parsons, of Gilmanton. He re- mained at Deerfield until 1849, when he accepted a call to become the pastor of the Congregational Church at Mil- ford, and resided in that town for a few years and then took charge of one of the churches in Derry. In 1859, he came to Candia and was installed over the Congregational Society, Nov. 4. The following were the exercises: HISTORY OF CANDI^. I93 Introductory prayer, Rev. Mr. Conduit, of Deerfield ; Sermon, Rev. Charles Tenney, Chester ; Charge to the pastor, Rev. William S. Herrick ; Right hand of fellowship, Rev. C. W. Wallace, Man- chester ; Address to the people, Rev. U. W. Conduit ; Concluding prayer, Rev. H. O. Howland, of Chester. Immediately after the installing exercises were concluded Rev. James Fitts, a native of Candia, was ordained as a gospel minister. , In 1864, Rev. Mr. Hidden was dismissed and soon after- wards he'became the pastor of a church at Great Falls and resided there until 1870, when he went to Middlebury, Mass., and took charge of a church there for two or three years, when he removed to East Medway and supplied the pulpit of a church at that place for some time. He died very suddenly of heart disease. He left a widow and two daughters. Rev. Lauren Amsby was acting pastor of the society from i860 to July 1870, He was born at Northbridge, Mass., January 16, 181 7. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1842, and studied theology at Union Theological Seminary and also at Andover. He was graduated at the latter place in 1845. In 1846, he was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Chester, and held the posi- tion until 1856, when he was dismissed. During the war of the rebellion he was a chaplain in the army for some time. After the war he came to Candia and was acting pastor of the Congregational Church for several years, end- ing in 1870, when he went west to reside, and was for some time acting pastor of a church in Faribault, Mich. < Rev. George Edwards Lovejoy was the ninth minister who was installed pastor of the church and society. He was born in Bradford, Mass., June 30, 1843. At tne age often years he was a pupil at the Pavilion School at Hartford, Conn. Subsequently he studied at Mount Pleasant Insti- tute at Amherst, Mass., and also at a similar institution at Fall River, Mass. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the 2 2d Massachusetts Regiment and was 13 194 HISTORY OF CANDIA. present at the battles of Antietam, Shepardstown, Fore Chancellorsville, Rappahanock Station and .Petersburg- He re-enlisted in 1864, and was transferred to the 32d. regi- ment of Massachusetts Volunteers and remained in that regiment until the close of the war. Soon after his return home he was located in Lowell, Mass., and became the Secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association of that place. After serving in that position three years he became, a student of theology at Andover, Mass. During the last year of his student life at Andover, he regularly- supplied the pulpit of the church in Candia. In June, 1873, he was ordained- pastor of the church and society. Rev. J. H. Taylor, of Andover, Mass., was Moderator of the Coun- cil, and Rev. G. F. French, a native of Candia, was Scribe. The following was the order of exercises at the or- dination: Introductory prayer, Rev. Joshua G. Gay, Auburn ; Sermon, Rev. William J. Tucker, Manchester ; Ordain ing prayer, Rev. J. H. Taylor, Andover, Mass. ; Charge to the pastor, Rev. J. McCollom, Medford, Mais. ; Right hand of fellowship, Rev. J. H. ■ Stearns, of Ep- ping; Address to the people, Rev. Charles Tenney, Chester. Rev. Mr. Lovejoy was very popular with the young peo- ple of the town and by his influence manywere converted William Churchill Reade, son of William F. M. and Em" meline (Jayne) Reade, was born November 1, 1835, at Hampden, Maine. He prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., with the class of 1859. En- tered Yale College and graduated with the class pf 1863. He spent the next year at Princeton Theological Seminary, serving meanwhile a few months in the "Christian Com- mission" with the army in Virginia. The two subsequent years he studied at Andover Theological Seminary, where he was graduated, and licensed to preach, in 1866. The. greater part of the next two years he spent in Connecticut supplying the Congregational Church at Westbrook. Feb- ruary 10, 1870, he was ordained and installed pastor of the Congregational Church, South Dennis, Mass., remaining HISTORY OF CANDIA, 1 95 there five years. In 1876, he was called to be pastor of the Congregational Church in Milton, Mass., where he preached during the next two years, but declined to be in- stalled. On November 3, 1878, he preached his first ser- mon in Candia, and remained here till the autumn of 1883, , when he removed to Beverly, Mass., where he has since resided, having, within a few years, purchased and rebuilt a modest estate there, called "Apple Tree Lodge." He was married October 24, 1867, to Octavia, daughter of Dr- Byron and Eliza (Morse) Porter, of Waterville, Maine. They have no children. Rev. Albert B. Peabody, a son of Samuel and Mary (Bradstreet) Peabody, was born in Boxford, Mass., Novem- ber 1, 1828. His early years were spent upon a farm which was bought of the Indians by his ancestors. He was a student at Pembroke Academy and at Phillip's Academy at Andover, Mass. He taught schools in Bow and Raymond, and also in West Newbury and Boxford, Mass. , and in Tarrytown, N. Y. In accordance with the wishes of his mother, he studied for the ministry in connection with the academy, at Tops- field, Mass., and at Andover Theological Seminary, and graduated at the latter school in 1859. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church at East Longmeadows, Mass., and remained there seven years. He then was the acting pastor of the Congregational Church at Seabrook and Hampton Falls. He retained that position several years. In 1861, he was installed pastor of the Congrega- tional Church in Strath'am, and remained there fourte«n years. He came to Candia in the autumn of 1883, and wats acting pastor of the Congregational Church six years. He is now a resident of Boxfoid, Mass., his native town. Mr. Peabody was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Pingrey, of Newburyport, Mass., in 1861. They have a family of ' five children. , The second daughter is the wife of Frank E. Page, of this town. 1 In 1878, Mr. Peabody made a trip to Europe, and visited England, Scotland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Italy. I96 HISTORY OF CANDIA. THE PURCHASE OF THE FIRST BELL, REPAIRS, ETC. When the steeple and spire of the old meeting house were erected, a convenient porch and stairway were attached to the east end of the building, the outside was painted with white lead, and the structure, which was of fine architectu- , ral proportions, made a very imposing appearance. In 1802, the town voted to appropriate the sum of one hundred and twenty-five dollars towards the purchase of a bell, on condition that enough more money was raised by subscription to insure the success of the undertaking. The people subscribed liberally, and the bell was purchased Among those who paid their proportion of the tax v^ere the Murrays and the Bricketts, who belonged to the society, though they lived in Auburn, a few rods south of Candia line. The bell was cast at the foundry of Revere & Co., of Boston, and weighed a little less than one thousand pounds. The frame for its support in the belfry and the large wheel for operating it, were made by John Lane, senior. The bell was ot most excellent tone and could be distinctly heard in every part of the town under ordinary circumstances. For nearly forty years it was rung at 7 o'clock A. M. in the summer, and at 8 A. M. in the winter, at noon and at 9 P. M., except Saturday evenings, when it was rung at 8 P. M. On Sundays it was rung a short time before the commencement of the services at the church. The bell was rung by "setting" it, that is, by turning it bottom side up on the frame and holding it in that position half a min- ute or so when the operation was repeated. After it had been rung in that manner five minutes, it was tolled by swinging it gently from one side to the other so that the tongue would strike upon one side only. This process was continued until the minister had arrived at the church. It required a good deal of skill to set the bell properly or to , tuin it completely over and to bring it back again to its,' place, and many ambitious young men utterly failed to ac- complish those feats when the sexton allowed them to try the experiment. When the bell was tolled at funerals the sexton generally HISTORY OF SAND I A. 197 climbed up the l6ng dark stairway to the belfry and seiz- ing the lower end of the tongue he struck it smartly against the inside of the rim at intervals of about one minute. The deep reverberations of the sounds from the bell when heard in the belfry were loud and deafening. Some of the boys, who ventured to climb seventy feet to the old belfry, were more amazed and awed on realizing the lofty height they had reached and the grandeur of the scene before them than they were when, in after years, they stood in the 'cupola of St. Peter's Church at Rome, or on the top of the , great Effel Tower at Paris, which is one thousand feet above the pavement. The privilege of ringing the bell and taking care of the church, was sold at auction to the lowest bidder at the town meeting, by one of the selectmen. The annual salary ranged from about twenty dollars to forty dollars, and there was usually a sharp competition for the place, as even the sum of twenty dollars was well worth looking after in those days. Reuben Fitts, Nathan Fitts, Joseph Carr, Nathan Carr, Ichabod Cafr, Joseph Fitts, Nathan B. Hale and Dudley Lang were some of the men who rang the bell and took care of the old meeting house. In 1829, extensive repairs weremadeupon the old church. All the told sashes and glass were taken out and new sashes ' and larger panes of glass were put in their place. A tier of - pews in the body of the house next to the pulpit were erected to take the place of the old men's and old women's seats. The outside of the steeple was repaired and strengthened. The brass weathercock was taken down and re-gilded in a workmanlike manner by Daniel Fitts, jr., the schoolmaster. WARMING THE MEETING HOUSE. Previous to about the year 1820, no arrangements what- ever were made for heating the old meeting house, and for fifty years, men, women and children sat in the great building through two long services on the cold days of the winter, when the mercury in the thermometer was frequent- ly several degrees below zero. In those days, hot air fur- OLD CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, BURNED IN 1S3S. HISTROY OF CANDIA. I 99 downward as might be desired. , There were four circles or tiers of tin sockets, one above the other, for the insertion of common tallow candles. When the chandelier was lighted fox evening meetings, it was thought to be a marvel of beauty by the unsophisticated people of the times. THE BURNING OF THE OLD MEETING HOUSE. The old church, was burned Jan. 25, i^S. The following are extracts from a graphic description of the destruction of the old building as given by Mr. Francis B. Eaton in his history of Candia, published in 1852: "Awakened by some noise, I saw on my chamber wall an uncertain and glimmering light,, as 'of one passing with a lantern. While gazing upon it, the cry of "fire!" so start- ling to unaccustomed ears, was heard. The light on the wall grew brighter, as with beating heart I sprung to the floor and threw open the window. A column of smoke was pouring from the church, not a stone's throw .distant. A neighbor on his steps was dressing by the light of the ' fire '; ■ every line of his countenance was visible as he poured forth from stentorian lungs shout after shout. Some people were already astir. Contributing a small shout to the in- creasing noise, I dressed, rushed out, of doors and down to the walk to the rear of the meeting house. The flames were bursting from the eastern porch. The rosy red of the morning was just coming up in the cold, grey sky, when the bell began to sound the last alarm, In twenty minutes the whole town was in motion. Men, women and children, as four-score years before their fathers came to its building, came how in haste to its downfall. Household goods, that for many years had reposed "in unmolested quiet, were dragged from endangered dwellings and piled in roads and fields. Wet blankets were hung on the roofs of buildings and pails of water were spilled over all the floors. Fortu- nately, the air was still, and the ascending flames wreathed to the very steeple's top, presented a scene of great sublim- 'ity. There stood the huge frame of a church of molten, glittering gold, against the sky? I looked in at the front door — above,, around and below, all was fire, leaping and 200 HISTORY OF CANDIA. darting in forked tongues on the dry and combustible ma- terials. The sacred book, from which many a message had been delivered to erring man by lips now cold h> death, lay upon the cushioned desk waiting its fate, while the flames, like demons, were creeping stealthily up and around to destroy it. Hundreds of illumined faces were turned towards the burning steeple, while groups of men with pails and tubs of water retired to a safe distance towards the nearest dwellings. The blazing shaft, for a moment wavering, fell inward." The building was almost totally consumed. Among the relics saved was the upper sash of the window behind the pulpit. The top of the sash was in the form of a half circle- This relic was secured by Gov. Frederick Smyth and placed the next year in the north end of his father's stable in Halls- ville, in Manchester. The Governor has it in his posses- sion. The long, stout, iron rod, which supported the weathercock, was secured as a trophy, and may still be seen in town. ' It appears that there was a meeting at the church on the afternoon before the fire, and that Mr. Nath'l B. Hall, the sexton of the meeting house, took some ashes from the stove in a wooden box and placed it. in the east porch. It is supposed that the ashes contained some hot coals, and that fire was communicated to the box and from that to the building. THE NEW MEETING HOUSE. Before the people left, who gathered at the destruc- tion of the old meeting house, notice was given that the members of the society would meet at Peter Eaton's Hall on the evening of the same day to take measures for erect- ing a new house of worship. The meeting was held at the appointed time, and arrangements were made to com- mence the work at once. The following are the names of the building committee which was appointed : Peter Eaton, Coffin M. French, John Rowe, Joshua Lane, ' Capt. Abraham Fitts, True French, Freeman Parker, Henry M. Eaton. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 201 t The owners of the dwelling houses which were situated near the old church, objected to placing the new edifice on the same site on account of danger to their property in case it should be consumed by fire; It was, therefore, deemed best to locate the new church at a point remote from other buildings. The foundation and the frame of the building were con- structed by the society by . subscription, and many of the citizens paid their subscriptions in labor. After the frame was raised, the building committee made a contract with a • master builder of Concord to finish- the building through- out. There were seventy-seven pews in the church, ten of which were placed in the west end of the building, five on one side of the pulpit and five' on the other. The number- ing of the pews began with the pew on the west end next to the pulpit. Then the pews bordering on the north wall of the building were counted from west to east. , Next; the body pews' on the north side of the church counting from east to west, then the body pews on the south side from west to east. Then the wall pews on the south side count- ing from east to west, and last of all, the pews on the west end of the building south of the pulpit. THE OLD GRANARY. After the old meeting house was burned, the members of the society worshipped on the Sabbath at William, Duncan's spacious granary, a building which was situated near his dwelling house and store on the South Road at the place now owned by Mr. Brown. Plank seats were con- structed, and the building was made quite comfortable and accommodated quite a large congregation. About the year 1850, the old building was removed to a spot on the mill stream near the railroad station and converted into a saw mill. THE DEDICATION. Early in November, 1838, the new meeting house was completed, painted, upholstered and made ready for oc- 202 HISTORY OF CANDIA. cupancy. A new bell was purchased and partly paid for with the metal of the old bell, which was mostly gathered up and saved after the fire. The dedication took place about the middle of Novem- ber. A large congregation, among which were many people from the neighboring towns, was present. Rev. Mr. Rus- sel, the pastor of the church, preached an interesting ser- mon upon the subject of public worship. Rev. Abraham Burnham, of Pembroke, Rev. Nathaniel Wells, of Deerfield, and Rev.. Jonathan Clemeftt, of Chester, took part in the re- ligious exercises of the occasion. The choir, which was led by Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, performed some excellent mu- . sic. The Washington Board of Candia was present, and assisted in entertaining the congregation. THE CREED OR ARTICLES OF FAITH. 4 A history "of Candia would be incomplete if it contained no account of the opinions of the people upon matters per- taining to religion as accepted and defended by their minis- ters and embodied in their creeds. It was stated in a pre- ceding chapter of this work, that the majority of the early- settlers of New Hampshire were Calvinists and Congrega- tionalists. It may now be stated that a majority of the first settlers of Candia inherited their religious beliefs from their ancestors in England, who were rigid Calvinists, arid these doctrines were stoutly maintained and defended at every point by the members of the Congregational Church in the town, almost without exception, for a hundred years. It may be added, however, that, during all that time, there was always a small number of people belonging to congre- gations who were openly opposed to some of the most prominent doctrines of the Calvinists. In 1816, the Congregational Church adopted the follow- ing statement of their religious beliefs, which was con- tained in a small pamphlet that was printed at Concord, with the following title : Articles of Faith, and Form of Covenant Many of the members of the church in Candia furnished themselves with copies of the work. The following is a copy of the articles of faith referred to: HISTORY OF CANDIA. 203 ARTICLES OF FAITH. i. We believe that there is but one God, the Creat6r, Preserver and moral Governor of the universe; a being of infinite power, knowledge, wisdom, justice, goodness and truth ; the self-existent, independent, and immutable Foun- tain of good. 2. We believe that the scriptures of the Old and New Testament were given by the inspiration of God ; that they are profitable for doctrine, for correction, for reproof, and for instruction in righteousness; and that they are our only rule of doctrinal belief and "religious practice. 3. We believe that the mode of divine existence is such as lays a foundation for a distinction into three persons, the Father, the Son and Holy Ghost ; and that these three are one in essence, and equal in power and glory. • 4. We believe that God has made all things for himself ; and known unto him are all his works from the beginning; and that he governs all things according to the counsels of his own will. 5. We believe that the divine, law and the principle^ and administration of the divine government are perfectly holy, just and good ; and that all rational beings are bound to approve them as such. 6. We believe that God at first created man in his own image, in a state of rectitude and holiness, and that he fell from that state bv transgressing the divine law in the article of forbidden fruit. 7. We believe that in consequence of the apostacy, the ,, heart of man in, his natural state is destitute of all holiness and in a state of positive disaffection with the law, charac- ter and government of God, and that all* men previous to regeneration are dead in trespasses and sin. 8.. We believe that Christ, the Son of God, has by his obedience, sufferings and death made atonement for sin; that He is the only Redeemer of sinners ; and that all who are saved will be altogether indebted to the grace and mer- cy of God for their salvation. 9. We believe that, although the invitation of the Gosp"el is such that whosoever will may come and partake of the 204 HISTORY OF CANDIA. water of life freely; yet the depravity of the human heart is such that no man will come to Christ, except the Father by the special and efficacious influence of the Spirit draw him. io. We believe that those who embrace the Gospel were chosen in Christ before the foundation of the world, that they should be holy and without blame before him in love; and that they are saved, not by works of righteousness which they have done, but according to the distinguishing mercy Of God through the sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth. ii. We believe that those who cordially embrace Christ, although they may be left to fall-into sin, never will be left finally to fall away and perish; but will be kept by the mighty power of God through faith into Salvation. 12. We believe that there will be a general resurrection of the bpdies, both the just and unjust. ,13. We believe that all mankind must one day stand before the judgment seat of Christ to receive a just and fi- nal sentence of retribution according to the deeds donein the body; and at the day of judgment the state of all will be unalterably fixed, and that the punishment of the wick- ed and the happiness of the righteous will be endless. 14. We believe that Christ has a visible church in the world into which none in the sight of God but real believ-' ers, and none in the sight of men but visible believers have right of admission. 1 5. We believe that the sacraments of the New Testament are the Lord's Supper; that visible believers in -regular church standing only can consistently partake of the Lord's Supper, and that visible believers and their households only, can be admitted to the ordinances of baptism. 16. We believe -it to be the duty of every one who is the head of a family to maintain daily family prayer. The doctrines contained in the above articles of faith were preached in all their length and breadth in Candia, and also by nearly all the ministers of the orthodox or evangelical churches in New England until within a few years, especially the doctrines of the fall of man from a perfectly holy state to that of total depravity by partaking of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, and that all of HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2O5 his posterity throughout the whole earth for hundreds of generations have been fully involved in his guilt ; the doc. trine that God from all eternity chose, or elected, some to be saved by a special act of his grace, while others are left to perish ; the doctrine that God from the first fore-knew and fore-ordained all things whatsoever which come to pass; the doctrines of the resurrection of the material body, and that atthe last great day of judgment the wicked will be eternally punished in a hell of material fire, while those who had "been elected to be saved will enter upon the enjoy- ments prepared for them from the foundation of the world. Until within about seventy years the most of the Congrega" tionalists of the country believed that, "In Adam's fall We sinned all." as stated in the old New England Primer, and that children who died ininfancy were lost, though it was vaguely believed or hoped, by some, that the children of believers, who had been consecrated to God in baptism, would be saved, while the children of unbelievers would be lost. The views con- cerning the condition of infants after death, which formerly prevailed, have greatly changed, and now it is almost uni- versally believed that all infants will be saved. For the purpose of affording some idea of the religious yiews which were entertained by the majority o'fthe people of New England a hundred years ago as well as at a muoh later date, the following extracts. from a sermon upon the future punishment of the wicked, which was preached by the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, may be quoted. Ad- dressing his hearers he said : "I entreat you to 'consider how awfu;l a thing eternity is and what it is to suffer extreme torment day and night from one day to another, from one year to another, and' so on for tens of thousands of years in pain and wailing and la- menting, groaning, shrieking and gnashing of teeth, with your souls full of dreadful grief and amazement, with your bodies and every member full^of racking torture, with no possibility of getting relief or of moving God to pity by your cries. How dreadful it will be when you shall wish . your life could be ended. > When you shall have outworn 206 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the age of the sun, the moon and the stars in your dolorous groans and lamentations, and when your souls shall have been agitated by the wrath of God all this while, you will still continue to exist. Your bodies, which have been burning and roasting in glowing flames, shall not have been consumed but will remain to roast to all eternity.' i The following are extracts from, a sermon of Mr. Ed- wards entitled, "The End of the Wicked Contemplated by the Righteous, or the Torments of the Wicked in Hell No Occasion of Grief to the Saints in Heaven." He said : "The Scriptures teach us that the saints in heaven will not only see the misery of the wicked at the day of judg- ment, but many texts imply that the state of the damned in'hell will be in the full view of the heavenly inhabitants; that the two worlds of happiness and misery are in full view of each other. When the saints in heaven shall see the damned tormented it will be no occasion of grief to them. The saints in glory will be far more sensible how dreadful the wrath of God is and will better understand how dreadful the sufferings of the damned are, but they will not be sorry for the damned ; but, on the contrary, it will ex- cite them to joyful praises. They will rejoice in seeing the justice of God glorified in the sufferings of the damned, and it will cause rejoicing in them as they will have the greater sense of their own happiness by seeing the contrary misery." Dr. Isaac Watts, of England, was a somewhat celebrated poet, and a Calvinist of- the strictest sort. A volume of hymns which he wrote was in use in the Congregational Church for many years. Among the hymns which were often sung by the choir was one containing the following couplet : • "Life is the hour which God has given, To 'scape from hell and fly to heaven." A hymn which was frequently sung contains the two fol- lowing stanzas : "Far in the deep where darkness dwells, The land of horror and despair, Justice has built a dismal hell, And laid her stores of vengeance there. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 207 ' ''Eternal plagues and heavy chains, Tormenting racks and fiery coals, And darts t'inflict immortal pains, Dipt in the blood of damned souls." A hymn -by an unknown author, which was frequently sung at revival meetings in Rev. Mr. Wheeler's time be- gin with the following lines : "Oh! there will be mourning, mourning, Atthe j iidgm 3 nt seat of Christ ; Parents and children there will part, Will part to meet no more." The author of the hymn went on to describe the parting of husbands and wives, pastors and people, some going to heaven, while others were consigned to hell. The people wereurged to become con verted principally for the purpose of being prepared for the joys of hdaven, and to .escape eternal punishment in hell. Some of the men and women living to-day, who were subjects of the great revival under Mr. Wheeler's ministra- tions in 1822, have since declared that they were .governed at the time mostly by the fear of being doomed to hopeless ' misery after death, While a large majority of the people of the town who at- tended services at the Congregational Meeting House be- lieved the doctrines set forth in the creed as here presented, , there was a considerable number who dissented and de- clared that they were totally unable to comprehend how a man could be an entirely free, moral agent when God, from all eternity, had elected him either td be saved or lost. And they further declared that thev could not on any prin- ciples of honor or right, understand how God the Creator could consign any of his children to eternal woe, however wicked they had been. These doubters boldly avowed their sentiments to the ministers who were in .charge of the church and society. As far back as Mr. Remington's day, there were a few men of this class. So, too, when Mr. Wheeler was the pastor of the church, the great debate went on, and Mr. Wheeler, in his doctrinal sermons, would often refer to the objections which were made to him in friendly J08 HISTORY OF CANDIA. conversation, and endeavor to answer them according to the best of his abilities. Between the years 1810 and i820the discussion on some points became extremely animated. It may be stated that all the ministers who have been set- tled over the Congregational Church and society, »in addition to their hearty efforts in support of the doctrines set forth in the creed, have earnestly supported the principles of justice among men, kindness, benevolence, peace, patience, for- giveness, temperance, and all other moral doctrines upor which all good citizens of whatever creed or race have been agreed; and their influence upon the people of the town ir , this respect has always been of the highest value. During the autumn of 1843, a very amiable and upright young man nineteen years of age, died of typhoid fever at the residence of his parents in the south part of the town. He was a constant attendant of the services at the Congrega- tional Church, but he had never given any evidence that he had met with a change of heart. His funeral was attended by Rev. Mr. Murdock on a Sunday afternoon. At the ser- vices in the church in the forenoon of that day, Mr. Murdock made the death of the young man the theme of his discourse. He did not mention his name; but spoke of the very recent death of a well-known young man, who had in all probabil- ity left the world in an unregenerated state, and, ' in conse- quence, was lost forever. In a most solemn manner, he urged all the people present to take' the sad event into serious consideration and seek the salvation of their souls before it was too late. Everybody present knew whom Mr. Murdock referred to, and many of the most prominent members of the church expressed the belief that his remarks on the occasion were imprudent. In April, 1844, Rev. Mr. Murdock exchanged with Rev. C. W. Wallace, of Manchester. At the third service, Mr. Wallace, in the course of an .off-hand address, spoke of the importance of being regenerated in early life, so as to be prepared for death at all times and under all circumstances. In a most eloquent manner, he spoke of the dreadful conse- quences which follow by neglecting to seek the salvation of the soul by repentance and faith in the Saviour. In this HISTORY OF CANDIA. 200, •connection he referred to the case of a very estimable and upright young woman, who was a very constant attendant upon his ministrations at Manchester. He said that he had often persqnally implored h,er to give her heart to God, but she put off the matter from time to time until at last she was stricken down with a raging fever. Mr. Wallace said he was called up at midnight to visit the young wo- man, who lived four miles distant from his residence. He found her in a state of great mental torture. She had neg- lected the concerns of her soul, and was unprepared to die. The speaker said he prayed with her and tried to con- sole her by urging her to surrender herself unreservedly to the Saviour ;_ but she said it was too late. Mr. Wallace said the young woman died in utter despair, and he left the audience to infer that as she evidently died without having experienced the great change which was necessary to sal- vation, she was hopelessly lost. REVIVALS. Ever since religious institutions were first established in the town, there have been seasons when the people felt and manifested a much deeper interest than usual upon the sub- ject of the salvation of their souls. In 1822, during Rev. Mr. Wheeler's ministry, a somewhat remarkable revival took place. It commenced in the family of Mr. Joseph Carr, who resided just north of the present Con- gregational Church. It appears that while Nathan Carr, a son of Joseph, and a neighbor were singing the hymn com- mencing with the line: "Life is thetime to serve the Lord,'' the said Joseph Carr, who had never previously mani- fested any particular interest in religous matters, arose and offered a most fervent prayer. This strange act on the part of Mr. Carr caused much astonishment in the minds of the mem - bers of the family and neighbors. The news spread through the town, and a great religious interest was at once awak- ened. Prayer and conference meetings were held in all parts of the town, and one hundred and thirty-six persons 14 2IO , l HISTORY OF CANDIA. experienced religion, and soon after joined the church. About the year 1828, protracted or revival meetings, were held in various portions ot the state. The meet.ngs, which continued for four days, were attended by crowds of people and spmetimes six or eight ministers took part in the services. Towards the last day of the meetings, the people were generally awakened to a high pitch of ex- citement, and many professed to have been converted. Meetings of this kind took place at the Congregational Church in Candia in 1830, and also in 1832. At the meeting of the latter year, about fifty persons believed they were re- generated. In 1838, while Rev. Charles P. Russell was pastor, another important revival took place, and fifty-seven persons were converted. In 1849, during the ministry of Rev. Mr. Murdock, there was another great revival, and about sixty persons pro- fessed to have been converted. In the course of the time that Rev. Mr. Lovejoy was the settled pastor, his labors resulted in the conversion of a large number of persons, who, shortly after, became members of the church. FIRST OWNERS OF PEWS IN THE NEW CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. Names of owners of pews on north side of the pulpit : 1, Nathaniel Rowe, 2, Anthony Langford, 3, Abraham Fitts, 4, Stephen Smith, 5, Jonathan Currier. Names of owners of pews in main tiers : 1 6; Deacon Merrill, 7, Captain Abraham Fitts, 8, John Rowe, 9, Benjamin Hubbard, 10, Nathan Brown, 11, Elias Hubbard, 12, William Fifield, 13, Samuel Woodbury, 14, Samuel Emerson, 15, True French, 16, Nathaniel B. Hall, 17, Asa Robie, 18, Samuel Morrill, 19, John Clay, 20,' Jo- seph Fitts, 21, free, 22, Joshua Fitts, 23, John Lane, 24, Thomas Morse, 25, Parker Hills, 26, Aaron Rowe, 27, Ezekiel* Lane, 28, Joshua Hubbard, 29, Peter Eaton, 30, Samuel Murray, 31, Moses Emerson, 32, Joshua Lane, 33, Moses Patten, 34, Joseph Carr, 35, Leonard Dearborn, 36, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 211 John Robie, 37, free, 38, free, 39, William Robie, 40, Ca- leb Brown, 41, Samuel Anderson, 42, Moses Sargent, 43, Samuel Patten, 44, Jacob Libbee, 45, Coffin M. French, 46, Henry Eaton, 47, Samuel Patten, 48, Thomas Anderson, 49, William Murray, 50, Stephen Brown, 51, Moses Rowe, 52, Obededom Hall, 53, free, 54, free, 55, John Dolber, ( 56, Rodney Brown, 57, Abraham Emerson, 58, William- Patten, 59, Simon French, 60, John Fitts, 61, Andrew Moore, 62, Samuel Buswell, 63, R. E. Patten, 64, Freeman Parker, 65, John Wason. 66, Henry M. Eaton, 67, Isaiah Lane, 68, William Duncan, 69, William Colby. Names of owners of pews on the south side of the pulpit : 70, Josiah Sargent, 71, Peter Hall, 72,, Samuel Cass, 73, Jacob Buswell, 74, Thomas Hobbs. / IMPROVEMENTS UPON THE NEW MEETING HOUSE AND REUNION. t f r? 1 ' In 1884, many important improvements and alterations were made upon the new Congregational Church. The old pews were taken out and new ones of the latest style were introduced. The walls were frescoed in an ar- tistic manner, and the aisles and pews were carpeted. A new heating apparatus was also introduced. The total ex- pense of the improvements was about $1,500. The alter- ations were completed in a few months, and upon August 2D, 1885, a grand reunion of the sons and daughters of y Carrdia, who had sometime been connected with the, socie- ty, took place. A committee, consisting of twelve ladies and six gentlemen, took charge of the affair: There was a very large gathering of the people of the town at the church at the time appointed, as well as a large number who came from Manchester, Lowell, Boston, Haverhill, and other places. An excellent collation was served at the vestry, after which there were addresses and other exercis- es in the church. Luther Emerson, of New York, who was the President of the occasion, welcomed the people in a felicitous address and was followed by Hon. Albert Palmer, of Boston, Rev. Moses Patten, of Hooksett, Rev. John D. Emerson, of Kennebunk, Maine, Francis B. Eaton and 212 HISTORY OF CANDIA. \ John G. Lane, of Manchester, Alanson Palmer, of Astoria, N. Y. , Henry W. Rowe, of Boston, and others. , Miss Harriet N. Eaton, formerly of Merrimack, read a .poem. There was a variety of vocal and instrumental music, ..and the occasion was greatly enjoyed by all who were present. THE DEACONS OF THE CHURCH. : Stephen Palmer and John Hill elected in 1771 ; Nathan- >iel Burpee, 1773, Caleb Prince and Samuel Cass, 1810, Jo- • siah Shannon, 1824, Anthony Langford, 1826, Jacob Bus- well and Francis Patten, 1836, John L. Fitts, 1848, Alexan- ■ der Gilchrist and Coffin M. French, 1851, Ezekiel Lane, i860, Edmund Hill, Daniel Emerson, John P. French, Charles R. Rowe, are the present deacons. Deacon Daniel Fitts was for several years the clerk of the society. Edmund Hill, the present clerk, has held that position many years. FUNDS BELONGING TO THE CONGREGATIONAL SOCIETY. The following is the amount of the funds now in the ; -possession of the society: . By the sale of the parsonage lot given to the town by the ; first proprietors of the town of Candia, $3,689. ■ , By the sale of a tract of land situated in Allenstown, - which was given by the will of Hon. Thomas Thompson, 1 of Concord, in the early part of the present century, $447- By the will of Jesse Eaton, #375. ; By tie will of the late Mrs. Ruth Bickford, in 1887, #300. By the will of Charles Emerson, in 1887, $100. : By the will of Mrs. Mary Patten, formerly Mary Ander ".son, in 1889, $300. By a gift by will by Charles S. Bickford, in 1890, $780. By the will of John Brown, in 1890, $6, 000. The conditions of this will require that the society shall keep the grounds in the old cemetery near the Congrega. 1 -rfional Meeting House where his body lies, in good order , at all times. Also that the lot in the cemetery in the Lang- HISTORY OF CANDIA, 2 1 3- ford District, where the remains of his parents are buried, shall be kept in good order. In case of a failure to comply with these conditions, the property conveyed to the society shall go into the possession of the town. By the will of the late Sophia Pillsbury, a daughter of Abijah Pillsbury, the interest of $1,000 was given to Anna. Colby, now Mrs. Amos Southwick, of Chester, during her lifetime, after which the principal was to be given over to- the Congregational Society. SALE OF THE PARSONAG1 LOT. The original proprietors of the lands in Candia set apart lot No. 90 for a parsonage. The parsonage buildings hav- ing become unfit for use, the town, in 1815, voted to sell the property at auction on December 4th of that year. The ■ land was divided into five parcels, viz. : One parcel situat- ed on the southeast corner of the lot, one on the southwest- corner, one on the northwest corner, one on the northeast corner, and a small parcel with the buildings situated in . the middle of the north side of the lot. The sale was made under the direction of a committee, consisting of John Lane, . Jonathan Pillsbury, John Clay, Samuel Anderson and Na- than Bean. Jonathan Pillsbury bought the southeast par- cel, Thomas Patten the southwest parcel, Daniel'Fitts the northwest parcel, Moses Fitts the northeast parcel, x and Daniel Fitts and William Duncan bought the middle parcel and the parsonage buildings. The entire property was sold for $4,289, which, added to the sum of $100, which Rev. Mr. Remington paid for an- acre of land at the extreme corner of the northwest corner of the lot, amounted to $4,389. It was thought at the time, that the property was sold at a very extravagant price. The money, which was placed at interest by the town, was devoted to the support of the gospel, under the direction of the Congregational Church and society. - Soon after the parsonage was sold, the Union Baptist Society made a claim upon the town for a share in the pro- ceeds of the sale, but the majority of the town were op- posed to the claim, on the ground that the parsonage lot 214 HISTORY OF CANDIA. was given to the town long before there was any other de- nomination of Christians in the locality besides the Congre- gationalists. In reply to the demand of the Baptists for a part of the parsonage, it was stated that "The Con- gregational society, for nearly half a century, had appro- priated the income of the parsonage lot for the support of their teachers and instructors, agreeably to the intent and design of the original proprietors of the town lands, and it was obvious that it could not have been the design or in- tent of the aforesaid proprietors that any denomination, whicfy then did not exist, and especially one whose relig- ious tenets manifestly impel them to disclaim all annuities and salaries to their religious teachers, should receive the benefit of the grant" At a meeting of the Union Baptist ■ Society, held June 7, 1 81 7, it was voted to petition the town of Candia for their proportion of the interest of the parsonage fund, providing it cannot otherwise be obtained. A suit was subsequently brought against the town, but the decision was in i's favor. In 1 83 1, the whole matter was settled by a meeting of the citizens of the town. It was voted that the parsonage fund should be divided as follow; : The sum of $3, 589 and the old meeting house, was given to the Congregational society, and the sum of $800 was given to the Union Baptist society. \ The Baptist society accepted the amount of the parson- age fund awarded to them by the town, and all contention on the subject was ended. THE NEW PARSONAGE. In 1844, the society purchased a lot situated on the north side of the highway directly opposite the old parsonage, and adjoining the residence of the late Nathaniel B. Hall, and erected a commodious parsonage. All the settled and acting pastors of the society during the past forty-eight years, have occupied this parsonage. 5il8llii j§Hi Hm h -mm Ml FREE BAPTIST CHURCH. CHAPTER XXII. THE FREE-WILL BAPTIST AND OTHER SOCIETIES. For more than twenty years after the town of Candia was incorporated, no great opposition to the leading doc- trines of the Congregatienal Church was manifested by the people. About the year 1782, a few persons in the church became opposed to baptism by sprinkling, and also to in- fant baptism, but believed that immersion was the , only scriptural method of administering the ordinance, other- wise they were Calvinists. - Among these people were Joseph Palmer, who lived on the place recently/owned by the late Nathaniel B. Hall, near the Congregational Churchj and Peter Mooers, who then resided in a house which stood on the road which extends from the Corner to Deerfield and a few rods north of the present residence of Ingalls Bunker. Mr. Palmer became a pronounced Baptist, and meetings frequently took jjlace at his residence. Among other Baptists, who preached there, was Rev. Elias Smith, who afterwards became somewhat celebrated as a minister in Boston. Mr. Mooers was afterwardsordained as a Free- Will Baptist minister, and foi some years preached in vari- ous places in New Hampshire. About the beginning of the present century, he removed to Maine, and for many years he officiated as a minister in that stat,e. His family was settled in the town of Vienna, and he died at that place in 1835, at about eighty-four years of age. About the year 1777, Benjamin Randall preached at New Castle and New Durham, and founded a church at the lat- ter place. Mr. Rands.ll and his followers rejected the doc- trine of election and fore-ordination, and insisted that men are free moral agents. They moreover believed that the ordinance of baptism should be by immersion, and they were opposed to the practice of baptizing infants. Upon all other doctrines they agreed with the Congregationalists. On account of their sentiments as regards free moral agency, 215 2l6 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and baptism they /were then called Free-Will Baptists* The interest in the new doctrine spread rapidly until in 1799. Jeremiah Bullard, of Unity, held meetings in that part of Deerfield situated near the Pawtuckaway mountains' A considerable number of the people of Nottingham, Ray- mond and Candia, were attracted to the meetings, and in 1802, a chur;h, consisting of members belonging to the four towns named, was organized. The earliest members of the new church from Candia, were Abraham Bean and wife, who lived at the Island, Reuben Bean and wife, the par- ents of Moses Bean, Samuel Colcord and a few others. Moses Bean was ordained at Deerfield in 1810. In 1 818, the church was divided, those members living in Nottingham and Deerfield constituting the first church, and those living in Candia and Raymond the second church. When the division was effected, it was stipulated that town lines should, not be considered, but the brothers, and sisters residing in either of the towns could have per- fect liberty to join whichever church they preferred. Jere- miah Fullonton, of Raymond, was chosen clerk of the new- church and society. After the division was made and the new church was or- ganized, various exhortations were made, after which all parted in peace. Meetings of the church were frequently held at the resi- dences of some of the brethren in Candia and Raymond At a meeting held at the home of Abraham Bean, at the Island, August 10, 1820, Elder Moses Bean and Elder David Harriman were appointed "messengers"- or delegates to the quarterly meeting at Gilmanton, and it was voted to- invite the members of the association to hold their' next meeting in Candia. After various religious exercises, Elder Bean baptized five persons, and more than one hundred spoke in meeting. In 1815, a meeting house was erected at the village, main- ly through the influence and energy of Elder Bean. , The .house was not large but rathej long in its proportions. There were two doors on the front side, one of which was near the east end and the other near the west end. Some of the pews were square with seats on the four sides, but I HISTORY OF CANDIA. 11-J the most of them were seats like those in use at the present time. They were made of white pine, but were unpainted. The one chimney of the house sprang from the ground floor. Directly beneath the chimney and nearly in the cen- ter of the house, there was a tall, sheet-iron stove. THE UNION BAPTIST SOCIETY. Upon August 17, 1816, the Free-Will Baptists in Candia, with a considerable number of the members of the Congre- gational society, who disagreed with the majority upon some of the fundamental points of theology, formed an organization which was called The Union Baptist Socie- ty. John C. Fifield w^s chosen moderator of the meeting, and Thomas Critchett was clerk. The society was incor- porated the same year. The largest number of members resided in Candia village, the Colcord district, the Island, and at the North Road. A few lived near the Corner, and a few in the Langford district. Among the prominent members who resided in the Vil- lage alSout sixty years ago, were Moses Bean, Samuel Dudley, William Turner, Phinehas Bean, Thomas Critchett, Stephen M. Bean, David Bean, Jacob S. Morrill, David Richardson, Isaac Critchett, Jesse Bean, E. B. Cheney. Among those who lived on the Colcord road were Benja- min Bean, Samuel Colcord, S. O. Dearborn, Reuben Bean, Hosea Chase, Moses Dearborn, Samue,l Dearborn, John Moore, Henry Thresher. The prominent members who resided at the North Road, were Benjamin Hall, Noah Haines, Samuel Tuck, J. Chase Smith,' James- Smith, Biley Smith, Richard Hoit, Joseph Martin, Jonathan Martin, Amos Thorn, Richard Currier, Moses Hall, Caleb Hall and Jonathan Hall. , Some of the prominent members who resided near the Corner, were John Smith, Benjamin Pillsbury, Owen Rey- nolds, John Pillsbury, John Sargent, Benjamin Pillsbury and Benjamin P. Colby. The following are the names of some of the leading members who resided in other sections of the town :, John C. Fifield, Sumner Fifield, Peter Fifield, Jonathan C. HISTROY OF CANDIA. French, Joseph Palmer, John Worthen, David Lang, Abel Reed and Abel Lovejoy. Josiah Fitts and Stephen Gale, Who lived in the Langford district, were prominent mem- bers. Abraham Bean, sr., Abraham Bean, jr., Joseph Bean, David Bean and Gordon Bean, who lived at the Island, were active members. Stephen Colcord and John Prescott, who lived in the northeast part of the town, were also active members. Among the earliest preachers who officiated for the so- ciety, were Elder David Harrim an, Elder H. D. Buswell, Elder Kimball, Elder Knowles and Elder Jesse Maeder. In January, 1830, the famous Lorenzo Dow came to Can- dia and preached twice in the Free-Will Baptist Church. His first sermon was preached on a Wednesday evening to a good-sized audience. ' On the. following Sunday, he preached in the forenoon and afternoon. A very large crowd of people was present. Elder Knowles , went into the pulpit with him. Dow had a full black beard, which extended more than a foot over his breast. All the men in Candia were closely shaven at the time, and there was scarcely a person in town who had ever before seen' 'a man with a full beard, and Dow was a great curiosity, in at least one respect. He was rather a tall man, and wore a some- what melancholy countenance. He had a good voice, and when he was fully awakened to his subject he fixed his eyes upon some man in the audience, and pointing his finger towards him he seemed to address him personally. In the course of the Sunday sermon, he stated some facts in regard to his personal history and travels. It is remem- bered that he said he was born in Coventry, Conn., and that he visited England and Scotland, and had preached in many parts of the United States. The day was quite warm and pleasant for winter, and when he came out of the church at the close of the service, he was surrounded by a crowd of m,en and women belonging to the society, who shook him heartily by the hand and sang a farewell. Free- Will hymn, the last words of the chorus being, "Farewell, my loving friends, farewell." The next day, Elder Knowles conducted him to Weare. The Free-Will Baptists, for a few yeaTs after they estab- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 210, lished a church in the town, professed to believe that it was wrong for a christian minister to receive a stipulated sala- ry for his work to bring sinners to repentance and save them from perdition. They said that salvation should be free, and a great deal was said about a hireling priesthood, and the first ministers of the denomination who preached, in town were accordingly very poorly remunerated for their services, as they received scarcely more than was necessary to pay their expenses. Elder Bean, the first pas- tor, received but a very small, amount from his society and depended mainly upon his business as a tanner and shoe manufacturer for the support of himself and family. The funds to pay expenses were raised at first by sub- scription, and then by tax upon the membe-rs. , As the circumstances of the members became improved and the society became enlarged, it became the fashion to pay the ministers a regular yearly salary for their services. The salary was at first about one hundred and fifty dollars. This was" increased from time to time, until they, were paid , wo hundred dollars, then three hundred, and then four hun" dred and upwards. In 1845, measures were taken to erect a new meeting house ; The owners of the pews in the old meeting house sold them for the amount at which they were appraised by a committee, which consisted of John Lane, Henry M. Eaton and Alexander Gilchrist. At a meeting of the society held November 24, 1845, a building committee was chosen. The following are the names of the committee : Joseph Bean, David B. Lang, Carr B. Haynes, Richard Currier, Daniel Riphardson. , 1 The meeting house was erected in 1846, at a cost of about sixteen hundred dollars. In 1877, important improvements were made upon the meeting , house. The tower was made higher and greatly improved in appearance. A clock, which was presented by Joseph R Dudley, of Buffalo, N. Y., and a bell weighing 1,200 pounds, which was the gift of Deacon Gordon Bean, were placed in the tower. The clock and the bell cost three hundred dollars each. 2 20 HISTORY OF CANDIA. i In 1886, other important improvements were made in the church. The position of the pews was changed, colored glass windows were put in and all the pews and aisles were carpeted. The improvements cost aibout qne thou- sand dollars. NAMES OF THE PASTORS OF THE CHURCH'. The following are the names of the ministers, who have been engaged to take charge of the church and society at various peiiods : Moses Bean; from 1818 to 1833, Rev. Jesse Maeder, in 1833, Rev. Samuel P. Fernald, 1841 to 1844, Rev. Samuel Whitney, 1841 to 1844, Rev. Samuel Robbins, 1844 to 1845, Rev. MarkAtwood, 1846, Rev. R. R. Davis„i847, Rev. Ar- thur Caverno, 1848 to 1849, Rev. Mark Atwood, 1849 to 1851, Rev. Seth Perkins, 1852 to 1855, Rev. Eli B. Fernald, 1855 to 1859, Rev - A - R ' Bradbury, 1859 to 1861, Rev. C O. Libby, 1861 to 1866, Rev. William H. Yeomans,* 1866 to 1869, Rev. A. Caverno, 1869 to 1871, Rev. John B. Merrill, 1817 to 1873, Rev. Mr. Lothrop, Rev. Mr. Rich, and Rev, Mr. Foster succeeded Rev. Mr. Merrill. The present- pas- tor, Rev. A. M. Freeman, took charge of the society in 1890. THE FUNDS OF THE CHURCH AND SOCIETY. The sum of $800, which the town vbted the society as its portion of money raised at the sale of the parsonage lot in 1815. George W. Smith, son of Jesse Smith, at his death left the society $300. Sally Hall left $50. Deacon Gordon Bean, $r,ooo. Charles S. Bickford, at his decease, left $1,600. It is provided that the interest of all these funds shall be devoted to the support of the gospel ministry under the di- rection of the society. SOME FREE-WILL BAPTIST ORATORY. The most of the Free-Will Baptist ministers for many HISTORY OF CANDIA. 221 years were ' remarkably earnest and enthusiastic in the delivery of their sermons and public addresses, as com- pared with the preachers of other denominations. They spoke in the minor key, the tone of sadness and sorrow, and in a manner more resembling the singing of a melan- choly chant or dirge, than ordinary speech. This style, when adopted by an »ble and fluent preacher, made a deep impression upbn the tender feelings and sympathies of a large proportion of their hearers who were very soon in perfect rapport with him and completely under his control. As he proceeded, many of the audience became roused to a high pitch of excitement. Some were in tears, and some were loudly shouting ' ' Amen ! Glory to God ! " at the top of their voices. These shouts and other similar exclama- tions reacted upon the speaker, and caused him to ' speak louder and louder and more rapidly, and then the s.houting became more and more frequent. In some cases the preacher became choked with emotion or was obliged to stop from sheer exhaustion. Under circumstances like these many were converted and it was believed that all was a result of a special outpouring -of the Spirit. \ Elder Bean and Elder Maeder invariably preached in the in the style here described, which became obsolete thirty years ago. BARKING BERRY. Fifty years ago or more, a Methodist traveling preacher was in the habit of visiting Candia. He often put up at Benjamin P. Colby's residence. During his stay, he often ■exhorted or preached at Mr. Colby's house and also at the residence of some of the Free- Will Baptists at the village. He was afflicted from childhood with a spasmodic affection -of the throat and, as a consequence, when he became excited in his exhortations or conversation, his voice would be sud- denly raised to a loud and very high key in a manner much resembling the bark of a dog. The suddenness of the short, loud bark would startle his hearers, and cause some to jump two or three inches from their seats. This was a kind of ora- 322 HISTORY OF CANDIA. tory of a most ludicrous character and many persons who listened to it could not refrain from laughing. The following short sentence from one of his exhortations may give some idea of his peculiarities as a public speaker: '.'Brethren: One of the great faults of many christians now- a-days is the spirit of sectarianism. Glory to God, there has not been a mite of sectarianism yi my soul for TWEN-ty years." Upon reaching the word, twenty, his voice suddenly rose a full octave above its ordinary pitch, and was fully concen- trated upon the first syllable causing a very sharp and loud report, when it suddenly fell to the point of common conver- sation. He died more than thirty-five years ago, at the resi- dence of a jVEr. Merrill in the easterly part of the city of Man- chester. THE PARSONAGE. A few years ago, the Union Baptist Society purchased the dwelling house on the east side of the highway, which was many years agD owned by Gilman Richardson, and after- wards by Joseph Dudley, and fitted it up for a parsonage. It has been occupied by several ministers. Rev. Mr. Freeman is the present occupant. BAPTISMS. During the first twenty years- after the Free-Will Baptist Church was established in the town, the new converts, filled with religious enthusiasm, were deeply impressed with' the conviction that it was their duty to be baptized immediate- ly, as it was thought that it was dangerous to run the risk of dying befqre the ordinance was administrated. In the summer season there was nothing particularly disagreea- ble in being plunged in the warm waters; but it was far otherwise in winter, when the mercury in the thermometer was ten degrees below zero. Then it required almost the faith and courage of a martyr to be immersed ; but the zealous converts were generally equal to the occa- sion, and came up out of the chilling waters shouting "Glo- ry, Halle.hijah !" METHODIST CHURCH. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2 23 Many years ago, a young preacher by the name of Tash, held meetings in the school house and in dwelling houses on the North Road. Mehitable Smith, a daughter of J. Chase Smith and a sister of Jesse Smith, was hopefully converted under his preaching. Though it was in 'the depth of winter, Miss Smith, who was a confirmed invalid and was confined to her bed the greater portion of the time, insisted on being baptized without delay. All the re- monstrances of her friends were of no avail, and arrange- ments were made at once. A large hole was cut through ice, which was more than a foot in thickness, and the new convert was taken to the spot and baptized by the travel- ing preacher. When she came out of the water she was soon covered with a thin coating of ice. She was taken to • her home and properly cared for, and, strange to say, she suffered no injury, whatever, but, on the contrary, the shock to her system seemed to cause a reaction! aud she was soon afterward completely restored to health and lived to be upwards of eighty-two years of age. THE METHODIST SOCIETY. In 1859, a Methodist society was organized in the town. A large proportion of the members had previously been connected with the Union Baptist Society. It was charged 1857 and 1858 by these persons that for a considerable length of time, some of the pastors of the .Baptist Church had been in the habit of introducing political topics into, .their sermons, particularly the political aspects of slavery. The members of the society, who belonged to the Democratic party, complained that Republican ministers were in the habit of abusing the opposite party. , They de- clared that such a course was not only unfair, but a viola- tion of the Sabbath. Finding that their remonstrances were of no effect, they seceded and organized a new socie- ty. A meeting was opened in the hall over Henry M. Eaton's store at the Coiner, which is now occupied by the Masonic Fraternity. Rev. Elisha Adams, a prominent clergyman of the Methodist Church, preached many, Sun, days. He was succeeded by other Methodist clergymen, 2 24 HISTORY OF CANDIA. i and a Methodist Church 'was organized. In a few menths this society proceeded to erect a meeting house on the cor- ner lot opposite the hall. The society contracted with J. Rowland "Batchelder to put-up a building of good proportion on the lot. The base- ment was fitted for a vestry. Mbses Eaton, of Southamp- ton, .presented the society with a fine-toned bell. The church was completed in 1859. The following are the names of some of the prominent members of the society : Rev. James Adams, Benjamin P. Colby, John Cate, Josiah M. Fitts, Jeremiah Brown, Abraham Barker, Benjamin Tay- lor, John C. Dearborn, John Smith, Alfred M. Colby, H. C. Mathews, Nehemiah Colby, Thomas Lang, Isaiah Lang, C. R. Norcross, Plumer W. Sanborn, James R. Batchelder, Daniel Davis.' Rev. Henry Nutter was the first minister who was sta- tioned here by the New Hampshire Conference. He came in 1858, an,d was succeeded by Rev. James Adams, Rev. N. L. Chase, Rev. Silas G-reene, Rev. Mr. Stinchfield, Rev. Joseph P. Frye, Rev. George C. Noyes, Rev. Mr. Stuart, Rev. H. H. Hartwell and Rev. Joseph Robinson. Rev. James Pike also preached at the church a short time, meetings. At an early period in the history of the society, there was a revival, and it is said that quite a large number of people believed that they were converted. The society flourished for a time, but at last it became evident that three religious societies in the town could not be sustained. The audiences gradually became smaller and smaller, and meetings at the church were suspended about the year 1886. THE UNIVERSALISTS. Jj^One of the first to promulgate the doctrine of universal salvation in the United States was Rev, John Murray. He was succeeded by Balfour, Ballou, Kneeland and others. >' |These, and other teachers of the denomination, claimed that the texts of scripture which was relied upon by the Congregationalists, Baptists, Catholics and others, to sup- HISTORY OF CAND1A. 225 port the doctrine of the eternal punishment of the wicked were merely figures of speech, which are not by any means to be understood as literal. The Universalists, on the other hand, rely upon many other texts in the Bible as proofs that all mankind will be finally saved. More than seventy years ago, there was -a-, number of Universalists in Candia, among whom were Col. Henry True Eaton and family and Jonathan Pillsbury, who lived in the house opposite to the present residence of Dr. Foster. At a later date, Capt. Gilman Richardson, Joseph Richard- son, and David Richardson were Universalists. Gilman Richardson was a subscriber to the Trumpet, the organ of the Universalist denomination in Boston. . It is said that, at a still later date,- Amos-. Morrison,' Ira : Godfrey, Shepherd Bean, Cyrus T. Lane, B. Smith and others, including several women, were professed Universa- lists. During the summer of 1846, the Rockingham Association of Universalists held its annual session at the old Free- will Baptist Meeting House. The session continued two days. Among the clergymen present, were Rev. Moses Ballou, of Portsmouth, Rev. Mr. Jewell, of Exeter, Rev. Mr. Lake, of Kingston, andRev. Solomon Laws, of Temple. The towns of Portsmouth, Exeter, Kingston, Kensington, Southampton, Poplin, Deerfield, Nottingham and Raymond were represented at the convention. ••■ A considerable number of women, vho belonged to the above mentioned towns, were also present. The clergymen and delegates were handsomely enter- tained by the people who resided in the village and vicinity. During the afternoon of the first day of the session, the vis- iting brethren sat down to a sumptuous collation in the vestry of the new church, which was furnished by the peo- ple who lived in the village. Cyrus T. Lane was the caterer on the occasion. The courtesy, of the proprietors of the new church, who allowed the Universalists to occupy their . vestry, was fully appreciated. During the convention, able and interesting sermons in support of the doctrine of the Universalists were preached »5 226 HISTORY OF CANDIA. by the Rev. Moses Ballou, Rev. Mr. Jewell. Rev. Mr. Lake, and also by Rev. Mr. Gage, formerly of Manchester. Various interesting addresses were made at the meetings by a number of delegates. For a considerable length of time, meetings were held at the Village school-house once' a fortnight by Universalis! preachers, who belonged in Portsmouth, Exeter and vicin- ity ; but it was finally deemed impracticable to organize a Universalist society in the town. , i THE SPIRITUALISTS. The doctrine that the spirits of the departed often hold communion with mortals who exist in the present age of the world,, was introduced into Candia about the year 1855. A few persons, who were denominated spiritual mediums, visited some of the families in the town at that time and gave sittings or seances, as they were called. In the course of a few months, a considerable number of the peo- ple were converted to the idea that they received genuine messages from their relatives and friends, whose bodies had long been resting in the grave. Spiritual physicians, who knew nothing ahout the science of medicine, in their normal condition, but professed to be ■ guided and instructed by skillful practitioners, who had de- parted to the celestial regions, had some practice in town. Among the converts to the new doctrine, were Leonard Dearborn and wife, Thomas Bean and wife, True French and wife, Mrs. Alamanza Roberts, Charles H. French, a Mr. Colby, who lived on the old Captain Libbee place, Lu- ther Flint and family,. Plumer W. Sanborn, Leonard F. Dearborn and wife and Henry Dearborn. Meetings were held at private residences for several years, at which ad- dresses, which were supposed to have been dictated by im- mortals, were delivered by professional mediums. Leonard Dearborn, sr. , and family removed to Lowell some time after they had become interested in spiritualism. After residing there a few years, Mr. Dearborn died, and his remains werebrought to Candia for burial in the old cem- etery. His funeral took place at the Methodist Church, HISTORY OF CANDIA, , 2 2 J and Mr. N. H. Greenleaf, a distinguished Spiritualist orator, made an able address. When Mr. Luther Flint died, his funeral was attended by a noted inspirational speaker.. All of those persons, whose names are here mentioned, professed to have derived much comfort and consolation from the additional evidence they had received, in- proof of the immortality of the soul, and that the state of those who have passed on to the celestial spheres i s ibne of infinite progression. THE ADVENT I STS. Many years ago, a preacher by the n:.me of William Miller preached the doctrine that the world would soon be destroyed and that Christ would nu ke his second appearance lo mortals. By closely studying the prophecies of the Bi- ble, he regarded it as certain that the great event would take place in 1843. But nothing unusual happened that year. Miller arad his followers acknowledged they had made a mistake in their cal ;ulations; but they were sure that the great event was very near, and might be expected at any moment. A considerable number of the preachers of this doctrin e have visited Candia at various times during the past forty years. Meetings have been held at the school-house on the North road and elsewheie, and converts to this system of theology have been secured. THE SOUTH ROAD FREE-WILL BAPTIST SOCIETY. About the year 1846, a Baptist minister named Winslow , ■came to town and preached at the school-house on the South Road. He awakened a strong religious interest among the people of that section of the town and the north part of Au- burn, and it was at length deemed expedient to build a meeting house to meet the demand -for better accommoda- tions. WiJ;h the assistance of some of the disaffected Con- gregationalists, who lived in that quarter of the town, and •others, a small meeting house was erected. Rev. J. B !28 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Oavis, a Free-Will Baptist minister^ of Manchester,, preached he dedication sermon. Public worship was sustained for a :onsiderable time, and various ministers officiated, among vhom was Rev. Thomas O. Reynolds, who was a native of he town. At length, the enterprise began to languish for trte vant of proper support. The audiences became smaller ind smaller, and finally the building was sold, taken down ind hauled to Auburn, and rebuilt on a spot near the rail- ■oad station. THE CATHOLICS. More than thirty years ago, a few families, who were Catholics, came to the town. Some of them settled on small farms, and others lived in hired tenements. A num- ber of other families came at various periods, until now there are about thirty adults who are connected with the; Catholic , Church. , For their accommodation, a Catholic priest, of Manchester, visits them at stated periods for the purpose of giving them instruction. Religious services, according to Catholic forms, are conducted at some of the dwelling houses of the faithful. CHAPTER XXIII. ' MISCELLANEOUS. FREE MASONRY. The institution of Free Masonry is said to have originat- ed in the time of King Solomon, at the building of the Temple of Jerusalem. It was introduced into the Ameri- can colonies previous to the War of the Revolution. Wash- ington, and many of the distinguished American citizens, were Masons. Lodges were established in most of the states of the Union, and the institution nourished up to the year 1826. A short time previous to that date, one William Morgan, who had been a member of a lodge in Batavia, N. Y., is said to have published a book in which all the se- crets of Masonry were exposed. It has been understood that the members of the Masonic fraternity charged that the statements contained in the book were mostly false and malicious. A few months after, the book appeared, it is said that Morgan very mysteriously disappeared, and was never heard of afterwards. The story of the publication of Morgan's book and his sudden disappearence was soon known all over the country, and it was charged that he was assasinated by a band of Masons in retaliation for exposing the secrets of the order. When it became known that Morgan had dropped out of sight there was in- tense excitement all over the land, which was followed by a feeling of bitter hostility to the institution of Masonry. A political party, called the Anti-Masonic party, was or- ganized, and newspapers were established for the avowed purpose of overthrowing the institution. In some of the states the Anti-Masons were in the majority. In many instances, the Masons and Anti-Masons, who lived together as neigh- bors, chreished a feeling of bitter hatred towards each other. The Masons in many parts of the country, who felt that 229 23O HISTORY OF CANDIA. they had been deeply wronged, deemed it best to close' their lodge rooms until the storm of passion and prejudice had passed away. All the lodge rooms in New Hampshire were substantially closed, and all work was suspended for a period of about fifteen years. When a better feeling on the part of the public was manifested, the lodge rooms were re-opened, and in the course of a few years new lodges were established in all parts of the country. Dur- ing the last thirty years, the order has prospered to a very- remarkable degree. MASONRY IN CANDIA. In November, 1826, the very year when Morgan is said to have been murdered, the people of Candia were afforded the first opportunity to witness the ceremonies connected with a Masonic funeral. Abel Follansbee, a native of Candia, died at Newmarket and his remains were brought to this town for burial in the old cemetery. Mr. Follansbee was a member of a Masonic lodge, and his funeral took place under the direction of the lodge to which he belonged. The lodge marched in procession from the Corner to the Con- gregational Church, where public services took place. Rev. Mr. Wheeler made an address, after which the customary masonic burial service took place. The body was then es~ corted to the cemetery, where other exercises took place, and now, after the lapse of sixty-five years, a few Candia people can distinctly remember the portly frame of Thomas Jenness, of Deerfield, the chaplain of the lodge, as he bore the great Bible in front of him upon a little platform, which hung from his shoulders, and the response "So mote it be'' from the brethren, which at intervals followed the words of the Worshipful Master and Chaplain during the ceremonies at the grave. Previous to 1866, there was a considerable number .-. f Masons in Candia who were members of lodges in Man- chester or other places in the neighborhood. Among them were Rufus Patten, Nehemiah Colby, Plumer W. San- born, Rev. James Adams, John H. Nutting, A. Frank Pat- ten. On June 16, 1866, a charter was obtained from the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 23 1 New Hampshire Qrand Lodge for the accommodation of the members of the fraternity living in Candia and vicinity. This was called the Rockingham Lodge, * The territory of the lodge embraces the towns of Candia, Deerfierd, Auburn, and the greatest part of Raymond. The members have been among the most intelligent and worthy citizens of the towns to which they belonged. The follow- ing are the names of the charter members of the lodge : Charles Martin, James Adams, Plumer W. Sanborn, Carr B. Haines, Rufus E. Patten, John K. Nay, A. Frank Patten, Jacob L. Barker, David Patten, Orlando Brown, Josiah P. Stinchfiejd, Joseph C. Cram, George H. Stevens, John G. Martin. The lodge room was established in the second story Of the building at the Corner, which had for nearly forty years been occupied for a store by Moore & Sargent, Henry M. Eaton, and others. The following are the names of the members of the lodge who have held the position of Worshipful Master : ( James Adams, Rufus E. Patten, A. Frank Patten, William B. Blake, Moses F. Emerson, Plumer W. Sanborn, Henry C. Sanborn, Walter J: Dudley, A,. F. Truel. Among the CarMia members of the lodge who have died - since it was organized are Rev. Silas Green, Rev. James Adams, Rufus E. Patten, Josiah S. Morrill, Henry R. 'Mor- rill. , ( All these were buried with Masonic honors. The re- mains of Rev. Mr. Green were escorted to Epsom for bur- ial by a very large number of the members of the lodge. Rufus E. Patten died in 1879, and his funeral took place at. the Methodist Church: A large number of the members of Rockingham Lodge', and more than sixty members of Trinity Comtnandery of Knights Templar of Manchester, of which the deceased was a member, were present on the occasion. ODD FELLOWSHIP. The order of Independent Odd Fellows was founded in Baltimore, mainly through the efforts of Thomas Wildey in the year 1819. It is a cooperative association and, upon the payment of certain fees and upon certain other speci- i$l HISTORY OF CANDIA. led conditions, the members are pledged to watch over the sick, to bury the dead and to promote each other's welfare jnder all circumstances. A lodge of Odd Fellows was organized by the officers of lye New Hampshire Grand Lodge, March 6, 1885. The odge is called Leola Lodge, No. 76. The following are :he names of the first members : L. E. Grant, J. H. Foster, Jonathan C. Hobbs, J. D- Bean, John T. Bean, T. B. Turner, C. H. Turner, Ira P. jodfrey, J. T. Nichols, George E. Eaton, Asa' T. Truel Hharles S. Smith, A. F. Smith, Charles S. Lang, Webster Varnum, E. W. Healey^ George W. Bean. First officers : Noble Grand, L. E. Grant ; Vice Grand, J. D. Bean ; Sec- retary, John H. Foster ; Treasurer, J. B. Turner. Present officers : Noble Grand, A. M. Freeman ; Vice Grand, George W. Bean ; Secretary, John D. Bean. John Brown, who resided for many years in the Lang- ford district, East Candia, was a member of this lodge. Upon his death in 1890, he bequeathed the lodge the sum of $500. THE DAUGHTERS OF REBEKAH. A branch of Odd Fellowship called "The Order of the Daughters of Rebekah" was instituted in Candia, October 17, 1889. The following are the names of the first officers : Noble Grand, T. B. Turner ; Vice Grand, Mrs. Webster Varnum ; Secretary, Miss Bessie Truel ; Treasurer, Mrs. A. F. Smith. Present officers : Noble Grand, Mrs. Charles Lang ; Vice Grand, Addie Turner ; Secretary, Mrs. J. H. Foster-; Treasurer, Mrs. A. F. Smith ; District Deputy Grand Master, T. B. Turner. THE GRAND ARMY OF THE 'REPUBLIC. The Grand Army of the. Republic was instituted soon HISTORY OF CANDIA. t$$ after the close of the war of the rebellion. The principal objects of the organization were to preserve and strengthen the fraternal relations which bind the soldiers Who 1 united to suppress the rebellion ; to perpetuate the memory and history of the dead ; to assist such comrades in arms as need help ; to extend aid to the widows and orphans of the fallen ; to maintain true allegiance to the United States and fidelity to the Constitution, and to encourage the spread of universal liberty, equal .rights and justice to all mankind. The national or central organization is called The United States Grand Army of the Republic There are' subordi- nate organizations of the army in most of the Northern States. The local organizations are called Posts. In 1864, a post called the D. B. Dudley Post, in honor of David B. Dudley, an officer in a Wisconsin regiment,- who was killed at Antietam, was instituted in Candia. He was a brother of W. J. Dudley. The following are the names of the first officers of the post : Commander, E. J. Godfrey ; Senior Vice Commander, Lewis D. Moore ; Junior Vice Commander, Charles A. Jones; Chaplain, Charles R. Rowe; Quartermaster, Cyrus W. Truel ; Officer of the Day, Merrill Johnson; Surgeon, Henry C. Buswell ; Officer of the Guard, D. F. Straw ; Adjutant, Charles H. Turner. The following are the names of the officers in 1890 : Commander, Alfred A. Mulliken ; Senior Vice Command- er, John K. Moore ; Junior Vice Commander, Daniel F. Straw; Chaplain, Charles R. Rowe ; Quartermaster, Cyrus W. Truel ; Adjutant, E. J. Godfrey. The first regular tavern in the town was probably opened about the year 1764, by Col. John Carr at his residence near the Congregational Church. Many of the first town meet- ings were held at the house both before and after the old meeting house was ready for occupation. During the progress of the War of the Revolution, the house was a sort J34 HISTORY OF CANDIA. of rendezvous or rallying point for the patriotic soldiers and citizens of the town. Soon after the close of the war, the house ceased to be a tavern. Stephen Clay, who lived opposite to the Carr mansion, kept a tavern for a considerable length of time. Samuel Anderson commencedTieeping a tavern in 1805, on the completion of the old Chester Turnpike. He built a very large house on that thoroughfare, and he afforded ac- commodations to a large number of people who journeyed ! from their homes in the northern and western sections of the state and Vermont to Boston, Haverhill and Salem. His house was frequently filled'to overflowing with guests. The stage, which passed from Concord to Haverhill and Boston, always stopped at his house to change horses. In 1822, the house, stable and other buildings were totally destroyed by fire. Other buildings were erected, and Mr. Anderson continued to keep a public house until 1842, when the Con- cord railroad was completed. , About the year 1821, Parker Morrill opened a tavern in a house situated on the north side of High Street, once owned by Capt. J. C. French, and now owned by Samuel A. Davis- He kept a tavern there about five years and then removed to Bridgewater. About the year 1828, Frederick Fitts commenced keeping a tavern at his residence, a short distance east of the Con- gregational Church and now occupied by John Patten. He erected a fine stable on the south side of the highway and opposite the old Fitts' mansion. A very large number of people from all sections of the town were present at the raising. Deacon Fitts painted a beautiful sign, which hung on iron hinges from a tall post near the tavern. In due course of time, the hinges became rusty, and for many years when the wind was high, the sign, as it swung to and fro, produced a screeching noise loud enough to scare all travelers on the road. Mr. Fitts kept his house open as a tavern about eight years. In 1835, William Turner commenced keeping tavern at the place at the Corner, now occupied by Henry W. Moore and previously owned by Benjamin Pillsbury. When the house was '.ii].:,f. - HISTORY OF CANDIA. 