Cornell University Library LF528.M59 08 Oxford: its social and Intellectual life olin 3 1924 030 615 797 OXFORD. The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030615797 ox FORD: SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE. REMARKS AND HINTS ON EXPENSES, THE EXAMINATIONS, THE SELECTION OF BOOKS, ETC. BY ALGERNON My' M?' STEDMAN, B.A WADHAM COLLEGE, OXON. LONDON : TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1878. All rights reserved. EALLANTYNE AND HANSON, EDINBURGH CHANDOS STRHBT, LONDON PREFACE. The following pages were written in the hope that they might satisfy a want, the sense of which has been often expressed to the author by pupils or those in any way interested in the University, Undertaken primarily for intending under- graduates, this work has been enlarged in its scope, and been made to include some chapters on the various Examinations. A similar guide published some years since has now become so obsolete as almost to be useless. The new works which are being continually published on every subject have created a great change in the character of most of the Examinations, and rendered a new treatment necessary. The chapter on Reading for Scholar- ships will, it is hoped, prove useful to many who are somewhat mystified and troubled at the amount of reading to be done, or the vast number of books to be consulted. The books recom- mended are those which are necessary or especially worthy of perusal, and the author, from practical vi PREFACE. experience in tuition, believes they are the best on their subjects and will prove quite sufficient. The subject of Expenses has never received a full and worthy treatment, and it is to be hoped that the chapter on that question will give parents a definite idea of the cost of an average Univer- sity Education. The chapters on Oxford Life will probably not meet with universal approval. The author has only to plead the extreme difficulty and delicacy of the subject ; for himself, he has attempted to steer between a severe Puritanism and a vulgar flippancy, and to judge impartially between good points and bad. The author's best thanks are due to the many kind friends who have helped him with their advice and assistance. Especially he would mention H. A. Wilson, Esq., Fellow of Magdalen, and F. G. Brabant, Esq., late Scholar of Corpus, for a revision of the Classical chapters ; S. T. H. Saunders, Esq., Junior Student of Christ Church, for much assistance in the chapter on the Mathematical Schools ; and F. V. Budge, Esq., Wadham, for aid in the chapter on Jurisprudence. The chapters on Modern History and Science have been made very brief, as it was impossible to enter into a detailed discussion without seriously enlarging the bulk of the book. The Theological PREFACE. vii School is at present so uncertain in its character that it was thought advisable to omit all remarks upon it. In conclusion, no one can be more conscious than the author of the imperfections of his work. It has been written in the intervals of professional duties, and the revision of some parts and the exclusion of others are probably needed ; but the author earnestly hopes that some may gain from these pages a truer idea of a noble University. A, M. M. Stedman, ■ Friar Park, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1878. P.S. — The author's thanks will be due to all who may send him any criticisms or suggestions. CONTENTS. Chap. I. The University of Oxford. Distinction between the University and the Colleges — Con- stitution of the University — Congregation — Convocation — Con- gregation of the University — Hebdomadal Council — Officers of the University — The Vice-Chancellor — The Proctors — Terms — Incentives to study — Degrees — Residence and examinations necessary for B.A. degree— Responsions — First Public — Second Public — Limits of time — Other degrees — Colleges — New Foundations pp. i — 7. Chap. II. The Colleges : History and Remarks ON — Choice of a College. University — Balliol — Merton — Exeter — Oriel — Queen's — New — Lincoln — All Souls' — Magdalen — Brasenose — Corpus — Christ Church — Trinity — St. John's — Jesus — Wadham — Pem- broke — Worcester — Keble — Hertford — St. Mary Hall — New Inn Hall— St. Alban Hall— St. Edmund Hall— Unattached— Charsley's Hall — Choice of a College — Expenses — Colleges for reading men — Magdalen probably the most choiceworthy — — The Halls — Early residence undesirable for many reasons. pp. 8—34. Chap. III. Expenses of Oxford Life. Definiteness of treatment impossible — Oxford career not cheap if ordinary comfort is desired — Unwise to place faith in a small estimate of expenses — Evil results of such faith to an ordinary sociable undergraduate — Example of a cheap estimate — What it implies — Expenses — Preliminary — Caution money — Ad- mission fees — Purchase (or hire) of furniture — Minor expenses ■ — Average estimate — Terminal battels, elements in — Meals — Average of battels — Scouts — Travelling expenses — Subscrip- tions to College institutions — Expenses of boating — The Union — Clubs — Traiiesmen, necessary — Additional ones— Warning and advice — Terminal payment advisable — Credit system — CONTENTS. Tailor — Grocer — Bookseller — Wine-merchant — Remarks — Minor expenses— Ready money, need of— Many other expenses possible— General estimate— ^200 a year not too much- Decrease of expenses in last year — Lodgings often no saving — The estimate given does not allow for any extravagance — Cost of maintenance— Examinations and degree expenses- Conclusion PP- 35—49 Chap. IV. The Social Life. The Freshman, fabulous tortures of— First term not miserable — Rules of etiquette for freshmen— Freshman's life happy — Apportionment of rooms — Oxford day, description of an — Moming-Chapel, advantages of— Breakfast party — Reading — Lectures — Luncheon — Boating, advantages and disadvantages of — Coaching — Rowing a healthy exercise for sound men, an accomplishment always useful — popularity of boating — The rovnng man — Rowing education — Torpids and Eights — Neces- sity of learning to swim — Reading and rowing not inconsistent, except, in some degree, in the Summer Term — The Summer Term a period for pleasure — After-rowing occupations — Shopping — Billiards not immoral, but expensive — Oxford shops and tradesmen — The Union, advantages of — Dinner — Systems of " Hall" — After-dinner occupations — Some relaxation neces- sary — The Union — " Wines" — Solitary pleasures — Idle men — Other amusements — Wine Clubs — " Wine," description of a — Smoking, use and abuse of — " Fast" men — Frivolous men — Brutal men— The Proctors — The Proctorial system useful and necessary — Smaller details open to criticism — The Proctors autocratic — Their duties and occupations — The morality of Oxford, not perfect nor utterly bad — A "cloistered virtue" unmanly — The evening — Cards — Little ~ real gambling — Risks of out-College peregrinations — The Heads of a College powerful and to be treated with respect — Expulsion — Migration else- where — Various additional amusements — Horses — Hunting- Expenses — Extravagancies — Necessity of keeping within allow- ance — Small beginnings — Misery of debt — The " Court" — The evils of debt — Inexpediency — Immorality — Extravagance gene- rally the result of thoughtlessness and inexperience, seldom of premeditation — Wisdom learnt — Cliques the ruin of a College — A walk down the " High" — The various elements of Oxford life — General tone of society — Undergraduates not tufthunters — Conceit and vulgarity disallowed — Conclusion . pp. 50 — 92. CONTENTS. xi Chap. V. Thj: Intellectual Life. Culture — Apology for classical study — An Oxford education not an exclusive one — The classics no mean aid to an intellectual career — Perfection of the classics — Variety of intellectual life — " Smugs" not true disciples of culture — The intellectual extra- vagance of youth, natural nor really harmful — The widening of a man's mental view — The tutors and undergraduates — The youthful " don" — Increasing popularity of the tutors — advan- tages of their friendship — Proper civility to be shown to the " dons " — Oxford the reflection of England — The Union debates — Political opinions — Conservatives and Liberals — Influences exerted over men — Mill — Other philosophers — Disciples of "culture" and other systems — Is the intellectual tone a healthy one ? — Though extravagant paradoxes must be fascinating, they are not necessarily very mischievous if held in honesty and from a love of truth — The extravagance of youth will result in the settled wisdom of age — Scepticism powerful but not increasing — Unfair to charge Oxford with being the home of Scepticism. , pp. 93— III. Chap. VI. Religious Oxford. Religious principles of undergraduates professing the doctrines of the Church of England — Religious earnestness not to be wholly looked for — Influence of the tutors — The Tractarians, their doctrines — Ritualism — The Evangelicals — The Broad Church — Nonconformists and Roman Catholics — Moderate men pp. 112 — 119. Chap. VII. An Oxford Career considered. Justifications for an Oxford career — Social — Intellectual — The latter the proper one — Social life secondary — Intellectual ad- vantages immense — Oxford venerable to all, and an important element in England's greatness — Social advantages numerous — gain of "tone" — Pleasures of the social life — A means of putting off' shyness, " gaucherie,'' conceit, egoism, and priggish- ness — Acquisition of manliness and worldly discretion — Eventual and effectual discouragement of extravagance — A useful and pleasant preliminary to a business life — An Oxford degree still a passport to society — Influence exerted by Oxford over her students — Summary of intellectual and social advantages. pp. 120—131. Chap. VIII. Preparing for Oxford : Reading for Scholarships. Matriculation, standard of, raised — Authors, Greek — Latin — xii CONTENTS. Latin Prose— Accuracy— Grammar, papers in, to be worked out— Mathematics— Algebra— Arithmetic — Euclid— Unseen translation— English composition— Conclusion— Reading for Scholarships— Course of study— Subjects to be studied— Latin and Greek translations — Accuracy and wide reading necessary —Hints for unseen translation— General remarks on reading the classics— Conscientious study — "Cribs" — Authors— Sopho- cles — ^schylus — Euripides — Thucydides — Demosthenes — Plato— Isocrates— Additional books— Virgil— Horace— Juvenal —Tacitus— Cicero— Pliny's Letters— Livy— Catullus— Method of reading — No classic to be despised as easy — Greek and Latin composition— Greek, easier than Latin prose — Requisites for success — Aids— Careful study of the originals indispensable — Manuals — Additional advice— Verse composition — General Scholarship paper — English paper — History — Literature — Political Economy — Logic — General culture necessary — Hints for the examination itself — Discretion to be used in answering the general papers — Clear writing — Attention to health — Mathematical Scholarships — Science Scholarships. pp. 132-153- Chap. IX. Examinations. The theory of examinations a sound one— Objects of the various examinations — Honours — ^Various alternatives — The pass-work in itself of small value— Honour moderations — Only fair capa- bilities necessary — Advantages of and reasons for reading for Honours — Final Schools, choice of — Literse Humaniores, the highest school — A generally useful school — A class always valuable — Method of study for examinations — Necessity of fixed and methodical plan — Number of hours necessary — An average of four hours and a half sufficient for a second class — Impossible to read for a fixed period every day — (Winter Terms) — Importance of morning work— These hours never to be lost — Afternoon — Evening — Unadvisable to read directly after dinner — In summer a different method necessary — Folly of measuring work done by hours actually consumed, or number of pages read — Unwise to keep late hours — Luxury and hard reading in most cases inconsistent— proper way of reading — Note-books, their use and abuse — Abuse — Use and value of — Short analysis useful — Interleaved books very useful — Notes, properly made, invaluable — Lectures, in many cases useless — Value of — Accidental uses of— Choice and arrangement of lectures — Difficulty of taking notes — Necessity of copying out CONTENTS. xiii notes taken — New system of combination — Method of reading together — Its value depends upon the men — Necessity of trans- lating aloud — Importance of cultivating a correct and lucid English style — Much practice necessary — Essays and papers should be written, in which a logical method should be visible — Empty rhetoric useless — Arrangement of work — Last Term to be reserved for a general review — Reading to be gradually lessened as the Schools approach — During the Schools no reading to be done — Hints for examination — Lucidity indis- pensable — Careful choice of questions, where neither too many nor too few questions should be attempted — Necessity of neat- ness and legibility pp. 154 — 172. Chap. X. The Pass Schools. " Smalls,'' an easy examination which should be passed at once — Failure, reasons of — Papers to be worked through — Subjects of examination — Algebra, Euclid, and Arithmetic — Grammar — Prose — Authors, choice of — Method of reading — "Mods" — Subjects of examination — Glospels — Mathematics — Logic some- what difficult — Books on logic — ^Exercise needed — Latin prose — Books, choice of — Unseen translation — Divinity, frequent failure in — An easy examination — The Old and New Testa- ments — The Articles — Final Schools — Choice of subjects — Modem languages — The Ethics a difficult book — The Republic an easier book — Ethics, notes and translation — Very careful study necessary — Republic — Historian — Herodotus — Second subject — Political economy — Law, difficult and unsatisfactory — Greek and Roman History pp. 173 — 189. Chap* XI. Honour Moderations. Choice of work — Subjects of examination — Necessary — Optional — Authors — Holy Gospels — Unseen translation — Latin Prose — Greek and Latin authors — Accuracy indispensable — Much practice needed — Good English style, formed by wide reading — Faithful translation necessary — Aims to be kept in view — Textual criticism — Interleaved books — Lectures — Number of Authors necessary, need not exceed eight — Neces- sary books — Remarks on authors — Definite advice difficult — Homer — Odyssey — Homer, not excessively easy — Iliad — Aids to translation — Demosthenes — Virgil — Choice of alternatives — Conington — Translations — Aids— Cicero — Alternatives — "Pro xiv CONTENTS. Murena" — Editions — The select letters— Optional books — Greek dramatists — Sophocles— Choice of plays — Editions — Collation of texts advisable — jEschylus and Euripides — Notes on reading the dramatists — Second Greek author — Thucydides very important — Mischievous to read too many commentaries — Editions— Grote's Greece — Translations— Syntax of Thucydides — Other alternatives — Theocritus — Pindar — Plato — Aristo- phanes — Point of view from which to regard an author — Latin books, choice difficult — Horace, an exceedingly difficult author — Causes — Editions — Points to be noticed — Juvenal — Editions — Persius — Catullus — Edition — Plautus — Editions — Terence — Lucretius — Tacitus valuable — Style of Tacitus — Livy — Juvenal and Tacitus choiceworthy — Optional subjects — Greek prose — Latin and Greek verse — Philology and logic indispensable — Philology — Text-books — Necessity of lectures — Deep research not needed — Greek drama— Roman poetry and literature — Logic — Lecture necessary — Deduction — Text-books — Mill's Logic — Analysis — Mansel — Induction preferable to the orgauon — Conclusion pp. 190 — 212. Chap. XII. Mathematical Schools. Value of a good tutor — Math. " Mods" — Lectures — Subjects — Papers set — Algebra — Book-work — Trigondmetry and theory of equations — Geometry — Algeb. geometry — Differ, calculus-^ Integr. calculus — Most important subjects — Problems to be worked out— Math, finals— Subjects— Papers set — Algebra, &c. — Geometry, &c. — Both elementary — Elementary mechanics — Higher algebra, &c., and geometry— Differ, calculus— Jntegr. calculus, &c. — Differ, equations — Higher mechanics — Dynamics — Optics — Astronomy — Conclusion .... pp. 213 222. Chap. XIII. LiTERiE Humaniores. This the representative school of Oxford — Reasons for such an estimate — Superficiality not really encouraged by "Greats" Wide knowledge necessary— Comprehensive thought induced Subjects — Choice of subjects— History — Greek — First period preferable for several reasons — Roman— Second period perhaps preferable — Logic, &c.— Ethics and Republic indispensable Third hook not necessary— Politics most useful if one is chosen —Special subject unadvisable— Books to be read— Methodised reading necessary— Desultory study fatal— Unseen translation CONTENTS. XV and Greek and Latin prose — History and philosophy — Historians to be read in chronological order — Day portioned out between history and philosophy ; to the latter the morning — Commence- ment may be made with the Republic — "Long" not to be wasted — Republic — Plato and Aristotle — Lecture not absolutely necessary — Jowett's translation — English should be read by iJself — Analysis — Herodotus — Editions — Rawlinson's introduc- tions — Herodotus unduly depreciated — Analysis — The Ethics, the most important and difficult book — Lecture necessary — Interleaved copy— Commentaries — Grant's notes and essays — Translations — Ooss references — Mental analysis of Aristotle useful— Ethics to be read several times — Thucydides a difficult author — Note-book necessary — Grote — Commentaries — Tren- delenburg very difficult — Careful study necessary — Grote and Mansel — Xenophon — Bacon — Notes and aids — "Forms" — Plutarch — Sallust — Cicero's Letters — Great care necessary — Note-book indispensable — Tacitus — Demosthenes — The Politics — History, general study of — Greek— Grote, the text-book — Roman — Mommsen — Ihne — Merivale — General papers — Short histories — Additional books — Smaller editions for facts — Geo- graphy — Dates — Ethnology— Antiquities — Logic and philo- sophy — General remarks — Necessity of confining attention to a few books^- Logic — Mill — Careful study necessary — Bain — Mill's Hamilton — Mansel — Advisability of adopting a specific system of philosophy — History of philosophy — Ueberweg — Lewes— Schwegler — Cousin— Jouffiroy—Ferrier — Zeller — Ribot — Kant and Hegel important — Berkeley — Comte — Hume — H. Spencer — Necessary works — Moral philosophy — Mill's Utilitarianism — Sidgwick — Criticisms — Bentham — Bain's Moral Science — Butler — Hume — Political philosophy — Maine — Humboldt — Mill — Lewis — Buckle — Ancient politics — Political Economy — Fawcett — Caimes — Mill — Steady reading and dis- cretion necessary for success in the whole . . pp. 223 — 261. Chap. XIV. Jurisprudence. Subjects of examination — Preliminary remarks — The school not an easy one — Order and method of work — Roman law to be the first study — Roman law — Maine — Hadley — Mear— Gains and Justinian to be read with great care — Order of reading — General jurisprudence— Bentham — Austin — Maine's works most important— Care necessary in reading Maine— Hobbes — Savigny— History of English law— Law of contracts— Inter- national law — Lectures — Importance of making analyses. xvi CONTENTS. Chap. XV. Modern History. Subjects of examination — Genera] remarks — Periods — Lectures — Analyses — Tutors— Constitutional History — General History of England — Works recommended — Geography. pp. 274 — 280. Chap. XVI. Natural Scienck. Subjects of examination — Preliminary — Final — Physics — Bio- logy— Literature of Biology pp.281 — ^286. Appendix I. University Commissioners' Report. pp. 287—299. „ II. Authors and Editions recommended. pp. 300—309. ERRATA. Page 3, y&c "election takes" read "elections take." >> yi'j'"' "generally" read "usually." „ 40, ^r "price" rmi/ "prices." 41, "poor," afe/^ comma. ,, T^tfor " hospiality'' I'ead "hospitality." >> 77> fi*' " condemn those" read " condemn him. " „ 92, for "affection" read "affectation." ,, 108, "freedom," flfe/e comma. ,, 132, " examination, " i/f/i? comma. ,, 134, " These" . /o'' ' ' reference +" read ' ' reference *. " >) 265, " Jurisprudence," rfif/^ comma. OXFORD. CHAPTER I. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. There exists in the minds of many persons a very Distinction erroneous, but perhaps natural, tendency to iden- unl^ereity ^ tify the University of Oxford with the separate ^^^ *e ^°h Colleges. In fact these latter are totally distinct ^^^' bodies, as their origin and objects demonstrate. The University is a corporate body, under the title of " The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford." Its object is to provide instruction for its members, and to encourage learn- ing by means of its staff of professors, libraries and other institutions, scholarships and prizes, exami- nations, and, finally, degrees. It does not provide accommodation for undergraduates, and is con- cerned only with their intellectual and moral wel- fare. It was to supply this want of accommodation that the various Colleges were founded. These are corporate bodies, in most cases liberally endowed by private benefactors for the purpose of assisting students during their residence at the University. Before the establishment of Colleges the undergra- duates were accustomed to live in any part of the town. A College offered to them the definite advantages of comfortable lodgings, good society, B 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. help to poor students in the shape of scholarships, and assistance intellectually from tutors. In time the Colleges had completely absorbed all the stu- dents, and residence outside a College or Hall was strictly prohibited. There is thus a clear distinc- tion between the University of Oxford, the original institution, and the Colleges, which simply offer re- sidence to undergraduates during their studies at the University. Constitution The University has the power of making the Universttv Statutes for the regulation of its own affairs, and its constitution consists of four bodies — i. The House of Congregation. 2. The House of Con- vocation. 3. The Congregation of the Univer- sity of Oxford. 4. The Hebdomadal Council. Congregation. The first body consists of Doctors of every Fa- culty, all. Masters of Arts for two years after they have taken their degrees, and certain of the officials' of the University. Convocation. The House of Convocation consists of all M.A.'s and Doctors, members of a College or Hall, who keep their names on the books, and pay the statu- table fees. Congregation The Congregation of the University consists qf Univeriit^y. '"o^* °f ^^ officials of the University, and of all members of Convocation who have resided 140 nights during the year within the limits of the University. Hebdomadal The Hetjdomadal Council consists of the Chan- cellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Ex-Vice-Chancellor for one year, and the two Proctors, who are official members. There are also eighteen elected mem- bers. This Council meets every week (hence its name) during Term, and has the initiative in all the legislation of the University. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 3 Of these bodies the most powerful is the House of Convocation, in which the greater portion of the formal business of the University is transacted, honorary degrees are conferred, and all election to offices in the gift of the University takes place. In the election of Burgesses members may vote by proxy. It is scarcely necessary to give the names or dis- Officers of the cuss the duties of all the officials of the University. University. The head of the University is of course the Chancellor, who is generally a public man of eminence. The Chancellor delegates his duties to the Vice-Chancellor, who is chosen from the Heads of Houses, and who generally holds office for four years. The Vice-Chancellor is thus The Vice- really at the head of the administration, and has ^""^^ °^' almost unlimited authority. He has the powers of a judge, and has jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal, in which resident members of the Univer- sity are concerned. This jurisdiction is exercised at the Vice-Chancellor's Court in the Convocation House, where the Vice-Chancellor is assisted by a qualified legal assessor. All disputed debts, &c., are here brought up for settlement. Next to the Vice-Chancellor the most important The Proctors. officials are the Proctors, who are elected annually by the several Colleges and Halls in a certain cycle. The chief duties of the Proctors are to supervise the discipline and morals of the undergraduates, to assist the Vice-Chancellor in the performance of his official duties, and to arrange the various examina- tions. There are two Proctors, the Senior and Junior, and each appoints two Masters of Arts as his Pro-Proctors. They are admitted to office at , the commencement of the Summer Term. B 2 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. Terms. There are four Terms for academical exercises in each year, but for all purposes the third and fourth count only as one. (i) Michaelmas Term. (2) Hilary (or Lent) Term. (3) Easter Term. (4) Trinity (or Act) Term. (3) and (4) are called the Summer Term. Incentives to ' With regard to the system of education pursued. Study. |.jjg University itself, besides appointing a large staff of Professors, offers every encouragement to study by means of the various examinations it prescribes, and the scholarships and prizes it awards annually, Of these latter, the chief are the Hertford, the Ire- land, and the Craven Scholarships. The first of these is for the promotion of Latin, the second and third of both Greek and Latin learning. The most eminent members of the University have gained these distinctions, which are naturally objects of emulation to the classical lights of the day. There are also various prizes awarded for excellence in History, Law, Sciences, Mathematics, Theology, Modern Languages, &c. : thus industry in every branch of learning has its appropriate reward. For these Scholarships no definite books are required to be read, and the student is left free to prepare himself as he pleases. But for the various exami- nations the University prescribes a fixed amount of work to be completed within a certain time. B.A. An undergraduate is entitled to the degree of B.A. on the following conditions : — Residence and (i.) He must have kept twelve statutable Terms. necessary. I" ^ri academical year there are four Terms, so that a degree may really be taken in two years "and eight months ; for instance, if a man has entered in October, 1878, he is qualified, as far; as time is concerned, to take his degree in May or June, 1 8S i. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. s (2.) He must pass the following examinations : — a. Responsions, held three times a year, or he Responsions. must have satisfied the Delegates of the Schools Examinations, or of the Local Examinations. b. The First Public Examination (Moderations), First Public, held twice a year, either as Pass or Class. Mathematical Moderations count as nothing for the degree ; thus Pass or Honour " Mods" must be passed in addition, either before or after Mathema- tical « Mods." For Honour " Mods" no candidate must offer himself until his fifth Term, or after his eighth , Term. c. The Second Public Examination, held twice Second a year ; in which is included Divinity (or substi- " "^' tuted matter) : either as : — (i.) A Pass Examination in three subjects. (2.) An Honour Examination in one or more of six different Schools : — - (a.) Literae Humaniores. (3.) Mathematics. (c.) Natural Science. (^.) Jurisprudence. (^.) Modern History, .(/) Theology. No one is admitted as a candidate in any Limits of Honour School (except Preliminary Science), or '^""^• in Divinity, until he has entered upon his twelfth Term. No one is admitted as a candidate in any Honour School after sixteen Terms, unless he has been classed in some other School of the Second Public Examination, when he may be admitted up to his twentieth Term inclusively. For the degree of Master of Arts no further ex- m.a. 6 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. amination is required. A man must only have had his name on the College books for twenty- seven Terms, and must pay certain prescribed fees. B. Mus. Candidates for the degrees of B. Mus. are fe- quired to pass two Examinations, in Hilary and Michaelmas Terms respectively. D. Mus. For the degree of D. Mus. another examination is required, as well as a piece of original com- position to be performed publicly. No special period of residence is necessary for this degree. B.C.L. Candidates for the degree of B.C.L. must pass one examination,* held in the specified subjects, in Trinity Term. D.C.L. A B.C.L. wishing to proceed to the degree of Doctor is required to read a dissertation before the Regius Professor. B.M. Candidates for the degree of B.M. are required to pass two examinations.* D.M. For the degree of D.M. a dissertation must be read publicly. B.D. A candidate for the degree of B.D. must read two dissertations before the Regius Professor.f , T3-D. A B.D. wishing to take a Doctor's degree must read three exegetical lectures. In some cases, and under certain conditions (specified in the Calendar), degrees may be granted to absent persons, and members of the Universities of Cambridge and Dublin may be incorporated into the University. * In the twenty-seventh Term from their Matriculation, t At the end of three years from his admission to Regency. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. 7 The annual revenues of the University are estimated at 460,000/. The Colleges and Halls are, as was before said. Colleges. institutions founded for the purpose of assisting students during their residence at the University, and have their own governing body quite distinct from the University. They have a large number of fellowships and scholarships attached to them, and have a body of tutors to prepare under- graduates for the examinations. The College authorities exercise a despotic power within their own sphere, and make such arrangements as please them with regard to the members of the College. The Head of a College is known by various titles, as the Warden, Rector, Master, and in one case Dean. The Heads of Halls are called Principals, while the discipline of the Unattached is intrusted to a Delegacy. The Colleges and Halls three and twenty years New ago monopolised the students of the University. Foundations. . Now, however, any Master of Arts may open his house, under certain conditions, as a private Hall ; and in 1868, any person was allowed to become a member of the University, unattached to a College or Hall, under certain conditions. The unattached now exceed in numbers the largest College. Under a later statute, new foundations are admitted, with certain exceptions, to enjoy the same privileges as the older Colleges. Of this kind is Keble, which was incorporated in 1870. THE COLLEGES. CHAPTER II. THE COLLEGES. University (or " Univ.," as it is vulgarly called) takes precedence of the other Colleges by virtue of its reputed antiquity. Its foundation is ascribed by tradition to Alfred the Great, . and the date of its erection is commonly said to be 872. For this, however, there is no satisfactory evidence, though the Crown claims the right of visitation on the assumption that the College is a royal foun- dation. The only certain record that we possess is that the building (by whomsoever founded) was restored by a bequest of William of Durham, who died in 1 249, leaving a sum of money for the perma- nent endowment of a certain number of " Masters." The buildings were enlarged from time to time, but no uniformity of architecture was visible until after the Restoration, when the whole was re- modelled ; the present front was raised so lately as 1800. The College stands in the High Street, opposite to Queen's, and its crumbling walls give it a particularly ancient appearance. The new buildings to the west were added in 1 84 1 . The Chapel is a building of some beauty, and was restored in 1862, two years after the new library had been erected. The Hall was built in 1657, and is one of the iinest rooms in the Uni- versity. The present foundation consists of a Master, thirteen Fellows (of whom one is the Civil Law THE COLLEGES. 