235 sold to John Moore, Esq., it was no longer kept as tavern. In 1853, Stephen B. Fitts moved a building, which he had for some time occupied as a store at East Candia, to a spot near the passenger station on the Portsmouth railroad at the new Depot Village. He converted the building into a tavern or hotel, and was the landlord for a year or two, when he was succeeded by Robie Smith. Mr. Smith sold Out his interest to B. F. Tilton, who came from Raymond. George W. Robinson was the next proprietor of the tavern. He added a hall to the main building for public meetings, dancing parties, and other, entertainments. MY. Robinson sold the concern to E. D. Webster, and he was succeeded by George W. Whittier, of Manchester. Mr. Whittier kept the house several years, and in 1887, he sold the property to Martin S. Butterfield. The present landlord is Timothy G. Fellows, formerly of Deerfield. LIBRARIES. In 1 79 1, the following named citizens of the town estab- lished the Candia Social Library and purchased a collection of books. Among those who were members of the associ- ation, -were John Robie, Col. Nathaniel Emerson, Ephraim Eaton, Samuel Anderson, Col. Henry True Eaton, Luke Eaton, Capt. John Sargent, Moses Fitts, Samuel Fitts, Dan- ,iel Fitts, Nathan Fitts, John Lane, sr., Moses Colby and Jonathan Pillsbury. The library was kept for some time at the house of Wal- .ter Clay, at the place where Mr. Spaulding now resides. Rev. Mr. Remington,' who was a man of fine literary tastes,, was greatly interested in the library', which was, well sus- tained for several years. It is said that it contained an ex- cellent collection of books. John Lane, sr., charged Moses' Fitts, an officer of the association, one pound and one shilling for a large case in which to deposit the books. About the year 1 8 10, the interest in the library began to subside, and finally the books were divided among the •members of the association. THE FEMALE LIBRARY. About the year 1795, a considerable number of the female *36 HISTORY OF CANDIA. members of the Congregational society formed an associa- tion, and purchased a collection of books for a library. A large proportion of the books were of a religious character- About sixty-five years ago, the library was discontinued, and the books were distributed among the members who owned it. THE CANDIA LITERARY SOCIETY. In 1824, a number,of the principal citizens of the town associated themselves together, for the purpose of estab- lishing a new library. The following are the names of the first members : John Lane, Ezekiel Lane, Joshua Lane, Peter Eaton, Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, Nathan Carr, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Col. Sam- uel Cass, John Rowe, John Pitts, Alfred Colby, Abraham Emerson, Francis Patten. Among the books which were first purchased for this li- brary, were Rollins' Ancient History, Plutarch's Lives, The Spectator, Gregory's Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, The American Encyclopedia, Morse's History of the American Revolution, Walter Scott's Waverly, History of the French Revolution, Marshall's Life of Washington, Irving's Life of Columbus. Dea. Daniel Fitts, who then owned the house where the widow of the late Dr. Page now resides, was the first libra- rian. He was succeeded by Peter Eaton, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Nathan Carr, George R. Bean, Nathaniel B. Hall, and J. Pike Hubbard. In 1837, the society admitted several new members. The following are their names : Nathan Brown, Samuel Clough, Leonard Dearborn, Rich- •ard Buswell, Thomas Emerson, Asa Fitts, John Moore, Benjamin Pillsbury, Samuel Martin, Freeman Parker, Jo- seph Hubbard, Stephen M. Baker, C. Edwin Eaton, Thom- as Lang. About the year 1850, the society voted to close the libra- ry and distribute the books. THE FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' LIBRARY. In 1858, the following named citizens of the town formed HISTORY OF CANDIA. 237 a stock company and established The Farmers' and Me- chanics' Library : John Rowe, John Lane, George B. Brown, Moses F. Em- erson, George Emerson, Gilman C. Lang, Austin Cass, John P. French, Alvin D. Dudley, J. Frank Fitts, M. D. ; William S. Healey, Asa E. Buswell, Jesse R. Fitts, William Crane, A. Frank fatten, Samuel A. Buswell. Austin Cass was the first librarian, and kept the library at his house. He held the position a few years, when the library was removed to the Depot Village, and John Rowe was librarian. He was succeeded by Gilman S. Lang, who was librarian several years. At length, George F. Cass was elected to rill the position, and the library was removed to his residence. This library flourished for a few years ; but many of the members of the association moved out of town, and it be- came difficult to keep up the library to a proper standard of usefulness. THE SMYTH PUBLIC LIBRARY. In 1888, Gov. Frederick Smyth, of Manchester, and a na- tive of Candia, founded a public library in the town, nam- ing it The Smyth Public Library. The following are the names of the officers of the institution : President, J Lane Fitts ; Directors, J. Lane Fitts, A. Frank Patten, George F. Cass, Woodbury J. Dudley, Al- bert E. Colcord, Frank P. Brown ; Librarian, Frank E. Page. The library was established at the residence of Frank E. Page, the librarian, and in the very place where, nearly seventy years before, the Candia Literary Society kept their library. The first installments of books were purchased and deposited with the librarian, and the library was opened to the public in 1889. Another -large collection of books was added in 1891. The institution has given great pleas- ure and satisfaction to the people of the town, who grate- fully appreciate this valuable token of Governor Smyth's interest in their welfare. STAGES. , Soon after the completion of the old Chester Turnpike in 238 HISTORY 01' CANDIA. v 1805, a line of stages was established to run from Concord to Haverhill, passing through Pembroke, Allenstown, Can- dia, Auburn, Chester, Hampstead and Atkinson. At Hav- erhill the line connected with one which ran from that town to Boston. The stage at first made two trips a week, but when the line was better patronized, three trips a week were made The horses were changed al, Anderson's tav- ern, and the stage arrived there from Concord about 9 o'clock, A. M. On its return from Haverhill, it reached Anderson's at about 4 o'clock, P. M. The fare from Can- dia to Boston was three dollars. Sometimes there was a lively competition between this line and > another, which ran from Concord to Boston over the Londonderry Turn- pike. In the pleasant days of summer, there waj some enjoy- ment in riding upon the turnpike, over the hills and through the valleys, on the outside of the stage, high up in the seat above that of the driver; but in the coldest days of winter, when the mercury in the thermometer was ten degrees be- low zero, it was quite another matter, and it was not strange that the shivering passengers were glad' enough to hover for a few moments around the great blazing fire in Mr.' Anderson's bar-room, while the horses were Wing changed, and were greatly cheered and comforted by the tumblers of hot rum sling furnished by the accommodating landlord. 1 The building of the Turnpike, and the running of a splen- did carriage, hung on thorough-braces and' drawn by six horses, from Concord to Boston in twelve hours, was con- sidered a wonderful achievement in those days. At one period, the stages of this line passed from Hook- sett to Chester over the old Chester road, and horses were changed at Clark's tavern in Chester, now Auburn. Thom- as Pearsons was the driver of the stage for many years. He was succeeded by a man by the name of Stevens. In 1842, when the Concord Railroad was completed, the stages which passed over the Turnpike were withdrawn. In 1834', Stephen Osgood, of Raymond, established a line of stages from Pittsfield to Lowell. The stages-of this line passed through Deerfield and Candia. At Chester, this HISTROY OF CANDIA. 339 line intersected with another which ran from Dover through Raymond. This line carried the mail and arrived at Can. dia Corner from Lowell at 4 o'clock, P. M. These stages were withdrawn about 1842. A short time previous to 1843. a stage ran f.om Manches- ter to Newmarket through Candia. This line also carried the mail and arrived in Candia from Manchester about noon. _ A Mr. Cate, brother of John Cate, a Mr. Mack and •others, were employed as drivers. On the completion of the Candia branch of the Portsmouth Railroad, in 1862, this line was withdrawn. / About 1855, some parties in Deerfield commenced run- ning a stage from the Candia railroad station to Deorfield Parade to carry the mail and passengers between those places. There have been various owners of this line, which has been fairly patrpnized from the time it was es- tablished to the present date. CANDIA MUTUAL HIRE INSURANCE COMPANY. The above named company was organized April 28, 1859. The following are the names of the first board of directors : John Rowe, John Moore, Esq., John Smith, Rufus E. Pat- ten, Cyrus T. Lane, Benjamin P. Colby, Alfred D. Fitts ■ President, Plumer W. Sanborn. Present board of directors : Isaiah S. Lang, Isaac Fitts, Ira P. Godfrey, J. R. Batch- elder, Daniel S. Bean, A. Frank Patten, Moses F: French; President, Isaac Fitts ; Secretary and Treasurer, Moses F. Emerson. The company has met with some losses, but is now in a very prosperous condition. The total number of policies at the present time, is 129; total amount of insurance on said policies, $83,570; amount of premium notes, $5,184. The following is a list of the losses which the company has sustained : By the burning of the building at Depot Village, known as Ladd & Barker's store, in 1878, $1,690.98. The build- ing was insured for $1,500. The company declined to pay 140 HISTORY OF CANDIA. he insurance, on account of some alleged irregularities oi some of the parties interested in the case. The action was tried in the Supreme Court at Manches. er, and the verdict of the jury was against the company. The said company expended nearly $300 for costs and at- orneys' fees. Gen. A. F. Stevens and Capt. W. R. Patten ippeared for the company, C. R. Morrison for the plaintiff. A barn, which belonged to William H. Knowlton, was struck by lightning in 1881. The building and contents were insured in this company, and a small sum was paid ;o the owner. On February 27, i860, a dwelling house on the Turnpike, which belonged to David B. Langley, was burned. The ;ompany paid the owner $164.68. A small house, which was situated near Hall's mountain and owned by a Mr. Connor, was burned a few years ago. It was insured in this company, and the owner was paid $100. The company has sustained no Josses whatever since 1881. LIST OF TAXPAYERS IN l8lO. Anderson — Samuel, Mary. Bean — Abraham, Benjamin, Reuben, Moses, Jonathan, jr., Daniel ; Bagley— Jonathan, Winthrop, William, Samuel, John, Nathan; Brown — Caleb, Caleb, jr., David, Daniel, Aaron, Sewell, Nathan, Jonathan ; Batchelder — Benjamin, Odlin ; Buswell — John, Moses, Samuel ; Burleigh — William; Burpee — Nathaniel, Nathaniel, jr. ,Carr— John, Joseph ; Clark— Henry, Joseph, Joshua ; Cammet— John, John, jr, ; Cass— Samuel, Benjamin ; Clay —John, Stephen, Stephen jr., Walter; Clough— Samuel, Theophilus,' Elijah, Samuel, jr.; Clifford— John, John, jr., Zachariah, William, Joseph; Colby— Moses, Seth, Nehe- tniah ; Colcord— Samuel ; Collins — Samuel, Jonathan , Cur- rier— Timothy, Jonathan, Benjamin,, Theophilus; Critchet —James ; Cheney— Eleazer B. ; Dearborn— Samuel, Moses, John, Samuel, jr. Dolber — Israel, John ; Davis — Benjamin. HENRY M. EATON. Sketch, page 502. ■•■ mi '■ :if%, a. •'•..-'*, i, ri;yT., <"' u!, iesse, D.jvjci, ' ; *C-f**t;-* _'■*,-.«■ a :«;■ 'Ma?ikAi-»i«l, ", S,i roue], Moses; • S-«j .V, us ■-.. ■■>'''• N'uhoissi, -., M, ,.•>-., iVfofiM, ,.",, ;»..;, }■.'.?(-. .h j. :s»ki (':. • F(<-'" •-S&n.iiei Joseph, lames; f ft * ■•} suite!, ,-• ,»s, Sa'naei, -iV.rahara, R""-Heu, Nathan : 'f > ii^*-*Ste^htffs, John, John, jr. i*et- r, Wn! v/i. ■ * 'fc-'if/.; -Ephrairn ; nriffin-— l),v,'; »i'"'. - f'teftjun 'u.; jvrrath.in; '!■>»•■ .= Tiiorcw , Hub- ffttf i .f ~ f-^jfjgin. f ..»;.';iu.a» Jk««;> ••• ■..-., - EH Va-,u fob,,. j, 7 h rt , jr., Tihr.nae >'; Lang 1 — Bet ja-.nju. " ; < 'ijaftii- : l-)'hV«— ! .,{ob, jsfui'c. ,» ^'. fv .' -i.w.* '. 'V;.i— John, Stephen; Ma,-in~!o- »e»i< ; M . . •■ iwn; i.'. Samuel, jr., AdoMuaui r Moose— ?''«']!:, \ si*i' rv, *'Wiv a An irew ; Moovi's*— rSarmu i, "■.'ii.-.ift/.... •••*;.>;). Stephen. Moses, WVIiaro • Pii'iburj— ' ;]-'*■'■ '' ■ -;hic — W^i-. . alter, ~ : r., John. Wil- liam, !.«" ■' Sarj-'k'- ■ ,iTY),;d, Ji ■•rta.r.ei Sanies jif.-" --.-". ;-. ; .. Tayler if} , i '--fC' ■ s . Va.r ; earned > . .- erected a" ;Y . ■ ii.ure is iw and >t b; £■■■ av:rn 1891, when he resigned af- ter a continuous service of 35 years. He was succeeded by H. Hutchins for three months, and he by L. P. Brown, the present agent. The passenger station at Cass's Crossing was erected on the west side of South Road and on the south side of the railroad track. Samuel Robie was appointed station agent. On account of a lack of business the Concord and Ports- mouth Railroad, after having been operated for a period of eight years, proved to be a financial failure. No dividends if-..- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 247 could be paid to the owners and the stdck on the corpora- tion fell to a very low figure. The citizens of Candia who took the stock of the corporation in payment for the land ,which was taken for the road never realized anything from their investments. In i860, the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad was leased to the Concord Railroad corporation. At about the same time the Candia Branch Railroad extending from Manches- ter was chartered by the legislature and that part of the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad which extended from the station at the Depot Village in Candia to Suncook was dis- continued; and the rails were taken up. The Candia Branch Railroad was built :n i860. The following are the names of the owners of land which was purchased for the new thoroughfare to Manchester and the sums paid to each: John Robie, $431 66; Jeremiah Lane, J57 83 ; Benjamin Cass, $301 33 ; Henry M. Eaton, $62 85 ; Mrs. John D. Patterson, $1048. Francis Patten, $92 50: Abraham Emerson, $109 16 ; Freeman Parker, $63 33 ; E. P. Prescott, $42 50. The road was opened to Manchester, in 1861. In 1888, •a passenger station was erected at East Candia and George W. Griffin was appointed agent. PERAMBULATING THE LINES. A law was enacted by the legislature many years ago -which provided that the boundary lines between the sever- al towns of the state should be perambulated or walked ov- er once in seven years for the purpose of ascertaining as to whether the monuments, which had been set at] the time when the towns were incorporated, were in their proper places and in a good state of preservation. This duty was performed by a joint committee of Selectmen from the towns which bordered upon each other. Thus a commit- tee of the Selectmen of Candia and Chester upon a, day ap- pointed would meet together and walk carefully over the line dividing the towns through swamps and valleys and over rough crags and hills, and if they found any of -the monuments which marked the lines decayed or displaced 248 HISTORY OF CANDIA they forthwith repaired or restored them to their proper po- sitions. When the, time came that the line between Can- dia and Deerfield was to be perambulated another joint committee consisting of the Selectmen of these towns per- formed the same duty as was done in the case of Candia. arid Chester, and so on until the boundary lines between all of the towns had been examined. After each perambu- lation of the lines had been made, a certificate to that ef- fect was made and inscribed in the records of the several towns and signed by the members of the joint committees of the Selectmen who performed the service. CHAPTER XXIV. INDUSTRIES. HISTORY OF MILLS. MILLS AT THE VILLAGE. William Turner, who settled on Lot No. 35, 3d. Division, built a saw mill on the stream at the village a short time previous. to 1756, at the spot where the present grist and saw mills are located. This was the first mill built in the town. Joseph Bean built a grist mill near by a few years, after- wards and, from that time, a grist mill has been in oper- ation at this spot. There have been many owners of these mills during the past hundred and forty years, among whom were the late Judge Butler of Deerfield. At the present time there is a grist and shingle mill at this place, which is owned by Charles H. French and Oscar Hall. Thomas and Moses Critchett carried on the business of carriage making many years in a building adjoining the grist mill, and were furnished with water power from the same pond. Elder Bean had a small mill for grinding bark for his tannery at this place. About the year 1 806, a saw mill was erected on the stream at the village a short distance above the grist mill just de- scribed and a few rods from the present F. W. Baptist church. Asa Ordway soon afterwards erected a building near this saw mill and put in a carding machine. ' Mr. Ordway died in 18 12 and Elihu B. Cheney, who came from Deer- field, bought the carding machine and operated it many years. Mr. Cheney also bought the saw mill and operated *49 25O HISTORY OF CANDIA. it in connection with his carding- machine. He finally sold the property to Enoch Brown of Deerfield. These mills were demolished more than thirty years ago. Charles S. Bagley, who came from Goffstown, erected a clothing mill about sixty rods below the highway which ex- tends through the village.". In 1821, Freeman Parker came from Bedford to Candia and bought Mr. Ordway's mill, to put in a new carding machine and machinery for dressing cloth for men's and women's wear. He also put in ma- chinery for rolling sole leather. In 1846, Mr. Parker sold the mill to Jason Godfrey, when it was changed to a saw mill. Mr. Godfrey operated the mill a considerable time, and then sold it to a man by the name of William Wall. In a year or two Mr. Wall sold the property to George E. Eaton and Charles H French, who are the present owners, MILLS AT THE ISLAND. In 1757, Samuel Eastman and Samuel Eastman, jr., who came from Kingston, bought part of Lot No. 78, 3d. Divis- ion, which is situated in the east part of the town near the Raymond line, and built a saw mill and dwelling house. In 1759, the property was destroyed by fire, and a new mill and dwelling house were erected about forty rods further up the stream. After a few years David Beane, who came to Candia from Epping, bought the place and operated the mill a consid- able time, when it was destroyed by a fire which' was running in the woods near by. Mr. Beane erected another mill on the same site. The property descended to his son, Abraham Beane, and in 18 12 the latter built a new dam about sixty rods above the old mill and erected a saw mill and grist mill. The stream which flowed from the mills and another stream which came through the raceway united at a point nearly a quarter atf a mile below and formed an island. It was fronvthis circumstance that the neighborhood is called " The Island. " Deacon Beane operated the mills many years with suc- cess. He died, Oct. 29th, 1833. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 25 1 Joseph Beane, son of Deacon Abraham Beane, was the next owner of the property. After his death there were va- rious owners, until finally it was sold to Joseph A John- son, who came from Deny in 1863. He is the owner at the present time. MILLS IN THE NEW BOSTON NEIGHBORHOOD. The first mill in this section of the town was erected by Ensign Clay, Benjamin Lang and others on the stream which flows from the west part of the town to the vil- lage and the Island more than eighty years ago. A saw mill was first built at this place, and a few years ( later a grist mill was erected at the same dam. A man by the name of Judkins was one of the owners. Abel Love- joy had charge of both of the mills from about 1824 to 1836. About the year 1846, Franklin Clay built a steam mill on a spot on the New Boston road near the residence of Isaiah Lang. He put in machinery of various kinds and employed a considerable number of hands in making ta- bles, bedsteads and various kinds of furniture. The en- terprize required considerable capital, and was not a de- cided success. The mill was burned about the year 1849. Several years afterwards he built a new and expensive dam and erect a new saw mill at the site upon the river in the New Boston neighborhood where his grandfather, Ensign Clay, owned and operated a saw mill many years previously. He carried on the business of manufactur- ing lumber of various kinds for several years, after which John E. Fitts, a resident of the village, had charge of the works. In 1874, the mill was totally destroyed by fire. THe SAW MILL ON THE NORTH ROAD. , Obededom Hall, the first settler on, the North Road, built a saw mill upon the same stream as the Clay mill about a mile and a half above the latter, as early as 1770. This mill has been remodeled and improved at various times. Among its owners were Nathan Brown, Abra- 252 . HISTORY OF CANDIA. ham, Nathan and Jesse Fitts,, Sargent Hall, Obededom Hall, jr., Daniel and Samuel Fitts, Captain Abraham Fitts, Jon- athan Hobbs and John Rowe. In 1824, the mill was rebuilt and about the year 1840 a shingle mill was built just below. A large amount of bus- iness has been done at this mill during the winters and ' springs for many years. About eighty-five years ago, Benjamin Hall, son of the first Obededom Hall, built a grist mill on the mill stream a few rods above the cross road which extends from High Street to Deerfield. After a few years he sold out to Abra- ham Fitts, who operated the mill many years. Mr. Fitts was suceeeded in the ownership of the mill by Joshua C. Hall, Mr. Randlett and others, until about twenty years ago Samuel C. Davis bought the property'. He changed the grist mill to a saw mill and erected a shingle- mill. 1 THE GENESEE MILL. More than ninety years ago a saw mill was erected on the Stream whieh flows from Kinnicum Pond through Moose Meadow and across the turnpike above the resi- dence of Dearborn French 'and empties into the Tower Hill Pond. Among the original owners were Benjamin Hub- bard, John Cammett, Stephen Fifield, Jonathan Brown, Dea, Samuel 1 Cass and David Brown, A profitable busi- ness was done at this mill for many years. It was demol- isheb abont forty years ago, MAPLE FALLS MILL. This mill was situated on the stream which runs from ' Sawyer's and Sargent's ponds in Hooksett. It was built on the reserve between the fifth and sixth ranges of lots in the third division, Among the original owners of this mill were Aaron Brown. Benjamin Cass, Samuel Morrill, Theophilus Clough, Benjamin Hubbard, David Brown and Samuel Cass. 1 BROWN'S MILL, Aaron Brown, jr,, about fifty years ago built a saw mill HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3 53 on the north fork of the stream which flows from the west part of the town through the New Boston neighborhood to the Village. A large amount of business has been done at this mill. The present owner is George C. Brown, son of the first oyvner. THE KNOWLES OR CASS MILL. Ezekiel Knowles, who was the first settler on Lot No. no, 3d. Division, in 1777, built a grist mill on the stream which is formed by 9mall rivulets flowing from the height of land situated near the southwest part of the town and Brown's meadow. The mill was rebuilt by the Knowles family, in 1805, In 1825, the Knowles' place and the mill was sold to Col. Samuel Cass, who made important improvements in 1830. At the death of Col. Cass, in 1854, the mill came into the possession of his son, J. Quincy Cass. He died in 1878 and the mill was soon afterwards demolished. 7 ' emerson's mill. Sometime before the war of the Revolution Col. Nathan- iel Emerson and several other persons, built' a saw mill on the stream which operated the old Knowles' mill. The Emerson mill was located a few rods south of the rail- rgad station at the Depot village. In the year 1805, the mill was torn down and another erected about twelve rods far- ther down the stream, When the new road from the De- pot Village was built, in 1852, a mill was erected still far- ther down the stream. A circular saw was put in at that time by Abraham Emerson and Coffin Moore the proprie- tors. Lewis Simons of Manchester owned the mill several years. The present proprietor is David Brown. THE PATTEN MILL. A saw mill was' built many years ago upon the stream which operated the Knowles mill and the Emerson mill at * a point near the Concord and Portsmouth railroad, about halfa mile west of East Candia depot. Of the first owners were J. Wason, M. Patten and Mr. Whittier; more recently 254 HISTORY OF CANDIA. were J. Osgood Wason, Col. Rufus Patten, George Brown, John Abbott, George Patten, Charles Emerson and David Gile. During the past six years but little business has been done at this mill. , FARMING. In the early part of the pfesent century the business of farming in our town had reached a good degree of prosper- ity. A large proportion of the land had been cleared of its forests and vast quantities of boulders of various sizes, that had been lying upon or near the surface, were piled up in great heaps on some barren place. Many "of the fields and pastures had been walled in at, a vast expendi- ture of labor; the soil had not become exhausted of its fer- tilizing qualities; and the farmers of those days, unlike those of a more modern date, were not embarrassed by the difficulty of procuring assistance in cultivating their lands. Many of the people of those times had very large families of children, often ten or a dozen. Children were not then regarded as an incumbrance and a misfortune, but as a blessing and a positive benefit to their parents. They were not indulged in every whim and. caprice or allowed to over- rule their parents, as is too often the case in these days; but they were taught and compelled to obey their parents and show respect to their elders. Moreover, they were taught to largely depend upon themselves, and when the boys were eight or ten years of age, they made themselves use- ful upon the farm, and when they had entered upon their, teens they could dextrously handle the ax, the hoe, the shovel and the scythe, to perform more than half as much labor as an average hired hand. The girls also gave val- uable assistance to their mothers in managing the affairs of the household, There were no great manufacturing towns in those days where young men and women could earn great wages, so many of them were content to stay at home and help to carry on the farm, until they were old enough' to get married and set up for themselves. The thrifty farmers of those days could easily procure all the labor they might HISTORY OF CANDIA. 255 need from among that class who had no farms of their own at moderate compensation. In winter the labors of the farmers were light and easy as compared to those of the most of the other seasons of the year. | The cattle and other stock were cared for, fires were tended, the snow was shoveled from the doors, and paths opened to the barn and the highway. Bags of corn, rye and wheat were taken at intervals to the grist mill for grind- ing. The year's supply of wood had to be cut in the for- est and hauled to the great door yard. A few pine and hem- lock logs had to cut and taken to the mill and sawed into boards for fencing or repairs upon the buildings. 1 Towards the last of February the hens and roosters be- gin to cackle, the turkeys gobble and a few of the pullets commence to lay. Later on, a few lambs and calves make their appearance. How delighted are the children to jump over into the pens in the barn and take up the tender lambs and fondle them in their arms, or hug the calves around their necks and look into their great, soft and won- dering -eyes. Sometimes a lamb is disowned by its mother and the poor thing is taken- into the house, to be placed in a basket upon a warm blanket and kindly nursed in the hope of saving it for future usefulness. But the experi- ment often failed and the poor lamb, after a few hours of ; struggles and sufferings, gives up the ghost, How pitiful are its moans through the long, dreary night and how sin- cerely is it mourned by the children. The bodies of the dead lambs were often hung' upon the limbs of apple trees out of the reach of dogs, for the purpose of preventing the latter from acquiring a habit of attacking and devouring sheep as they roamed in the pastures. By the first of March, as the winter term of the district school closed, the bigger boys were required to assist in chopping the fire-w®od. With the thick, clumsy axes of that period this was no easy task, and sometimes it re- quired two or three hours for a boy a dozen years old to ' chop a great rock maple log in four sections half through ready for turning. The hands of some of the boys became cracked and sore, inside and out, by the jar made in chop- ping in the wind, and very queer remedies were prescribed'. 25& HISTORY OF CANDIA. Very early in the spring arrangements are made for t manufacturing of maple sugar. The wooden buckets a: spouts are put in order, the trees are tapped and the sap brought to the house and boiled down in pots and kettl over the kitchen fire. In case the maple trees are standi at a considerate distance from the house, a camp with needful conveniences is constructed, and the sap is boiL down in great iron kettles. When the time for sugaring < arrives, the boys and girls of the neighborhood have jolly time at the camp or in the' kitchen. Sometimes, after n very warm day,' the weather sudden becomes very cold during the night and all the sap remai ino-in the buckets is frozen and all the saccharine matter concentrated into the richest kind of syrup. In former da many of the farmers made nearly enough sugar and syr • for the year's supply; but at this date there are compai tively few maple trees in town and only little sugar is mac Towards the end of March the blue birds, the robins, t sparrows and the pewees have- arrived, and a few days ] ter flocks of wild geese, in harrow-shaped columns, e flying at intervals high up in the air under the leadership an old and trusted gander, headed for the bays and islets Labrador. Sometimes these birds of passage alighted Tower Hill pond or. Lake Massabesic to rest their tii wings. Now and then a great loon or crane might ha been seen far up in the heavens at early evening twilij slowly flopping its great wings as it journeyed towards 1 northern regions. As the days grow longer and warmer the frogs are pet ing in the swamps and the rank, green stalks and leaves the Indian Poke or' Skunk Cabbage are shobting up in 1 meadows. The boys are set to work picking the rocks small boulders on the fields,' that were laid down to grj the previous year. Board fences are constructed and < ones are repaired. While the workmen are driving chestnut ' stakes into the ground or twist about tfiem I withes of green birch boughs to support the three or fi tiers of boards one above another, they were very lia to come spank upon a big black snake and his ms lying near the hole which had been their winter habitatii GEORGE HALL. Sketch, page 518. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2 57 And now it is time to set up the great mash tub near the outside kitchen door and fill it with ashes, to make the year's supply of soft soap. No hard or bar soap was known in the town in those days, except the small cakes of cast steel soap used for shaving. "The women folks" poured the hot water upon the ashes in the tub and soon the dark lye was drawn off through a hole in the bottom of the tub, and boiled with the grease that had accumulated during the year. And now the spring rye, wheat, oats and flax must be sown; apple trees must be pruned and grafted, and young apple and pear trees' must be set out. Until within a few years, great crops of luscious^peaches or rare-ripes, as they were called, were raised; but now, for some reason, the at- tempt to raise this kind of fruit is generally a failure. About the, first of April, great broods of chickens are hatched and the old goose comes from the pen with a dozen or so of pale-green, velvety goslings. The martins and swallows have arrived and are skimming swiftly over the fields and meadows. On rainy days, some of the boys must go to the dark, damp cellar and sit for hours by the light of a tallow candle and sprout potatoes; or mount to the garret and shell corn upon the long handle of an old- fashioned frying pan. The cowslips are blooming in the valleys; the fields are spangled all over with the yellow dandelions and every- body can enjoy the coveted mess of boiled greens. By the twentieth of May, the bob-o-links, the thrushes and the gold robins have come; the apple trees are in full bloom, and the 'corn, potatoes and the beans must be planted. There were no corn planters in those times, arid each hill had to be dug out and covered with the hoe. The boys and girls are delighted to be detailed to drop the corn and other seeds, and are scrupulously careful to drop just five kernels of corn in each hill and one pumpkin seed Jin each alternate hill in every other row. When the corn is planted something must be done to de- ter the crows from trespassing on the grounds. Some- times long lines of twine are stretched across the fields, to 17 258 HISTORY OF CANDIA. make the foolish crows believe that a deadly trap is set for them; and sometimes a dead crow is hung to a stake as a solemn warning; but the images of men and women in va- rious postures were the chief reliance. The figures of the old women with old straw bonnets and in gowns dangling about the stakes, and those of the men with outstretched arms and pantaloons highly ornamented in certain places with great patches, made an interesting exhibition for the people who passed along the roads near by. Then the corn and potatoes must be hoed. A furrow is first plowed between the rows by horse power. The plow was often stopped by a deeply seated boulder when, as a consequence, the small boy that rode and guided the horse was suddenly pitched forward over the head of the animal to the ground. The boy generally picked himself up with- out a murmur and resumed his place as if nothing had hap- pened. When the cattle had been turned out to pasture, how the children love to climb t© the scaffolds and the high beams in the barn and jump down into the bay upon a ton or two of hay, while the chattering swallows under 'the ridge pole are chasing each other from one end of the barn to the oth- er; and how delighted they are to roam over the fields and pastures, to gather the sweet, ripe strawberries! Early in June, the fields of rye and wheat are waving majestically in the gentle summer gales; the sweet grass in the pastures is abundant; the cows come home at evening with their richest treasures and serenely chew their cuds in a mood of perfect satisfaction and contentment. The cows in the town seventy-five years ago were the descendants of those sent over from England and Holland to the early colonists of New Hampshire and Massachusetts two hundred and fifty years ago and many of them, when they were well cared for, were fully as valuable tor all pur- poses as are the average breeds of modern days, and the same may be said of many of the oxen that drew the plows and hauled,the loaded carts at that period. Many of the children of the farmers at ~ that time were initiated into the mysteries pertaining to the art of milking when they were eight or ten years old and at their first at- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 259 tempts in this line it frequently happened that the old cow placed one of her feet squarely down into a twelve quart pail of milk or kicked it over altogether. . On some warm and pleasant day after the planting has been completed, the sheep must be washed. This was generalLy done in some swiftly-running stream below a saw or grist mill. The boys were allowed to wash the lambs and their struggles with the frightened creatures in the water afforded some fun to the lookers-on. The , sheep of those days often caused their owners much- trouble by jumping over the walls and fences into the cultivated fields under the lead of an old ram or bell wether. .In such cases fettering the legs of the sheep was considered the only remedy. i The reference to sheep'recalls a passage in Thomas Car- lyle's great essay upon the life of Dr." Samuel Johnson. After quoting the statement of the German philosopher, Jean Paul, that a whole flock of sheep will jump over an imaginary .pole after the real pole over which the bell weth- er has jumped has been removed, Carlyle declares that the great masses of mankind are utterally incapable of guiding themselves and, like stupid sheep, they too must have their bellwethers and jump over nothing, blindly following those who undertake to lead -them, whether in the matter of fashion, pblitics or religion; without knowing or caring to know why they are led this way, that or the other. Haying begins soon after the 4th of July. A.few .patches ®f grass around the house are first mowed, and soon after the' red-top and clover fields are attacked. Before mowing machines came into use haying was very hard work. The, farmers often went to the fields soonjafter sunrise and mow- ed until seven p'clockwhen breakfast was served. -In the course of the forenoon the workmen in the hot sun often uncovered a big bumble bees' nest. After the bees had been put to rout the victors enjoyed the taste of the delicious honey that had been.' secured. At noon the old meeting house bell or a tin trumpet sum- mons the hungry laborers to dinner. The afternoon is de- voted to raking and getting in the hay. Five o'clock is the hour for supper, and the work is often continued until after 260 HISTORY OF CAKDIA. sunset. And as the coming twilight is' fading away the whip-poor-wills are singing in the woods and ■ thickets; the night hawks are swooping down perpendicularly from the sky; the lightning bugs have come upon the scene and the air is filled with glittering sparks of fire. Previous to 1820, the farmers of the town raised more than enough wheat for the use of all their families. At that time the coopers now and then brought a barrel or two of flour from Newburyport in exchange for their fish barrels. This flour had been manufactured in Genesee county, New York, then regarded as the greatest wheat producing section in the country. After haying, the industrious and thrifty farmers take the opportunity to cut and burn the bushes, the brakes, the hard-hacks and ferns that encumber their fields and pas- tures; dig and remove the rocks and otherwise improve their lands. In the meantime, the blue-berries, the black- berries and other wild fruits have ripened and there is a plenty of green pea;, new potatoes, string and shell beans, beets and other garden sauce, so the farmers and their fam- ilies can enjoy a feast fit for a king. Soon the early ap- ples, peaches and pears begin to ripen, and in the latter part of August baked sweet apples and milk are among the luxuries of the supper table. And now the days grow shorter, the crickets begin to chirrup and the nights become cooler. Many of the flow- ers in the fields and gardens are glorious in their beauty, and the humming birds and bees are darting from one to another, sipping the sweet nectar they contain. The ear- ly frosts generally come by the twentieth of September, the Indian -summer sets in, and the forests are soon arrayed in gorgeous robes of yellow, crimson, emerald, purple and gold. Millions of birds are winging their course to the sun- ny regions of the south. The corn in the fields is cut, brought to the house and piled in a huge heap upon the barn floor. From twenty to thirty men and boys gather around the heap, sitting in old chairs and on milking stools or on bunches of corn fodder. An old-fashioned tin lantern with one tallow candle inside is hung by a ring to the long handle of a pitchfork that is HISTORY OF CANDIA. 26 I stuck horizontally into the .side of the hay mow next to the corn to be husked; and then, by the feeble, glimmering light the company sit five or six hours busily stripping the husks from the glossy ears, and telling stories, cracking jokes, singing songs or talking good sound sense, accord- ing as the spirit moves. Once in a while some of them go out of the barn for a short time to straighten out their be-' < numbed and cramped limbs, and to look up with wonder to the sparkling stars through the cool, clear atmosphere and pick out from among them the Great Bear, the North Star, the Pleiades or Cassiopeia. The owner of the corn and an assistant hav; as mu:h as thsy can attend to in taking up great armfuls o'f unhusked corn and throwing them down into the laps of each member of the company, and taking the great baskets of ears as they became husk- ed to the garret. Seventy-five years ago and later an abundance of liquor was furnished the husking party and a junk bottle was passed to each member and all with scarcely an exception took a good dram. When all the corn had been husked the party, men and boys, partook of a grand supper of baked lamb, baked beans, Indian pudding, pumpkin pies, doughnuts, etc. In October, the potatoes are dug and along with the ap- ples and garden vegetables are.plaqed in the cellar. Great cart loads of apples are taken to the mill and ' made into cider Many of the farmers of those days had great orchards of apple trees; but there was only a little grafted fruit be- fore the year 1825. The most of the apple trees were of the native varieties, the fruit of no two being alike. While the most of the native trees bore fruit totally unfit to eat there were others that produced large, fair and finely flav- ored apples, fully equal to the Baldwins of a later date. Large loads of the inferior qualities of apples are drawn to the mill to be made into cider. The apples are placed in a hopper and crushed between two upright wheels, upon one of which long, deep grooves are cut to receive the projecting tenons cut in the other, when both are closely locked together. The mill was operated by a long, crook- 262 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4 ed horizontal lever or crane which at one end was attached to a perpendicular shaft connected with one of the wheels and at the other, to a horse, As the horse moved round and round in a circle the apples were crushed with a groan- ing or shrieking sound and the pumice fell into a great wooden trough. A boy sitting upon a plank placed across ■the trough and close to the machinery, with a small wood- en paddle, removed the portion of the pumice that adherred to the wheels, or "nuts" as they were then called. This operation was called "scraping the nuts."" The pumice is then taken to the press, which is fitted with great wooden screws, and placed upon nice clean oat straw layer u pon layer, until the pile, or "cheese'' as it was called, was four or five feet high, The screws are then applied and soon many little rivulets of cider are flowing down into a vat made by cutting a molasses or rum hogshead in twain. Then was the' time the boys and girls were orr hand to suck through oat straws their fill of the sweet fluid as it carte. from the press. < There were cider mills in all parts of the town and many great piles of pumice were to be seen along the roadside near by. Great quantities of cider were made, some far- mers making fifty barrels or more, and a few not over four or five barrels. The women in October have been kept busily employed in paring and stringing apples; and now, after the cider has been made many large quantities are boiled down, the old brass kettle is brought forth and the supply for the win- ter of rich, brown apple sauce is made arid stored away in the cellar. And now November has come; the fierce winds begin to blow causing the rafters and braces in the houses and barns to sway slightly and creak. As it becomes colder the ponds and streams are frozen over and though fhe boys have few if any skates, they love to slide just the same, though they are quite liable to fall and bump their heads upon the ice and see stars in the day time. When .a very cold snap comes before much s«o w has fallen the deeply frozen ground in many places cracks and opens in zig-zag seams a dozen, or twenty rods in le ngth HISTORY OF CANDIA. 263 with a loud report, causing the buildings to tremble. In the coldest and most, frosty weather the nails ' in the sides and roofs of the buildings snap and break with a noise like the report of a musket. Towards the last of November, Thanksgiving day arrives and the grown-up sons and daughters, with their wives and husbands, meet at the family mansion of one or the other of their parents to have a good time in communing with one another, and to enjoy the chicken pies, the roast turkey, the plum puddings and the mince, apple and pump- kin pies set before them. Early in December, after the hogs and beef cattle were slaughtered, the sausages have been made and the candles for the year have been dipped, winter comes on in earnest. The fields and roads are covered with snow and "the great old-fashioned sleigh bells are tinkling merrily. These old strings of bells, consisting of eight or ten in number, were of different sizes, some of the larger ones weighing three- fourths of a pound or more. The bells owned by one cit- izen were often set to a pitch differing from all the others in town, so when an individual was familiar with the tone of a string of bells belonging to a certain citizen he be- came aware of his approach when he was a mile off. Mr. Samuel Fitts, who lived on High Street, had a string of very large bells that were specially rich in tone, and when his old white- faced mare trotted up and down the hills with the bells upon her neck nobody except the dullest could help being delighted with the music that filled the air. When the great storms came in winter and the roads were blocked with snow all the oxen and steers in the highway districts were hitched together to an ox-sled with a log chained in front of the runners. The sled was covered with men and boys, while >a few went ahead to shovel through the larger drifts to enable the team to pass along. The , weight upon the sled pressed it down into the snow instead of plowing it out as is the custom at the present day. The foregoing is a description ot some of the phases of farming as it was carried on between the years 1800 and 1824 A short time previous to the last date, cotton man- ufacturing by machinery was introduced into this country. HISTORY i OF CANDIA. - corporations were formed, large amounts of capital nvested and many mills were erected. The Gity of 1 was founded at about the latter date and large 3rs of yo.ung men and women from the towns far and pere employed. Great factories were built at Nash- r or five years later; and, in 1837, Manchester , was red and laid out for a manufacturing city. The first iere was put in operation, in 1838, and in a period of >r four years a dozen or more mills were in active op- 1. young men and women and others of more mature ho lived in Candia were first attracted to Lowell, and of girls from High Street the North Road, the South and other parts of the town became employed there ious trades and as operatives in the mills. r ell afforded a good market for the farm products of 1; but when Manchester became a thriving manufactur- ivn the farmers had a market close by, and many of >ung people of both sexes established themselves le meantime, great lines of railroads and many > new ind large towns were built in all sections of the. y. The gold and silver mines of California and Ne- vere discovered, and great opportunities were offered ung people who had been brought up on the farms dia to secure at least a 'rnoderate fortune and pro- emselves with some of the luxuries as well as the omforts of life. Many of these classes left the old teads and settled in the large cities and towns in va- ections and some of them became eminently suc- ng all this time the generation of farmers they left were dying off or becoming so decrepid'with age that ere unable to do a fair day's labor. Many of these t the means to employ the necessary help to carry r farms or to provide the needful fertilizirg materials ire them to their primitive state of productiveness. e are some excellent farms in Gandia and there might y more if the soil was properly cultivated; but a any people like to live in a city where there are HISTORY OF CANDIA. 265 'Splendid churches, fine music, libraries, attractive amuse- ments and social entertainments, instead of dwelling all the year round on the most romantic and delightful spot in the cauntry, where there are but few neighbors, and where a carriage passing along the highway is regarded as a cu- riosity and the members of the family rush to the windows to get a view of it. In these days, when cattle, sheep and swine can be brought a thousand or two miles from the West and sold with profit in Manchester at a lower price than they can be raised in New Hampshire; and when - strawberries, early potatoes and garden vegetables from the Southern States can be enjoyed by the inhabitants of the city at a small ex- pense two months before the same kind of fruit and produce raised in the North are fit to be eaten, it becomes a diflS - cult task to demonstrate that farming in this quarter of the state can be made a very profitable industry. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURIES. Soon after the early settlers, were established upon their farms they began to keep sheep. The women carded and spur the wool , and it was woven in great wooden looms, that were set up in the house of the well-to-do farmers. Spinning five skeins of woolen yarns was considered a good day's work; and women who worked out were paid fifty cents a week and boarded. The process of weaving in the clumsy looms was a laborious one. The web was sprung by the feet, the shuttle was thrown 'from one side to the other by the hands and the la.the, that supported the feed, was swung to and fro to beat in the filling by the right and left hands alternately. Five or six yards on of weaving were a day's work. The warp was wound up- quills and the filling on spools, the winding being often done by boys and girls. The best of the wool was woven into cloth for men's and women's wear. That intended for men was taken to[the clothier to be,fulled, dyed, sheared and pressed. That to be worn by the women was simply dyed and pressed. To save expense many of the men and boys wore a stout kind of wailed cloth, that was .simply dyed. 266 , HISTORY OF CANDIA. A boy clothed in garments made of this very, coarse kind of stuff, after being engaged in snow balling during a recess at school, before he returned to his seat, found it difficult to brush from his back and legs the great masses of snow ad- hering to them. Some of the women wove'bed covers or coverlets and much ingenuity was displayed in the weaving of the vari- ous ornamental figures and colors. In the summer the men wore tow and linen cloth for trousers and sometimes a fabric made of cotton and linen called "fustian." Cot- ton bought at the store was often mixed with wool and made into cloth for men's wear. It may be mentioned here that some of the early settlers wore leather breeches made of tanned sheep skins when about their every-day work, and a few even wore them to church on the coldest days of winter. ■ The sheets, pillow cases, table covers and the undercloth- ing for summer wear were made mostly of linen spun upon the old-fashioned wheels that were operated by a treadle moved by the foot. The flax when ripened was pulled up by the roots and spread ,upon the damp ground to rot and soften its outside woody covering. This was then separat- ed from the flax by processes called breaking and swing- ling. COOPERING. The business of coopering was an important industry very soon after the town was first settled. The farmers needed barrels to hold their salt pork and and als6 pails, wash tubs, firkins, buckets and various other wooden ves- sels for family use. All of these were furnished by work- men who had learned the cooper's trade. Some of the ves- sels were made of oak, but the most were made of pine. Beside those that have been named were two smaller wooden vessels, one of which called a "noggin," held three or four quarts, one stave projecting a few inches above the others for a handle. This vessel was pften used as a Jsoft soap dish. The other, which was about the same size, was fitted with a hard wood handle attached to HISTORY OF CANDIA. 367 its side at an angle of forty-five degrees like a porringer. This was called a "piggin" and was used in the kitchen for dipping water. William Turner, Elijah Clough and Samuel Worthen had the reputation of being expert workmen as the manufact? urers of pails, tubs, piggins and other wooden ware used in -the kitchen. ' " Sometime before the war of the Revolution broke out, there was a demand in Salem, Portsmouth and other sea ports for oak shooks or staves with hoops and headings for molasses hogsheads. The hogsheads were made and then taken down, tied up in bundles so as to be portable for shipment to the West Indies. After their arrival there they were again set up and made ready for use. During the first fifty years of the present century a large number of the citizens of Salem, Portsmouth and Newbury - port were extensively engaged in the mackerel fishing bus- iness, and there was a constant demand for fish barrels. The business of making fish barrels constantly increased from small beginnings until scores of workmen were prof- itably employed. There were coopers' shops, flanked by great piles of staves and hoop-poles, in nearly every sec- tion of the town. Many farmers followed the business in winter and at other times when their services were not ab- solutely needed on their farms. There was an abundance of the best of pine lumber in va- rious sections of the town in those days and more especial- ly in the southwest part in the vicinity of the Turnpike. A considerable number of men were constantly employed in felling the trees and in riving or splitting the wood into staves. A number of men were also employed in cutting and trimming poles for hoops. The poles were mostly small saplings of ash and oak. ■ Among the most prominent coopers in town fifty years or more ago were J. R. L. Rowe, Enoch Worthen, Lewis Worthen, Aaron Brown, Peter Fiffeld, Elias and Joseph Hubbard, John C. Fifield, True French, Samuel Morrill, Parker Morrill, Sargent French, Capt. Jesse Eaton, Capt. Abraham Fitts, Samuel Fitts., Josiah French, Samuel Mooers, Elijah Clough, Jacob Libbee, Abraham Emerson, Jonathan 268 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Brown, Aaron Heath, John Rowe, Nathaniel Rqwe, jr.. Aaron Rowe, Moses Rowe, B. Pillsbury Colby, Abraham Fitts, Daniel and Archibald McDuffee, Samuel Buswell, Moses Varnum, Willis Patten. There were also coopers who lived at the Island, on the Colcord Road, South Road and the Langford Road. William Dunca'n, Master Moses Fitts, PeterEaton, S. Ad- dison Sargent and other traders in town employed young men to make barrels. Samuel Anderson, the inn-keeper, also employed many coopers in his day. Those coopers who did a large business, hauled their bar- rels to Newburyport with a four-ox team. The cart was fitted with upright poles about ten feet in length on- the side and at each end to keep the barrels- in place., The poles were fastened together at the top with narrow strips of board in which holes had been bored to receive the ends of each of the said poles. A hundred barrels, which were set upon their ends, one above another, was considered a load for one of the ox teams. It took three days to go to New- buryport and back. The first night was often spent at Southampton and the journey was resumed early the next morning. The barrels were generally disposed of early in the afternoon of the second day. after which the drivers re- turned to Southampton with their teams to spend the night. In good times the barrels were sold for about seventy- five cents each. Sometimes each barrel contained a half- barrel inside. These were called "pairs" and sold for about. a dollar and ten cents. Many of the coopers, who carried on the business on a small scale, took their barrels to mark- et on a one-horse cart. Some of the teamsters to Newbu- ryport, besides taking home with them small quantities of goods bought in exchange for their barrels, often hauled g reat loads of rum, sugar, fish, etc. , for the traders in,the town. When the Candia teamsters met each other on an even- ing at Southampton, ,they were very liable to have a big jollfication among themselves. More than forty years ago the fishing business in Newbu- ryport declined and there was little demand for barrels, and only a few have been made in Candia since. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 269 SHOEMAKING. Among the first settlers were a few shoemakers, but the names of most of them have not been preserved. In 1781, John Lane, the carpenter and cabinet maker, in his ac- count book credits Peter Mooers for making two pairs of shoes for four shillings, and he charge^ him for making a shoe maker's seat with seven drawers, seven shillings and sixpence. He also charges him for a cutting board and a lamp chimney, one shilling; and for a calf skin for a pair of men's shoes, two shillings. Peter Mooers then lived on the west side of the road from the Corner to the Village and near the present residence of William Patten. In 1780, Mr. Lane charged Nathaniel Burpee one shilling and sixpence for making a shoemakers seat for his son Ez- ra. For some years shoemakers traveled from house to house carrying their ktt and bench, to remain until shoes were made for the entire family. This practice was some- times called "whipping the cat." , In the course of some years, there were shoemake's shops in several sections of Candia, and men's, women's and children's shoes made to order. Many of the farmers often furnished their own leather for the soles and uppers. Most of the men and boys wore heavy cow-hide shoes and in many cases, one pair by being tapped once or twice, lasted a year. Sometimes there was no binding put on the uppers , and the edges of the quarters were just as they came from the cutter's hands. In winter Jcnit woolen buskins resembling gaiters were worn over the shoes and ankles to protect them from the snow and keep the feet comfortable. The buskins were oft- en fastened over the shoes by leather strings made of tanned woodchuck's skin. As the people improved their condition . many of them could afford calf-skin boots and women had shoes made ofmorroco; and some of them that had to trav- el a long distance to church often kept on their every-day shoes or went barefooted until they came in sight of the meeting- house to put on their best ones and then tuck the old ones in some crevice in the stone wall by the road- side 27O HISTORY OF CANDIA. Soon after the beginning of the present century many en- erprizing and prosperous shoemakers lived in Candia. They took apprentices for a term of years, and sometimes :hey employedjourneymen. Among these can be mention- ed Elder Moses Bean and Samuel Dudley. They carried 3B the business at the Village. After them came Gilman Richardson and Joseph Richardson. About the year 1824, there were a few shoemakers em- ployed in making sale work for wholesale manufacturers :>f Haverhill, Mass. Among these were George Gilbert, Charles Butler, Major Ebeneezer Nay and Asbury Buswell. filter these came soon Leonard and Thomas Dearborn, Henry Clough, Col. Samuel Cass, Austin Cass, besides sev- eral others, until finally the business increased so much, that shoemakers' shops stood in every section of the town. Almost every boy who could hold a lapstone was either an apprentice or full-fledged workman. The uppers were cut and bound in Haverhill and the soles >f different sizes. At first the workmen had to procure the stock and return the manufactured article.. At length, special agents, called freighters, transacted this busi- ness, so the shoemaker had only to keep at his work, re- viving his money upon the freighter's return. John Cate has been employed as freighter for several years to and from Haverhill. Samuel Dudley commenced to manufacture women's sale shoes at the Village previous to 1840. The uppers were cut ind the binding done mostly by the women in the' Village ind vicinity. He employed a large number of«hands, the susiness adding very much to the prosperity of the town. He continued in the business until about 1854. In 1854, Alvin D. Dudley manufuctured shoes on a larger scale in the Village in the building- on the west side of the street that is now owned by J. Roland Batchelder, the car- senter. He did a flourishing business and employed many aersons. In 1870, Mr. Dudley moved to Haverhill. About thirty years ago John B. Richardson manufactured it the Corner; and Oliver Critchett carried on the shoe busi- less at the Depot Village; each employed about 40 workmen. Within twenty years the shoe business has been almost HISTORY OF CANDIA. Z*]\ entirely revolutionized by the inventions of the shoe sew- ing machine, the pegging machine and other improvements.* Formerly the work of making a .hoe, except the cutting and binding, was done by one workman, but now several , are united in a team, one doing the lasting, another the stitching, one the pegging or sewing, another putting on the heels, another the edges and still another scraping and finishing the bottoms. The work is done very rapidly by the help of machinery at a saving of much labor. In' 1878, Edward Dearborn commenced the busines of making.pegged shoes by machinery in the Langford Dis- trict. In 1887, his brothers, Jenness and Woodbury Dearborn, erected a two-story building, 64 feet long by 62 feet wide, and put in a full line of machinery and steam power, for manufacturing ladies' sewed slippers. They employed 30 hands, turning out 680 pairs per day. In i8g3, John Holt came to Candia from Raymond toen- gage jn the business of making sewed shoes by machinery in the Langford District. In 1885, Jacob Holt; coming to East Candia from Lynn, Mass., entered into joint partnership with his cousin, John Holt, in the business of making ladies' slippers by ma- chinery. They employed about thirty hands. The firm did a good business for a considerable time, until it dissolved and Jacob Holt went into business on his own account. He erected a new building of two stories, 30 feet wide and 70 feet long, putting in a full assortment of machinery. He employed 30 hands. There are about 100 hands employed in manufacturing shoes in this district. Since 1889, Elijah Morrison and a few other journeymen have manufactured sale shoes by machinery in a building situated on the B. Pillsbur/ Colby place near the Cor- ner. William Dearborn during the past three years has man- ufactured sale shoes in a building at the Depot Village. Allen Nelson employed fifteen or twenty hands in manufacturing women's shoes iby machinery in a build- ing at the. Village opposite the old Freeman Parker house 272 HISTORY OF CANDIA. He is now located in the second story of J. R'owlandBatch- %lder's carpenter shop. SILK CULTURE. During the years i835andi836, a considerable numberof the people of Candia, Chester and other towns in the vicini- ty became much interested in' the subject of producing silk. Various agricultural writers and editors in Boston and. else- where contended that the raw material for manufacturing silk goods could be produced in New England as well and as profitably as in France and other eastern countries, Acting on these suggestions, people in various places pro- ceeded to set out mulberry trees for the purpose of supply- ing food for the silk worm. Among the people in Caridia who were interested .in the new enterprize were Dr. Isaiah Lane, Francis Patten, Cap- tain Abraham Fitts, Alfred Colby, Asa Fitts, Ezekiel Larie and his sister, Hannah Lane. Dr. Lane procured a lot of young mulberry trees from Boston and sold them to the parties above named. In due time' enough leaves were produced to feed the few silk worms that were hatched from the cocoons that had been supplied. After the silk worms had produced a small quantity of cocoons, the next thing to be done was to reel off the ex- tremely fine threads of silk covering them. Hannah Lane and two or three other women managed to reel silk enough to make a few small skeins for sewing. After the experiment had been fairly tried it was found that the climate was rather too cold fbr the silk worms and that considerable capital would be required to make the business a success. Th,e failure of the enterprize caused much disappointment to some of the parties concerned in it, and especially to a young and popular school mistress who had invested all the money she had earned by keep- iug one of the district schools in the summer term of 1836. N'early all of the mulberry trees that were set out in the town fifty years ago have either decayed or been cut^Lown, excepting four or five in the door yard at the residence of the- widow of Captain Abraham Fitts on High Street. SAMUEL MORRILL. Sketch, page 511. MIANDA MORRILL- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 273 WOOD AND TIMBER. During a period o£ nearly forty years, the business of cut- ting large tracts of wood and timber has been one of the most profitable industries in the town. Before the year 1852, cord wood and timber for building purposes had to be haul- ed by teams in small quantities to Manchester. Many years previous to that date, small quantities of boards were taken to Methuen and Newburyport. In 1852, at the time the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad was opened to Candia, various parties'that resided in Man- chester and other places bought timber lots in the town and transported the lumber to Concord, Manchester and else-, where by cars. When the Candia Branch Railroad was opened to Manchester, in 1861, there was a considerable increase in the business and almost every year since that time wood lots in the town have been sold and operated nearly every year. The following is an account in part of the sa'les and operations in these lands : Dr. Moies Hill of Manchester, in 1853, bought a large timber lot situated in the Southwest part of the town be- tween the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad and the Turn- pike. Dr. Hill set up a portable steam mill on his lot to saw the logs into boards, frames, for buildings, etc. This was the first steam mill which was operated in the town. About 1853) William P. Chanuell of Durham bought a timber lot of Abraham Emerson. He also bought large quantities of ship timber in various parts of the town. In the year 1854, David Fellows, who came from E»eer-- field and purchased the old William Duncan place, bought several lots in the Southwest part of the town near the Turn- pike, and had the logs sawed at Dr. Hill's steam mill. About the same time, D.unlap and Houston of Manches- ter, bought the Maple Falls saw mill, and also bought a large timber lot situated between the lower end of High Street and the Baker Road. This lot belonged to the heirs of the late Caleb Broysrn, and the lumber was sawed at the Maple Falls mill. John M. Parker, David Parker and Lewis Simons of Goffs- 374 HISTORY OF CANDIA. town bought of Abraham Emerson a wood lot, which formerly belonged to Samuel Wilson, situated between the Chester and Patten roads. Also a very large timber lot situated on the farm which formerly belonged to Maj. Simon French. Giiman Clpugh and his son, Lewis'A. Clough, several years ago bought of Col. Coffin M. French a very valuable timber lot situated in the Southeast corner of the town. They also bought a wood and timber lot which belonged to J. Osgood Wason, and was situated in the same neigh- borhood. In 1855, David Houston bought a valuable timber lot of John Robie, situated on the Manchester road. About fifteen years ago, Rufus Patten sold a large timber lot to Giiman Clough. About the year 1875, Jesse Sargent bought a timber lot at the Island, which was a part of the estate of Joseph Bean. About the same time, David Houston bought a large wood lot of Charles S. Emerson and the lumber was sawed at a steam saw mill temporarily located at the Depot Vil- lage. About twenty years ago, a large timber lot situated on the east side of Hall's mountain was sold to Harrison Rowe of Hooksett and S. S. Davis of Manchester The lots form- erly belonged to Obededom Hall. Edmund Smith at various times bought and operated several timber lots situated on the North road. He also bought of George B. Brown the Jonathan Brown place on the Patten road. Upon the farm there was a large timber lot. Mr. Smith owned a large timber lot, situated on his own farm. He cut and sawed the timber in 1875. About 1878, Dana Thrasher sold a timber lot, situated on the Colcord road. James Thompson of Hooksett, about the year 1872, bought [the Nehemiah Brown place on High Street, upon which there was a fine wood and timber lot. About eight years ago, George W. Griffin of Auburn bought of the heirs of the late Henry M. Eaton a timber lot, situated on South Road. About fifteen years ago, the heirs of Giiman Richardson HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2 75 sold to out of town parties a timber lot, situated on the Deerfield road north of the Village. Mr. Dunlap of Manchester and Jonathan Hobbs bought the timber on a lot which was owned by Jacob S. Morrill. A few, years ago A. J. Edgerly and Jesse Sargent operated a large timber lot which Edgerly bought of George Emerson, In- 1888, Lewis A. Clough of Manchester' bought the timber on the farm of the late Col. H. T. Eaton, situated on South Road. A few years ago, George E. Eaton and Joseph Hubbard bought a timber lot, situated on High Street which was owned by Leonard Dearborn. In 1888, Gilman Clough bought of Shepard Bean, ! a large timber lot, situated on the cross road leading from High Street to Deerfield. About fifteen years ago, David Houston and George E. Eaton bought of Benjamin Hubbard the wood and timber on the farm which the latter purchased of Parker Morrill. About the same time, Charles'H. French and G. E. Eaton bought of A. J. Fifield a timber lot, which was situated on the farm of the late John S. Fifield. In 1889, Francis D. Rowe sawed the timber that he cut from a lot, situated on his farm on North Road, with a steam saw mill on the ground. I1118B7, George W. Griffin of Auburn bought a lot of wood and timber, situated on Samuel Morrill's farm. The wood lots were sold at prices varying from $300 to $8,000 or $10,000. It is well understood that by far the largest proportion of the money which is deposited in the Savings Banks of Manchester and elsewhere by the citizens of Candia was received from the sale of wood and timber lots located in the town. There are still many other lots of wood and timber of much value. CARRIAGES, SLEIGHS, ETC. About the year 1816, Thomas and Moses Critchett, sons of James Critchett, who lived on the Colcord road, com- ' menced the business of making wagons, carts and sleighs in a building adjoining the ( grist mill at the Village. They 276 HISTORY OF CANDIA. also made bedsteads; chairs and tables. They retired in 1865. John Moore, Esq:, about the year 1827, began to' make wagons in a building near his dwelling house at the Vil- lage which has been owned many years by Jacob S. Mor- rill. He sold the wagons in considerable quantities in the surrounding towns and in Maine. Elder Moses Bean manufactured wagons at the Village several years. As early as 1836, William Turner carried on the business of carriagemaking in a building which stood next to the mill pond and three or four rods east of Woodbury J. Dud- ley's present residence. Stephen Dudley, who was a wheel- wright, carried on business in a building which stood next south of the residence of the late Benjamin Taylor. In 1850, Carr B. Haines^ who came from Maine carried on the business of carnage making several years and employed eight or ten hands. His shop was located on the north side of the mill stream and next to the highway. Before that date thorough-braces were introduced and still later steel springs came into use. J. Rowland Batchelder has carried' on the business of making and repairing carriages at the Village ten years. Sargent Hall who lived on the North road made carts for the farmers several years. Previous' to 1831, the felloes of the wheels of many of the carts were made thick and stout and without iron tires. TANNERS. The following are the names of some of the tanners who have carried on the business of tanning and currying 'leath- er : Walter Clay, one of the first settlers on the South road, Moses Bean on the Colcord road, and the Village, Samuel Dudley, Gilman Richardson, Joseph Richardson. ' BLACKSMITHS. Among the first blacksmiths were Abraham Fitts, Moses Dustin, Benjamin Lang, Benjamin Cass, Benjamin Smith, ','*!'';" - 1 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 277 Peter Lane and Maj. Je.se Eaton. These were succeded by Daniel Fitts, Nathan Fitts, Ichabod Cass, Thomas B. Lane, Eben Eaton,' John Lang, Thomas Lang, Capt. 'John Smith, Daniel B. .Robinson, Wm, S. Healey, Alanson Higley, Lewis Renno, Charles Dumore, Dudley Bean, Ja'cob > Lang, Oilman C. Lang, Walter Hackett, E. F. Meloon. The blacksmiths of the early days did all kinds of work. In addition to job work, such as shoeing oxen and horses, ' forging chains and making plow irons, they made hoes axes, shod shpvels, ' pitchforks, scythes, door latches and handles and bolts. The shod shovels were made, of oak and shod on the edges, with iron. Previous to 1810, the oxen when shod were thrown down upon a bed of straw and turned over upon their backs. A - man held the head of an ox and his fore and hind legs were drawn down and lashed together so that they crossed each other between the knees and ankles; the blacksmith then proceeded to shoe them in that position. Some black- smiths went from farm to farm and shod oxen on the prem- ises. Soon after 1810, oxen, when they were shod, were lifted or swung from the floor by great leather straps which were placed under their bodies as is the custom at the pre- ' sent day. CARPENTERS. The following are the names of some of the carpenters who lived in the town: Stephen Marden, John 1 Lane, Jo- seph Foster, Joseph Lane, John Lane, jr., Joshua Lane, Ezekiel Lane, Moses James, Eleazer Knowles, Jonathan Smith, Jacob Libby, .Thomas Colby, John Emerson and Hiram Clifford, Parker M. Towle, Jonathan Martin, Phine-. as Colby, Asa Colby, Jonathan Colby, John Morrill, Reuben Dunn, Frank H. Davis, Thomas Emerson, True Foster, John Prescott, Jonathan Brown, Smith Quimby, Luther S. M onroe and J. R. Batchelder. John Lane, besides being an excellent carpenter, made many wool spinning wheels, looms, tables, chairs, cases of draws, book cases, bureaus cradles, harrows, plows, 278 HISTORY OF CANDIA. shoe maker's seats, windlasses and wheels for wells, cheese presses and fliers for linen wheels, window sashes, bed- steads, looking glass frames, wagon shafts, whiffle trees, warming pan handles, spools, bread troughs and bread shovels and various other articles used in the household ^and on the farm. Joseph Foster and Alexander Gilchrist were good cabinet makers as well as carpenters or joiners. Mr. Fester was always spoken of as "Joiner Foster." The tables, bureaus, drawers and book cases which grac- ed the ''best rooms," fore rooms or west rooms as the par- lors of those days were called, were made in a skillful, work- manlike manner, and many of the best chairs of a hundred and thirty years ago which are still preserved in the town, are models of strength and .antique beauty. Many of the bureaus and tables were made of black cherry, black birch or birds eye maple which grew plentifully in the forests, and the pine lumber was of the finest quality. Boards and plank of great width without the sign of a kriot and equal to the best Michigan pine lumber of modern days, could be . easily had'for cutting and sawing. NAIL FACTORY. It is said that, about eighty years ago, a small mill was erected on the small stream that crosses the North Road near the residence of the late Jonathan Currier, for the pur- pose of making wrought iron nails. The mill, which was furnished with a trip hammer is said to have stood over a fall in the stream near the north side of the highway. The most of the nails which were used a hundred years ago or later were made mostly by hand. When nails were cut, r.apidty by machinery, wrought iron nails disappeared. HAT MANUFACTORY. About the year 18 14, wool hats were made by a man named Langmaid who lived at the Corner. In 1824, the business of braiding summer hats from pop- lar wood was introduced into the town and a considerable HISTORY OF CANDIA. ' 279 number of the women were employed a part of the time in braidings hats of this kind two or three years. In 1826, the business of making a much superior quality of hats from palm leaf was commenced and for more than twenty years a majority of the women in the town were employed in this industry. The traders supplied the palm leaf and bought the hats, paying for them in goods from their stores. The hats, after being pressed, were taken to Boston and sold to the wholesale dealers who shipped them to the South and West, the West Indies and other countries. SADDLERS AND HARNESS MAKERS. John Robie who lived many years on High Street near the Corner, Robert Moore who came from Pembroke and lived in the Village and Sargent Currier who lived at East Candia. PICKING AND SELLING BLUEBERRIES. Previous to the year 1840, there were but few blueberries or whortleberries, commonly called huckleberries, in the fields or pastures in the town. Before'that time many of the families in Candia were supplied with this kind of fruit by the Hartfords and other people of Allenstown where they were very abundant. Soon after 1840, high blueberry bush- es began to grow in the pastures near the Corner, in the South Road district, the Colcord district, High Street and> other quarters of the town, and, as early as 1855 there was a super-abundance of this kind of fruit, and parties of men and women often came up to the town from Portsmouth and other plaees on the sea coast and returned with their baskets full of berries. Sometime previous to i860 the far- mers allowed people to enter their pastures and pick all the berries they wanted, but at length some of their wives and daughters discovered that they could make a nice sum of money by picking the berries and selling them at Man- , Chester; and it soon became evident to the most stupid of the farmers that a pasture where thousands of boxes of blue- 286 j HISTORY OF CAJfDIA. berries were annually grown, was as valuable as an or- chard of a hundred full bearing apple trees or large fields of corn and wheat. Notices like the following were ac- cordingly posted every year in many of the bluebeny pas- tures : "All persons are hereby forbidden to trespass on these grounds." During the past thirty years the blueberry bushes have beer spreading and the business of picking the fruit, has be- come an important industry in the town and hundreds of crates are annually sent by railroad to Manchester, Boston^ Lowell and other places. Many of, the women who were expert in the business of picking are said to have earned twenty dollars a season. Some of the girls and bpys have earned in this way from nine to twelve dollars and depos- ited it in the savings bank. CATCHING PIGEONS. Previous to 1840, vast flocks of wild pigeons came in the spring of the year for breeding and remained until late in the 'autumn. In every part of the town " the woods were full of 'urn.'' During the entire season great flocks of these birds were seen flying in all directions and it was said that they sometimes flew down near to the ocean and returned the same day. When these great companies of pigeons were seen flying in big flocks, the beating of their wings against the air produced' a. sound like thunder or the roar of a great tempest. Sometimes the farmers were much annoyed by their attacks upon the ripened fields of wheat and rye. A considerable number of the farmers from the earliest days after the settlement of the town were in the habit of catching large numbers of pigeons with nets for their own use or for sale in the large towns and cities. The first thing to be done in this line was to make a pigeon bed in some pasture or field at some distance from the dwelling house. The turf on a patch of ground a dozen or fifteen feet square was removed, the ground was made smooth and thinly covered with grains of wheat or , rye. Four or five perpendicular poles, and as many horizontal poles were erected on each side of the bed for thepigeons to HISTORY OF CANDIA. 251 alight upon As the pigeons fly along through the air some of them will take a glance at the bed and halt long enough to get a good luncheon. When they return to their fellows they will tell them in some way of their good fortune and pilot them to a feast they have enjoyed. Other groups of pigeons are in the same way piloted to the beds and in a few days the poles begin to swarm with them. The pigeon net is placed upon the bed concealed from the sight and when the pigeons are busy taking their food, the operator in a booth or bough-house springs the net and so completely covered them that but few escape. Most generally the pigeons were killed on the spot by pinching their heads but sometimes were taken alive to a great pen in the barn where they were fattened so as to make them , bring a good price in the market. This business greatly flourished for awhile, but the pig- eons grew scarcer and scarcer in New England, and now a pigeon is a rare bird in Candia, while vast numbers are found in the West. CHAPTER XXV. STORES, POST OFFICES, ETC. But little is known of the stores in the town previous to i about the year 1780. It is probable that before that time the people procured their supplies of foreign goods of all kinds in Chester, Newbury, Newburyport, Salem or Ports- mouth, in exchange for their lumber or products raised up- on their farms. STORES AT THE CORNER. Major Samuel Mooers, jr., no doubt established the first regular store in Candia in a building at the Corner which stood on Lot No. 69 near the present residence of Henry W. Moore, Esq. The store was opened sometime prior to 1780. Major Mooers, after the death of his father, came in. to possession of his farm. He remained in business until about the year 1800, when he sold the farm to David Pills- bury and removed to Maine. Jonathan Pillsbury kept a store at or near the Corner as early as 1783. John Lane credits Mr. Pillsbury with hav- ing sold him coffee, tea and other goods from 1783, to 1786. About the year 1792, John Wason came from Chester and established a store at the Corner, in a building which stood on the spot where Moore's Hall is now located. In 1798, William Duncan, who came from Londondery, , established a store in a building which was situated at the Corner near Moore's hall. He was a very successful trad- er at that place until 1803, when he sold out the business to David Pillsbury, and agreed that he would not set up an- other store in town within a distance of one mile from the Corner, Mr. Pillsbury, assisted by his son Benjamin, kept a store in the house now owned by Mr. Seward for several years. , 282 1 HISTORY OF CANDIA. . 