9 Fellow), eighteen Scholars, and certain Exhibi- tioners. The Scholarships are of the value of 80/. per annum for five years. The present Master is Mr. Bradley, late Head Master of Marlborough./^UO/o' /W^ "fe^^w -^^V^gY'PiIvU^^ University cannot boast of many eminent men : the most famous being. Bishop Ridley, Dr. Rad- clifife (founder of the Radcliffe Library), Percy Bysshe Shelley, Dean Stanley, Lords Eldon and Stowell, and Father Faber. University is a large College, and fairly popular. It is high on the river, and has furnished a man for the Oxford Eight for ^ome years past ; nor are its intellectual efforts of small importance. It may be caljed a " hard working College all round," and usually appears to advantage in the Class-Lists. Balliol College was founded sometime betweem Balliol. the years 1263 and 1268 by John Balliol and his wife Devorgilla, the parents of John Balliol, King of Scotland. The buildings were enlarged in 1 303 and 1 46 1, and a new front was erected in 1868. The College has been much improved within the last few years. The Chapel was rebuilt in 1856 ; :and the Library was restored in 1792, and is especially rich jn works on Divinity, and in old manuscripts. A Hall of imposing dimensions was built two years ago. At present it has an appearance of .somewhat painful newness. On the foundation there are thirteen Fellows, thirty-two Scholars, and a large number of Exhibi- tioners. The Scholarships are of the annual value oi 80/., for four or five years ; the exhibitioners range from 100/. to 40/. Thus Balliol is rich in encouragements to Learning. 10 THE COLLEGES. The present Master is the Rev. B. Jowett, Regius Professor of Greek. Prof Jowett's connection with " Essays and Reviews" is well known, and, besides other works, he has translated the dialogues of Plato into English in such a manner as to make Plato "an English Classic." The late Master was Dr. Scott, Dean of Roches- ter, coUaborateur in Liddell and Scott's Greek- English Lexicon. Eminent members of Balliol have been : — Car- dinal Manning ; Dr. Stanley ; Dr. Temple ; Arch- bishop Tait ; Robert Southey ; Adam Smith ; Humphry, Duke of Gloucester ; Sir Sta,£ford North6ote. Under the regime of Dr. Scott and Prof. Jowett, Balliol has risen to the first place as an intellectual College, and is accustomed to carry off a large proportion of the prizes of the Univer- sity. Balliol Scholarships are thus objects of eager ambition, and are always gained by men of more than average attainments. The under- graduates are assisted in their studies by a large and able body of tutors. Balliol cannot^ be called a popular College within the University. Its success, so pronounced, caused some degree of jealousy ; and a few Balliol men are so affected by an intellectual arrogance, combined with a certain disregard of the amenities of life, that they are alternately envied and de- spised. But there can be no doubt that Balliol is a noble school of learning, and takes the first place in England as a purely educational resort. Merton. Merton, the third College in order of founda- tion, was originally, in 1264, a house for scholars at Maldon, in Surrey, and was removed to Oxford THE COLLEGES. ii ■ about 1274 by Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, and Lord High Chancellor of England. The buildings have been enlarged, and the Hall restored more recently. The Chapel (Church of St. John the Baptist) is a remarkably fine building, and the choir is very beautiful. The Library is rich in mediaeval literature, and is open to all members of the College. The foundation consists of a Warden, twenty- four Fellows, eighteen Postmasters,* and four Scholars. The Postmasterships and Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years. Merton has educated a large number of Bishops and Archbishops of the Church, among whom the most eminent are Hooper, Bishop of, Gloucester, Jewel, and Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester. Other famous members are : — Duns Scotus, the metaphysician ; Ockhan ; Antony a Wood, the historian of Oxford ; and John Wicklif William Harvey (the discoverer of the circulation of the blood), though a Cambridge man, was appointed. Warden in 1645. The present Warden is Dr. Bullock-Marsham. Merton is generally held to be a " fast" College, nor is this reputation altogether undeserved, for there are many men who indulge in pleasures the reverse of sober and intellectual. The College does not take a high rank either in the Schools or on the river, but is fairly popular. Exeter College was founded in 1 3 1 4 by Walter Exeter, de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, and Lord High Treasurer of England, and was originally called * The Postmasters answer to the Scholars of other foundations. 12 THE COLLEGES. Stapledon Hall. Fellowships were added at different periods, and now the Foundation consists of fifteen Fellowships, twenty-eight Scholarships, and ten Exhibitions. The Scholarships are of the annual value of from 80/. to 60/. for five years. The Exhibitions are of less value. The College has been restored and refaced within this century, and new buildings were erected in 1832. The Chapel is entirely new, and was erected in 1856. It is a very fine building, decorated in the most elabprate style with mosaics designed by Salviati. The Library is also new, and was built in 1856, under the direction of Sir Gilbert Scott, the archi- tect of the Chapel. Among those who have been educated at Exeter are Samuel Wesley (father of John and Charles Wesley), J. A. Froude, and Lord Coleridge. Exeter is a popular College, with a good Eight and Eleven, and taking also its fair share of . University honours. Some years ago it was un- fortunately much split up into "sets," and the natural result was that its name was low on the river, and in the College there was an absence of that public spirit and sociable character which are the conditions of a pleasant life. It has now regained its proper place, and is (with two excep- tions) the largest College in Oxford. Oriel. Oriel was founded by Edward II., at the suggestion of Adam de Brome, his almoner, for a Provost and ten Fellows. The charter is dated 1326. The origin of the name is involved in obscurity, the general explanation being that Oriel is a corrupted form of Aula Regalis. The present buildings were erected at the commencement of THE COLLEGES. 13 the seventeenth century ; the Hall and Chapel were raised about 1640, and additions were made in the inner court in 1730. The Library was built in 1788. None of these buildings are of great beauty, and the position of the College, down a small back lane, gives it an unduly mean appearance. But the chief glory of Oriel is the long line of illustrious men she has educated. Barclay, the author of " The Ship of Fools ;" Longland, author of " Piers Plowman ;" Bishop Ken ; Prynne ; Sir Walter Raleigh ; Dr. Pusey ; Keble ; Dr. Newman ; Archbishop Whately ; Dr. Arnold ; Matthew Arnold ; Gathorne Hardy (Lord Cranbrook). The present Foundation consists of a Provost (Dr. Hawkins), seventeen Fellows, and ten Scholars. There are also four Exhibitions, called the Exhibi- tions of Adam de Brome ; these and the Scholar- ships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years. Besides these, there are eighteen Exhibitions and two Bible-clerkships. / The glory of Oriel has faded much since the time when Keble, Newman, Pusey, and their co- temporaries lived within its walls ; and even within the last few years its position has been lowered. Yet it is a noble institution, and should have a splendid future before it. It is not remarkable either for success in the Schools or on the river ; but the tutors are able, and society is fairly pleasant. Queen's College was founded in 1340 by Robert Queen's., Eglesfield, chaplain to Philippa, Queen of Edward III. (hence the name). At this period the build- ings were very irregular, but the present College was erected in 1756, The western wing was 14 THE COLLEGES. destroyed byfire in 1 778 ; the Collegewas re-fronted in 1845. The architecture is peculiar, and over the main entrance is a large cupola. The Chapel and Library are fine buildings ; the architecture of the College is Grecian. Among those who have studied at Queen's are the "Black Prince," Henry V., Cardinal Beau- fort, John Wicklif, and Wycherley. The Founda- tion consists of a Provost (Dr. Jackson), eighteen Fellows, fifteen Scholars,, two Bible-clerks, and four Eglesfield Exhibitioners. The Scholarships are of the annual value of 90/. for five years. The Bible-clerkships are of the value of 81/. for the same period, with rooms rent free. The Exhibitions are 8 1/. a year for four years. Candidates for these Exhibitions must be natives of Cumberland and Westmorland. There are also a large number of Exhibitions, tenable by persons natives of, or edu- cated in, the Northern Counties. A Jodrell Scholar- ship has been founded, of the annual value of 1 00/. for four years. Queen's has always been the north-country College, and in former days was more famous for beer and athletics than for intellectual attainments. But, like the other Colleges, it has changed in a great degree, and "natives of Cumberland and Westmorland" do not now form the great majority of students. Queen's has always shown a fickle excellence both on the river and in the Schools. At present its position is high in neither direction. New. New College was founded in 1386 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Chancellor of England. The buildings were designed on a magnificent scale, and the College as a whole is one of the finest in the University. THE COLLEGES. ij The Chapel is especially beautiful, and ornamented in an elaborate manner. The Hall was restored in 1866, and is large and handsome. The gardens are perhaps the loveliest in the University, and accord well with the buildings and the old city wall which surround them. The Foundation con- sists of a Warden (Dr. Sewell, the present Vice- Chancellor), thirty Fellows, and forty Scholars. Fifteen of the Fellowships are confined to those who have received their education at Winchester or New. Thirty of the Scholarships are also confined to Winchester boys, but in default of a properly qualified candidate they are thrown open. The scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. (with tuition free) for five years. There are also a few Exhibitions. The most famous members of New are Arch- bishop Chichele, William Pitt, William Grocyn, and Sydney Smith. The rise of New College to popularity has been almost unprecedentedly sudden. Twenty years ago the undergraduates scarcely numbered fifty ; now they are three times that number. Formerly Win- chester men were altogether in the ascendant, but now, though these constitute a large proportion, the College is not exclusively. Wykehamist. New is not high on the river, but its success in the Schools has latterly been very marked. The gardens are beautiful, the chapel services are charming, and the men are pleasant — obvious causes of popularity. Lincoln College was founded by Richard Flem- Lincoln. ing, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1427. The buildings do not display much architectural beauty. The foundation consists of a Rector (Rev. Mar^ 16 THE COLLEGES. Pattison), ten Fellows, and eighteen Scholars. The Scholarships are of the annual value of from 80/. to 60/., for four years. Famous students have been Sir William Davenant, John Wesley, Lord Crewe. Lincoln can scarcely be called popular, and at present is undergoing one of those transitions or decadences which fall to the lot of most Colleges. It shows no marked excellence either on the river or in the schools. All Souls. All Souls' College was founded in 1437 by Henry Chichele, Fellow of New, and Archbishop of Canterbury, for a Warden, forty Fellows, two Chaplains, and four Clerks. Ten Fellowships have been suppressed to endow two Professorships. The old qualifications necessary for election to a Fellow- ship have been abolished ; and candidates are re- quired only to have been placed in the first-class in one public examination, or to have obtained some University prize.* The only undergraduates resident are the four Bible-clerks. The buildings of All Souls are fine, and are adorned with particularly beautiful towers. The Chapel has been restored, and contains a^ magnificent reredos, until lately hidden from view. The Codrington Library is the finest private in- stitution in the University, and is rich in works on History and Law- A reading-room is attached, which is open to undergraduates on the produc- tion of a recommendation from a College Tutor. Among eminent members may be mentioned * It is generally supposed, however (rightly or wrongly), that merit is not the only qualification required. THE COLLEGES. 17 Jeremy Taylor, Linacre, Blackstone, Sir Christopher Wren, and Max Muller. Magdalen College was founded in 1458, by Magdalen. William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Chancellor of England. The' buildings are (with the exception of the more modern structures), of great beauty ; the Chapel especially is a magnificent building, and has been adorned and improved to a great extent within this century. The Hall and Library, too, are fine rooms. The small inner quadrangle is quite unique. The tower is of exquisite proportions, and is certainly the finest in the University. Altogether, it may safely be asserted that Magdalen is the most beautiful College in Oxford. The foundation consists of a President (Dr. Bulley), thirty Fellows, thirty Demies (" Semi- Socii"), a Schoolmaster (for Magdalen College School), an Usher, a Steward, an Organist, ten Clerks, and sixteen Choristers. The Demyships are of the annual value of 95/. for five years. Some Exhibitions have also been added. Among the famous men who have been educated at Magdalen are : — Cardinal Wolsey, John Lyly, John Hampden, Cardinal Pole, Dean Colet, Collins, Addison, Gibbon. Magdalen has always maintained a good position, socially, in the University. The terms " Magdalen man," and " dilettante," were some time ago con- vertible, and the undergraduates of this College were generally considered supercilious fops ; but this feeling, originally exaggerated, has since died out. On the river Magdalen is not high, nor do her men often appear among the "firsts," but as a c 1 8 THE COLLEGES. pleasant College she has no equal. The chastened grandeur of the buildings, the splendid Chapel, the grounds beautiful and romantic, with the silver river flowing through, all combine to make Mag- dalen in outward appearance the fairest of the many fair homes of Oxford. No other College ex- emplifies so well the quiet beauty of the University. Brasenose. Brasenose College was founded in 1 5 09, by the joint benefaction of William Smith, Bishop of Lin- coln, and Sir Richard Sutton. The origin of its peculiar name is obscure, but is probably derived from " Brewing House." The College was built where some old Halls had stood, and is hence called the " King's Hall and College of Brasenose." The Chapel was built more than a century later ; none of the other parts of the College call for special remark. The foundation consists of a Principal (Dr, Craddock), fifteen Fellows, and a number of Scholars. Some of the Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years ; others, confined in the first instance to Hertford, Manchester, and Marlborough Schools, are tenable for five years, and vary from 36/. to 52/. The Hulmeian Exhibitions are confined to mem- bers of Brasenose who have entered upon their thirteenth Term. Candidates must be nominated by the Dean of Manchester, and the Rectors of Prestwich and Bury. The Exhibitions are of the annual value of 135/.' for four years, with 20/. to be spent in books to be approved of by the Principal. There are also some other Exhibitions. Famous members of Brasenose have been, Elias Ashmole, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, THE COLLEGES. 19 Burton, author of the " Anatomy of Melancholy," Reginald Heber, F. W. Robertson, Dean Milman. Brasenose has long been the exponent and ex- ample of the physical excellencies of life, and athletics were allowed to occupy a position which quite overshadowed intellectual duties. Now, how- ever, a severer discipline is exercised, and while Brasenose still takes the lead on the river and in other sports, the claims of learning are not ignored. The College society is good, and (though " fast men" are not few) pleasant. Many students will doubtless be induced to enter with the ambition of gaining one of the valuable Hulmeian Exhibitions. Corpus Christi College was founded in the year Coi-pus. 1 5 1 6, by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord Privy Seal, " to the praise and honour of God Almighty, the most holy Body of Christ," &c. The buildings are small and simple ; in the Chapel is a fine altar-piece by Rubens. The Library has a fine collection of early printed Classics. The foundation consists of a President (Rev. J. M. Wilson), fifteen Fellows, and twenty-four scholars. The Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. (with rooms free) for five years. There are also some Exhibitions for Commoners of the College. Keble was a member of this College, and in later years John Conington. Corpus takes the second place as an intellectual College, next to Balliol : if its small numbers are considered, it must be placed first. A class-list seldom appears without the name of a Corpus man in the " first," and to gain a Corpus Scholarship no ordinary classical qualifications are necessary. Nor are more active pursuits neglected : a few years ago the Corpus boat was third on tlie, river, C 2 , 20 THE COLLEGES. and this fact sufficiently indicates the esprit de corps and self-denial of the Corpus men. The undergraduates are sociable, and there is generally evident a remarkable amount of unanimity and friendly feeling. Christ Church. Christ Church, the most magnificent College in Oxford, was originally founded in i S 2 5 by Cardinal Wolsey. Forty religious houses were suppressed that their revenues might form an, endowment for the new institution, which was to be called Cardi- nal's College. When Wolsey fell under the dis- pleasure of Henry VIII., the works were stopped, but were taken up some years afterwards by the King, who became patron of the foundation, and the College was finally named, in 1546, "The Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford." The buildings of Christ Church are very fine, and the large quadrangle and the Hall are magni- ficent. The gateway and tower were designed by Sir Christopher Wren. The Chapel (the Cathedral of the Diocese) was originally the Church of St. Frideswide; and was restored in 1870 by Sir Gilbert Scott. The new buildings of Christ Church were finished in 1866, and the College is stiH undergoing repairs'. In the Hall and Picture Gallery are some very fine portraits. The foundation consists of a Dean (Dr. Liddell), six Canons, twenty-eight Senior Students, and fifty- two Junior Students (of which twenty-one are con- fined to Westminster School). The Junior Student- ships are of the annual value of 80/. to 100/. for five years. There are also ten open Exhibitions of the value of 50/. (with dinner and tuition free) tenable for three years, and there are several smaller Exhibitions. THE COLLEGES. 21 ' Among the many eminent members of Christ Church have been : The Duke of Wellington, Lord , Derby (the late), Mr. Gladstone, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Canning, Sir G. C. Lewis, Otway, John Rus- kin. Lord Dalhousie, Lord Byron, William Penn, John Locke, Dr. Pusey, Ben Jonson, Sir Philip Sidney, John and Charles Wesley, Lord Sidmouth, Lord Elgin. Christ Church is the largest College in Oxford. The Junior Students and the Exhibitioners num- ber nearly seventy, and would form by themselves a College of moderate size. Where the numbers are so great, it is natural that society should be of a most varied character. " Sets" necessarily exist, and generally there is no connexion or association between them. Each goes its own way, and ignores the presence of the others. The College is so large that the existence of " sets" is not so fatal as in other Colleges, for either "set," if de- sirous, is numerically able to carry on the affairs of the College with success. An undergraduate is certain to settle down in some one of these classes ; from the rich or "fast" "sets" the average man will most probably be debarred. With the ex- ception of several details, Christ Church is not more expensive than other Colleges, and the student may always regulate his rate of expen- ■ diture. Christ Church is no doubt the first Col- lege in the University, and those who look only for name would do well to send their sons to the most splended educational institution in the world. Trinity College was originally founded and en- Trinity. dowed by Edward III., Richard II., and the Priors ,of Durham, and was called Durham College. .Suppressed at the Reformation, it was refounded 22 THE COLLEGES. in 1554 by Sir Thomas Pope, and dedicated to the " Holy and Undivided Trinity." The buildings have been restored and improved from time to time ; the inner quadrangle was de- signed by Sir Christopher Wren. The Chapel, which forms the front of the College, was designed by the same architect ; it is of a very mean ex- teiior, but contains some beauties within. The gardens are large and may rank with those of New, Worcester, or St. John's. The foundation of Trinity consists of a Presi- dent (Rev. S. W. Wayte), twelve Fellows, and thirteen Scholars. The Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years. There are also some sma.l Exhibitions. Among eminent members of Trinity have been ; Lord North, Earl of Chatham, Walter Savage Landor, Lord Selborne, Dr. Newman. Trinity has lately gained a much higher position than it held twenty years ago, and is now a fairly popular College. It is not low on the river, and has a good Eleven. Attention, too, is given to intellectual pursuits, and Trinity often appears high in the lists. The men are sociable, the gardens^ are pleasant, and generally the College is a de- sirable place of residence. Si. John's. St. John's was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas White, on the site of the old foundation of St. Bernard's College, remains of which are seen in the gateway and the Chapel. The inner quad- rangle was designed by Inigo Jones. The Library and Hall are fine rooms ; in the Library is a fine collection of theological works. The foundation consists of a President (Dr. Bellamy), eighteen Fellows, five open Scholarships, THE COLLEGES. 23 twenty-eight appropriated Scholarships (twenty-one for Merchant Taylors' School, the rest for Coventry, Bristol, Reading, and Tunbridge Schools). These Scholarships are of the annual value of 100/., and the open ones are tenable for five years, the appro- priated Merchant Taylors' ones for seven years. Famous members of St. John's have been : Archbishops Laud and Juxon, Edmund Campion. This College is one of the many which have seen better days, for though its members have not decreased, its present, either with regard to scholar- ship or athletics, is not at all equal to its past. Still its exploits are not inconsiderable, and the College takes a fair position in the University. There are many pleasant men, and, it must be con- fessed, seme unpleasant ones. The gardens are very beautiful. Jesus College was founded by Queen Elizabeth Jesus. in 1 571, at the suggestion of Hugh Price, especially as a place of education for Welshmen. The front of the College was restored in 1856, and the Chapel renovated in 1864. The foundation consists of a Principal (Rev. H. D. Harper), thirteen Fellows (half confined to natives of Wales or Monmouthshire), and twenty- two Scholars. These Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years, and of them, twenty are confined to natives of Wales or Mon- mouth. There are a large number of Exhibitions restricted in the same way. The society of Jesus being almost confined to Welshmen, it might seem undesirable for an Englishman to enter. Nicholas Wadham had purchased estates for the Wadham. endowment of this College, but died in 1609 be- 34- THE COLLEGES: fore his plans could be completed. Dorothy, his widow, who was daughter of Sir William Petre, carried out the designs of her husband, and the buildings were consecrated in 1610. In 161 3 they were finished, and the first Warden was admitted. The buildings of Wadham are very uniform and symmetrical (with the exception of the back quadrangle), and have been adopted as models for several other structures in the Univer- sity. The Hall is a splendid room, and ranks only second to Christ Church Hall. The Chapel is small, but in good taste ; and the gardens are exquisitely beautiful. The rooms of Wadham are superior as a whole to any in the University. The foundation consists of a Warden (Dr. Griffiths), fourteen Fellows, and fifteen Scholars. The Scholarships are of the annual value of 80/. for five years. Ten Exhibitions were founded by Dr. Hody ; four for the study of Hebrew, six for the study of Greek. They are of the value of 50/. for five years. Various other exhibitions are in the gift of the Warden and Fellows. Among eminent members of Wadham have been: Sir Christopher Wren, Admiral Blake, Lord West- bury, Dr. Bentley.* The Royal Society was first founded in this College, and the able disciples of Auguste Comte, R. Congreve, F. Harrison, and E. S. Beesly, re- ceived their education at Wadham. Wadham at present certainly does not stand in the first rank of Colleges, and probably it may be * Bentley, though a Cambridge man, was also an M.A. of Oxford. THE COLLEGES. 25 some years before it regains the reputation it once possessed. A fatal system of cliques proved its ruin ; the number and quality of the men fell off year by year, until it seemed as though matters had reached their lowest ebb. The eight was almost the ■' tail boat," the eleven was seldom victorious, and names of Wadham men in the class-list were only conspicuous by their absence. But a brighter future is dawning ; a better class of men are enter- ing, and success in the Schools has become more frequent. If this continues, the College will rise again, and take a position which will accord well with its outward appearance, its fine buildings, and its beautiful gardens. Pembroke (originally Broadgates Hall) was Pembroke, founded in the year 1624, by James I., "at the costs and charges of Thomas Tesdale and Richard Wightwick." It derives its name from William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University, at the time of foundation. The buildings are unpretentious, the chapel being a very ordinary edifice. The Hall is modern, and is a fine room. The foundation consists of a Master (Rev. Evan Evans), ten Fellows, and twenty- four Scholars. The Scholarships are of various value, from 90/. td 50/., and tenable for different terms of years. Several are restricted to certain schools, but are thrown open in default of properly qualified candi- dates. Famous members of Pembroke have been : Bishop Bonner, John Pym, Beaumont, Blackstone, George Whitefield, Sir Thomas Browne, Samuel Johnson. Pembroke is a popular College ; the social and 26 THE COLLEGES. intellectual tone is decidedly good, and success attends its efforts on the river and in the Schools. Worcester. Worcester College was founded in 1 7 1 4, by Sir Thomas Cookes, of Bentley, in Worcestershire. Originally this was Gloucester Hall, a School for Benedictine monks ; then it was changed into St. John Baptist Hall, and finally it was purchased by the executors of Sir Thomas Cookes, and named Worcester College. The foundation consists of a Provost (Dr. Cotton), thirteen Fellows, and sixteen Scholars. These Scholalrships are of the annual value of 7 S 1-j tenable for five years, six being restricted to persons edu- cated at Bromsgrove School, and one to natives of Staffordshire. There are also a number of Exhi- bitions of less value. The chief features of Worcester are the Chapel and the gardens. The Chapel is of great beauty, and has only been completed within the last ten years. The gardens are among the loveliest in the University, and contain a fine lake. Among famous members of Worcester are : Lovelace, De Quincey, Sir Kenelm Digby, Foote. Worcester is by its position somewhat isolate4 from the other Colleges, and this perhaps accounts for the fact that few Worcester men are met in ■general society. This is to be regretted, for there are many pleasant undergraduates, and Worcester as a place of residence is not at all to be despised. Keble. Keble College was built by subscription as a memorial to John Keble, some time Fellow and Tutor of Oriel. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1870. The buildings are of a most peculiar appearance, and with their layers of white and coloured bricks, JHE COLLEGES. 27 institute unpleasant comparison with the more quiet aspect of the older Colleges. The Chapel is a fine structure, most elaborately adorned. A Hall and Library have been more recently added. Several Scholarships, of the annual value of 80/. to 60/., for four years, have been founded. Keble College was founded with the object of providing persons desirous of academical educatipn, and willing to live economically, with a College wherein sober living and high culture of the mind may be combined with Christian training based upon the principles of the Church of England. Keble has now, after a severe struggle, taken its place among the older Colleges. We say after a struggle, for with institutions so old as the Oxford Colleges, the advent of a new establishment, espe- cially when it aims professedly at economy and frugal living, must always be regarded with dislike and even contempt. It will probably be many years before this feeling disappears, and' Keble men must expect for a time to be treated with quiet condescension by members of the more ancient bodies. But Keble is steadily working its way forward, and has already taken a high position on the river and in the cricket-field. Its success in the Schools has not been marked, and probably, from its sectarian nature, will never be great. Keble bids fair to become the largest College in Oxford, and there are always a large number of candidates for admission who are turned away from want of room. Life at Keble, though somewhat shackled by rules and regulations, is fairly pleasant. Perhaps the two most obnoxious points in the Keble regime are : — ( i ) The system of taking every meal to- 28 THE COLLEGES. gather in Hall. (2) The prohibition of the in- troduction of any wine or groceries from outside the College. It is evident that the first regulation interferes with the select and pleasant reunions of breakfast or lunch, and perhaps forces a man to see more of his neighbours than is pleasant to himself The second, though not equally irksome, seems to' place a somewhat unwise restriction on individual liberty. There are other matters in which a stricter discipline is enforced than is usual at a University. But where so much is good it is un- gracious to cavil at trivialities, and small disad- vantages may be borne for the sake of greater benefits offered. Hertford. This College has a curious history. At the close of the thirteenth century Elias de Hertford built a Hall for the use of Scholars, known as Hart or Hertford Hall. In 1740, Dr. Richard Newton, then Principal, obtained a charter of incorporation for the Society, which was to be named Hertford College. The endowments, however, proved in- sufficient, and the College was dissolved in 1805. Part of the property was transferred to the Univer- sity, and from it the Hertford Scholarship was founded. The remainder was transferred to Mag- dalen Hall. This Hall was originally founded by Bishop Waynflete, as an accommodation for students previous to their admission to Magdalen College, and became an independent foundation in 1 60 1. In 1816 the Presiderit and Fellows of Magdalen College were desirous of recovering the Hall, and obtained an Act of Parliament by which they were enabled to acquire the site of Hertford for Magdalen Hall. In 1820, new buildings were erected, and Magdalen Hall was transferred to THE COLLEGES. 29 the site where the old Hertford College had stood. In 1874 another Act of Parliament was passed, by which Magdalen Hall was dissolved, and its Principal and Scholars were incorporated as a College under the title of " the Principal, Fellows, and Scholars of Hertford College." There are at present fifteen Fellows, thirty- three Scholars, and a few Exhibitioners. The new Scholarships, twenty-three in number, are of the annual value of 100/. for five years, and most of them are open. The present Principal is the Rev. H. Boyd. Famous members of Hertford have been : Hobbes, Tyndall, Lofd Clarendon, C. J. Fox, Selden, Dean Swift. It is scarcely possible at present to estimate the position of Hertford. It may be said that it is growing in public favour, and is the home of a very a.ble staff of Fellows, and not a few pleasant undergraduates. When finer buildings represent the College, a brilliant future may be confidently expected. This Hall was originally the Parsonage-house st. Mary of. St. Mary's Church, till Edward II., in 1325, Hall, conveyed it, with the Church, to Oriel College. In 1333 it was converted into a separate academical Hall. The Principal (who is appointed by Oriel) is at present the Rev. D. P. Chase. There are four Dyke Scholarships, confined to natives of Somerset, Devon, or Cornwall, of the annual value of 60/. for four years. Commoners may compound for battels by a fixed annual payment of 80/., payable in advance. 