283 Nathaniel B. Griffin was the next trader at theCorneT and he occupied the building which was previously owned by William Duncan. He retired from the business sometime previous to 1821. About the year 1820, John Sargent, a son of Jacob Sar- gent, and Andrew Moore, a son of Joshua Moore, ejected the building which is now occupied by the Rockingham Lodge of Free Masons and kept a store in the first story under the firm name of Moore and Sargent. The firm trad- ed at that store until 183 1, when they retired. John, Moore, 3d., son of Andjew Moore, and his brother- in-law Enoch Coffin, were the successors of Moore and Sargent, and traded at the Corner about three years. Henry M. Eatpn succeeded Moore and Coffin and kept a store in which is now the Masonic building until 1853, a period of fourteen years. When Henry M. Eaton retired, John K. Nay traded in the store he had vacated, a year or two. Samuel Addison Sargent, who came from Chichester was a very popular clerk for William Duncan several years. In 1830, Mr. Duncan and Mr. Sargent formed a copartnership styled S. A. Sargent & Co., for the purpose of trading at the Corner. Mr. Duncan was a wealthy man and stood high in the esteem of the wholesale merchants in Boston and became responsible for all the goods which Sargent, the active manager of the, concern, chose to purchase on credit. The old store at the Corner, which Mr. Duncan vacated in 1803, was repaired and Sargent bought a great stock of various kirids of goods. A large amount of business was done at the store for about six years, when it turned out that Sargent had so conducted affairs that the firm was heavily in debt and was obliged to suspend operations. Mr. Duncan was all the while attending to the business of his store on the South Road and, therefore, knew but little of the management of the store at the Corner. After the failure of the firm at the Corner, Sargent went West and the goods which he left unsold were taken to Mr. Duncan's store. Mr. Duncan, after settling with the creditors of Sargent & Co., found that Jie had lost about $40,000 in the enterprise. 284 HISTORY OF CANDIA. After Addison Sargent retired, William Turner became the owner of the building he had occupied and added to it another story. Sullivan Turner his son and Shepard James of Raymond traded in company two or three years. • The second story of the building was fitted up for tene- ments and Mrs. Thomas Colby and others were - residents there a number of years. After the retirement of Turner & James, the building was moved to the spot where the , Methodist church is now located; and John Turner, another son of William Turner, traded there a few months, 'when the building was moved to. the Depot Village and made into a dwelling house. John Rowe has been the owner and occupant of the house many years. STORES ON HIGH STREET. Moses Fitts, who in his early days was afflicted with rheumatism, commenced trading near his father's residence on the place now owned by the widow of the late Dr. Page. It is said that his father furnished him with a small stock of pins, needles, tape, &c. The venture was success- ful, other stocks of goods were purchased from time to time and soon he had a flourishing business. About the year 1795, he built the large gambrel roofed house which is now the residence of John S. Patten and traded in one end of it a few years and then put up a large- and convenient store adjoining the house. Peter Eaton assisted him as 1 clerk a considerable length of time. About the year 1823, his son Frederick was admitted as partner and was finally sole proprietor. At his death, in 1837, Thomas Wheat and Frederick Smyth bought out the goods and traded in the store about two years when they retired and went to Man- chester. The store was taken down more than twenty years ago. Peter Eaton built a store near the olti Congregational meeting house and commenced trading about the year 1812. In 1835, he removed to Concord and resided there a few years. During his absence Charles Edwin Eaton took the store and traded three or four years when he removed to Ohio. Peter Eaton at length returned to Candia and HISTORY OF CANDIA. 285 resumed business at the old stand. Mr. Eaton was quite successful as a trader. He was a good farmer and carried on the business of manufacturing barrels for the Newbury- port market. In' 1852, he removed to Manchester and his store was taken down and converted into tenements in that city. In 1835, Asa Fitts commenced trading on tha north side of High Street a few rods west of the residence of Frank Hall in a building which was erected by John Emerson for a carpenter's shop. He traded there three or four years when he became embarrassed and- failed. His gocfds were placed in the hands of John Moore, Esq., who was ap- pointed assignee. In 1830, Joseph French and Amos Pillsbury setup a store on the north side of the west end of High Street and near the present residence of Matthew Cate. The firm traded there two or three years when they retired and the building was moved over to the opposite side of the street and is now the residence of George W. Towns. About the year 1831, Aaron Brown and Nehemiah Brown opened a store a few years in a part of the dwelling house of the former which is now the residence of his son George H. Brown and traded several years. STORES ON NORTH ROAD. Jonathan Rowe, a son of Isaiah Rowe, kept a store on ^orth Road in a part of his residence, which was built by his brother Nathaniel Rowe and stood on the south side of the highway about fifty rods west of the present residence of James Brown. He kept a good assortment of goods and traded there about a dozen years, beginning about the year 1791. Nathan Fitts, about the year 1813, bought the Worfhen place on North Road which is now owned' by Dea. Charles R. Rowe. He was a blacksmith and built a large shop on the south side of the road. He soon afterward fitted up the shop for a store and traded thereuntil 1 821, when he sold the place to Joshua Lane and left town. 286 HISTORY OF CANDIA. STORES ON THE SOUTH ROAD. William Duncan, soon after he sold out his- business at the Corner, in 1803, erected a large dwelling house on the place now owned by George Brown on the South Road. He established a store in a part of the house and traded there a few years, when he put up a large two-story building to . accommodate his constantly increasing trade. He was a very sagacious and enterprising man and, a short time be- fore the year 1812, he was confident that a war between the United States and Great Britain was imminent and that, as a consequence, the commerce of the country would be ru- jned. With this view, he bought in Boston very large quantities of foreign goods and a large stock of costly wines, brandies and other foreign liquors. He stored the liquors in Boston and waited for events. When the war between the two countries became an established fact, the price of the goods and liquors rose to a high figure, as every American merchant ship was liable to be captured by the war vessels of the enemy. In the course of a year or two Mr. Duncan sold the great stock of goods at a great profit. He cleared about $30,000 upon the liquors alone without moving them from the place where they were stored in Boston. For many years he kept the largest and finest stock of goods which could be found in the west part of Rockingham county. His stock of drugs and medicines was especially large and varied. Mr. Duncan was well instructed in the art of compounding medicines and one large room was wholly devoted to this branch of the busi- ness. There were no patent Fairbank's Scales in those days and all heavy goods were weighed with cast-iron weights and the boys and young men were sometimes allowed to go into the back store to see how many fifty-six pound weights they could lift from the floor. ' All the traders in town exchanged their goods for butter, cheese, eggs and other farm products. Manypersons can still rememb er how the butter, which was brought to Mr. Duncan's store, was dumped info a great tub in the cellar through the counter by a large spout that was covered by HISTORY OF CANDIA. 287 a trap door. When a large amount of butter had accumu- lated in the tub, a woman was employed to make it up into balls and otherwise put it in order to be sent to market in Boston. Seventy years ago linen cloth, woven by the wives and daughters of farmers was also taken by Mr„ Duncan in exchange for goods. He employed a considerable number of coopers and bought large quantities of staves, hoop-poles and pine boards for the making of fish barrels. He also bought large quantities of wood ashes for making po,tash. He was an excellent farmer, had large tracts of land and kept a large stock of cattle. His fields were constantly enriched by great loads of leached ashes from his. potash works and very heavy crops of grass were raised every year. His great gambrel roofed dwelling-house, his shops, barns and other out-buildings made an imposing appearance in those days. Mr. Duncan died in 1849, an d his real and personal property was valued at $15,000 clear of all indebtedness. After the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad was finished Charles E. Smith, a brother of Edmund Smith, erected a building on the west side of the highway at Cass' Crossing for the accommodation of a number of citizens v who wished to establish a Protective Union store in that quarter. George Sargent a son of Josiah Sargent, was appointed agent of the store. After the store had been kept a year or two, Samuel B. Robie and his brother Levi J. Robie, bought out the stockholders and traded there a year or two, when Levi J., sold out his interest to his brother who soon after erected a two-story building on the east side of the highway, and traded there about four years. He then sold out to Levi Sanborn, who traded there a short time and then retired. STORES AT EAST CANDIA. About the year 18 18, Abel Follansbee kept a store in the Langford district at East Candia. He traded there a few years and then removed to Newmarket where he died in 1826. Joseph C. Langford was the next trader in that district. He traded a few years when he was succeeded I 200 I HISTORY OF CAXDIA. by Cotton Ward, who traded two or three /ears when he we,nt to Maine. Stephen B. Fitts traded sometime near the residence ofhis' brother, Monroe Fitts, until the completion of the Concord Railroad in 1852, when he removed to the Depot Village. Addison Bean, son of David Bean, traded four or five years near the residence of Hiram Clifford on the south side of the street, when he removed to Raymond. Cotton Ward returned from Maine and bought the goods in Addison Bean's store and moved them into a small build- ing a few rods east of the residence of Monroe Fitts. / Sargent Currier, who came from Amesbury, Mass., bought out the goods in Cotton Ward's store and traded a year or two. , Levi Dearborn 1 and Frank P. Brown' established the next store in the district and were in company a short time, when they dissolved and Mr. Dearborn started a new store at the west end of the village. After trading there a year or two, Mr. Dearborn sold out to Frank P. Brown, who has t k.ept the store until the present time. In 1824, David Bean established a store near his resi-' d'ence at the Island and traded there about five years. STORES AT THE DEPOT VILLAGE. In 1852, Abraham Emerson, Coffin Moore, Rufus Patten and various other citizens of the town formed a co-partner- ship and erected the building now occupied by Charles S. Lang the trader, and established a Protective Union Store ; Coffin Moore was agent. After trading a few years the company sold the store and goods to Edward P. Prescott and J. Harvey Philbrick, who came from Deerheld. Pres- cott & Philbrick traded together a year or two, when Mr. Philbrick sold his interest to Moses B. Smith, a son of Capt. John Smith and the son-in-law of Mr. Prescott. Prescott & Smith occupied the store two years, when they sold' out to Wm. D. Ladd of Deerfield and Jacob L. Bar- ker of Candia, who bought a building on the east side of the street, where they traded a year or two, and then Ladd CHARLES F. MORRILL. Sketch, page 512. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 289 retired from the business. Mr. Barker traded until 1878, when the store and contents were destroyed by fire. After Ladd & Barker vacated the old Protective Union Store on the west side of the street, Frank A. Langford and a Mr. Ray opened a store in the building and traded there a short time when they sold out 'to Gilman S. Lang who , kept the store several years. At his death, his son Charles S. Lang, the present proprietor succeeded him. In 1*885, Frank P. Brown, who had been appointed post- master at the Depot Village, built a new building there and established a store and post office therein. When his term as postmaster expired, he sold the store to Mark A. Dexter, the present proprietor, who came from Hillsborough. POST OFFICES) POST-MASTERS, ETC. There were no post offices in New Hampshire previous to the war of the Revolution. Letters were sent frqm one place to another by special messengers or by persons who traveled to the places where the friends of the writers resid- ed. In 1786, the legislature of New Hampshire established post offices in the state, and letters and newspapers were carried in large saddle bags on horseback. One of the first routes extended from Portsmouth or Exeter to Concord, passing through Brentwood, Newmarket, Popliiij Raymond, Candia, South Deerfield and Allenstown once a week each way. When the Chester Turnpike was built, in 1805, the mail from Concord to the southeastern section of the state was carried by stages, passing through Pembroke, Hook sett, Candia, Chester, Hampstead and other towns in the vicinity. The postage for single letters was a sixpence for forty miles and fourpence for any less distance. The- first post offices which were established by the Federal Government were at Concord, Portsmouth and a few other large towns, and people of the small adjoining towns were obliged to receive their letters frpm these post offices. Dur- ing the year 1809, the letters for many of the towns in the vicinity of Concord were advertised in the New Hamp- shire Patriot. , x 19 29O HISTORY OF CANDIA. The first post office in Candia was established in the year 18 18, and "Master" Moses Fitts was appointed postmas- ter. He kept the office in the store adjoining- his residence. He held the office until 1822, when Benjamin Pillsbury, who lived at th'e Corner in the present residence of Henry W. Moore, was appointed. He kept the office in one of the rooms of the house until his death, in 18,35. He was succeeded by Benjamin Pillsbury Colby," who lived in what is now the residence of Edward Morrison. Mr. Colby was postmaster until 1840, when he was succeeded by William Turner, who then lived in the Benjamin Pillsbury Mansion. Mr. Turner, who was a Democrat, was postmaster until 1845, when he wasremoved and Henry M. Eaton, who was a Whig and supported the administration of President Tyler, was appointed. He kept the office in his store at the Corner until 1847, when Mr. Turner, who supported the ', administration of President Polk, was re-appointed through ' the influence of Hon. Levi Woodbury, who made a speech at a Democratic meeting at the Village about that time. In 1849, Gen. Zachary Taylor was elected President by the Whig party, and, in 1850, Mr. Turner was again re- • moved and Henry M. Eaton was re- appointed postmaster. He held the office until 1855, when he was succeeded by Stephen B. Fitts, a Democrat. Mr. Fitts established the of- fice in the store at the Depot Village now occupied by Charles S. Lang and was postmaster until 1857, whenRobie Smith succeeded him. Mr. Smith was postmaster at the Depot Village until his death, in 1862. His widow Hannah P. Smith was appointed his successor and held the position /until 1866. Jacob S. Barker of the firm of Ladd & Barker succeeded Mrs. Smith and established the office in his store which then stood on the east side of the highway at the D,e- pot Village until 1870, when he was succeeded by John Rowe who was postmaster about one year. The next postmaster at the Depot Village was Gilman C Lang who was appointed in 1871. He was a Republican and kept the office in his store on the south side of the railroad track until 1885 when he was succeeded by Frank P. Brown, a Democrat. In 1889 the Republican party again came into HISTORY OF C^NDIA. ' 29 1 power and Mr. Brown was removed and succeeded by Mr. Willard G. Lang, the present incumbent. In 1830, Thomas Anderson, who lived near the old An- derson tavern on the Turnpike was appointed postmaster mainly, it was thought, for the purpose of receiving the mail matter for Caridia which came to the town by stages at that point. He continued in the office until 1841 when the office was discontinued. Mr. Anderson took much pains in delivering the mail to the people who lived in Oth- er parts of the town. When h'e attended meeting- bn Sun- day at the Congregational church- he generally carried many letters and large quantifies of newspapers for deliv- ery at intermission time in a part of the entry. In 1835, a post office was established near the extreme upper end of, the North Road, and Elijah Smith was ap- pointed postmaster. The office was abolished in 1842. It is not probable that either Mr. Smith or Mr. Anderson got very rich from the profits of the offices they held. In 1853, a P 03 * orr i ce was established at Candia Village and Plumer W. Sanborn, a Democrat, was appointed post- master. He kept the office in his store and held the posi- tion until 1861. ' Being a Democrat he was removed and W. J. Dudley, a Republican, was appointed. In 1885, when Mr. Cleveland was elected President, Mr. Dudley was removed and George E. Mitchell, a Democrat, was appointed. In 1,890, when the 'Republicans elected Mr. Harrison, Mr. Mitchell was removed and Mr. Dudley was re-appointed. Fifty, years ago, the rate of postage on a letter was six, ten, twelve a'nd one half, and eighteen and three fourths, and twenty-five cents, according to the distance. In 1845, the postage on a letter was reduced to five, ten, fifteen and twenty cents. There were other changes in the rates of postage from time to time. Since about ten years ago, letters have been carried to every part of the country' for two cents each. THE SURPLUS REVENUE. In 1836, there was a. large surplus of revenue in -the Treasury of the United States, a large part of, which accur- 292 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ed from the sale of the public lands. During the same year, Congress voted to divide the surplus which amounted to $37,468,859.97 among the several states of the Union, in four equal instalments. For various reasons, only three instalments were paid. New Hampshire received as its sha're the sum of $669, 084,79 the first instalment of which was paid January 1, the second, April 1, and the thr'rd, October, 1837. The act of Congress provided that the money so divided among the states should be safely kept and repaid when ever the Government called for it. The Legislature of New Hampshire in November, 1836, passed an act authorizing the State Treasurer to receive the funds and give a certifi- cate that it should be kept in accordance with the law of Congress. The Legislature also passed an act pointing out the way and manner in which the money should be depos- ited with several towns in the State. The towns were to receive it when they had voted to take it, had pledged their faith to keep and repay it when called for, and had appointed an agent to receive it and execute a certificate of deposit. At the annual town meeting inCandia in 1837, it was voted to take its share of the money on the condi-' tions stated and Samuel Anderson was chosen agent to re- ceive it from the State Treasurer. Mr. Anderson received at various times three instalments of the money of $1, 105.95 each, amounting to $3,317.85. The town voted to expend the money so received in paying its debt The fourth in- stalment was never paid from the United States Treasurer to the State for the reason, as was stated, that the amount of revenue received from the sale of the public lands be- came greatly reduced. It is said that no papers can be found in the office of the Secretary of State or the State Treasurer at Concord relat- ing to the different transactions concerning the surplus rev- enue. It was suspected that Zenas Clement State Treasurer at the time, wishing to prevent the towns from ever being call- ed upon to repay the money hid or destroyed the rec- ords. The United States Government has riot hitherto called HISTORY OF CANDIA. 293 upon the States to refund the surplus revenue and are not likely to do so in the future. JUSTICES OF THE PEA^E. , The following are the names of the citizens of the town who have been appointed Justices of the Peace. A few t were authorized to officiate in the C'unty or State as well as in the town. Among the first Justices of the Peace, were Samuel Mooers, Samuel Morrill, Walter Robie, Nathaniel Emerson, John Lane, seinior, Daniel Fitts, Benjamin Pillsbury, Johr . Taylor, Henry Eaton, Moses Bean, John Lane, jr. The following are the names of the Justices who were appointed for the first time between the years 1830 and 1840: , t Daniel Fitts, jr., Jonathan Martin, Abraham Emerson, Rufus E. Patten, Joseph Richardson, Samuel Tuck, Jona- than Currier, William Turner, Joseph C. Langford, Lowell B. French, John Moore. , The following named citizens were appointed Justices of the Peace for the first time-between the years 1840 and 1850: ' ■ Leonard Dearborn, Isaiah Lane, David Bean, Samuel Dudley, Samuel Cass, Henry M. Eaton, Nehemiah Colby, David P. Rowe, Stephen B. TiLton. The following are the names of citizens who were ap- pointed between 1850 and i860 : Pillsbury Colby, Moses F. French, Edmund Hill, John Smith, Joshua Lane, Plumer W. Sanborn, J. Harvey Phil- bricV, Carr B. Haines, Cyrus T. Lane, John Rowe, Jphn G. Lane, William Crane, David M. Batchelder, Thomas Lang, Edward P. Prescott, Moses T. Emerson, Dana D. Thresher. Between the years i860 and 1870, the following citizens were appointed : Moses B. Smith, Levi Bean, Wm. W. Neal, John Lane Fitts, Woodbury J. Dudley, Charles H. Robinson, Josiah Richardson, Gilman Lang. 94 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Between the years 1870 and 1890, the following citizens lave been appointed : Cotton Ward, Jesse R. Fitts, E. R. Ingalls, F. P. Langford, . C. Hobbs, Henry W. Moore, Ingalls Bunker, Frank W. iaton, George F. Cass, F. P. Brown, J. H. Nutting, John lolt. Many of those who were appointed Justices of the Peace, leld the office many years. It is probable that the names >f some of those who were appointed have been overlook- sd and do not appear in the above list. From fifty to seventy years ago, there was considerable itigation among the people of the town and suits which lid not involve a large amount, were often tried before Jus- ices of the Peace. A large number of cases were brought jefore John Lane, Esq., who lived on the North Road. There was no lawyer in the town but the plaintiffs and de- endants employed Judge Butler, Josiah Houghton, Ira St. 31air or H. Cilley, jr., Deerfield to conduct their cases. Im- sortaht suits against parties always attracted a large crowd of spectators. In later days, cases have been tried before justices now living, and lawyers from Manchester have appeared upon one, side or the other. THE CENSUS. The following is the official statement of the number of persons there were in the town at the various times spe- cified : 1767 362 1773 ------ 663 1775 744 1783 935 1786 982 1790 1040 1800 1186 1810 1290 1820 1283 1830 1362 1840 1430 1850 1482 HISTORY 01? CANDIA. 295 i860 - I482 187O 1575 l88o , . I34O '189O / , , 1 108 'The census of the town for the year- 1850, was taken by Francis B. Eaton ; that for 1880, by John Rowe, and that for the year 1890, by A. Frank.Patten. It will be seen that the largest population the town ever had was in 1870, and that at present time, the population is less than it was in 1800. ADDITIONAL NOTES PERTAINING TO ROADS. In Chapter VI of this work, it was stated that the - first roads in the town were laid out while the territory was a parish of Chester. Some of the earliest of those roads were at first mere paths, leading from the dwelling of one settler to that of another in the shortest and most convenient manner. In a short time, some of the paths became per- manent highways before the selectmen of Chester had laid them out in a formal and legal manner. In this way some of the roads in the sbutheastly and southwesterly parts of the town were made crooked and irregular. When theJThird Division, or northerly part of the town was surveyed, strips of land extending in straig'ht lines between the ranges or tiers of lots through the length and breadth of the Division and crossing each other at right angles were reserved for highways. When the roads were formally laid out by the selectmen, it was found tha,t, in some cases, it was neces- sary to deviate from straight lines on account of steep hills, ponds, swamps or deep valleys which were situated on ( the route. The crook in High Street between the Congregational meeting house and the valley twenty or thirty rods west of the residence of Mrs. Ansel Emerson was made to avoid the steep pitch of the hill to the valley referred to. At a point a few rods east of the residence of Charles R. Rowe, on the North Road, a turn in the highway towards the northwest until^ it intersected with the New Boston road near the residence of the late Jesse R. Fitts was. made >n account of the deep valley and the mill pond which are lituated on a straight line from Healey's Corner to Hook- iett line. The road from the Corner to Raymond line was turned owards the northeast hear the William Towle place be- :ause of the hills and ledges which are situated on a straight ine between the two points. The road from the Corner toDeerfield was turned towards he east on entering the Village to avoid the mill pond and edges whieh are situated on a straight line between those joints. The Burpee road was not extended east of the place vhere it intersects with the road which leads from the Cor- ler to' Deerfield because of the unfavorable nature of the and. The north end of the cross road from the Congregational :hurch towards Deerfield line was not built beyond the oiiit near the residence of John Taylor, deceased, to the HISTORY Of CANDIA. 297 road on which is situated the residence of Stephen Golcord and the widow of Col. John Prescott and a short piece of road which extended from the "clay pits',' that were sit- uated about a hundred rods west of the residence of A. Frank Patten to the residence of the late Col. Samuel Cass. The latter road was discontinued more than one hundred years ago. In the year 1810, a road was laid out from a point near the residence of the late Charles S. Emerson to a large tract of land which was situated near the west side of Patten's Hill and owned by William Duncan. The road was never built. ' 1 In 1839, a year or two after Manchester became a flour-, ishing manufacturing town, a road was built between the School house in District No. 3, to the Turnpike near Ander- son's tavern to shorten the distance between Candia and that place. In 1852; several citizens of the Village and Deerfield pre- sented a petition to the County Commissioners for a new road from the Depot Village to a point on the South Road near the School house in District No. 3, to shorten the distance between Candia and Manchester. At the same time a vig- orous effort was made by some of the citizens of Candia who lived in other sections of the town to induce the Com- missioners to lay out a road from the Corner in a straight line to a point on the Sorith Road near the residence of Austin Cass ; but the Commissioners decided in favor of the more southerly route. About the year 1840, a new road was laid out from the residence of George H. Brown on High Street, to a point on the Turnpike near the School house. This has been called the Doniphan road from the circumstance that a Mr- Doniphan was the first resident on that road. When the' first settlements were made in the. town, the land that was reserved for roads was covered with a thick growth of wood and timber and it was many years before all the large trees and underbrush were removed. As late as 1824, there was quite a heavy growth of birch and ma- ple trees 6n the south side of High Street, a few rods east of the residence of G. S. Wallace and there were. many sin- 298 HISTORY OF CANDIA. gle old growth white oak and birch trees scattered over the sides of the North Road and other highways in the town. About the year 1866, some of the citizens who lived in the southwest part of the town, and- in the northwest part of Auburn endeavored to have a new road to Man- chester laid out from Deerfield South Road to Manchester across the Turnpike near the School house in School District No. 1 3. After several trials and much opposition, the scheme was abandoned. The town, soon after it was incorporated, was divided into districts that increased in number from time to time, until about the year 1890 there were thirty-one highway districts and the work of repairing the roads'in each district was placed under the supervision of a surveyor who was chosen at the annual town meeting. For many years the citizens in the several highway districts have been assessed a highway tax which has been levied according to the polls ' and estate in each district. The tax has been paid in mon- ey or labor as each citizen prefers. The work upon the roads was formerly done during the first part of the month of June, and when all the able bodied men and stout boys were assembled together upon a defective sec- tion of the road they had a jolly good time in telling funny stories' and cracking jokes upon one another, or in talking about the extraordinary events of the times. A few years ago, a road machine was purchased by the town and operated successfully upon all the highway dis- tricts. Since the machine was procured the roads have been greatly improved, and now few towns in the state can boast of better roads than those in Candia. , During the past one hundred years, a very great amount of labor has been ex- pended in removing the boulders in the road beds, in lev- eling the hills and filling up the valleys. Before the year 1 800, the most of the traveling in the narrow and imperfect roads was done on horseback. Men rode on common saddles, and women were provided with side saddles, A man and his wife frequently rode upon one horse, he in the saddle and she sitting upon the pil- lion, or cushion' behind him. Sometimes the woman car- infant in her arms while her husband carried a HISTORY OF CANDIA. 299 child two or three years old before him on the pommel of the paddle. Small bundles, containing- bottles, jugs, par- cels of tea or sugar and various other artrcles were carried in saddle-bags slung over the back of the horse. Bags of corn and grain were carried to mill in this way, one-half of the contents of the bag being placed in one end, and the other half in the other ^end. In extreme cases, larger and heavier articles were carried on horse back. Many of the people rode in this manner to meeting on Sundays. Horse- blocks, so called, consisting sometimes of a sort of a bench about three feet high were provided near the church or the store to accommodate the riders in mounting and dis- mouting from their horses. A large horse block of this kind fitted with stairs, stood for many years close to the west end of the Congregational meeting house on the north side of the steeple. When wagons and chaises were intro- duced the women rode on horseback less frequently, but as late as 1830, some women might have been seer riding at a smart canter up and down the hills of the town. The first vehicles used by the early settlers were called jumpers. Two hard wood poles about two and a lialf inches in diameter and ten feet long were fastened togeth- er about two feet and a half apart like the shafts or thills of a wagon. The forward ends of the poles were at- tached to the horse. When this kind of vehicle was used, the rear ends of the poles were dragged upon the ground. A barrel of cider or goods of any kind when strapped to - the shafts, could be easily conveyed from one place to an- other. It is said that during the first few years after the town was settled, the bodies of deceased persons, were, in some instances carried to, the old cemetery on a vehicle resembling the jumper. Jhe Rev. Dr. Bouton, in his history of Concord, relates that Ebenezer Eastman, soon after settling in Pennacook, now Concord, made a journey to Haverhill. Mass., on horseback and purchased a barrel of molasses with the intention of taking it home with him. He made a jumper and lashed the barrel of molasses upon the shafts and started on his journey homeward along the path through the wilderness upon a course through old Chester and near 300 HISTORY OF C AND I A. to the line of the old Turnpike. He got along well enough until he had arrived within a 'short distance of his home. On climbing a steep hill, the rigging of his vehicle gave way, the. barrel rolled swiftly down the hill and was dash- ed in pieces against a tree, the molasses overspreading and sweetening the ground in all directions. The Captain, in view of this calamity, sorrowfully e)jclaimed, "Oh dear! my wife will comb my head and harrow it, too!" Rude two-wheeled carts and ox wagons came into use several years later. The first light one-horse wagons w.ere introduced into Candia about the year 1812. It is said that the first chaises were brought into the town about the year 1805. The first had square tops. Nathaniel Rowe and Col. Samuel Cass tiad chaises of thi$ kind. A few years afterwards, a handsome and better kind of chaise with bel- lows tops came into use. In 1832, there were more than a dozen chaises in town. The following are the names of some of the owners : Peter Eaton, Moses Fitts, William Duncan, William Robie, Benjamin Pillsbury, John C. Fifield, Nathan Brown, Moses Sargent, Henry Eaton, Wal- ter Robie, John Taylor, Daniel Fitts, Moses Bean, Samuel Anderson. LAW SUITS. Until within a few years, the town has not been called upon to pay any considerable sum for injuries to persons or property on account of any defects in the highways, but one day during the summer of 1867, Mrs. Saltmarsh, wife of Henry Saltmarsh, who was then depot master at Au- burn, and her daughter, Mrs. Eliza Sanfofd, of Boston, while returning from a visit to relatives at Rowe's Corner in Hooksett to Mrs. Saltmarsh's home in Auburn, were thrown from a wagon and considerably injured. They went down the old Chester Turn ;ike, and when they had arrived at a point, opposite the old Anderson tavern in Can- dia, they made a short turn to the right to take the road to Auburn. The grade was descending and the body of the' carriage was swayed over to one side, (but not over-turned) and the occupants were thrown out violently upon the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3OI ground. It was claimed by the injured parties, that the accident was caused by a hole in the road into which the horse stepped and stumbled. On the other hand, the select- men of .Candia, and many others who were acquainted with the premises claim that there was no hole there and that there were no defects in the road whatever, but that the accident was wholly caused by the carelessness of Mrs. Sanford, the driver of the horse. Under these circum- stances, they considered that the town was in no way re- sponsible for the accident and refused to pay any damages to the injured parties. Mrs. Saltmarsh' and Mrs. Sanford thereupon brought suits against the town for damages. The selectmen of Candia appointed Henry M. Eaton an agent to act for the town in opposing the claims of the plaintiffs. The case of Mrs. Sanford was tried at a ses- sion of .the Supreme Court at Manchester. For the defence, it was shown that there was a short piece of road which connected the Turnpike with the Auburn road, and that it is a' down grade when passing from the former to the latter road. Several members of the Anderson family testified that they saw the carriage as it passed down and that it was driven at a fair rate of speed without slacking in the least when they turned short off into the Auburn road. The result of this trial of the caseof Mrs. Sanford was a verdict in favor of the town. At that time it was provided by law that defeated parties in a civil suit could have a second trial in review if they demanded it. Mrs. Sanford's case was tried a second time and the town was again the victorious party. The suit of Mrs. Saltmarsh was brought in Rockingham county ; but before the time appointed for the trial, she died. Her husband then brought the case to trial and the jury brought in a verdict in his favor. The counsel for the town of Candia, thereupon demanded a new trial, ' on the ground that Mr. Saltmarsh had not bee,n regularly and legally appointed administrator of the estate of his deceased wife. The question was brought before the' full, bench of judges, who decided that'the point was well taken and decided in favor of the town. Mr. Saltmarsh then obtained a regular appointment as administrator and demanded a new trial of .i'.JC ¥ 302 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the case. The case was accordingly tried a second time and the jury returned a verdict in his favor, awarding him damages to the amount of $1,600. The result of these trials was very damaging to the in- terests of the town. The damages awarded, 'the heavv costs of court and counsel fees amounted to nearly $4,000. , It is understood that the costs of court which were paid by Mr. Saltmarsh and Mrs. Sanford in the cases in which they were the plaintiffs, and the fees of counsel, amounted to a sum nearly equal to that which was finally awarded to Mr. Saltmarsh by the jury in the last trial of his case. Some of the citizens of Candia expressed the opinion that the selectmen should have settled the case withtou a trial, but when it is considered that they belived that there* were no defects in the highway, it would seem that their action' was just and reasonable. In 1886, George E. Mitchell, while riding in a sleigh in the highway at the Depot "Village, was overturned and one . of his legs was broken. He claimed that the accident was caused by a defect in the highway. The selectmen settled with him by paying the sum of $800. ii;„ v, ■ - . ■■\ ■•-,■:•. CHAPTER XXVI. DEATHS BY SUICIDE, DEATHS BY ACCIDENT AND DEATHS UNDER PECULIAR CIRCUMSTANCES. i DEATHS BY SUICIDE. The following are the names of persons who have com- mitted suicide in the town : Benjamin Bean, who resided in the large house on the north side of the Colcord Road, near the Village, killed himself by jumping into a well, Dec. 6, 1839, aged' 76. v Mrs. Susannah Smith, wife of Jonathan Smith, who re- sided on the Raymond Road, about half a mile west of the Island, destroyed herself by cutting her throat with a razor September 18, 1,830, aged 40. Frederick Fitts, the trader, and son of Master Moses Fitts, ' ' drowned himself in the river in the New Boston- neighbor- hood, Nov. 3, 1837, aged 35. Jonathan Healey, who lived on the Langford Road, drowned himself in a well, Oct. 20,' 1846, aged 78. John Hall, a son of Nathaniel B. Hall, killed himself at Exeter by cutting his throat with'a razor, Oct. 2/1864, 1 aged 27. Sarah Ann Rowe, a daughter, of Aaron Rowe, hanged herself in a chamber, Dec. 17, 1868, aged 40. Mrs. Ann Betsey Morrill, wife of Henry R. Morrill, and daughter of Stephen Colcord, committed suicide at the Haseltine House, at Manchester, by taking a dose of chlo- ral, Dec. 23, 1874, aged 35. William S. Brown, who lived at East Candia, near the residence of Osgood Wason, hanged himself fronv a tree, May 28, 1874, aged 69. Thomas Bean, who resided near the Corner, killed him- self by cutting his throat with a razor, Aug. 30, 1874, aged 68. 303 (it? 304 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Edmund B. Langley, who resided in the Luke Hall place near the residence of Edmund Smith, committed suicide by- hanging himself to the limb of a tree, Aug. 5, 1874, aged 40. ACCIDENTAL AND SUDDEN DEATHS. In the winter of 1770, David McClure, one of the first set- tlers in the town, while returning from a visit to his daugh- ters who lived in Raymond, became bewildered in a snow storm and died at the foot of a tree. Jethro Hill, one of the first settlers on High Street, while burning bushes upon a piece of land he was clearing up, came in contact with the fire and was burned so badly that he soon died. • Jeremiah Bean, one of the first settlers of the town and a member of the first board of selectmen, was killed by be- ing thrown from a horse, September 19, 1797. He lived in the old Bean house on the hill onthe Colcord road near the Village, which, after his death, was owned by his son Ben- jamin Bean. Mrs. Mehitable Hill, the wife of the aforesaid Jethro Hill, in a fit of insanity, wandered off into the fields upon a very cold day iii winter and was soon afterwards found dead in the snow at a considerable distance from her home. Richard Buswell, son of Samuel Buswell, one of the first settlers, was drowned in a mill stream at Deerfield, in" 1809. Samuel Buswell, jr., another son of Samuel Buswell, sen- ior, died suddenly in consequence of the breaking of a blood vessel in his lungs, May 20, 181 1. William Dolber, who lived on the Chester Road in School District No. 4, while assisting in moving a barn for Elaezer Knowles, who lived on the place now owned by William Crane, situated on the South Road, suddenly fell down and immediately expired, June 22, 17 16. Samuel Hardy, while returning from a visit to Chester, was frozen to death in the woods, Nov. 29, 1819. John Taylor, while driving an ox team down the hill on the Colcord road near his residence, Oct. 20, 18-21, fell. PHILIP A. BUTLER. Sketch, page 519. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 305 1 down and one of the wheels of the cart passed over his bo- dy and he died immediately afterwards. He was 62 years old. John Lane, the first of the name in Candia, died suddenly of heart disease, March 12, 1822, aged 72. Benjamin Healey, a man of unsound mind, who lived in Raymond, while lodging in a barn at East Candia, was overcome with the cold and perished, Dec. 25, 1826. 'Moses James, jr., ^on of Moses James, senior, who resid- ed near Candia Corner, was drowned in Raymond, July 28, 1828, while attempting to swim across the Lamprey river. He was 20 years of age. T Mrs. William Burleigh, who resided on the North Road, died suddenly of heart disease, May 20, 1829.' Her death occurred while the funeral of the wife of Benjamin Hall was taking place in the house the next west of the Burleigh place, now owned by Dana Hall. When the people pass- ed by the Burleigh house to attend the funeral, of Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Burleigh was apparently well, and when they return- , ed she was dead and laid out for burial. Elder Moses Bean attended Mrs. Hall's funeral and preached from the words: "Blessed and happy are they who have part in the first 1 resurrection, for over such, the second death hath no power. " Malvina Palmer, a daughter of Joseph Palmer, who lived in School District No. 4, was drowned while sliding on the ice, Jan. .20, 1830, aged 9 years. Walter Robie, who lived in School District No. 3, while peeling bark in the woods, was killed by the fall of a tree, June 26, 1832. * Mrs. Betsey Sargent, the second wife of Josiah Sargeint, iwas killed by being thrown from a carriage while descend- ing the hill near the Congregational meeting house on re- turning from church to her home on the South Road, Sun- day, Nov. 2, 1833. Capt. John Sargent, one of the early settlers of the town, fell doWn and died, suddenly of heart disease, Nov. 17, 1834, aged 88 years. He had made arrangements for mak- ing a visit to Chester, on horseback. The horse was sad- dled in the yard, and Capt. Sargent stood in the door ready to mount when he was stricken down. 20 306 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Isaac Hall/ son oi Caleb Hall, was killed by falling from' a house in Manchester, Jan. 21, 1839, aged 22. Mrs. Mary Currier, ^"ife of Emery Currier, was choked to death by a piece of meat which lodged in her windpipe, • Dec, 17, 1844, aged 34. Richard E. Lane, son of John Lane, Esq., died very sud- * denly of heart disease at Lewiston, N. Y., where he was preceptor of an academy, in 1842, aged 29 years. George Colby, son of Augustus Colby, while walking on the top of a freight train,. was killed by coming in contact^ with a bridge^over the railroad about half a mile" below the Depot Village, in 1851. John Lane, Esq., died suddenly of heart disease, in his barn, April 28, 1851, aged 67. George B. Sargent, son of S. Addison ^argent, was drown- ed while bathing in the Merrimack river at Concord, July 17, 1855, aged 20. John Dudley, a brother of the wife of Dea. Joseph Dud- ley, while attending a political meeting at the Free Will Baptist vestry, Jan. 10, 1856, dropped down suddenly and died of heart disease, aged' 55 years. Alvin D. Buzzell, a son of Lewis^and Sarah Buzzell, was drowned, May 6, 1850, aged 3 years. Thomas R. Bean, who lived in the house in the Village * opposite W. J. Dudley's store, died suddenly of apoplexy, " in 1887. Henry S. Eaton, son of Col. H. T. Eaton, died suddenly of heart disease, at Piermont, Nov. 12, i860, aged 58 years,,! When Capt. John Sargent dropped down dead of hearts disease, in 1834, Mr. Eaton, who resided opposite, assisted in carrying his body into the house, exclaimed, "I hope" that when I die, I shall go in the same way that Capt Sar- gent has gone." His wishes were gratified. Samuel N. Hubbard, a son of Benjamin Hubbard, while unshackeling a locomotive engine from, a railroad car at Concord, was run over by a train and killed, Dec. 11, 1861, aged 20 years. , , Abel Wallace, son of Abraham Wallace, was drowned at Haverhill, Mass., June 25, 1865, aged 19. Moses Rowe, soon after returning from a visit to his HISTORY OF CAND1A. 307 brother Nathaniel Rowe, died suddenly of heart disease, March 26, 1866, aged 72. Clarissa Healey, for many years a housekeeper for Jonathan Burpee, died suddenly* of heart disease, Aug. 5, 1869, aged 75 years. During a heavy thunder shower on July 17, 1876, the lightning killed two cows belonging to Jeremiah Lane, who lived on on the South Road. Mr. Lane became much ex- cited on the occasion and died suddenly of heart disease, aged 77. Mrs. Silden Moore, formerly Sally Huntoon, died sud- of heart disease while on a visit to her relatives at Franklin. She was 71 years of age. Elmer Emerson, a son of Ansel Emerson, while sliding on a pond, near the road that leads from High Street, to the North Road about seventy-five rods north of the Congrega- tional church, was drowned, Aug. 23, 1877. He was about twelve years old. Rev. James Adams, while on a visit to Manchester, Dec. 10, 1881, dropped dead in a store on Elm street. He was 74 years of age. John Sargent, son of John Sargent, jr., and a grandson of Col. H. Tl Eaton, was found dead in his bed, Nov. 2, 1881. J. Quincy Cass, a son of Col. Samuel Cass, was found dead 'in his bed, Dec. 13, 1881. He had been troubled with heart disease. - S. Freeman Rowe died suddenly of apoplexy, July 18, 1885. He was about 62 years of age. Augustus Robbins died suddenly at the residence of Ro- bert Clark, in 1890, while sitting at the table. Joseph Young, who lived on the North Road, died sud- denly of heart disease, in 1891. On the morning of May 7, 1873, Catherine P. Harrison of Raymond was found by the side of the Raymond road about three-fpurthS of a mile below the Corner. She was a ' woman of intemperate habits and the day before her death she was seen near the Corner in the company of several dissolute young men who belonged in the eastern part of Candia. As it was suspected that the -deceased had been abused and injured by the said young men to such an ex- 308 HISTORY OF CANDIA. tent as to cause her death, an inquest was held at the school house at East Candia before Dr. T. M. Gould of Raymond, who then held the office of coroner. It appeared that the woman had been drinking freely on the day before her death and had become so intoxicated on her way to her home in Raymond that, towards evening, she wa s obliged to lie down in the highway. During the following night a heavy rain storm came on and the gutter wherein she was found became filled with water, and it was thought she was drowned. The coroner's jury returned a verdict to the effect that the young respondents were not guilty of having committed any assault upon the woman, and they were finally discharged. Miss Harrison was about 50 years old. SMALL POX. In the spring of 1835, small pox broke out in the family of William Towle, sometimes jocosely called "Governor" Towle, who lived at the intersection of the road to Ray- mond and the Langford road. Mr. Towle was taken vio- lently sick and Mr. Owen Reynolds and other neighbors assisted in taking care of him. Mr. Towle died and soon afterwards Mr. Reynolds and several members of his fami- ly were taken down. Dr. Lane and Dr. Sargent attended the patients and at length decided that they were afflicted with 'small pox. When this announcement was made the people of the town became greatly excited. The selectmen took active measures to prevent the disease from spreading and employed Dr. Luther V. Bell of Derry to take charge of those who were sick. A large number of the people of the town were vaccinated under his direction. An investiga- tion showed that a short time before the disease broke out a bundle containing a quantity of clothing which had be- longed to a man who had died of small pox was sent from New York to Mr. Andrew Moore and that the clothes were presented to Mr. Towle. Soon after the clothes had been worn by Mr. Towle he became infected with the disease. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3O9 DIPHTHERI>. In the spring of 1861, Mr. John Abbott and his wife Bet- sey Willitt Abbott were afflicted in a most remarkable manner by the loss of seven children by diphtheria within a period of seven weeks. The following are their names: Mrs. Martha Jane Abbott, wife of Samuel G. W. Patten, who died April 19, aged 17 years and 10 morths; Joseph Abbott, died May 6, aged 11; Charles Abbott, died May 8, aged 7; R. Milton, died May 15, aged 13; Mary Ellen, died May 17, aged 9; Daniel Sheppard, died May 28 aged 14; John Henry, died June 9, aged 16. DEATH OF TWO BROTHERS. In the autumn of 1828, Enoch Colby and Sherburne Col- by, sons of Nehemiah Colby, who then resided on the place on the Colby road, now owned by the widow of Rev. James Adams, were taken ill at about the same time with a disease of the lungs which finally developed into consump- tion. They declined very rapidly and, on Sunday forenoon, May 3, 1829, Enoch died. The announcement of his death to the people at the Congregational church during the inter- mission produced a profound sensation as it was known that his brother was near his end. At 8 o'clock in the eve- ning of the same day, Sherburne also died. The funeral of the two brothers took place at the. old Congregational meeting-house on Wednesday afternoon, the day following the annual May training. Col. Samuel Cass was the chief manager on the occasion. The meeting-house was com- pletely filled by people who came from all sections of the town. The remains of the deceased which were enclosed in bright red coffins were placed upon biers in front of the pulpit. Rev. Mr. Wheeler preached an able and appropri- ate sermon in the course of which he spoke of the virtues of the two young men. and the sad and extraordinarg cir- cumstances under which they had been cut off in their ear- ly manhood. At the close of the exercises the remains were taken to the old cemetery and burjed in one urave IO > HISTORY OF CANDIA. 'nbch, the oldest brother, was 26 and Sherburne 23 years f age. DEATH OF GEORGE B. BLAKE., Early in May, 1825, George B. Blake, a very bright and miable boy, who lived in the family of Nathaniel Rowe rho resided on the North road, was cut off under peculiar ircumstances. The weather was quite warm for the time f the year and, like most other children of those days he rent bare-footed on week days. While driving a yoke of xen to harrow a piece of ground for planting he stepped n a small stone with one of his heels. In the course of jvo or three days his heel became very sore and painful, .s the true nature of the difficulty was not at first fully real- led, a physician was not immediately called in, though, therwise. he was taken care of in the best manner. When t length Dr. Wheat, came and opened the sore the heel had ecome greatly inflamed. Blood poisoning and mortifica- on soon set in and, after great suffering, the boy died on aturday evening, May 14, aged 10 years. He was a ephew of Mrs. Rowe. The funeral took place on the following Sunday at 5 'clock in the afternoon. John, Joshua and Exekiel Lane, arpenters, who lived in the neighborhood made the coffin n Sunday morning at the shop of the first named. The ay was one of the most beautiful of the year, the apple ■ees were in full bloom and a large number of people were resent at the funeral services, which were conducted by ^ev. Mr. Wheeler. A hymn of which the following is the rst stanza was sung to the tune of China: "When blooming youth is- snatched away By death's resistless hand, Our hearts the mournful tribute pay Which pity must demand." t FATAL RESULT OF A QUARREL. During the great presidential campaign of 1856,. a melan- holy tragedy took place in town. Early in September of tl-^fK- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3 I I that year there was a Democratic rally and flag raising on High Street near the residence of the late Aaron Brown, Several speeches were made and everything so far as re- lated to the meeting was concerned passed off to the satis- faction of all. Among those who were present at the rally were Albion (_'. Bean, a son of Jonathan Bean who resided at the Village and George H. Patten, son of William Patten 1 who resides on the road from the Corner to Deerfield. These two young men started to ride together from the meeting to their homes in the village, Patten having a load- ed musket by his side. As they passed along they became engaged in a quarrel. Patten charged Bean with having abused him in the presence of a young woman to whom Bean had paid some attention. They went by the way of the North Road and when they had reached the site of the old school house in Dist. No. 2 they got out of the carriage. Bean who was greatly enraged told Patten he was going to whip him. They were standing about a rod apart and Pat- ten told Bean that if he advanced a step towards him he would defend himself with his gun. Bean thereupon start- ed towards Patten, when the latter fired upon him. The charge struck one of Bean's legs at the knee by which it was very badly shattered. He was taken to his home, and Dr. Luther Pattee was called. The leg was amputated, but all attempts to save the patient proved unavailing and he died' at 24 years of y age. Patten was arrested and brought before John Moore, Esq., a justice of the peace, on the charge of murder. A hearing took place in the vestry of the Freewill Baptist church. Charles H. Bell of Exeter appeared for the state and Albert R. Hatch and J. S. H. Frink of Portsmouth for the respon- dent. Several witnesses testified in substance that Bean threatened to assault Patten, and that the latter did not fire until he saw Bean approaching him. The respondent' was discharged on the ground that he acted in self defence. CHAPTER XXVI. MISCELLANEOUS., LIST OF TAX PAYERS IN 182O. Anderson — Samuel, JosiaH, William, Samuel, jr. Brown — Aaron, Sewell, Nathan, David, Caleb, Caleb, jr.; Daniel, Jeremiah, Nathan, Nathan, jr., Jonathan, Stephen, William 1 , Jacob, Aaron, jr., David, jr. Bean — Reuben, Nathan, Abraham, Benjamin, Jqnathan, Moses, Reuben, jr., Dudley, Sherburne, Joseph, Daniel, David, Gilman, Abraham, jr.; Buswell — Samuel, Moses, John Samuel, jr., Jacob; Burpee — Nathaniel, Ezra, Jonathan; Burleigh — Nancy, widow, William, John, James 1 ; Bagley — Moses, John, James, Moses, jr.; Brickett — Moses. Cammet — John, John, jr.; Cass — Samuel, Samuel, jr., Benjamin, Jonathan, Moses; Colby — Nehemian s Phinehas, Jane, widow; Clough — Sarah, widow, Samuel, Lydia, widow; Carr — Joseph; Clark — Henry, Joseph, William; Currier — Jonathan, Timothy, Jonathan, jr.; Clay — John, Walter, John, jr., John, 3d; Critchett — James, Thomas, James, jr., Moses, Isaac; Colcord — Samuel, Samuel, jr., Stephen; Cheney — Eleazar B. ; Chase — Josiah B. Duncan — William; Dolber — John; Dearborn — Moses, Sam- uel, John, Sarah, Winthrop, Sargent; Dolber — John, John, Emerson — Moses, Nathaniel, Nathaniel, jr., Jonathan; Eaton — Paul, Ephrain, Henry True, Henry, Jesse, Peter, Willian; Edgerly— Benjamin. French— Nicholas, Nicholas, jr., Jonathan C, John, Moses, Joshua, Josiah, Simon, Nathaniel; Fitts— Daniel, Moses, Reuben,, Samuel, Abraham, Daniel, jr., John, Jo- seph; Foster — Joseph, James, True; Fifield — John C, Peter, William; Follansbee — Abel, Amos. George — Ephraim; Griffin — Benjamin, Da vid, Nathaniel Gordon John; Glie — Stephen. 312 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 313 Hubbard — Benjamin, Joshua, J. P., Joseph; Hall — Ben- jamin, Caleb, Peter, Sargent, Qbededom, Jonathan; Hobbs — Thomas, John; Healey — Jonathan;* Hoit — Richard; Harri- man — David. Knowles — Amos, Eleazer. Lane — John, John, jr., Joshua, Ezekiel, Isaiah, Thomas B. ; Libbee — Jacob. Josiah; Langford — Anthony; Lang — Thomas^ Deborah, David; Locke — Mary. Morrill — Samuel, Parker, Jonathan; Moore — Andrew, John, Jane, widow, John 3d, Ann; Mooers — Samuel; Moore & Taylor; Martin — John, Moses, Jonathan, Joseph; Marden —Stephen; McDuffie — Hazen Samuel; Morrison — David, Thomas D. ; Moody — David. 1 Pillsbury — Abijah, Jonathan, Caleb, Benjamin, John; Prince — Caleb, Joseph; Patten — William, Lydia, widow, Moses, Robert, Wi^is; Palmer — Joseph, Mary; Prescott — Edward, James. Quimby — David. Robie — John, Levi, Walter, William, John, -John, jr., John, 3d; Rowe— Jonathan, John P. L, Nathaniel, Moses, Aaron, Dudley; Rollins — Noah; Richardson — Gilman; Ro- binson — John. Sargent — Moses, Samuel, Moses, jr., Moses, 3d, Sarah, Josiah, Jonathan, Sarah, Thomas, Hannah; Shannon — Josiah; Stevens — Solomon, Moses; Smith — Joseph C. , Oliver, Benjamin, Benjamin, jr., Oliver, Stephen, Bailey, Jonathan, Jesse, James, Phebe; Seavey — Samuel. Thorn— Nathan; Amos, Nathan, jr.; Taylor — John; Towle — William; Turner — Moses, Josiah, Moses, jr., Wil- laim; Thresher — Henry. Varnum — Jrtshua. Wheeler— Abraham; Wheat — Nathaniel; Wilson— Tho- mas, SBmuel, Margret; Wason — John; Worthen — Jona- than, Lewis, Enoch, jr., John; Woodman — Samuel, David, Jonathan; Ward — Simon, Cotton; Wadleigh — Jesse. , IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. For many years previous to 1841, the laws of the state ' provided that persons who were unable or unwilling to pay 314 HISTORY OF CA.NDIA. I their debts could be imprisoned in the county jails for in- definite periods of time. The debtors were often treated like criminals and were sometimes placed in the same apartments with those who had been arrested for having committed serious crimes. In 1805, Hon. Russell Free- man, who had been a councillor and speaker of the House of Representatives, was imprisoned in the Grafton county- jail at Haverhill for debt. Two other, persons who were also imprisoned for debt were confined in the same room with Freeman. One of them named Josiah Burnha'm, be- came furiously angry with his companions because they complained of his ravenous appetite and killed them both. Burnham was convicted of murder and hung- the following spring before an immense crowd of people. The barbarous laws by which poor debtors were con- fined in jail like felons was a disgrace to civilization. While the law was in force a considerable number of insol- vent debtors of Candia were arrested by sheriffs and im- prisoned in the county jail at Exeter. Rufus Wilson of Chester, who was a deputy sheriff a number of years previous to 1824 became famous, or rather infamous, by the zeal he displayed in arresting debtors and hurrying them off to jaih He often officiated in this way in Candia. It is .said that he was in the habit of buying up claims against debtors at a great discount. If the claims were settled promptly, well and good; but in case the unfortu- nate debtors were unable to settle they were carted off to jail without mercy. > About the year 1822, Gen. Benjamin Pierce of Hills- borough, the father of President Franklin Pierce, was sheriff of Hillsborough county and, as an< officer, often visited the county jail at Amherst. At that time there were many insolvent debtors in the jail, some of whom had been imprisoned several years and were totally unable to extri- cate themselves from their miserable condition. Gen. Pierce, who was afterwards Governor of the state; became so touched with pity for those unfortuuate men that he paid all the claims against them out of his own pocket and they were released. The following is an extract from a portion of the message HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3I5 of Gov. Mathew Harvey to the New Hampshire legisla- ture in 1830 in which he urged the repeal of the law provid- ing for the imprisonment of insolvent debtors: "The entire control over the personal liberty of debtors was formerly given to creditors to compel payment either by the terrors of the jail before committment or the misery of confinement afterwards. This poweY in the hands of an unfeeling creditor was often exercised with severity and fell indiscriminately upon the honest and dishonest; and, whether the debtor had been deprived of the means of pay- ment by exercise of bad judgement or by inevitable mis- fortune, or had fraudulently placed his effects beyond the reach of his creditors, when once committed to prison was confined for life without the possibility of a discharge ex- cept by the mercy of the creditor, or by payment of the debt, ho*wever embarrassing this might have been to friends who, moved by sympathy would sometimes do it, or, how- ever oppressive to an already miserable and destitute fam- In accordance with the terms of an old law, creditors could attach the , dead body of a debtor and prevent its burial until his claims were satisfied. It is said that the remains of deceased debtors were sometimes attached while, on the way to the cemetery. To frustrate the designs of selfish and unfeeling creditors, the remains were often buried secretly at night. It is understood that Gen. Sullivan, who was governor of the state several terms died heavily in debt and that some of his creditors threatened to seize his body unless the claims were paid. SOMNAMBULISM. During the night of April I4,*i873, a most extraordinary event took place in the town at the residence of Charles R. Rowe on the North road. About midnight a young man, sixteen or seventeen years of age, named John Emerson, who was temporarily stopping with Mr. Rowe, was found -in. his bed up stairs with his face and hands terribly muti- lated. Upon his face there were several deep gashes that 3 16 HISTORV OF CANDIA. appeared to ( have been made with an ax. Some of his ringers were cut off andothers were badly lacerated. ' It soon appeared that the assault was probably committed by a young man about seventeen years of age named Wilfred Fitts, who was visiting his uncle Jesse R. Fitts, then living on the North Road about a mile west of the residence of Mr Rowe. The people of the town were greatly excited, as it was at first believed that there had been a deliberate attempt to commit murder. The young man, Fitts, was arrested and taken to. the' county jail at Exeter to await an investigation of the case. John Emerson, or "Johnny," as he was fa- miliarly called, in a few days, began to show signs that his wounds would not prove fatal. He was born in Richmond, Va., and is the son ot Richard Emerson, a native of Candia and the grandson of John Emerson who, for many years lived on High Street near the, residence of Frank Hall. Wilfred Fitts, the assailant, was a son of Isaac N. Fitts, a native of Candia, but for many years a citizen of Lowell, where he died in 1890. In the course of a few days the investigation took place at the vestry of the Congregational church before George F. Hodgdon of Portsmouth; J. S. H. Fr'ink, the county so- licitor, appeared for the state and David Cross of Manohes : ter appeared for the respondent. A very large audience was present and a considerable number of the newspapers in the state were represented. The dwelling houses of Mr. Rowe and Mr. Fitts were first examined. Jessse R. Fitts, the uncle of Wilfred, testi- fied that he was sent to his house by his father in the hope that he might be restored to health and cured of a propensi- ty to walk in his sleep. He said that about a month before the assault upon Emerson, Wilfred was found apparently asleep'in an unfinished garret in the house of Mr. Robbins, a neighbor. He was dressed, but his pants were inside out. In his hands there was a broad ax that was taken from the shop of the witness. He was holding the ax by the blade. He had taken off his rubber boots and entered the garret by a ladder. The witness said that John Emerson had lived with him for some time and that he went away a day or HISTORY OF CANDIA, 317 \ two before the assault to take care of Mr. Rowe's cattle during the absence of the, latter as a juror at Portsmouth. Wilfred slept with John and they were on the best of terms. After the scene at Robbins' garret, he locked Wilfred in the room when he slept. Isaac N. Fitts, the father of Wilfred, testified in regard to many feats he performed when in a state of somnambu- lism, some of which seemed incredible and highly danger- ous, and which could not have been performed in a state of wakefulnes. From this testimony there seemed to be no doubt that Wilfred escaped from Mr F.'tts' house in some way that will never be known, went to an old shed, clambered up, a lad- der, got an old chair, then took an ax from the shop, not previously knowing 1 that the chair or ax were there, carried them nearly a mile over a muddy road, raised the parlor window in Mr. Rowe's house, a window that Mr. Rowe testified he had never been able to raise except with a pry, entered the window, went across the parlor into a hall, then up the front stairs and through a winding alley and into the Emerson boy's room where he, committed the as- sault, and then returned as mysteriously as he went. He had never been in Mr. Rowe's house before and knew nothing of the room that Johnny occupied. The keeper of the jail at Exeter testified that Wilfred was confined, there in a large room in the second story with two young men from Newcastle who were charged with steal- ing a $1,000 bond. One night when the two young men were sound asleep in bed one of them was awakened by being severely cut with an instrument across the lips and the other was seized by the hair of^his head and an attempt was made to cut his throat with a razor. When the two young men were fairly roused they found Wilfred up and dressed with an open razor in his hand. Wilfred Fitts, the respondent testified that he never was in Mr. Rowe's house to his knowledge and had no recol- lection of his night walking. Various parties from Lowell testified as to Wilfred's good character. They represented _him as a singularly amiable, and truthful boy, a zealous 3 18 , HISTORY OF CANDIA. , member of the Methodist church, a fine scholar and a. member of the high school. David Cross, the counsel for Wilfred, stated that, probab- ly, history furnished no parallel to the case, and that neither the common or the state laws made any provisions for it. There was, no doubt that the boy committed the deed unwittingly and was,, therefore, irresponsible. He further said that the magistrate had no discretion in the case except to bind him over. The county solicitqr took the same view of the case and said that if. Wilfred's father would puf him in a place of se- curity, the legal proceedings would go no further. The respondent was accordingly put under bonds of $500 and returned to Lowell. He remained at his home a short time but made no progress in the way of regaining his . health. He was finally taken to the insane asylum at Taunton, Mass., and died in the course of a few months. John Emerson became a teacher and taught a high school in Candia and various other places. He is now the princi- pal of a grarrimar school in Massachusetts, near Boston. He will always bear the marks of the ugly wounds he re- ceived on that terrible April night. PROFESSIONAL HISTORY OF CANDIA. The following are, the names of the men who were raised in Candia, and were graduates of Dartmouth College: 1827 — -David Pillsbury, son of Benjamin Pillsbury was born in Raymond, Feb. 27, 1802. He read law with Hen- ry Hubbard of Charlestown and Samuel D. Bell of Chester. He began to practice at Chester in 1830 and resided there many years and then removed to Concord. He held the office of judge of the police court in that city several years, and died in 1862. 1828 — Frederick Parker, son of Thomas Parker, was born at Bedford, Oct. 3, 1799. He was a -lawyer and practiced in Bangor, Me. He died in that city May 19, 1834, aged 34 years. 1829 — Jacob H. Quimby, son of Jacob H. Quimby was born in Candia, June 6, 1806. He was professor of Latin ( HISTORY OF CANDIA. 319 and Greek at St. Mary's College, Md. He died Feb. 6, 1838. , 1830 — William Henry Duncan, son ,of William Duncan the trader was born in Candia, Sept. 26, 1807. He studied law and opened an office at Hanover. He married a daugh- ter of Mills Olcott of Hanover and was a brother-in-law to the celebrated lawyers, Rufus Choate and Joseph Bell of Boston. He died in 1883. 1831 — Moses Hall Fitts, son of Master Moses Fitts, was born in Candia, Jan., 1808. He was principal of the Acade- my at Lewiston and Palymyra, N. Y. He was also county commissioner of schools in western New York. About the year 1876 he removed to Santa Rosa, Cal., and died there in 1889. 1 83 1 — Ephraim Eaton, son of Henry Eaton, was born in Candia, Sept. 13, 1808. He practiced law at Concord, and was afterwards agent of a manufacturing .company at Troy, N. Y. , where he died March 3, 1863. 1833 — Jesse Eaton Pillsbury, son of Benjamin Piilsbury, was born in Candia, Dec. 10, 1807. He taught school at Buffalo, N. Y., and was principal of an academy at Kings- ton. He died in 1886. in western New York. 1 84 1 — Richard Emerson Lane, son of John Lane, Esq., was born in Candia, June 2, 181 3. He taught school and read law at Lewiston, N. Y., and died there very suddenly in 1842. 1843 — Lorenzo Clay, son of Walter Clay, was born in Candia, Nov. 5, 18 17. He went to Augusta, Me., and studied law. and practiced many years at Gardiner, Me. He died in that town in 1890. 1850 — Moses Patten, son of Moses Patten, senior, was born in Candia, July 4, 1824. He graduated at Andover Theological Seminary in 1855 and was settled first at Plympton, Mass. He was afterwards pastor of churches in Dracut and Townsend, Mass., and in several towns in Vermont. 1853 — John Dolber Emerson, son of Abraham Emer- son, was born in Candia, May 29 1828. He graduated at Andover Theological Seminary in 1858 and was the pastor of a church at Haverhill, N-. H., nine years. He was then 320 HISTORY OF CANDIA. settled at Biddeford, Me., several years. He then became the pastor of a church at Jericho, Vt, and remained there a few years. His next pastorate was at Kennebunk, Me. He remained there several years when he resigned. He is now a resident of Biddeford. 1853 — Jonathah C. Brown, son of Jonathan Brown was born in Candia, Jan. 19, 1827. He was a teacher for some time when he became connected with a broker's office in New York city. In this position his health failed and he became insane. He was an inmate of the New 1 Hampshire Insane Asylum at Concord.many years, and died there Aug. 1 8, 1 881, aged 54 years and 7 months. ;i 855 — Daniel Dana Patten, son qf Moses Patten, senior, was born at Capdia, April 25-, 1829. He read law in Boston, v and practiced a short time. He then became a teacher and taught schools in Stoneham, Mass., Portland, Me., and other places. 1858 — Samuel Collins Beane, son of Joseph Beane, of the Island, was born at Candia, Dec. 39, 1835. He graduated' at the Divinity school connected with Harvard University and was afterwards settled over a Unitarian church at Chichope, Mass. He resigned and was afterwards pastor of churches at Salem, Mass., and Concord, N. H. He is now the pastor of the Unitarian church at Newburyport, Mass. 1858 — Albert Palmer, son of Joseph Palmer, 1 was born at Candia, Jan. 17, 1831. He became a teacher in the Boston Latin school and held I he position several years. He then became engaged in the ice business. He was a member of both branches of the Massachusetts legislature and held the office of mayor of Boston in 1883. He died May 21, 1887. ' , i860 — Samuel Franklin French, son of Coffin M. French was born at Candia, Dec. 22, 1835. He studied divinity at Andover Theological Seminary and was iirst settled as a minister at Hamilton, Mass,. He was afterwards settled at Tewksbury, Mass., and Wallingford, Vt. He is still pastor of the Congregational church in the latter place. i860 — Wilson Palmer, son of Joseph Palmer, was born in Candia, March 1, 1833. He studied law with Judge AARON G. WHITTIER. Sketch, page 514. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 32 I David Cross of Manchester and graduated at the Albany Law School" and practiced law a short time and then went to the West and became superintendent of schools at Inde- pendence, Iowa, Sycamore, 111., and Ottumwa, Iowa. A few years ago he 'became the editor and proprietor of the Oyster Bay PUot, in Oyster Bay, N. Y. i860 — Alanson Palmer, also a son of Joseph Palmer, was tyorn in Candia, May 12, 1835. He graduated in i860 and has been connected with the public schools of New York city for a number of years. 1 86 1 — Win. Robie Ea iten. son of Dea. Francis Patten, was born in Candia, Aug. 30, 1837. He studied law and practiced in Manchester aeveral years, and died in May, 1886. . 1862 — Luther Wilson Emerson ; son of Abraham Emer- son and a brother of John D. Emerson; was born Oct. 14, 1838. He read law in the office of Lewis & Cox, of New York, and opened an office in tha,t city. He is still a resi- dent of New York and has a lucrative practice. 1863 — George Henry French, son of Coffin M. French, was born in Candia, July 27, 1838. He graduated , at Andover Theological Seminary in 1868. He has been pas- 'tor of Congregational churches in Johnson and Ludlow, ,Vt, and at Charlestown and Meriden, N. H. He is. still' pastor of the church at the latter place. 1865 — Charles Henry Hubbard, son of J Pike Hubbard, was born at Candia, July 4, 1839,. He graduated at Andover Theological Seminary and was first settled over the Congregational church at Merrimack, N. H. A few years ago he removed to Boxford, Mass., and became pastor of a church at that place. 1885 — Henry A. Hubbard, sbn of Henry A. Hubbard, senior, and a grandson of Benjamin Hubbard. After grad- uating at Hanover he taught high schools in Candia and Kingston and at Fort Payne, Alabama. He is now residing, in Candia. . 1885 — John D. Philbrick,, son of J. Harvey Philbrick, was born Aug. 24, 1849. After graduating he became a teacher in the Tho;mas N. Hart grammar school in South Boston, ■ 20 32 2 HISTORY OF CANDIA. / and principal of the Bigelow Evening School in that ci 1892 — William R. Emerson, son of Moses F. Emersi is a member of the senior class of Dartmouth College, a will graduate in 1892. The following are the names of natives of Candia v> were graduates of other colleges and institutions of lea ing. James P. Lane, son of Dr. Isaiah Lane, was b< in Candia, Sept 8, 1832. He fitted for college at Meric Academy and graduated at Amherst College and Ando Theological Seminary. He was then settled over a chu: at East Weymouth, Mass., several years. He afterwa became pastor of the Free Church at Andover, Mass., church at Bristol, R. I., and a church at Norton, Ma After leaving Norton he^ retired from the ministry and d at his residence at Hyde Park, Mass., in 1891. Alvah A. Smith, son of Charles Smith, and a brc er of Edmund Smith, was fitted for College at Phillips Aca my at Andover, Mass., and graduated at Michigan I versity. He taught schools m Alabama and Lousia and elsewhere. Since then he has been a resident of Bos and is engaged in the real estate business. Henry Robie Morrill, son of Samuel Morrill, was borr 1840. He fitted for college at the academy at Wilbrahj Mass., and graduated at the Wesleyan University Middleton, Conn. He then studied law with Judge He B. Graves at Litchfield, Conn. He was admitted to the at Wolcottville in that state, and after practicing law in 1 place a short time he was appointed judge of probate Litchfield county. He held that office several ye: then removed to Waterbury Conn., and was soon appo ed judge of the city court at that place. He died at Wa bury in 1873, aged 43. Moses Palmer, the oldest child of Joseph Palmer, born in December, 1784. He became a Methodist 1< preacher. For a number of years he was located at Un He died at Goshen, March 22, 1827; aged 43. Jacob Reed, son of Abel Reed, was a pupil in the pu school in Dist.' No. 2, and when a young man he stui law and was admitted to the bar in Essex county, Mass HISTORY OF CANDIA. 323 Rev. James H. Fitts, son of John Fitts, and grandson of Reuben Fitts, graduated at the theological seminary in Bangor. Me., after which he was settled over a Congre- gational church in West Boylston, Mass. He remained there a few .years and then was setled over a church in Topsfield, Mass. During the last few years he has been settled over the Congregational church in South New- market. Franklin Fitts, son of Master. Moses Fitts. was born in Candia and was a graduate of the medical school connect- ed with Dartmouth College. In 1834 he went to Buffalo, N. Y. , and practiced medicine a short time in that city. He died there in 1835. Dr. Thomas Wheat, son of Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, was born in Candia, in January, 1821. He was a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1847, and soon afterwards be- came a practitioner at Manchester. He is still in active prac- tice in that city. John T. Moore, son of John Moore, Esq., was a pupil in the public schools in Candia and, in 1856, he commenced the study of law with Judge Chandler E. Potter af Manches- ter. He soon afterwards opened an office in that city and has practiced law there until the present time. Dr. J. Wilson Robie, son of John Robie, studied medicine and graduated at the New York Medical College, after which he commenced practi:e in New York. He still resides there. James H. Eaton, son of Capt. Jesse Eaton, was born in Candia, studied law at Lawrence, Mass., and was princi- pal of the high school in that city several years. He was also for several years the cashier of a bank in that place. Dr. John Franklin Fitts, son of Joseph Fitts, was born in Candia, Aug 24, 1839, studied medecine with Dr. Page, and was graduated at the medical school connected with Dart- mouth College. He was a very successful practitioner at Francestown and died there, Oct. 19, 1873. Dr. George H. French, son of Charles H. French, gradu- ated at the medical school at Hanover about four years ago, and is now settled as a physician at Walpole, Mass. Francis P. Emerson, son of Moses?- F. Emerson, studied 3^4 HISTORY OF CANDIA. medicine with Dr. C. M. Dodge of Manchester and gradi ' ated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Nc York city about 1888. He is now settled as a physicia at Chester, Vt. Mary J. Dudley and Sara Judith Dudley, > daughters ( Woodbury J. Dudley, were graduated at Wellesly College ; Wellesly, Mass. Carrie L. Emerson, daughter, of Daniel F. Emerson, als graduated at Wellesly College. YANKEE DIALECT. For many years after the settlement of New England, th majority of the people who were not well educated were i the habit of pronouncing many of the common words 'i use in a very peculiar manner, and words which cannot t found in an English dictionary were frequently introduce! The typical Yankee or country Jonathan always talked i this dialect. A? sphools have been multiplied this form < speech is now seldom heard. The following are specimer of the words and their pronounciation referred to, tl words as they were improperly pronounced begin wii capital letters and the proper pronounciation is given : small letters: Airnest for earnest; Actilly, actually; Ax, ask; Arte after; Airly, early; Aint, is not; Bellowses, bellows; Belle bellow; Bin, been; Bile, boil; Bimeby, by and by; Blu out, to speak bluntly; Bust, burst; Caird, carried; Chunk, piece; Cuss, curse, a mean fellow; Close, clothes; Darsn dare not; Darned, a polite way of saying damned; Despu desperate; Du, do; Dunno, don't know; Dror, draw; Een end; Tarnal, eternel; Etarnity, eternity; Ef, if; Emptin yeast; Es, as; Fur, far; Forrard, forehead, or forvvar Ferfle, fearful; Ferrel, ferrule; Feller, fellow; Fust, fin Foller, follow; Furrer, furrow; Git, get; Gret, great; Ge girl; Grouty, sulky; Gut, got; Gump, a foolish or dull f< low; Gum, to impose upon; Hed, had; Housen, house Het, heated; Hull, whole; Hum, home; Hev, have; Iden I don't know; Inimy, enemy; Idees, ideas; Insine, ensig Inter, into; Jegde, judge; Jest, just; Jine, join; Jint, joii HISTORY OF CANDIA. 