30 THE COLLEGES. Eminent members of St. Mary Hall have been : Dr. John Hunter, Sir Thomas More. New Inn This Hall was originally known, in 1340, as "^"- «'TriIleck's Inn," and served as the Royal Mint in 1642. The present buildings were erected in 1833- Principal and Tutor : Dr. Cornish. Sir William Blackstone was once Principal. St. Alban This Hall was the property, in 1200, of Robert ^^''' de St. Alban. In 1547 it became the possession of Merton, to which College it still pays rent. The present Principal is the Rev. W. C. Salter. Residents in Hall pay an annual sum of about 60/., which includes most charges. Several eminent men have been connected with the Hall, including Philip Massinger and Arch- bishop Whately, who was the Principal. St. Edmund This Hall is said to have been founded by Hall. Edmund le Riche, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1233. It was purchased by the Provost of Queen's in 1557, and the latter College has the right of nominating the Principal. The present Principal is the Rev. E. Moore. Students may pay 27/. at the commencement of each term, which sum represents all necessary items, except washing and lights. Charsley's This is a private Hall, the residence of the "^"- licensed Master, Mr. Charsley. The annual charge is 75/. per annum. Choice of a The average student has generally, in the choice College. qJ- ^ College, a problem of no ordinary difficulty to solve. There are some whose selection is determined by the prospect of gaining a Scholar- ship on some particular foundation, or by the connexion that may exist between a College and THE COLLEGES. 31 their family or School. Those whose fathers or grandfathers have been educated at a certain College will naturally feel disposed to proceed thither themselves. But there are many, probably a majority, for whom there do not exist such deciding motives, and to these a few suggestions may be offered. The aspect in which many men will regard a College has to do with its expensiveness or other- wise. But we think that the notion that one College, in itself, is in great measure more ex- pensive than another is a mistaken one. The amount of caution money required, and the room or furniture rent, do not differ much at the various Colleges. The establishment charges vary between 10/. and 25/. At Balliol, Exeter, Christ Church, and Pembroke, they are relatively high ; at Wad- ham, Worcester, Trinity, Hertford, Merton, New, and Oriel, they are low. But this difference does not amount on an average to more than 9/. a year. The expense of food, too, must always be nearly Expenses. similar. At some Colleges there is a fixed limit for meals, but the amount so limited will generally be found but little less than the sums expended at other Colleges. It is necessary to insist strongly that the greater part of College expenses may be regulated by the undergraduate himself, and the allowance he re- quires will, of course, depend upon his own charac- ter and the nature of his friends. In most Colleges there is an expensive "set," and if his lot is cast, with these, his expenditure may be indefinite ; whereas, if he chooses friends of moderate tastes, jiis expenses will not differ much from those of a. 33 THE COLLEGES. man of similar character at another College. We do not, then, advise parents to give too much heed to the varying charges at Colleges. Expenses are generally created by the undergraduates them- selves, and in their hands rests the power to live extravagantly or moderately. But if a College has a decided reputation for extravagance, and if a man of moderate means feels that he is likely to be brought much into contact with a fast " set" at that College, he should certainly choose a place of residence where he may keep his expenses more under his own control. College for Those who intend to pass their University Reading Men. (,^j.ggj. jjj j^j^j.^ study, and who therefore desire a congenial home, with encouragements to learning, shpuld by all means enter at Balliol or Corpus. They will find the matriculation not easy, and the work ordered with strict discipline ; and they will be able to prosecute their studies to the best advantage, and to the utmost of their inclination. At Corpus, where a high intellectual standard is evident, there is also a remarkable absence of " cHquishness." Christ Church, with its splendid name a^d history, will probably attract many, and will afford opportunities for the satisfaction of the most varied and opposite tastes. Brasenose and University will, by their athletic reputation, have charms for many, though from the latter College some may be deterred by the difficulty of the matriculation. Magdalen. To those whose taste or abilities seem to lie in no definite direction we decidedly recommend Magdalen. Here they will find pleasant society, most beautiful buildings and grounds, and all that THE COLLEGES. 33 should make life happy. This is the beau idial of a College, and we believe no one will repent a choice which will make him a member of Magdalen. Trinity and Exeter possess claims to considera- tion, and are certainly pleasant Colleges. To those who wish for a quiet inexpensive life (not necessarily lacking in opportunities for amusement) Wadham and Worcester offer themselves. We should not advise any man, unless absolutely Halls. poor, to proceed to a Hall, or become a member of the " Unattached." The Halls are no doubt admirable institutions, but it is evident that they do not possess the same advantages as the Colleges, nor can they confer an equal prestige upon their members. Moreover at several of the smaller Colleges it is possible to live for a sum not greatly different, and the extra expense incurred is assuredly worthy of the object. But it is impossible to speak quite definitely on this matter. Life at one College is so similar to life at another that much calcula- tion is rendered nugatory. Whichever the student may choose, he will probably find pleasant friends, and no lack of opportunities for enjoying life, both on its intellectual and social side. When the College has been chosen, the student Early resi- should send in his name to the College authorities, fMe^fOTmany who generally prefer a long notice. Generally reasons, .speaking, we should advise no one to enter the University until he is nineteen years of age. There are cases in which immediate residence is necessary, as when a man has obtained a Scholarship ; but, with these exceptions, early residence is unwise. In the first place, a vpry young man does not give himself a fair chance in any of the examinations. D 34 THE COLLEGES. His mind cannot possibly be developed at that early period, and for this deficiency he is obliged to compensate by more intense application to his studies, labour which may injure him, intellectually and physically, for life. A student who is conscious of ambitious aims will hardly perhaps be deterred by such arguments, but he will certainly under- stand in after years how much greater success, and with how much less exertion, he might have attained by commencing his Oxford studies at a reason- able age. Again, for those whose- intellect shows no signs of ulterior development, early residence may prove most mischievous. A young man, almost a boy, plunged at once from the restraints of school into the freedom of Oxford life, may not possess the moral strength which is necessary, and may fall a victim to the temptations which are so numerous and so alluring. The abortive careers of many men are due to the haste with .which they plunge into a life for which only a manlier character is fitted, and the success which might attend the efforts of a more developed mind will probably be denied to the labour, how- » ever intense, of inexperienced intellect. EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 35 CHAPTER III. EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. It is naturally difficult to treat with perfect Definiteness accuracy a question which must vary with dif- ""possible. , ferent Colleges, and which in a great measure depends upon the inclination of individual under- graduates. It must be premised then that in this chapter the statements made are somewhat general, and that the estimates given will not hold good in every case. We think, however, that they will be found, on the average, correct. In the first place, we must warn men not to Oxford career place too much faith in the statements and esti- "°'.<=^^^P ^^ ^ ordinary com- mates which are industriously circulated concern- fort is desired. ing the inexpensive character of an Oxford career. It is often said, to encourage young men to enter the University, that a degree may be gained for a comparatively small sum, and that it is an easy matter to live comfortably and as a gentleman upon half the money usually spent. Many men, on the faith of such assurances, come up to Oxford only to find that they have been wofuUy deceived ; that it is possible, certainly, to live upon the income mentioned, but only on condition of being debarred from receiving and giving hospitality ; living on hermits' fare ; denying themselves sometimes the necessaries of life ; and generally dragging on a Unwise to wearisome and solitary existence. If they refuse \ stoalfesti-" to lead such a life, enter into College sports and mate of ex- festivities, and associate with men of larger means, P*°^*^- 36 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. the inevitable result follows ; they run into debt, perhaps become reckless, and find in the end that their College career has cost them twice as much as the amount they were assured was amply suffi- cient. It must be remembered that young men of nineteen or twenty have usually but little ex- perience in keeping accounts, and are often unable to regulate their expenses. They thus easily, and almost unwittingly, run into debt ; and, once there, all know how difficult it is to be extricated, unless Evil results of a fair Supply of money is at hand. Such is the a.n*rdinary '° experience of many men, and we are sure that no sociableunder- greater unkindness can be done a young man, who gra uate. ^^^ been brought up to enjoy life even moderately, than to urge him to enter the University upon the understanding that he will be able to live there upon a sum which must eventually be found to be miserably insufficient. It is better that he should not go at all, than that his life should be made wretched, or perhaps ruined. It must be distinctly understood that we are writing here for those whose parents do not doom them to, and who themselves do not expect, a total abstinence from all social comforts, but who hope to take their place in a College on the same footing as the general run of their contemporaries. Those whose moral courage enables them to avoid ordinary social pleasures, and to devote themselves to their studies alone, are worthy of all praise. Here we have in our mind the ordinary undergraduate, who is sent to Oxford to work, yet not to eschew pleasure alto- gether ; to be careful in money matters, yet not to feel the pinch of poverty. And it is these who will most feel the evil results of a faith in the estimates which are volunteered with all good EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 37 intentions, but, surely, in total ignorance of the practical aspect of the question. For instance it is said that a man, with proper care and economy, may live at a College* for 140/. Example of a a year, and pass through his career to his degree '^^^^ ^^^' for 400/. And no doubt he can do so, but only by the strictest parsimony ; by living on bread and butter for his breakfast, bread and butter for his lunch, meat and cheese for his dinner ; by stinting What it his allowance of beer, and refusing himself wine ; ™^ ^^^' by having a tailor's bill at which a poor clerk might smile ; by refusing to subscribe to College clubs, and withdrawing himself from the society of his equals ; by borrowing his neighbour's books and his neighbour's spoons — in fact by living as a " smug." This is not an exaggerated picture of the life of many, very many, undergraduates ; and what a contrast this to the bright picture a young man naturally forms of a University Life. He is obliged to decline hospitality, for his proper pride will not allow him to accept that which he knows his means do not enable him to return. He refuses to row, for he cannot afford the subscriptions, or he sees that he will not be able to take his place in the College Torpid or Eight, where the attendant expenses are far too heavy for his scanty allowance. He seeks the society only of men like himself, or perhaps, in lieu of such, prefers his own ; his temper becomes soured, and the man who came up to Oxford with bright and pleasant hopes, * It is of course understood that the academical year consists in reality of only six months ; so that when it is said to be possible to live for 140/. per annum, it is meant that the sum is spent in half the time. 38 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. retires thence anything but a grateful son ; with no happy memories to cheer him, and, it may be, with a moroseness which will cling to him throughout his life. Expenses. We will now endeavour to give some idea of the expenses of Oxford Life by first detailing the various necessary items, and next making a few remarks on those expenses which depend upon the Preliminary, man himself Now to begin with his entrance at a College. He will first pay a certain sum as Caution caution money ; which is intended to secure the °"^^' College against any loss it might sustain through his death, bad behaviour, &c. This is usually 30/., sometimes 25/. or 20/. The money is returned when his name is removed from the College books. If he takes his name off immediately upon gaining his first degree, he receives (generally) the sum intact ; if he allows his name to remain, the annual fees, &c., are deducted. Admission Then there is an admission fee generally of 5/., sometimes of less amount, and next there is the Matriculation fee to the University of 2/. los. Purchase (or In most cases a further large expense will be Furniture, entailed by the necessity of purchasing the furniture of the outgoing tenant of the rooms. On leaving the rooms the furniture is again sold, allowing for dilapidations, &c., to the new-comer. In some cases the furniture belongs to the College, and an annual sum, amounting to 6 or 7 per cent, on its value, is paid for its hire. It- is usually more economical in the end to purchase the furniture at once, for the rent for three or four years will amount to much more than the sum paid for dila- pidations by the student at the end of his tenancy under the first system. EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 39 There are of course other minor expenses falling Minor upon the freshman ; a stock of china, glass, and Expenses. other domestic articles must be laid in. Generally these may be purchased from the scouts, who always collect from their former masters a large supply of such necessaries. Moreover a cap and gown must be purchased, and these, with other trivial matters, may amount easily to yl. or 8/. Thus the student's preliminary expenses will Average amount to about 45/., exclusive of the purchase of ^^'""^'^• furniture. This, of course, varies very much in value, according to the means or taste of the out- going tenant. It may amount to as much as 80/., or range as low as 20/. The average is from 25/. to 45/. The most important items, of course, in Oxford Terminal expenses are the terminal " Battels." These Ij^j^^^ts i accounts represent the College expenses of the term- — all the meals ; the establishment charges ; the tuition fees, coals, , room-rent, and, in some cases, hire of furniture, and various other smaller items. ' The tuition fees in most Colleges amount to 22/. a year, sometimes for three