325 ' . '" Keer, care; Ketch, catch; Kinder, similar;' Kittle, kettle; ' v^i Let daylight into him, to shoot br destroy him; Lick, to beat or whip; Lights, lungs; Mash, a marsh; Mean, stingy; Offen, often; Ole, old; Peek, to peep; Pint, a point; Popler, popular; Popple, poplar; Put out, troubled, or vexed; Riled,' • • angry; Riz, rose or risen; Sass, sauce; Sassy, impertinent; Sartin, certain; Set by or Sot by, admired; Sich, such; Slarter, slaughter; No great shakes, not of much account; ;• M' v ., Meetin' heouse, meeting house; Nower's, Nowhere; Pooty, - ■ '/ 'f';. ;l ' pretty; Pizen, poison; Scaly, mean; Scrouging, hard labor; /,';"',"'., Sot, sat; Picter, picture; Snaked out, pulled out; Streaked, mean; Scoot, to run away; Sogerin, shirking; Somers, • somewhere; Suthin, something; Take on, to mourn; Taters, potatoes; Tetch, touch; Sost, so as to; Darter, daughter; ,_;'. "jf, £' : ; : Wal, well; Wuz, was; Puddn, pudding; Winder, window; 'v%;,^,' Hins, hens; Ter rites, presently; Harrer, harrow; Harrerup ':■'- *,.;;'#,.'.. " yer feelins, to excite your feelings, Put out, offended; ■ \1Jt Straddle over, step over; Grouty, cross or angry; Terbarker _ >"■-;;*'• or Barker, tobacco; Pester, annoy; Sharder, shadow; Pesky, '"•';/ >[•&■;«■ offensive; Larnin, learning; Turkle; turtle; Tootin, blowing on an instrument; Sho, an exclamation of surprise; Duds, clothes; Nuther, neither; Natur, nature; Yaller, yellow; I swow, or I swan, another way of saying I swear; Edicated, l educated; This ere, This^here; That are, that there; Seed, saw; Hist, hoist; T'other, the other. Words ending with the sylable ing, were pronounced as though the final consonant, g, was silent. THE DEERFIELD EXPLOSIONS. During the summer and fall of 1845, the people of Deer- field and vicinity were startled by loud subteraneous noises ' which seemed to proceed from a section of territory lying in the southeastern part of the town, near the Nottingham line and in the immediate vicinity of the southwestern side of the Pawtuckaway mountains. At some of the explosions the houses were shaken, stoves and other kitchen furniture were rattled, clocks were stopped, and crockery was thrown down and broken. The noises were often as loud as the report of a twelve pounder cannon when heard 326 HISTORY OF CANDIA. at a distance of half a mile,' but there were no echoes or reverberations in the atmosphere like those which follow thunder or explosions of any sort above ground; neither were there any long wave motions in the earth or noises which gradually become fainter and fainter like those which accompany ordinary earthquakes. The most intelli- gent of the people who heard the strange sounds were agreed that they were occasioned by some local dis- turbance in the earth at a moderate distance below the sur- face. Many of the inhabitants were much alarmed and feared that a great volcano was about to break out and cause great destruction of life and property. At length, on the invitation of the late Judge Butler, and other citizens of Deerfield, Prof. Merriam, a meteriologist of Brooklyn, N. Y. , visited the locality in the vicinity of the Pawtuck- away mountains and made a partial investigation of the case; but in consequence of a violent storm his labors were suspended and were never resumed. The strange noises were distinctly heard by many of the people of Candia. One Sunday, the minister of the Freewill Baptist church at the Village was interrupted by a loud ex- plosion, which was accompanied by a violent shaking of the ground, the meeting house, and the rattling of the stove and windows. The author of this history, during a protracted visit to Deerfield in the fall of 1845, had a most excellent oppor- tunity for realizing some of the effects of these strange phenomena.. One evening in October while conversing with the late Morrill White, E. P. Prescott and others at the store of Prescott & Philbrick on the South Road, a very loud noise, resembling the report of a cannon, was heard and the store was violently shaken from top to bottom. A month later, while stopping at the residence of Mrs. Josiah Houghton, on the same street, the writer was awakened at midnight by a very loud explosion. Another soon followed, the earth trembled and the house was shaken. The cause of these extraordinary noises has never been satisfactorily explained, thongh various theories have been suggested: It is well known that there are deposits HISTORY 01' CANDIA. 327 of bog iron ore in Deerfield n ^ar the Pawtuckaway moun- tains. This iron was used to a considerable extent by the blacksmiths of Deerfield, Nottingham and Candiaa hundred years ago or more. It proved to be of a very inferior quality and its use was long ago abandoned. It has been thought by some persons, that the peculiar composition of this ore may in some way have been connected with the cause of the explosions. It is said that a short time before the noises were first heard, the Newmarket Manufacturing Company obtained control of the Pawtuckaway Pond, one of the principal sources of the Lamprey River, . and raised the dam at the outlet several feet for the purpose of increasing their water power. One of the theories which has been suggested in explana- tion of the explosions is that the raising of the pond caused the water to flow back into crevices and caverns under the mountains and adjacent lands, which, coming in contact with the sulphate of iron' and other mineral substances, produced a chemical action which generated steam or cer- tain gasses followed by the explosions and rumblings. Another theory is that the cooling of the crust of the earth produced a shrinkage and a fracture of the same ac- companied, by the consequent, extraordinary noises. Upon the occurrence of one of the shocks a man chanced to be standing in the highway near the boundary line be- tween Candia and Deerfield, where a great granite ledge crops out for some distance east and west. He described the noise as resembling two ledges grinding furiously to- gether beneath him, and that the vibrations of the earth were so great that he could not stand still. VISITS OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES i>ND LAFAY- ETTE TO NEW HAMPSHIRE. In 1789, soon after Gen Washington had been inaugurat- ed President of the United States, he visited several of the New England States. He came to New Hampshire and was welcomed at Portsmouth by Gen. John Sullivan, then the President of the state. The citizens of Portsmouth and the surrounding towns in great numbers received the firs 328. HISTORY OF CANDIA. president with every demonstration of gratitude and 'satis- faction.. On his return to Boston, Washington passed through Exeter, where he was received by a large numbei of the people of that town and vicinity. It is said that a considerable number qf the people of Candia, among whom were several soldiers of the Revolution who had served under Washington, welcomed him at • Portsmouth 01 Exeter. In 181 7, . James Monroe, the fifth president, visited the New England States. He came to New Hampshire and was received by the governor, the members of the legisla- ture and a large body of citizens, In 1824, the illustrious General Lafayette of Fra.nce,- who aided in securing the independence of the American colo- nies, made an extended visit to the United States. He was received with demonstrations of great joy in many sections of the Union. In June, 1825, he visited New Hampshire upon the invitation of the legislature which was then in session. While on his way from Boston to Concord, a few 1 days after he had laid the corner stone of Bunker Hill monument, he passed a night and part of a day at the Derby mansion in Derry, which is now the residence of Col. George W. Lane, a native of Candia. Upon his arival at the bridge in Concord he was received with a national salute of artillery and escorted to the State House by eight military companies under the command of Gen. Bradbury Bartlett. As he passed up Main Street he was hailed with shouts and cheers from fifty thousand citizens of the state. At the State House he was met-by more than two hundred heroes of the Revolution, some of whom had been his 1 companions in arms in the great struggle for human liberty. To each of these he was introduced by Gen. Pierce, a veteran of Bunker Hill, and the father oi President Pierce. In the afternoon, a sumptuous dinner, prepared by John P. Gass, was served to about eight hun- dred citizens. After the cloth was removed the following toast was offered by Gen. Pierce: " Ou,r Guest, the Friend cf Washington, and the friend of Mankind." G en ' Lafayette responded and expressed his affectionate acknowledge- ments for the kind welcome he had received. .-••1 V T „' f HISTORY OF CANDIA. 329 John Lane,, Esq./, who was a member of the House of Representatives from Candia at the time greatly entertained many of the people of the town by his account of the re- ception of Lafayette, including' minute details of his person- al appearance, his manner of expressing himself in broken English, and what the hero said when he was personally introduced to him. In June, 1833, President Jackson, accompanied ■ by Vice President Van Buren, Gen. Cass, the secretary of war, Levi Woodburry, the secretary ot the navy, and other members of his cabinet, visited New Hampshire and was welcomed by, the Governor and members of the Legislature. It was a great day in Concord and a vast multitude of people assembled to greet the distinguished warrior and states- man. A very large number of the people, of Candia were present up.on the occasion. In June, 1846, James K. Polk, who was elected President in 1844 visited New England. He came to Concord' on the invitation of the New Hampshire legislature. He was re- ceived at the State House by -the Governor and , Council, and the members of the senate and House of .Representa- tives. In reply to an address of welcome he made an able and interesting speech. Hon. Abraham Emerson of Candia, who. was then a senator from Dist. No. 2, was a member of a joint special committee of both branches of the legis- lature which met Mr. Polk' in Boston and officially extend- ed to him the invitation of those bodies to visit New Hampshire. It may be mentioned that the only time that Abraham Lincoln ever visited New Hampshire was in the spring of i860, just before the annual state election, , He made three addresses in the state, the last of which was delivered at a great Republican meeting in Manchester. Hon. Frederick Smyth, who presided at the meeting, introduced Mr. Lincoln as the next president of the United States. In about six months afterwards Mr. Lincoln was elected to the 'presidential chair, though it was generally believed that Mr. Seward would be the Republican candidate. President Grant visited Manchester, Concord and other 33° HISTORY OF CANDIA. » sections of the state in August, 1869, and was greeted b great throngs of people, including large numbers ( soldiers who had served under him. Many of the peop! of Candia, including various soldiers who had served undi him in the geat war, of the rebellion, visited Manchesti and in the heartiest manner greeted the great commandi on the occasion. President Hayes, who succeeded Gen. Grant as pres dent, visited Concord, Manchester and Nashua in the sun mer of 1879. At Manchester he was escorted to Smyth Hall, where he 1 was welcomed by a large number of tl citizens of that city. The President made an interests address and was followed by Wm. M. Evarts, the secretai of state, and other members of his cabinet. President Harrison visited Portsmouth, Manchester an Concord in July, 1889. In all those places he was escorte by processions of troops and welcomed by crowds 1 people. At Concord he was escorted to the State Hous> where he was presented to the members of the Legislature In reply to a speech of welcome by the governor, ft president made a respond. Many Candia people wei present on the occasion. The town has always been well provided with places ft public gatherings. The hall which was first built in th town was probably that which Master Moses Fitts erecte over his store about ninety years ago. When Moore & Sargent traded at the Corner they built hall over their store which is now occupied by the Masoni fraternity. Peter Eaton erected a hall over his store near tl Congregational meeting house. Moore & Taylor had a convenient hall over their store ; the Village in the east end of the block, and near tl grist mill. W. J. Dudly, a few years ago, constructed a hall over h store. This hall is now partially occupied by the Od Fellows and other associations. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 33 1 About fifteen years ago, George W. Robinson, who then owned the tavern at the Depot Village, built a hall in the second story of the L. part of the building. In 1881, John T. Moore of Manchester erected the building called Moore's Opera House, situated on the southwest corner of the road leading to High Street and that which leads to the Village and Deerfield. A part of the building was occupied by the military company in Candia, called the Patten Guards, for two or three years, after which the organizatioh was disbanded. The Vestry of the Methodist Society at the Corner was for several yea;s used occasionally for exhibitions. PAUPERISM. By an act passed by the provincial legislature of New Hampshire forty years before Candia was settled, it was provided, that, if any person came to sojourn in any town in the province and be there received and entertained for the space of three months, and not having been warned by the constable- to .leave the place, and the names of such persons, with the time of their abode there, and when such warning was given, returned to the quarter session; such person shall be reported an inhabitant of such town, and the town shall be liable to maintain such persons. It was also enacted that any person so warned out, and neglect- ing for fourteen days to remove, may, by warrant from a justice of the peace, be sent, from constable to constable into the town where he properly belongs, or had his last residence. When New Hampshire became a state, the above law re- mained in force, and, for many years, poor people, who came to Candia, were warned to depart without delay. The first warning of this kind of which there is any record, was in 1783. In the selectmen's account for that year, Zachariah Clifford was paid seven shillings and three pence for performing that duty. The following is a copy of the form of the warrant; State of New Hampshire, Rockingham e. s. To Zach- ariah Clifford, constable for the town of Candia. Greeting: 332 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Sir: — You are hereby required jn the name of the sta forthwith to warn Jeremiah Blank, his wife and children, depart out of the town of Candia, that they may be i future cost to said town. Hereof fail not, and make return of this warrant wi your doings thereon to the clerk of the court of stid coun within sixty days of the date. Given under our hands th: twentieth day of February, 1783. Samuel Buswell, \ , ', Ephraim Eaton, >• Selectmen of Candi John Hills. ) For many years the selectmen of the town provid' homes for those who were unable to support themselves such families as were willing to care for them. At lengi it became customary :o set up the expense of suppo ing poor families or single individvals at auction to t lowest bidder, and sometimes the entire body of paupe were sold in this way to a single citizen. At the annv. town meeting in 1824 it was voted that the services a keeping of the paupers, twenty-four in number as per 1 of the, selectmen, should be'let at auction for the term one year from the 20th of March, instant: That they shoi be well used and ke;it, as well clothed as they now a and, that one or more of the selectmen should visit th< as often as once in each month; the purchaser to pay bills incurred on their account, whether in health or si< ness or death, for the above time. They wefe struck for $131.50. In case there were paupers in good heal including women and children of a suitable age, they wi expected to perform a reasonable amount of work for 1 contractors who had them in charge. The practice of selling the support of the poor at aucti to the lowest bidder, was a great disgrace to the tow Any person with half an eye could see that in case th Were struck off at a very low price, the successful bidi was s6rely tempted to put them on the poorest and most sce ty fare even to make himself whole; and worse than that he succeeded in making any profit by the transacts How the man who, in 1824, bid off the support of twen four poor people and bound himself to feed, clothe the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 333 and pay all their bills in case of sickness or death could fairly and honorably fulfil his obligations even in those times is a conundrum that cannot be easily explained. That system of disponing of the poor was' fortunately abandoned more than fifty years ago and. there have been no more auctions of that kind since that time: It may be said that, while in some cases the poor were subjected to unkind treatment,' as' a general rule they were well, cared for. In 1850, the town voted to purchase a farm and buildings, and keep the poor together at one place. Sooix afterwards, the selectmen purchased the large farm owned by Otis Colcord and situated on the Colcord Road in the northeast part of the town. Mr. Colcord sold tne farm, tools and stock for the sum of 3, 500. In 1851, the town took pos- session, and Hiram Mathews was appointed the first super- intendent. The poor were well supported there and the system gave good satisfaction to the people. For some years one of the buildings was used as a house of correc- tion for persons who had committed minor offenses against the laws, and the superintendant of the farm had charge of the institution. There were several superintendents of the farm in the course of years, among whom were David Lovejoy and Elbridge Young. In 1849, the town voted to sell the farm and return to the old system of supporting the poor. The large farm was di- vided into lots and sold to- various persons. J. Wesley Lovejoy bought the buildings and a considerable number of acres of land. The property w ( as sold for nearly the total amount of its cost. About the year i860, a county almshouse was established , at Brentwood and all paupers in the County who had not obtained a settlement in the several towns -were supported there. Since that time the laws have been altered from time to time so that all persons who have not paid a poll tax for seven successive years or a tax on real or personal estate, were regarded as county paupers. When it becomes apparent to the selectmen of a town that a citizen who has but little or no property is liable to become a town charge,, they take care to leave his name off the inventory and the 334 HISTORY OF CA.VDIA. list of taxpayers once in seven years. In this way the poor man loses his settlement, and the town is protected from any liability to support him. By an act passed by the legislature about three years ago, the towns are required to support all soldiers who served in the War of the Rebellion who are unable to sup- port themselves, and by this law such poor persons cannot be regarded or treated as paupers. There are probably about a dozen or more such persons in the town. LIST OF TAX PAYERS IN 183O. Anderson — Samuel, Daniel, William, Thomas. Bean — Abraham, Abraham, jr., Benjamin, Moses, John, John, jr., Phinehas, Jonathan, Gordon, Joseph, David, Samuel, Dudley; Burpee — Nathaniel, Jonathan; Buswell — John, Samuel, Asbury; Burleigh — James, William; Butler — Joseph H. , Charles; Bunker — William; Brown — David, Caleb, Caleb, jr., William, Stephen, Nathan, Nathan, jr., Aaron, David, jr., James, Nehemiah, Nathaniel; Batchelder — Thomas; Barker — Levi; Burbank — Enoch. Cammet — John; Cass — Jonathan, Samuel, Moses, Icha- bod, Francis; Colby — Nehemiah, Phinehas, Thomas, Ben- jamin P.; Carr — Joseph, Nathan; Clark — William, Gilman; Currier — Timothy, Jonathan; Clay^-John, John, jr.; Critch- ett — James, James, jr., Thomas; Colcord — Samuel, Stephen; Cheney — Elihn B. ; Chase — Hosea. Duncan — William; Dolber — John, John, jr., Daniel; Dear- born — Moses, Winthrop S. Samuel, Leonard; Dudley — Samuel, Stephen; Dolloff — Caleb; Dustin — Robie; Durgin— Zebulon. Eaton — Henry True, Henry, Henry S., Jonathan, Edwin, True, Dearborn; Emerson — Moses, Moses, jr., Nathaniel, Jonathan, Abraham, John, Thomas; Evans — Edor W., Waldren G., Lane, John. French — Jonathan C, Josiah, John, Moses, Simon, Coffin M. Charles, Asa, True, LowollB., Joseph D.; Fitts — Reuben, Daniel, Joseph, Frederick, Abraham, Abraham,, jr., John, Joshua, John L., Josiah; Fifield — John C, Peter. HISTORY OF CANDIA. , 335 William, Sumner, John, French; Flanders — Timsthy; Fos- ter — True., Griffin — David, Jefferson; Gordon — John S., Charles; Gule — Stephen. Hall — Jonathan, Caleb,. Benjamin, Sargent, Obededom, Moses, Rufus, John C. ; IJubbard — Joshua, Benjamin, Elias; Hobbs — John; Hills — Parker; Healey — Jonathan, Simon; Hoitt — Richard; Huntoon — Flisha, Asa, Hook, Josiah; Haines — Noah; Heath — Joseph; Hailford — -'Moses; James — Moses, John Y. Knowles — Eleazer. Lane, John, Joshua, 'Ezekiel, Isaiah; Libbee— Jacob, Benjamin, David; Langford — Anthony, Joseph C. ; Lang — David, Benjamin; Lewis — -Thomas; Lovejoy — Abel. Moore — Andrew, John, Gilden, Robert, John 3d; Martin — Joseph, Mases, Jonathan; Morrill — Parker, Samuel; Mar- tin; Mc. Duffie — David, Samuel, Archibald, Daniel; Mead — Jacob; Mathews — Thomas, Tr.omas D., Whittier P.; Mc. Mullen— John; Morrell — Jacob S. ; Morse— Caleb. Norton — David. Orr— Henry S. Pillsburs — Benjamin, Jonathan, Caleb, John Moses; Page — John; Patten — William, Moses, Francis, Willis; Palmer — Joseph; Prescott — Edward; Pray — Mark; Parker— Freeman. Quimby — Timothy. Robie — Walter, William, John, John, jr., , Asa, Levi; Rowe — Jonathan, Nathaniel, Nathaniel, Jr., John P. L., Moses, Aaron, Ira, John; Richardson — Gilman, Joseph, David; Robinson — John; Reed — Moses, Abel; Reynolds — Owen. - , Sargent — Moses, James, Thomas W., Jonathan, John, Josiah, Rufus; Shannon — Josiah; Stevens — Solomon; Smith — J. Chase, Benjamin, Bailey, Jesse, Stephen, : Jesse, Charles, John, True, Henry; Sanborn — Stephen, Tappan; Skelton — Artemas; Seavey — Daniel, John, Rowell; Stone — George W. Thorn — Nathan, Amos; Turner — Moses, Moses, jr., Josiah, William; Thresher — Henry, Towle — Jesse; Towns- Mark. Underhill — Moses. 336 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Varnum — Moses. Wheeler — Abraham; Wheat — Nathaniel; Wason — John; Wilson — Samuel; Worthen — Lewis, Enoch, John; Whittier — Josiah; Woodman — Samuel; Wendell — William. THE POUND. The custom of impounding cattle or other stock when they became mischievous or ran astray existed in England for centuries, and vas practiced by the early settlers of New England. The law required towns to provide suitable enclosures, called pounds, for keeping such stock until they were restored to their owners. About the year 1,780, it was voted to build a pound of timber. A committee, consisting of Abraham Fitts, John Carr and John Clay, was chosen to carry the vote into effect. The pound was located near the southeast corner of Col. John Carr's lot, and near- ly opposite to the present Congregational meeting-house. It was about twerty feet square and the walls were built of large logs, smoothly hewn upon two opposite sides, and laid one above the other to a height of seven feet. In early times, when the fences were imperfect and weak, stray animals were very frequently impounded. Some farmers were slack, and took but little pains to keep their fences in good order, and, as a consequence, their cattle and sheep could easily jump over into the highway > or into the neighbors' fields, and do great damage to their growing crops, Some very forbearing and good-natured farmers would endure such outrages without making much complaint; but when they were too often repeated, it was no wonder that they lost their temper and drove the offend- ing animals to the pound where they were placed under lock and key. The owners of the animals could not obtain posession of them until they had paid all damages and the costs, which were taxed by a justice of the peace. In the course of twenty years, the old pound became dilapidated, and the town voted to build a new one of stone upon the same spot. The old pound was according- ly taken down, and the materials were sold for one dollar, and a new pound with heavy stone walls was erected in its JOHN T. MOORE. Sketch, page 501. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 337 place. The top of the walls were covered with plates of timber. Col. John Carr was the first keeper of the pound. He was succeeded by his son, Joseph Carr, Nathan Carr, and various other citizens. About forty years ago, the pound was very seldom need- ed, and it was soon after demolished. Previous to that time, the law was altered so that any person's enclosure might be used as a place for confining animals running at leisure. v THE WHIPPING POST. The provincial legislature of New Hampshire, several years before Candia was incorporated, passed an act by which persons guilty of profane swearing, drunkenness and other minor offenses were punished by compelling them to sit in the stocks several hours in full view of the passers by. Stealing was punished by publicly whipping' the thief, not exceeding twenty lashes. The law, requiring these penalties, was in force as late as 1815. In the old town of Chester, the whipping post and stocks were set up near the meeting-house. Sometimes a guide post was used for a whipping post. There is no record that either stocks or whipping posts were ever set up in Candia, but offenders were, nevertheless, publicly whipped. Persons still living in the town can remember that a man by the name of Getchell was whipped by Constable Moses Dearborn, near Duncan's store, seventy years ago. By an act passed soon af- ter that time, the custom of whipping offenders was abolished, and thie-es and other offenders against the laws were generally confined in the State Prison, which was . built at Concord in 181 2. , WEDDINGS. Previous to 1820, the public announcement that a' yotrng-' man and a young woman were intending marriage was made by the town clerk at the close of the services on Sun- day. John Lane, senior, who held the office of town clerk 22 338 HISTORY OF CANDIA. f several years, was in the habit of arising in his pew, which was situated in the body of the house, near the east porch, and reading aloud the names of parties who were be- trothed to each other. This manner of publicly proclaiming an intention of marriage was sometimes called crying. When Peter Eaton was chosen town clerk, such announce- ments were made in a written statement to that effect, posted on one of the pillars which supported the gallery on the west side of the broad aisle, about midway between the front door and the pulpit. Mr. Eaton was a man of. wit and fond of a good joke, and, in case he was called upon to publish intentions of marriage where one or both parties interested had some peculiar characteristics, he sometimes appended to the notice, a short humorous com- ment upon their proposed change of condition. Upon an- nouncing that a bachelor, who had lived on this planet more than fifty years, was about to wed an old maid of about the same age, he added a brief reference to the wide contrast between the loneliness and miseries incidental to celibacy and the joys of matrimony. He was town clerk twelve years, and, in 183 1, he declined to be candidate for re-election. Just before the annual town meeting of that year, he posted his last notice of an intended marriage, written, as usual, in his bold and beautiful style of penman- ship! At the bottom of the paper the following lines ap- peared: My muse commands a parting toast To all I've published on this post: " Long life and health, unnumbered joys, Peace in the camp, fine girls and boys." During the intermission on the following Sunday, many of the attendants at the. church quietly passed to the broad aisle and read the curious document upon the post, the Sunday School, in the meantime, being in full sessibn. The late Dea. Francis Patten was at the time engaged in teach- ing a class of boys in a pew very near the. post, and one, or perhaps two of the pupils, even now, distinctly remember how the women smiled and tittered as they read the toast of the retiring clerk, and how the cheeks of the wife of Aaron Rowe, formerly Polly Cass, became more rosy than HISTORY OF CANDIA. 339 ever as she exclaimed in an under tone: "Lor',, that's Peter all over." , The wedding generally took place within three' or four weeks after the marriage intentions h a d been published. A short time prior to the great event there was a very busy time at the residence of the prospec'tive bride in putting the house in order, making the wedding cake, and preparing for the coming feast. The making of the wedding dress was also an important matter to be attended to. The marriage ceremony was generally performed at the house of the bride, but sometimes- it took place at the minister's residence. The ceremony was generally performed at about noon, after which a sumptuous dinner was served. In early times, the bride and bridegroom with their guests rode on horseback in procession from the home of the former to that of the latter, the ladies sitting on a pillion behind their masculine companions; but when good sleighs and chaises were introduced, many of the best sleighs, and all of the chaises in town were engaged for the occasion. The price charged for the use of these vehicles for wedding occasions was told in the following couplet, which was often recited by the young men of the period, who were most interested and experienced in such matters: ' A dollar a day for a horse and sleigh, A dollar a day for a horse and shay. " The readers of Dr. Holme's poem entitled " The' One Horse .Shay," need not be informed that the word chaise was regarded by the unenlightened of seventy years ago as a plural noun, and so, in speaking of a single vehicle of that kind, they called it shay. The wedding party partook of a nice supper at the house of the bridegroom, after which, they spent the evening in singing, and the enjoyment of other entertainments. On the Sunday following the wedding, the married couple usually rode together to church. As the husband escorted his bride up 'through the broad aisle and, for the- first time, opened the pew door and bowed her gracefully to her seat, a good many heads were turned towards ( them, and, for a few moments, they were the subjects of a pretty close examination. The new dress and Leghorn bonnet of 340 HISTORY OF CANDIA. of the bride, with>all the trimmings, were especially criti- cised by the women of the parish. In the good old days, when many of the farmers of the town were prosperous and "forehanded," it was customary for the parents of a family of children, to give each of their daughters a first rate cow on the occasion of their marriage and also a quantity of household goods, consisting of a lot of nice bedding, a bureau, tables, chairs, a pair of andirons, candlesticks and kitchen furniture, including a bread trough, a cake board and a rolling pin. The gift of these wedding presents was called, in Yankee parlance, the "fix- ing out. " WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES. Within a few years past it has become the fashion among many people to celebrate the anniversaries of the wedding days of their married friends, sometimes the tenth, the twenty-fifth, and much more rarely the fiftieth, when a man and wife have lived happily together :;alf a century.. This custom has been observed in our town to a consider- able extent, and the relatives and particular friends of long wedded wives and husbands have, in many instances, called upon them as they passed certain mile posts in their journey of life and presented to them some testimony of their kind regards and sympathy. In the early summer of 1881 some of the friends of the late Nathan Carr and his wife Sally Carr, who was the daughter of Dea. Josiah Shannon, remembering that, for many years, they had extended a great many courtesies to those members of the Congregational Society and others, who lived at a considerable distance from the church, con- ceived the idea of celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage in a public manner. Many of the members of the society and other persons who resided in Manches- ter, gladly endorsed the suggestion, and proceeded at once to make arrangements for a golden wedding that would be a credit to all concerned. The ladies of the parish prepared a sumptuous entertainment at the vestry, and adorned the table with flowers. The bride and bridegroom of half a HISTORY OF CAND'IA. 341 century, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. John Rowe, who officiated as best man and bride's maid, and "stood up" with them when they were married, proceeded to the vestry and occupied- a conspicuous position upon the platform in front of the audience. The vestry was crowded. William Crane presided and made an interesting introductory address. Addresses were also made by Rev. W. C. Reed, Austin Cass, Dea. Francis Patten and others' belonging to. Candia, and also Ex. Gov. Smyth, Francis B. Eaton, J.. G. Lane, J. Bailey Moore and others of Manchester. Poems, pertinent on the occasion, written by.F. B Eaton and M ar y Ann Robie, were read to the audience. Various presents were made to Mr. and Mrs. Carr, among which was a purse containing about twenty-five dollars in gold, which was presented by their Manchester friends. It may be stated that a year or two after Nathan • Carr's golden wedding he died suddenly of pneumonia. In the course of a year or two alter that event, his widow was married to Charles H. Butler, a widower and an octogena- rian, who, fi,fty years ago, was a citizen of Candia and a neighbor of the Carr family. Soon after the marriage Mrs. ' Butler purchased a cottage near the Village in Raymond. • After residing at that place two or three years, Mrs. Butler suddenly died, leaving her property to her husband. Her remains sleep by the side of those of Nathan Carr, her first husband, in the old cemetery. Mr. Butler lingered a short time and then he, too, died and his remains were buried by the side of those of his first wife in Massachusetts. ARREST AND TRIAL OF EDWARD R. INGALLS FOR ALLEGED EM- BEZZLEMENT. A very remarkable event took place in the town in March, 1879. O n tne morning of the fourth day of that month, Edward R. Ingalls, the town treasurer, was found by Parker M. Towle, a near neighbor, and others tied to a ladder in his barn with handcuffs on his wrists and a gag in his mouth. After his release, Mr. Ingalls stated that on the previous evening he sat up until 12 o'clock, arranging his accounts as town treasurer. About 4 o'clock the next 342 HISTORY OF CANDIA. morning, he heard a noise which seemed to proceed from his barn as if his cattle or horse were loose. He remained in bed half an hour longer, when he again heard the noise. Then he got up, lighted a lamp and started for the barn. As he stepped into a passage way leading to the barn floor,. a dark lantern was thrust into his face and he was seized by- two men, while a third man held the lantern. He stoutly 'resisted, and, after'a short scuffle, he got clear for a mo- ment, but was immediately seized again and gagged. He . was then taken' to an upright ladder, and one of his arms was placed Under one of the rounds and handcuffs were placed upoii his wrists. His assailants then left him. He 'tried to make a noise, but could not at first succeed. At length, his wife got up and came to him in the barn. He appeared to be completely exhausted and went to bed. J. Maeder Young came to him and cut off the handcuffs.. Ingalls stated the t, at the time of the assault, he had the sum $5>435-r5 of the town's money.in his possession, and that the largest part of this sum, amounting to $3,700, was placed in a bureau drawer in one of the rooms of the house while the sum of $800, together with notes, amounting in. all to the sum of $1,735.35, was deposited < in , one of the pockets of his pantaloons, which were placed under the pillow in his room where he slept. He said, that after the assault he found that the first and largest sum referred to had been stolen, while the smaller sum was safe in his- pantaloons pocket. He also stated that his gold watch was stolen at the same time. The story of Ingalls produced a great sensation in the town and elsewhere. The people were divided in their opinion concerningthe story. When the robbery took place the people of the town were greatly surprised and chagrin- ed upon learning that Mr. Plumer and Mr. Brown had neg- lected to require Ingalls, their associate, upon the board of selectmen, to procure new bonds, when they re-appointed him treasurer, and that, as a consequence, the town had suffered a loss of nearly $4,000. At the annual town meet- ing, which took place in less than a week after the robbery, it was voted to make a thorough investigation of the affair.. A committee was chosen, but all the members declined to histo:;y of candi,a. 343 serve. It was then voted to instruct the selectmen to appoint a committee of three to make an investigation, and take such action upon the case as was deemed expedient. The select- men appointed Moses F. Emerson, William Crane and George Emerson, members of the, committee. After taking into account all the circumstances, the committee laid the whole matter before the county solicitor and the attorney general. As a result, the evidence on the part of the state was given to the grand jury at Exeter in the following April, and Ingalls was indicted on the charge of embezzle- ment. He was immediately arrested by Sheriff Smart, of Newmarket, an d ordered to give bonds for his appearance for trial. For some reason, the trial was put off until the following November of the same year. Ingalls gave bonds for his appearance and came back to Candia. At the assembling of the court at Portsmouth, Nov. 1. 1879, ^^ trial of Ingalls was put off until the 18th' of the same month. Ingalls, who was present again, gave bonds and returned home, but he was shortly re-arrested, as his bondsmen gave him up, and he was taken to the jail at Exeter. The trial took place at Exeter in January. Attorney General M. W. Tappan and County Solicitor Walter Harri- man appeared for the state and Gilman Marston of Exeter and William R. Patten of Manchester appeared for the respondent. J. Maeder Young testified that he was tax collector and and one of the auditors in 1878, and that there was a little over $3,300 in the hands of Treasurer Ingalls. He said he sold Ingalls a gold watch in 1874. Plummer W. Sanborn, one of the selectmen in 1877 and 1878, said that soon after the town meeting in March, 1878, he asked Ingalls if he would take the appointment of treas- urer for that year and file new bonds, whereupon he said he had been told by counsel that it was not necessary to file new bonds. Soon after the robbery, the witness said, he asked Ingalls what counsel he had consulted in the matter, and he answered Judge Cross of Manchester. The next day he asked him the same question and he replied, Mr. Huse. Witness then inquired why he said Cross the day before, when he answered that if he said Cross, it was a mist he meant Huse. Wm. Crane, one of the auditors, testified that he fc that there should be $1,735 m the treasury, and as Ingalls to produce it. He replied that he would do v he could, and brought forward $800, together with n amounting in all to $1,735. Henry A. Huse, of Manchester, testified that he did 1 know Ingalls, and never consulted with him in regan bondsmen holding over the second year. Daniel Prescott, of Manchester, testified that, being cs upon by F. P. Brown, he went to Ingall's house and rr an examination of the premises. He spoke of a hole was bored in the panel of the door in one of the rooms, produced the handcuffs that Were found on Ingalls. Witi said he had experimented with them by tying himself ladder, but could not get away alone. Ingalls was placed on the stand and testified tha asked Mr. Huse if a bond covered the appointment ( person the second year. He answered that in opinion, it did. John G. Mead and a Mr. Kelly, of Northwood, and Ak Griffin, and Noah Davis, of Deerfield, testified that they suspicious persons passing by their residences or i Ingalls' place about the time of the robbery. Frank P. Langford testified that three men called at house at East Candia at 2 o'clock, A. M.,March4,andinqu the way to Hooksett, Elder James Adams. J. R. Batchelder, George C. G Jonathan Hobbs and several others testified that Ing bore a good reputation. Frank P. Brown, one of the selectmen of the town, t fied that by the desire of Ingalls, he employed D. R. P cott to make an investigation of the case. He also testi that Ingalls bore a good reputation. The above testimony in court was gleaned from a re of the trial published in the Candia Banner, owned edited by J. J. Lane at the time. After arguments counsel on both sides, the case was given to the j HrC HISTORY OF CANDIA. 345 They were unable to agree and stood six for conviction and , six for acquital. A second trial of the case took place a few months after the first, and the testimony was in most respects the same. Ingalls' wife and young child were present in the court room and probably excited the sympathies of some of the audience. This trial, like the first, resulted in a disagreement of the jury. They stood nine for acquital and three for conviction. Ingalls, who was allowed to go at large without bail, re- turned home. Mr. Ingalls came to Candia in 1864 and sometime after- wards found employment in A. D. Dudley's shoe manu- factory. He was a Republican in politics during the first period of his residence in this town, but became a Demo- crat. He soon became quite popular, and joined the. order of the Free Masons and the Freewill Baptist church. He was a very active politician and was chosen town clerk, a member of the board of selectmen, and filled various other offices In 1877, while he was serving as one of the select- men, the other two members of the board appointed him town treasurer. His bondsmen were Woodbury J. Dudley and J. Harvey Philbrick. He was re-appointed in 1878. When the late Benjamin Dearborn left the town to reside in Chester, Mr. Ingalls bought his farm and residence in the Village. He was married to a daughter of the late Thomas R. Bean: She died, and some time afterwards, he married her gister, another daughter of Mr. Bean He had many very warm friends in the town who were unable to Relieve that he was guilty of the charge brought against him. On the other hand, many citizens were of the opinion that Mr. Ingalis became embarrassed in his business affairs several months before the alleged robbery took place and that, as a consequence, he was tempted to use some of the public money from time to time with the intention of returning it before the town absolutely needed it, to meet its obligations; but, finding, at length, that full repayment was impossible, he endeavored to escape from his dilemma by pretending that he had been robbed. This class of 340 HISTORV OF CANDIA. citizens believed that he had a confederate who procured the handcuffs and otherwise assisted him in his attempt to make it appear that he had' been the victim of burglars. All persons, who have any interest in the case must form their own theory as to why he seemed to be anxious to make it appear that the law did not require him to furnish new bonds when he was re-appointed treasurer. DARK DAYS. October 21, 1716, was a terribly dark day in New Eng- land. Animals were greatly terrified and birds at midday went to rest. May 18, 1780, was also a day of great dark- ness. The sun in the morning had a lurid and ghastly ap- pearance and was soon obscured by clouds. Then there was lightning and thunder, followed by rain containing . burnt matter with a smell of soot. ■ At about eleven o'clock it began to grow very daik. The laborers in the fields, ceased work, the cattle came to the barns and the fowls went to roost. Candles were lighted in the houses and the people were greatly alarmed. Some believed that the day of judgement had arrived, and dropped on their knees to pray; but a few persons were cool and courageous. The Connecticut State Legislature was in session at the time, and a motion was made to adjourn. A Mr. Daven- port, a member, arose and said "Mr. Speaker: 1 — This is either the day of judgement, or it is not. If it is not, there 1 is no need of adjourning. If it is, I desire to be found do- ing my duty. I, therefore, move that candles be brought in and that we proceed to business." The motion prevailed. The following night was intensely^ dark, and it so con- tinued until midnight/ when a light breeze began to blow from the northwest and, in a short time, the unusual dark- ness was dispelled. On the following morning the sun rose in great splendor. In July, 1814, there were two or three days of unusual darkness, and July 15, 1818 was an intensely dark day in a section of Canada bordering upon the gulf of St. Lawrence. The 6th. day of September, 1881, was a day of darkness that will be long remembered. The atmosphere was of a HISTORY OF CANDIA. 347 yellow tinge and very smoky. ' Lamps were lighted, and the flames were white like silver, while the grass and the foliage on the trees appeared of a blueish green. Many of the schools were closed for a few hours. This extraordi- nary darkness occurred upon one of the days of the week when public ceremonies in token of the sorrow of the peo- ple on account of the death of President Garfield took place in all the cities, and large towns throughout the United States. Though some people have thought that the occasional da k days are due to volcanic action, it is. now generally believed that they are caused by great thick clouds of' smoke high up in the atmosphere above the earth, accom- panied by dense fogs; and it is supposed that the smoke comes from great forest fires in the north and west, or from the burning of great peat bogs in Labrador. The smoke and soot, uniting with the heavy fogs, form a thick stratum in the atmosphere, that almost completely shuts out the light of the sun. For several' days before the dark day of 1780, the wind was blowing from the northeast. ECLIPSES. Upon June 16th, 1806, there was a total eclipse of the sun. The total obscuration lasted about four minutes, the stars appeared bright and sparkling in the sky, the cat- tle came up from the pasture to the barn, much frightened^ and the fowls" retired to their roosts. Some very ignorant and superstitious people were greatly alarmed. In February, 1831, there was an annular eclipse of the sun. As the moon passed over its disk, the latter was so covered that it appeared in the form of a beautiful narrow ring of burnished gold. The public schools in our town were in session at the time, and many of the pupils were supplied with pieces of smoked glass, and were greatly delighted and instructed by the wonderful display. There have been many partial eclipses of the sun during the past one hundred and fifty years, but only one where the luminary was completely covered. Eclipses of the moon have been frequent, and a cor erable number of them have been total. TRANSITS OF VENUS. During the latter part of the last century the planet Ve passed between the earth and the sun. This very si eclipse of the sun was called a transit. European astro mers of the time availed themselves of the event to mea the distance of the earth 'from the sun by triangulation. account of the imperfection of the telescopes and o instruments of the time the exact distance from the eart the sun was only approximately secured, before that ti though it was considered to be about 95 millions of m On December 6, 1882, another transit of Venus ' place, commencing at about 11 o'clock in the forenoor seen by the people living in the longitude of Candia, al 71 degrees west from Greenwich. The United States ( ernment sent out parties of observation to various sect of the earth, including points in the United States, equij with instruments 'of the most perfect sorts. Various Eur an governments also sent out parties of skilled scien to observe the transit. A temporary observatory was ei ed on Wilson's Hill in Manchester for the accommodate several scientific gentlemen and others belonging to city and elsewhere. The forenoon of the day was cloi but at midday the sky became clear, and many saw transit through smoked glass. About seven years a wards another transit of Venus took place, but it was it ible to the people of New England. COMETS. A large number of comets have appeared in the hea- at various times within the historic period, the moi which, being at an immense distance trom the earth, < apparently small, while a few others were of great ms tude. Within recent years the grandest and most impo celestial visitor of this kind was Donati's comet, so c; 11 honor of its discoverer. This comet appeared in Oct* < - HISTORY OF CANDIA. 349 1858. It was from 1 twenty to thirty degrees in length, and its tail was somewhat curved. It shone with great brilliancy a few days and then gradually disappeared not to return, perhaps, for hundreds of years. In the summer of ,1861, another comet apparently of much smaller dimensions .appeared high up in the heavens in the, northeast, about thirty degrees from the zenith. During the next ten years there appeared three or four comets of moderate size. , In the winter of 1882, another magnificant comet appeared in the southeast. It seemed to be about five-sixths the \ size of Donati's ■ comet. It rose about 2 o'clock in the morning, and many left their beds to witness -the wonder- ful display. This comet finally slowly faded away in the , southwest. -, Meteors, or shooting stars, have been observed in all ages and in all parts of the earth. In ordinary cases they come singly, bnt sometimes they come in vast showers, covering the entire sky from the zenith to the horizon f Such exhibitions occurred in 1202, 1366, 1799, 1803 and 1833 and at various other periods. The display of 1803, as ob- served in Virginia, was at its maximum about 3 o'clock in the morning. The alarm of fire had called out many ot the inhabitants of Richmond, so that the phenomena was generally witnessed. The, meteors seemed to fall from every point in the heavens, in such numbers as to resemble a shower of sky rockets. Some were of extraordinary size. One, in partipular, appeared to fall from the zenith of the apparent size of a ball 18 inches in diameter. The great meteoric display of 1833, which took place on the morning of Nov. 13 was one of the finest ever witnessed in America. This display was observed from the West Indies to British America, and from 60 to 100 degrees west longitude from Greenwich. Many people now living in Cahdia enjoyed the-extraordinary and truly wonderful dis- play. :-< > ,'i _ • AEROLITES. Many of the oldest people now living in Candia seen, at rare intervals, balls of fire passing aero! heavens, leaving a train of brilliant light behind. Thesi of fire which generally appeared to pass horizontally : the sky were unlike the ordinary meteors or shooting and contained a vastly greater quantity of matter i solid form, which at last reached the earth in fragme various dimensions and weight. These solid bodii called aerolites. -Many 'instances of the fall of aei have been recorded in various countries and at v; times. It is related that, in the year 478 B. C, about the when Socrates was born, a solid mass of matter of tr of two millstones fell in Thrace. An immense aerolite fell into a branch of the river in Italy, in 821 A. D. , and projected three or four feet ; the water. In 15 1 1, a monk was struck 'dead at Crema, Italy, 1 fall of a fragment of meteoric reck of immense weigh Ir 1674, two Swedish sailors were killed on shipbos the fall of an aerolite. Dec. 14, 1807, a large meteor exploded over the to' Weston, Conn. The meteor when' first seen seemed half the diameter of the full moon and had a train of like a burning fire brand. It continued in sight abou a minute and three loud reports like those of a four po near at hand were heard. The appearance of the r was as if it took three successive throes or leaps, ; each explosion a rushing of stones through the ai heard, some of which struck the earth. The first fal in the town of Huntington, those of the second exp fell five miles distant in Weston, and at the last exp a mass of stone supposed to w.eigh' two-hundred pc fell in a field a few rods from the residence of a Mr. It plowed up the ground and scattered the earth and ! to the distance of nearly a hundred feet. Some of th( ments of this aerolite now belong to the mineral cabinets of Dartmouth and Yale colleges. HISTORY OF CAND1A. . 35 1 Aerolites of great size have fallen in Ohio, New Jersey, Texas and various other states of the Union'. A very large aerolite which fell in Texas was among the curiosities at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876. It had the form of ah irregular, jagged ring and weighed over 1,500 pounds. One in the British Museum weighs upwards of a ton. These meteors consist of matter much resembling iron which has been melted and then cooled. , , It was formerly conjectured that aerolites were thrown up from the earth or moon by volcanoes. This theory has long since been abandoned and it is now. almost. universal- ly believed by scientists that they are small bodies which have been formed from the nebulous or gaseous matter which floats in space and, becoming consolidated in solid spheres, come within the attractive force of the earth and fall upon it. "> This theory was in accordance with • tihe nebular hypo- thesis first formed and announced by Laplace, the cele- brated French astromomer, to the effect that our earth and other worlds once existed in the form of a vast revolv- ing nebular mass of matter like a haze or cloud, and, that this mass gradually became cooled and condensed, and, in ' obedience to chemical and other physical laws, successive rjngs of matter were formed, which, subsequently became incandescent spheres, then planets, satellites and other celestial bodies. It is now claimed that by the spectro- scope, new worlds may be seen in the process of forma- tion. NORTHERN EIGHTS. , > Many very brilliant and remarkable displays of the au- roraborealis have been witnessed in this town. , In some of them the rays vere of various hues, white, red and green, and other tints, with streams of light stretching to the zenith. In the winter of 1836, there was a very peculiar display at a time when the ground was covered with show and the sky was partially obscured by fogs. The great streams of light which shot up into the sky were mostly 3}*' niSlURI Ui UAJNLMA. of a re'd color, and the snow upon the ground vapors in the air became very red like the refiectii great conflagration. In' 1839 there was another display of northern lights of various colors. In so: was a crackling, noise During many of the summers which have come since the town was settled there have been many thunder storms. One of the most remarkable of tl ited the town in July, 1844. The forenoon of the been very hot and sultry. At about one o'cloi afternoon great black clouds were seen gatherii west in . the direction of Kearsarge Mountain in Soon the great clouds grew blacker and rose hig higher, until the great mass stretched across th western horizon, — a space of more than twenty mi great mass, which seemed at first to move, slowly, blacker and more dense. The perpendicular '. flashes became more and more vivid and frequent, peals of thunder louder and louder, until at lengl mountain was reached, and, in the space 1 of half a was completely covered from sight. As the storn through the town, the rain fell in great torrents great sheets of lightning flashed with intermissions than half a minute and the thunders roared peal on more than half an hour without the least cessation people were greatly frightened and seemed to woi they escaped without injury. While the storm v height the lightning struck a tree in the Village present residence of Dea. Jacob S. Morrill and fror to a shoemaker's shop in which the late Benjami: and the late Ezekiel Gilman were at work. Both tl were stunned and Mr. Taylor's shoes were torn : feet, but neither were seriously injured. There hi many such thunder storms in the town like that ■ here described, and in some of them buildings ha struck and burned, sheep and cattle have been di -but no person has been killed. * # J. LANE FITTS. Sketch, page 518. .«*d HISTORY OF CANDIA. 353 Some of the* thunder storms were accompanied by- hail. In August, 1851, a tremendous shower passed over Pembroke, Allenstownj Rqoksett, Candia and many other towns in the vicinity. This shower was accompanied by incessant flashes of lightning- and heavy thunder. The rain fell in torrents, and when the storm was at its full height hail, began to descend and soon the ground was completely covered. Many of the -hailstones were nearly as large as hens' eggs. In many plac'es great damage was done to crops and the glass in many windows was broken. 'Speaking of showers, one is reminded that some of the older persons in town of a very religious turn of mind used to tell the children, many years ago, that the thunder heard in a storm was God's voice. THE SEPTEMBER GALE. On the 23d of September, 181 5, the famous September gale occurred. The wind t blew with great velocity over New Hampshire, Massachusetts and vicinity for about four hours and many buildings were unroofed or blown down and a great amount of damage was done to fruit trees and forests. 1 TORNADOES. On Sunday, Sept. 9, 1821, a great tornado or whirlwind passed over various towns in Merrimack and Sullivan coun- ties, including Croydon, Sutton, Wendell, now Sunapee, New London and Warner. Several persons were killed and a considerable number were much injured. The tornado had a whirling motion and cut a clean path about half a mile wide through forests striking down the trees of all sorts and sizes. Buildings were blown down and the air was filled with broken limbs of trees and various other mater- ials. The thunder rolled fearfully and the forked lightning flashed on the intense darkness. In its passage many objects, some of which were quite large and heavy, were taken 23 354 HISTORY OF CANDIA. high up in the air. Many marks of the great tornado are still visible in the towns mentioned. On a Sunday afternoon, during the summer of 1881, the town was struck by the rear end of a great 1 tornado which visited Gilmantown and towns in the vicinity and caused considerable damage. The storm came down from Hall's mountain with incredible velocity and passed over Candia in the space of abouti twenty minutes, but no damage was done in this town. It was accompanied by ligntning and heavy thunder. v 1 \ s . , THE COLD SUMMER. The spring and summer of 18 16 were very cold and backward in a large section of New England. There were 1 heavy frosts in many places during every one of the sum 1 mer months. In the latter part of the season but little rain fell and crops suffered on that account; as well as from the frost. The most of the farmers in Candia raised but little ' corn, and what they did raise was stunted and of the poor- est quality. It was mostly pig corn. Some of the farmers on High Street and other elevated lands were more fortu-/' nate. Esq. Daniel Fitts raised a fair crop in his fields on the Plain. In the spring of the next year it was a difficult? matter for most of the farmers to procure good corn for ..■ planting. Esq. Fitts sold a large number of bushels for this purpose, and it is said that he had much sympathy for those who had no seed corn of their own and supplied a large number at a very moderate price. There were goodisj crops of rye, whea,t and potatoes, but the hay crop was very light. The spring and summer of 18 17 were quite warm, and great crops of all kinds were raised COLD WINTERS. " « The winters of 1836 and 1846 were intensely cold. In some places the mercury in ihe thermometer went down to from thirty-five to forty degrees below zero. In both the years referred to, Boston harbor was coyered with ice more than a foot thick for four or five weeks as far down as the /. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 355 lower light house, a distance of nine or ten miles and ves- sels could neither come in nor go out. The British mail steamer Brittania, which was advertised to sail for Liverpool on Feb. 18, 1845, was completely hemmed in at her berth at East Boston ten days" before that date. During the last three or four days of January, a great gang of men, with cutting machines attached, to horses, opened a wide crjannel*for the ship to pass out to the bcean. The ice was sawed and cut into great blocks, each of which was drawn ' under the remaining ice at the sides of the channel. The great vessel sailed promptly on time in the presence of a great multitude of people who gathered on the ice and loudly cheered the passengers and - crew. Many young men followed the vessel two or three miles, but found it impossible to keep up with her. ■ ' There have been several days within the last sixty years that have been colder than the cold Friday of 1810, but there Was but little wind blowing at the time and the cold therefore did not seem as intense as it was on .the for- mer occasion. In some of the past years the snow has re- i^mained upon the ground until the middle of April. In view of this fact some brilliant genius of former days declared that people were favored with six weeks' sledding in the month of March. In 1843, there was a great snow storm about the 20th of October The weather was cold and the sleighing was excellent for about a week. TREES ENCASED IN ICE. 1 ' \ ' Sometimes a very cold day in winter is followed by a rapid rise of temyerature and a gentle rain. In such cases the frozen sap in the inside of the tender boughs and twigs of the trees and shrubbery congeals the water that adheres to the. bark on the outside and forms a coating of ice of various degrees of thickness. When the rain clouds dis- appear and the sun shines brightly all the trees seem to be completely covered with glittering diamonds, reflecting all the colors of the rainbow. Nothing on earth can be grand- er or more sublime and beautiful than an exhibition like- this. 356 HISTORV OF CANDIA. , As the weather grows warmer, the sparkling gems' begin to fall in great masses with a crash upon the thick crust of the snow, producing a metallic ring or jingle, quite pleasing to a person of musical taste. » ' , It has frequently happened that the great weight of the ice upon the trees has broken off many of their branches and nearly caused their destruction.. In the winter of 1885, there was a very remarkable period of the kind referred to and the ice formed upon the trees' was thicker and heavier than ever known before. Many fruit and shade trees in the town were greatly damaged. The three old chestnut trees, which have been standing a great many years in the pas- ' ture formerly ewned by Nathan Carr on High Street, oppo- - site the old cemetery, were very badly damaged. Various branches near their tops were completely broken off. Since' that time, nature has kindly come to the relief of the. old trees by partially healing their wounds and by starting new branches to take the place of those which were , destroyed, and it now seems probable that their obituaries will be written, if written at all, by some antiquarian of a generation many years in the future. ■'• DROUGHTS. Since the town has been settled there ' have been many Very dry seasons, some of which were very severe. In 1826, there was a long continued drought throughout the state and the crops were much injured. During the succeeding winter, Samuel Anderson, the tavern keeper on the turnpike, paid $20 per ton for first-class English hay. The drought continued until about the 2 2d day of August, when a heavy rain set in and continued for several days. In 1854, a great drought prevailed all over the northern part of the United States east of the Mississippi river. No rain fell of any account in New Hampshire from the 4th day of July until the middle of August. At the annual meeting of the New Hampshire Association of Congregational Ministers, which was held in August of that year, there was a special season of prayer for rain, and a considerable, num- ber of ministers earnestly prayed to God to send copious HISTORY OF CANDIA. 357 ivers of rain forthwith. After a few more days of with- g drought, the long needed rain came in great abun- ce. There was a great drought in the summer of 1882. ing the fall and winter of 1885 there was but little rain v tie state, and the water in the ponds and streams be- le remarkably low. The Merrimack river became so iced that much of the work in the mills in Manchester, hua and Lowell was stopped. In 1891, the drought was in severe, many wells in Candia became dry and many pie suffered much inconvenience. In the summer and mm of that year many farmers had to go a long dis- :e to get water for their cattle. FRESHETS. / here were great freshets in New Hampshire in 1826, 5, and in May and October of i86'9, and also in several 3i" years. Bridges were carried away and, much aage was done. On the 26th of August; 1826, the ious great slide in the Notch in the White Mountain ion occurred by which the Willey family was over- timed and destroyed. During the long drought, the soil the sides of Mount Willard became dry like powder all way down to the solid rock of which the mopntain was iposed. When the rain came at last, the upper portion the soil became so saturated with water and so heavy t it slipped in a great, wide mass from the underlying ky ledge and carried a great forest of trees together with ilders and gravel to the valley below. , ,' GRASSHOPPERS Lbout the 10th of August, 1826, great clouds of grass- >pers appeared in Candii. and nearly all other sections he state. They flew in great masses several hundred : above the earth as thick as snowflakes. In some places y alighted and destroyed corn and other crops, and , in ae cases they were gathered up in baskets by the far- rs; but the people of our town were not so unfortunate. 1885, these insects came again to some of the farming 35^ HISTORY OF CANDIA. towns in the state, particularly in Merrimack county, caus- ing much injury to crops. Some of the farmers at that place, who were greatly troubled by the pes*ts, swept them together in great quantities and destroyed them. THE BIG CHIMNEYS, FIRE-PLACES, ETC. It has already been stated that the early settlers of the town first lived in dwellings built of of logs. These dwell- ings or cabins had stone chimneys with great fire-places. Two pieces of wood called cross-bars were fitted into them to support a "lug pole", so called, made of green maple or beech wood, to which the ' ' pot hooks " and ' ' trammels " were attached. The pot hooks and trammels- on which the pots and kettles were hung were so constructed that they could be moved up and down at will. The ovens- were built in beyond ths back of the fire place In the course of a few years the people of the town pro-, vided themselves with better houses in all respects.' These were generally of one story, with two front rooms, in the rear of which there was a large kitchen and a bedroom at each end. The old two-story houses which were erected from eighty to one-hundred and thirty years ago were furnished with chimneys which contained a vast quantity of brick. The base of the chimney in the cellar was often ten or twelve feet in diameter. At the base of some of these there was frequently one and sometimes two great brick arches which formed the top and sides of a good sized room for storing 1 potatoes and other vegetables. Forty thousand bricks were often required for building the largest of the chimneys here described. There were two big chimneys in the tavern which stood for many years on the old Chester turnpike in Hooksett about a mile vest of the boundary line between that town ard Candia. In the larger chimney there were forty thousand bricks and in the smaller one thirty-eight thousand. Among some of the largest of the old chimneys in Candia are those of the old Benjamin Bean house on the hill northeast of the Village, the old B. Pillsbury Colby house near the Corner, the dwelling house of Mrs. Abraham Fitts, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 359 built by Daniel Fitts,. .Esq., the old Master Fitts house, now -John F. Patten's, and the house which belonged, to the l'ate Maj. Nathan Brown. The cost of the bricks of which these ■chimneys were built, probably was about four dollars a thousand besides the cost of hauling them ten miles from the brick yard. By far the greatest proportion of the bricks that have been used in Candia ever since the town was settled were brought from Pembroke. The fire-places were large enough to burn wood four feet long. The great ovens were a great improvement on those in the log cabin which preceded them. In making a fire, a back log from a foot to a foot and a half in diameter was first placed at the back of the fire-place On the top of that was placed a stick of wood, seven or eight inches thick, called the backstick; then, in front, was placed the forestick, about five inches thick. Five or six sticks of small and well seasoned hard wood with kindlings completed the pile. When all these materials were ablaze, a great amount of heat was the result. In the earliest days, the forestick was often 'Supported by small stones, but later on, andirons came into general use. OLD STYLE AND NEW STYLE. The two natural divisions of time are the day of 24 hours, representing one revolution of the earth upon its axis, and the year of 365 days, approximately represent- ing one revolution of the earth around the sun. The month represents nearly the period of the moon's revolution around the earth, (about 29 1-2 days,) while the week is approximately one-fourth of this. By the Julian calendar, established by Julius Ceesarr, 46 years B. C. , the year had 365 1-4 days, so that its length exceeded the true solar year by 11 minutes and 14 seconds, causing the vernal equinox in the course of centuries to fall back several days. To correct this error, Pope Gregory XIII, in 1582 altered the calendar so as to nearly conform to the true solar year. The Protestant countries of Europe and America were un- willing to adopt the new calendar because of its Popish 360 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1 origin and continued to hold on to the Julian system, or,, old style, as it was called. . . ; At length in 1752, the British Parliament adjusted the . calendar by providing that eleven days should be taken out, of September, 1782, by calling the 3d day of that month the ' 14th, and that the year 1754 should commence with the 1st day of January. Also that every fourth year, a day should be added to the month of February. This was called new style. The former mode, or old style of reckoning time, . prevailed when Chester and Candia were first settled. When the change was made there was much confusion in endeavoring to make the dates as reckoned by the old style conform to those reckoned by the new. THE NEW STANDARD TIME. As the earth revolves on its axis at the rate of over 1,000 miles an hour, the true or solar time at any one place can- not at that moment be the same at any other place that is situated on another degree of longitude. When it is noon ■in London it is fourteen minutes past seven in the forenoon, at Boston, and three minutes before four o'clock in the morn- ing at San Francisco. The true or solar time at one end of a line of railroad extending from east to west greatly differs from that at. the other end at the same moment. Hence there was formerly much perplexity and confusion in run- ning rai,lr'oad trains upon long lines extending east and west, where the clocks and watches were set, according to the solar time in each. To avoid this difficulty, four standard meridians were adopted within the limits of the United States, in 1884, by general agreement and partial legislation, by which rail- way trains are run and local time is regulated. These, meridians are 15 degrees apart, there being a difference of just one hour in time from one to another, as there are 360 degrees in the earth's circumference, which, divided by 24,. gives 15 degrees to an hour. The territory of the United States, thus divided, extends from the boundary line between the British Provinces in. the east to the Pacific ocean in the west. The first or cast- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 36 1 n. meridian extends from the longitude of Eastport, Me., :ar-the eastern boundary line of the United States, to the ngitude of Sandusky, Ohio. The second, or central eridian, extends from the longitude of Sandusky to the ngitude of Yankton, Dakota. The third, or mountain eridian, extends from the longitude of Yankton, to that of dt Lake City, Utah, and the fourth, or Pacific meridian, [tends from the longitude, of Salt Lake City to the Pacific ;ean. The standard time for the.people living within the nits of the several meridians is the solar or true time at .e centre of each, and the difference .between the 1 solar and andard time at any place must vary according to its stance from that point. Eastport, Me., is situated 7 1-2 ;grees of longitude east of New York, and when it is noon 1 "the latter city it is 30 minutes past 12 o'clock in East- Drt by solar time. At the longitude of Sandusky, Ohio, is half past n o'clock by the true time, when it is 12 clock or noon in New" York by both solar and standard or lilway time. As Candia is situated a little more than 4 degrees east of ew York city, the standard or railway time for the town is little more than 14 minutes behind the solar or true time. 1 ottier words, when it is 12 o'clock by standard time it is bout 15 minutes past 12 by the solar or true time. I METHODS OF COOKING. "Before the year 1820 the cooking in the family was done ver or before the fire in the fire-place and in the oven. Beef, lamb, pork ribs, turkeys and other fowls were wasted before the great blazing fire or baked on the oven. F fowls or pieces of meat were to be , roasted, they often rere hung before the fire by a piece of strong twine, to a ail attached to a beam in the ceiling. The materials to be ooked were turned round and basted from time to time ntil they were done and fit for the table. Pots of beans, uddings, brown bread and cake of all 'kinds were cooked 1 the oven. Sometimes a corn or rye bannock or cakes lade of flour were baked before the fire, the pan or plate n which they were placed being supported by a flatiron or 1 362 HISTORY OF CANDIA. a brick. Potatoes were oftep roasted In the fire-place in a bed ofhotashesj At length,' the Dutch oven was intro- duced. This was a shallow cast iron kettle. The articles to be baked were placed in the kettle over the fire and* cov- ered with a cast iron basin filled with live coals. The Dutch, oven was followed by the tin kitchen, which was used ex- clusively for roasting meat and poultry. This utensil was placed before a hot fire and the meat or poultry, which was attached to a spit were turned from, time to time as became necessary. , ' A cooking apparatus called the tin baker was introduced into the town about the year 1830. It consisted of a tin box about eighteen inches long. „The bottom, about a foot wide was set upon legs and inclined at an angle of about 22 1-2 degrees. The back, which was four or fiv« inches wide, was fitted ,with a hinge, The top was inclined at an angle' similar to the bottom and a sheet iron pan was sus 7 pended between them. When the baker was set before the fire the inclined faces of polished tin reflected the heated rays to the top and bottom of the pan that contained the material to be baked. Many of the families fried their salt pork and fresh meats of ail kinds in a cast iron pan, a foot or more in diameter, to which was attached an iron handle five or six feet long. By the use of the long handle the pan could be placed over or taken off the hot fire by the good house-wife without danger of being burned. About the year 18.20, the patent fire place, so called, was introduced into the town. The device consisted of a sort of cast iron fire place which was set inside the larger brick fire place close up to the back of the chimney. The top connecting the sides was in the form ot an iron shelf a foot or more in width. In front of the outer edge of the shelf and connected with it throughout its entire length there was a perpendicular iron plate from six to eight inches in width. When there was a brisk fire the iron sides and shelf ab- sorbed a considerable amount of heat by which the room became more comfortable than before. The shelfbeing quite hot was a convenient place for warming and keeping warm HISTORY OF CANDIA. 363 1. 1 food already cooked. When cooking stoves were intro- duced the patent fire-place went out of fashion. In some of the oldest houses in the town which were built more than a hundred years ago, the old fire-places around which the fathers and mothers and the children of those earlier times sat, still remain with the iron cranes, pot hooks, trammels and all; but the shining brass andirons which graced the sitting-rooms of the more gen- teel and wealthy families are seen no more, neither are the long-handled iron shovels with which the hot coals were removed from the big ovens after they had been properly heated for baking the beans, the bread and pies of former days. Parlor stoves came into general use many years after the cooking stoves were introduced, but, at this date they may be found in the houses of all well-to-do families. The invention of the stove has saved a great amount of labor and promoted the comfort of the people in a very high degree. A hundred years ago, the brass warming , pan with long, highly finished handles was considered an article of prime neccessity in albwell-to-do families. Elder^ ly people and invalids belonging to this class had their beds made warm and comfortable in very cold weather with warming pans filled with hot coals from the fire-place.' Those persons who could not afford to own one of these pans were obliged to content themselves with a hot brick covered with an old blanket or a junk bottle filled with hot water. 1 BORROWING FIRE. Until within about fifty years people were frequently put to considerable inconvenience when the fire in the fire- place became extinguished: In such cases one of the boys , or girls was sent with a tin lantern containing a tallow ''i candle to one of the neighbors for a supply of the needed element. With the lighted candle the messenger hastened home and soon there was a blazing fire upon the hearth. ' In the olden times this proceeding was called borrowing fire. It doth not appear that the borrowers ever honestly and honorably returned the fire they borrowed. 64 HISTORY OF CANDIA. \ ' When fire was lost and there were no near neighbors a int was struck upon a piece of steei over a smajl quantity if tinder made of burnt rags placed in a tinder box made of in. The spark upon the tinder was raised to a flame by ouching it with the end of a match which had been dipped ti melted sulphur. Friction matches made of sulphur, ihosphorous and other materials first came into general use .bout the year 1838. The secret of making lucifer matches pas discovered three or four years earlier, but inasmuch' hey were a great deal more expensive than the friction natch of the present day their sale was limjted. artificial' light. Until within about sixty or seventy years the most if the houses were lighted at night with tallow cand- ss. ' When the town was first settled - and but few cat- le were raised some people could not afford -to furnish , hemselves with candles but a small part of the time and .0 they depended largely upon pine knots or white birch >ark which they found in the woods. These thrown upon he fire, made a brilliant light by which the women sewed, mjt and spun, and the boys and girls read and studied heir lessons, or played fox and geese and otherwise enter- ained themselves. When some important work required he use of a candle it was blown out when the work was inished. In later times, whale oil which gave a much >etter' light was used in many families Then came a com- >ustible material called burning fluid which often exploded he lamps and caused many fatal accidents. About the fear 1856, just about the the time when whales were be- :oming scarce in the ocean, the great reservoirs of petrol- :um in Pensylvania and other" middle states' which had )een stored far down beneath the rocky crust of the earth nany thousands of years ago were discovered. Wells were >ored through the hard ro:k to a depth of one or two housand feet and the oil spouted forth in quantities almost ncredible. The oil, in the refined state, is kerosene which ' s one of the greatest of blessings to mankind. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 365 GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS. ' During the first few years after the settlement of the town the ceilings in the sitting-rooms and kitchens were made of well-matched pine boards, each of which was often two feet wide. There were long poles overhead, supported by hooks fastened to the great beams. Upon these there were hung stockings and various other articles of dress* bunches of yarn, and' in the fall and winter, there were long strings of peeled and quartered apples, also a goodly num- ber of great crooked neck squashes. There were no Brussels carpets in those days, but the floors were generally kept well scoured and sanded, and everything wore a very neat and tidy appearance in the houses of the industrious and enterprising people of the town. In the early days all persons at the table helped them- selves from the dishes of meat, beans, pudding, bread etc., which were set in the middle of the table. There were no tumblers and all drank from one mug containing water or cider. One of the most prominent features of house-keep- ing of this class seventy or one-hundred years ago was a piece of furriiture called the "dressers." This consisted of a- large, welj-finished, hard wood, open cupboard which extended from the floor to the ceiling. ;Upon the tiers of shelves there was a great quantity of pewter ware consist- ing of plates, mugs, tea pots, basins and great platters, fifteen inches in diameter, The plates and platters were set up singly on their edges tipping backwards towards the wall and the whole arrangement made a very fine appear- ance. Many of the people of the town were very fond of tea and coffee but they could not always afford to purchase these luxuries for every day use. As a substitute for coffee, rye, roasted well and ground, was used in many familes. Chocolate was also a favorite drink, but that was also somewhat expensive, and avens root, which grew in many of the meadows, was used as a substitute. From this, cir- cumstance, avens root was commonly called chocolate root. A very palatable " beverage can be made from the root, but it has seldom been used in latter days. ;66 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Some families of the poorer class had wooden plates for :very dav use as late as the year 1825. A few years after hat date, when earthern crockery became plenty and com- laratively cheap, the wooden plates and the dressers with he pewter ware almost wholly disappeared. ■ . The sweeping of the rooms until about the year 1830 was lone with brooms made of green hemlock boughs taken rom the trees in the w ods and pastures when wanted. ?he women or the larger children went ''brooming" once . week or ten days, except in winter when a stock of loughs was brought to the house and often laid over the idtatoes in the cellar to aid in keeping them from freezing. t, required considerable ingenuity to make a serviceable iroom of this kind and, tre it securely to the end of the iroomstick. A parcel of boughs well trimmed and care- ully placied over one another with the sides which had ieen exposed to the weather as they grew on the tree laid ipwards. Then the pile was divided into two equal parts .nd tied to each side of the broomstick with their inner ides facing each other When the broom became old and irorn out it was 'used to sweep the ashes and embers from he great oven upon baking days, when there was a very nerry crackling and snapping of the burning twigs and iny leaves of the broom, much resembling the explosion if a great bunch of Chinese crackers on the evening of a ourth of July celebration. Many of the first framed houses were simply boarded on he outside but not clapboarded, and previous to the year 830 a small number only were painted. At that date there fas not a single painted house on, the North Road and not lore than three or four on High Street above the Congre- ational meeting-house. Since 1830 the increased prosperi- y of the people is demonstrated by the greatly improved ondition of their dwelling-houses and outbuildings. A irge proportion of the houses in the town are now well ■ainted. Among the great improvements which have been made nthin the last hundred years are those relating to the break- rig up of the soil The plows were first made by car- ienters in the town. They had very long, straight handles. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 367 %:■ > Afterwards the handles were split out of a tree which had a short bend. The mould boards were of wood, plated with various pieces of sheet or wroughtiron. Since 1830, plows have been greatly perfected by skilled workmen . nd man- ufactured in large quantities by companies and firms organized for that purpose. Previous to 1800, there were no iron or steel shovels in the town. Wooden shovels were made of red oak and the edges were shod with plated iron. These, were called shod shovels. Scythes, hoes and pitchforks were made by the common blacksmith previous to seventy or eighty years ago. They were very rude and clumsy. Soon after that date implements of a much better quality were manu- factured on a large scale by firms and companies organized^ for that purpose. Previous to 1&10, there were n,o swings for shoeing oxen. Before that time, the oxen were thrown down upon a bed of straw in the barn 'and turned upon their backs. One man held theirlheads and the fore and hind legs were tied together so that they crossed each other between the knees and ankles. The, blacksmith then shod them in that po- sition with shoes that had been previously prepared. Some of the blacksmiths of that day were in the habit of going from place to place with shoes, nails, hammers, etc., and shde oxen for the farmers on their premises. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. It may be stated here that severity years ago or less a few of the farmers in the town were too stupid or shiftless to take pains to see that their cattle, horses and swine were well protected from the extreme cold weather in winter. The boards which had been nailed to the frames of their - barns had become so shrunken that there were cracks be- tween them an inch or more in width, through which the wind passed, causing the poor brutes to shiver through the long nights with the mercury in the thermometer often be- low zero. The most of the farmers of the early days seldom provided bedding for their cows and oxen to any great extent, but compelled them to lie upon the hard floor. 368 H-ISTORY OF CANIHA. The hogs, belonging to some of the indolent and unfeeling farmers, were frequently confined in pens where they were poorly protected from the cold, and worse still, they were sometimes half starred upon a diet which consisted largely of skimmed milk in very limited quantities, or dishwater with a few small potatoes or potatoe peelings thrown in. The bill of fare was sometimes changed by putting into the swill a pint or so of cob meal in lieu of the potatoes. It was no wonder that, under these circumstances, the hogs squealed uproarously half the time during the day and a part of the night. For several years previous to 1830, it was the fashion with some of the citizens of the town to mutilate their horses by cutting off their tails so as to leave them only six or eight inches long, in imitation of the people of England who admired bob-tailed horses. This was not only a pain- ful operation but ii robbed the horse of its only protection ag-ainst the flies in summer. There was another custom still more barbarous which consisted first, in severing the muscles on the under side of the tail of the horse, next to bring the end of the tail to a perpendicular line above the back of the horse and confine it to a pully attached to a beam in the scaffold. The horse was made to stand in that painful position for several: days and until the wounds inflicted upon him were healed. All this was done to make the horse carry a high tail. The people of Candia as a whole have no doubt treated their animals as well, and possibly better than those of many other towns, but there is, nevertheless, room for improvement in this respect, for there are always some people who are utterly indifferent to the sufferings of the dumb creatures which come into their posession. Within the last few years, the public mind in many cities and large towns has been directed to this point and societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals have been organized and laws have been enacted for the punishment of the guilty in this respect. It ought to be universally understood through- out the length and breadth of the land that no man is en- titled to respect who is guilty of inflicting unnecessary suffering upon the brute creation. Cowper, the English THOMAS LANG, JR. Sketch, page 517. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 369 poet, whose works were well known to the more advanced pupils in the schools of Candia seventy years ago was right when he wrote " I would not enter upon my list of friends the name of one who would needlessly step his foot upon a worm." There were but few pictures in the houses of the people of the town previous to the year 1835, except the engrav- ings and wood cuts in the school books and those which belonged to the social libraries and a few private citizens. - About that time, the art of making excellent engravings upon stone at a comparatively small expense was discov- ered. By this method, which was called lithography, land- scapes, portraits, representations of historical events, por- traits of celebrated persons, etc., were produced and sold in large quantities all over the country. A considerable number of these -pictures were brought to our town and decorated the walls of rooms in many dwellings'. At a later date many of this kind of engravings we're painted over with water colors, and then in oil colors of many tints. The art was improved from time to time, until the finest specimens, to a great extent, resemble the oil printings . .of the best artists, both in drawing and coloring. These paintings were called chromos and this branch of art has been a great advantage to those who were unable to pur- chase original oil paintings of value as well as a means of educating the tastes of the people. I PORTRAITS. Many years ago the only representations of the features of persons in town were the old-fashioned , profiles, some- times called silhouettes, which were cut with scissors in black silk or paper, one side of which was colored black. A skilled artist could draw a correct profile at sight; but the method commonly pursued was to draw the profile by an instrument consisting of a small rod of about four feet long 24 -370 HISTORY OF CANDIA. hung horizontally upon a pivot about five inches from one of its ends. A pencil was inserted in the short end of the rod and when the long end was passed carefully over the features of the sitter an excellent profile likeness in minia?' , ture was traced by the pencil upon a sheet of paper attach- ed to a board standing in a perpendicular position. Between the years 1843 and 1850 the author of this histo- ry painted from life the portraits of a Considerable number of the people of Candia in oil or crayon of the size «f life and a much larger number of cabinet size. In 1838, Daguerre, a French artist and scientist who lived in Paris, discovered the art of fixing upon a polished plate of silver the reflection Or image of any object which was transmitted to it through the lens of a camera. The invention was first applied to the taking of pictures of land-' scapes, buildings and other objects in still life. The first exhibition in America of Daguerre's process of making pictures in the manner referred to was given in New York city and Boston in the winter of 1839. 'fhe exhibit in Bos- ton was made in the old Masonic Temple on Tremont Street, and the first picture was a view of Park Street church. The pictures of this kind were called daguerreotypes in hon- or of the discoverer of the process. A considerable time elapsed before the new process was sufficiently perfected to take likenesses of persons. The first likenesses were quite crude and dim and a person was required to sit about six minutes. / In the course of two or three years, however, beautiful miniatures were produced and artists in this line were well patronized. The first daguerreotypes ever taken in Candia were the work of a man who came to town with a large sa- loon, or operating room, on wheels, about the year 1848. He located himself on the common near the Congregation- al church. About the year 1853, it was found that a negative of a person or "any other object could be taken upon a plate ot glass covered with collodion and a solution of silver, and a positive picture could be printed on paper by sunlight. After a negative was once secured, the picture called photograph could be duplicated to any extent desired. ■jr.?. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 37 1 WALL DECORATIONS. About the year 1825, the walls of one or two rooms in a few houses of the most thrifty citizens were decorated with paper hangings of an inferior quality as compared with those of a modern date. Since that time paper hang- ings of a much improved quality, both in design and finish, have been introduced into most of the houses in the town. In 1825, a very ingenious young man named Stephen Bad- ger came to Candia from Amesbury and resided here for a few months. While here he carved from a block of black cherry wood two figures or statuettes, each about a foot in height. One of the figures represented LaFayette and the other John Quincy Adams, the President of the United States at the time. He also painted in fresco or water colors the walls of the west room in Dr. Wheat's house, now owned and occupied, by Albert Bean. The • pictures represented landscapes, with mountains in the backgrounds, lakes and also representations of men, wom- en, children and animals. He also painted the walls of one room, in each of the residences of Samuel Fitts (now Frank Hall's), and John Emerson on High Street, now the home of George Smith. One of/ the pictures in Mr. Fitts' house was a representation of an ocean scene with a ship under full sail and near an immense sea serpent movin'g rapidly over the waters. Mr. Badger taught Asa Fitts something of the art, such as it was. Asa then displayed his skill in art by painting in very bright colors the walls of the southwest corner chamber and a bedroom adjoining in the residence of Joshua Lane his brother-in-law on North Road, where Chas. 'R. Ro we now lives. 4 It is remembered that the trees as pointed by Asa were of equal height and but little attention was given to light and shade. Th one of his" landscapes Asa represented the stump of a big tree with a woodman's ax stuck into it with the handle extending horizontally. CHAPTER XXVII. HISTORY OF MUSIC. SACRED MUSIC. Metrical psalmody originated with the Protestant Refor- mation, but made no great advance in England before the great Revolution in 1648, which resulted in the behead- ing of Charles I. and in placing the government temporally in the hands of the Puritans. The latter, in their zeal to abolish all popish ceremonies and practices which had been retained in the Episcopal church of England after Henry VIII. had thrown off his allegiance to the Pope and ■ the Catholic church, demolished the organs in the churches, destroyed the music and drove out the musicians by force. All these things were done, not only in the cities and large towns, but in the rural districts from which most of the Pu- ritans and early settlers of New England came. As a gen- eral thing the New England Puritans for a long time regard- ed music as a trap of the Evil One to ensnare the soul; and even sacred music for the purpose of worship was thought to be very wicked previous to 1650. Rev. John Cotton of Boston, who was greatly in advance of the bigotry of his time, published a treatise entitled ' Singing of psalms as a gospel ordinance,' in which he contended that "a Christian who hath gifts to frame a spiritual song and to sing it for his own comfort with use of instruments commits no sin.'' Rev. John Eliot also published a discourse and claimed that music was instituted by God himself as means of Div- ine worship. In 1690, the first collection of music which was made in New England was. printed in Boston. It was called "The Bay Psalm Book." The music was written without bars and there were only seven tunes. Two metrical versions of the Psalms of David were used in public worship, one be- 372 HISTORY OF CANDlA.l 373 ing of Scotch origin and the other, which was made in England, was called Tates and Brady's version. These versions, though written in' measure and rhyme, had but little, if any, poetical merit. They were used in many of the New England churches, until near the latter part of the last century, when the psalms and hymns of Isaac Watts were substituted. Before musical instruments were introduced the tune was pitched by a contrivance called the pitchpipe, which consisted of a pipe resembling the pipe of an organ with an arrangement by which the interior could he made long- er or shorter, so that a higher or lower note upon the scale could be sounded. About eighty years ago a better and more portable instrument made of steel came into use. This instrument, which was called the tuning fork, could be carried in the vest pocket. Among the first singing books which came into use in Candia was the Christian . Harmony, published in 1805. This was succeeded by the Village Harmony and later by the Bridgewater Collection. In 1826, the Boston Handel and Haydn Society's Collection was first used. There were several editions of this book. In 1835, the Boston Acade- my of Music published a collection of tunes. ' In 1840, this was followed by the Carmina Sacra, The three last named books were compiled by Lowell Mason, the distinguished composer and professor of music of Boston. Later on, the Psaltery and other collections came into vogue. The following are names of a part ot the male members of the choir of ttie Congregational society from 1770 to" 1892: Lt. Abraham Fitts, Dea. Nathaniel Burpee, Dea. John Hill, Dea. Samuel Cass, Moses Sargent, Master Moses Fitts, Daniel Fitts, esq., Nathan Fitts, Abraham Fitts, 2nd, Reu- ben Fitts, Samuel Fitts, John Wason, Samuel Buswell, Richard Emerson, Col. Henry True Eaton, Henry Eaton, esq., Josiah. French, Samuel Mopers, Stephen Smith, Jona- than C. French, Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, John Prince, Jona- than Pillsbury, Peter Eaton, Col. Samuel Cass, Ezekiel Lane, John Pillsbury, Maj. Nathan Brown, Jonathan Brown, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Dea. Daniel Fitts, Col Coffin M. French, Sim- 374 HISTORV OF CANDIA. on French, Joseph Fitts, John Moore, 3rd, John Emerson, Nathan Carr, Dr. John Pillsbury, John Rowe, Thomas An- derson, Lowell B. French, Benjamin Cass, Capt. Abraham Fitts, John L. Fitts, I. Newton Fitts, Nathaniel B. Hall, Rufus Hall, Charles H. Butler, Asa Fitts, Jesse Fitts, Abra- ham Fitts, 3rd, Henry Clough, Edwin Eaton, Francis B. Eaton, Charles Patten, Charles Fitts, John S. Patten, John , K. Nay, Charles Towle, J. Franklin Fitts, N. Correy Fitts, Charles Gile, Henry McDuffie, Henry liubbard. The following are the names of some of the female sing- ers Of the choir: Nabby Emerson, Lydia Eaton, Sally Marden, Lucinda French, Eveline French, -Clarissa Fitts, Polly Rowe, Julia Rowe, Phebe Fitts, Polly Sargent, Ruth Sargent, Eliza. Ea- ton, Sally Eaton, Margery Eaton, Julia Eaton, Nancy Ro- bie, Lavina Eaton, Susan Eaton, Sarah Eaton, Mary Eaton, Martha Eaton, Caroline Eaton, Nancy Robie, Sally Hall, Louisa Hall,- Dolly, Fitts, Hannah Fitts, Sabrin a Fitts, Ruth Fitts, Sarah T Lane, Hanah G. Lane, Abbie Lane, Emma Lane, Lucretia Lane, Mary French, Sarah French, Julia French, Almanza French, Dolly Brown, Abbie Brown, Ad- aline Brown, Augusta Brown, Sarah Jane Emerson, Ruth Patten, Emeline Rowe, Mrs. Charles Towns, Carrie R. Rowe, Ann J. Emerson, two daughters of Rev. Mr. Hid- den, Sarah Jane Fitts, Abbie Emerson. No musical instruments of any kind were used to accom- pany the singers in the choir before the year 1806. The bass viol was the first instrument" used, but there is no rec- ord as to who performed upon it. It is probable that some member of either the Fitts or Eaton families was entitled to that honor, as it is known that an instrument of the kind was owned in both of those families at an early date. .The following are the names of some of the instrumental performers in the choir of the Congregational church: Bass viol, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Col. Samuel Cass, Jesse R. Fitts; flute, Henry French; clarionet, Edwin Eaton, Abra- ham Fitts 3rd; violin, Henry French; bugle, Henry Clough- In 1866, the society bought an organ which had been used several years in the Congregational church at Epping. The price paid was four hundred dollars. John McKay ■s was the organist several 'years. He was succeeded by Nel- lie Eaton. The following are the names of some of the leaders of the choir: Nathaniel Burpee, Master Moses Fitts, Nathan Fitts, Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, Charles H. Butler, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Jesse R, Fitts, John K. Nay. About the year 1829, Dr. Wheat and one or two other members of the choir of the Congregational church became members of the New Hampshire Musical Society, In Octo- ber, 1830, the annual meeting took place at the Presbyter- ian church in Bedford. Many of the best singers and in- strumental performers m the state were present at the meet- ing, among whom were various musicians who belonged to the choir of the church at Bedford, which was greatly in advance of most of the other musical organizations of ^the times, especially in the matter of instrumental jnusic. The people belonging to Candid that were present at the musi- cal festival at Bedford were greatly delighted with the mus- ic. "About that time Dr. Wheat was elected President of the society. In October, 1831, this society held its annual meeting in Candia. The exercises took place at the Congregational meetinghouse. A large audience was present. Rev. Mr, Wheeler offered a prayer, and Dr. Nathaniel Wheat deliver- ed the annual address upon the subject of music from the -pulpit. During the meeting the members of the associa- tion rehearsed ( a variety of vocal and instrumental music. Such an exhibition of violins, violoncellos, double bass T 'i- ols, trombones, -flutes, clarionets, bassoons, etc., was never before heard in Candia. Dr. Wheat's.splendid tenor voice was fully equal to anything of the kind that was heard on the occasion. CHOIRS AT THE FREE WILL BAPTIST. v For many years after the Free Will Baptist Society was es- tablished in Candia there were no regularly organized choirs in their meetings at the church on Sunday or at any" other 376 HISTORY OF CANDIA. religious assemblies. The hymns were sung to tunes that w;ere learned mostly by rote and all the people of the con- gregation that had a gift for music were free to join in the_ exercises; About the year 1830, some of the members of the society gave some attention to the study of sacred music upon scientific principles. A choir was organized and the mem- bers met from- time to time for practice. The choir was lo- cated at the east end of the old church; but no instruments of any kind were introduced until about the year 1840. Previous to that time the Free Will Baptist ministers, as a general rule, were strenuously, opposed to the use of mus- ical instilments in any of their religous meetings. They argued that when instruments were used the people were prevented from understanding the words and could not, therefore, sing with the spirit and the understanding also. They believed with Rev. Dr. Adam Clark, the famous Mefh* odist divine and commentator on the Bible, who declared that "the use of instruments of music in the church is without sanction and opposed to the will of God; that they are sub verters of the spirit of devotion. " Rev. David Marks, . a famous Free Will Baptist preacher of sixty years ago who visited many towns in the vicinity of Candia, made 3. sol- emn vow that he would not announce or read a hymn in any meeting when he knew it would be sung in connect- ion with musical instruments. The bass viol was at length introduced into the Free Will , Baptist church at the Village aud one of, the first to perform on the instrument was William Turner. ( In 1849, Robie Smith was leader and played on the vio- lin. Moses Carpenter also played upon the violin and Lew- -is Buswell played upon the bass viol. Jason Godfrey, John Prescott and wife, J. Wesley Lovejoy and wife and J. Har- vey Philbrick and wife were the principal singers. The next leader was Alvin D. Dudley. Among the sing- ers besides Mr. Dudley were Ira Godfrey and wife, Jason Godfrey, Mrs. A. D. Dudley, Charles Page, Angeline Towl.e, Carr B. Haines, E. R. Ingalls and wife, Luna Noyes, Susan Godfrey, Clara and Bell Philbrick and Tenny Dearborn. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 3J7 Ira Godfrey was leader of the choir for some time. He was followed by John Foster, who is the present leader. Among the recent singers were Abbie Fitts, Mrs. ' John Foster, Jane Fitts, Flora Moore, Clara Rowe, Cora Bean, Clara Fisk, Mary Prescott, Lillian Young, Nellie Rich, Dr. Grant and wife, Moses Critchett Arthur Critchett, . Oscai Fisk and Anna Robinson. Joseph C. Cram was leader for awhile and played upon a seraphine and a reed organ. The reed organ has also been played upon by Abbie Fitts, Flora Moore, Clara Rowe, Nellie Rich, Julia Towle, Cora Bean and Clara Taylor. In March, 1848, there was a musical festival under the direction of Joseph C. Cram, the music teacher of Deerfield, at the church. Dr. J. Allen Tebbetts of Deerfield delivered a lecture upon the occasion and Rev. Arthur Caverno the pastor made some remarks. THE CrIOIR OF THE METHODIST SOCIETY. Among the singers at the MethoJist church, were Robie Smith,' who was leader of the choir, Lewis Buswell, Gilman Bean, T. Benton Turner, and Sarah and Ruth Bickford. The choir was accompanied by a fine cabinet organ. The first regular band in the town was called The Wash- ington Band. It was organized in 1838, and the following are the names of some of the members: J. Sullivan Brown, leader, Stephen C. Merrill, Thomas Wheat, Henry Clough, Frederick Smyth, Charles H. Butler, William Hoitt, Richard Emerson, Dearborn French, Jesse ' Fitts, Abraham Fitts. The organization was kept up a few years when it was disbanded. During the spring of 1839, Frederick Smyth and Thomas Wheat, members of the Washinton Band, were students at the Phillips' Teachers Seminary at Andover, Mass. All the students of the seminary over eighteen years of age were warned to appear for military duty at the annual May training that year. The majority of the students were on- 378 . . HISTORY OP CANDIA. . ly temporary residents of the town. Notice was given oul that none of the students would obey the summons to train; whereupon the military authorities threatened to arrest them in case they failed to apppear on the day appointed. To show their independence and spirit the students de- termined to get up a May training on their own account. Fre'derick Smyth came up to Candia post-haste and engaged all of his fellow members of the Washington Band to go to Andover and furnish the music for the contumacious boys as they marched through the streets of that ancient town. The students trained to the music of the Candia band ac- cording to their program; but no arrests were made as the boys had the law on their side. In 1840, the Washington Band performed for a very large delegation of the citizens of Manchester who marched in the procession at the great state mass meeting of the Whigs at Concord, during the log cabin and hard cider campaign a few months before the election of Gen. William H. Har- rison, the Whig candidate for the Presidency. At that date there were no militaay bands in Manchester. A.bout the year 1855, the Candia Cornet Band was organ- ized. In 1 858, it was re-organized. Stephen B. Fitts was leader. Among the members were J. Franklin Fitts, Jona- than C. Hobbs, Dana Fitts, Charles Fitts; Isaac Fitts, Moses French, Charles H. French, Asa Dutton, John H. Foster, T. Benton Turner. About the time the band was re-organized in 1858, Abra- ham and Beniah Fitts, who were engaged in business at Worcester, Mass.,' bought a quantity of second hand brass band instruments, consisting of bugles, cornets, ophyclides, ^trombones, etc., paying therefor only what they were worth for old junk. Jesse Fitts, -their brother, who was vis- iting them at the time, took the whole lot off their hands and brought it to-Candia. The instruments, which were in good order, were turned over to the members of the newly organized band for a mere song. In 1 86 1, at the breaking out of the war, this band was re-organized as follows: Joseph Franklin Fitts, leader; members, Stephen B. Fitts, Alfred Dana Fitts, Isaac Fitts, Jonathan C. Hobbs, John HISTORY »0F CANDIA. 379 Foster, David Bean, Carlos E. Fitts, Nathan Correy Fitts, Charles H. French, George E. Eaton, Webster Varnum, Samuel Hubbard, Moses T. French, Frank Swain, Charles Frederick Fitts, Joseph Durant, Charles M. Lane, John K. Nay, J. Meader Yqung, T. Itenton Turner, Gilman A. Bean, C. H. Turner, Isaac Fitts, Charles O. Merrill, Orlando Brown, George B. Emerson, and Joseph Rollins and Jo- seph Young of Deerfield. The following are the names of the members of the band as it was re-organized in 1866: Oscar Merrill, leader; N. Corey Fitts, John H. Foster, Jonathan C. Hobbs, Moses T. French, P. M. Swain, Isaac Fitts, C. H. Turner, George E. Eaton, Frederick F. Emer- son, T. Benton Turner, Jesse M. Young, Dana T. Dudley, Edmund R. Ingalls, Edmund J. Godfrey, J. K. Nay, Web- ster Varnum, Gilman A. Bean, Charles H. French and Luther Monroe. About the year 1878. the band was again re-organized and John H. Foster was- chosen leader and other members were" added. . TEACHERS OF MUSIC. ',<\ The following are the names of some those who have taught singing schools and given instruction in vocal music. Nathaniel Burpee, Master Moses Fitts, Nathan Fitts,, Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, Francis D. Randall of Deerfield, Dr. Kit- tredge of Pembroke, Henry E. Moore of Concord, Dr. Isa- iah Lane, Charles H. Butler, Col. Samuel Cass, Dea. Dan- iel Fitts, Joseph C. Cram of Deerfield, John K: Nay, Ben- jamin Thompson of Deerfield, John Willard and J. M. San- born of Manchester. Mr. Cram, of Deerfield taught singing schools in Candia at various intervals during a period of nearly forty years. He was not only an excellent teacher but a very pleasing vocalist. Ephraim K. Eaton, son of Peter Eaton, very early in life Showed more than ordinary talent for music, and he per- formed upon the bass viol and other instruments with much skill. About the year 1835, he became a member of a band 380 HISTORY OE CANDIA. attached to a United States frigate and visited various ports in Europe and elsewhere. Upon his return he became the director of bands connected with various great circus companies and visited many cities and towns in the Union. He has been a resident of Gloversville, N. Y., for several years. He is an eminent composer of music. Asa Fitts taught singing schools several years in Boston and various other places in Massachusetts. He also pub- lished several elementary works upon music and two or three books consisting of collections of songs and tunes, p# some of which were composed by himself. As a teacher he was quite popular, especially with the younger class of pupils. FIRST MELODEONS AND PIANOS. Emma Lane, afterwards- Mrs. Frederick Smyth, owned the first melodeon which was used in Candia. It was an- instrument about twenty inches long and the bellows Were operated by rocking the instrument upon the table with the elbows. Among the first pianos brought into town were those owned by Mary Bean, daughter of Joseph Bean, Ellen Ea- ton, daughter of Henry M. Eaton, Mary B. Lane and the daughters of Rev. "E. N. Hidden and Dea. W. J. Dudley. CHAPTER XXVIII. PHYSICIANS. For nearly fifty years after the first settlement was made in Candia there were only four or five medical schools in the Unite;! States. One of these was located in Cambridge, Mass., in connection with Harvard College; one in New York city; one in Philadelphia; and one established at Han- over, in connection with Dartmouth College, in 1798. In the early days, only a few young men were able to obtain a medical education, except by studying under the direction of some practictioner of experience. It was the custom for the medical student to become regularly apprenticed to a •- physician of reputation -in full practice for two or three years. The physician was entitled to the services of his student and in return he was bound to give him instruct- ion in th,e various branches of medicine. \ There was no regularly educated physician in Candia previous to 1760: Samuel Mooers, one of the first settlers at the Corner, had some knowledge of medicine, and some times prescribed in ordinary cases of sickness, extracted teeth and performed minor surgical operations, but, though he was generally called "Doctor Mooers," 1 he never pre- tended to be a regular physician. Dr. Coffin Moore came from Stratham in 1760, and prac- ticed as a regular physician, until 1784, when he died. He married Comfort Weeks, by whom he had several children. Jacob B. Moore, one of their sons became a physician, mar- ried a daughter of Ephraim Eaton and settled in Andover. Dr. Timothy Kelly came to Candia in 1770, and settled on the place on High Street recently owned by Freeman Parker, and now owned and occupied by his widow. He built the first house upon the lot. John Lane, senior, in his account book charged him seven shillings for making a box 38i 382 HISTORY OF CANDIA. for his saddle bags, and credits him with the sum of two shillings for bleeding his wife. Dr. Kelly removed from the town about the year 1790. Dr. Samuel Foster, the next physician, was born in Bil- lerica, Mass., and came to Candia in 1789. He bought a part of the School lot on South Road, now owned, by Mr. Clow, and built a house that was torn down about twenty ;Jj years ago. He married Mary Colcord of Brentwood. They I had ten children. In 1812, he moved to Canterbury, but returned to Candia in 181 5, and after residing here awhile *,l he removed to Brentwood, where^e died, in 1826. , Dr. Shaw came to town, in 1807, and practiced one year. ;' Dr. John Brown also came to Candia, in 1807, and board- ' v« ed with Stephen Clay, who lived near the Congregational meetinghouse. In 1808, Sally Morrill, a young daughter ;|| of Samuel Morrill, 2nd, and a sister of the present Samuel Morrill of High Street, while flaying in the barn with Sally Clough and her sister Lydia, the late Mrs. True French,,' ^ broke the bone of one of her thighs in jumping from the high beams to the bay. Dr. Brown attended her and in twenty-seven days she was able to leave her bed. Dr. Brown remained in town one year. Dr. Nathaniel Wheat was born in Canaan, in 1783. He studied with Dr. Jacob B. Moore of Andover, and came to Candia, in 1809. In 1819, he was married to Sally Fitts, a daughter of Moses Fitts, senior. They had three children, Thomas, and two who died in infancy. Soon after his marriage Dr. Wheat bought of Samuel Dearborn a house on the site of the one now owned by Albert Bean, the next west of the parsonage of the Congregational church. The house, which had a gable roof, was sold to Ephraim George, in 1824, and hauled to the place below the Corner, now owned by Mr. Stanley. The house, which has been recently repaired, is still standirg. Dr. Wheat then built the present Albert Bean house. After a very successful practice of about twenty years, he moved to Concord, in 1834. In 1838, he returned to Candia and the following year he removed to Manchester, to practice there more than twelve years. He died in January, 1857. Dr. Wheat was a very ingenious mechanic, as well as a ' eral rule, they are more successful in the treatment of disease than were their predecessors of sixty years ago. Seventy-five years ago, a professional dentist was un- known in New Hampshire, and there was no such art as filling teeth, partially decayed, or of supplying a new and beautiful set when all had become useless. All that the doctors could do in the dentistry line in those days, was to seize the decayed and aching teeth of his patients with the clumsy old-fashioned cant hook and pry them out without much ceremony. By the way, it used to be said more than fifty years ago that a very romantic, though timid and bash- ful young man in the town, was so deeply in love with the accomplished daughter of the doctor at that time and so anxious to see her, that he was willing to have a sound tooth extracted now and then as an apology for going to her residence. It is barely possible that the story was slightly exaggerated. EPIDEMICS. About eighty years ago, there were several cases of spotted fever in the town, one or two of which proved fatal. The throat distemper was also prevalent about that time and it is said that several persons died, among whom were the wife, the oldest son and two daughters of a citizen in the east part of the tow;ni While lung fever or pneumonia, typhoid fever and scarlet,fever have almost every year car- ried off a considerable number of persons, cases of con- sumption are less common than they were at a period pre- vious to 1850. During the years from 1889 to 1893, a dangerous disease with the French name of La Grippe, much resembling in- 1 fluenza, prevailed in many parts of the United States and Europe. There were many cases in Candia and some of thenj. resulted fatally. By accident, the names of the victims of Small Pox which prevailed in the town in 1835 were omitted in the account of that calamity which appears on page 308 of this volume. 390 HISTORY OF CANDIA. The following is a full list of the names of those who died from that disease : William Towle, Owen Reynolds', aged 4$, Marietta Reynolds his daughter, aged 18, Asa Hun- toon, aged 36, Nelson Healey, David Heath, aged 56, and Asa Heath. HON. THOMAS W. THOMPSON. It was mentioned on page 212, thatHori. T. W.Thompson, Concord, gave, by his will, to the Congregational Society of Candia, a tract of land in Allenstown. Mr. Thompson was a very distinguished lawyer and statesman. He was a fellow student with Rev. Jesse Remington at Harvard Col- lege and gave to the Congregational Society the land'referred to as a tribute to the memory of his friend and companion. He held many important offices in the state and was a rep 1 resentative to Congress several terms, and was a United States Senator four year's. He died in 1823. CHAPTER XXIX. THE ABOLITION OP SLAVERS' AND OTHER. MATTERS. Soon after the American colonies were founded, negro men, women and children who had been kidnapped in Af- rica were brought into the country and sold like sheep or cattle. Slavery existed in all the colonies, including New Hampshire, previous to the war of the Revolution. Rev. Dr. Bo'uton, in his history of Concord, gives the names of a considerable number of the citizens of that town who own- ed slaves, including that of Rev. Timothy Walker, the first minister of the place, who owned one negro man and two women. He also gives copies of bills of sale of slaves, one of which was from Patrick Gault of old Chester, dated in 1767, conveying to Andrew McMillian of Concord, a negro girl named Dinah, for the sum of 12 pounds. Mr. Gault lived in that part of Chester whidh is now Hooksett, and near the present residence of William F. Head. So it seems that Candia came within about three miles of being slave territory in ancient days. ' Slavery at length became unpopular and unprofitable in the North and a large number of the slaves were *old to Southern planters. In 1784, slavery was abolished in New Hampshire by law. As time went on, slave labor was in great demand at the South for raising cotton and other crops and the negro population increased very rapidly. For many years, the people of the country felt very little interest in regard to the moral bearings of slavery which John Wes- ley denounced as the sum of all villainies ; and they seem- ed utterly regardless of the cruel wrongs which were inflicted upon the victims of the system. The merchants and manufacturers of the North were on intimate terms with their slave holding customers of the South and mem- bers of Northern churches were in close fellowship with their spiritual brethren of the South while slave holding 39 1 392 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ministers were often invited to occupy northern pulpits. The great national missionary society of the Congregation ist called the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was composed of members belonging to the North and the South, many of the latter being slave holders and funds which were the proceeds of the sale of negro men, women and children are said to have been often received by. the "Board" to aid in saving souls in heathen lands without rebuke from the churches in any quarter. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison established a weekly paper called the Liberator in Boston and opened a fierce! and relentless war upon slavery and demanded its immediate abolition. He charged that the ; Federal Constitution pro- tected slavery and was therefore a covenant with dearth and an agreement with hell. Among the early abolitionists were Wendell Phillips of Boston and Parker Pillsbury, Stephen S. Foster and Nath- iel P. Rogers, of New Hampshire. All of these and others were often mobbed, their meetings were broken up by parties who were set on and encouraged by men who were- prominent in the churches and in political and business- affairs. The slaveholders became greatly exasperated or» account of the exposures of the cruel wrongs inflicted upon their helpless victims. The most of the politicians and influential citizens, both in the North and the South, de- nounced the abolitionists as enemies to the peace and welfare of the country. Slavery was defended on scriptural grounds by various eminent theologians of the North, among whom were Rev. Dr. Adams, of Boston, Rev. Dr. NathanielLord, President of Dartmouth College, Prof. Moses Stuart, of Andover Theological Seminary, Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher and Rev. Dr. Bacon, of Hartford, Conn. It was argued that slavery existed in the primitive churches and was al- lowed by Christ and the apostles. The early abolitionists were opposed to war for any cause. They relied, solely on the power of moral and spiritual truth to rescue the slave, as well as to redeem and save the world. They neither formed or joined any politi- cal party. They abjured the ballot altogether as a reform agent as they did the bullet, and yet, though they always HISTORY OF CANDIA. 393 acted on those principles, they were despised and persecu- ted for many years. In the course of a few years, after the movement against slavery was made by Garrison and his associates, a small number of Candia people became interested in the cause of emancipation. A few anti-slavery tracts were, circulated in the town, there were two or three subscribers to the Herald of Freedom, published by N. P. Rogers at Concord, and, once in a while, a copy of the Liberator was seen in the territory. Benjamin Chase, in his history of Chester, relates that, at the annual meeting of the Rockingham Western Conference of churches which was held at the Congrega- tional meeting house in Candia, in 1835, Stephen Chase of Auburn offered a resolution to the effect that it was the du- ty of all Christians to oppose all forms of injustice and oppression wherever they may appear. The resolution was discussed and slavery Was denounced by two of the speak- ers. At the conclusion of the, meeting, Rev. Charles P. Russell, who was then settled in Candia, severely rebuked Mr. Chase for introducing the slavery question, and declar- ed that he did not wish his people to hear one word upon the subject on that occasion. In 1844, when the proposition to admit Texas into the Urion as a slave state was being discussed, many of the people of the North were aroused to the consideration of the political bearings of the slave system upon the country. A few citizens belonging to both of the great national par- ties strenuously opposed the scheme to further extend the slave system and organized a third political party. In 1845 and 1846, by a combination of th£ Whigs and the anti-slave- ry citizens of Candia, Jonathan Martin, one of their num- ber,' was elected a representative to the Legislature. The opposition to slavery was greatly intensified in the North by the passage of the fugitive slave bill by Congress in 1850, and also by the passage of the Kansas and Nebras- ka bill in 1854, repealing the Missouri Compromise, which forbade the existence of slavery north of a certain para- lel of latitude. In 1856, the most of the members of the great Whig party combined with the Free soil party and Col. J. C. Fremont, their candidate for President came 39^: HISTORY OF CANDIA. near being elected. Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1861. Then came the secession of the slave states, and then the great civil war. During the first two years of the war of the rebellion neither the citizens of the North or the soldiers in the Fed- eral armies ever thought of overthrowing slavery by force. They only demanded that the system should not be extend- ed, and that the Union of the States should be restored. Slavery was not abolished by moral influences on the part people of the North, but by the famous proclamation* of . President Lincoln, which was issued strictly as a war mea- sure to have no effect except upon the refusal of the rebels to lay down their arms and return to the Union. When the "cruel war was over" and the slave were set free, almost every body claimed to have always been a first class abolitionist. Many ministers and politicians who for twenty-five years had figured as open enemies of the anti- slavery cause, were all at once heard bragging of how they had labored to secure freedom for the slaves. * PEACE AND WAR. About the year 1830, a national organization called the American Peace Society was established in the United States for the purpose of abolishing war. Auxilliary soci- eties were founded in v'arious parts of the country ; periodi- , cals and pamphlets, advocating the doctrines of peace and good will among nations and states were published and circulated in great numbers It was claimed that all wars are brutal, anti Christian and sinful in the highest degree, and that all disputes between nations should be settled by - arbitration. Many of the people ,of Candia became much interested in the cause and peace lectures were sometimes given in the churches by agent's of the society. At a later date, peace societies were organized in England, France, and Germany. Great international conventions, or con- gresses were held in London, Paris, Geneva, and other places and many very intelligent people firmly believed that the time was near at hand when swords would be turned into plough shares, and spears into pruning hooks, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 395 and that the Prince of Peace would soon hold undisputed sway throughout the world. / On the 4th of July, 1845. Charles Sumner, one of the most distinguished scholars and statesmen the country has produced, gave the annual oration before the members of the city government of Boston. The oration, which was entitled, "The True Grandeur of Nations," made a great sensation throughout the country. Mr. Sumner contended that disputes between nations are seldom settled upon prin- ciples of justice by an appeal to arms as the result often depends upon accident or the superiority of numbers of the" victors; but it was chiefly against the supreme wickedness of war that his arguments were directed. The following are brief extracts from the address: "Amid the thunderbolts of Sinia God declared, 'Thou sb,alt not kill.' Who on earth shall presume to say that this injunction was not directed to many but to one person only ; that one person may not kill, but many may ; that it is not forbidden to a nation to cut off by the sword tens of thousands of people ? We are struck with horror and our hair stands on end at the report of a single murder ; we think of the soul which has been hurried to its final account ; we seek the murderer ; and the state puts forth all its energies to secure his punishment. Viewed in the unclouded light of truth, what is war but or- ganized murder ? The injunction, 'Love one another' ap- plies to nations as well as individuals. What has taught thee O man! to find glory in an act performed by a nation which you condemn as barbarous when committed by an individual ?" The late James Russell Lowell, who has been regarded as, one of the best poets and essayists in the country and who was for several years U. S. minister to England, was an uncompromising opponent of war. Soon after the breaking outof the Mexican war in 1846, he published a sat- irical poem written in Yankee dialect, "under the assumed name of "Ezekiel Bigelow," an unsophisticated farmer, in which he denounces war in scathing terms. Ezekiel is sup- posed to have been on a recent visit to Boston, and while there, to have seen an officer of the U. S. Army marching "through the streets at the head of a squad of soldiers, ac- 396 HISTORY OF CANDIA. companied by a drummer and fifer, for the purpose of get- ting- recruits to serve in the war against Mexico. The folowing stanzas will afford some idea of the spirit of the poem: " Ez for war I call it murder, Tbere you have it plain and flat; I don't want to go no furder Than my Testament for that; God has said so plump and fairly It's as long as it is broad And you've got to get up airly If you want to take in God. 'Taint your eppyletts and fethers Makes the thing a grain more right, 'Taint afollering your bell wethers Will excuse you in his sight. Ef you take your sword and dror it, And go stick a feller through, Guvment aint to answer for it, God will send the bill to you. What's the use of meetin goin Every Sunday, wet or dry Ef its right to go amo win Feller men like oats or rye ? I dunno but what its pooty Trainen round in bobtail coats, But its curis Christian dooty This ere cuttin folks's throats." In 1 86 1, when the people of the South undertook to dis- solve the Union, all the beautiful Christian sentiments of the New Testament relating to the duty of loving our ene- mies and overcoming evil with good, became extremely unfashionable and were'pronounced utterly impracticable by the people in all sections of the country, and one of the greatest and most dreadful wars ever known to the world quickly followed. Vast armie's, composed largely of pro- fessing Christians stood up on many a field and deliberate- ly sought to destroy each other, and hundreds of chaplains. on each side prayed earnestly to God for victory over their enemies. Hundreds of thousands of lives were sacrificed, billions of dollars were expended and a vast amount of HISTORY OF CANDIA. 397 misery was entailed upon the people of all conditions, but the Union was saved and the Star Spangled Banner again waves proudly over every inch of the territory of the country. NEWSPAPERS. The people of Candia have been good patrons of the newspaper press for many years. In Colonial and Revo- lutionary times a few copies of the Portsmouth Gazette were taken. Then the New Hampshire Patriot, an organ of the Democratic party which was established by Isaac Hill, at Concord in 1809, and the New Hampshire Journal, an organ of the Federal party, conducted by Jacob B. Moore, a neph 1 ew of Peter Eaton, were well patronized by the citizens of Candia. Mr. Eaton was a frequent contributor to the Jour- nal. The New Hampshire, Observer, a religious newspaper of the Congregationalists, and the Morning Star, the organ of the Free Will Baptists, printed at Dover, had a consider- able number of subscribers for many years. The Morning Star is still in a flourishing condition. Sixty years ago, two or three copies of the Trumpet, a Universalist paper, publish- ed at Boston, by Thomas Whittemore were taken. The Exeter News Letter, The Philadelphia Saturday Courier, Horace Greeley's New York Weekly Tribune and the Youths' Companion were among, the papers which were well patronized forty years ago. In addition to these, two weekly papers which were published in the interest of Sab- bath Schools were well supported by the members of the Congregational and Free Will Baptist churches. When Manchester became a great manufacturing town, the Man- chester Democrat and the Manchester American were well patronized in Candia. Later on, the Manchester Weekly Mirror was taken by many citizens. In February, 1879, the ladies of the Free Will Baptist Soci- ety published a quarto newspaper sheet on the occasion of a Fair, called The Village Organ. The paper contained a full account of the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the declaration of Independence in Candia in 1876, and "an interesting poem entitled: "My fathers' prayer, " .written "398 HISTORY OF CANDIA. by Sarah J. Dudley, daughter of Dea. Samuel Dudley. Other papers have been occasionally published by ladies connected, with fairs. In 1878, John Jenness Lane, a son of Cyrus T. Lane, started a weekly newspaper at the Village, called "The Candia Banner." Though Mr. Lane was then quite young and a novice in .the newspaper business, he soon succeeded in making an interesting journal. The paper was devoted largely to matters pertaining to Candia and adjoining towns. Mr. Lane had correspondents in Deerfield, Northwood, Ep- som, Kingston, Raymond and other neighboring towns. .Among the contributors who resided in Candia, or were born in the town, were Abraham Emerson, Jesse R. Fitts, Mary Ann Robie, Rev. William C. Reade, Mrs Octavia Reade, Aaron Bean of New York city, Wilson Palmer, of Oyster Bay, Long Island, Rev. John D. Emerson, who then resided in Jericho, Vt. , Francis B. Eaton, and the author. The publication of the Banner was suspended in 1882. TOWN FAIRS. On October 4th, 1878, the people of Candia had an agri- cultural fair. Early in the forenoon a procession which was formed at the Corner, under the direction of E. R. In- galls, the Chief Marshal, was escorted to the grounds near the Congregational meeting house by trfe Lane Rifles, ac- companied by the Candia Cornet Band. Near the head of the procession, there was a town team, consisting of forty- three yokes of oxen drawing a large wagon, decorated with evergreens, flowers and fruits. The largest pair of oxen weighed 3330 pounds. Next came a team of six yokes of oxen, drawing a wagon filled with young ladies. The day was warm and beautiful and' it was estimated that there were 1 500 people upon the grounds. There was a fair ex- hibition of cows and heifers but there were few horses or sheep. In the vestry of the church, there was an excel- lent display of vegetables, fruits, products of the dairy, pic- tures and needle work. In the afternoon, the following named officers of the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 399 town agricultural society appeared upon a stand near the church : Moses F. Emerson, President, Jonathan C. Hobbs, Vice President, A. F. Patten, Secretary, W. J. Dudley, Trea- surer, Jesse R. Fitts, P. W. Sanborn, J. C. Colcord, Asa Truel, F. S. Rowe, Directors. ' Addresses were made by James O. Adams of Manchester, N. B. Prescott of Derry, F. B. Eaton of Manchester, A. D. Dudley of Haverhill, Mass., Rev. Charles L. Hubbard of Boxford, Mass., John Moore, Esq., and others. In the course of the afternoon, there was a foot race for a prize and other entertainments. In October 8, 1879, the Candia Agricultural Society made arrangements for another annual fair. A procession, under the direction of John W. Cate, the Chief Marshal, was es- corted by the Lane Rifles, accompanied by the Candia Band to the fair grounds near the Congregational meeting house. Forty yokes of oxen drew a large and finely decorated wagon, containing the officers of the Society, the orator of the day, and various carriages, contained the invfted guests, and citizens generally. The exhibition at the vestry in all departments was very creditable. In the forenoon, there was a pulling match, and in the afternoon, Capt. W. R. Patten of Manchester, delivered an oration. He was fol- „ lowed by Martin W. Cochran of Pembroke, Stephen Holt of Epping, Ex. Gov. Smyth of Manchester, and others. In the afternoon, there was a foot race. The third and last agricultural fair in the town, was held October 12, 1881. A procession, marshalled by John W. Cate, was escorted by the Patten Guards from the Corner to the grounds. The exhibition was in most respects simi- lar to those of 1878 and 1879. Among the speakers at the stand were James O. Adams and F. B. Eaton of Manches- ter and Aaron Whittier of Raymond. LONGEVITY. The following are the names of those persons belonging to the town who died at upwards of 70 years of age so far as has been ascertained. The record of deaths which has 400 HISTORY OF CANDIA. been kept by the town clerks have been quite imperfect un- til within a few years because the said clerks were not supplied with the necessary data : 1793. Nehemiah Brown, aged 76 years. 1798. Arthur Libbie, aged 70. 1799. Anna, wife of Nehemiah Brown, aged 80. 1 801. Major Henry Moore, aged 73 years. 1802. Mrs. Silas Camett, aged 82. 1863. Mrs. Clifford, mother of Anthony and Zachariah Clifforcl, aged 96. 1804. Thomas Anderson, aged 72; Henry Clark, Sr., 82; Mrs. Amos Knowles, aged 82. 1805. James Varnum, 73; Robert Wason, 70. 1807. Theophilus Sargent, one of the first settlers at the Corner, 87. 1808. David Bean, the first settler aMhe Island, 81; Lt. Abraham Fitts, 72. 1809. Mehitable, wife 1827. Mrs. Ni;holas Gordon, 87; Benjamin Smith, Sr., •99 ; Jeanette, wife of William Wilson, 84. 1828. Mary, wife of Col. John Carr, 89 ; Mary, wife of Capt. Benjamin Cass, 86 ; Deborah, daughter, of Arthur Libbee, 72 ; John Prescott, 75. 1829. MosesMartin, who came from Amesbury, Mass., 86. 1830. Paul Eaton, 90; Sarah, wife of Rev. Nehemiah Ordway, 89; Abijah Pillsbury, 81. 1831. John Crawford, 76; Stephen Palmer. 2nd.., 80; Nathan Thorn, who came from Danville, 91 ; Col. Thomas Wilson, 80. 1832. Elizabeth, wife of Nathan Bean, 71 ; Emma, wife of John Clay, 75 ; Sarah, wife of Jonathan Rowe, 70 ; Me- hitable, wife of John Robie, Sr., 83. 1833. Anna, wife of Nathan Brown, Sr.,73 ; Mrs. Jacob , Clifford, 83 ; Abigail, wife of James Eaton, 98 ; Sarah, wife of J. Chase Smith, 91 ; Hannah, wife of Capt. John Sar- gent, 80. 1834. Nathan Brown, Sr., 75; Mehitable, wife of Sam- uel Bagley, 92 ; Capt. John Sargent, 88. 1835. Moses Buswell, 80; Emma, wife of Moses Bus- well, 72 ; Richard Bean, 80 ; Benjamin Eaton, 76 ; Lydia, wife qf Moses Emerson, Sr., 75 ; Dr. Joseph Foster, 84. 26 402 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1836. Deborahj wife of John Clay, 83. At Allenstown, Rev. Nehemiah Ordway, 89 ; Miss Sarah Turner, 88. 1837. Sewell Brown, Sr., 83; Ezra Burpee, 80; Mrs. Henry Clark, 78 ; Jean, wife of Joshua Moore, 76 ; Eliza- beth, wife of J. Chase Smith, 80. 1838. Susannah, wife of Sewell Brown, Sr., 79 ; Master Moses Fitts, 71. 1839. Benjamin Bean, 76 ; Moses Emerson, Sr., 84 ; Mary, wife of Dea. John Hills, 94 ; Mary, wife of Benjamin Hubbard, Sr., 86 ; Benjamin Hall, 73. 1840. Nehemiah Colby, 81; Mehitable, wife of James McClure, 91 ; Timothy H. Pearsons, from .Deerfield, 83. 1 84 1. Phebe, wife of Jonathan Smith, 89; Phineas Swain, 78 ; Nabby, wife of William Dolber, 77 ; James Sargent, 71 ; Betsey, wife of Samuel Worthen, 74. 1842. Mrs: John Clark, 87; Abigail, wife of John Colby Ensign Samuel Colcord, 80 ; Mrs. Richard Dearborn, 78 Caleb Hall, 71 ; William Patten, son of Robert Patten, 80 Sarah, wife of J- Chase Smith, 92 ; J. Chase Smith, 83. 1843. Miss Patty Burpee, 82 ; Mrs. Nehemiah Colby, 71; Mrs. Thomas Johnson, 73 ; Mrs. Stephen Marden, 86 ; Sarah, wife. of Moses Sargent, Sr., 89 ; Mrs. Samuel Dearborn, 88. 1844. Timothy Currier, 77; Moses' Turner, 88. 1845. Mary, wife of Abraham Bean, 74; Sally, wife of Ensign Samuel Colcord, 70 ; John French, Sr., 75; Dorothy, wife of Amos Knowles, 2nd., 80 ; Hannah, wife of John Lane, Sr. , 90 ; Mary, wife of Nathaniel Rowe, 70 ; Walter Roby, 2nd., 81. 1846. Mrs. Jonathan Healey, 76 ; Jonathan Healey, drowned, 78 ; Nathaniel Rowe, 73 ; Jonathan Rowe, 80. 1847. Jonathan Cass, 74; Mrs. John Crawford, 72; Mrs. Jeremiah Haynes, 71 ; David Quimby, 75; Ann, wife of Solomon Stevens, 85 ; Margaret, wife of Jonathan San- born, 74 ; Ann, ,wife of Benjamin Smith, 78 ; Polly, wife of Capt. Simon Ward, 74. 1848. Sarah, wife of Timothy Bagley, 99 ; Samuel Em- erson, son of Col. N. Emerson, 70 ; Ann, wife of Dea. An- thony Langford, 71 ; Sarah, wife of Samuel Sargent, 70; Hannah, wife of John Taylor, 88 ; Betsey, wife of Joseph Wiggins of Hooksett, 74. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4O3 1849. lames Critchett, St., the clockmaker, 89 ; Mrs. William Clifford, 72 ; William Duncan, 78,; Benjamin Edg- er lyj 77 j Benjamin Griffin, 80 ; Capt. Jacob Libbee 1 , 78 ; • Benjamin Smith, 2nd., 78 ; Jonathan Worthen, son of Maj. Jacob Worthen, 73. 1850. Samuel Fitts, 76; David Griffin, 92 ; William Ro- bie, 78 ; Jonathan Sargent, son of Theophilus Sargent, 78. 1851. John Buswell, 83 ; Mrs. Timothy Currier, 78 ; Jon- athan Currier, Esq., 86; Col. Henry T. Eaton, 82; Mrs. Joseph Hubbard, 77 ; dith Dearborn, 89 ; Miss Nancy Hall, 83 ; J. Wesley ^Love- joy, 70; Mrs. Joseph Fitts, 82 ; Mrs. Abraham Emerson, 79; Rev. James Adams, 74; Col. Coffin M. French, 82; Moses Johnson, 84 ; Mrs. David Gile 78. 1882. Samuel Buswell, 88; Mrs. Joshua Fitts, 81 ; Mrs. Jonathan Martin, 75; Nathan Carr, 78; Abigail, wife of John, son of Reuben Fitts, 84 ; MiSs Sally Hall, 76 ; Barney Donnelly, 76 ; C. Sargent French, 84. 1883. Freeman Parker, 85; Mrs. Robie, wife of , John Robie the saddler, 90; Mrs. Levi Barker, 79 ; John Ewer, 77 ; Mrs. Biley Smith, 92 ; Cyrus Prescott, 73 ; Hezekiah Bean, 74 ; Daniel Hartford, 83. 1884. Widow Crawford, 83 ; Mrs. Joshua C. Hall, 70; True French, 84; Mrs. Samuel Colcord, 88; Mrs. Daniel Batchelder, formerly of Deerfield, 75; Mrs. Shaw,84; Mrs. Benjamin Hubbard, 81 ; Lydia Bethune, 84. 1885. Jonathan Brown, son of Nathan Brown, Sr., 86; HISTORY OF CANDIA, \ , 407 Mi's. Nesmith, mother of Mrs. Alexander Gilchrist, 89 ; Gamaliel Drew, 85 ; Sargent Currier, 80 ; Miss Sally Nor- ton, 87; Mrs. Parker Hill, 87; Mrs. Jesse Towle, 75; Mrs. William Knowlton, 73 , Lydia Dolber, 72 ; Josiah Richard- son 72 ; Sally Dudley, 90 ; Sarah Martin, 87. 1886. Dolly B. Rollins, 93 ; Hannah Turner, 82 ; Capt. John Smith, 86 ; Mrs. Mary B. Robinson 88 ; Phinehas Healy, 87 ; Thomas M. Batchelder, 83; Sally West, 83; Henry M. Eaton, 79; Christopher Bdyce, 74; George Schroggins, 78 ; Jeremiah Crowley, 80 ; Capt. True Smith, 84 ; Mrs. Jefferson Healey, 88 ; Mrs. George W. Robinson, 72; Mrs. Nehemiah Brown, 73 ; Mrs. Daniel B. Robinson, 76 ; Mrs. Nathaniel West, 83. 1887. Samuel G. W. Patten, 73 ; John Penney, 74 ; Mrs. Hazen McDuffee, 86 ; Joseph C. Langford, 86 ; Nathan Cate, 70 ; Jonathan Martin, 83 ; Jefferson Healy, 82 ,« Daniel Mc- Duffee, 87; Mary, wife of John Moore, Esq., 90; William Cushing, 70 ; Archibald Mc Duffee,85 ; George W. Robinson, 73; /Dea. Gorjdon Bean, 79 ; Charles S. Bickford, 70. 1888. Jason Godfrey, 73 ; Benjamin P. Colby, 86 ; Ben- jamin Hubbard; 87 ; Charles S. Emerson, 76 ; Mrs. Moses Varnum, 79; Mrs. Joseph Pease, 87 Mrs. David Brickett, 70; Mrs. Moses Hall, 78. 1889. Mrs. True French, 86; Mrs. Charles S. Bickford, Si ; Mrs. Frederick Fitts, 87 ; James Burnham, 7i ; John Brown, 77; Dea. Francis Patten, 89; John C. Dearborn, 73. At Manchester, Josiah Sargent, 87. ' 1890. Mary F. Hoyt, 75 ; Jefferson Griffin, 85 ; Benjamin Taylor, 71 ; Mrs. William S. Healy, 72; Sarah Eaton, daugh- ter of Col. H. T. Eaton, 85 ; Mrs. Moses Underhill, 76. 1891. Mrs. Edward Toomy, 74; Abraham Sanborn, 70; Cornelius Regan, 97 ; Mary, wife of Jeremiah Bean, 95 ; Abraham Emerson, 91 ; Mrs. Drinkwater, mother of the wife of Dr. Foster, 75 ; Mrs. Horatio Rowe, 83 ; Charles H. Parks, 80 ; Benjamin Dearborn, 80. 1892. At Raymond, Joseph Richardson, 84. The above account of deaths, which, doubtless contain some mistakes, was copied from the town books, the records of Rev. Mr. Reade and those kept by private parties. 408 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Rattlesnakes were frequently found in the southern and western sections of the town a hundred years ago ; but ii> recent years, this species of snake has been rarely seen_ One was killed in 1890, by Joseph Hubbard, in his pasture- on the west side of Hall's mountain, and one or two have been recently seen near the old Anderson tavern on the Turnpike. About one hundred years ago, Jonathan Rowe, who then kept a store on the Candia North Road, while, riding upon horseback in Allenstown, a short distance west of the residence of Col. Wilson in Candia, came upon a monstrous rattlesnake which was lying in the road. He dismounted, killed the reptile and found that it had twenty-three rattles. The black snake, though ordinarily harmless, has always been the terror of women and children who were picking berries in the fields and pastures, and sometimes even of men. When a person comes suddenly and unexpectedly upon a great snake of this sort, the sentiment of fear invol- untarily produces a shudder or shock, followed by a very violent beating of the heart which is far from being agreea- ble. There are two varieties of black snakes, one is that which is very common in the town, and another which is long and comparatively slender, and which, when moving rapidly, carries its head a foot or more above the ground. This species is a very swift runner and is sometimes called a racer. It has a cream colored ring from an eighth of an inch to half an inch wide, passing around its neck just be- hind its head. This sort of snake is comparatively scarce and some people of the town have never seen one; while many other well known citizens, still living in various sec- tions of the town, have seen and sometimes killed them. Among the latter, George F. Patten, Charles Fifield and Stephen Brown may be mentioned. Black snakes often ascend trees in search of young birds by winding their bodies spirally around their trunks, and many persons ir» the town have shot and killed them while they were in the HISTORY OF CANDIA. act of destroying an entire nest full of young fledglings, at a point high up among the branches. Several years ago, it was currently reported that Eaton Pillsbury, a, young son of Benjamin Pillsbury, while driving ' some cows from his father's pasture, situated on the west side of the road leading from the Corner to the Village and near'the residence of the late William Patten, was attacked by a very large black snake and that the reptile coiled itself tightly around his body. It was said that the boy scream- ed for help, but before assistance arrived, he had succeed- ed in cutting the snake in twain with his jackknife. Mrs. Lewis Buswell, who then lived and still lives near the place where young Pillsbury was attacked, states that many per- sons who were in a position to know all about the circum- stances of the case assured her that the above story was true in every respect. She also states that several years ago, she saw a large ring necked black snake in the ac t of slowly crossing the Burpee road a few steps distant from her residence. The black snake belongs to the constrictor species of serpents which by contracting the muscles of its body when coiled around its prey id able to crush and kill it almost instantly. George S. Brown, who resides on South Road, while mowing a few years ago, seized a large black snake by the tail when the reptile instantly coiled the fore part of its body around the calf of one of his legs, holding the limb in its folds with almost the pressure of a vise. He relieved himself with much difficulty and killed the snake. His leg became swollen and very painful and remained in that con- dition several da)^. % In the spring of the year the snakes which have hyber- nated together in large numbersin holes, ledges, old wells and cellars, come forth in a semi-torpid state and are easily killed. Sometimes fifty snakes are killed under these cir- cumstances. By far the greatest number of black snakes are less than five feet long, while a few have been seen which were thought to be nine or ten feet long. Enormously large snakes have been seen in various localities in this town, among which were Hall's mountain, East Candia and the cross road ex- 410 HISTORY OF CANDIA. tending from High Street to South Deerfield may be men- tioned. Forty-five years ago a black snake eight and a half feet long which was killed 1 in Hooksett was brought to Man- chester and placed in a glass jar filled with alcohol and water. A label, upon which was stated the dimensions of the serpent and said to have been written by the late judge S. D. Bell, was placed on the jar. The jar stood several years in an upper room of Smyth's Block which was leased to the New Hampshire Agricultural Society. William Norton who resides on the Deacon Merrill place near Hall's mountain found in a pasture the forward part of the cast off skin of a snake which was about eight and a half feet long. It was estimated that the part of the skin which was lacking was a foot and a half long if the snake was of proper proportions. If such had been the case the reptile must have been about ten feet long. It is said that Rev. Mr. Stinchfield, who was pastor of the Methodist Society about thirty-five years ago, was attacked by an extremely large black snake while he was at work near his residence at the north end of the Village. The snake managed to es- cape without injury. / George Weeks, who resides about three-fourths of a mile below the Corner, states that in 1890 he killed a black snake about nine feet long in a pasture which formerly belonged to Charles S. Emerson. Charles Pettengill in corroboration of the claim that there are enor- mosly large snakes in New Hampshire, states that he saw a black snake which was killed near the railroad station in Londonderry about twerty years ago which measured eight and a half feet in length. There are two kinds of adders in the town, one of which is the common speckled house adder and the other the wa- ter adder. The latter are found in ponds or in the deep and sluggish waters of the streams. The former are perfectly harmless. The bite of the latter has been sometimes re- garded as poisonous. Several persons however, who have lived in town have been bitten by this kind of snake with- out suffering any injury. Snakes are hatched from eggs in the spring in large num- bers — sometimes as many as fifty or more in one brood. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4 1 I When the mother, accompanied by her offspring becomes suddenly alarmed, she sometimes opens her mouth and the young snakes run into her body for protection. George F. Patten in 1890 killed a large stripped snake, the body of which contained forty-five young ones. TRAMPS. Many years ago the children in various parts of the town were often much frightened by meeting upon the road tramps or "old stragglers" as they were called. These tramps, who were generally clothed in rags from 1 head' to foot, were very dirty and offensive. Peter Varnum, or old " Pete Varnum" as he was called, before he became old, was stout aad healthy ; but he would never do any work if he could in any way avoid it. He wandered through Can- dia, Raymond and other towns in the vichdty, sleeping in barns and begging his food from door to door. As he be- longed to Raymond, he was a town charge there and the chance for boarding him was sold to the lowest bidder at auction. He sometimes stayed with the successful bidder a few days, but when he was called upon to do some labor he started off on, his travels around the country. He final- 1 ly died from exposure at the age of 79 years in i860. A vagrant by the name of Rundlett, who belonged 1 in Deerfield, made frequent excursions to Candia sixty-five years ago. He also begged for food and slept in barns. He was more repulsive' in his looks and actions than Var- num and boys were often much freightened upon meeting him in the barn as he was descending from the scaffold. Forty years ago, Italian tramps came 'to the town once in a while begging for money to assist their starving wives and children left behind them in that country. They presented a greasy paper upon which a statement was made to the' effect that the bearers were worthy people whose dwellings and fields had been overwhelmed in consequence of a great eruption from the crater of Mount Vesuvius. Of course they were knaves and vagabonds and their pitiful stories were probably prepared in,New York or some other 412 HISTORY OF CANDIA. city for the purpose of working upon the sympathies of the credulous and unsophisticated people in the country, At one time the people of the town were greatly annoyed by able bodied tramps whe were too lazy to work and had made begging a regular profession. A few years ago the legislature passed a law by which this.sort of begging was made a state's prison offence and this nuisance was abated. In cases of absolute necessity, the selectmen have always afforded temporary relief to persons passing through the town. PHRENOLOGY. About the year 1 8 1 8, Dr. Francis Gall of Vietina in Aus- tria claimed that he had discovered a new system of mental and moral philosophy. He taught the doctrine that the brain is the organ of the mind and that each special intel- lectual faculty, each particular moral sentiment and each one of the animal feelings or emotions has its seat in a speci- fic portion of the brain as its organ. He claimed that the organs of the intellectual faculties are located in the frontal portion of the brain, the moral in the upper, or coronal re-, gion, the domestic or social feelings, in the back, or poste- rior region and that the selfish or aggressive feelings are located in the base of the brain. He also claimed that the original strength of each faculty or emotion is in proportion to the size of its organ, other things being equal ; and that the brain is of the exact shape or form as that of the skull in which it is enclosed. Under these circumstances it was contended that the intellectual abilities and disposition of a person can be determined by a careful exterior exami- nation of every portion of the skull. Soon after Dr. Gall had announced his discovery, he became associated with Dr. John G. Spurzheim of Germany, and both visited the chief cities in Europe for the purpose of lecturing upon this new system and subjecting it to the severest tests. They. made many concerts among 'the most learned people in France, Germany and Great Britain. Among the most H I STORY OFCANDIA. 4 I 3 learned scientists and philosophers who embraced the sys- tem in thejjlatter country was Dr. George Cbmbe of Edin- burg who afterward published a very valuable treatise, en- titled : " The Constitution of Man" in which he attempted to show that there is the same, difference in the original strength of the moral endowments of the people in all na- tions of the world that there is in their intellectual and phys- ical powers — some being naturally kind, unselfish spiritu- ally minded and forgiving to their enemies and willing to suffer to promote the welfare and happiness of their fellow men of every race and creed, while others are low and de- graded. In view of these considerations he taught the doctrine that there were the best of reasons why the most debased and most desperately criminal should be regarded with pity instead of hatred, inasmuch as they are the chil- dren of an infinite Father who loves them even as fathers and mothers love their offspring, whatever may have been their failings, and desert them not even at the foot of the gallows. Phrenology was introduced into the United States about the year 1830 and soon afterwards scores of mountebanks of little learning or ability, with a superficial knowledge of the system entered the lectute field and by telling a good many silly stories, and by making a good deal of fun in their examinations at so much a head, managed to take in the shekels in a wonderfully successful manner. The first prenologist to visit Candia came to the town in 1843 an( i neld fortri in tne vestry of the Congregational church. Da-vid P. Rowe,the school master about that time was greatly interested in the new doctrine and made many examinations of the heads of the people as an amateur and without reward. . The novelty of phrenology at length wore away and sen- sible people became disgusted with the pretentions of its ignofant advocates and, as a consequence, professional penologists have been scarce in New England during the past few years. A few honest and patient seekers after the truth who have made a critical and thorough study of the subject have become satisfied that phrenology affords the most complete and philosophical analysis of the functions 414 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and classification of the human faculties and feelings, , which has hitherto been discovered. CELEBRATIONS. The declaration of the independence of the, colonies at Philadelphia on July 4th, 1776, has often been celebrated by the people of Candia, put there are now" Qnly a few records or recollections of those occasions. The first celebration of which we have any account was that of 18 1,3 when the offi- cers and members of the Washington Benevolent Society paraded with music ^and then marched to a pleasant enclosure near the highway on the place which. originally belonged to Lt. Abraham Fitts, senior, and is now owned by Frank E. Page. Addresses were made, toasts were given . and there were various other exercises. Two or three aged , persons of the town who were small boys at the time still remember some of the details of the affair. In 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration was cel- ebrated by the artillery company commanded by Capt. Eb-> enezer Nay which paraded and fired a national, salute near the old Congregational meeting house. In the afternoon, Rev. Joseph Wheat of Canaan, the father pf Dr. Wheat, preached a sermon in the old church from the following text: "Oh! that men would praise the Lord tor his goodness and his wonderful works to the children of men." The preacher, who was a soldier of the Revolution, related some of his experiences in that war and referred to the grand re- sults of the great contest in a very earnest and eloquent manners Rev. Mr. Wheeler assisted in the exercises of the occasion. On that day Jefferson, the author, and John Adanis, the great advocate of the Declaration, expired. On July 4th, 1828, David Pillsbury, the first graduate of a college from Candia, delivered an eloquent oration at the old church be- fore a large audience. He was escorted to the church by a procession of citizens' from Mdses Fitts' hall. The pro- cession was accompanied by a band of musicians, among whom was Col. Samuel Cass, with the head of his bass- ' viol securely tied to his neck by a bandanna handkerchief ' ' HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4 1 5 Was most conspicuous. The way he sawed upon the strings of his instrument as he marched along was very in- teresting to the by-standers. A large audience was present at the church. A salute was fired by the artillery during the day. Onjuly 4th, i83i,the Candia Temperance Society, which was organized about the beginning of that year, met at Mas- ter Moses Fitt's hall early in the afternoon and marched in procession to the church, where a temperance address was delivered by a minister from Barrington, named Ba,rry. The day was fine and the people in their best attire, turned out in large numbers. The address, which was quite an , able effort, was well spiced with humorous anecdotes, greatly pleased the audience. On the return of the proces- sion to the hall, on motion of John Lane, Esq., a committee was appointed to request the orator to furnish a copy of his address for the press, but he declined to do so. On July 4th, 1844, a large number of the young people, had a celebration in a grove situated in Capt. Peter Eaton's pasture, near the old school house in District No. 2. Sever-' al of the people of the town that year attended a great cel- ebration of the day at Manchester by the Whig and Demo- cratic? parties. The Whig party celebrated in a grove at one side of the town and the Democrats at the opposite side. On the 4th of July, 1848, the one hundredth anniversary of the settlement of the town was observed by a gathering of people at the Congregational meeting house. Francis ' B. Eaton delivered an appropiate historical address and there were various other exercises. 1 On the July 4th, 1858, there was a celebration in a grove situated near High Street, upon land now owned by George Brown, and a few rods southwest of the old Ordway place ( on a portion of old Caleb Brown place, now oyirned by Abraham Wallace. The one hundredth anniversary of the organization of the Congregational church was celebrated at the present Con- gregational meeting house in i8J^o. Rev. James H. Fitts, a great grandson of Lt. Abraham Fitts, one of the original members of the church, delivered an address, in which 4l6 HISTORY OF CANDIA. he gave interesting biographical sketches of the various clergymen who had been settled over the society previous to that time. Among the speakers on the Occasion, were Ex-Governor Smyth and Francis B. Eaton, former residents of Candia. > In 1876, the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independence was celebrated. At sunrise the bells of the churches were rung, an artillery salute was fired and a large company in military garb marched from the village to the Railroad Depot. At nine o'clock a procession march- ed from the Depot Village to a grove, situated on : the farm of John Moore, Esq., near the corner in the following or- der : 1. A military escort, consisting of, a company of in- fantry with flint' lock muskets, under the command of Geo. Anderson. 2. The Veteran soldiers of the war of the Re- bellion, belonging to Candia, commanded by Capt. J. Lane. Fitts. 3. A squadron of cavalry, commanded by Col. Rich- ard, J. Sanborn of Deerfield. The batallion accompanied by the Candia Cornet Band, was commanded by Frank Robie. 4. The President and orator of the day, the Com- mittee of Arrangements, invited guests and a concourse of citizens. Plumer W. Sanborn was chief marshal and was assisted by A r F. Patten, E. P. Ingalls and J. Rowland Batch- elder. Austin Cass, chairman of the' Committee of Ar- rangements introduced Rufus E. Patten as President of the day. After various preliminary exercises, Rev. James H. Fitts delivered an address, in which he' gave a sketch of the war of the Revolution and a detailed account of the part the pedple of Candia performed in the great struggle. Af- ter dinner which was served upon the grounds, the Presi. dent read the names of the Candia soldiers who served in the Revolutionary war, and then Woodbury J. Dudley the toast master read various toasts which were responded to as follows : 1 . The day we celebrate, response by the band. 2. The clergy of 1776, response by Rev. J. E. Lovejoy. 3. The mothers and daughters of 1776, response by Rev. J. E. Frye. 4. The church and school, response by N. C. Lathrop. 5. Candia Cornet Band, response by the band. 6. Our native^soil, response by Francis B. Eaton. Our guests from abroad, response by, Capt. W. R. Pat- JOSEPH P. DUDLEY. Sketch, page 507. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4 1 7 q of Manchester. 8. What the fathers established in suf- ring and sacrifice, the sons will cherish and defend, res. jnse by J. Lane Fitts. 9. The town of Candia, response f Wilson Palmer of Illinois. In the evening there was a splay of fireworks. The following are the names of Vice Presidents, who rep- isented the fourteen school districts : No. 1, John Moore, )hn Smith; No. 2, Nehemiah Brown, N. B. Hall; No. 3, enry M. , Eaton, Benjamin Cass ; No. 4, Abraham Emer- jn, Coffin M.French ; No. 5, True French, Benjamin Hub- ard ; No. 6, Joseph Cate, Elias P. Hubbard ; No. 7, Jona- lan Martin,' Levi Bean ; No. 8, Jesse R. Fitts ; No. 9, Ja- ob S. Morrill; No. 10, Gordon Bean; No. 11, Joseph C. angford, John Brown ; No. 12, Rufus E. Patten ; No. 13, rchibald Mc Duffie. Various 'relics of Revolutionary times, consisting of pow- erhorns, muskets and other military impliments, were ex- ibited on the occasion. At the close of the exercises,. the recession reformed and marched to the Corner, where a lilitary review took place. On the first day of May, 1844, a large number of the oung men and women belonging to the town, enjoyed a lay Day festival in the shade of a great clump of pine ■ees which then stood on "the Plain," about half a mile auth of High Street and opposite the residence of Isaac N.. itts. Among the members of the party, were Hannah,, bbie. Emily and Lucretia Lane ; Sarah, Mary, Martha,. [annah, Caroline and Jane Eaton ; Mary, Sarah and Julia. rench ; John D. Patterson, Coffin Moore, Fran ;is B; Eaton,, , Freeman Rowe and the author of this history. The day r as fine and the first item of the programme was a ramble 1 the woods and pastures for May flowers and.checkerber- es which are very abundant in Candia. The merry party len sat down on improvised seats made of rough pine oards from the fences near the tall pines and partook of a 27 4l8 HISTORY OF CANDIA. \ nice collation, after which songs, stories and other enter- tainments were in order. MESMERISM. In 1842, the subject of mesmerism was introduced into New Hampshire. By a peculiar movement of the hands of one person over the head and along the arms of another who sits in a perfectly passive condition, the latter, if sus- ceptible to an influence not yet fully understood, is soon thrown into a sleep or trance and is held in that condition at the 'will of the former. The subject, or' mesmerized per. son, often becomes so insensible to outward impressions, that his teeth may be extracted and severe surgical opera- tions may be performed upon him without causing him pain. The person operated upon, when in the trance, will sometimes discourse upon a variety of subjects with far greater ability than is possible for him to do in his normal state. It is claimed that many persons in the mesmerized condition become clairvoyants, or clear seeing, and are able to accurately describe places and persons many miles distant and far beyond the reach of their ordinary senses ; and are also able to read the thoughts and feelings of per- sons which are not expressed in speech or by any other signs whatever. Mesmerism was practiced in Candia forty- five years ago to a considerable extent. Some young per- sons who lived then on North Road became particularly fa- mous locally as operators and subjects in this line. The strange phenomena which is now usually called hypnot- ism is. at this time attracting the attention of philosophers in Europe and America. DECORATION DAY. Two or three years after the close of the war of the Re- bellion, it became the custom in the Northern States to dec- orate with flags and flowers the graves of deceased soldiers who served in the Union army. It was arranged that the ceremony should take place in the various cities and towns simultaneously upon one of the last days .of May. Deco. >;,.. ; HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4 1 . ration day has been observed in Candia during thirt Ey." . years, and the town nas annually appropriated a small sur to defray the necessary expenses. The ceremony is pei |j: formed by the members of the D. B. Dudley Post, G. A. R, I' ' , of the town. r w MARKING SOLPIERS' GRAVES. K? ','. At the annual town meeting in March, 1877, it was vote to appropriate the sum of $150 for the purpose of placin a small marble monument over the graves of Candia so %,; diers who were buried in town. Col. Rufus E. Patten wa ij, appointed agent to procure and set the monuments in thei proper places. , Col. Patten, in due time, reported that h had attended to the duties assigned him, and that n 8 so %'.\. diers graves had been identified and suitably marked. Th whole name of each soldier and the date of the war in whicl he served is inscribed^ upon the monuments. With the e: ception of one or two mistakes, the work was well don / and a vote of thanks was extended to Col. Patten by th |ft " citizens of the town. The monuments were furnished b t ' ; Ci F. Greeley of Exeter. ENLARGING THE OLD CEMETERY. At the annual meeting in 1890, it was voted to enlarg 3?"' the old cemetery near the Congregational church by th |t„. purchase from Albert Bean of a 'parcel of land adjoinin the south and west sides of the said old burial ground Wi . The land, consisting of about one acre, was .according! p' purchased and a considerble part of it was laid out in* j,, ' burial lots. THE SOLDIERS MONUMENT. »'*' In the beginning of 1892, Hon. Frederick Smyth offered t< f|; furnish at his own expense an appropriate monument i |. - t honor of the soldiers belonging to Candia, who served i |\ ( the armies of the United States in defence of the Unior on conditon that the town would provide a suitable founc 420 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ation for the structure. At the annual town meeting of that year it was voted to accept the generous offer and to ap- propriate the sum of $200 for the construction of the found- ation of the monument. The base of the monument is to be a handsome block of granite on the top of which there will stand a bronze figure of a Union Soldier. RECEPTION OF GOY. SMYTH. In February, 1879, a committee of the citizens of the town invited Gov. Smyth to give a public address before the people of the town relating to his travels in the various countries of the Old World. Gov. Smyth accepted the in- vitation and upon his arrival at the railroad station, at the time appointed, accompanied by his wife, he was escorted to the Congregational church by the Lane Rifles, in com- mand of Capt. H. T. Eaton, headed by the Candia Band. A large audience was present at the church. Moses F. Emerson, Esq., presided and he introduced the guest of the evening in a short address, after which Gov. Smyth gave a somewhat detailed acco mt of the visit of himself and wife to Egypt, Palestine and other places of'historic interest. In the course of his address he spoke of passing near the shores of the Island of Candia in the Mediterran- ian sea on the passage from Naples to Alexandria, and how their thoughts went back to Candia the place of their birth, which was named for the island famous in history hun- dreds of years before America was discovered by Colum- bus. TIME-PIECES. The earliest instuments used in the town for keeping time were the sun dial and hour-glass. The dials, made of pewter, consisted of a circular disk upon the outer edge of which were figures to indicate the hours and, in the cen- tre, an upright, triangular piece called the gnomon. The instrument was tightly fastened to a window stool facing the sun and as the sun moved apparently from the east to west a shadow was cast by the gnomon upon the HISTORY OF CANDIA. 421 figures on the dial. In the daytime, when the sky was clear, the dial gave the time correctly. The hour glass consisted of two wooden cups in form oi a tunnel of exactly the same size, capable of holding about a quarter of a pint of fine dry sand. The two cups were united at the small ends. The size of the aperture of the small ends of the cups were so graduated that a cupful of sand would run from one of the cups to the other in the space of one hour. By inverting the position of the cups, the sand in the full one would run back into the other. By enlarging the opening in the small end of the cups the sand was made to run out in two or three 1 minutes, as might be desired. Specimens of the sun dials , and hour glasses are still in the possession of some of the families in the town. The first clocks were probably introduced about the year 1795. The works were made by hand and the clocks were made to run eight days. The cost of these clocks was about fifty dollars; the most of them were probably made by Abiel and Timothy Chandler of Concord. Among those who owned eight day brass clocks previous to 1815 were William Robie, Benjamin Pillsbury, Samuel Anderson, Moses Fitts, Jonathan Pillsbury, John Can% Nathaniel Rowe, Benjamin Hubbard. In 1826, wooden clocks were made in Connecticut in great numbers and sold in all the states of the Union. In 1827, a peddler from Connecticut sold a large number oi this kind in Candia, which were made by H. Hoadly of Plymouth in that state. The peddler would call at a house and ask the privilege of setting up one of his clocks for trial. The family genenally consented and the works of a clock were set up on a little shelf in a corner of a room. In three or four months, the peddler would call .around to enquire for his clock, and he was almost always sure to find that the family had become so attached to the time- piece that they could not bear to have it taken away. Af- ter running sixty-five years, some of these wooden clocks, which cost about eight dollars, are still in use in the town and keeping good time. 422 HISTORY OF CANDIA. James Critchett, who lived on Lot No. i in the northwest part of the town, was a very ingenious mechanic and made wooden clocks and repaired watches and clocks. There were but few watches in town previous to- 1820, and few could afford to buy them. Most of the watches, which were then owned in the United States, came from England and Switzerland. Within the past twenty years great manufactories of watches have been erected in this country and vast quantities of tae finest quality are made by machinery. A very good time keeper with nickel plat- ed case can now be had for Jive T>r six dollars. WITCHCRAFT. , ; t The Pilgrims and Puritans who settled in New England inherited from their ancestors in England a belief in witch- craft. Prof. E. D. Sanborn of Dartmouth college, in re- ferring to this delusion in his History of New Hampshire, says, "the Pilgrims and their children believed in witchcraft because it was the. transmitted creed of all the preceding ages; the churches preached it; the law punished it; the Bi- ble taught it and the people feared it." It was supposed that Satan sometimes made a compact with certain people by which they agreed to serve him, and, in return, were giv- en supernatural powers, and could fly swiftly through the air and pass through a key-hole unseen, walk like a fly on the ceiling, take the form of a cat or some other animal, snuff out the candle, overturn a load of hay, cause the cows to hold their milk, make it impossible for the butter to form by churning, call up the spirits of the dead and to worry and afflict people in divers ways. The New Hampshire Provincial Assembly at Portsmouth, in 1679, passed the following act: "If any Christian called a witch that is or hath a' witch or connected with a famil- iar spirit, he or they shall be put to death." Similar laws were enacted in Massachusetts and many excellent men and women were tried, convicted and hung for witchcraft on the testimony of ignorant fanatics, who ought to have been whipped smartly through the streets to cure them of their folly and wickedness. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 423 A hundred years ago and more, many of the people of Candia firmly believed in witches and many of the troub- les and misfortunes they encountered, which they could not readily explain, were attributed to witches living in the town. Several very excellent women who lived in various parts , of the town, at that time, were thought to be witches by very foolish persons simply because they were eccentric in their ways and manners. In one case a farmer's wife, who had churned all day long, was unable to change the cream to butter. At length it was supposed that the > diffi- culty was caused by the spirit of a witch, which had got into the churn. A horse shoe heate,d very hot was thrown into the foaming cream, and the housewife, after churning a few minutes, was rejoiced to find the butter had come all right without further trouble. The stupid family believed the heated horse shoe had burned the spirit of the witch and drove it away. They did not know' the hot horse 1 shoe raised the temperature of the cream and caused the won- derful phenomenon they had witnessed. Numerqus other, cases illustrating the superstition of the times could be re- lated. People used to nail horse shoes over their doors to keep out witches and horse shoes may still be seen over . d°Qrs, of some of the houses in the town. In old times the peo- ple firmly believed in signs, good and bad. To see the new moon over the right shoulder was considered a good omen, but a bad one when seen over the left shoulder. When the horns of the new moon appeared in a nearly perpendicular position, it was said to be a sign of rain, but when they ap- peared in a horizontal position, it was a sign of a drought. A dog howling in the night, or a bug ticking in' the wall of a room, were signs that some of the family would soon die. Nobody would get married, start on a journey or com- mence some important business on Friday. Christ died on Friday and therefore it was a day of gloom and sadness. Near^all persons convicted of murder or other capital crimes have been executed on Friday. Chief Justice Doe of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, in order to express his contempt for such foolish whims, has for some, time 424. HISTORY OF CANDIA. / been in the habit of sentencing criminals to be executed on - Tuesday or some other day in the week rather than on Fri- day. It will no doubt be many a long day before the majority ,of thejinhabitants of the earth will comprehend the fact that the universe is governed by unerring and unchanging laws at all times and under all conditions. ■ • , THE INDIANS. A few arrow heads, stone gouges and other Indian im- plements have been found in various parts of the town, ' which show that the aborigines frequently visited the lo- cality for the purpose ofhunting wild game or fishing, but there is no evidence that- they, ever had a permanent settle- ment here. F©r some time after old Chester was first set- tled the Indians were beligerent and it has been said that Lieut. Thomas Smith and one John Karr, (not the Carr who came to Candia,) was .captured, in 1720, and carried off. The first settlers of Chester for a number of years lived in - houses quite near to each other and built a garrison, or fort, to which they could flee in case of an Indian alarm. During the French-Indian war, the people of that town 'were in considerable danger of Indian attacks, but no great harm was done. Massabesic Lake was a fine- fishing place and^he Indians dwelt near its shores in considerable num- bers, and cultivated and raised corn, beans, etc., to some extent. Many Indian relics have been found in Auburn and vicinity. The early settlers of Candia never had any trouble on, account of Indians. 1 'THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPp. The electric telegraph first came into practical use, in 1844. S. F. B. Morse, 1 a distinguished portrait painter of New York city, about that time invented a method of pro- ducing signs for all the letters by transmitting a current of ' v electricity through an iron wire. The first electric line which was established in the world for use was that which ran between Baltimore and the city of Washington. The first HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4-2 5 / public message which passed over the line was the an- nouncement that James K. Polk h a d been nominated at Baltimore as the Democratic candidate for President. The first submarine ocean telegraph was laid between England and the United States, in 1858, the cable being sunk to the depth ot more than two miles in the deepest part of the At- lantic ocean. A telegraph line between Manchester and Portsmouth passed through Candia on the line of the rail- road more than thirty years ago but no telegraph station was established in Candia until 189 1. 1 THE TELEPHONE. The invention of an instrument by which sounds could be transmitted by an electric current and a conversation carried on between two persons who are hundreds of miles apart was made in 1877. Five,years later, the New Eng- land Telephone Company established a line between Dea. W. J. Dudley's store at the village and Manchester, Boston and many other places in the country. By the use of this instrument addresses or sermons delivered in a, public building can be heard by people situated many miles dis- tant. Sermons delivered by Henry Ward Beecher in his church in Brooklyn, were distinctly heard in various other cities. The invention of the electric light was made about the year 1878 and came into use in many cities four years later. Though there are no electric lights in Candia, the people of the town can see the beautiful reflections upon the clouds of those in use at Manchester. LIBERTY POLES. For a number of years previous to 1828, a tall liberty pole stood in the Village opposite the present residence of W. J. Dudley and close to the remains of the old poplar tree. Other liberty poles have been erected in various places, but by far the finest and tallest was one which stood for several years oh the common opposite the front end of the Congregational church. It was erected during the great political campaign of 1856, by the Republicans. The 426 HISTORY OF CANDIA. pole, consisting of a very tall main-mast with a mast-head and a top-mast, was about 150 feet high. When the pole was dedicated and the first national standard was raised to the top there was a great political gathering and various speeches were made. The flag stood through several presi- dential campaigns, but it finally became decayed and was torn down. During the presidential campaigns of the past forty years there have been flag raisings in various parts of the town, including the Village, the Corner, Depot Village, East Candia and High street. THE SECRET BALLOT. At the session of the State Legislature, in 1891, a law, was enacted by which each voter at the polls was required to enter a secret place unattended and deposit the ballot of his choice in an envelope. The ballot with its contents was then to be presented to the moderator in the usual manner. The new system is called the Australian ballot as it first came into use in that country. • INTEMPERANCE. Until within about sixty years, the people of Candia, in common with those of all other towns in New England, were in the habit of using spirituous liquors or other intox- icating drinks to a greater or less extent as a beverage. All classes of people, including ministers and deacons, indulged in the use of spirits as a luxury and a pleasure, while some believed that very hard work, like haying and building a wall, ,could not be well performed without a moderate use of alcoholic liquors. At raisings, weddings, funerals, or- dinations and on other public occasions, rum, brandy and other alcoholic liquors were provided as a matter of course. Liquors were sold at stores as freely as coffee, tea, mo- lasses or sugar, and, when a good customer with his wife or friends entered a store for the purpose of trading, the proprietor often politely invited them to take a dram as a matter of courtesy, or policy and^perhaps both. At ^own meetings, tents were erected near the porch at the east end HISTORY OF CANDIA. 427 of the old meeting house and rum and molasses, some- times called black strap, were dealt out to the voters for three cents a glass. Sometimes the boys from' eight to twelve years old were treated to a drink of rum and molas- ses by their seniors and the aforesaid boys enjoyed that sort of fun quite as well as they did the sticks of molasses candy, and sometimes they became a little boozy. All well-to-do farmers made large quantities of c,ider, sometimes as many as fifty barrels or more. There was a , cider mill in every neighborhood and many of the, people were foolish enough to believe that it was about as neces- sary to have a great supply of cider in the cellar as it was to provide a goodly store of corn, potatoes and other farm products. It seems incredible that a man could drink a gallon or more of cider a day and follow it up year in and year out. Many cider drinkers of this sort became miser- able sots. The great majority of the ^people at that time couldj enjoy a glass of rum or brandy or a tumbler of cider with moder- ation and had a sufficient degree of moral force to control their appetites within proper bounds, attended to their business and faithfully performed their duties to their fam- ilies. 1 In 1831, a movement in favor of temperance was com- menced in the town. William H. Duncan and various other citizens delivered addresses on the subject. A tem- perance society was organized at Master Fitts' hall and a large number of the$>eople, both old and young, signed, the pledge. Among the latter were Josiah Shannon, Austin Cass, Frederick Smyth and Thomas Wheat. Since that time, hundreds of temperance lectures have been given in the town and still the evil has not been eradicated. In 1855, a stringent law forbidding the sale of intoxicating drinks was enacted. In some of the towns the law has been enforced, but in most of the cities and large towns, little attention has been paid to the statute as a general rule, except at rare intervals. It may be said, however, that in many of the smaller towns the people are more temperate than were those of sixty years' ago, while in the cities and many of. the large towns, very large numbers of the people are 428 HISTORY OF CANDIA. afflicted 'with the habit of using. liquors to excess. It would seem that, so long as. a large number of persons are born with an appetite for stimulants of some, kind, there will be more or less drunkards. ASA FITTS' ACADEMY. While Asa Fitts was trading on High street, in the fall Of 1837, he conceived a plan for erecting a large academy on a part of his father's farm on the "plain," about one-fourth of a mile south of the present residence of Franklin A. Hall. He believed that, if a fine seminary of learning was established on that elevated and beautiful spot there would be no difficulty in attracting large numbers of pupils from the cities and towns in New England and that soon a flourishing village in the locality would be the result. With these bright visions of future glory, Asa, in Novem- ber of that year, laid the foundations of the building and great loads of timber, boards and shingles were hauled to the place from the saw and shingle mills on North Road. A number of carpenters were employed to construct the frame and a day was set for the raising. But, alas! on the morning of the day appointed, a furious snowstorm was raging and soon the ground was covered with snow to the depth of more than two feet. Othe- storms soon followed and the timbers for the frame of the academy were covered with snow drifts, and the great raising was indefinitely postponed. Asa was heavily in debt^his creditors were clamorous for their dues and he was obliged to suspend business. John Moore, Esq., was appointed assignee, the goods were sold and the store was closed. In a few months afterwards Asa and his family removed to Boston. He taught singing schools and engaged in various other kinds of business there. When modern spiritualism came into vogue, in 1850, Asa became a very enthusiastic convert and gave various lectures upon the subject. After his wife died, he removed to Waltham, Mass., and, in the course of a few years, he became a hermit and lived upon a secluded spot some distance from other people of the town. At length, he became somewhat insane and believed th at he HISTORY OF CANDIA. 439 held direct intercourse with spirits who had lived on the earth. It is said he verily thought that he was visaed at times by the spirit of his grandfather, Lieut. Abraham Fitts, a Revolutionary officer of Candia. Lieut. Fitts and the most of his descendents, were musicians and Asa believed that his grandsire, on his visits from the Celestial regions, performed various tunes upon the fife, his favorite instru- ment. Asa died in 1878, aged 68. His remains were in- terred in the old cemetery in Candia. 1 DEBATING CLUBS. About the year 1830, a considerable number of the citi- zens and young men, and women of the town formed a literary society called "The Candia Literary Club" and once a week during the fall and winter, they met at the old school house in District No. z, for debate and exercises in declam- ation, 'dialogues, etc. The school house was usually crowded on such occasions. A weekly paper called "The' Flying Battle Ax, ' edited by Julia Rowe and Emily Eaton was read at the meetings. Many of the articles which were written by the' editors- and contributors were able and interesting, especially those containing hard hits at the fol- lies and vices of the times. At that period, the temperance movement had just commenced and the opponents of the reform were handled without gloves, though no names were mentioned. When these articles were read there were often decided tgkens of disapprobation on the part of some persons in the audience. Among those who were members of the club were Moses H. and Franklin Fitts, Alfred M. Colby, Richard E. Lane, Francis Patten, Abra- ham Emerson, Samuel Cass, Henry Clough, Nehemiah Colby and John Rowe. In the winter of 1831, the exer- cises were varied by a mock trial of Henry Clough on the charge of stealing a rooster. There was a judge and a jury of twelve persons, Franklin Fitts was the prosecuting at- torney and Richard E. Lane appeared for the defence. After the charge by the judge, the jury retired and considered the case. In a few minutes they returned a verdict of' not guilty. 430 HISTORY OF CANDIA. At this time the Bunker Hill monument had reached a height of only about eighty feet and the work had been suspended several years for the want of funds. At one of the meetings of the club the following question was dis- cussed: "Ought the Bunker Hill monument to be finished at once?" .Richard E. Lane, one of the speakers in the affirmative, quoted the peroration of the famous speech which Daniel Webster delivered when the corner stone of the monument was laid by Lafayette, in 1825, without giv- ing any credit to the great orator. Moses H. Fitts, who kept the school in the district in the winter of 1832, sup- ported the negative side of the question and info'rmed the audience just where Lane got the materials for his great effort, much to his discomfiture. Some of the speakers displayed much ability in debates, among whom Richard E. Lane was one of the most con- spicuous. In the winter of 1831, and 1832, when the old debating club was in the height of its glory, some of the younger boys from eleven to fifteen years old, formed a debating society called "The Candia Juvenile Club." This also met at the old District No. 2 school house and made things quite lively in their way. Among the members were Austin Quincy Cass, George Fitts, Thomas Wheat, Fred- erick Smyth and Waterman Read. Debating clubs were flourishing institutions in the town fof many years. In 1848, a club composed of the bright young men of that time met for debate in the vestry of the present Con- gregational church. In February of that year, the follow- ing question was discussed, "Is the World improving in morals?" Great interest was manifested in the discussion, which continued two evenings, John Lane ,Esq., presided. On the second evening of the debate, Rev. Mr. Thayer, of Windham, delivered a short lecture jn which he favored the parochial school system where the pupils could be taught certain doctrines of religion, to take the place of the common schools. After the lecture the discussion of the subject relating to moral improvement was resumed. One of the speakers, who had been appointed to support the negative side of the question, ventured to criticise the re- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 431 marks of Rev. Mr. Thayer and also replied to the argument introduced by one of the speakers in the affirmative that the people of the world were becoming more moral by the establishment of missions in heathen lands. Near the close of the exercises, Rev. Mr. Murdock arose and most solemnly advised the audience to give no heed to the re- marks of the speaker in the negative referred to, but he made no reply whatever to his arguments and paid no attention to the presiding officer. This attempt' to dictate to the people what they should believe concerning the re- marks which had been made or what they should reject was not received with favor by the audience. Of late years there have been debating societies at the Village as well as upon the "Hill." A good society "of this kind is one of the very best institutions for disciplining and strengthening the mind and should be at all times encouraged. SPELLING SCHOOLS. Sometimes the exercises in the schools were varied by spelling matches or choosing and spelling, as it was some- times called. The spellers were chosen alternately b) r two of the best in the class and formed into two divisions, each of the leaders endeavoring to secure those who coulu sped the best. After the words in the regular lesson had been spelled several hard and unusual words were selected by the leaders of one class to be spelled by the members of the other. Each leader would search the JBible or the dic- tionary for the hardest "jaw-breakers'' and much of the suc- cess of one or the other parties depended upon their ability to spell the hard words. At one time Ephraim Eaton, son ot Peter Eaton, who ,was the leader of a class, selected from Webster's spelling book the monpsylable "iz" for his opponents to spell. The best spellers, thinking that the word was of a very complex character, spelled it in all sorts of ways but the right way. One spelled it "eihtz" another "eitz" and, another "ettz." The word was passed down the class of Triore than twenty pupils to Jonathan Varnum, or "Jock" Varnum as he was often called, without being spelled correctly. "Jock," who was the poorest 432 HISTORY OF CANDIA. speller in the class, spelled the word as it should be and great was the chagrin of the good spellers when they found that it was only one of the a. b. abs. after all. "Eph's" cunning trick worked to perfection and showed that in an emergency he was a strategist of the first order. SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS. The examination of the schools in the several districts of the town by superintending and prudential committees at the close of the summer and winter terms was an impor- tant occasion sixty-five years ago to the pupils and their parents and friends. The pupils always appeared in their best attire. The writing books of the scholars were first examined by the committee and the assemblage of other visitors for the purpose of tracing their progress in the art from the big coarse hand of the new beginners up to the elegant specimens of the older pupils. Among the copies set by the teachers the following are still remembered^by some of the pupils of that day: "The sword has slain its thousands, strong drink its tens of thousands." "Seize upon truth wherever found, On Christian or on heathen ground." The latter motto was not found in the Sunday School books or primers of the day, but some people think that it is none the worse on thdt account. The pupils were examined in arithmetic, grammar, ge-i ography and reading. At the close of the winter term, when all the larger scholars were in attendance, there were exercises in declamations, dialogues, etc. At the close of the winter school of District No. 2, in 1824, Franklin Fitts delivered an extract from Gen. Warren's address in the Old South Church of Boston, in 1774, in commemoration of the "Boston Massacre," when five American citizens were shot in King street, now State street, by a detachment of Brit- ish troops. The address, which was found in the Colum- bian Orator, began with the following words: "When we turn over the historic page and trace the rise and fall of em- pires." After Fitts' declamation two of the young men, who were nearly full grown, enacted the scene from Shake- fSmMPSiSfM '■■:■ :' : ' %0W WOODBURY J. DUDLEY. Sketch, page 508. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 433 peare Julius Cesar where Brutus and Cassius indulge in quite an exciting little quarrel. The actors on the occasion re- ferred to borrowed the uniforms and' swords of a couple of the officers of the Candia Light Infantry and as the two fierce Romans represented in the scene brandished their ■swords over each other's heads, some of the little boys and girls rolled their eyes in astonishment, as though they ex- pected to see torrents of blood flowing upon the floor; but when the contestants sheathed their swords and became reconciled to each other the little folks resumed their usual equanimity. At the close of the examining exercises the minister exhorted the pupils to be very pious and perfect in their character at all times and in all places (all of which the aforesaid pupils found out sooner or later was easier said than done, even by the minister himself) and when they died they would go to Heaven. Some of the members of the superintending committee also made short addresses ■to the pupils of the school and told them how that, in the morning of their lives they should be honest, never tell a lie or deceive, never become angry or do anything wrong in any particular, and it was suggested that in case they -complied with all these conditions, they would be loved by everybody and given the highest and most honor- able positions in the gift of the people. When the visitors to the schools in the summer had re- tired, some of the school mistresses were in the habit of presenting their pupils with a certificate of good character printed upon a small slip of paper, in the upper part of which there was a rude wood cut representing two men threshing grain with all their might on a barn floor. In the foreground of the picture, the figure of three or four hens and roosters were represented. The following is a copy of the certificate referred to: Reward of Merit. This certifies that John Smith, for diligence and good be- havior, merits the approbation of his friends and instructor. Lucinda Dolloff, Instructor. Candia, August 30th, 1827. 436 , HISTORY OF CANDIA. of the box, there was a swinging door. Worthen's.tean hauled a load of fish barrels. After disposing , of their barrels and charcoal, the tw teamsters started for their, homes in Candia. Andrew' team which was ahead arrived at a tavern in Kingston few minutes in advance of that of Worthen. After driving his team into the yard near the tavern, Andrew went infc the bar room and called for a bowl of punch. While h was sipping the beverage, Worthen came up and, taking i: the situation, he saw a grand chance for making a little fu: at Andrew Moore's expense, and so he unhitched his steer from the team, drove them into the coal box on the slec and closed the door. He then joined, Andrew in "the bar room and called for a mug of punch. Thetwo men dran] their punch, then lighted, their pipes and entered into lively conversation with the landlord. Nearly an hou was consumed in this manner, when Worthen suddenl; jumped up and exclaimed, "Oh, Andrew! I forgot to tel you when I came in that I saw that your steers had go loose and were going away from the rest of the team tc wards home.'' Andrew thereupon started for the yard an< was dismayed to find that his steers were missing. H started off hurriedly towards Candia with his team an called at every house, but found nobody who had see them. At length he reached home only to find that the; were not there. He was greatly worried, and, withor stopping to put his oxen in the barn, he hitched his hors to a sleigh and drove back towards Kingston to mee Worthen in the hope that he had obtained some informatioi concerning his steers. Worthen could give him no comfoi except to assure him that he believed that {he steers wei somewhere about his home and that everything would com out all, right. Andrew finally concluded that it was no us to make any further search at that time and he returne home with a heavy heart. Worthen, who had a mile fu: ther to go, very generously offered to stop a spell and hel his friend Andrew, in making a critical search for his steer; but no steers could be found anywhere about the premises At length Andrew happened to think of a roll of cloth h had bought at Newburyport for a neighbor and placed i HISTORY OF CANDIA. 437 :he empty coal box. Upon opening the door what was his surprise to find his steers lying within, chewing- their cuds in perfect contentment. At first he shed tears' of joy, and then, when he fully realized the cruel trick Worthen had played on him, he shook his fists in his face and threat- ened to give him a thrashing on the spot. The next mo- ment, however, he laughed at the wit and cunning Worth- en had displayed in the affair; but he gave him warning that he would pay nim back sometime for the trouble he had caused him with compound interest. ANECDOTES. Jonathan Cass, for some reason often called "Tot" Cass, was a very eccentric character, and much given to crack- ing severe jokes upon people without regard to their po- sition or dignity. It is said that about the beginning of the present century, he made a friendly call upon Rev. Mr. Remington, the Congregational minister at that time, when "Tot" inquired as to whether the minister believed the por- tion of the Mosaic law which required the people to pre- sent to the priests a part of the first fruits of the season was , binding upon Christian?. Mr. Remington replied by saying that, though the law was not positively binding under the new dispensation, he thought it would be very proper for Christian people to show their respect for religion by pre- senting their ministers with some of the first products of the soil in the spring- of the year. "So do I," said Tot with a triumphant air, "and the very first thing which grows in the spring is Indian poke. It would kill every darned one of 'em." "Tot" attended the services at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Arnold over the Congregational Society at Ches- ter, in 1819. Upon his arrival at the place, he took great pains in making the acquaintance ot some of the promi- nent menbers of the church of the town in the hope of re- ceiving an invitation to dinner with one of them. He talked very piously and earnestly about his deep interest in the subject of religion in general and the welfare of the brethren in Chester in particular. At last, he received a cordial invitation from a wealthy deacon of the church in 438 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the town to dine at his residence at the close of the ordina- tion exercises. "Tot," who played the role of a very pious and devout believer to perfection, was given the place of honor at the table by the side of the deacon, who invoked the Divine blessing when all were seated. An ordination dinner those days was a very important affair, and that to which "Tot" was invited was more than ordinarily sumpt- uous, "Tot" stuffed himself full of the roast beef, turkey, plum pudding and other good things upon the tablej not forgetting to take a liberal share of the brandy, West India rum and Maderia wine which was always provided on such occasions in those days. At the close of the feast, the good deacon in a very solemn and dignified manner, addressing "Tot," said: "Mr. Cass, we shall be much pleased to join you in returning thanks to the Giver of all Good." "Tot,'' who had got his dinner stored away under his waistcoat and there was no longer any reason for keeping up a show of piety, straightened himself up in his chair and replied to the deacon by saying: "Well, deacon, I never do sich a thing myself and I don't think it amounts to much nuther; but I've got a brother over in Candia who is a deacon who can speak to a pudd'n' as well as any man you ever heard in your life. " If a bombshell had exploded upon the table, the deacon and his guests could not have been more astonished and shocked. Before they had time to recover their composure, "Tot" took his departure, in- wardly chuckling in view of the tumult he had raised. Samuel Anderson was a very eccentric as well as a very active, sensible and worthy man. In 1804, when the Chester turnpike was about to be built, he was very en- thusiastic in his praises of the great enterprise. "Why" said he, "upon one occasion, "the road will be one of the best that was ever constructed. It will be almost in a straight line from Concord to Haverhill and all the way down hill. People can haul very heavy loads upon it with a small team." How will it be when the country teams are haul- ing their goods from Boston and Haverhill to Concord," said a bystander, ' 'Well, really in fact, it will be pretty much the same," replied Mr. Anderson. Mr. Anderson, in his early career as a landlord, visited HIS TORY OF CANDIA. 439 Haverhill, Mass. Uponhis return he had a good deal to say about a splendid residence, which was owned by a very wealthy citizen of that place. On a certain . occasion he concluded a detailed description of the fine residence some- what as follows : "Speaking metaphorically and after the manner of men, I can say that I suppose you may search the records of architecture through and through and you will find that Solomon's temple and the pyramids of Egypt are no touch at all to it." His pronounciation of the word "pyramid " as though it were spelled pi-ram-ids was quite ludicrous as well as original. At a certain town meeting there was an article in the war- rant to lay out and build a new road ; Mr. Anderson, who was opposed to immediate action upon the matter, conclud- ed a speech as follows : "Mr. Moderator, I move you sir that a committee of three citizens be appointed to take the matter into consideration and ramshack the business from end to end. " The late Benjamin Cass lived for several years upon a place in Roxbury, Mass., directly opposite to the residence of Theodore Parker. He was educated as a strict Calvin- ist and sincerely believed in orthodox doctrines. At that time Mr. Parker severely criticised some of the features of the Orthodox creed on account of which he was denounced by the evangelical ministers all over the land. Mr. Parker always spoke of Mr. Cass as a very amiable and upright man. Mr. Cass, while he resided in Roxbury, tenaciously adhered to the religious theories in which he had been ed- ucated, but there was no bounds to his admiration for Mr. Parker. In speaking of him at the time of his residence in Roxbury, he said, he was the best man he ever saw and came the nearest to being a true Christian in his character and conduct, but, said he, "in spite of all that I suppose he will be eternally lost on account of his want of faith in the plan of salvation." Mr. Cass returned to Candia more than thirty years ago and became a very devoted Spiritualist and before he died his views concerning the future destiny of Mr. Parker became greatly changed and he thought he was entitled to one of the highest seats in the kingdom of heaven. 44'0 HISTORY OF CANDIA. All of the young men belonging to Caridia, who have- graduated at college, have pursued their preparatory .studies at some of the best and most popular academies in the state; and a very large number of young men and wo- j men, who wished to obtain a good English education only have been trained either at Pembroke, Hopkinton, Exeter, Deny, Meriden, New London or Reed's Ferry in Merri- mack. , During a long term of years, by far the largest number of Candia students were educated at Pembroke academy. A completellst -of their names would be a long one and consequently a few only can be "mentioned here/ It is probable that previous to 1820 a very few persons only attended any academy. Among the earliest of those who were educated at such institutions were David and J. Eaton Pillsbury, Moses H. Fitts, Jacob ' H. Quimby, Frederick Parker, Ephraim Eaton and Richard E. Lane. Nearly all of them, were students at Pembroke academy. Daniel Fitts, Jr., attended the academy at Bradford, Mass., several terms previous to 1820. About the year 1840^ Mr. Kinsman, who had been the Prece"ptor of Pembroke academy several years, was dis- charged by a majority of , the board of trustees to make room for another gentleman who was a near relative of one of the most influential friends of the institution. Mr. Kins- man was almost universally esteemed by the citizens of Pembroke as a most excellent teacher and an honorable, courteous gentleman. When he was deposed, many of his warmest friends- erected a new academy in the /town and installed him preceptor, This, new institution, which was called the Gymnasium, greatly flourished for about fifteen years/ Rev. Mr. Burnham, who was pastor of the Con- gregational society in the place, was for many years in the habit of invoking a blessing on the academy in his mornv ing prayer at the church on Sunday; but when the Gymna- sium was established, he was very particular in stating just where he desired the Divine favor should be bestowed. It is said that one Sunday, while referring in his prayer to the educational interests of the town, he said "We beseech Thee, O Lord! to bless the academy in this plaice, the old academy, Lord. And we especially beseech Thee, O Lord! HISTORY OF CANDIA. 44 I to bless all the teachers of that academy and enable them to discharge their duties in a faithful and acceptable man- ner." Forty years ago a very active Whig politician of the town let a small old house which stood on his farm a few rods from his Spacious residence to a man who usually voted with the Democrats. The cellar of the house in which the tenant lived was unfit for keeping vegetables from freezing. The tenant one year raised a good crop' of potatoes and he was obliged to ask the owner of the place to give him the privilege of- storing his crop in the excellent cellar under his dwelling house. The landlord said he would accommo- date his tenant if he would promise to vote the Whig ticket at the next election. The tenant promised, and atthe town meeting which ensued the Whig saw his tenant at the polls. The latter had the Democratic vote in his hand and was about to deposit it in the ballot box, when his excited land- lord reminded hitn of his promise and said: "If you vote that ticket you must take your potatoes out of my cellar immediately." In reply the tenant valiantly exclaimed: "You may go to the devil with your old cellar, I shall vote this ticket taters or no taters, " and, suiting the action to the word, he handed the ticket to the moderator of the meet- ing. Ephraim K. Eaton, when he was a boy about fourteen years of age, played a funny joke upon Joseph Carr who lived near the Congregational meeting house. Mr. Carr had been much troubled by squirrels, which made ravages upon a field of corn situated on his farm near the school house in old District No 2 and nearly opposite to- a frog pond in Peter Eaton's pasture. To rid himself of the pests, Mr. Carr set a well-baited box trap upon a wall near his field of corn. In the course of a few hours, he discovered that the trap was sprung, and he had no doubt that a squir- rel had been captured. In order to secure his prize, he car- ried the trap and contents to his house and then called in some of his neighbors, Ephriam Eaton among the rest, to see the squirrel properly disposed of. The trap was taken to one of the rooms and set down upon . the floor. A big torn cat was then placed at the end of the trap opposite to 442 HISTORY OF CANDIA. the bait for the purpose of seizing the squirrel when the lid' was opened. When everything Was ready, Mr. Carr care-; fully opened the trap, when out jumped a huge bull frog to the great amazement of Mr. Carr and others who had been invited to attend the exhibition. Mr. Carr, who knew that nobody but Ephraim could have played such a 'cunning trick^ was quite angry and desired that his father should give him a sound thrashing as a proper punishment for his presumption. But Mr. Eaton was so much amused at the ingenuity displayed by his son in the affair that he could not think of yielding to the solicitation. < .About the year 1838, Moses, Aaron and Benjamin Cass, i citizens of Candia, and sons of Capt. Benjamin Cass, one of the first settlers of the town removed to Roxbury, Mass., and settled in that part of the town Where Theodore Parker,, the famous Unitarian preacher resided. All three of them were members of the Congregational church in Candia. Moses Cass bought a tract of land situated' upon one side of that owned by Mr. Parker, and Aaron bought a small farm next to Mr. Parker's on the* other side.' A brook flowed from Moses' farm across Mr. Parker's to that belong- ing to Aardn Cass. At one time, Aaron and Moses got into a serious dispute about some business affairs. • At length Moses became so irritated with Aaron that he put a dam across the brook to annoy him, and, in doing so, discom- moded Mr. Parker. In this state of affairs, instead of deal- ing directly with his brother, A aron asked Mr. Parker to prosecute him and punish him for damming up the brook. Mr. Parker plainly told him he would do no such thing and reminded him that it did not become him as a professed follower of Ghrist and a member of a church to bring his brother before the courts. He then kindly advised him' to deal righteously with Moses and forgive his tresspasses. Through the influence of Mr. Parker, the brothers soon after- wards became reconciled to each other. CAMP MEETINGS. ; In 1830, a four day's camp-meeting was held in a grove at Allenstown. Many of the people of Candia were pres- HISTORY OF CANDIA. • 443 ent. In 1841, the Methodists of West Chester (now Au- burn) and other towns in the vicinity held a camp-meeting in a grove near John Clark's tavern. A large number of tents were erected on the grounds. Rev. Abraham Merrill and other distinguished Methodist ministers preached on the occasion. Under the influence of the passionate ap- peals made by the preachers and exhorters, many persons were greatly excited and a few swooned and became in- sensible. It was said that a large number of persons be- lieved they were converted on the occasion. A large num- ber of the people of Candia were present at the meetings. Two or three years later another camp-meeting was held fn the same grove. LAKE MASSABESIC. Although no part of Lake Massabesic is situated within the present limits of Candia, the people of the town were joint proprietors of that beautiful sheet of water, with those of Chester, Manchester, Hooksett and Raymond, prior to 1763, when Candia became an independent township. The lake is only about a mile and a half distant from the southwest part of the boundary line between Candia and Auburn, and the stream which flows from Candia through Tower Hill pond furnishes its chief supply of water. Under these circumstances the people of our town feel that they have a sort of hereditary right to the enjoyment of its majestic beauty and to take some degree of pride in the glory it confers upon the territory of Old Chester, in which it is situated. From "the Hill" in Candia, where the Con- gregational meeting house is situated, and from Tower Hill, the people have the most charming views of the lake and many of the young and middle-aged men ot the town during the past century, have fished in its waters and brought home big strings of pickerel, perch, trout and other varieties of fish. Lake Massabesic consists of two bays united by a nar- row strait called Deer Neck, contains nearly 2400 acres and is situated in Manchester and Auburn, the lower, or. southern bay being in Manchester and the upper, or north- 444 ' . r v HISTORY OF CANDIA. ern 'bay, being in Auburn; The lake has a circumference of twenty miles on its shore line. The water which is remarkably pure, has supplied the city of Manchester since the water works were completed, in 1874. ' ' The lake has become a very popular resort in summer within a few years and the lands adjacent are dotted over with many fine cottages belonging to the people of Man- chester and three or four steamboats ply between various poiijts upon the shore. Mine Hill, an eminence about Jour hundred feet in height, is situated near the east shore of the northern bay of the lake in plain view of the people of -Candia. It consists of a great mass of granite rock which by some convulsion long ago was split asunder, the two- sections near the top being a dozen feet or more apart and at the bottom from a foot and a half to four feet; the two- great, high walls are generally covered with moisture. With a torch or lantern a person can penetrate through the great, dark, damp fissure to a distance of about sixty feet without difficulty. It may be' mentioned here that Mr. S. S. Griffin -of Auburn Village has made a valuable, collection of Indian relics which was found in the vicinity, consisting of stone gouges, axes, hoes, pestles, sling shots, chisels, arrow and spear heads, gavels, etc. He has also a calumet or pipe of peace, which was sometimes smoked by the In- dians in token of their friendship for one another. This calumet consists of an iron hatchet or tomahawk, with a round aperture for the handle, on the top of which is* a small iron cup or bowl for the tobacco to be smoked; near the bottom of the bowl is an aperture for the pipe stem, wh;ch extended outwards under the handle. The iron hatchet was probably made in England or France more than two hundred years ago and sold to some of their In- dian allies. The instrument Was found in Candia on the farm now owned by Augustine Buswell. Mr. Griffin has also a good collection of woolen and linen wheels, looms, plows, axes and many other agricultural implements which 1 were in use a hundred years ago -and a considerable num- ber of old flint lock muskets and powder horns, which were, in use in Revolutionary times. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 445 WELLS, i Many of the early settlers obtained their supply of water from the nearest spring 1 or brook. The first wells, some of which were very deep, were furnished with the old- fash, ioried well sweep and pole, to one end of which "the old oaken bucket" was attached by a rope or chain.. A very few of these old devices for drawing water may still be seen in various; sections of the town. The windlass and ■ -chain with a large box filled with small bounders' to balance the bucket was next introduced. Forty years ago the revolving chain pump came into use to some extent. These were followed by substantial suction pumps. In •some of the residences water is conveyed direct to the -ikitchen by aqueducts. v ' THE INVENTORY. v / y The following is a statement of the valuation of the town ■as shown by the invoice taken by the Selectmen, April i, 1891 300 polls, $ 30,000 Resident real estate, 249, 20S; Non-resident real estate, 27,347 ' 254 horses 15,042 , • 73 oxen, 2,557 465 cows, 4 7,468 171 neat stock, 2,433 41 sheep, 120 5 hogs, .,',.. 20 11 carriages, '. ; 550 Stock in banks, - , ;: 200 Moi ey on hand, 2 >9 2 5 Stock in trade, 6,600 Mills and machihery, v 650 Stock in public funds, 500 $345,620 94 dogs. The rate was $1.46 on a hundred dollars of valuation 446 HISTORY OE CANDIA. . FASHIONS. ' „ ■ At the beginning of the present century, the every day clothing of the people made of linen or wool was spun and woven by the women of the household. For Sunday wear, maay-of the men wore woolen' or velvet coats with long broad skirts? and large buttons, knee breeches and long •stockings. The breeches were- fastened a± the knee with silver or silver plated buckles. The vests, whfcft weEe&in.- gle breasted, were quite long. Sometimes they were of a white or buff color. Many wore linen collars and plain black cravats.' Between the years 1818 and 1830 many , men in good circumstances wore high crown, black or white bell top beaver hats, the extreme tops of which were much wider than at the rim. The best of these typical Yan- kee or Brother Jonathan hats cost about six dollars. When the fashion suddenly changed, William Duncan, the trader, had fifty or seven ty-fiveleft on his hands. In 1830, the crown of fashionable hats was as much narrower at the top or crown as the bell top hat was wider (and made a very marked change in the appearance of the wearer. From , 182,0 to 1835 swallow tail, or dress coats with large gold- .. gilt brass buttons were the prevailing fashion with young arid middle aged men. This coat was worn with a iwhite or buff vest and dark pantaloons. For many years a blue coat, buff vest and' dark pantaloons was the favorite style of dress of Daniel Webster. He was dressed in this style when he made his famous speech in the U. S. Senate in re- , ply to Hayne. v < It was only a minority of the men in the town who deemed themselves able to dress in fine broadcloth. Others were content to wear ho'mespun cloth fulled and dressed at ihe clothiers. When Win. H. Duncan was a student at Dartmouth College, he was by far, the best dressed man in Candia. In 1836, dress coats were made of broadcloth of various shades of color, such as bottle green, dark olive, snuff or claret or wine color. At that time, black satin or figured satin vests and frock coats came into fashion. Pre- vious to 1830, many of the men wore thick drab-colored overcoats with a girdle and buckle around the waist The J HISTORY OF CANDIA. 447 overcoat sometimes had one cape and sometimes three or four overlapping each, other. In 1826, plaid woolen cloaks with capes were quite com- mon. Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, wore a reddish plaid cloak and Col. Samuel Cass appeared at ch-urch in a dark green and blue plaid cloak, Two or three years later, camlet cloaks of a dark brown color for men's wear became the fashionj , These cloaks had standing corded collars. The material' for this garment was mostly spun and woven by the women and < dressed by Freeman Parker, the clothier. The cloaks and the drab overcoat; with capes were furnished with large gaudy brass gilded clasps with a small chain attached for - fastening the sides of the garment together at the neck. A. few citizens in good circumstances wore vary fine dark blue broadcloth cloaks of ample folds lined with highly finished red flannel. Rev. Mr. Wheeler wore one of this sort to church and often in very cold weather kept.it on throughout the service. For cravats a black silk or. cotton handkerchief was- worn until about 1840,' when stocks made partly of hogs bristles woven with linen and covered with black silk or cashmere became fashionable. Some- times these stocks which were well fitted to the neck were thrse inches or more in width. The standing dickies which were worn. with stocks often came close up to the ears. The Kossuth or soft felt hat, which, was one of the'best 1 and most comfortable which was ever manufactured, was :, introduced about the year 1853, when Kossuth, the famous ' Hungarian patriot, visited the United States. He wore a kind of hat which was called by his name. The stiff,- round top Derby hat became the fashion about the year 1865 and soon after that time the white, high crown cassi- mere hat came into use for summer wear. Paper collars closely resembling those made of linen came into general use about the year 1870, but in 1892 but few of' this sort were worn. > ^ Sixty years ago, the bottoms of the legs of gentlemen's trowsers were fitted with leather or cloth straps' which passed under the soles of their boots to keep the garment in place; that fashion was given up long ago. In early i imps thf» hair of men was cut in what was called pumpkin 448 HISTORY OF CANDIA. shape. At a later date the hair was shingled and some- times the foretop was left, longer than the rest of the hair and brushed up into a point two or three inches above the head. During the past sixty years the. style of men's dress has be,en modified slightly frdm' year to year, but not essen- tially changed. The skirts of a dress coat is made three or four inches shorter and then in a year or two it is length- , ened out again. The legs of pantaloons have been made ^ quite large and even baggy and in a few years afterwards they are made to fit close to. the skin, which is no great advantage for displaying the beauty of a man with spindle shanks and crooked legs. In i860, some person discovered that a mixture of nitrate of silver, lac sulphur and water when applied to the, hair would change it to a very dark color. Men and women with gray or white locks who used the mixture all at once assumed a very youthful appearance. It soon became ap- parent that those persons who dyed their hair in this way were considerably injured in their health. Very little of the preparation is now used. Previous to 1850, no man in the town wore a full beard. Soon after that time a few young men' appeared with side whiskers. Side whiskers were followed by chin whiskers; then mustaches became quite common. In a few years the large majority of men appeared with more or less beard and -a few had full beards. Sometimes the full beard was suffered to grow to its full length, and in other cases it was • cut or trimmed occasionally. At the preseat time few gen- tlemen wear full beards. The fashions of women's apparel during the past hun- dred years have changed much more frequently than those of men. For many years their dresses were qnite short- waisted. Sometimes the sleeves were short and close, and ' at other times they were large and of full length. These were called mutton leg sleeves. The best dresses were made of imported worsted goods, such as thibet or cash- mere. Nice dresses were also made of a kind of goods called bombazine. A few of the women who were well off had at least one silk dress. Near the beginning of the pres- JACOB S. HOLT. Sketch, page 515. HISTORV OE CANDIA. 449 nt century, very wide hoop skirts were worn for a few ears. The dresses of most of the women of moderate leans were of home manufacture, until after the year 1826. n the winter, muffs and tippets made of mink, muskrat or at skins were carried by many women to church. The nuffs for many years were five or six times larger than tiose of modern dates. Soon after, cotton and woolen tianufacturing was introduced into the country on a large cale, the dresses of women became much improved in [uality. In summer, calico, gingham and white lawn Iresses were worn by young women on Sundays and other mblic occasions. When President Jackson, with the mem- bers of his cabinet, visited Lowell, Mass., on a bright June lay in 1833, two or three thousand female operatives em- iloyed in the mills at that place, including thirty-five or orty who belonged in Candia, joined the great procession phich escorted him through the streets of the town. All of hese young w®men appeared in white lawn dresses with ilue, red or green silk belts and bright green parasols. The old hero was 1 highly pleased with the attentions of the adies. kbout that time, many young women were foolish enough o believe that a very slender waist was ah essential ele- nent of beauty, and so the habit of tight lacing- became trevalent, and the health of many was ruined in conse- [uence. Between 1810 and 1835, bonnets which were made of traw, silk or worsted, were extremely high in the crown md front. The Leghorn bonnets or hats made of imported traw were quite costly. In 1828, the Naverino bonnet, vhich was made of a kind of straw-colored pasteboard, tamped in imitation of braided straw, came into fashion. it the same time a peculiar sort of head gear called a :alash was worn by many women. It was made of silk, vhich was taken up into welts an inch or an inch and a lalf apart into which pieces of rattan, shorter than the silk, vere inserted and brought round over the head in the shape >f a bonnet. This bonnet was finished with a narrow cape it-the neck. When it was worn the top was elevated two 450 HISTORY OF CANDIA. sembled the old-fashioned bellows-top chaise. A piece of ribbon in the form of a sort of bridle was attached by its two ends to the front edge of the bonnet, by which it could be moved backward or forward over the head at pleasure. In i860, hoop skirts again became fashionable. Then skirts, which were at first of small size, were made of whalebone or rattan. They- were soon afterwards made of steel and called watch-spring skirts. In the course of a few years the hoops we.re made of great size. At length they became gradually smaller and now but few are worn. About the year 1878, the bustle was first worn. This ap- pendage which was small at first, soon became larger and larger, until at last some women seemed anxious to deform themselves as much as possible. In 1892, the bustle went out of fashion and women appeared once more in the shape in which they were created. < Jewelry of some kind has been worn to some extent by both sexes ever since the town was settled. A few men have appeared with brooches, studs or pins of some kind of various degrees of value; while the women have orna- mented their ears, their necks and their fingers, as well as their bosoms, with jewels of some sort. A hundred years ago and later, elderly ladies in good circumstances wore a string of gold beads. In many cases the beads were con- veyed by will to a favorite daughter, sister or other relative as a testimony of their regard. Fifty years ago young women wore breast pins made of various kinds of precious stones. Sometimes they wore very large cameo pins upon which were cut heads and figures of various kinds. At one time the ear rings were furnished with long ear drops. Forty years ago a married woman by the name of Bloomer of New York state introduced a new fashion for ladies, apparrel, consisting of a dress like a frock extend- ing three or four inches below the knee and was worn with clothing for the lower extremities resembling gentlemen's pantajoons. It was argued by those who favored this style of dress that it was far more comfortable and convenient than long dresses and heavy skirts. This style which was named after the inventor and was adoptedin some quarters, went out of fashion in a year or two. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 451 AMUSEMENTS. ; Seventy years ago the young people of Candia, in corn- Bon with those of other towns, had but few amusement's is compared with those of the present age. The most of :he boys and girls were employed at, an early age in use- ful labor upon the farm, and were allowed but little time ;o amuse themselves, except in the winter during the re- cesses at school. In those days there were no very artistic ind costly dolls, closely resembling the form and features jf living beings, in beautiful dresses, and the little girls lad to content themselves with rag babies with heads stuffed with cotton or rye bran, with a few rude, black marks upon one side to indicate the face, the eyes, nose and mouth. Neither were there miniature sets of crock- ?ry, including kettles, plates, tea pots, knives and forks, so that they could give a tea party to trieir little friends. ' None of the little boys at that period were furnished with nicely painted wagons, carts, railroad locomotives and :ars. rocking horses, balloons, block-houses and thou- sands of other representations of objects of art and nature. The boys of olden times had to make their own .playthings and many of them had ingenuity enough to saw out of a piece of board a pair of wheels, or trucksjasthey were called, and to make a respectable whistle out. of a section of a willow sapling or a branch of elder, while others could make a cross stock or a bow and arrow w ith which they :ould hit a robin or striped squirrel. There were a few cithers who could whittle out a little water wheel and set it in rapid motion below a fall in a brook. In 1822, T. Wilson Lane, a son of Thomas B. Lane, the blacksmith, who lived on the place the second south of the Congrega- tional meeting house, made a miniature saw mill complete »nd set it in operation upon a brook in that vicinity. Pieces of boards four or. five feet long were sawed into Sections or thin strips to the entire satisfaction of the young nqchanic, who afterward achieved considerable reputation is an inventor. In 1824, the late George Gilbert of Auburn, who then ived in the 6rdway house on the site of the present house 4 5 2 HISTORY OF CANDIA. on the south side of High Street above the Congregational meeting-house, made and sent up a very large paper kite. Mr Gilbert kept the kite floating four or five hundred feet high in the air for hours at a time on pleasant days. It was fastened by the line to his dwelling house and was so large that it could be seen at points three or four miles distant. After that date, many were the boys in the town who made nice kites of their -own, and were greatly de- lighted to watch them as they waved backward and for- ward or upwards and downwards in the atmosphere. The sports of the boys at school consisted partly in play- ing ball, "I Spy," Foot racing, "Winding tobacco." "Break- ing out," "Snapping the whip, - ' snow balling or rolling great masses of snow into a huge ball upon which were placed other snow balls of lesser magnitude. Also in sliding or skating upon the ice of a pond if one was within a short distance of the school house. Sliding down a long hill upon single handsleds or upon two sleds connected together by a board six or seven feet long, upon a bright frosty moonlight night was a favorite pastime with many boys and girls. Among the sports of the boys were fishing in the large streams and brooks, snaring partridges and shooting grey squirrels and other game. In the fair many of the boys and girls delighted to wander in the woods and pastures in search of chestnuts, walnuts and butternuts, then called oilnuts. When they were getting chestnuts under a clump of great trees, it often happened that three or four grey squirrels high up in the branches would gnaw off a large quantity of the prickly burrs out of which the boys and girls picked the chestnuts without thanking the poor squirrels for their pains. Sometimes, on a bright October day, the seekers for nuts were amazed at the sight of thousands of crows many of which had evidently come from points a dozen miles distant and gathered upon the top and sides of a great hill. On such occasions it seemed, from their movements that they were holding a grand mass meeting to devise ways and means for promoting their mutual welfare. It was not a great stretch of fancy to suppose that three or four patriotic old crows addressed HISTORY OF CANDIA. 453 re great multitude assembled, one after another, and that I of the speakers were greeted with loud cheers, such as owsonly know how to give. These annual conventions ere generally in session more than an hour, when they ise simultaneously into the air, bade each other adieu id returned to their several homes. In the fall and winter, the young people sometimes met ich other at the home of some one, when the old folks ere absent, and played "Blind-man's buff" "Hunt the ipper," "Dropping the handkerchief/' "Button," "Rolling le plate." "Hiding the thimble," and various other ring lays. The forfeits, which were paid by the losers in the imes,such as "Going to Rome," making "Double and twist- iLordy Massys," making a "Sled," etc., were always con- , idered the most interesting parts of the plays. Playing cards was a kind of amusement which was in- ulged in by a. few persons seventy ye^rs ago. The word, ards was pronounced by i giving the letter "a," the short ound as in fat. Seventy or eighty years ago, for some rea- on, playing a game of cards was thought, to be very sin- II by those who regarded themselves as very pious, while le game of ' Fox and j^eese,"was played without rebuke om anybody. l SEWING CIRCLES. About forty years ago some of the women belonging to le two religious societies in town, formed organizations ailed "Sewing circles" for promoting the welfare of .their everal churches. Soon afterward, it became the custom f the circle to give evening entertainments in the vestry of ieir church buildings, at stated periods, consisting of a ice supper, songs, recitations, instrumental music and ther well ordered amusements to which all respectable eople in the town, of all creeds, and all organizations of very name and nature, or of no creed or organization at 11, were invited without pass words or other conditions icept that they would aid in paying the necessary ex- enses. At first this custom was regarded by some very astirlimis neonle as» a dangerous innovation, and even a 454 HISTORY OF CANDIA. • march around the vestry to the sound of music was thought to be immoral as well as irreligious. But so far as heard from no person has been much damaged in character by joining in festivities such as these. Well instructed people- now perceive that the frequent assembling of the people in a manner so that they can meet ea.ch other in close friendly intercourse without pass words or unnecssary ceremonies- of any kind, tends, to overcome the spirit of exclusive- ness and clannishness which is much too prevalent as welt as to allay all personal, jealousies and animosities. TEA PARTIES, ETC. In the summer time many of the women in the several neighborhoods of the town were in the habit of giving tea- parties. On these occasions the best set of crockery, and the whitest table cloth were brought out. The good strong- cups of young hyson tea were sweetened with lumps of loaf sugar, which was thought to be a great luxury in those- days and the table was supplied with "drop cakes," pound cake, cup custards and other niceties. Ninety or a hundred years ago it was no uncommon thing for a thrifty farmer to hitch a yoke of oxen to a sled* and take his family of children three or four miles through the snow to visit some of their relatives or friends. i THE MOWING MACHINE AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS. The mowing machine first came into use to some extent in Candia and vicinity in 1854. The common sewing machine wag also introduced about [that time. The silos r or the process of preserving corn fodder in a green or fer- mented state, came into use in Candia about the year 1880.1 SHOWS. ' In 1818, an 'elephant was exhibited near Master Moses Fitts' store. In 1831, a menagerie containing a good col- lection of wild animals was exhibited at the Corner, With- in the, past forty years, a variety of exhibitions and enter- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 455 tainments have been given in the town, many of which were of a high order of merit. Between the years i860 and 1881, public exhibitions were given in the vestry of the Methodist Church, Since the latter date, the most of the entertainments appear to have been given in Moore's opera house. ' THE POTATO ROT, COLORADO BUGS, ETC. t The farmers of the tawn were first troubled by the potato rot about the year 1853. Since that date there have been several seasons when the rot has reappeared, In 1890, the farmers in New Hampshire lost more than half their crop, and potatoes sold for $1.25 a bushel at retail in many places. The Colorado beetle, or potato bug, first appeared in New England about the year 1872. In the course of a year or two after that date, the pests arrived in Candia and from that time to this the potato crop has been more or less damaged by this cause. , OTHER ANECDOTES. I Many years ago it was no very extraordinary circum- stance for an irresolute schoolmaster to be turned out of the school house by a set of rode and uncivilized pupils. A story used to be told in Candia of a district school in a town not many miles distant, where some excellent teachers had been thrust out of doors by several of the largest pupils and it was found to be a difficult matter to find a man who had the courage to take their place. At length a stout, reso- lute looking man, a stranger who had just arrived at the tavern in the place, was told of the condition of affairs. After being strongly urged he consented to take charge of the school. The very next morning he commenced, and opened the school with what appeared to be a fervent prayer for strength to perform his duties. He made a few remarks upon the necessity of preserving perfect order. He then took from his pocket a stout rawhid« and a pair of' double barreled cavalry pistols, and laid them carefully upon the desk. He then locked the door and called 456 HISTORY OF CANDIA. up all the young nien and large boys one by one and gave each a most unmerciful thrashing. He then returned the pistols to his pocket, gave some wholesome advice to his pupils who were smarting from the punishment they had re- ceived and said he was about to leave the school room for a few moments. He then passed rapidly to the tavern close by and calling for his horse and carriage, drove off and was never seen in the town afterwards. It was shrewd ly suspected by some of the people that one or two of the dethroned schoolmasters had something to do with plan- ning the affair. CLIMBING THE LIGHTNING ROD. In 1828, while extensive repairs were being made upon the Congregational meeting house, Dudley N. Lang and Nathaniel W. Moore climbed up the steeple and up the spire a few feet above the dome of the belfry, by the light- ning rod which was fastened to the wood work of the steeple by iron spikes. It was a very hazardous undertak- ing, butbothof the boys who were then about eighteen years of age, came down without suffering any harm. AN ENCOUNTER WITH THE DEVIL. 111-1830, during the progress of a great religious revival, Isaiah Stewart, a colord man who then lived in the family of Mr Duncan, the trader, while passing up the Baker road one dark evening, met with a very strange experience ac- cording to his statement at that time. He said that while walking along in the road in a very tired condition, the devil all at once appeared to him in full form, with a most hideous countenance and with eyes of, fire. He said he tried to gei rid of him by running, but the more he tried the worse off Jie was, because in his efforts to get away from the gr^at enemy of mankind, he fell frequently, but he fin- ally escaped by running into Mrs. Baker's house: Isaiah's story was believed by most of the people, and Rev. Mr. Weeeler referred to this wonderful event at a re- vival meeting one Sunday evening at the Congregational HISTORY OF CANDIA. 457 meeting house as a solemn warning to unrepentant sinners. It must be remembered that most Evangelical Christians, then as how, believed that the devil was a real personal being endowed with povf er to be anywhere and every- where at the same moment, like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour. Some men who lived close by Isaiah and knew his habits, said he had been on a spree when he thought he had seen the devil and was affected with delirium tremens. When Isaiah left off drinking rum he was no more troubled by personal devils of any sort, real or imaginary. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. The constitution of the state of New Hampshire was framed and adopted in 1784. In 1792, the Constitution was revised bf a convention of delegates and various amend- ments were adopted. The Constitution thus amended was fhe fundamental laws of the land for nearly sixty years. In 1850, various amendments were made by a convention of delegates among which, was one abolishing the law re- quiring that certain state officers should be' pqssessed of a specified amount of income annually and another abolish ing the law providing that certain State officers should be believers in the Protestant religion. The former amend- _ ment was ratified by the people butthe latter was rejected. Jonathan Martin was a delegate to this convention. In 1876, the Constitution was amended by a convention of delegates by abolishing the religious test and by providing that the Governor and the members of his Council, mem- bers of the Senate and House of Representatives should hold their offices two years and that the Senate should consist of twenty four members. These and other amendments were • ratified by the people, Plumer W. Sanborn of Candia was a delegate to this convention. At a Convention of dele- gates in 1889, various amendments were made to the Con- stitution, among which was one changing the time for in- augurating the Governor and the commencement of the regular session's of the legislature. Jonathan C. Hobbs of Candia was chosen a delegate to this convention. 458 HISTORY OF, CANDIA. POLITICAL PARTIES. For many years after the National Government was es- tablished, a majority of the citizens of Candia acted with the Federal party. In 1824, when John Quincy Adams was elected President, the Federalists called themselves National Republicans and the Democrats were called Dem- ocratic Republicans. A majority of the voters of the town supported Mr. Adams against Andrew Jackson in 1824 and also in 1828. In 1831, the Democrats of the town came into power and held that position until 1845. In 1834, the Federalists, or National Republicans again changed their, name and were called Whigs. In, 1854, the American par- ty was'organized. It was a secret organization and was sometimes called the Know Nothing party. Its members professed to be opposed to Catholicism and maintained that foreigners sh6uld not be allowed to vote until they had re- sided in the country twenty years. It was also pretended that the Catholic religion was in conflict with republican institutions. The members of the party in Candia held their secret meetings in the upper part of the store at the Corner which is now occupied , by the Free Masons. In 1855, that party had a majority of votes. The, Know Noth- ing party had an existence in the country of only one year and, in 1856, all the opponents of the Democratic party' in the Northern States united and formed a new political or- ganization called the Republican party. The Republicans of Candia were in the majority in the town until 1868 when the Democrats elected their candidates for office. Since 1868, the Democrats have been in the majority in the town every year, except two or three. PENSIONS TO SOLDIERS. I Soon after the close of the war of the Revolution, the dis- abled soldiers of New Hampshire were provided with pen- sions by an act of the legislature. In 1818, the U. S. Con- gress passed an act giving pensions to disabled soldiers throug-hout the Union. The surviving soldiers in Candia at that time received ^comfortable pensions under that act. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 459 The last Revolutionary soldier in the United States who re- ceived a pension was nam^d Samuel Downing of New York state. He died in 1867, aged 105 years. In 1891, nineteen widows of Revolutionary soldiers who were then living, received pensions. About the year 1854, the U. S. Congress passed an-act giving each of the survivingsol- diers who had served nine months, 160 acres of Govern; ment land, eighty acres to those who had served four months and forty acre^ to those who had served but one month. Between forty and fifty of the soldiers from Caii- dia, who fought in the war of 18 12, or their widows, were living at the time the act was passed- The most of these soldiers served in the defense of Portsmouth. Two or three of their widows are still living. In 1856, John T. Moore, Esq., of Manchester and his 'brother, Henry W. Moore of Candia bought up the land warrants of the Can- dia soldiers and those ot their widows. Two or three widows of Candia men who served in the war of 1812 still survive. A very large number of the Candia soldiers who served in the war of the rebellion or their widows have been granted extremely liberal pensions. AN AGED COLORED WOMAN. Mrs. Flora Stewart, who lived several yeaxs in Candia as a servant for William Duncan the trader, was born a slave in Londonderry in the family of a man by the name of Wilson. She took the name of Wilson from her owner and lived in his family until her marriage with a colored man named Stewart. She had two sons who also lived with Mr. Duncan and worked upon his farm several years. After leaving Candia, about the year 1835, Mrs. Stewart re- turned to Londonderry where she resided until her death, nearly twenty years ago. From the circumstance that she was born on about the same day as that upon which a • child of her master's came into existence, it is known that she lived to. a very remarkable old age. Many of the peo- ple of Londonderry and qthers who were well acquainted with her history are confident that she was about 118 years old when she died. A few years before she passed away 460 . HISTORY OF CANDIA. she was brought to Manchester by John D. Patterson of. that place and a photograph was taken of her form and features. It may be mentioned here that no person who reached the age of one hundred years has died in Candia so far as can be ascertained. The two oldest persons who have died in town were Mrs. Timothy Bagley and Mr. Benjamin Smith, Senior, who were each ninety-nine years of age. AN IDIOT. In 1812, a son was born to Obededom Hall and wife who lived on the cross road which leads from High Street near the North Road. The child, who was named Obed, grew up but never manifested the least intelligence. He could walk but was unable to feed himself or masticate solid food. It was necessary to feed him with a spoon. During the greater portion of his life he had a habit of swinging his arms and striking his fists heavily upon the prominerit bones of his cheeks doing himself much injury. Under these circumstances, his. arms were confined behind his back during his waking hours. In this pitiable condi- tion, he was a great affliction to his parents and other rela- tives, but he was alwfays tenderly cared for throughout the- whole period of his life. He died in 1869, aged 57 years. CHAPTER XXX. RELIGIOUS HISTORY CONCLUDED. For some years after Candia was settled it was gener- ally Relieved that God created the illimitable universe con- sisting of many millions of worlds, the most of which are many thousands of times larger than our earth, in six literal days of twenty-four hours each and rested on the seventh day, and that in commemoration of the event, he com- manded the people of all nations to rest on Saturday the seventh day. A body of Christians in the United States of considerable numbers called Seventh Day Baptists keep Saturday as the Sabbath and claim that there is no war- rant in the Scriptures for keeping Sunday, the first day of the week, instead of the seventh day. The people of Can- dia, for many years regarded it as a great sin to engage in any kind of recreation on Sunday or to neglect to attend church services at the Congregational or Free Will Baptist churches, except in stormy weather. In 1839, Rev. Justin Edw.ards of Andover, Mass, pub- lished a small volume entitled "The Proper Mode of Keep- ing the Sabbath," in which he endeavored to prove that God often sends terrible judgements upon thos^ who break the Sabbath day and referred to various cases where per- sons were drowned, thrown from carriages or struck dead by lightning, heart disease or appoplexy. He also under- took to prove that God often causes the ruin of 'Sabbath breakers in their business enterprises, but he, did ;not ex- plain how it was that many others got rich in various cities in America and Europe by carrying on their ordinary busi- ness on Sundays, nor why pious ministers have often dropped down dead in the pulpit while preaching or praying. Neither did he explain why it ,was that many pious church members have been thrown from carriages and killed while 462 HISTORY OF CjANDIA. returning from church on Sunday. , The volume was placed in the library of the Sunday School connected with the Congregational Society. Such books have not been publish- ed of late years. Sixty or seventy years ago the sermons of the ministers were quite lengthy and were divided into heads,, some- times to the number of "ninethly,'' "once more," "lastly," and "finally.' During the intermission, if the weather was pleasant, many persons visited the old cemetery, while, •others, who came from the various' sections of the town, talked with each other in the porches or shadows of the meeting house. Sometimes the women and girls looked over into the flower gardens of Mrs. Joseph Carr and Mrs. Peter Eaton and admired the red and white roses, the pinks, the hollyhocks, the pansies and prjpce's feathers. Small groups of men gathered around the horse sheds and talked of politics, the state of the crops and the news of the day. Sometimes a third service was held at a school house or at the residence of a private citizen in an outlying district. In the latter cases, seats were provided by placing in some pf the rooms long rough boards supported by sections of small logs. When the logs were too far apart a board was broken and half a dozen or more persons of both saxes found themselves sprawling upon the floor. Of course the boys and girls laughed at the ludicrous condition of affairs; but the damage was soon repaired and "order reigned in Warsaw." At the time referred to neighborhood prayer meetings were held at private residences alternately. The exercises consisted of exhortations, prayer and the singing of hymns to the tunes of Arlington, Peterborough, St. Martin, Turner, Exhortation, Mear, Dundee and others, etc. The hymri beginning with the line, "The day is past and gone" sung to a pleasing melody, was a great favorite sixty-five years ago. When an application for admission to the church was favorably received for consideration, the applicant was said to have been propounded. Once in two months, the sacrament of the Lord's supper was celebrated at the Con- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 463 gregational meeting house. The members of the church sat together in the body pews, while those who were not members occupied the wall pews. Rev. Mr. Wheeler was the minister from 1819 to 1833, and stood at the commu- nion table below the pulpit and broke the bread and poured the wine into the sacramental cups from the shin- ing tankards, talked affectionately' and impressively to his brethren counseling them to be faithful to their solemn vows, to lead pure and blameless lives before the world and rejoice in the hope and promise that, when their trials and sorrows on the earth were ended, they should be ad- mitted to the realms of the blest in heaven, where sin and suffering could never enter. How deeply solemn, rev- erential and sincere were the countenances of Deacons Langford, Shannon and Daniel Fitts, Jr., as- they walked softly and noiselessly through the aisles and passed to the communicants the emblems of the.love and sacrifice of their dying Lord! The most' of. the men and women who were members of the Congregational, the Free Will Baptist and the Metho- dist churches were faithful to the light which they had re- ceived concerning their relations to God and the future life and endured their trials and disappointments with patience and becoming fortitude. "Once they were mourners here below, 1 And wet their couch with tears, They wrestled hard as we do now, With sighs and doubts and fears." The records of the churches of the town show that, in "the course of many years, there were a few cases where members failed to conduct! themselves in a manner con- sistent with their professions. - Some were charged with . intemperance, some with profanity, some with falsehood and some with unchaste conduct. The records also show that the officers and members of the churches always man- ifested a spirit of charity and forbearance towards their erring brethren which was worthy of the highest admira- tion of all good people. The offenders were only required io confess their sins and promise to lead pure and upright 464 HISTORY OF CANDIA. comply with these conditions, they were ex-cqmmunicated or rejected, as it was sometimes termed. / The ministers of the Congregational society often ex- changed with those of the neighboring towns. During Mr. Wheeler's ministry exchanges were made with Rev. Messrs. Arnold and Clement of Chester, Wells of Deerfield, McFar- land of Concord, Prentice of Northwood (whose slow and measured manner of speaking, solemn visage and deep, sepulchral tone were noticable), Burnham of Pembroke (a man of marked ability, who preached and prayed in an an- imated and colloquial manner very pleasing to his audi- ence), Farnsworth and Bailey of Raymond, Parker of Der- ry, Harris of Dunbarton (often called "the broad ax' - from the sturdy manner in which he hewed arguments in defence of Orthodoxy), 'Church of Pelham and Carpenter of Chiches- ter. At a later date, exchanges were made with Rev. Mes- srs. Day and Wellman of Derry, Coggswell of Northwood, Thayer of Windham, Bouton of Concord, Wallace, Bartlett, Tucker of Manchester. In 1877, Rev. Mr. "Tucker preach- ed one Sunday at the Congregational church. Among his auditors was a committee of the Madison Square Presby- terian Society of New York city, who came to Manchester the evening before to hear him preach from his own pulpit with the view of giving him a call to settle in New York if he made a favorable impression upon them. On Sunday morning they drove over to Candia and listened to his ser- mon with much satisfaction. A few weeks later, Mr. Tuck- er was settled as pastor of fhe Madison Square church, one ■ of the richest and most fashionable in New York. Most of the Evangelical Christian's have believed that no person could be converted save by the special and mir- aculous iufluence of the Holy Spirit and tha't when a per- son was thus converted or regenerated he was perfectly conscious of the wonderful change. Sometimes there were cases when persons who had most anxiously desired to be. converted waited in vain for the mysterious change, but were never consciously "born again,'' though they com- plied with all the conditions laid down by their religious teachers. Candidates for admission to the charch were critically examined on this point and closely questioned in / HISTORY OF CANDIA. 4" 5 regard to the manner in which they were "turned from darkness. to light." Some very excellent persons, who had been church mem- • bers many years, were often sorely troubled by grave doubts as to whether they had been truly regenerated, and were dreadfully afraid to die. Their doubts were well ex- pressed in the following stanza of a hymn, whieh 1 was of- ten sung, to a tune in the minor key at conferences and prayer meetings : 'Tis a ppint I long to know, Oft it causes anxious thought; Do I love the Lord or no, Am I His or am I not ? The late Samuel Eitts, who was one of the best and most spiritually minded men in town, was often afflicted with the fear that his name was not "written 1 in the Lamb's book of ' life." His great humility prompted him to leave directions that there should be no words of eulogy or praise, spoken at his funeral. This alone was the highest evidence that he was a man of exalted character. In 1873, the custom of holding an afternoon service at the Congregational church was abolished. The Free Will' Baptists continued to hold afternoon services several years longer. It is well understood that at this time less than one-third of the people of the town of a suitable age attend the ser- . vices at the churches on Sundays, whereas sixtyjyears ago nearly all of , the people, except infants and invalids, were in the habit of going to meeting. In. accounting for the changes in this respect it must be rememtfered that, tin re- cent years, the religious opinions of the people havej|been greatly modified by the teachings of Universalists, Unitari- ans, Adventists and Spiritualists as well as by the printed' sermons of Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Parker and the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Under these circumstan- ces, it is not strange that a very ordinary or inexperienced young clergyman cannot edify or instruct men and women who have thought deeply on the subject of their relations to God and the. Universe, or to greatly interest people of much intellectual ability. ' 30 466 HISTORY OF CANDIA. SUNDAY SCHOOLS. Sunday schools as they are now conducted were first established at the Congregational church about the year 1824. For many years previous to that time the young people were catechised at their homes and sometimes at the meeting house. The text books at that time were the New England Primer or Westminster Assembly's Shorter Catechism. In some cases the children were required to Qommit a few verses from the Bible or some stanzas from the hymn books. Some of the teachers in the public schools required their pupils to commit verses or hymns on Sundays to be recited at the opening of the school on Mon- day morning, 'When the Sunday school was regularly established by the Congregational society, a library of a small number of books was purchased. The books, many of which were (Written in England were published by the American. Sun- day School Union of Philadelphia. One of the first text v books used was entitled Cummings' Questions. PROGRESSIVE ORTHODOXY. It is the belief of all evangelical Christians that no per- sons can be saved from eternal punishment except by sin- cere faith and trust in the personal Lord Jesus Christ, who • was born in Bethlehem , as their Redeemer, and according- ly the many millions of people who have lived in heathen lands and have never heard or known of Him, will be for- ever lost. In 1887, the professors of the Theolbgical Sem- inary at Andover, Mass., published a volume entitled "Progressive Orthodoxy" in which they endeavored to prove by scripture authority that all persons who have died with-, out a knowledge of Christ will be afforded an opportunity .to know and accept Him as their Saviour after death in a state of probation of greater or lesser duration before the final judgment day.. This doctrine has been endorsed by a considerable number of the younger class of Congrega- tional ministers in the United States, while the majority, of the older class, among whom are some of the ablest, re- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 467 gard it as 'a dangerous heresy. Many of the latter class of ministers refuse'to take any part in the ordination of instal- ation of ministers who embrace those views. FOREIGN MISSIONS. ' In 1 8 10, the.Congregationalists of the United States or- ganized a grpat national society called the American Board of Commissioners fpr Foreign missions for sending the ; gospel to heathen lands. Missions were established in various places to the end that the people there may be saved from perdition. These missions were supported by contributions from the Congregationalists in various cities and towns in the several states of the Union. During the past seventy years the members of the Congregational so- ciety in Candia have contributed a large sum of money in the aggregate to aid in providing liberal salaries for mis- sionaries of both sexes and their families. Some of the missionaries receive a salary of $1000 and upwards beside the expense of their transportation to)| their fields of labor. For many years the Board has published^ monthly period- ical called the Missionary Herald, containing reports of the condition and progress of foreign missions fiom time to time. Several copies of this periodical were taken in Can- dia. At a prayer and conference meeting in the school house of old district No. 2, in the summer of 1829, Dea. Daniel Fitts made ,an earnest exhortation in the course of which he referred to the grand results of foreign missions. In his enthusiasm he said he had no doubt that some of the little boys and girls then present at the meeting would live to see the long promised millenium when the people of the whole earth will become believers in evangelical doc- trines and be fully regenerated and purified from all sin. Since that time a large number of missionaries have been sent out by the Board. The Methodists, Baptists and Epis- copalians in Europe and America have also established .missions in various heathen countries. The members of the Free Will Baptist Society in Candia have coutributed liberally for the support of foreign missions many years. At the New Hampshire Free Will Baptist Yearly Meeting ■468 HISTORY OF CANDIA. ' in Manchester, in 1890, Rev. F. C. Chase of Dover deliv- ered the annual address on Foreign Missions in the course of which he said that it is estimated there are now on the earth eleven hundred millions of human beings who are unreached by Christian influences of any kind. lie also said there are in the world thirty millions of Protestant church members and one million and a half of heathen converts to Christianity. He also stated that "the terrible influence of ungodly English speaking people is' almost pas t belief. The vast 'quantities of liquors sent from America ruin more than the church can save. Boston alone sent in five years more than 1,500,060 gallons of rum to Africa." Rev. Dr.E. K. Alden, the present secretary of the American Board, in a recent . letter to the author , of this history, stated that it is estimated that the total pop- ulation of the world is now fourteen hundred arid eighty millions, of whom four hundred millions live in nominal Christian countries and that there are about one million and a half of heathens who have abandoned heathen practices, about one half of whom, or seven hundred and fifty thou- sand, are communicants in native Christian churches, , According to the above estimates it appears that out of fourteen hundred and eighty millions of people now On the globe there are thirty one and a . half millions who are members of Protestant Christian churches, including half a million of communicants in native heathen churches while the vast majority are still unconverted and unrecon- . ciled to Christ according to evangelical standards. It would seem therefore, that good Dea. Fitts was somewhat over sanguine in his expectation's seventy years ago as to the time of the coming of the millenium. , The Catholics of Europe and America long ago estabr lished missions among the heathen and in recent years the Unitarians and Universalists have sent out missionaries to India, Japan and other heathen lands. A Congregational minister who is well known to Candia pfeople has been lo- cated as a missionary in Japan for several years. He re- cently reported to his friends in N^w Hampshire that the heathen in that country are often greatly bewildered and perplexed in their attempts to decide as to which class of 1 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 469 tnissionaries -they should believe and follow, one class telling them that there is an eternal hell for unbelievers in itheir doctrines and another class assuring them that there is .no hell at all and that all mankind, however weak and er- ring they may be, will finally be brought safely to the bos- om of their Infinite Father and Creator who loves them better than earthly parent's ever did or can love their chil- dren, while the Catholics tell them that they are the representatives of the only true Christian church. Some of the missionaries to India have recently reported to the American Board that many intelligent Hindoos re- fuse to listen to the teachings of evangelical missionaries for the reason that, according to the doctrine that all, who die without faith in Christ will be, consigned to eter- jial punishment, implies that all their ancestors for untold ' generations have been suffering for ages, the torments of tfhe damned. t In these latter days the people of Candia are tolerant and kindly disposed towards each other, notwithstanding their (differences of opinion upon religious .subjects. This state of things is in wide contrast with that which prevailed •eighty years ago or more when .the Free Will Baptists se- -ceded from the Congregational church and were regarded as dangerous heretics by their former brethren because 1 they believed in the doctrine of the Freedom of the Willi and that immersion was the proper mode of baptism. During the past twenty years the doctrines of total de- pravity, election, the perseverance of the saiilts and the ^eternal punishment of unbelievers in hell have been seldom alluded to in many of the evangelical churches in New Hampshire and in, many cases, those doctrines have been stricken from the creed. Many orthodox clergymen' now preach the doctrine that no person can be supremely hap- py, either here or hereafter, withbut being freed from the ■dominion of their animal passions and sins of every name and nature. Rev. Dr. Nichols, Assistant Protestant Bishop •of California, in a sermon which he preached in Boston in 1892, said that the true mission of the Christian church was .siot so much for keeping people from going to hell as it 470 HISTORY OF CANDIA. was to keep hell out of them and not so much for getting: people into heaven as to get heaven into them.* For many years the Baptist, Congregationalist andl Methodist ministers refused to hold any relations of a religious nature with Unitarian or Universalist ministers. At this time the latter class of ministers officiate at funerals and upon other public occasions in connection with those- who hold to orthodox doctrin'es, and in many cases Unitarian ministers are invited to preach in orthodox: pulpits. It may be mentioned that there have been some persons- in'Candia who have fully endorsed the great doctrine of "The Right of Private Judgement" in all matters pertaining to religion and our relations to the spiritual world as claim- ed by Luther and other leaders of the Protestant Reforma- tion. They, moreover, insist that all men are endowed with moral and spiritual instincts or intuitiors to a greater or less degree, which, when fully developed, will enable; them to discover at first hand the highest and grandest, moral- and spiritual ideas and principles; to know truth from> error and justice from injustice. They refuse to submit to the authority of all persons or ecclesiastical bodies of any age or nation, whether they be Jews or Gentiles, Catholics- or Protestants, and they endeavor to follow the teachings- of Jesus, who said to his persecutors, "Yea, why even of yourselves judge ye not what is right," and the advice o_f Paul who said, "Prove all things and hold fast that which * A fewyears ago the following anecdote appeared in the Editor's Drawer ot Harper's monthly magazine of New York City. In 1861, when Abraham Lincoln was about to leave his home in Springfield, 111., to take the Presidential chair, an old Baptist minister of the place called upon him to bid him goodby. In the conversation which ensued, the minister told the President-elect that he was deeply concerned for the salvation of his soul and kindly warned him that unless he repented of his sins and fully believed on the-- Lord Jesus Christ, he would be eternally punished in hell. Mr, Lincoln replied by saying that when he lived in Kentucky, he was acquainted with an eccentric; man by the name of Lincum Todd who wrote an epitaph to be placed on his tomb- stone at his death. Mr. Lincoln remarked that the epitaph was a clearer and bet- ter expression of his sentiments upon the question of the future punishment of- the wicked than any statement he had ever seen. He then repeated the epitaph. as follows : Here lie the bones of Lincum Todd, Have mercy on him gracious God, He would on you if he were God, And you were only Lincum Todd. HISTORY OF CANDIA; 471 1 is good. " Hence they believe that the intelligent soul is the supreme and final authority in the search for truth. Such as these insist that honest belief in a dogma or doc- trine of religion, (and there can be no real belief which is not honest), depends upon, the intelligence of an individ- ual and the evidence submitted, or upon the influences which are brought to bear upon the mind a.nd is, therefore,, wholly involuntary; and. yet, for ages, people have been taught that their salvation from, eternal punishment depends upon their belief in certain doctrines or dogmas which may be true or false. They also claim that they have the mor- al right to criticize the sayings of every man and woman who ever lived and those contained in every book which was ever printed. OFFICERS OF THE UNION BAPTIST CHURCH. The following names of the officers 'of the Union Baptist Church were accidently omitted in the history of that or- ganization commencing on page 215 of this work: deacqns. , Abraham Bean, Samuel Dudley, Samuel Tuck, Richard Currier, Woodbury J. Dudley, Gordon Bean, John H. Fos- ter. CLERKS OF THE SOCIETY. Thomas Critchetf, Jolin Moore, John A. Cram, Jacob S. Morrill, Daniel B. Robinson, John*Prescott. CLERKS OF THE CHURCH. Jeremiah Fullerton, William Turner, S'airjuel Dudley, A., D. Dudley, ;Edgar S. Carr, W. J. Dudley. CHAPTER XXXI. TOWN OFFICERS. REPRESENTATIVES TO THE PROVENCIAL CONGRESS AT EXETER - Doct. Samuel Mooers, May 1775 Moses Baker, Deo. 1775 Dr Samuel Mooers. 1776 Moses Baker. 1777 Walter Roble, Nathaniel Emerson, Ezekiel Knowles. 1780-81 1782 1783 UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION. Abraham Fitts, 1784 Nathaniel Emerson, 1785-86 . Stephen Fifield, 1785-88 Voted not to send, 1789-90 Nathaniel Emerson, 1791-92 , Samuel Morrill, 1793-94 \ Nathaniel Emerson, 1794-98 'Thomas Wilson. ' 1799 to 1804 Jesse Eaton, 1804-05 Richard Emerson, 1806 John Taylor, 1807 Moses Fitts, 1808 to 10 Jobn'laylor, 1811-12 Samuel Anderson, 1813 to 15 John Lane, 1816 to 18 Moees Bean. 1819 Peter Eaton, ( 1820-21 Moees Bean, 1822 ', John Lane, . 1823 to 28 Henry T. Eaton, 1S29 to 32 ;John Moore, 1833-34 Benjamin Pillsbury, 1835 Abraham Emerson, 1836-37 Gilman Richardson, 1838-39 Joseph Richardson, 1840 • Rufus E. Patten, 1841-142 James Smith, 1843-44 Jonathan Martin,. 1845-46 Joseph C. Langford, 1847-48 Austin Cass, 1849 Rufus E. Patten, 1850 Samuel Dudley, 1851-52 Francis Patten, 1853 Austin Cass. Francis Patten, 1854 Austin Cass,, Jonathan H. PhUbrick, 1S55 Jon than H. PhUbrick, 1856 William Crane, 1857 Ezekiel Lane William Crane, 1858 Ezekiel Lane, Henry M. Eaton, 1S59 Elias P. Hubbard, Henry M. EatOD, 1860 Elias P. Hubbard, Voted not to send, 1S61 John Brown, 1862 Gof don Bean. John Brown, 1863 Gordon Bean, ' Alexander Gilchrist, 1864 Cyrus T. Lane, True French, 1865 Alvin D.Dudley, vviliiam D. Ladd, 1866 AWinD. Dudley, Joseph Huhoard, 1867 Benjamin Dearborn, Jesse W.. Sargent, , 1868 John W. Cate, Jesse W,. Sargent, 1869 Andrew J- Eagerly, Jesse M. Young, 1870 Jonathan Pillsbury, Jesse M; Young, 1871 Jonathan Pillsbury, Jacob L. Barker,' 1872 John H- Nutting, William B.Thornc, 1873 James R. Batchelder, William B. Thome, 1874 James R. Batchelder, Frank P. Langford, 1875 James Adams, Voted not to send, 1876 Voted not to send, 1877 John W. Catc, 1878 Isaiah S.Lang, Frank P. Brown, 1879 Andrew J. Ed'gerly, 1880 A.J. Edgerly, Charles H. French, 1881 1882 Charles H. French, 1883 George W.Whittier, 1884 George W, Whittier, Voted not to send, 1885 1886 Voted not to send, > 1887 T. Benton Turner, 1888 T. Benton Turner, 1889 Henry W. Moore, 1890 472 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 473 '\ I \ MODERATORS. j Samuel Mooers, 1764 Benjamin Pillsbury, 1816 . John Clay, 1765 Daniel Fitts, 1817 Abraham Fitts, 1766 to 1768 Henry Eaton, 1818 Moses Baker, 1769 Benjamin Pillsbury; 1819 Abraham Fitts, 1770 Henry Eaton, 1820—21 Moses Baker, 1771 to 1778 Benjamin Pillsburj , 1822 . • Benjamin Cass, 1779 Henry Eaton, 1823 to 1829 John Lane, 1820—31 Walter Eobie, 1780 Benjamin Cass, 178r Benjamin Pilllsbury, 1832—33 ■■ Walter Eobie), 1782 John Moore, 1834 to 1841 Abraham Fitts; 1783 Bufus E- Patten, < 1S42 to 185n * • John Lane, 1784 to 1788 Jonathan Martin, 1851 , "■ 'Samuel Towle. 1789 Jonathan Martin, 1852 Samuel Morrill, 1890 Rufus E. Patten, , 1853 t Walter Kobie, 1791— 92 John Prescott, 1854 to 1860 Nateaniel Emerson, i 1793 (Austin Cass, 1861 to 1865 Walter Kobie, 1794 to 1797 John Prescott, , 1866 '■ ' , John Lane, 1798 to 1802 Moses Emerson, 1867 Moses, Fitts, 1803 Ge >rge Emerson, 1868 to 1875 ' ' John Lane, 1804-05 Moses F. Emersqn, ' 1875 - Daniel Fitts, 1806 to 18QS A ustin Cass, , 1876 Henry Eatou, 1809 Andrew J. Edgerly, 1877 to 1885 Frank P. Langford, ' 1886 Danial Fitts, 1810 Henry Eaton, ' 1811 Frank P.' Langford, 1887 Daniel Fitts, , 1812 Andrew J. Edgerly, ' 1888 to 1890 Samuel Foster, 1818 Frank P. Langford, 1891 DauielFitts, , 1814— 15 Frank P. Langford, 1892 , SELECTMEN. , , 1764, 1778. - 1 1795. • Benjamin Bachelder, Jonathan' Brown, Walter Eobie, John Sargent, John'Lane, ' Epjhraim Eaton, _ ■ - v Thomas Wilson. Jeremiah Bean. Walter Eobie. 1765-66. 1779. , 1796. '• Samuel Mooers, Nathaniel Emerson, Abraham Fitts, John Clay,i i Jonathan Hills, A braham Fitts, Moses Baker, • Isaiah Rowe. Nathan Brown. ' V, ' 1767-68. 1780. 1797-98. Nathaniel Emerson, Nathaniel Emerson, Walter Eobie, Abraham Fitts, Abraham Fitts, John Lane, / Thomas Wflsorij '' Ichabod Koine. Jesse Eaton. 1769, 1781. 1799. Nathaniel Emerson, Abraham Fitts, Jesse Eaton, Ichabod Bubie, Nathaniel Emeison, Thomas Wilson. Dr. Samuel Mooers. Benjamin Cass. John Lanei 1770. x 1782-83. 180P-01 Walter Eobie, Samuel Buswell. John Lane, Abraham Fitts, John Hills, Samuel Moa'ill, 'Benjanin Cass. Ephraim Eaton. John Clay. 1771. 1784 to 87. • 1802. Moses Baker, P^phraim Eaton, John Lane, Theophilus Sargent, John Clifford, Walter Eobie, Nathaniel Bnrpee. Samuel Morrill. Moses Fitts. 1772 to 75. 1788. 1803. Moses Baker, Jonathan Bagley, Jianiel Fitts, Walter Eobie. John Lane, ■ Jonathan Currier, Abraham Filts. Abraham Fitts. Theophilus Clough. 1776. 1789 to 91 1804. Nathaniel Emerson, John Lane, John Clay, Walter Eobie, Jonathan Brown, Jonathan Currier, Moses Baker. Ephraim Eaton. Theophilus Clough. 1777. 1792 to 94. / 1805. Nathaniel Emerson, Ephraim Eaton, John Clay, - William Baker, Jonathan Brown. John Lane, Theophilus Clough. Walter Eobie, Henry EatOn. 474 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1806. Joseph C. Smith, Jonathan Currier, Simon Ward.; 1807. Daniel Fitts, Henry Eaton, Joseph Hubbard. 1808. Daniel Fitts, Henry Baton, TheophiluB dough . 1809. Henry Eaton, Moses Bean, Moses Colby. ' 1810. Henry Eaton, Moses Bean, John Lane, Jr. ' 1811-12. John Lane, Jr. Benjamin Pillsbury, Jonathan C. French. 1813. John Lane, Jr.' Penry Eaton, Daniel Fitts. 18U-15. John Lane, Daniel Fitts, Thomas Hobbs. 1816. Jacob Libbee, Peter Eaton, Junatnan Currier, 1817. Benjamin Pillsbury, Peter Eaton, -Jonathan Currier. 1818. Peter Eaton, . Benjamin Pillsbury. Moses Bean. 1819. Peter Eaton, John Lane, Nathaniel wheat. 1820. John Lane, Benjamin Pillsbury, Moses-Bean. 1821. John Lane, Nathaniel Wheat, Jacob Libbee. 1822. John Lane, Benjamin Pillsbury, Nathaniel Wheat. ' 1823. Peter Eaton, Nathaniel Wheat Benjamin Pillsbury.' 1824. Peter Eaton, Benjamin Pillsbury, Ezekiel Lane. 1825. Peter Eatqn, Ezekiel Lane. Benjamin Pillsbury. 1826 Ezekiel Lane, Simon French, Daniel Fitts. 1827-28. Benjamin Pillsbury, Peter Eaton, Simon French: 1829-30. John Lane, Samuel Dudley, Francis Patten. 1831. John Lane, Samuel Dudley, Cofflin M. French. , Benjamin Pillsbury, Abraham Emerson, Jonathan Martin. 1834. Benjamin Pillsbury, Dudley Bean, James Smith. 1835. Dudley Bean. James Smith, B.P.Colby. 1836. B. P. Colby, John Moore, Benjamin Hubbard. 1837. . Benjamin Hubbard, Samuel Tuck, Rufus E. Patten. 1838-39. Kuf us E. Patten, Joseph Bean, Biley Smith. ' 1840. John Moore, Parker Hill, Leonard Dearborn. 1841. John Mooie. Leonard Dearborn, Parker Hill. 1842. John Moore, Abraham Emerson , Henry M. Eaton. 1843-44. Henry M. Eaton, Nehemiah Colby, Jonathan Currier. 1845. Abraham Emerson, Joseph C. Langlord, John Prescott, Jr. 1846. Joseph C. Langford, John Prescott Jr. . Elias P. Hubbard. 1847. John Prescott, Elias P. Hubbard. Carr B.Haines.. 1848. Francis Patten, Charles S. Emerson, Jesse R. Fitts, 1849. Charles S. Emerson, Jesse E. Fitts. Freeman Parker. 1850. Nehemiah Colby, Henry S. Eaton, Stephen B. Fitts, 1851 Benjamin P. Colby, Abraham Emerson, Coffin M. French. 1852. Coffin M. French, Levi Bean, Cyrus T.Lane. 1853. Rufus E. Patten, John Moore, Ezekiel Lane. 1854. Levi Bean, Cyrus T. Lane, Edmund Hill. '1855.1 Edmund Hill, John Howe, Dana D. Thresher. 1856. John Rowe, Dana D. Thresher, Jonathan Sargent, 1857. Henry M. Eaton, Daniel S. Bean, Joseph Hubbard. 1858. Henrv M. Eaton, BanielS. Bean. Joseph Hubbai-d. ■ 1859. Daniel S. Bean, Joseph Huhbard, Samuel G. W. Patteu. 1860. Samuel G. W. Patten, George Emerson, Moses French, jr. 1861. George Emerson, Moses French Jr. Benjamin Hubbard,, 1862. Henry M. Eaton, Austin Cass, Cyrus T. Lane, 1863. Henry M. Eaton. Cyrus T. Lane, Moses F. Emerson. 1864. M oses F. Emerson, William D. Ladd, Levi Bean, 1865. William D. Ladd, J. Lane Fitts, AsaS'. Dutton. 1S66. - Plumer W. Sanborn, AsaS. Dutton, Joseph C. Langlord. 1867. Joseph C. Langiord, J. Lane Fitts, George W. Fitts. 1868. Josiah M. Fitts, Andrew J. Edgerly, Abraham Emerson. 1S69. Andrew J. Edgerly, Abranam Emerson, Frank P. Langford. HISTORY OF CANDIA. ' 475 1870. Frank P. Langford, Amos Polly, William B. Thorn*. 1871. Abraham Emerson, Jonathan C. Hobos, Parker M. Towle. 18721 ' Joseph Hubbard, Ingalls Bunker, Francis D. Howe. 1873. George Emerson, Andrew J. Edgerly. Thomas A. Palmer. 1874.. George Emerson, Andrew J. Edgerly. Thomas A. Palmer. ' 1875. Andrew J. Edgerly, Jonathan Pillsoury,- Edmund R. Ingalls. 1876. Asa button,, Edmund B. Ingalle, Aaron F. Patten, 1877. Edmund B. Ingalls, Plumer W. Sanborn, , Frank P. Brown. 1878. Edmund B. Ingalls, Plumer W. Sanborn, Frank P. Brown. 1879. Andrew Edgerly, Jesse W. Sargent, Lewis II. Dearborn, 1880. ' Andrew J. Edgerly, Jesse W. Sargent, Lewis H. Dearborn. 1881. Andrew J. Edgerly. Jesse W. Sargent, Samuel F. Colcord. 1882-. Jesse W. Sargent, Samuel F. Colcord, Frank W. Eaton. 1883. Jesse W. Sargent, Samuel F. Colcord', Frank W. Eajon 1884. Samuel F. Colcord, Edmund Smith, Benjamin S. Lang, . 1885. Samuel F. Colcord, Edmund Smtth, Benjamin S. Lang. 1886. Moses F. Emerson, JosiahM. Fitts, George F. Patten. J1887. Moses F. Emerson, Josiah M. Fitts, George F. Patten. .' , ' 1888. Andrew J. Edgerly, Jesse W. Sargent,, Jacob F. Holt. 1889. Andrew J. Edgerly, Jesse W. Sargent, , Benjamin S. Lang. 1890. ." Andrew J. Edgerly, Jesse W. Sargent, Benjamin S. Lang. 1891. Jesse W. Sargent, Benjamin S. Lang, Charles H. Gile. 1892, Jesse W. Sargent, , Daniel F. Emerson, Frank P. Langford. TOWN CLERKS. Samuel Mooers, from 1763, 30 yrs. Sam'l Mooers, Jr. " 1793, o " Walter Bobie, " 1798, 8 " Richard Emerson, " 1806, John Lane, from Oct. 1806, Peter Eaton, from 1820, Frederick Fitts, " aasi, S. A. SaTgent, " 1832, , a John Moore, 3d, " 1834, 2 Dr. Sam'l Sargent, " 1836, 4 Abraham Emerson; 1840 Bufus E. Patten, " 1850, 5 ' J/osiahS. Shannon, " 1845, 2 : Henry M. Eaton, " 1847, 6 Plumer W. Sanborn, 1853, 2 .. Moses B. Smith, " 1855, 3 Austin Cass, " 1858, 1 mo mo yrs Woodbury J. Dudley, 1859, 3 Jacob L. Barker, " 1862, 5 Oilman C. Lang, " 1867, 1 John H. Nqyes, " 1868, 1 Oilman A. Bean, " 1869, 1 John H. Nutting, " 1870, 1 Edmund B. Ingalls, " 1871, 1 John H. Nutting, " 1872, 1 Edmund B. Ingalls, " 1873, 1 John H. Foster, " 1874, 2 John K. Nay, " 1876, 1 Frank W.Eaton, " 1877, 5 John F. Buswell, " 1882, 3 Edwin J. Godfrey, " 1885, 1 Charles H. Turner, " 1886, 2 Joseph C.Moore, " 1888, 1 Charles H. Turner, " - 1889, 4 TOWN TREASURERS. v. Previous to 1851, no town Treasurers were chosen or ap- pointed. The public monies were received and disbursed by one or more of the Selectmen. Since 1850, Treasurers have been sometimes chosen'at annual 'town meetings and at other times the office has been filled by the Selectmen. iAfter the alleged embezzlement by E. R. Ingalls, who was "appointed Treasurer by his two associates in the board t of 476 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Selectmen, the citizens of the town voted that after that date the Treasurer should be elected at the annual town meet- ing._ The following are the names of the town Treasurers since , 1850: B. P, Colby, 1851—52 Abraham Emerson. 1868—70 fiufus E. Fatten, 1853—55 George Emerson, 1871—72 Moses B, Smith, 1856 Joseph Hubbard, 1872 John Bowe, Henry M. Baton, S. G. W. Patten, 1857 George Emerson, . 1872—74 1858 Andrew J. Edgerly, 1875 1859—60 Asa S. Duttou, 1876 George Emerson, 1861' Edmund K. Jngalls, ' 1877—78 Henry M. Eaton, 1862—63 ueorge Emerson, 1879—85 Moses F. Emerson, 1864 Andrew J. Edgerly, 1886 William D. Ladd, Plumer W . Sanborn, 1865 Ge rge Emerson, 1887 1866 Thomas B. Turner, 1SS8— 91 Joseph C. Langford, 1867 COLI.ECTC Frank P. Brown, )RS. , 1892 Winthrop Wells, 1764 • Jacob Libbee, 1813 Enoch Rowell, 1765 Moses Dearborn. 1814 Jeremiah Bean, 1766 Sam uel Patten, 1815 John Clay, Jonathan Hills, 1767 Moses Oearborn. 1816—18 1768 Moses Bagley, 1819, Moseys Baker, 1769 Moses Dearborn, 1820—29' 'Jonathan Bean, 1770 John Moore, 1830 Tbeophilus Clough, William Baker, 1771-72 1773 Samuel Cass, John Moore, 1831 1832 Theophilus Clough, John Hills, 1774 1775 David Bean, Willis Patten, 1833—34 1835—39 Abraham Fitts, , 1776 John Prescott, 1840—41 Benjamin Cass, 1777 Aaron T. Bagley, 1842 John Carr, 1778 John Prescott, 1843—44 Thomas Patten, 1779 Isaiah Lane, 1845—46 John Clifford, 1780 John>Rowe, 1847—48 James Miller, 1781 John Prescott, jr., 1S49— 50 Zacbariah Clifford, 1782 Stephen B. Fitts^ 1851 Obed Hall, 1783 John Prescott, jr., 1852—53 Jonathan Bagley, 1784 John Bowe, • 1854 Theophilus Sargent, 1785—86 John Prescott, jr., 1855 Thomas Patten, 1787 True French, 1S56 Oliyer Smith, 1788 John Prescott, jr., 1857 Samuel Mooers jr. , 1789—91 Edmund Smith, 1858 John Wasou, 1792 J'. Haryey Philbrick, Charles S. Emerson, 1859 Jeremiah Bean, 1793 1860—61 John Buswell, 1794 Cyrus T. Lane, , 1862—63 John Wason, — - 1795 John Rowe, ' 1864 John Sargent, 1796 Moses F. Emerson. 1865—66 Jeremiah Bean, 1797—98 Hiram C. Mathews, 1867 Jonathan Currier, 1799 lugalls Bunker, 1868 Benjamin Wadleigh, Stephen Clay, 1800—01 Jonathan C, Hobbs, 1869—70 1802—03 John W. Cate, - 1871—72 Samuel Patten, 1804 Hiram C. Mathews, 1873—74 Benjamin Wadleigh, 1805 John W. Cate, 1875 Biley Smith, JS06 Moses F. Emerson, 1876 Joseph Carr. 1807 Jonathan C. Lvobbs, 1S77-T-79 Benjamin Fillsbury, 1808—09 Jesse M. Young, 1880—84 Simon Ward, 1810 George E. Eaton, 1885 Jacob Libbee, 1811 lngalls Bunker, 1886—87 John Sargent, ' 181 2 John W. Cate, 1888-92 For many years previous \o 1845 the privilege of collect- ing the taxes for the year was set up at auction and sold to HISTORY OF CANDIA. 477 the lowest bidder. When there was a lively competition ior,the office the bids were sometimes as low as ten dollars. At other times the bids ranged from twenty to fifty dol- lars. ' SUPERINTENDENTS OK SCHOOLS. B'. The following are the names of citizens who superin- tended the public schools of the town from 1816 to 1885, when important changes were made in the law's relating to the managment of the schools: Rev. Isaac Jones, Dr. Nathaniel Wheat, 'Elijah Smith, Daniel Fitts, , Moses Sargent, jr., Cotton Ward, Benjamin Pillsbury, Joseph Hubbard, ■' : Moses Dearborn, 'Rev. Moses Bean, Thomas Towle, Jonathan Currier, John Lane, 1 'Samuel Cass, William Robie, Jonathan Bean, Rev. A. Wheeler, . ' John Lane, jr., Anthony Langford, : John Wason, .Rev, David Harriman, Nathan Brown, Timothy Currier, Simon French, Dr. Isaiah Lane, Francis Patten, John Moore, Rev. Jesse Header, Rufus E. Patten, Alfred M. Colby, Rev, Charles P. Russell, Rev.' B. S. Manson, Dr. Samuel Sargent, Dr, Joseph Eastman, Abraham Emerson, Rev. William Murdock, H. K. Davis, Edmund Hill, Dr. K. H. Page, Francis B. Eaton, Pike Hubbard, Wesley Lovejoy, David P. Rowe, John G. Lane, Rufus E. Patten, Rev. W. T. Herrick, . ' Rev. Eli Fernald, Woodbury J. Dudley, ' George B. Brown, Dr. R. H. Page, Rev. E.N. Hidden, Rev. Silas Green, Dr. E. B. Berry. , J. Lane Fitts, Rev. N. C. LOthrop, Orestes I. Bean, Charles R. Rowe, Rev. William C. Reade, Daniel F; Emerson, ' James R. Batchelder, John H. Nutting, Nathan G. Moore, Rev. J. N, Rich. DEPUTY SHERIFFS. The following: are the names of citizens on Candia who have served as deputy sheriffs in 1 Rockingham County: John Moore, Carr B. Haines, George Eben Eaton, Jona- athan C. Hobbs, Henry W. Moore. John Moore, who was a deputy sheriff forty y'ears ago, was also crier of the courts which were held at Portsmouth or Exeter. His son, Henry W. Moore, who holds at the present time the office of deputy sheriff, also officiated as crier of the courts. No lawyer was ever settled in the town. 47§ HISTORY OF CANDIA. TOWN MEETINGS. The annual town meeting's sixty years ago were regard- ed as very important events and in case the weather was fine, nearly all the citizens, except those who were disabled by age or sickness, were present. The tbwn meeting was regarded as a holiday by the young men and boys, and some of them earned a few cents by selling molasses can- dy, which they had manufactured at their homes. Until 1838, the meetings were ;held in the old Congregational meeting house. The moderator, town clerk and selectmen occupied the deacon's seats below and in front of the high pulpit. The check-list and other papers were spread out 1 upon the communion table, which was hung on hinges and supported in a horizontal position by a moveable brace at- tached to its underside. The old house was burned in Jan., 1 83 8, and the town meeting 1 took place that year in the Bap- tist church at the.Village. The new Congregatidrtal church , was finished in 1839, and since that time the elections have taken place in the vestry of that building. Within fifty years there Have been several attempts to secure a vote of the citizens of the town to erect a town house, but all ef- forts in that direction have failed. v ' " V , Xf\ ' > z ■— > > o w >!l ^ v ;. ; ,,,, ,. ..„,i# V *•«*/>, *3r*f DEE fhft £ L C H£ ST E Ft $■■> .?- '.'-I w ft*' /• '/■ -~ . i 2; *JS:^*9 e *»er** r ^IHr^ji-i,,;!- II',', #' \ CHAPTER XXXII. HOMESTEADS AND T HEIR OWNERS. In this chapter is contained, a statement of the location of the residences of the people of the town from the time of its first settlement to the present period and the names of their owners as far as could be conveniently obtained. On account of the great difficulty encountered in looking- up facts in the case, various mistakes have probably been made. The names of the first owner of each dwelling place is first given and those of his succesors follow in the - order of time, the name of the present owner being the last. ' THE BUKPEE ROAD (Going West.) No. 1. W. Wells.Dea. .Nathaniel Burpee from Rowley, Mass., Nathaniel Burpee, Jr., Jonathan Burpee, Francis D, Rowe . 2. John Lane, Sr., from Poplin now Fremont, Ezekiel Lane, Arthur Bean. 3. S. Freeman Rowe, Mrs, Freeman Rowe. 4. Nicholas French, Sr., from Salisbury, Mass., Aaron Rowe, Etneline Rowe Clara Rowe, Philip Nelson. 5. Nicholas French, Jr., Stephen Smith, Satnuel Martin, William S. Healey. NORTH ROAD (Going West). No. 1. Benjamin Batchelder, Nicholas French, Jr., Rev. Abraham Wheeler, Stephen Smith, 1 Thomas Morse, John C. Brown, Mrs. Thomas Morse. i. James Eaton from Dunstable, Jonathan Rowe- Nathaniel Rowe, Jr., Lewis Moore. ' ,3. Moses French, 2nd, son of Moses French, Sr.and various tenants. i. Moses French, Si-,, from Hampton Falls, John Lane Esq., Addison Smith James Brown. 3. Isaiah Rowe, from Hampton Falls, Nathaniel Ro we, Sr., John Rowe, Josiah Richardson, George Richardson. , ti. John Rowe, Frank Brown, Mrs." John Nelson, Abraham Wallace, John A. Haines, Mrs. John A. Haines. / 7. Jonathan Rowe, Nathaniel Rowe, Sr., and many tenants. , 8. Site of house where Daniel Rowe the schoolmaster lived. 9. Site of house where Samuel Worthenj who came from Poplin, resided. 10. Maj. Jacob Worthen, Nathan Fitts, Joshua Lane, Charles R. Rowe. r '11. Site of house where Samuel Worthen, Sr., lived. The house was torn down but George Bean built a new one close by. 479 480 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 1-2. Moses Bowe, Charles E. Eowe, Daniel, McDonald. 13. Site of house where Maj. Joseph Wiggin lived, Moses Eowe. U. Site of house built by William Phillips, Charlotte Phillips, Thomas Bund- Ictt. 16. Site of first House erected by Nathaniel Brown, who came from Kensing- ton. 16. Site of the second house which was built and occupied by Nehemiah Brown, Sr., Nathan Brown, his son. / IT. Nathan Brown, Sr., Major Nathan Brown,Mrs. Dolly Brown, who married Daniel Sawyer, Daniel Sawyer. is. Abraham Pitts, '2nd, Jesse E. Pitts, Mrs. Jesse E. Pitts. , 19. Site of a house built by Nathan Pitts, brohter of Abraham Fitts, 2nd. 20. Obededom Hall from Chester, who first settled in this section of the, town. Sargent Hall, Sally Hall, Edward Hall, Mrs. Ezekicl Gilman, Augustus Gilman, John Heathcote. Edward Tyrrell. 21. Obededom Hall, jr., Eobert Clark on the Cross. Eoad near the North Eoad. , 22. On the north end of the lot near Deerfield line, Jonathan Hall built a house* Daniel Hartford and George Hartford lived there. 23. On the west end of New Boston road near North road Cyrus Batchelder built a house, Obededom Hall wa^ the next owner, Augustus Bobbins, John A. Haines, George Hartford. 24. John Lang, Prank Wallace, George Hartford. 25.1 Sewell Brown. Sr., William Brown, Sewell Brown, 2nd, George Miller, Edward Hall. 26. South side of road, Stephen Brown, Sr., son of .Sewell Brown, Sr. The old Hook house was moved to the lot fifty years ago, Stephen | Brown, Ijr,, Jonn Nelson, Simon Fifield. John A. Batchelder owned it when it was burned. , , 27. Stephen Palmer, Stjephen Palmer, Jr., Josian Palmer Josiah Hook, 28. William Burleigh, John Burleigh. 29. William Burleigh, William Burleigh jr., Gilman Lang, Samuel Tuck, John Hall, O. Irving Bean. 30. Benjamin Hall, Mosea Hall, Dana Hall. 31. Oliver Smith, Alfred French, David B. Hall. 32. Oliver Smith, jr., Noah Haines, Mrs. Nathan Griffin. 33\ Jonathan Currier, son of Timothy Currier, Martin V. B. Smith, Harvey Buxton, Charles Hv MJayhew. ' 34. Jonathan Smith Sr., John P. L. Bowe, Aaron Eowe, Jesse Smith, Chase - Smith, son of Jesse Smith, 1M> ; At the old District No. 7 school house the North Road di- vides in two branches, one. turning to the right and extend- ing to Allenstown by the way of the Col. Wilson place, and the other leading straight on towards Hooksett. The following are the names of the owners of residences on the latter branch of the North Road : 35. Joseph Chase Smith, Jesse Smith, George Smith, Addison Smith. 36. Joshua Hall, Elijah Evans. 37. Caleb Hall, sou of Obededom Hall, Sr., Nathan Hallj Joshna Hall. 38. Site of a house built several years ago by Obededom Hall for the accom- modation of tenants, Charles Connor bought the place. The house was burned in 1878. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 48l 39 . On the east Bide of the northwest branch of the North Road , opposite to the old school house, is the site of a dwelling house where Jooathan Cur- rier, esq., lived. Timothy Currier, his son, succeeded him. • 40. Nathan Thorn, who came from Danville, Amos Thorn, William B. Thorn. 41. , About fifty rods above the Thorn house, on the same side of the road, is the site of a house where Theophilus Carrier lived. Sixty-five years age he removed to Deerfield. 42. Chase Smith, Stephen Smith, Jonathan Martin, esq. 43. James Smith, sr., son of Oliver Smith, James Smith, jr. The boutte is in a rapid state of decay. 44. Jonathan Martin, sr., a son of Moses Martin, sr., and the father of Jona- than Martin, esq., heirs of Jonathan Martin, sr. J. Chase Smith and wife are the present owners. 45. Site of the house where Jonathan Smith lived many years, Elijah Smith, Sally Smith. ( 46. Biley Smith., sr., Biley Smith, jr. 47. Levi Bean. , , 48. Mis Polly Mead, a daughter of Col. Thomas Wilson. The place is now owned by Lorenzo Hoit. 49. Col. Thomas Wilson, who came from Londonderrj about the year 1769, Richard Hoit, his son-in-law, Lorenzo Hoit. 60. Near the junction of the Deerfield road with that leading to Allenstown, Df. William Phillips, a physician of some note, resided eighty years ago. 51. The house on the side of the hill above the corner has had many owners and tenants. John G. Martin is the present owner. 52. Moses Martin, sr., came tp°Candia from Amesbury, Mass., about the year 1777 and built a house on the hill close to the Deerfield line. Joseph Mar- , tin, his son, owned theplace many years. His grandson, John G.Mar- tin, is the present owner. , . NEW BOSTON ROAD (Going East.) No. 1. John Hobbs, who came from North Hampton, settled on Walnut Hill, Jonathan C. HobBS. 2. Benjamin Lang, sr., came from Rye, and built the house now owned by his great grandson Isaiah Lang. Capt. Benjamin Lang, jr., was the next 'owner and his son, David Lang, had the place. He was succeeded by 1 his son, Isaiah Lang. 3. Site of a house owned and occupied by Benjamin Lang. John Clay, jr. ',■ who married Benjamin Lang's widow, owned the place. 4. Franklin Clay, sr., Bon of John Clay, jr. 8. Ensign John Clay, son of John Clay,' sr., and brother of Walter Clay, sr., and Stephen Clay. His grand-daughter, Mrs. Harriet N. Clay, who mar- ried George W. Sticknqy of Beverly, Mass., now owns the place. 6. i True Foster,' He married Data Hobbs, and she now owns the place. 7. On the corner of the. Main road and the short road which extends to the old saw and grist mills, John Morrison built a small house eighty-five years ago or more. He was one of the seven Candia soldiers who fought in the battle of Bunker Hill. His son, Thomas Morrison, who was a soldier of the war of 1812. and David MorriBon lived in the house several years. The place was finally sold to John Worthen. Bartholomew Crow- ly is the present owner. 1 8. Samuel Judkins, who operated the saw and grist mills many years ago, owned a house and a small farm close by. When he died the place was occupied by his son-in-law Aaron Lamprey. Abel Lovejoy, who came from Hebron, lived on the place and tended the mill. 31 482 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 9. Barney Donnelly owned a house a few rods below the John Worthen • place. 10. Jonathan Worthen, a son of Maj. Jacob Worthen, lived a. number of years .In a house on the north side of the main road and near its junc- tion with the cross road which extends to the Congregational meeting house. Nathan Prescottand several other persons also lived there. The house was torn down fifteen or twenty years ago. There were two other very small and poorly constructed houses on the north side of the road a few rods east of the last one described. They were torn down a few years ago. HIGH STREET (From the Corner.) No. l.> Samuel Mooers, Samuel Mooers, jr., David Pillsbury, Benjamin Pills- bury, William Turner, John Bean, John K. Nay, George W. Seaward. 2. Benjamin Pillsbury, who built the house ' on • the coiner of the lot, William Turner, John Moore, Henry W, Moore. 3. John Robie the saddler, George Turner. 4. Dr. Timothy Kelley, Peter Lane, Jonathan Sargent, Dea. Josiah Shan- non, Bev. E. N, Hidden, Leonard F. Dearborn, Freeman Parker, 0. John Clay, Joshua Hubbard, J. Pike Hubbard, Asa Dutton, Asa D, Spaulding. 6. Master Moses Fitts, Frederick Fitts, Mrs. Frederick Fitts, John S. Pat- ten. 7- South side, Abraham Fitts, Dea. Daniel Fitts, Dr. Joseph Eastman, Dr. Richard Page, Frank E. Page, 8. North side, Thomas Dearborn, Josiah Palmer, lchabod Cass, Nathanie B. Hall, Mrs. N. B. Hall, Frank W. Eaton. '.). Old Parsonage of the Congregational society, sold to Dr. Isaiah Lane, John Bean, Edward J, Sylvester. 10. The new Congregational Society parsonage. 11. Samuel Dearborn, jr.. Dr. Nathaniel . Wheat, Dr. Samuel Sargent, Al- bert Bean, George R. Bean. 12. Rev. Jesse Remington built the frame of this house; Joseph Fitts, Mrs. Joseph Fitts, George W. Bean. 13. Jesse Eaton, Mrs. Joshua Lane, John Robie, son of Walter Robie 2d., Rev. James H. Fitts is the present owner. 14. Stephen Clay, Peter Eaton, William Crane, John Ewer, heirs of Mrs. John Ewer. 15. John Carr, Joseph Carr, Nathan Carr, Mrs. John Ewer, heirs of Mrs. John Ewer. 16. Abel Reed, Josiah French, Capt. True Eaton, Frank W. Eaton. • 17. Samuel Mooers, Mrs. Abel Reed, Mary T. French, Charles R. Stacy, Mrs. Ansel Emerson. 18 Master Moses Fitts, lchabod Cass, Dudley N.Lang, Capt. Henry True Eaton. 19. Caleb Brown, Daniel Brown, Caleb Brown, 2nd, David Rowe, Milton Leeds, George Wallace. 20. Site of residence of Samuel Clough, 2nd. 21. Site of residence of Samuel Clough, Sr„ Eder Evans. 22. John Emerson, Alanson Higley, Samuel Watson, William G. Fitts Mrs W. G. Fitts. 23. John Emerson, Moses Watson, William G. Fitts, Mrs. W. Fitts. 2*. Samuel Fitts, Leonard Dearborn, Frank A. Hall. 25. John Emerson, Leonard Dearborn Andrew J. Edgerly, Horatio Rowe George Smith. ' HISTORY OF CANDIA. 483 -26. Gilman Libbee, two sistera of Gllman Libbee, Mrs. Elbridge Baker. 37. Daniel Fitts, Capt. Abraham Fitts, Mrs Abraham Fitts, Isaac Fitts. 28. Samuel Morrill, 3d. •29. Jonathan Hills, Samuel' Morrill, esq., Samuel Morrill, 2nd., Samuel Mor- rill, 3d, John C. Fifleld, Parker Morrill. Benjamin Hubbard, Harrison Brown. : 30. Theophilus Clough came: from Southampton and removed to Springfield. Theophilus Clough, jr., Truf French. George Eben Eaton. ,31. Samuel Morrill, 3d, Samuel Woodman, (from Kingston), George S. Triekey, Louis Westover. 32. LeviRobie, A. .1. Roble. - 33. lchabod Bobie, Levi Bobie, si'.,' Asa Robie, Samuel B. Bobie. 34. Capt. Benjamin Cass, Benjamin Cass, 2d, Aaron Cass, True French, Moies T-. French, son of Sargent French. 35. JohnC.Fifield, Mrs. J,C. Fifield, A. Jackson Fifleld. 36. Site of a house built and owned many years ago by Benjamin Fowler. 27. A man by the name of I-Iibbard built a house on the north side; Joseph Wiggin lived here a few years. -- 38. Edward Martin. 39. A brother of Stephen Fifie/d, Jonathan Cass, Mrs. Jonathan Cass, John M.French . 40. A new house owned by Charles S. French, son of John M. French. 41. Jonathan Collins, Jonathan C. French, JohniC. Fiffeld, Parker Morrill, Sumner Fifield, John Fifield, Edwin Fifield and others, Samuel A. Davis.' 42. Stephen Fifield, sr., William Fifield, Nancy Fifleld, heirs of Nancy Fifield, Abraham Sanoorn, Peter E. Cross. ' . 43. Jethro Hill, Reuben. Fitts, his son^n-law, John Fitts, John Lane' Fitts. 44. Sherburne Howe, Benjamin Rowe, Shepard, Bean, Lewis Bean, Joseph Bean, John Colby of Hooksett, Matthew Gate. -45. John Fitts, John Carter, John Jones, Stephen Fifield, John T. Nelson. 46. George Fifield. " 47. Jonathan Brown, Peter Fifield, James Morrill, J. Henry Brown, son of James Brown. 48- Albert W. Brown. 9. Cyrus Batchelder, Mrs, Stephen Baker. 50. Aaron Brown, sr., brother of Jonathan Brown, came from Kensington, Aaron Brown, jr., George H. Brown. 51. John Martin, David Brown, jr., Daniel McDuffie, John Baker. 52. Joseph Hubbard, sr., Elias Hubbard and' Joseph Hubbard, jr. 53. Joshua Hubbard, Ira Rowe, Joshua Fitts, Lewis Cate. 54. Benjamin Hubbard, Benjamin Hubbard, jr., George Evans, William G. Fitts, Edward J. Harrington. 55. Benjamin Rowe, jr., Joseph Matthews, Stephen Marsh, Samuel Wood- . man, Matthew Cate, James Foss. 56. David Brown, son of Caleb Brown, sr., John M. Brown, Joseph Cate, John P. Cate. 57. Silas Cammett, John Cammett, Nehemiah Brown, Ira B. Ordway. 58. Philip and Moses Morse, brothers, Moses Bursiel, sr., Moses Bursiel, jr. Horatio Rowe, Mrs. Elbrldge .Baker, Joseph T ufts. 39. Lewis Worthen, Thomas Cate, Matthew Cate. 60. Aaron Towns, George Towns. 61. John Prescott, Samuel Clough, John P. L. Rowe, Amos Polly. On the road leading from the upper end of High Street to Rowe's Corner Varnum Kemp built a house forty years ago. Caroline Woods owned she place. Frederick Saunders is the present owner. 484 HISTORY OF CANDIA. DONIVAN ROAD. William Donivan. from Hampton Falls, Augustus Hartford, William Nelaon r John C. Fifield. MERRILL ROAD (Leading from near the upper end of High Street to North Road. Dea. Samuel Cass, son of Capt. Benjamin Cass, Moses Cass, Dea. John Merrill who came from Hudson, D. Tyler Merrill, Stephen C. Merril, Mr, and Mrs. William Norton. The small house near the corner of the Merrill and North Roads. Stephen C.- Merrill and D. T. Merrill resided. KNOWLTON ROAD (Going North from High Street. No. 1. Alonzo Wicum, Edwin Rowe, James Clark. 2. Eder Evans, John Clark. t 3. Chellus Cass, William Knowlton, Henry Jones. 4. Enoch Worthen, Henry Jones. TOWER HILL (Going NorthweBt). , Daniel McDuffle, who came from Chester and settled on the south side of Tower Hill. He married Ann Shirley and' had five sons, viz : Hazen, Samuel Archibald, Daniel and David. No. 1. Samuel built a house and engaged in the business of making staves. A Mr. Conant, a few years later, bought the place. The present owner is Peter Butler, a native of Vermont who served in the War of the Rebellion and lost an arm. 2. Samuel and Hazen McDuffle built a house here. The place was owned by various parties. ' About fifteen years ago a Frenchman named Michael Rivers with his wife came to the town and lived on the place several years when it was sold to Charles Deming. Mr. Rivers was said to have been nearly a hundred years old. 3. Peter ^Neal lived many years on the west side of the top of the hill. After his death William S. Brown had the place. George Colby is the present owner. 4. Peter Neal, 'who for some time owned the place gave it to his son John Neal, J. Frank Neal was the next owner and built a new house. 5t This place waa first owned by John Neal. Archibald McDuffle and his son John McDullie have owned the place. THE TURNPIKE. No. 1. Samuel Anderson built a house and kept a tavern when the Chester Turn- pike was opened in 1805 George Anderson, his eon, lived on the place several years. It is now owned by Andrew Mead. 2, Many years ago Paul Eaton built a house on the Turnpike about a mile west of Anderson's tavern. His son-inJaw Josiah French resided there several years. About the year 1824, he removed to the house on High Street now owned by Frank W. Eaton. 3, Samuel Mc. Duffle was the first owner of this place. Lowell McDuffle, a son of Archibald McDuffle, U the present owner. 4, Horace McDuffle. 5, Lorenzo McDuffle, son of Hazen McDuffle. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 485 «, William Langley, a aon of David Langley, built the house and soon after- ward died suddenly of heart disease, 7. David Brown, William Langley. S. Archibald MeDuffle. 9. Joshua French, son of Moses French, sr., Mark Pray, Edmund S. Lang- ley. After the death of Mr. Langley the place was sold to vfatson L. Olmstead of Manchester. David B. Langley, son of Edmund S. Langley. He built the house in 1860. Dearborn French, son of Moses French, 2d. Moses French, 3d, son of Moses French, 2d. He died of cancer In 1882. Col. Samuel Cass, son of Dea. Samuel Cass, built this house in 1816. In 1825 he sold the place to Moses French, 2d, and removed to the Knowles place on the Colby Road. J. Sullivan Brown,' who came from Lexington, Mass., about the year, 1827 and built the house. 1 10. 11. 12. 13. SOUTH ROAD (South from Meeting House.) 1. Eleazer Knowles, son of Amos Knowles, sr., E. Quimby Knowles, James Varnum. ■2. Dr. Samuel Foster, Thomas B.Lane, Ebsn Eaton, Osgood Page, A.J. Edgefly, T. Clow. ■Z. William Duncan, John D. Patterson, D. Fellows, Edward P. Preacott, George, Brown. 4. Richard Buswell, Otis Colcord, John Harris. -5. Moses Varnum, Webster Varnum. 6. Samuel A. Davis, Edmund Winship, Mrs. Ira Howe, George F. Cass. 7. Levi Sanborn, Herbert Reno. 8. Phineas M. Swain. 9. AuBtinCass. 10. Matthew Ramsey, Amos- Knowles, sr., Amos Knowles 2nd, Ebenezer Nay, Asbury BQswell, Charles G. Pettingill. > 11. Ezekiel Knowles, Joseph Foster, Thomas Emerson, Henry S. Eaton, George Melville from Concord, William Crane. > 12. Site of house once owned by Timothy Bagley, a clothier, and the father of Charles Bagley the clothier at the village. 13. Asahel Quimby, Paul Eaton, Col. Henry T. Eaton, Sally Eaton. Mrs. Mary Mooi e, a grand daughter. 14. Site of a house on the Col. Eaton farm, near Pine Hill road, where Isaiah Rowe lived a short time after he came to the town. 15. Capt. John Sargeant, Josiah Shannon, Capt, John Webster, Willard Harris "16. Capt. John Sargent, Andrew Mead, David Tabor, Daniel B. Langley. 17. Thomas Anderson, Ingalls Bunker, Amos Whitney. < 18. Dea. Caleb Prince, son of Rev. Joseph Prince, Moses Sargeant. 19. John Prince, Moses Sargent, Jesse Sargent. 20. Henry Eaton, son of Ephraim Eaton, who came from Salisbury,' Maes., Henry M. Eaton, Ellen Eaton. 21. Site of the house built by Benjamin Batchelder, the first owner of the Ephraim Eaton lot. ■22. Josiah Sargeant, sr., brother of Capt. John Sargeant, Josiah Sargeant, jr., David Rowe. George W. Robinson, George Young, Gardner Sherburne, -23. Benjamin Cass, jr., Joseph Pease, Robert McDaniels. M. Rufus Sargent, Bufus Hall, Benjamin Cass, sr., Asa S. Dutton, Frank Haeelton. 486 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 25. A few rods south of the place last mentioned is the site of the first house- owned by Samuel Buswell, sr,, The house was f;orn down many years- - ago. 26. On the road leading to the school house John Buswell, Daniel McDuffie,, Daniel B. Langley, John H. Moore. 27. Jacob Buswell, son of John Buswell, Daniel Jones, Watson Preacot Jeremiah Lane, heirs of Jeremiah Lane. 28. Site of house of Walter Robie, 2d, John Bobie, his son. 29. Walter Bobie, esq., sr., Walter Bobie, 3d, John Robie, ABa Truel. 30. Samuel Sargeant, son of Moses Sargeant, sr„ who was a grandson of En- sign Jacob Sargent of Chester, Charles P. R. Sargent, William Pecker. 31. Samuel Buswell, his son, Samuel Augustus Buswell. 32. Dea. John Hills, who was present at the battle of Bunker Hill; Parker- Hills, Dea. Edmund Hills. 33. Daniel Hall. 34. Jonathan Brown, Nathaniel 6. Hardy and other owners. 35. Maj. Jesse Eaton, Jacob Mead, Thomas Johnson, Samuel Hardy. 36. Near the intersection of the South Boad with the road leading to the- , Borough there is the site of a house which was owned by James Eaton, a . EevolutionaryJSoldier. COLBY ROAD (Going east.) No. 1. Levi Knowjes, Samuel Cass, Quincy Cass. George F. Cass now owns the- plaee. 2. On the south side of the road east of the Cass place is the site of a house which is said to have been built by Stephen 1 Clay before he lived on the- place near the Congregational church now owned' by the heirs of John. Ewer. A man by the name of Flagg, whose daughter married Ichabod Robie, brother of William Robie, lived there several years. The house- was torn down many years ago. 3. Enoch Colby, sr., who came from Chester in 1750. He was succeeded by' Nehemiah Colby, sr,, Nehemiah Colby, jr., Rev. James Adams, heirs of Bev. Mr. Adams. 4. Nehemiah Colby, jr., Rey. James Adams and the heirs of Bev. Mr. Adams owned the place which has been occupied solely by tenants. 5. Capt. Jacob Libbee, who came from Bye, Barnard Libbee, Levi Barker,. B. B. Bunker, John Eowe. 6. House near the corner of the Chester Boad owned by John W. Cate and, occupied by tenants. BAKEE ROAD. No. I. Site of a house where Stephen Marden, one of the first settlers lived. His- daughter, Sally Marden, who married Enoch Baker, had the place. After her death the house was torn down. 5. Site of a house owned by Caleb Brown, jr., Rodney Brown, Thomas Dear- born, George Brown. The house was burned nearly twenty years ago. 3 Site of a house which was built many years ago on a lot west of the Caleb- Brown place by Levi Cass. The house was torn down fifty years ago. LIBBEE AND ANDERSON ROADS. No. 1. Arthur Libbee settled near the corner of the Libbee Boad and Anderson- Boad. He was a soldier of the Bevolution. .Isaac Libbee, Gllman Libbee- The house was torn down forty years ago. 2. Moses Sargeant, son of Winthrop Sargeant, Moses Sargeant, jr., Charles- Smith, who came from Loudon, Edmund E. Smith. HISTORY OF CANillA. 487 8 Luke Hall, a Portuguese, lived on this place. His heirs now own the property. 4. William Anderson, William Bailey, Charles Aldrich, Charles L. Flint, son of Luther Flint. 5. Site of a house owned by William Anderson, sr. 8. Thomas Anderson, son- of Samuel Anderson, Levi Flint, Luther Flint, widow of Luther Flint. 7. Site of house built by Thomas Anderson, sr., Samuel Anderson, jr, CHESTER BOAD (From Depot Village Going South.) No.l. Moses Emerson, son of Samuel Emerson, came from Chester in 1762, Abraham Emerson, Moses F. Emerson. 2. Thomas Benton Turner, son of William Turner, resides on a part of" the Thomas Wilson lot. '* 3. Thomas Wilson, who came from Chester, his son, Samuel Wilson, Daniel F. Emerson. > 4. Site 01 house of John Robie, oame from Chester, William Robie, his son, 5. Francis Patten, son of William Patten, Aaron Francis Patten. 6- Jacob Quimby, James Varnum, Joseph Palmerf, Tiiorhas Alfred Palmer. 7. William Gushing. 8. Samuel and Thomas Towle, from Chester, John Robie, son of Walter Robie, jr., Nathaniel D. Robie, Henry Dutton, Asa S. Dutton, Samuel G- Wentworth. 9. Zcbedee Berry, who came from Greenland, Col. Coffin M. French, son of John French, sr., Dea. John French. 10. Joh&than Hill, William Dolber, Otis Colcord. '■ 11. Simon French, sr., came to Candia in 1765 and bought one-half of lot No. 31, second part of second division, for 133 Spanish dollars. John French, sr , Simon French, jr., George Seavey', Cyrus Prescott, Isaac Underbill. 12. Israel Dolber, Israel Dolber, jr., John Dolber, sr., heirs of John Dolber. 1 Mrs. Mary Colby is the present owner. 13. Capt. Moses Dustin, Mrs. Moses Dustin, Jonathan Dustin, 'Mrs. George Seavey, David Brickett, Mrs. Sally Gardner. 14. Sally Dustiu, daughter of Moses Dustin, built a house here about 1S05. Joseph Rand, Isaac Underbill. • 15. Jonathan Emerson built a house here in 1825. His successors were , Charles Lovering, George Davis and James W. Plaisted. 16. John Dolber, William Dolber, heirs of William Dolber, 17. On the cross road leading from the Chester'road to the southeast corner of Candia Cornelius Driscoll built a house on land formerly owned by Maj. Simon French. Jeremiah Crowley also built a house near that of Mrs. Crowley. ^ PANCAKE LANE. "No. 1. About seventy rods north of the residence of Moses Palmer, and on the \ same side of the road, there is the site of a house once owned and occupied by Israel Dolber. 2. Site of a house first owned by Richard Clark. His successors were Ed- ward Prescott, sr., Cyrus Prescott, Thomas Dearborn, son of Samuel Dearborn, 2d,. Williafn Hoit, WMard Kent, Heirsof Albert Palmer. 3. S. Jenness. who came from Northileld; Samuel Hardy, who came from Rye; Samuel Dearborn,' 2d; Benjamin Dearborn, J. Franklin Folsom, Walter H.Huntoon, Moses Palmer. 488 HISTORY' OF CANDIA. 4. At the corner of Pancake Lane and the road that extends from the South Road and intersects with the Borough Road near the Chester line is a house which has been owned and occupied by the following persons : William Norton, Edward Prescott, Jacob Mead, Charles E. Itobie, Walter Foss, Dyer Foss, the father of Sam. Walter Fobs, the distinguished poet, - and David E. Brown, grandson of the first David Brown of High Street. 5. On the north side of the cross road leading to South Boad is a large, one- story house which has been owned by Solomon Stevens, Henry Dockham' the tailor; Jonathan Smith, Addison Seavey and A. J. Butterfield. George W. Brown is the present owner. PATTEN ROAD (Commencing at the North Side of the Depot Village, going southeast.) 1. On the corner, Col. Nathaniel Emerson, first settler, Nathaniel Emerson, 2d, Freeman Parker, John W. Cate. I. Samuel Emerson, son of Col. Emerson, Phineas Colby, Jonathan Colby, Hiram C. Matthews, George Warner. 3. Jonathan Ring, Jacob Libbee, Artemas Skelton, Nathaniel Emerson, 2d. George Emerson, Andrew J. Edgerly, David Miller. 4. Daniel Whittier, Moses Emerson, 2d, Charles S. Emerson, heirs of Charles S.Emerson. 5. Capt. Moses Baker, who came from Epping about the year 1763 and re- moved to Campton in 1778, Jonathan Currier, Esq., 'Jonathan Brown, son of Nathan Brown, sr., George B. Brown, tenants. 6. Luke Cunningham. ' 7. John Moore, son of Joshua Moore, William Daniels, John Cunningham. 8. Joshua Moore, Silden Moore, his son, Samuel Gile. ' 9. Edmund Batchelder, Moses Patten, sr., David Patten, his brother, Rufus E. Patten, Robert Foss, George Hosely, M. Fairbanks, James W. Preston. 10. Levi Beaudroy. II. Thomas Patten, who came to Candia in 1774, Samuel Patten, sr., the father of Rufus E. Patten, Moses Patten, brother of Samuel Patten, sr., Samuel G. W. Patten, heirs of Samuel G. W. Patten. 12. Rufus E. Patten, John H. Nutting, son-in-law of R. E. Patten. 13. Site of the house of David McClure, who was the first settler, accord . ing to Eaton's history of the town, James McClure. 14. Site of the houee owned by Samuel Patten, Widow Lydia Patten. ABBOTT ROAD (Going North from the Patten Road to the Railroad Track. 1. John Abbott, sr., Joseph Dearborn, John Abb ott, jr., Rufus A bbott- 2. Samuel Seavey, Josiah Whittier, John Emerson, Joseph Abbott, 3. Joshua Moore built a small house on the east side near the north end of the road many years ago and lived there. 4. Simon N. Mealy occupied a house on the road near to that of Joshua Moore. JERSEY ROAD (Extending from the Portsmouth Railroad Track near East Candia Depot to Chester Line Going South. No.l. Jacob Snrgeant, son of Ensign Jacob Sargeaut, sr., of Chester, David Heath, John Willard, Rufus Abbott, Jefferson Healey, John Healey. i. Cotton Ward, Frank P. Langford. 3. Joseph L. Brown, James G. Brown, Luther S. Brown. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 489, 4.' Jonathan Healey, John Atkins. 5. Bufus Ward, William O. Eeynolds. 6. David Gtle, Charles Gile. 7. Caleb Pillsbury, John Dearborn. 8. Asa Dearborn, Charles Dearborn. ,' 9. George Sanborn. 10. Elias Wendell, Asa Dearborn. 11. William S. Brown, Joseph Brown, George H. Brown, J. B. Morrison. 12. John Wason, J. Osgood Wason. 1 LANGFOED BOAD (East Candia, Going Southeast.) No.l. On the corner of the Bay mond road William Towle, John Bobinson, Cot- ton Ward, Leonard P. Dearborn, Augustus Mulliken, Ira Dearborn. 2. Aaron T. Bugley, Keuben H. Dunn, Cyrus B. Dunn. 8. George W. Seaward, David Collins. • 4. William Morrill, J. E. Morrill. 5. Jonathan Smith, Jr., son of Jonathan Smith* sr., Charles H. Smith. 6. E. Gale, who came from Salisbury, Mass., Stephen Gale, David Eichard- son, Frank Eichardson, Stephen Adams, Samuel Sargent, John Clifford, Frank Lakio, Jacob Holt. 7. James G. Fitts, a brother of J. Munroe Fitts, Jonathan Smith, Sylvester Griffin, Frank P. Brown. 8. Addison Bean, Sylvester Griffin, Thomas Clifford. 9. Humphrey Hook, Simon Ward, Anthony Kelley, Josiah FittsJ who came from Southampton in 1830, J. Monroe Fitts. 10. James G. Fitts, John C. Dearborn, heirs of J. C, Dearborn, 11. Benjamin Edgerly, Jacob S. Morrill, James Woodman, John C.Dearborn who came to Candia in 1830, Woodbury Dearborn. 12. Sargent Currier, Munroe S. Currier. 1 is. John Walter Langford. 14. Anthony Langford, a native of England who came to Candia from Ports- mouth about 1820, Joseph C. Langford, Mrs. Harriet C. Hubbard.. 15. Anthony. Clifford, William Griffin, John Brown. 16. William Clifford, Lewis Dearborn. BOAD FEOM EAST CANDIA SCHOOL HOUSE TO EAILEOAD STATION. No. 1. Jeremiah Brown. 2. Tenement house owned by Frank P. Brown. 3. Also Tenement house owned by Frank P. Brown. . 4. Formerly owned by J. C. Langford, Mrs. Joseph 15. Eoberts, tenant. 5. Owned by Jeremiah Brown. Mrs, Joseph Healey. RAYMOND BOAD (Going East.) No. 1. Enoch Bowell was the first settler on the lot on the south corner of the road where the Masonic Hall is located. He was a soldier of the Bevolu- tion and died at Ticonderoga in 1776. Various parties owned the place and about the year 1820 John Sargeant, who was a son of Jacob Sargeant, jr., and a grandson of John Sargeant, sr., who was the first settler on the B. P. Colby lot, bought the place. He sold to Henry M. Eaton. When Mr. Eaton retired the place was owned by various persons. Moses D. Eichardson owned it several years and on his death it fell, to his heirs. Mrs. Thomas Bean and her son, Oilman Bean, have resided there a few years. 094 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 2. John Sargeant, sr., who owned the eighty acre lot on which the old B. P. Colby house stands, gave his son John an acre of land on the corner where the Methodist chnrch is located and built him a house. Benjamin Pillsbury owned the place many years and rented it to tenants, among whom were James Sargeant and ElishaHuntoon. John Bean owned the place forty years ago and sold it, to the proprietors of the Methodist church . 3. Moses Laae lived on a spot below the Masonic hall. John Gf-ile now owns the place. 5. John Sargent, sr., gave his eon, Jacob Sargeant all of the east part of his lot ex- cept the acre on the corner which he had given his son John and built the house where Abrabam Barker resides. Dr. John Pillsbury and Stephen Robinson also owned the place. 5. Theophilua Sargeant, a brother of John Sargeant, sr., owned the eighty acrelot adjoining that of Enoch Rowell and lived in house which was demolished many years ago. 6. Kphraim George bought of Dr. Natnaniel Wheat the gable-roofed house which stood on the spot now covered by the residence of the late Albert Bean, near the old Congregational meeting house and hauled it to a situation on the Theo- philus Sargeant lot now owned by William Stanley. Among its recent owners * were John C. Wheeler and David Potter. 7. This house was hauled from the village a few years ago. Mrs. Eliza Lib bee was the first owner, Daniel Straw is the ptesent owner. 8. Thomas Hobbs, a second cousin of John- Hobbs, came from Northampton, ^Andrew Moore, John Moore, 3d, his Bon, Coffin Moore, J. 1 Wesley Lovejoy, Samuel Myrict, heirs of Samuel Myrick. 9. John Moore, a soldier of the Revolution, his son, Andrew Moore, Charles Bick- ford. Mr. Bickford tore down the old house and built a new one. By his will he gave the place to rhe Congregational society. In 1892, John Khor, of Mel-» rose, Mass., bought the place for a summer residence. 10. Charles Weeks. v 11. Benjamin Smith, Sr., one of the first settlers, Benjamin Smith, jr., dipt. John Smith, son of Benjamin Smith, jr. 12. Roble Smith, son of Capt. John Smith, William Robinson, Mrs. William Robinson. 13. French Smith, son of True Smith. 14. True Smith, son of Benjamin Smith, jr. Id. Samuel Bagley, Moses James, Owen Reynolds, Daniel B.Robinson. Willis ' Patten bought it for a tenement house many years ago. His son, 'John S> : Patten is the present owner. Jesse E. Gile now resides on the place. 16. Edward Morrill and John Dunn have owned and occupied the first house on * , the road which turnB to the left towards the village at the Island. 17. Jonathan Smith, A. Bean Smith, Tristram Brown, G. N. Robinson. ' 18. John Robinson, George Willey. ISLAND VILLAGE (Going East). No. 1. Oliver Merrlfield, Clara A. Jones and various tenants. Jacob Holt now owns the place. 2. Dfiniel S. Robinson, Charles Robinson, Charles Jones. 3. Joseph Beane built the house for parties in his employ. Freeman Young was an owner. Samuel Critchett Is the present owner. i 4. This house was built by David Beane, a -un of Dea. Abraham Heane, for the accomodation of parties employed by him upon his farm. There have been many tenants upon the place. 5. This house was built by David Beane for a store. The place came into the pos. session of his heirs, Nathan Worthen, the next owner, Bradley Aldrlch of Manchester owned the place several years and sold it to Abraham Nelson. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 49I 1L. 12. Divid Beane's residence, John Beane, his sun, Elihu Chase, Frank ChaBe. John Anderson is the present owner. Joseph Beane, son of Dea. Abraham Beane, built this house for a residence many years ago. Christopher Champagne now owns the place, Bea. Gordon Beane, son of Dea. Abraham Beane, erected this house nioie than Bfty years ago. Loring Ladd owned the place a few years and sold it to Carl Johnson, a Swede. Dea. Abraham Beane, sonof David Beane, sr., built the hou.-e more than seven- ty-five years ago. Gordon Beane resided there several years. Joseph Johnson is the present owner. , Abraham Beane, 2d, owned this place many years. Dadiey Lougee was an owner some time and conveyed the place to Frederick Lougee, the present owner. Near the east end of the street which leads to the Coloord K)ad, John Gleason built a dwelling house. The place is now owned by J. Tucker Dudley, Frank Felton. Joseph H. Johnson. • CLARK HILL EOAD (Going North). No. 1. Robert Patten, who came from Chester, Wlllam Patten, Willis Patten, George - F. Patten; 2. The'ophilus Clark, Joseph Clark, Jesse Towle, Charles W. Towle, Henry Clark, st., Henry Clark, Jr., Henry G. Clark, Henry Gould, Bzekiel A. Thompson, John Eckford. 3. Benjimin Wadlelgh, Emery Currier, Dr. J. O. Haines, Cyrus 1'iescou, William J Brown, Oscar Abbott, Luther S. Monroe. COLCOED EOAD (Going East.) Jeremiah Bean, Joseph Bean and Jonathan Bean, who were brothers, came from Brentwood previous to 1760. They belonged to a different family of Beans from those represented by David Beane, sr., Abraham Beane, sr., and Reuben Beane, who lived at the Island and vicinity. No. 1. Jeremiah Bean bought more than 600 acres of land in the north part of Candia, including the north section of Candia Village. He built a house which stood a few rods north of the west end of the Coloord Eoad and East of the road leading to Deerfield. Josiah Bean, a son of Jeremiah Bean; a Mr. Brown was the next owner, then Hosea Chase, John P. Smith, Levi Smith. Hosea Chase, Thomas B. Dearborn, George W. Marden, widow of George W. Marden. Jeremiah Bean built this house. He was succeeded by his son, Benjamin Bean. Betsey Glidden, Plumer Sanborn and Thomas McCarty have owned the place. Samuel Dearborn, sr., a brother of Thomas Dearborn, who was killed in the war of the revolution, Moses Dearborn, Stephen M. Bean, Cyrus T- Lane, George Goss and George Clark have owned the place. Site of a house built by John Taylor, John Moore. Mr. Young, Frank Richardson, Richard Blaisdell, Edmund E. Ingalls, John H. Moore. A small cottage, built for tenants, by John Moore, Esq., James Burnham, s Adolphus Richardson". Jonathan Melloon, Betsey Bean and Phinehas Bean, John Bean, Ephraim Davis, Mrs. Benjamin Perkins. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 492 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 9. Samuel Colcord, Jr., heirs of S. Colcord. 10. Moses Bean, Richard Bean, Samuel risk. 11. Moses Bean, W. Sargent Dearborn, Capt. Nathaniel Brown, Henry Brown, heirs of Henry Brown. 12. Reuben Bean, father of Elder Moses Bean, Elihti Chase, Amos Flint, William Hudson. 13. Dudley Bean, a brother of Beuben Bean, Thomas B. Bean, Jesse D. Bean. H. John Warren Bean. 15. Ensign Samuel Colcord, Otis Colcord, Poor farm, J. Wesley Lore joy, Charles H. Parks, sr., Joseph Critchett. 16. John Gordon, Betsey Gordon, Isaac N. Critchett. 17. Oliver Gordon, Joseph M. Young, Joseph Kimball, 18. Jesse Bean, Charles H. Parks, Joseph Young, heirs of Joseph Young. 19. James Critchett, sr., the clock maker, Isaac and James Critchett, John Critchett, Isaac N. Critchett, Gardner Sherburne, William Glidden. 20. J. Wesley Lovojoy, James Critchett, jr., Freeman P. Critchett. 21. James Critchett, sr., first built a log house a few rods north of the large house, in which he lived many years. THBESHEK BOAD, No. 1. Henry Thresher, Dana D. Thresher. 2. Nathan Bean, a son of Jonathan Bean, sr. 3. John Prescott, John Prescott, jr., Mrs. John Prescott. 4. Samuel Woodman, Stevens Colcord, Joseph Colcord. CANDIA VILLAGE (Going North from the East End of the Burpee Road.) No. 1. Site of a house built by William Turner from Chester, who, according to Chase's History of Chester, bought his lot in 1741. He had four children, Sarab, who was born in 1747, being the first white child born in Candia. Moses, the third child had the homestead. Benjamin Dearborn was the last owner of this house. 2. Site of a house built by Moses Turner, jr., near that which was owned by his grandfather, William Turner. Gordon, his son, sold the place to Benjamin Dearborn. 3. Benjamin Dearborn demolished both of them and built on a part of the Turner farm further north. He sold it to Edmund B. Ingalls, and he to William Bullard. 4. Thomas Dearborn, Thomas J. Morrill, Hiram Clark. 5. John Moore, Esq., built the house here about the year 1827. Jacob S. Morrill. 6. Thomas Robinson, Parker M. Towle. 7. Alvin D. Dudley bnilt the house in 1846. Dr. E. S. Carr, George Johnson. Various tenants have lived on the place. 8. Flumer W. Sanborn, jr., Wesley Lovejoy, A. A. Whittredge, George W. Mitchell and George W. Kimball, who traded in the building, occupied the upper part as a residence. 