years, some- times till the last examination has been passed. The establishment charges (for servants, &c.) are generally 15/. a year; and the room rent averages about 111. a year, and if the furniture be hired from the College, an extra 2I. or 3/. a term must be added. These charges may vary with each College somewhat, but we think that the estimate we have given will be found fairly accurate. The Meals. charges for meals naturally depend greatly on the tastes of individual undergraduates, for it is quite within his power to determine the amount and quality of meat and drink he shall consume. As 40 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. we said before, many men live on comparatively nothing ; but the ordinary man who has decided to live in only moderate comfort, and who is not particularly stinted for money, will generally find himself living at the rate of those around him. Average of Speaking roughly, he will scarcely be able to keep attels. j^jg Battels below 32/. a term (often they may be 34/.) ; and when some special expenses have been entailed (as in the Summer Term), they may be over 37/. Taking 33/. as an average then, we shall not err in excess* Of course, if a man has many friends, in or out of College, he must enter- tain them in some way, either with breakfasts, lunches, or dinners, and the cost of these will materially increase his Battels.f The kitchen bill of an ordinary man may be about 12/., and his buttery bill (for bread and butter, beer, &c.), 3/. a term. The price of dinners vary much at different Colleges, and they are conducted on various systems. Sometimes a fixed price is charged, and students are quite dependent upon the cook, some- times men are charged for what they eat. A plain dinner may be generally obtained (including beer) for 2s. or 2s. id., and a very fair meal for 3J. ^ Weekly accounts are sent in to each man, where he is charged for all he has consumed during the week, and these are generally about \l. i8j. or 2/. (It must be remembered that in these various items are included — all meals, coals, messenger, gate bill, &c.) Coals may cost about 30J. a term, and the smaller expenses may amount to 2/. When * We have not here included the cost of the hire of furni- ture, 2/. or 3/. t For instance, a large breakfast-party may cost 3/.; a lunch the same ; and two friends to dinner, 6^. or ts. . EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 41 these items are added to tuition fees, establishment charges, room rent, &c., they will together amount to over 33/. a term; and the average under- 33/. a Term. graduate will not be able to reduce this sum by much. At the end of each term it is usual to give a gratuity to the scouts of the staircase — il. to Scouts. one, and los. to the other ; or i/. to each. Then there is the washing bill, which may amount to 5/. > a year. We may next mention the expenses of Travelling travelling to and from Oxford, which on the average ^''P^^^^s. can scarcely be less than 61. a year ; when the student resides a long distance from Oxford, of course a much larger sum is required. An undergraduate will generally feel himself Subscriptions obliged to subscribe to the College Clubs, and he ^"stitutlons. will hardly escape for less than 3/. a year. We think a man who is not absolutely poor, ought to make it a point of honour to support such insti- tutions ; for, as we have attempted to show else- where, an ordinary College owes in a large degree its reputation to the position it takes on the river or in the cricket-field ; and this cannot be a high one if its Clubs are not properly supported. We confess that there, is often an excessive amount of moral pressure applied, for this purpose, to men who are really unable to subscribe, and whose poverty is held to be a mere sham. Such men are placed in a cruel and unenviable position ; but we believe that generally only a little self-denial is needed to raise the sum required. A parent who" allows his son i Sol. a year can surely increase this allowance by 3/. to enable the latter to support institutions which have become necessary. Not to mention the laudable object of these Clubs, it is not possible for those outside Oxford to conceive 42 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. the amount of obloquy a student meets by refusing to subscribe. Expenses of If a man boats he will be obliged to subscribe Boating. ^^ Salter's the sum of 3/. 3 J. a year. Connected with boating there are other expenses, such as a boating costume, &c. If the student is lucky enough to row in his College Torpid or Eight, there is a subscription of 3/. los. to be paid to the University Boat Club ; and training will also entail a few more expenses. But, generally, boat- ing is the most economical, as it is the most healthy, of exercises ; and if all its expenses incurred during four years' residence be added together, they will not amount usually to 20/., a sum certainly not dis- proportionate to the pleasure and benefit derived. The Union. Most men, we suppose, will become members of the Union, to which the entrance fee is i /., and the terminal subscription i/. S-^- Clubs. Besides these almost necessary subscriptions, there are others, connected with the College, purely optional — e.g., Wine Clubs, wherfe a membership will entail subscriptions of from 61. to i o/. a year. Tradesmen. And next, with regard to tradesmen. We shall speak on the general and moral aspect of this question in ,the chapter on " Social Life ;" here we shall deal with it from a purely financial point of view. Necessary There are five tradesmen at least whose services °"^5- will generally be found indispensable — viz., the ■ tailor, grocer, wine-merchant, bookseller, and boot- maker. To these often no doubt will be added others Additional — the ironmonger, jeweller, upholsterer, chemist, accounts, perfumer, picture-dealer, &c. However, these are not so necessary as the former, and we strongly advise men to pay them as little attention as possible. EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 43 Small articles bought on the spur of the moment, Warning and in passing a shop, will be found, when the bills are ^^'^<='^- sent in, to have cost an extraordinary amount of money. The unfortunate undergraduate will notice with wonder that he has been charged for six pairs of kid gloves at 5j. each, a neat scarf pin at 3/., or a fancy table at four guineas — articles pressed upon his acceptance by an insinuating tradesman, and long ago lost, broken, or stolen. We advise men always to insist upon their bills Terminal being sent in terminally ; and, more than this, to vi^abie"' ^"^' insist upon paying them. Tradesmen will often defer settlement till the end of a man's career, or, at all events, for several years, and the student will generally find that his bills come to double the amount he had anticipated. A terminal settlement will save a vast amount of trouble and money, and the necessity of paying large and perhaps incon- venient accounts at the end of several years will be avoided. It is often impossible to pay at the time of purchase, and difficult at the end of term ; but there is no doubt that the system of long credit is Credit the bane of Oxford, and the longer a man keeps ^y^'^*"- out of the debtor's slough of despond, the better will it be for his welfare and peace of mind. It must be understood that in speaking of Oxford expenses, we assume that the undergraduate will find himself in clothes, wine, groceries, &c., in Oxford itself. He may of course procure all these necessaries elsewhere, but none the less should he count them among his University expenses. With regard to the tailor's account, we cannot Tailor. speak definitely of the amount a man may spend upon his tailor. Some men may dress on 7/. a year — some may require 1 00/. We do not suppose 44 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. the ordinary undergraduate will be able to keep his annual bill below 25/., supposing that he buys all his clothes in Oxford. If he buys his hats, gloves, shirts, ties, &c., at his tailor's, his bill may perhaps be 5/. more. For 25/. it is possible to dress re- spectably, and as a gentleman. If a man wishes to " dress well," he must expect to see his bill 40/. or 50/. A good suit of clothes will always cost 4/. 5j. or 5/. ; a dress suit, 61. or 7/. ; a great-coat, 3/. lOJ. or 4/. ; trousers, 25J. to 30J. ; a black coat, 3/., and so on. A man always requires two ordinary suits in a year, several pairs of trousers, and generally a black coat and overcoat. It may thus be seen that 25/. a year is no extravagant amount for a tailor's bill. Of course these are Oxford credit charges : for ready money a large reduction may , be made. Grocer. From the grocer various article's will be required — tea, coffee, sugar, candles, dessert, &c. ; and 2/. lOJ. a term is a very moderate allowance. Bookseller. A man's book bill depends greatly upon his tastes ; and the accounts of a pass-man and an honour-man are necessarily widely different. The former, if he only buys the books necessary for his examinations, may spend 4/., or even less ; for the latter, 1 5/. a year is not an extravagant sum, unless he determines to live upon the charity of his neigh- bours. The undergraduate who has a love for literary pursuits, or who rejoices in calf-skin and morocco, may spend 1 00/. in a very short time, for there is no ruling passion which involves such a large outlay as a taste for collecting books. Wine. A man's wine laill depends especially upon the size of the circle of his acquaintances, and their capacities or tastes. If he have many friends, EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 45 whom he entertains, and who are able to imbibe much Port and Sherry, his account may be 40/. or so/, a year ; nor would this for a man of good means be an extravagant allowance. But for the student of limited income, and whose hospitality must be in accordance with his means, 15/. a year should be the outside of his wine bill. It is im- possible to pass life at Oxford without a, certain amount of wine, and we do not think the quantity represented by 15/. is excessive. Wine as supplied Oxford Wine by Oxford tradesmen generally combines the worst ^'^' quality with the highest price, and their cheap wines are most deleterious mixtures. We should certainly advise men to procure their wine from a good merchant in London (supposing it is not supplied from home), where they will get far better wines at a more moderate price : it is even better' to pay a larger price for a sound wine than to ruin the constitution with cheap concoctions. At some Colleges, wine (with groceries, &c.) is supplied from the Common Room ; and this in most cases is an excellent plan. We do not suppose a man will be able to keep his bootmaker's bill below 3/., however economi- cally disposed hfe may be, and this sum will be often doubled. Besides the necessary expenses we have men- Minor tioned the student will always find himself involved expenses. in various minor expenses with tradesmen — such as the upholsterer, china merchant, picture dealer, &c. Few men will avoid such small bills, and we shall adopt a moderate estimate in making them amount to 1 5/. a year. There is lastly that large item which may come Ready Money, under the head of " indefinite and unaccountable "^^'^ °^' 46 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. expenses," for which ready money is required. It is useless to attempt to enter into details here, for different men have different methods of spending, but all do it more or less. The undergraduate will find that he needs a fair store of ready cash to meet the calls which come upon him everywhere. Multitudinous " tips," hotel dinners, billiards, small subscriptions, and hosts of other matters all agree- ing in one thing only; — the necessity for payment. If a man indulges in smoking, an additional expense of perhaps 5/. is incurred ; and if this be included in " indefinite expenses,'' an allowance of 25/. as ready money is not extravagant. Many other We have now spoken of the most important sMe"^^^ P°^' items in University expenses. No doubt there are many still remaining for a large number of men, butthey chiefly depend upon the idiosyncrasies of individuals, nor can they be classified. We will now tabulate the expenses, and thence infer the allowance necessary for the ordinary undergraduate. Expenses upon Entrance. £ s. a. Caution Money 30 (returned) Admission Fee . . S Matriculation Fee. 2 10 Purchase of Furniture 30 (returned) Minor Expenses . 8 £7^ 10 EXPENSES OF OXFORD LIFE. 47 Annual Exp enses. £ s. & men. cise, and exerts a healthy influence upon every part of the bodily frame. In the case of consti- tutional weakness, no man should be persuaded to row. The great exertion and intense strain which is necessary in a race mtist tell with grave effect upon a weak heart or diseased lungs, and though such effect may not be visible at the time, it will often show itself in after years. Upon a sound , constitution rowing will not work any harm, nor is it necessary to place reliance in the highly coloured stories which are circulated concerning the harm- ful results of this exercise. It has been shown by elaborate statistics that men who have rowed in the " 'Varsity" or in their College eight have not as a rule fallen short of " three score years and ten," nor are they troubled with the numerous com- plaints which rowing is vulgarly believed to induce. A delicate man should by all means avoid an exer- tion for which he is unfitted, but one conscious of . no such incapacity should for several reasons un- THE SOCIAL LIFE. 57 dergo the usual coaching. To be able to row will An accom- always prove a most useful accomplishment, while aiwa^Tseful. the exercise is both pleasant and healthy. It is almost a necessary element in a University educa- tion, and, from a regard for the credit of his College, no one should refuse to place himself in a position by which he may be able to sustain her fame upon the river. For though Oxford is primarily and properly an intellectual resort, it is no secret that the position of a College upon the river and in the cricket-field is the index to its popularity. Generally the first question the average Popularity of man asks with regard to his future College is, °^ "'^' " How high is it on the river T If a College can combine intellectual and physical superiority its popularity will be unbounded ; if this cannot be, the coarser excellence will, we fear, be found to predominate over the other. At Oxford the most general topic of conversation, and the one of which some men never tire, is the river. Even the meta- phors of daily life are borrowed from the phraseo- logy of the boats, and a man is asked to " bucket" over his dinner, or to " get forward" with his read- ing. The genuine boating man is undoubtedly a The " rowing, nuisance. No sooner does the conversation change to a more interesting subject, than he quickly turns to his cherished topic, which he urges and urges usque ad nauseam. Boating (as hunting) seems to exert a marvellous influence over the minds of its devotees, which blinds them to the fact tliat there may be those to whom it does not present such charms, and whose interest in the narration of its merits is often but the enforced politeness of a bored listener. The progress the freshman at first makes in the S8 THE SOCIAL LIFE. Rowing Edu- art of rowing is slow, and the work imposed is ca ion. ^^^ hard, but soon his labours are rewarded not only by the eulogiums of his coach, but by the facility of which he himself is conscious. It is re- markable how suddenly this improvement comes, and though the man may not yet have attained to good " form," he will no longer find himself gasping for breath, or his wrists giving way from pain after the first twenty strokes. " Form" is of course most difficult to acquire, and in most cases fair strength and weight, with moderate "form," will insure a place in the College Boat. Torpids and The " coaching" generally lasts during the Eights. October Term, and in the Lent Term the " Torpid" or Junior Eight is taken in hand, and the most promising of the freshmen are drafted in. The Torpids are rowed at the end of this Term, and any vacant places in the Eights, which are rowed in the Summer Term, are filled up from those who have best acquitted themselves in the earlier races. The Torpid races last six days, the Eights