9. Jostah Turner, David Richardson, Oilman Richardson, Joseph Richard- son, David Clay, Joseph Dudley, who came from Raymond. The Free- will Baptist Society bought the place for a parsonage. 10. Nicholas French, 2d, Samuel Tuck, Samuel Dudley Jason Godfrey, John Starbird, a tailor from Northwood, John B. Richardson, jr., J. Roland Batchelder. 11. Nehemiah Colby, Francis White, Thomas R. Bean, Frank Mel loon. H^^^Er^ - 12. Br' i 13. I H. Bk , . 18. ■Pr, - Ki' i ■p?^ * »u; 16. MPi' 17. He- 18. Mm Bll' Bft 19. ^■il' 20. &/ 21. ^Hrf*^ fl| . 22. B' 23. ■ft' 1 '' 24. 25, 26. ■b! • * 27. K*° ' 28. 29. Mew. 30. 31. ■' 32. K' ■ 33. K" 34. 35. ■Pi ^■B.'- ^K^|' ■^Btg:'^ HISTORY OF CANDIA. 493 On the west side of tbe river, opposite the Freewill Baptist church, E. B. Cheney, the clothier, built a large, two-story house seventy years ago. It was owned by various parties, the last being John Moore, Esq., and his heirs. It was torn down in 1889. Smith Quimby built a house near the Cheney place. John Qulmby is tbe present owner. David Bunker, a clothier, who came from Epping sixty-five years ago or more built the large house next north of the Freewill Baptist church. It was sold to William Turner and next to Samuel Dudley. The dwelling house on tbe west side of the road and next to the grist mill on the north was owned by John Moore and his brother-in-law Daniel Taylor. The'lower part was used for a store and the upper part for a residence. William Turner bought the place and traded there two or three years and then sold the building to Samuel Dudjey. In 1847 Dea. Dudley built a tenement block which connected his residence with the building he bought of Turner. Tbe latter building has been occupied by tenants more than forty years. 'All of the buildings are now owned by Joseph P. Dudley of Buffalo, N. Y. On the east side of the street next tbe river E.' B. Cheney first lived, Ben- jamin Taylor. ' ' Luther Parker, a butcher, owned the first house on the north side of the river and east side of the road, Thomas Batchelder, heirs of Thomas Batc.helder. ■ ' ' The large house situated next north df the grist mill was built by James and Moses Critchett, the carriage makers and wheelwrights, more than seventy -three years ago. Ira P. Godfrey, who came from Hampton fifty, years ago, added a tenement on the west of the house. James Critchett jr., lived in the east part of the houBe many years. His widow now owns the place. Elder Moses Be.au built the old, one-story house, next north, of the Critchett place. After Elder Bean left town, the place was sold to Judge Butler of Deeifleld. Many tenants lived there. The house next north was originally Elder Bean's shoe manufactory. It was changed to a dwelling house and Alfred Higley and Thomas Noyes were owners. Joseph Taylor now owns the place. Josiah Turner, Freeman Parker, the clothier, Henry Higley, Plumer Batchelder, Henry W.alker, Mrs. Henry Walker. Alexander Gilchrist, a cabinet maker from Goffstown, Mrs. A. Gilchrist. Phinehas Bean, son of Jonathan Bean, 2d, or Master Bean, as he was ' often called. | Thomas Lang, the blacksmith, Edwin J. Godfrey. Robert Moore, a saddler and harness maker, who came from Pembroke Herbert Moore. Elihu Chase and his son-in-law Carr B. Haines, who ofune from Maine, J.Maeder Young, sr., Arthur Critchett. JosepbBean, one of the first settlers in the town, who came from Brentwood, Daniel Bean, Bradley Bean, Bradley C.Bean. William Turner, Jesse Bean, Jonathan Bean, David Richardson, William Patten, Rev. George M. Stinohfield, Rev, Silas Green, CyruB T, Lane. Joel b'. Smith, J. Tuttle Bean. Jonathan Bean, Richard Bean, Josiah Turner, William Clark. Amos Morrison, John M. Fitts. Cornelius Reagan, heirs of Cornelias Reagan. Cyrus G. Bradley, Peter Lane, Thomas J. Morrill. T. Jefferson Griffin, heirB of T. J, Griffin. Samuel G. Moore, John Sawyer. 1 494 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 36. Jonathan Bean, Betsey, widow of John Bean- The old house was torn down and Oilman Richardson built a new one on the site. Merrill Jehn, son-from Deerfield bought the place. 37. Oilman Richardson built a house a few rods above the old liean house in 1827. It was burned in 1856. ' ROAD FROM THE VILLAGE TO THE DEPOT. No. 1. Smith Quiruby built the bouse on the corner of the Burpee road. A Mr. Carpenter bought the place and sold it to Lewie F. Buswell. 2. Peter Mooeiv, son of Dr. Samuel Wooers, lived on the place recently owned by William Patten. His house stood on the exact spot where Mr. Patten's was erected, < \ 3. William Patten was the son of Robert Patten. His estate is now owned by the . heirs of his wife. , , 4. Henry Lo veil was the first owner of this place. The Freewill Baptist society bought It for a parsonage in 1850. Rev. Mr. Stinchfield and Rev. Silas Green each owned the place and the latter sold it to Ingalls Bunker, the present owner. 5. John Sargeunt, sr., was the first settler here. In 1806 he sold the place to Moses* Colby, who came from Hawke, now Danville. He was succeeded by his son B P.Colby. The place is now owned by Elbridgi ttirrtooh, am of Thom- as Morrison. 6. Stephen Palmer came to Candia from Epping in 1763. After remaining here a short time he removed to the North Road. John Wason, who came from Chester,, next owned the place and kept a store at the corner. After Mr. Wason retired, Jonathan Pillsbury, sr., a brother of David and Abtjah Pillsbury, bought the eighty acre lot and also the most of the eighty acre lot on the oppo- site side of the road upon which Enoch Rowell was the first settler. At a later date, he gave to his son, John Pillsbury, a large part of tbe first named lot and built the house Jonathan Pillsbury, son of John Pillsbury, now owns. 7. Charles Turner, the town clerk, about eight years ago, bought an acre of land which was a part of tbe first Jonathan Pillsbury estate. 8. Jonathan Pillsbury, 2d, once familiarly called 'Jock' Pillsbury, built a house on a part of the lot on the west side of tbe road, which was given him by his father, Jonathan Pillsbury, sr. Heirs of Jonathan Pillsbury. There have been many tenants on the place. 9. Jonathan Pillsbury, sr. t many years ago built a Urge and somewhat pretentious , house on the spot where tbe bouse of Dr. A. M. Foster is situated. . Mary Pills- bury, bis daughter, Uvea there many years and died in 1869 at nearly 90 years of age. S. Tappan Sanborn and Benjamin Sanborn, his son were his successors. Dr. A.M. Foster. 10. Levi Barker, John H. Smith. Plumer W. Sanborn built tbe house. He sold the estate to Samuel F. Colcord, a son of Samuel Colcord, jr. 11* Upon a spot in tbe field a few rods north of Mr. Colcord's residence tbere Is a cellar over which there was a dwelling house which was built by Nathaniel Maxfield, who owned u part of the eighty acre lot. He was a soldier of the* Revolution . DEPOT VILLAGE (Beginning at tbe South Side of tbe Colby Road). No. 1. John W. Cate and T. Benton Turner own tbe cottage near the corner of the Colby Road and the road between Candia Village and the Railroad station which was erected for tenants. 2. 'Frank Lombard, wb/> came fiom Manchester, bought of Nehemiab Colby bis old house and set it upon a lot which he purchased of Frederick Emerson. George Greer of Goffstown, Stephen Colby, who oame from Fremont. J. W. Cate and T. Benton Turner are tbe present owners. HISTORY OF CANDIA., 495 3. Perry Batcbelder, a Brother of J. Roland Batchelder, Edward R. Fullerlgof Lowell, Charles S. Lang. i. N. H. Martin, who came from Goffstown, Edwin L. Martin, Stephen S. Fifleld. 5. Charles Henry French. 6. Moses Dearborn of Raymond. 7. Robie Smith, Roble Smith's heirs. 8. John Rowe. 9. The hotel, Stephen B. Fltts, Barton Tilton, George \V. Robinson, George W. Whittier, Martin L. Butterfleld, Timothy G. Fellows. ,10. Edward P. Preeeott, William G. Lang. H. Samuel A. Davis, J. Wesley Lovejoy, James Critchett, Henry W. Moore George N. Davis. 12. Jacob L. Barker, Mark A 1 Dexter. 13. Gilman C. Lang, Lewis Remo, Kidder Haynes. 14. Jesse Sargent, built a house next above the Kidder Haynes place, which was burnt in 1881. 15. The house situated a few rods southwest of the saw mill was owned by Caleb Davis. It is now owned by Samuel Gile. STDMP STREET (Going West). No. 1. The old passenger depot building was moved here by William Pettingill. 2. Jonathan Harvey Philbrick. - 3. Moses B. Smith. Joseph Watson, Mrs. J. WatBon. fi.l CHAPTER XXXIII. BIOGRAPHICAL, SKETCHES. NATHANIEL EMERSON. I Colonel Nathaniel Emerson was the son of Samuel Em- erson, one of the first settlers and one of 'the most- distin- guished; citizens of Chester. He was born in 1741, and came to Canada about the year 1761, and settled on the spot where Jotfn W. Cate now resides. He married Sarah Til- ton; and they had four sons and six daughters. Col. Em- erson was several years an officer in the militia, when New Hampshire was a, province of Great Britian, and was com- missioned Colonel of the 17th Regiment by Gov. Benning Wentworth. In 1777, Tie was Lieut. Colonel of Col. Stick- ney's regitnent and fought in the memorable battle of Ben- nington in April, 1777. In 1778, he served as Lieut. Colon- el in Col. Nichols' regiment in Rhode Island, when the American army was co-operating with the French fleet in an attempt to expel the British forces frpm that province, as referred to on page 91' of this volume. The attack upon the British army at that time was unsuccessful and Col. Emerson soon afterwards returned to Candia. During the whole period of the war of the Revolution he was a very efficient member of the Committee of Safety. In 1782, he served as a member of the convention which framed the first State Csnstitution and in 1785 and 1786, he was a Repre- sentative of the New Hampshire House of Representa- tives. , He was a member of the board of Selectmen sever- al years. In 1786, he was chose.11 superintendent of the work of building the first meeting house and was one of the first members of the Congregational church in town. He was for many years a surveyer of land and a Justice of the Peace twenty-five yeaTs. He died, April 30, 1824^ 496 ?/2^<^x/ HX'-vlVKY OP ' \ '1A, 407 > ,.:;■ ,-ti Job,'.'8ar<*o..in'.. a son o.f Wimhroip Sirgeant ;n-.-s i;rand- *.) f tv-..'^ft v *>*ej South Krwd, now owned bv Gotdort Sfevt.MMiC. IJc'iived ; m 1-: iseyera; year.';, vhen ho^a\ ■- the -;pl;»ee r o bis ,-ior- i -,">•'• <»ud 'Ougtrit of William Wilson the farm <0»> Sti!" th Road ii''v ■.•J:-'U^ir;- - ■'■ 1 i-'juis !;tin'\ lie built iho house now jtanduig »!' >b~- ,/iace. He nsar:iid Mary, iidjuo-h- !',* of i Villi am Turner. (oev ;j,ad tire* ehildien, ?::.ih, who worried Pea. I ^siah ■SjUahnon, josiaii and Mo-cs The tatter .■: i. settled on : h< nk-as >ju "jiuitl' K.'"d now due pro perry <.f P.vnk Hase'roti- <-h:. vas protiuneiU o: public affabs. Cantata ';>] a was a SjoUiot . , Capt.r^ Mos-.-> Raker's t anpiny . Tie v«s •■'. :-.ent. at tiv t>te» ■'!*;» of Saratoga am' Stiltv, ,-ici, and witnessed the suricnde' o" Kir^rr, lie'* army ;o Ccu, CJates, 'he cemtruo- ;;er of the Ke>-oitioo'":ary army. He us- j rf to relate :i,>atsome 0l .the Briti-1, sc+kbc .■<» were so humil!;;t,:,< and en>af;ed xi me sijirKoderih... r ,--y emptbxi their cartridg ■ of powder ; >id ball upon the ground. Captain John said he though-; it a jpod ■ !.■ i-a 'to s.tve some of tie ammunition, so he to«»k off his more.i.v, *, fbitd then with cartridges tied them togethes wiiha string .;i-4 siting tlK.rn over the. b&ok <4 a hotse belonging to'Joim iJid-, ( J'i* neighbor w.iO- was a'stJ preset*: .=.' the ba'.be, :r.itbey '>v«c Hr,,,«£>i.t to Candia, Oaptair* Wills havr-ig hal' r 'f > i e »puil: : ji hringiiit,' them to she i.^vn. ' ',■. rpia -'. >rj\:.«tt ■e-veo ifeoi.u enrapaigns during the war, \>-- •■'.a- ..-. Captain j? 'ite rmUba .. r>d was the firs' collector of taste* in town- He bed in 183.^ -.-■jed »8 years. (.VkIJS SAR.-V..V{ ,' Mr. Sar^eant was burr, August ?$, r::r.:u.-r, Ruth W^dleigh, a daughter of Benjamin vVadb-igh was a >.-st excellent and 'M^tiiy respected worn? a, Cyrus attended school in old ibis- ir.ti No. j» nid worked ,:poo the farm sn his earlier years. 3 2 ■ ■¥■■ ^y- 1 • f# w* / f&^t HISTORY OF CANDIA. 497 JOHN SARGEANT. ■Captain John Sargeant, a sou of Winthrop Sargeant and grand- son of Ensign Sargeant of Chester, came to Candia in 1760, to ^settle first on the place on South Road now owned by Gordon Sherburne. He lived there several years, when he gave the place to his son, Josiah, and bought of William Wilson the farm •on South Road now belonging to Lewis Remo. He built the house now standing on the place. He married Mary, a daugh- ter of William Turner. They had three children, Sarah, who 'married Dea. Josiah Shannon, Josiah and Moses. The latter first settled on the place on South Road now the property of Frank Haselton. He was prominent in public affairs. Captain John was a soldier in Captain Moses Baker's company. He was present at the battles of Saratoga and Stillwater, and witnessed the surrender of Burgoyne's army to Gen. Gates, the comman- ~der of the Revolutionary army.' He used to relate that some ■of the British soldiers were so humiliated and enraged at the ^surrender that they emptied their cartridges of powder and ball <«pon the ground. Captain John said he thought it a good idea to save some of the ammunition, so he took off his moccasins, filled them with cartridges, tied them together with a string and «lung them over the back of a horse belonging to John Hills, his neighbor who was also present at the battle, and they were ■brought to Candia, Captain Hills having half of the spoils for ^bringing them to the town. Captain Sargeant served in other, -campaigns during the war. He was a Captain of the militia and was the first collector of taxes in town. He died in 1834, ■aged 88 years. CYRUS SARGEANT. Mr. Sargeant was born August 24, 1824, at the place on South Road now owned by Frank Haselton. His father, Rufus Sargeant, was a son of Moses Sargeant and a grandson -of Captain John Sargeant. His mother, Ruth Wadleigh, a ^daughter of Benjamin Wadleigh, 'was a most excellent and highly respected woman. Cyrus attended school in old Dis- trict No. 3, and worked upon the farm in his earlier years. 32 498 HISTORY OF CANDIA. When he was fifteen years old he was a clerk in William Dun- can's store. The next year he went to Boston and found em- ployment with Samuel Capen, a merchant on Drake's wharf. In a few years he hecame a commission merchant, broker and private banker. He invested his money in real estate in Boston and retired fiom active business. In 1855, he married Sarah J. Emerson of Boston, who died in 1859, leaving a daughter Caroline. The last was educated at Vassar college and in Europe. In May, 1883, she married Dr. Robert Burns of Plymouth, whsre she and her husband now reside, having five children. While Mr. Sargeant resided in Boston he took advantage of the public libraries of that city and was a stock- holder in the Atheneum. In 1862 he made an extended tour through Europe, being away about three years. He spent several months at Oxford, the seat of one of England's most ancient and famous universities. At London he farmed a pleasant acquaintance with Charles Francis Adams, the American Minister to the Court of St. James at that time. At Paris, where he remained a considerable period, he met William Dayton, the American Minister to that country, and was presented to the Emperor Louis Napoleon and the Empress Eugenie at the Tuileries. In 1873, Mr. Sargeant married Mary E., daughter of James and Louisa McQuesten of Plymouth. They had four children, two of whom died in in- fancy. Cyrus, Jr., and Louisa are living with their parents. Mr. and Mrs. Sargeant have traveled much in America and in various parts of Europe. At Rome * they were presented to Pope Pius IX. Since the death of Mrs. Sargeant's parents they have resided at the McQuesten homestead at Plymouth, which was once the home of Nathaniel P. Rogers, the famous abolitionist and one of the most original and brilliant writers New Hampshire has produced. It was at this house that the great anti-slavery orator and member of English Parliament, George Thompson, found a refuge for a short time in 1835 after he had been mobbed in various towns and cities in Massachu- setts and driven out of Concord, this state, by many of the leading citizens for daring to plead for justice for the down- trodden slaves of the country. Mr. Sargeant is a modest, unassuming, large-hearted and generous man and always willing HISTORY OF CANDIA. •199 to aid in a good cause. He attends the Congregational church. In 1890-92, he was elected a representative to the legislature from Plymouth. - ABRAHAM EMERSON. Hon. Abraham Emerson was a son of Moses Emerson, a brother of Col. Nathaniel Emerson, a soldier of the Revolution. He was born Sept. 14, 1800, and attended school in old District No. 4. He assisted in the management of his father's farm and kept school in various districts in town and elsewhere.' When his father died, in J839, he had the homestead. In 1824, he married Abigail Dolber. The following are the names of their children : Sarah W., who married Dea. Edmund Hill, John D., Daniel F , Moses F., Lydia A., who married Jesse W. Sargeant, Luther W., Nancy Maria, who married Baxter R. Brown, and one who died in infancy. Mr. Emerson was a representative in 1836 and 1837 and a state senator from Dis- trict No. 2, in 1846. He served as a selectman four years, town clerk one year and treasurer two years. He was Captain of the Candia Light Infantry, Major and Lieut. Color.el of the Seventeenth Regiment. He was a member of the Congrega- tional church from 1823 until his death and a member of the Rockingham Lodge of Masons several years, He was a man of great industry, good business capacity and was greatly inter- ested in the cause of education. He was sincerely religious without bigotry, and to the end of his days was an earnest seeker for the highest and sublimest truths. He had a very retentive memory and retained the use of his faculties to the last, passing serenely away in the full confidence of awakening in a higher and purer state of existence. JOHN D. EMERSON. Rev. John D. Emerson, the eldest son of Hon. Abraham Emerson, was born May 29, 1829. He attended the public school in old District No. 4 and a high school in Candia, and was a pupil at Pembroke academy two years. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1853, after which he was principal of Pembroke academy two years. He graduated at Andover 500 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Theological Seminary in 1858, and was soon afterwards settled over the Congregational church at Haverhill, N. H., where he remained until 1865, when he was settled over the Second Con^ gregational society at Biddeford, Me. In 1877, he was engaged as minister at Underhill and Jericho, Vt., and re- mained there six years. In 1883, he returned to Biddeford, and since that time he has been engaged in supplying pulpits in that and other places. • A considerable number of his sermons, addresses and school reports have been published, among which is an address before the alumni of Pembroke academy in 1870, an address before the Maine Congregational State Missionary society. He was married to Sarah J. Dudley of Candia. They had a son, who now resides in Buffalo, N. Y. Mrs. Emerson died in 1862. Mr. Emerson was married for a second time to Mrs. Elizabeth Bell Emerson of Chelsea, Mass. They had a son and a daughter. The former, Rev. S. G. Emerson, is now a preacher in California. His second wife died in 1869. Mr. Emerson married for his third wife Miss Lelia Frances Kendall. They have five children. FRANCIS PATTEN. Francis Patten was born in the house on Clark Hill now the residence of George F. Patten, November 19, 1800. He was a son of William Patten and when he was an infant he was adop- ted by Mr. and Mrs. William Robie. He was educated at the school in old District No. 4 and a high school in the town. He became a very popular teacher of schools in Candia and some of the neighboring towns. He was a very active member of the Candia Lyceum, which was organized in 1826. He was also ~a member of Candia Literary Society, which established a good library in town about the same time. He was Captain of Candia Light Infantry and Major of the Seventeenth Regiment. He held the office of selectman in 1829 and 1830 ; was a represen- tative to the legislature in 1853 and 1854 and one of the superintendents of schools several years. He joined the Congregational church in 1823 and held the office of deacon until his death. He married Rebecca Knight of Hancock in 1833. They had five children, viz.: Keziah, who married HISTORY OF CANDIA. 501 John D. Colby, Abigail, who married Moses F. Emerson, Wil- liam R., who died in 1886, Aaron Frank, who married Ella K. Bachelder and Sarah, who married Charles A. Sykes. Mrs. Patten the mother of the above named children, died in 1867. Deacon Patten married second Mrs. Harriet Mitchell of Nash- ua in 1869. Deacon Patten died in 1889, aged 89. JOHN T. MOORE. John Taylor Moore, son of John Moore, Esq., was born in Candia, in 1825. He received his early education at the dis- trict school in the Village. In 1850 he was a pupil at Gilman- ton Academy three terms and in 1851-52, he attended the Normal school at Merrimack, then in charge of William Rus- sell. He studied law with Judge Chandler E. Potter and Moses Morris at Manchester, three years, after which he opened an office and soon had a good practice. He invested his earnings in tenement property and other khds of real es- tate in the heart of the city, which in the course of time be- came greatly increased in value. He has occupied an office in Union Building near the city hall in Manchester continuously since 1856, a period of about 37 years. Mr. Moore is a Dem- ocrat, an independent thinker upon religious and all other subjects and a man of generous impulses. JOHN MOORE. John Moore, Esq , was born in Pembroke, November 9, 1792. He settled in Candia in 1818, and married Mary, a daughter of John Taylor, in 1820. They had six children, viz.: Mianda, John T., Henry W., Martha A., Albert D., and Horatio G. C, Albert D., died in 1866, aged 30. Horatio G. C, died in 1842, aged 6 years. Mr. Moore in connection with his brother-in-law, Daniel Taylor, kepr a store in the Vil- lage in the east end of Dudley's tenement block, traded there three or four years ar.d then sold out to William Turner. He was for several years a manufacturer of carriages at the Village and built the house recently owned by J icob S. Morrill. He subsequently owned t'h? farm on the Colcord Road which had 502 HISTORY OF CANDIA. belonged to his father-in-law. About the year 1850, he bought of William Turner the place at the Corner now owned by Hen- ry W. Moore. He, was a representative to the legislature in 1833 and 1834, moderator from 1834 to 1841, one of the board of selectmen 1836, 1840, and 1841, 1842 and 1^53, collector in 1830 and 1832, one of the board of superintendents of schools and a deputy sheriff and crier of the County courts several years. He was also a Justice of the Peace and officiated in trials of numerous cases. He was Captain of the Lower Company rf Infantry several 5 ears and was also an active member of the Union Baptist church and ,., society many yeais He was a man of a social disposition ;■'"'■: ;j and was highly res pected by his fellow-townsmen. He died till u, in i87(), aged 87. FAMILY OF EPHRAIM EATON. Ephraim Eaton came to Candia from Salisbury, Mass , in 1773, and bought a farm on South Road of Benjamin Batchel- der. He mar-iied Abigail Perkins of Salisbury, who died leav- ing one child, a daughter named after her mother. He married, 2d, Sarah Stevens of Salisbury, by whom he had five children Molly, whc married Dr. Jacob b. Moore, Sarah, Henry, who married Hannah, daughter of Maj. Jesse Eaton, by whom he had ten children — Henry M., Charles E., Susan, Sarah, Mary and Martha (twins), Hannah and Caroline — Hannah who mar- ried Moses Patten and was the mother of three children — Moses, Elizabeth and Daniel I) — and Peter, who married Hannah H., daughter of Dea. E. H. Kelly, having three children — Ephraim K., Mary J., and Francis B. Henry M., the oldest child of Henry Eaton, was born in 1806. He worked upon his father's farm in his younger day:-' and attended school in old District No. 3. He taught school several years. He was married to Eliza A. Parker, by whom he had two children, Frederick P., who died at 14 years of age and Ellen S. Mr. Eaton traded at the corner several years, and, on the death of his father, in 1855, he came into possession of the old homestead. Mrs. Eaton (Jied in i860. Mr. Eaton, like his father and grandfather, was a leading man in town and was much >''-"■'"«... ■.-*>«•.' „v?* ■■• *' GOVERNOR OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 1865-66. ite ■ ■■'■•■■ '■&3»4JS&-'' - ■.§Si9S. s a«a..% ---•■•:■••.-. ■-*■•-• ' --„:.■,-*- * *?£-** v / ^//r£ d>4 /^T^T^-Z^^L- C * < -<%>-Zs7_^- IsCZstn^V i&yolt/ftfr HISTORY OF CANDIA. 503 engaged in town business. He was selectman a number of years, town clerk, a representative to the state legislature two years and town agent for a considerable period. He was also Captain of Candia Light Infantry. He was married a second time to Miss Hannah G. Lane, who died in 1892. Mr. Eaton was for many years a member of the Congregational church. He died in 1886. STEPHEN SMYTH. Stephen Smyth was the son of Joseph Chase Smyth, who with his three brothers, Oliver, Biley and Jonathan, came from Brentwoad to Candia about the year 1771, and settled on North Road near Hall's mountain. Stephen was one of the family of eight children, Abigail, Joseph Chase,: Stephen, Betsy, Mary, Jesse, Sally, Mehitable. He bought the place on North road now owned by Jonathan Martin and married Dorothy,, daughter of Isaiah Rowe, a,soldiei of the Revolution. They had five children Gilman C, Sarah, Frederick, Sophia and Abraham Calvin. In 1828, Mr. Smyth sold his place and moved to that now in the possession of William S. Healey on the Burpee road. In 1833, he bought of Rev. A. Wheeler the farm on North Road now owned by the heirs of Mrs. Thomas Morse. In 1841, he re- moved to Manchester. He was a member of the Congrega- tional church in Candia and a member of the First Congrega- tional church in Manchester. He. died in 1866. Mrs. Dorothy Smyth, who was a woman of good natural abilities, was also a member of the Congregational church. She was an invalid several years and died Aug. 2, 1852, aged 66 years. FREDERICK SMYTH. Hon. Frederick Smyth, the second son of Stephen and Doro- thy (Rowe) Smyth, was born March 9th, 18 19, in the house on North Road in Candia, since owned many years by Jona- than Martin, Esq., and formerly by Frederick's great-grand- father. In hi? ear 'y boyhood he attended school in the school- house in old District No. 8, built more than one hundred years ago, but is still standing and owned by him, religious services. 504 HISTORY OF CANDIA. being held there on Sundays. When, at a later date, his father moved to the Burpee road he attended school in old 1 District No- 2. In 1837-38, he taught district schools in Auburn andi Hooksett^ and attended the following )ear the English Seminary, Andover,. Mass., Rev. Dr. Coleman teacher. In the Spring of 1840, he became a clerk for George Porter, who kept with one or .two exceptions, the only store on Elm street in Manchester at that time. Three years after he formed a partnership with. John Porter, a brother to George. In 1844, he was married to.- Miss Emma Lane, a daughter of John Lane, Esq., of; Candia. She was a woman of great personal beauty, singularJy lively and happy in her disposition and considerate to all. In 1849-50-51 he was elected city clerk o£ Manchester and helcfi that office 3 years, was elected mayor in 1852-53-54, and then in-, 1864, his last election having been made irrespective of party/ ties and substantially unanimous. During his administration as. Mayor of Manchester all that portion of the city across the river,, previously belonging to Bedford and Goffstown, was annexed at. his urgent solicitation and personal appeals to, the legislature. The setting of most of the trees on Merrimack, Concord and 1 remont Squares and Elm street was inspired by him, and! many of them were transplanted from the country by his own* hands. The supply of water for the city, the acquisition of Pine Grove cemetery and many other important improvements, were urged by him in his inaugural addresses. In 1&55, Gov.. Metcalf appointed him chairman of a board of commissioners, to locate and erect buildings for a House for Reformation of juvenile offenders. He was cashier of ihe Merrimack River- Bank of Manchester from 1855 to 1865, and held the same: position when the institution became the First National Bank, of Manchester. He resigned that office in 1884 to become its. president; -JMbach position he still occupies. When the Merri- mack River -3a.yArigs...Bank, was chartered in 1858, he was chosen trustee and treasurer, which positions he still holds and is also- its president. ..» . Following his success as mayor of Manchester, the Republi- can party nominated him as its candidate for governor in 1865, electing him by the largest vote which had been thrown for many" years. He was re-eflected in 1866 by a large majority. Whilt HISTORY OF CANDIA. 505 governor he provided for the immense war debt which had been contracted, some of it at a rate of 12 per cent, interest by- funding it at 6 per cent. He personally received as the chief magistrate the remnants of nearly every regiment on their return from the war, welcoming them home, thanking ihem for their services in behalf of the state, and taking the blood-stained battle : flags and depositing them in the state's archives. Urged by many of the papers to accept a third nomination he 'firmly declined. Durirfg the war he visited the battle-fields of Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania and many others, caring for the New Hampshire wounded, saving many lives by his care and carrying in his arms some of the disabled soldiers from the battle field to the hospital. In 1866, he was appointed by con- gress a •'member of the Board of Managers for the National Homes of Disable'd Soldiers, his associates being the President of the United States, the Secretary of War, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and a member from each of the states of Ohio, ■New York, Pennsylvania;' Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Gen. B. F. Butler being president. He held this office for 14 jears, and was also auditor of accounts for the several Homes of Augusta, Me., '-Dayton, Ohio, Milwaukee, Wis., and Hamp- ton, Va He served, too, on the committee to purchase sites •and build all these Homes. He was for many years closely identified with the agricultural interests of the country and' served as treasurer of the New Hampshire Agricultural society from 185 1 to 1861, and its president from 1866 to 1868. He wa; instrumental, with Hon. Geo. W. Nesmith, president of the society, in procuring Hon Daniel Webster, Hon. Edward Everett, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder and Hon. JohrPM. Botts of Va. as orators atthe various state fairs in Manchester! He was a trustee of the United States Agricultural society,' Marshall P. Wilder president, from 1857 to 1871, and was a'joint manager of its exhibitions ai ■ Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, Richmond and Phila- delphia.. He is now a vice-president of the U. S. Horticultural society. Upon the organization of the State Orphan's Home at Franklin, on the Webster farm, he was elected trustee and vice- 506 HISTORY OF CANDIA. president, and on the death of its president, Hon. George W. Nesmith, he was chosen to that position which he still holds. During the last 20 years he has been director of the Concord Railroad and the last 10 years its president. During his admin- istration the B. C. & M. has been consolidated with the Con- , cord R. R. and is now the Concord & Montreal, of which he is a diiector and its president. The following branches and extensions have also been built : The Lake Shore R. R. from Laconia to Alton, the Belmont Branch from Tilton to Belmont, the extension of the Suncook Valley from Pittsfield to Barnstead, the New Boston from Goffstown, the Tilton- Franklin extension, the Whitefield extension from Whitefield to Berlin, the Bethlehem and Profile R. R. acquired ; and the fine passenger and freight station built at Concord. He is a direc- tor of the Suncook Valley, Boston & Acton, New Boston branch, Suncook Valley extension and other railroads. He has traveled extensively in countries of both hemispheres. In 1862, he visited England as a U. S. commissioner at the great International Exhibition at London, ai that time extending his trip to France^ Italy, Germany, Holland and Belgium.. In .1878, he was a U. S. Commissioner at the great International exhibi- tion at Paris, and after ending his duties there, in company with his wife, journeyed through many of the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, including Italy, Egypt, Turkey, Greece and Pales- tine. In 1882, Mr. and Mis. Smyth made a second tour of these countries, going by way of Spain, and making a. trip up the Nile. In 1884, Mr. Smyth was afflicted by the death of his wife, who had cheered and encouraged him throughout their wedded life of forty years. Governor Smyth is a man of untiring industry and perse- verance, combined with great foresight and sound, practical judgment. With these endowments he has been able to dis- charge the duties to which he has been called witlj signal ability and satisfaction. He has been a member of the Franklin St. church and society of Manchester for many years and has held the office of president of the society for ten years. In 1886, he was married to Miss Marion Cossar, who was born near the town of Lanark, Scot ! and„ and who carne to this country with her parents at the age of 10. The marriage cere- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 507 inony was performed at the home of the bride's grandfather, in Scotland, whither she had gone on a visit, by Rev. Dr. Wilson, who had journeyed with Mr. Smyth up the Nile years before. She is a woman of excellent natural abilities and unassuming manners. In 1888, Gov. Smyth and his wife visited many of the principal places in Great Britain and countries of Northern Europe, among them Sweden, Norway and Russia. A year later they traveled through Mexico, and in 1890, again "visited England and Scotland, sailing to the North Cape, where they beheld the splendors of the midnight sun. In 1891, they "went to California, Washington and Alaska. Then, in 1892, They once more visited the Old World, going as far south as Switzerland and Italy, this being Mr. Smyth's fourth visit to these countries. Amid the varying scenes and situations of of his busy lile he has always cherished a warm interest in his native town and the welfare of its people, nothing giving him greater pleasure than to visit the places of his childhood and to greet the surviving friends of,his early days. JOSEPH P. DUDLEY. Joseph P. Dudley, son of Dea. Samuel Dudley, was born Nov. 21, 1832. He attended school at the Village and was a pupil at Pembroke Academy several terms. He assisted his father in the management of his store and shoe manufacturing several years. He held the rank of Major on the staff of Gen. Richard D. Sanborn, commander of the Third Brigade. In 1858, he settled in the city of Buffalo, N. Y., and was connected ■with an iron foundry in that place. In 1861, he engaged in the business of manufacturing kerosene from crude petroleum, ■which had then been recently discovered in large quantities in Pennsylvania and other localities near Buffalo. He organized the great company called Empire Oil works, snd the business became very profitable. In 1877, the company was consolidated ■with the Star Oil works and Major Dudley was placed at the head of the organization, the business of which amounts to mil- lions of dollars annually and extends through New York state, the Provinces, England and elsewhere. Major Dudley, who is very popular with all classes in that city, is one of the most 508 HISTORY OF CANDIA. successful men in Buffalo. He has been connected with the Lafayette Presbyterian church of that place and is specially distinguished for efforts ito raise the standard of music. He was married to Miss Mary Folsom Underhill in 1854. She died in 189 1. SAMUEL DUDLEY. Deacon Samuel Dudley was the son of Joseph Dudley of Raymond, and was born in that town May 5, 1796. He came to Candia in 18 12 and learned the trades of tanner and shoemaker of Elder Moses Bean. A few years later he established himself in the business of tanning and shoemaking. His business. increased from year to year, until at length a laJrge number of the people of the town were in his employ. He was married to Judith, daughter of David Pillsbury, Oct. 11, 1819. . The following are the names of their children who lived to grow up, there being six others who died in infancy : S.irah, Jr, born in 1826, married Rev. John D. Emerson, and died Sept. 15, 1862; Joseph P. who was born in 1832; David B., born March 19, 1838, and was killed in the battle of Antietamr. Woodbury J., born 1834. Mrs. Dudley died Sept. 18, 1838*.. Dea. Dudley was married 2d, 10 Mits Sally Marston. woodbury' j. Dudley. vVoodbury J. Dudley, a son of Dea. Samuel Dudley, was borru Aug. 25, 1834. After attending the school in the Village he became a pupil at Atkinson academy He was employed in. his father's store'for some time and in 1857 he came into pos- session of the business. He lias been a trader at the old stand> constantly ever since. He has been Town Clerk three years,. Superintendent of the schools " two years and Justice of the- Peace 30 years. He has been a member of the Free Will Bap- tist church for 40 years; clefk'of the church and a trustee of the F. W. Baptist society 25 years, Secretary of the Christian. Association 20 years and clerk of the Rockingham Quarterly- meeting 10 years. He was married Oct. 21, 1857, to Miss~ Amanda Stevens of Duanesburg, N. Y., who died July 26, 1876*.. y^/3. &aJ^^ HIT". ,09 -y-t ;r • g™- r th'f'e HUH, An>f >; '--,•""« i '■'pi and t : i-- :*<< >. v ,i 5w* is a *i..v'-.if trf tS»S :!>>',;» :S ". !?.."» 5;. -■■ ■ 1Wj£ ,n-W HISTORY OF CANDIA. 5°9 They had two daughters, Mary J. and Sara J. Both are gra- duates of Wellesley College. Mary has been a teacher three years at the Maine Central Institue and three years in Minne sota. Sara taught three years at the Franklin school in Phila- delphia and several years at the Upton school in Canandaigua, N. Y. Both of the young women have visited Europe and passed several months at Berlin in Germany, and in Paris. In 1877, December 18, Mr. Dudley was married to Emily £,ibbey, a daughter of Rev. C. O. Libbey of Dover. FRANCIS B. EATON. Francis B. Eaton, son of Peter Eaton and Hannah Hale Kelly, was born at Candia Feb. 26, 1825. He was educated at the common and high schools in Candia and at Pembroke and New Boston Academies. In 1852, he wrote and published "History of Candia once known as Charmingfare, with Notices •of Some of the Early Families." Was assistant editor and Washington correspondent of the Manchester Daily American 1853-54. He married Lucretia, daughter of John Lane, Esq., Jan. 1, 1854. The following year he became Librarian of the Manchester City Library, filling that position 10 years, during which time he was a frequent writer for the Daily Mirror and correspondent for the Boston Traveller. From Dec, 1861, to Jan. 1, 1863, he was editor and proprietor of the New Hamp- shire Journal of Agriculture, which was merged in the Mirror and Farmer. In 1864, the Boston Daily Advertiser having sent •one of its staff to the front, Mr. Eaton took his place in the office until the end of the war, when he became an assistant editor on the Boston Journal. From 1866 to 1869 he was in the employ of the Customs Department stationed at Montreal and Portland, Me. Then, returning to Manchester, he followed the business of bookseller for n years. At present he is a ■director of the First National Bank and vice-president of the Merrimack River Savings Bank. He was also the principal editor and compiler of the sketches of the life and public ser- vices of ex-Gov. Smyth printed for private circulation in 1885, the Hon. Ben : PerleyPoore contributing some personal remi- niscences. 510 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Mr. Eaton was for some years a director of the Franklin Street society, and clerk of the church in which he now holds the office of deacon. JOSEPH C. LANGFORD, Joseph C. Langford was born in Portsmouth, January 1 j, 1804. He was the son of Dea. Anthony Lang-ford, a native England, and was one of a family of nine children, two of whom died in infancy. He came to Candia with his father in 1820. He was married to Abigail Patten, a daughter of William Patten, Nov. 30, 1826. She died Sept. 15, 1827, leaving one son, who died at six years of age. Mr. Langford was married a second time to Miss Pluma Howe of Concord, Oct. 7, 1833. They had six children, Harriet, who married Henry Hubbard, Martha, who married Walter S. Holbrook, Francis P., who married Lavina Dearborn, Elizabeth, who married W. H. Thompson, Anna, who married Frank B. Lovering, and Joseph who married Emma L. Keyes of Raymond. Mr. Langford was a trader in a store at East Candia several years, having succeeded Abel Follansbee. He was also a successful farmer. He was a member of the board of selectmen 1846, 1847, 1866 and 1867, and was a representative to the legis- lature in 1847 and 1848. He was an active member of the Congregational church many years, and was highly esteemed by his fellow townsmen as a man of good intelli- gence and an upright and public spirited citizen. He died Jan. 19, 1880, aged 76 years. JOHN BROWN. John Brown was born March 1, 181 2, in the old Fitts mansion at East Candia, now owned by J. Munroe Fitts. He was a son of Jeremiah Brown, a grandson of William Brown and a great-grandson of Nehemiah Brown, who came to Candia from Kensington in 1765, and settled on the lot now owned by the heirs of Major Nathan Brown. His mother, Abigail Clifford, was a daughter ot Jacob Clifford. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 511 Both of his parents died before he was fourteen years of age. He attended school in district No. 12, and grew up to be a man of excellent habits and good business capaci- ties. He married Mary W., a daughter of Dea. Anthony Langford. They had two children, who died in infancy. During their wedded life of more than 40 years, they furnished a home for eight orphan children, the most of whom were cared for until they were able to care for themselves, were given a good education and were instructed in the principles of morality and religion. Mr. Brown was a farmer and for several years was engaged in the business of coopering and shoemaking. By perseverance and economy he accumulated a fortune of $20,000. He was a Republican in politics and represented the town in the legislature in 1 86 J and 1862. He was an active member of the Congregational church and greatly aided in sustaining religious meetings at East Candia. He was a member of Leola Lodge of Odd Fellows. He died in 1890, leaving the Congregational society a legacy of $6000. SAMUEL MORRILL. "Samuel Morrill is the son of Samuel Morrill, 2d, and a grandson of Samuel Morrill, sr. , Esq., who was one of the seven soldiers from Candia who fought in the memorable battle of Bunker Hill. He was severely wounded in that action, as has been stated elsewhere in this work. The mother of Samuel Morrill, 3d, the subject of this sketch, was Lydia Rowe, one of the children of Isaiah Rowe, a soldier of the Revolution. He was born March 9th, 1809, in the large two-story hfcuse on High Street, which was the residence of his father and grandfather, and is now owned by Harrison Brown. In 1837, ne married Miarida, daughter of William and Lydia Short. They had three children, Henry Robie, Charles Francis, and Josiah Short Morrill. The latter, who was for sometime a clerk in the First National Bank of Manchester, died in 1874. He was a very amiable and promising young man. He was graduated at Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., in i860. He studied law 512 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and was a practitioner at Litchfield, and Wa+erbury, Conn., and was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas several years. He married Anna B„ a daughter of Stevens Coicord, m 187 1. She died in 1875. Henry R. Morrill died July 12, 1883, aged 43. " Mr. Samuel Morrill is a man of sound sense and greatly interested in the public welfare, but has never cherished any ambition for office, following contentedly the vocation of farming. Both himself and. wife are sincerely religious in their natares and have belonged to the Congregational church many years. CHARLES F. MORRILL. Charles F. Morrill, the second son of Samuel Morrill, 3d, and Mianda (Short) Morrill, was born May 6, 1847. His early education Was obtained in the old district school No. 5 on High Street, after which he attended the public schools of Lowell, Mass., and the academies of New Ipswich and Pembroke. He taught district schools in Pembroke two terms and the high school in Candia several terms with marked success. In 1870, he was chosen principal of the grammar school in Amoskeag district in Manchester, and held the position about three years. In 1873, he became a €lerk, then a teller and in 1884, cashier in the First National Bank of Manchester, retaining that situation until 1892, when he retired to accept the office of cashier of the Bank of the Commonwealth, and soon after he was chosen treasurer of the Derry field Savings Bank. In 1881, he was elected a member- of the Common Council from ward 1 of Manchester. He was appointed treasurer of the People's Fire Ins. Co. in 1885. Mr. Morrill has a very active tem- perament, is genial and social in his nature and is regarded as one of the most popular and successful business young men of Manchester. He was married in 1882 to Miss Hattie S., daughter of the late Oliver Tozer of Manchester. They have a daughter, Marguerite, who was born in 1883. SAMUEL C. UKANK :K1. -VU»;., .'■ii V>CiMv, ■;■ -»-.-. put '^ Candia . .tthcf, Jo'-'-"!!'. Bearv ^ szm _^ gijtids« ..;, of Da* Aj <■•,,* and ftvis t*w»v> i# . -i"'.-»k<> Af.o- ' •"'■ ■■.■:■-* V* .. . * ' -^■*w".ra^» '*■■**£*> ''■!&!»* Ui ' - - -'0- %&.* 5 '"' ' ' ' ' ' ■ ;■ . ■ HISTORY OF CANDIA. 513 JAMES H. FITTS. Rev. James H. Fitts was born in Candia, March 3, 1829. He ■as a son John Fitts, a grandson of Reuben Fitts and a great- grandson of Abraham Fitts, an officer in the war of the Revo- lution. His mother was Abigail, a daughter of John Lane, a a distinguished citizen of Candia, who came to the town from Poplin in 1773. He attended the common and high schools in <]andia and the academies at Pembroke, Reed's Ferry in Merri- mack and Lancaster, Mass. He taught high schools in Candia, .Manchester, Deerfield and Pelham.and in Qui ncy and Ash by, Mass. He graduated from the Theological Seminary at Bangor, Me., in 1858, and was ordained as an Evangelist at the Con- gregational church in Candia, 1859. He was pastor of churches an Roxbury, West Boylston and Topsfield, Mass., four, nine and ten years. He was settled over a church in South New Market in 1880, and still holds that position. Mr. Fitts is a member of the New Hampshire Historical society, and has published several historical pamphlets relating to the Fitts and Lane families. He has also prepared and delivered several •centennial addresses, as referred ito elsewhere in this work. He was married to Miss Celina French, a daughter of Dea. Coffin ."M. French, Jan. 1, 1862. SAMUEL C. BEANE. Rev. Samuel C. Beane was born in that part of Candia •called the Island, Dec. 9, 1835. His father, Joseph Beane, ■was a son of Dea. Abraham Beane, and . a grandson of David Beane, sr., who came to Raymond in 1752 and from thence to •Candia a few years later. His mother, Lydia Collins, -was a daughter of Col. Samuel Collins of Deerfield. He prepared for college at Pembroke Academy, Phillips' Academy, Exeter, and Andover, Mass., to graduate from Dart- ■aiouth college in 1858, and at the Divinity School connected -with Harvard University in 1861. During the same year lie -was settled over the Unitarian church at Chieopee, Mass. In *j!6s, he was settled over the Second church at Salem, Mass., 33 514 HISTORY OF CANDIA. and from 1878 to 1885 he was pastor of the Unitarian church' at Concord. He was then appointed Superintendent of" the American Unitarian association for Northern New- England, and held that position until 1888, when he became the pastor of the First Religious society (Unitarian) in Newburyport, Mass. In all these responsible positions Mr. Beane has sustained the reputation of being an able, earnest and instructive preacher. He has contributed to some of the- popular magazines of the country, and has published several pamphlets. He was married first to Miss Caroline B. Turner of Stowe, Mass., May 22, 1862. His second wife was Miss- Harriet C. Gray of Salem, Mass., to whom he was married Jan. 7, 1869. They have two children. AARON G. WHITTIER. Aaron G. Whittier was born in 1835. His father was a native of Candia and resided several years on the Abbott road. His- mother, Hannah Heath, was a daughter of Asa Heath of East Candia. His grandfather, Daniel Whittier, was a soldier of the Revolution and lived for many years on the Patten road.. Josiah Whittier, the father of Aaron G., was a soldier of 18 1 2, and was in the battle of Plattsburg. Aaron was- educated in Tilton and New London Academies. In 1855, ne married Miss Amanda Lang, a daughter of David Lang of Candia. They had five children, three of whom died young, and. tvyo, David W., born July 4, 1864, and Aaron Byron, born April 10, 1876, are now living. Mr. Whittier moved to Raymond in 1865 and became an active business man in that place, being for several years a trader at the village. During the last few years he has been engaged in the lumber business and farming. He represented the town in the state legislature in 1881, and took an active part in the proceedings of that body, proving himself to be a speaker and debater of no mean ability. Mr. Whittier has been a member of Juniata lodge of Odd Fellows for 25 years and for some years a charter member of Granite Encampment. He has passed the chairs in both branches of the order, and is also a Past 'Master Noble Grand in Alfarata Rebekah lodge. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 5 15 ANDREW J. EDGERLEY. Andrew J. Edgerley was born in Greenland, Nov. 21, 1842. He is a son of James B. Edgerley. His mother was a daugh- ter of Levi Rowe of Hooksett. When he was sixteen years old his parents moved to Deerfield and kept a tavern at the Centre one year. They then moved to a farm in Pembroke. Andrew attended the academy in that town and the gymnasium several terms. In 1864, he was married to Miss Julia Rand of Deerfield. Two years later he bought of Leonard Dear- born the place on High Street now owned by George Smith. Three years after he sold the place and bought of Dea. Osgood Page the homestead now the property of Thomas Clow. His wife died in 1886. In 1888, he sold his place and bought the "farm on the Patten road at present owned by David B. Miller, and during the same year he married Miss Flora L., a daughter of Ansel Emerson. In 1891, Mr. Edgerley again sold his homestead and moved to Manchester. He held the office of moderator in Candia nine years, was a member of the board of selectmen twelve years and a representative to the legislature in 1880-81. JACOB S. HOLT. Jacob S. Holt was born in Bethel, Maine, April 29, 1848. In 1872, he was married to Miss Lucy A. E. Cross of Albany, in that state. She was a graduate of the State Normal school at Farmington, Me., and became a successful teacher. Mr. and Mrs. Holt came to Raymond in 1873, and after residing a few months in that town removed to Lynn, Mass. In 1886, they came to East Candia and he engaged in the shoe business. Five years later he erected a fine, large shoe manufactory and has been quite successful in the business. While a resident of Lynn he was an active member of the order of Odd Fellows and Mrs. Holt became prominent in the Rebekah lodge. She was a Past Noble Grand of Beulah lodge, No. 3, of Lynn, Mass., and was one of : the Past Lady District Deputies in New Hampshire. It was through the influence of Mr. and Mrs. Holt that a Rebekah lodge was 516 HISTORY OF CANDIA. established in this state. In 1888, Mr. Holt was one of the selectmen of Candia, and he is regarded as an energetic, successful business man. He owns a farm on the Langford road. FRANK P. BROWN. Frank P. Brown was born in East Candia, in 1852. He is a son of Jeremiah Brown, a grandson of James Leavitt Brown, a great-grandson of William Brown and a great-great-grandson of Nehemiah Brown, one of the first settlers on North Road. His mother was Caroline, a daughter of Ichabod Cass. He attended the public school at East C ( andia and the high school at Raymond. When he was sixteen years old he became a clerk in J. L. Barker's store at the Depot Village. In 1873, he formed a partnership with Lewis H. Dearborn and they opened a store in East Candia, opposite the school house. After a few months Frank bought out his partner, and did such a flourishing business for about six years that he built a new and larger store. In 1885, he was appointed postmaster at the Depot Village and opened a new store at that place, though continuing his trade at East Candia. After two years he sold his store at the Depot Village and gave his whole attention to his business at East Candia. He was a represen- tative to the legislature in 1879-80, was a selectman in 1878-79 and town treasurer in 1892. He was married in 1873 to Miss Rosa M. Lakin of Sanbornton- They have three children, two sons and a daughter. He is a member of the Rocking- ham lodge of Masons and of the Juniata lodge of Odd Fellows. COFFIN M. FRENCH. Coffin Moore French, son of John and Comfort (Moore) French was born ApVil 6, 1879. He married Dec. 8, -1825, Dolly, daughter of Samuel Pittsbury of Sandown, who was born March 22, 17^9, Tbey had children as follows : 1.— John Prllisbury born Sept. 14, 1826, married Edie Rnight of Atkirk^oto, Jiine 29, 1861, who died July 18, 1883; -Second marriage, Mary Elizabeth Craig of Worcester, Mass., Sept. 28, HISTORY OF CANDIA. 517 1881. He is a farmer and lives on the homestead. He was chosen deacon of the Congregational church in 1874, during the pastorate of Rev. Geo. E. Lovejoy. 2. — Mary Celina, born May 6, 1832 ; married Rev. James HiU Fitts, Jan. 18, 1862. 3. — Samuel Franklin, born Dec. 22, 1835; married Martha Jane Upton of Andover, Mass., Dec. 22, 1864. 4. — George Henry, born July 27, 1838 ; married Fannie E. Kilburn, of Worcester, Mass.. Sept. 28, 1871. (See professional history). Mr. French was chosen deacon of the Congregational church in 1851, during the pastorate of Rev. William Murdock, and resigned in 1873. He was selectman in 1831-1851-52 and Colonel of the 17th Regiment several years, about 1830. He died Dec. 15, 1881, surviving his wife two years. THOMAS LANG, JR. , Thomas Lang, Jr., was born in Candia Village Dec. 22, 1828, and learned his father's trade of blacksmithing. Desir- ous of larger opportunities he entered a commercial school in Boston, and soon after obtained a situation as bookkeeper in Natick, Mass. Upon the close of this engagement, , in March, 1854, he found employment in Boston with the firm of Con- verse & Robson. This firm soon dissolving and Mr. Converse becoming the treasurer of what is now the Boston Rubber Shoe_ company, he continued in the service of the latter for thirty-four years, being for twenty-five years clerk and cashier of the corporation,, during which time it grewfrom the occu- pancy of one small wooden building to two substantially built and extensive plants, and from an annual business of $50,000 to upwards of $6,000,000. In July, 1859, Mr. Lang married Malvina Stanton of Manchester and fixed his home in Maiden, Mass., where he has served as trustee and treasurer of the Public library for thirteen years. He was clerk of the Trini- tarian Congregational society for seven years, and he is at present auditor for the society, the church, and also for the Boston Belting company. He is a man of studious habits, a great reader, and has a fine library at his pleasant residence on Mountain avenue* He is an amateur artist of considerable talent, and has numerous sketches in black and white and water color of the 518 H [STORY OF CANDIA. .Maine lakes and mountain scenery in his native state, where, with the exception of one European tour, he has sought re- laxation from his business cares when opportunity permitted. J. LANE FITTS. Mr. Fitts was born in Candia, Dec. 8, 1834, and is the son of John and Abigail (Lane) Fitts. He was one of the first to respond to the call of 300,000 men by President Lincoln, to become a soldier in the Second Regiment N. H. Volunteers, as mentioned elsewhere in this history, and served his country three years, seeing much hard fighting. Having received a good English education, he has taught school, been a selectman of the town, justice of the peace, and licenced surveyor of lands. He was married to Augusta J., daughter of Jesse Smith, and they live on the old homestead on High Street. GEORGE HALL. George Hall, a son of Obededom Hall, 2d, and Rebecca (McClary) Hall, was born in 1817. He was the youngest of a family of three sons and one daughter, Obed, Orrin, Rebecca and George, His grandfather, Obededom Hall, sr., came to Candia from Chester, in 1766, and settled on the North Road at its junction with the cross road that extends from High Street to Deerfield. At that time this part of the town was an unbroken wilderness. The subject of this sketch attended school in old District No. 8 on Walnut hill. In 1840, he went to Manchester, and became a partner with Thomas R. Hubbard in the manufacture of sashes, blinds and doors. The business was very succesful. In I867, he removed to Chicago and became a dealer in building materials. In the meantime he bought large tracts of land in the outlying districts of the city, which he eventually sold at a very large profit. He was married, 1838, to Miss Priscilla Wheeler of South Royalton, Vt. They had three children, Eddie, who died in infancy, Ella and Carrie, who died in 1865. Ella was married to Thomas Whitfield in 1866. They had one daughter, Lottie, who resides in the West. Mr. Hall was a man of good business talent and a prominent and highly respected citizen of Chicago. He died in 1883, and his wife in 1887. ALBERT PALMER. 5*9 ' .ii'K-i u .»-l- . ?.v,t*et, was -'.ii.'. . iin " ' ,mi. -a j'.f-flskkK . ; ,1Uig**t .;.<-V"- '■■ .ii : !»;.. '•'Si.fSig .-"**t.X>! >.,>*» fans;-') rem , .•*>»•. •.' . -«v years next ' •'.;?!*• -.s-^- -5- Ago of 17, 1 ; .,.=:; , ■ -- .*j!!. ar poor.*.-. ,..u ...:< y- j -a* >'jn.,c<* •'-'Mr-.. H(- n-»*?i "mijjai' ..<■•.«•*?. ' »: r :> -j»ue . (' •/?- •• *iC><:<<.• nces. Hi> ■ VttS into tbf /i'-WC .„.'-'■"■. * - ^ K ^ 5 If.:. lu se:l" II Cft '.-i'.-- f O'.rforuia, aatf ■"» tu<-i ,^t:' '1 th«: piCtv.'f** %?■"' --.It,- ■ 1 ■ ■«. catfc .".lid .. •■tj«js fanuanr '•"-, i$3»- y »* is -.. .'.-. sat .•-'. to* i" U's-'idimr ** -. *■ 31 BwH'!' 1- .' -. ■: t ■ >r ce>< : ... •,*.-..„ :.'.e u . -•■.'.•'■ •'• - 1 -'-' &■■:-'■>■ . H%>4*- "W- HISTORY OF CANDIA. 519 ' PHILIP A. BUTI.ER. Philip A. Butler, son of Charles H. and Rebecca Butler, was Taorn in Candia, in 1829. His father, an industrious and skill- iul mechanic, was a good tenor singer and led the choir in the Congregational church several years, teaching singing school occasionally. About 1838, the family removed to Amesbury, Mass., where they resided many years next door to the cottage of the poet Whittier. At the age of 1 7, Philip, who had been -employed in a cotton mill since living in Amesbury, began his .apprenticeship with Mr. Rowell, a portrait painter of Lawrence, with whom he continued four years. He then began business ■for himself as a fresco painter with quite a degree of success, until in later years he has done a very extensive business in the interior decoration of churches and private residences. His artistic tastes, however, have led him into the more congenial iield of landscape painting. He has found many subjects for his pencil in the home of his childhood. In search of the pic- turesque he spent a year in California, and has made one European tour, with special regard to the picture galleries of the Old World. He is a member of the Boston Art club, where some of his best work may be found. Mr. Butler is married and has a pleasant home In Auburndale, Mass., with a studio -and business office in Boston. ALBERT PALMER. Hon. Albert Palmer, the seventh child of Joseph and TJabbie Palmer, was born in Candia, January 17, 1831. He received his earlier education in his native town, attending the -jschool in district No. 4, and prepared for college at Kimball Union academy, Meriden, and at Phillips' academy, Andover, Mass. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1858, and was -soon after elected a tutor of the college, but declined the election. Going to Boston, he became a teacher in the Boston "Latin school, where he taught until 1866, when he withdrew to devote himself to the interests of the partnership which he had previously formed for the prosecution of the ice business with his boyhood friend, Mr. Nathan B. Prescott. From this time 520 HISTORY OF CANDIA. he was actively engaged in business affairs, chiefly in the ice business, being at the time of his death the president of the Jamaica Pond Ice company, the successor to his old partner- ship. Mr. Palmer took an earnest interest in politics, and represented the Roxbury district of the city in the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature in the years . 1872-73-74, ancfr in the senate in 1875-76-78-79. In 1882, he was elected' mayor of the city of Boston, as the candidate of the Democratic: party. Mr. Palmer was a man of marked scholarly instincts and attainments, and found in his books his chief recreation from the cares of business and politics. As an orator he possessed powers of a high order. Few surpassed him in. aptness and felicity in extemporaneous effort, while his more studied addresses are conspicuous for brilliancy of expression and originality and vigor of thought. His Memorial Day oration, delivered in 1883, of which Wendell Phillips said : "Edward Everett never gave us anything better," seems worthy of special mention. Mr. Palmer died May 27, 1887. His. widow and two sons survive him. SAM WALTER FOSS. This poet and editor was born in the house standing oit' the cross road connecting the South Road with the Borough or Chester road, and which is now owned by Daniel K. Bfown, whose wife is an aunt to Mr. Foss. His parents- were Dyer and Polly (Hardy) Foss, his mother being a daughter of Samuel Hardy and a sister af Mrs. Daniel E. Brown. Young Foss attended school in the old district No. 4,. and was highly esteemed by his schoolmates and the people of the neighborhood, who regarded him as a very- bright and contemplative boy. In summer he worked with his father on the farm, and he still cherishes tender mem- ories of those days. In 1872, his parents removed to Ports- mouth.' He fitted for college in the schools of that city and was graduated at Brown University at Providence, R. I., in the class of '82. Two or three years after leaving col- lege he became the editor of the Lynn Transcript, to begin about that time to write humorous and dialect poems, soon, g .'T'ft '-" — T* if' SAi<" vVALTtl-: KOSS. ti liiwiini he •.»,-!->> i'C*"vv.:y e i_; ^:.ii in ou-jies.J ■- ''" ; .-.jr.'. : !""4'.'l ■'• '- ; -sii.iiif, t .us sucec s- : 1- ..«'< ►^ :; of ih- ^' '• ,. '■• , < •-■■• -hS bOftk% u'. :.- • J..3 Jj"'.ki'V. i.i j'. •■„. ■ .. V, ;■ 'J Mf- •■'■*■ wore iV-i ->'. ."■;:■• 'iVdy) Pof& fcb •', ,.. r li'er of Suti *,; 'bandy and * wr-e: ■ - p. '->.•., i V-'-int '-. 'attended 'v-t " » '. * •■; j\ . v *r»d h? ft \ ''■ » ;olle :« !• ; */--•¥< SAM WALTER FOSS. HISTORY OF CANDIA. 5 21 establishing a high reputation in that line, his effusions being copied largely by the papers and magazines of this country, Canada, England and Australia. In 1887, he was invited to the editorial chair of the Yankee Blade, the great literary paper of Boston, with the understanding that in addition to his other labors he should write a poem weekly for that publication, these adding materially to its success. In January, 1893, the better portion of his poems were pub- lished under the name- of "Back Country Poems," which is meeting with a large sale. Mr. Foss is no servile imitator of others, but writes of nature as he sees it. Many of his most humorous productions contain a lesson which tends to stimulate and strengthen the moral sentiments of his readers. He was married in 1887 to Miss Carrie M., daughter of Rev. H. W. Conant of Providence, R. I., and resides in Somerville, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Foss have two children, a son and a daughter. CALEB CUSHING SARGENT. The name of Caleb Cushing Sargent, a son of Jonathan Sar- gent, was omitted from the list of college graduates given in Chapter XXVI. He was born in 1835 and graduated at Dart- mouth college in i860. He taught school awhile and prac- tised law several years, to finally become a trader at Corinth, Vt., where he is now engaged in business. J. ROWLAND BATCHELDER. James Rowland Batchelder, who came to Candia from Ray- mond and resided in the village many years, died very sudden- ly from the effects of the explosion of a kerosene lamp, while sitting by it reading on the everting of Nov. 20, 1892. CHAPTER XXXIV. ADDITIONAL ITEMS. The following items, fragments of articles and additional information gleaned by the author and found among his loose papers, some of which were evidently intended for publication, are thought to be worthy of preservation: CANDIA AS A SUMMER RESORT. During the past few years a considerable number of the farmers of Candia have profitably engaged in the business of entertaining, during the summer months, people belonging to some of the crowded cities and towns on the seaboard. There are few towns in New Hampshire where finer scenery and distant prospects are to be obtained than from Tower hill, Patten's hill, High street, Clark's hill, Walnut hill, and other ■ places that might be mentioned. The roads are in excellent condition, and a drive over the hills and through the valleys is delightful. The wild fruits are abundant ar.^l the railroad and postoffice facilities all that can be desired. A small outlay only would be required to fit up a large number of the spacious farmhouses for convenient and attractive homes for visitors during the summer season. There is no doubt of its being made profitable. PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY. The Candia Grange was instituted in 1891 and has become a flourishing institution. The following are the names of the present officers : Worthy Master, Benjamin Lang ; Overseer, Samuel F. Colcord ; Lecturer, Mrs. Frank D. Rowe ; Secretary, Frank E. Page; Treasurer, George Clark; Steward, Jesse W. Sargent ; Assistant Steward, F. Augustus Mulliken; Lady Assist- ant Steward, Ella Richardson ; Chaplain, George E. Richard- son ; Ceres, Mrs. George E. Cross ; Pomona, Mrs. George E. Richardson ; Flora, Mrs. E. J. Sylvester ; Gate-keeper, James H. Brown. 522 HISTORY OF CANDIA. 523 CHANGES IN POPULATION. In the course of a few years after the first settlements were made in town, some of the original owners of lots sold their property to new-comers and removed to the northern and west- em sections of this state and Vermont. About the beginning of the present century, a considerable number of families moved to the state of Maine and New York. Between the years 1825 and 1840, a large number of families and many young men and women settled in various western states. The farms and resi- dences they left behind were in many cases sold to parties coming from other localities. These changes in the .population have continued until, at this time, a few only of the inhabitants are descendants from the people who lived in the town ninety years ago. On High Street there are not over eight persons who live upon lands which were owned and occupied by their ancestors pre- vious to the year 1800. The following are their names : Isaac Fitts, a grandson of Daniel Fitts, Esq., and a great-grandson of Lieutenant Abraham Fitts, the first by the name of Fitts who •came to Candia ; a daughter of To hn S. Patten , who is descend- ed from Master Moses Fitts ; Samuel Morrill, 3d, who owns a part of the farm upon which his grandfather, Samuel Morrill, Esq., resided; Mrs. Lucinda Eaton, wife of George Eben Ea- ton, who lives on the homestead once owned by her grand- father, Theophilus Clough, 2d, and first owned by her great- •ancle, Theophilus Clough, sr., who was the first owner; An- drew J. Robie, son of Asa Robie and great-grandson of Icha- bod Robie, the first settler on the place ; Andrew J. Fifield, a grandson of John C. Fifield and great-grandson of * Stephen Fifield, one of the first inhabitants in town ; J. Lane Fitts, a grandson of Reuben Fitts and a great-grandson of Jethro Hill ; George W. Brown, a grandson of Aaron Brown, sr.; Elias P. and Joseph Hubbard, sons of Joseph Hubbard, sr., and grand- sons of Benjamin Hubbard, one of the first settlers. On the North Road there are only five persons who reside on the farms of their ancestors of less than a hundred years ago, and these are Dana Hall, a grandson of Benjamin Hall; Addison Smith, a grandson of J.. Chase Smith ; William B. 524 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Thorn, a grandson of Nathan Thorn ; John G. Martin, grand- son of Moses Martin ; Lorenzo Hoit, grandson of Col. Thomas Wilson. On the New Boston road a great-grandson of Benjamin Lang is the only person who lives on the homestead of his ancestors. Moses F. Emerson resides on the place on the Chester road which was first occupied by his , grandfather, Moses Emerson^ a soldier of the Revolution. Mrs. Thomas Colby lives on the place which was first owned by her grandfather, Israel Dol- ber, sr. At the Village, Bradley Beane and Bradley B. Beane live on- the place which was owned and occupied by Joseph Beane more than one hundred and forty years ago. Mrs. Mary S., widow of the late D. C. Moore, is now the owner of the home on the South road upon which her grandfather, Col. H. T. Eaton, and) great-grandfather, Paul Eaton, resided. Ellen S. Eaton, daugh- ter of Henry M. Eaton, is now the owner of the place upon- which her great-grandfather settled in 1773. Dea. Edmund! Hill lives on the place owned by his grandfather, Dea. John. Hill, more than 130 years ago. On the Patte n road , Mrs. John S. Nutting, lives on the homestead settled by her great-grandfather, Thom,as__Patten,. over a hundred and forty years ago. There are no other des- cendents of the early inhabitants living on the road. J. Osgood Wason resides on a place situated on the Jersey- road which was owned by his father, John Wason, and grand- father, Robert Wason. George F. Pat ten lives on the old homestead on Clark's hill which has been in the possession of his family for four gener- ations, his great-grandfather, Robert__P_atten, being the first owner. THE END. INDEX. Abatements of soldiers taxes, 1775, 88 Academy, Asa Fitts' 428 .Accidental deaths 304 Account of John Lane for building meeting house 60, 62 .Accounts of continental soldiers . 93 • Adventists 227 .Aged people 15, 399 Aged colored woman 459 Amusements 451 Anderson's tavern 234 Anecdotes 103, 131, 437, 455 Anniversaries, wedding 340 centennial .... 416 Animals, cruelty to 367 Armsby, Rev. Lauren 193 Articles of faith, Cong 203 -Artillery, officers of 141 Assault case of Bean and Patten . 310 Association, test of 1776 73 Bagley, Dr. Thomas 383 Baker, Moses ... . 54. 81, 84, 88 Sands 377 Banks. ... . . 162 ..Baptisms 222 IBatcbelder, J. R S21 Bean, Rev. Moses 216 iBeane, Rev. Samuel C. . . . 320, 513 *Bears 4 2 Beavers • 45 Bell of Cong, church 196 Berry, Dr. Edward 385 Biographical sketches 486 2Blake, Geo. B., death of. ... 310 Blacksmiths 276 Blueberries 279 1 Brigade, muster I5 6 Brown, Frank P 288, 516 John 5 IQ Dr. John 382 Jonathan C. ...... 320 jfeoulders 37 Bounties 17. 178, 180 Bounty jumpers 180 jBunker Hill ........ 69, 70 Burnhani, Dr. John L 386 furial customs iii utler, Philip A 519 "Camp meetings 442 <2andia Banner , . 398 •Oandia's independence 13° Mutual Fire Ins. Co. . . 239 ^Catholics in town 228 •Carpenters . 277 Carriages, sleighs, etc! . . . 273 Carr, Dr. Edgar L 385 Cass, Benjamin 55, 439, 442 Cavalry, officers of 142. Celebrations 414 Cemeteries . . . 105-6-7-8-9-10-11-19 Centennial 416 Charmingfare 130 Chimneys, fireplaces -358 Clay, Lorenzo 319 Chester, survey of 27 turnpike 159 Choir, Cong, church 373 Free Will Baptist church, 375 Methodist church. . . . 377 Churchs . . . See under different den. Colby brothers, death of ... . 309 Cold summers and winters . . . 354 Committee, 1st meetinghouse . . 57 of inspection .... 68 of safety 75 to proc. soldiers, 1778 86 Cong, society, history of. .... 183 church improvements. . . 211 deacons 212 funds of . I 212 ministers 183 sale of parsonage .... 213 new parsonage lot ... . 214 Collectors, names of 476 Coopering 266 Coopers 267 Corner, stores at 282 Currency 161 Dark days 346 Daughters of Rebekah .... 23a Dearborn, Lt. Thos., death of . . 89 Debating clubs 429 Debt, imprisonment for . . . . 313 war 182 Decorations 371 Decoration day 418 Dedication of new Cong, church, 201 Deer inspectors 46 Delegates to Prov. Congress . . 69 Deaths by accident 304 suicide 303 Deerfield explosions 325 bepbt Village, stores at ... . 288 tjialect, Yankee 324 Diphtheria, cases of 309 Dow, Rev. Lorenzo B 218 Domestic manufacturing . . . . 265 Drafted men in 1812 128 525 526 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Drafted men in 1863 179 Droughts 356 Dudley, D. B., G. A. R. post . . 233 Joseph P 219, 507 Mary J 324 Samuel 270, 508 Sara 1 324 Woodbury J. . . . 425, 508 Duncan, William . . 191,213, 283, 286 William H. . . 319, 324, 427 William, Jr 191 Dusten, Capt. M., ace. ag. U. S. . 90 letters to his wife, 91, 92 Early settlers, privations of . . 29, 52 East Candia, stores at 287 Eastman, Dr. Joseph 384 Eaton, Ephraim K. . . 319, 441, 502 Francis B. . . . 415, 399. 5°9 James H 323 Jesse 319 Peter 284 Eclipses 347 Edgerley, Andrew J 515 Emerson, Abraham 499 Francis P 323 Carrie L 324 John Dolber . . . 319, 499 Col. Nathaniel .... . . . 48, 68, 75, 78, 253, 49° letters to Col. Webster, 75 William R. P 322 Encounter with the devil . . . 456 Enrolled men, substitutes to war, 179 Epidemics 389 Fairs 399 Farmers' and Mechanics' Libr. . 236 Farming of old 254 Farm stock 258 Fashions 446 Federalists, in town 116 constitution of . . . . 117 members of club . . 125 Field officers 141 Fifield, Stephen ' . . . 103 Fire, borrowing of , 363 Fires 241 Fire insurance 239 Fitts, Abraham (Lt.), dairy of . . 81 Asa 285 Academy of 428 Franklin 323 Rev. Jas H. . 323, 415, 416, 513 Dr. John Franklin .... 323 J. Lane ..... 168, 417, 518 Moses 284 Moses Hall 319 Nathan 285 Foreign missions 467 Foss, Sam Walter Foster, Avery M., M. D. . . 386,520 Samuel, M. D 382 Free Masonry in Candia .... 230 Free Will Baptist Soc. .... 2T4, 216 funds of . . . 220 meetinghouse . 21& ch., members of, 217 choirs . . . 377 pastors, '90, 220. So. Road. . 227 French, Coffin M 516. George Henry .... 32s Dr. George H. ... 323 Samuel Franklin .... 320 Freshets 357 Fruits of old time 262 Gate to High Street cemetery . . 106 Glacial period, evidence of . . . 36 Graduates of colleges 322 Granary, the old 201 G. A. R., W. B. Dudley post . . 233 Grant, Dr. L. E 386- Grants of territory 17 Grasshoppers 357 Hall, George 518. Halls . 330- Hamlets, list of 4E Harness makers 279, Hat manufacturing 278. Haywards and hogreaves .... 47- Hearse, first town io& Herrick, Rev. William T. . . . 192 Hubbard, Charles H 32* Henry A 321 Hidden, Rev. Ephraim N. . . . 192; High schools 138s High Street cemetery .... 105, stores . ... 284. Holbrook, Mrs. Sarah nr Holt, Jacob S. . , , 271, 515. John -. . 271 Homesteads and their owners . . 479, Husking bees ^ 261 Incorporation, act of 32 petition for ... 31 Improvements 365; Indian relics 424 Infantry company 142: Intemperance 426 Inventory, 1891 445, Ingalls, E. R., trial of 341 Jewett, David, first minister . . 55, 183, Jones, Rev. Isaac 187- jurymen for 1775 64. Justices of the peace 2931 Kelly, Dr. Timothy 381 Lane, Emma , . 380 Dr. Isaiah 383 James P 322; John, accounts of. . .61,62 Lane, Richard Emerson .... 319, Lane Rifles 157 Lang, Thomas, Jr 517 Langford, Joseph C 287, 510- Lawsuits 30C& INDEX. 5 2 7 Liberty poles 425 Libraries 235 Library, Smyth Public ..... 237 Light infantry 108, 140 Literary fund 137 society 236 Longevity, names of old people, 399 Lost steers 435 Lots, first in Candia 27 Lovejoy, Rev. George Edward . . 193 Lower Inf. Co 142 May day 417 'training 143 McClure, David, first settler . . 29 Medicinal plants ....... 44 Meeting house, building of first . 57 pews, sale of . . 59 warming of. . . 197 Melodeons, first in town .... 380 Memorial day 418 Methodist society 223, 224 members of . . 224 pastors of . . . 224 com. to hire . . 54 Minister, first settled 183 Ministers, Congregational . . . 183 F. W. B. church . . ,218 Methodist 224 Militia, field officers of .... . 141 history of 137 laws relating to 154 trouble with Chester It. inf. 154 Mills 249 Moderators, names of 473 Monuments . . .... 106, 419 Mooers, Dr. Samuel 55. 69 Maj. Samuel 282 Moore, Dr. Coffin 381 J- Bailey 5 John 301 John T 323, 301 Morrill, Charles F 512 Henry Robie 322 Samuel 511 Mountains seen ffom Candia . . 45 Mowing machines, first in town . 454 Murdock, Rev. William 191 Music, history of 372 teachers of 379 Musters 146 anecdotes of 151 brigade 136 dinners 150 places of 157 Mutual fire insurance company . 239 Nail factory 278 Names of persons over 70 years . 399 New Boston road.' 41 New Boston road cemetery . . . 108 North road 41 stores 285 Notice May training 143 Odd Fellows 2 gi early members . . . 232 officers 232 Officers, artillery i +I . cavalry 142 field i 4I mfantry Cos 142 Union Baptist church . 471 Old houses . 434 people g QQ Palmer, Alanson 321 Albert ..... . 320, 519 Moses 322 Wilson 324, 417 Parker, Frederick grS Parsonage, Cong 63 lot, sale of . . . 213 Pattee, Dr. Luther 384 Patten, Daniel Dana 32s Dea. Francis 500 Col. Rufus E 4 i 9 Capt. William R. . . 321, 416 Patrons of Husbandry 523 Pay roll, Capt. Barker's company, 88 R. I. campaign .... 89 Peabody, Rev. Albert B 193 Peace and war 374 Pensions to soldiers .438 Perambulating town lines . . . 247 Periodicals taken in town .... 397 Petition to Gov. Shute 26 Pews, owners of, Cong, church. . 210 Philbrick, John D 321 Physicians 381 Pianos 380 Pigeons, catching of 280 Pictures 363 Pillsbury, David 318 Col. David 154 Dr. John 383 Political parties 115, 438 Population 294, 523 Ponds ... 40 Portraits 369; Postmasters 290 Postoffices 289 Potato rot 455 Pound, the 336 Prescott-Graves controversy , . . 107 Prices of articles of living .... 80 Prince, Rev. Jos., blind preacher, 183 Privations of early settlers ... 52 Progressive Orthodoxy .... 466 Quarrel, result of 310 Quimby, Jacob H 318 Quota of Continental soldiers . . 86 Railroad 244 Ramsey, Mathew, early settler . . 29 Reade, Rev. Wm. Churchill . . 194 Rebellion, war of 166 history of regiments . 167 Reception of Gov. Smyth .... 420 I 528 HISTORY OF CANDIA. Reed, Jacob Relics of Indians Religious history concluded . Remington, Rev. Jesse .... Representatives to legislature . Reptiles Revivals Revolution, war of Reynolds cemetery Rivers and small streams . . Roads 41, 48, 49 Robie, Dr. J. Wilson . . Rowe, Jonathan Russeli, Rev. Charles P. . . 322 424 461 185 472 43 209 68 109 39 295 323 285 190 Saddlers 279 Saltmarsh, suit of 301 Sargeant, Cyrus 497 Capt. John 497 Sargent, Caleb Cushing . . . 531 Sargent, Dr. Samuel 384 School districts 132 first 130 funds in 1764 48 examinations ... . 432 lot 50 superintendents of . . . . 477 Searle, Rev. Jonathan 183 Secession in N. H 23 Selectmen, account of 1780 . . . 99 names of 473 September gales 353 Settlement of Candia . . . . 29 Settlers, names of first .... 29, 30 9ewing circles 453 Sheriffs 477 Shoemakers, names of 270 Shoemaking 269 Shows . . . 454 Signers of petition for incorp. . . 31 Silk culture 272 Singers of Cong, church ..... 374 F. W. B. church . . . 376 Situation of town 34 Sleighs, carriages, etc. . . . 275 Small pox , . . 308 Smith, Alvah A 322 Benjamin, early settler . . 29 Smyth, Mrs. Emma 503 Dorothy Frederick . . 106,419,420,503 Public Library ." . . . 237 Stephen . . ...... 563 Snakes ... ........... 408 Somnambulism, case of W. Fitts, 315 Soldiers claims, speculating in . . 181 graves, marking df . . . 419 monument . . . '. . 419 • pensions . 458 Revolutionary, names of . . > 16, 71-9, 82-8-8, 93-5 war of 1812 128 43i 226 Spelling schools .... Spiritualists Stages 237 Station agents : . . . . . 246 Stewart, Mrs. Flora . . . . 459 Stores 15, 282 Storms 352 Substitutes of enrolled men . . . 179 Sudden deaths 307 Suicides '303 South Road, stores on . . . . 286 Summers, cold ' 354 Sunday schools .1 466 Superintendents of schools . . . 477 Tanners 276 Taverns '. 233 Taxpayers . . . 103, 164, 240, 312, 334 Teachers of music 379 Teachers, names of to 1880 . . 131 salary of 131 Tea parties 454 Telephone 425 Temperance movements .... 427 Text books, list of 133, 135 Thompson, Hon. Thomas W. . . 390 Time, old and new style .... 359 Time pieces .... . . 420 Town's action, support of civ. war, 176 Town clerks, names of . ... 475 lots 27 meetings 46,478 officers, duties of ... . 46 elected 1774 • • ■ 50 list of .... 46, 472 treasurers, names of . . . 475 Tornadoes .... 353 Tower hill pond .... . . 40 Tramps . . 411 Travel in old times ...... 298 Tything men 47 Uniforms af militia men .... 143 Union Baptist church 217 officers of. . 471 parsonage . 222 Ununiformed companies . . ; . 142 Universalists 224, 225 Wallace, Rev. C. W., address by, 208 Wall decorations 371 War debt 182 Weddings 337 Wedding anniversaries 340 Wells 445 Wheat, Dr. Nathaniel ... . 382 Dr. Thomas 323 Ayheeler, Rev. Abraham, 105, 187, 464 Whipping post, the 337 ^Vhittier, Aaron G 514 Winters, coid 354 Witchcraft 422 Wood and timber 273 Young, Dr. I.eander S 386