two days longer. In these races the boats do not row abreast, but start in a long line, at a distance from each other of twenty yards. Their relative posi- tions are defined by the order in which they were left at the close of the last races. The boats are now so numerous that the races are rowed in two divisions ; for formerly, in such a long line, the head boat was not far distant from the winning- post, and the disparity of distance to be traversed by it and the lower boats was of course very great. There is naturally some difference between the two crafts, and the Eightsmen are more finished in style, and capable of rowing a faster stroke, than those who have a place in the Torpids. The THE SOCIAL LIFE. 59 latter boats are without sliding seats, while the Eights are narrower, lighter, more outrigged, and canvas-covered. A distinctive ribbon is usually- reserved for the Eightsmen, whose position is, next to a place in the " 'Varsity," the most coveted honour. Besides the Eights and Torpids there are also " Fours," " Pairs," and " Sculls" races. Each Col- lege too has its own " Scratch Fours," and usually in the Summer Term its " regatta." Thus no in- centive of enthusiasm is absent. The art of rowing, as of boat-building, has now reached such a pitch, that further ascent seems im- possible. A fine oarsman moves like a beautiful machine ; to every part of his body is assigned its proper work, while to assist his motions every ap- pliance of art is called into requisition. The object of the boat-builder is to fashion a craft which shall be as narrow and light as possible, and which shall combine the proper amount of stability with the least resistance to the water. In fact a "skiff," or light scuUing boat, is so narrow and flimsy, that the seat with difficulty receives the sculler, who is obliged to keep both blades of his sculls on the water to preserve his balance. If he happens to raise either blade, the result is immer- sion. The light Eights are of similar construction. Necessity of and their appearance, as they rock about with Naming to every wavelet, is such as to raise the liveliest appre- hension in the spectator. However, no disastrous accident has as yet occurred, and the actual danger is really infinitesimal. Moreover, there are always ready, with punts. University watermen, to rescue unfortunate undergraduates. But no one should trust himself in a boat or canoe unless he is able 6o THE SOCIAL LIFE. to swim. There have been several fatal accidents of late years, which have resulted in the death also of a companion, who in attempting to save his friend, has been himself lost. There is gene- rally no excuse for inability to swim, for it is an art easily learnt, and for which at Oxford there is no lack of opportunity or instruction. Reading and The reading man who is fortunate enough to consistent ex- have the offer of a place in one of the boats, will cept, insome often, from the adoption of a new systern, find decree m trie SummerTerm. serious difficulty in arranging his work. In fact, he will ask the question, whether he is justified in rowing at all, for the extra time which is spent upon his training must of course be deducted from his working hours. In several ways he will feel this interference. He will be obliged to retire for the night at an early hour, and the entertainments given by many men to the crew will form a dis- traction. In the summer the heavy meal in the middle of the day, with the strong ale, will pre- clude possibility of working in the afternoon. Then comes the practice, and then a large supper, after which one will do well to get even an hour's reading. The student then must be prepared to lose some time, but this, if he possesses a little moral courage, need not be a great amount. In training for the Torpids especially, it is easily possible to make up five or six hours a day. In the Summer Term he may rise early, and so get in an hour or more ; but he must not expect to combine hard reading and rowing. Indeed, among all classes of men, idle and industrious alike, the Summer Term is allowed to be more a period for amusement and enjoyment than for severe study. It has been shown how boating is liable to break THE SOCIAL LIFE. 6i up reading, and the same disadvantage is joined to cricket. For one of a College eleven there will usually be two, and often three, matches a week. He will be obliged to leave at one o'clock in the " drag" for the grounds, which are distant nearly two miles, and he will probably not be back in College till seven o'clock. After this is supper, and then usually very little reading. So that, in this term especially, is the devotion of the whole morning to study needful. Even in the morning there will be many distractions. Idle friends will enter and assert that to read upon a beautiful day is sinful and unnatural. Frequent invitations to the participation of claret-cup will arrive ; or the student will take his Aristotle or Hallam, and attempt to read beneath a cedar in the gardens, where he will be seized upon at once by a group of merry idlers, and forced to declare his opinion of the " Derby favourite," or to estimate the chances of Jones being in the " 'Varsity" eleven. He must thus map out his day with great skill if he intends to work four or five hours, and must determine to compensate for the time wasted now by extra study in the " long." All will acknowledge that the Summer Term, The Summer two short months, is the most pleasant of all terms, for'pieasure. perhaps, indeed, the most enjoyable epoch of a lifetime. During the greater portion of it there are perpetual opportunities for amusement. Row- ing, cricket, lawn-tennis, croquet, archery, garden parties, flower shows, should furnish interest to the most languid. What can be more charming than to float lazily down the Cherwell, shaded from the sun by the overspreading trees, or listlessly to saunter beneath elms and beeches in the fine old 62 THE SOCIAL LIFE. gardens ? If more active amusements are sought, one may run with the eight along the river path, or " pull" down to Sandford to fish, or bathe in the " lasher." These pleasures, which may seem trivial and ordinary, are to Oxford men invested with a larger interest by reason of their locale. All the incidents of every-day life are beautified and refined by the associations of the grand old place. In the Summer Term an undergraduate lives in an atmosphere of poetry and romance. The sombre, crumbling walls are relieved and enlivened by green foliage and gay flowers, the summer sun imparts to all hearts a generous glow. And at the crowning scene of all, when the old buildings re-echo with the sweet laughter of fair women, when old friends meet again, when all forget their troubles and throw themselves eagerly into the unceasing pleasures and revelry of this time : surely now the happiness of sanguine youth is in its zenith, this for after-years must be brightest, most joyful, memory. Such, then, is the Summer Term, and such its distractions and occupations, in the latter of which, it is to be feared, reading does not occupy a pro-, minent place. However, a man with a fairly strong will may combine intellectual with physical or social pleasures ; though we should recommend him to decline to row in the terin in which his schools occur, for then he will not be able to spare much time from his work. After-rowing Taking up the thread of our remarks whence occupations. ^^ digressed, we pass on to the remainder of the afternoon. In the Winter Terms "coaching" usually takes up from one and a half to two hours ; and a man will at all events find himself THE SOCIAL LIFE. 63 back in his rooms by five o'clock. This will leave him an hour before dinner, which he may spend in many ways ; — in reading, at the Union, in shopping, or at billiards. A prudent man will adopt the first plan, and make sure of one hour while he is able, for his time after " PJall" can never be called his own. If he spends his time in sauntering from Shopping. shop to shop, here purchasing one trifle and here another, not asking or thinking of their price, he will be astonished at their amount when the trades- man sends in his bill, with a request for payment of " this small account." Again, billiards is a re- Billiards not markably fascinating game, and its votaries at ™^°^^'g^'" Oxford are naturally numerous. There is often heard an outcry against this game as the parent of vice and sin, but this is usually founded on igno- rance or prejudice. No doubt some have been hastened on their downward course by a love for billiards, but these number only an infinitesimal proportion of the whole body of players. Those who abuse this and such-like games generally confuse the game and the player. The truth is that the hurtfulness of this or that game depends entirely upon the latter : an ordinary healthy-minded young man is seldom ruined by such pursuits, and as seldom will all the lectures in the world keep a man of a low and depraved mind from carrying out his designs. At Oxford most of the billiard tables are private, and even at the public ones University men always attempt to exclude " out- siders." Thus the company of low swindlers is avoided. It is said that billiards foster a love for drink. This is certainly not so at Oxford ; and rarely will any liquor be seen in a private room. But while we do not believe in the assertion that 64 THE SOCIAL LIFE. billiards tend to ruin the morals, we freely allow that the game does empty the purse. The charge at Oxford is 2s. an hour, a somewhat exorbitant sum ; and where a man plays every day at billiards or "pool," his expenses and losings easily amount to i/. a week, 8/. a term, 24/. a year. Thus only a slight calculation is needed to point out the way in which money disappears ; and the same method may- be advantageously applied to other expenses. Oxford shops The shops of Oxford are, as is well known, a men."^^ ^^'. great feature of the place. All that is needed to make life comfortable, every contrivance of luxury, every beautiful product of science and art, quickly finds its way to a town where customers are neither few nor considerate of expense. Several of the Oxford shops may compare with the most elaborate establishments of London, nor suffer by the com- parison. Tailors especially abound, and excel in skill ; and a man, if only he can afford it, has but to leave himself in the hands of his Oxford "artist," and he may appear with impunity in Hyde Park or at the " Rag." Oxford tradesmen have, of course, a world-wide reputation for exorbitancy of charges, and the cha- racter is only too accurate. An undergraduate must then expect to find himself charged 20 per cent, more for an article here than he would pay in any other town.* But the tradesmen may set up in their defence the plea of " bad debts." There are men who leave Oxford, owing four or five hundred pounds, whose faces, after their exit, are no more visible, for they betake themselves to some foreign * Even at Cambridge, a University town, the charges are said to be comparatively moderate. THE SOCIAL LIFE. 63 clime. Thus, in self-defence (as they say), Oxford tradesmen are obliged to recoup themselves from the pockets of those who will pay, and the inno- cent suffer for the guilty ; which plan, however unfair to the majority, can scarcely be decried as unnatural. In place of these modes of killing time, an under- The Union, graduate may spend his hour at the Union, or at * ^^"'^s^s o . one of the School Clubs. These latter have been established for the benefit of those men who prefer the companionship of their old schoolfellows to the more mixed society of the Union. Of course the accommodation here is neither so extensive nor so convenient (though less unpleasantly crowded) as at the Union, and many men are members of both. The Union is a kind of large literary club, where every opportunity is afforded to those desirous of improving their minds. Apart from the debates, which are naturally a very important feature, every facility is afforded for universal reading. There are six or seven large rooms apportioned to different branches of literature, ephemeral or otherwise. In one room are the daily papers, in another the weekly periodicals, in another the various magazines. There is a large library where every work likely to assist the studies, or amuse the leisure hours of students, may be found, unless dishonest members have appropriated these volumes to their own use. There is, too, a writing-room, where paper, enve- lopes, &c., are supplied, and letters gratuitously stertnped. It is a natural result that this room fehould be generally crowded by undergraduates, whose eager desire is to equal their subscription by the value of stamps consumed. For member- ship of the Union there is required, from fresh- F 66 THE SOCIAL LIFE. men an entrance-fee of i/., which entitles to all ihe privileges of membership except voting. The Second Term they are proposed, seconded, and usually elected. The subscription is i/. 5^. a term, and after nine payments (including the entrance- fee) a man becomes a life member with no further payments, except a voluntary terminal charge of 3 J. 6d. for stamps. There are coffee and smoking rooms, where cigars and cigarettes are provided at a iixed price, and where coffee is supplied on the production of tickets which may be procured of the Steward for 2d. each. The chief officers of the Union are the President and Treasurer, who are elected every Term. For these offices there is always a brisk competition, and much excitement is aroused among the favourers of rival candidates. It is thus evident that the Union presents many advantages, and, apart (rom the debating element, pleasantly supplies a want which would otherwise be severely felt.* Dinner. From a description of these various means of amusement we are carried to speak of " Hall," as dinner at Oxford is universally caHed. The time is usually six o'clock, but at Christ Church dinner is an hour later. Whether this arrangement is con- venient, depends upon the student's ability to read after a full meal. To those unable to do so, the change is a boon, for it allows them an extra hour Systems of before the brain is clouded. Systems of dinner vary at different Colleges. In most, dinner con- sists of " commons," that is 19 say, a list is handed * At some Colleges Junior Common Rooms have been established, and these offer some advantages of the Union and the Wine Club. THE SOCIAL LIFE. 67 round containing the names of the dishes for the day, choice is made, the order is taken to the kitchen, and a plate, or "commons," of the given commodity is brought up. This system has no doubt its advantages, but in two ways it is some- what objectionable. A man is entirely dependent upon the cook for the style of the dinner, and for his particular allowance ; and, secondly, a " com- mons" is often such a huge plateful that one is disgusted at the amount and general appearance of the food. Apart from this, the meal is plentiful and Qf good quality, and a fair dinner (meat, pud- ding, cheese, beer, &c.) may be obtained at most Colleges for an average of 2s. gd. In some cases the undergraduate is charged according to the amount he consumes, in others there is a fixed charge for dinner. No wine is, as a general rule, permitted ; but at Magdalen, men are " sconced"* in sherry ; and when " sconces" have sufficiently accumulated, the table has wine at dinner. At some tables soda-water is allowed. There is usually one day in the week, called " Strangers' day," when a better dinner is served, to which men invite their out-College friends. It may be said on the whole that/dinners at Oxford are very fair, and that t\it charges are moderate. In some cases it is-possible to raise the expenses much higher, as when the men are divided into batches of ten or twelve, who appro- priate a table, and choose an " arbiter edendi" for the week, to settle the menu for his term of office. * A " sconce" is a fine imposed upon a man for talking " shop," or behaving himself otherwise unfittingly at " Hall."' F 2 68 THE SOCIAL LIFE. Thus they can regulate their expenses as they please, while they are not so dependent upon the cook, and can always insure a good dinner. After-dinner The manner in which he spends his after-dinner occupations. jjQ^j-g ^jjj j^g ^ f^jj. j^dex to a man's character, and consequently we shall find here the most marked differences. Some relaxa- We have said that to begin reading immediately fion necessary, ^f^.^^. dinner is not Only useless but harmful ; and we shall find that most men act upon the excellent and convenient rule of spending an hour at all events after Hall in some lighter occupation. What this occupation is to be depends very much upon the man's purse, and the number and nature of his The Union, friends. If his exchequer be very limited, or his friends few, he will retire to the privacy of his own rooms and regale himself on tea, or walk to the Union to smoke and drink coffee. At several Colleges a set of men join to play pool every even- ing for an hour ; and College debates and meetings "Wines." not seldom occur. A large proportion of men indulge in those convivial meetings which are called " wines ;" and an undergraduate, with a fairly large circle of acquaintances will generally find his en- gagements to such entertainments amount on an Solitary average certainly to two a week. Others, if they p easures. jj-^^g j^q %\s,c}s\ engagements, will always spend an hour in quiet contemplation over a glass- of wine in their own rooms, and will refuse to stir until they feel in that state of comfort which is the proper and orthodox post-prandial condition. Many men lay down for themselves a rule to which they rigidly adhere : a certain hour for work is fixed, a certain quantity of wine imbibed, and, the moment the hour strikes, all frivolity is thrown aside, and THE SOCIAL LIFE. 69 reading claims their undivided attention for two hours, when they are ready to embark in any scheme of amusement proposed. Such a system has great and undeniable advantages, but it is one which it will be found extremely difficult to observe without exception, so many are the distractions of Oxford life. A reading undergraduate usually Idle men. numbers among his friends one or two idle men, whose sole business in life is to find amusement at the expense of their neighbours. Such inveterate triflers will be found a great hindrance to steady reading. They invade the rooms of their more industrious friends at all hours, seasonable or un- seasonable, refuse to receive a hint that their presence is unnecessary, and if a more open remonstrance be uttered, pour every kind of abuse upon the head of the unfortunate student, and do not hesitate to apply to him that most opprobrious of all terms — " smug." These men wander from room to room in search of rest, and often succeed in spoiling a whole evening's work, or in forcing their friend to read, for compensation, far into the morning. It is impossible to imagine the many calls which Other amuse- a man has upon his time after dinner. There are always some men who play cards or billiards every night, and who gladly welcome a pleasant com- panion ; and if a man finds himself in such a set, escape will be difficult, and reading next to im- possible. At some Colleges a large College " wine" is given several times a Term, to which all under- graduates are invited. It may well be imagined ■that any study after such an entertainment will be of a dubious character. In most Colleges, too, Wine Clubs. there is a wine club, which holds its meetings once a week. These clubs comprise a dozen or more of 70 THE SOCIAL LIFE. the best known and most sociable men of the College, and the "wines" are given on some speci- fied day when a dinner better than usual is pro- vided. To this a man invites his out-College friends, and takes them to the " wine" which is held in the rooms of the members alternately at the expense of the club. Thus the necessity of giving a " wine" oneself is avoided, and this extremely pleasant and sociable arrangement is the means of bringing together a large number of men who have never met before ; and an advance is thus made beyond the common limit of College society by introducing new men and new ideas. After an hour or so, an adjournment is usually made to " pool," and thence to cards. Thus another evening is lost to work. There are often literary institutions, Shakspeare or Sheridan clubs, which meet once a week : in fact, there is every opportunity for spending time, both pleasantly and profitably, at the expense of reading. For it must be remembered that though many of the meetings we have mentioned do not last long, an unsettled feeling is often caused by them, and . one is easily led to embark in some other scheme of enjoyment at their close. "Wine," de- We have several, times spoken of "wines," and scrip ion o a. j^ ^^^ remains to give some short description of them. There are probably few who have not heard or read of these jovial meetings, for often has the art of the novelist given us a picture of their pleasant features, of the bowls of punch that are emptied, the old port which disappears, the stale jokes that are cracked, the old stories renewed, and the old '■ chaff" reserved. But even a Thackeray's skill cannot make us participate in the intense en- THE SOCIAL LIFE. 71 careless of the future, revels in the present, finds in every little circumstance some opportunity for pleasure, and sees in every hackneyed witticism and ancient story the manifestation of a genius which merits the most hearty plaudits. And then the songs that are sung ! How eagerly they dash to the chorus, and leave the unfortunate performer high and dry in the middle of his verse ! How vocife- rously they applaud the stuttering utterances of the timid orator, and fill the voids caused by his barren- ness of words with hearty demonstrations of their attachment to him as " a jolly good fellow,'' thrice repeated ! How confidential they become ; how generous in the hospiality they offer to all ! The scene is usually clouded by the tobacco Smoking, use smoke which is evolved from many cigars ; and to ^° ^ "se o . those who do not smoke the atmosphere is un- pleasantly suffocating. For this reason it will always be found a prudent step to acquire not the habit, but the ability to smoke. Two small cigarettes will often prevent those nauseous sensa- tions which are felt by a non-smoker, and will hardly be sufficient to bring upon a man the abuse which is so often lavished upon the votaries of tobacco. That great excess of smoking is to be found at Oxford, none will deny. There are many who can scarcely ever be seen without a pipe, and whose every action is accompanied by the fumes of tobacco. They consequently seldom enjoy a good appetite, often are subject to complaints which are not unjustly ascribed to their indiscretion, and do not experience that full and perfect enjoyment of the "weed" which is the happy lot of those who use it with wise moderation. Sparing use of (tobacco not only does no injury to health, but is 72 THE SOCIAL LIFE. an encouragement to, and provocative of, tranquillity and cheerfulness of mind. With many men it materially assists digestion, and a pipe after hard study is an admirable sedative. Like heaven's other gifts, it needs only to be wisely used to be- come a blessing. Such are the amusements of undergraduates ; and a pleasant contrast is a "wine" to the hard work of past days. The lives of some men are of " Fast" men. course entirely passed in such occupations. Ati Oxford, as elsewhere, there are those who abuse the good gifts of fortune, and gain to themselves the name of " fast men," " rou^s," or " rakes." Than these there are no more despicable creatures in existence. But there are many men who are per- haps called " fast," but who do not really come Frivolous within our category. They combine with high ™^"' animal spirits and love of pleasure a carelessness of their interests or a passion for show, which may be follies, but are not crimes. , Beneath a " fast" exterior they conceal a kind and generous spirit, and a mind which is often disgusted with the wearisome frivolities of their daily life. These men in after years, with the acquisition of experience, settle down into excellent husbands, and worthy Brutal'men. and exemplary parish priests. But this is not so with those who are in our thoughts, and whose characters must be too well known to many men. These "glory in their shame," in the reputation for loose and licentious habits which they have care- fully formed and cultivated. Their highest ambi- tion is to be known as a " sad dog," or rake ; and this character they successfully by their acts sustain. Virtue is to them a folly, and delicacy of mind and manner only the offspring of priggishness or con- THE SOCIAL LIFE. 73 ceit. Nothing is too sacred for their tongues to defile : the best feelings of our nature, love of home, reverence for truth, or a belief in the honour of woman, are sentiments to be met only by scorn and derision. Their conversation is chiefly occupied by topics of betting, racing, the stage, and other kindred subjects, and is highly flavoured with every species of barbarous oath. Foul language rises to their lips naturally and with no effort. They are never conscious of a manly thought, a pure wish, or a high aspiration. And so they pass on, objects of scornful disgust to all right-minded men, a burden and a sorrow to their friends, and despised even by those who fawn upon them for their own mean ends. Such men are the bane of Oxford society, and will probably have been met at some time or other ; but happily they are not numerous, nor do they exert so much influence as in " the good old days." In our remarks on University morals we must The Proctors. not omit mention of the Proctors, who are the guardians of that morality. The Proctorial system is naturally the object of much abuse, but its fundamental conception is surely perfectly sound. It is absurd to suppose that young men, if left The Proctorial entirely to themselves, will always preserve that fuFajid neces- decorum of manner and soberness of habit which sary one. should distinguish the students of a great Univer- sity. In the multitudinous opportunities for ex- cessive pleasure and indulgence, a youth of high spirits will frequently lose himself, and can only be kept straight by a strong hand. The Proctors cannot of course be cognisant of every unfitting action which is perpetrated within the University, but it is certain that many are kept from wrong 74 THE SOCIAL LIFE. by fear of the punishments which these officers are able to inflict. It is as absurd to say that morality would be as strict in their absence as in their presence, as it would be to say that the house- breaker and pickpocket would pursue their avoca- tions with less industry if the strong arm of the Smaller details law were not ever threatening them. But while cfsm. *° '^"''" cheerfully acknowledging the undoubted benefits of the system, we must acknowledgethat in its smaller details it is open to criticism. It may be a necessary regulation (some say), but it is an irksome, and seems a foolish one, to oblige young men to appear as masqueraders in a College Cap and a strip of raiment dignified by the name of "gown" in the public thoroughfares before i P.M. and after, dark. To these critics it is an unsolved question, what particular virtue is embodied in this garb, or why a stroll down the " High" in a " Pot" hat should involve more wickedness than the same in academicals. Surely men of two or three and twenty should not be forced to wear an antiquated dress, or obey an absurd regulation which was perhaps suited to the mediaeval times, but which is now an anachronism and an absurdity. Such a rule should be placed in the same category as that which forbids the undergraduates to carry bombarding implements, or to enter a tobacconist's shop. This is a view widely held, to which we assign neither praise nor blame. The Proctors The Proctors are in their sphere quite autocratic, and they have the power, if they find a man wrong- doing, of instantly sending him down for the re- mainder of the Term, for one or more Terms, or utterly and for ever. In the evening they generally begin their peregrinations about 7.30, and con- THE SOCIAL LIFE. 75 tinue till 1 1, when they stop all men without cap and gown, requesting the delinquent to call on them the next morning. At this interview the Their duties usual fine of Sj. is exacted. In the morning the ^^^^^'^^' Proctors have not a definite system of waylaying men, and only make any chance victims they may meet in passing from one College to another. They often search the billiard rooms after 9 P.M., and any undergraduate found there is fined \os. The Proctors are also supposed to take notice of smok- ing in the streets, and driving dogcarts or pony- traps, but these misdemeanours do not seem to come equally within their cognisance. The two Proctors are assisted by four Pro-Proctors, and are served by some officers named " the bull-dogs," objects of special abhorrence to undergraduates. The duties of a Proctor are neither light nor pleasant, and to a man of delicate mind it must be a great trial to be obliged to secretly follow the steps of some unfortunate student, and to stealthily spy out the haunts of a suspected under- graduate. It is but natural that the office and those who hold it should be the objects of much opprobrium, but to call either useless is surely to shut the eyes to plain facts. As long as human nature remains the same, so long will a curb be needed for vicious youth. We have made the foregoing remarks upon the The morality morality of Oxford, because we consider it would perfect, no" not be just to throw a strong light upon all the utterly bad. good points of an Oxford career, and to obscure the bad ones. Parents may not wish to believe that, in sending their sons to Oxford, they expose them to temptations ; but to be forewarned is to be forearmed, nor will parents have a right to 76 THE SOCIAL LIFE. reproach with misrepresentation the eulogists of a University education if their sons are led into paths of' the existence of which they had been ignorant. But we have no desire to take a pessi- mist view of Oxford society. There is certainly that amount of doubtful morality which is natural in a place where two thousand young men are gathered together, a large number of whom have good health, liberal allowances, and little to do ; but when we take into account the manifold temptations ever present, we are forced to acknow- ledge that the general moral tone is good. Those who have passed through their career with no loss of their purity are to be congratulated on their good fortune or their merits, while those who have yielded to temptation may reasonably hope that their infirmity is but the offspring of rash and in- experienced youth. A "cloistered To conclude this digression : though we do not virtue" un- believe in the propriety of that adage which tells a young man to " sow his wild oats ;" and though we question utterly the efficacy of a vicious train- ing as a preliminary to the office of the pastor or the lawyer," we do most assuredly hold that an ac- quaintance with men of different tastes and habits is an essential of education. If a man grows up from boyhood to manhood, enveloped in the thick cloud of his own self-conceit, with a priggish con- tempt for the weakness and follies of others (the result of utter ignorance of their causes or condi- tions), he will probably experience in after-life some great fall, some utter uprooting of his moral system, which he might have guarded against if he had not felt so secure in his virtue, or had THE SOCIAL LIFE. 77 possessed some slight experience of the mistakes and temptations to which most human beings are liable. If he does not meet with such a catastrophe as this, a stunted sympathy, a narrow mind, and an unnatural moral pride, will certainly be his unpleasant characteristics. Let him not place himself above the frailties of human nature, and condemn those whose head is weaker, but whose heart is better than his own. The man who has met temptation, and conquered it, is a better student of human nature than he who flees at its approach, or proudly stands aloof from the weak- nesses of his fellows. The Evening. To resume the account of an undergraduate's evening. From the hours of 9 till 10.30 we suppose that most men will be found reading. Some will begin an hour earlier, or study an hour later, but the generality of men wisely attempt to devote an hour or two hours to intellectual pur- suits. At the close of their reading they will adjourn to a neighbour's rooms to finish the even- ing with the accustomed pipe and " grog." There are, as has been said, several days on which no reading after Hall will be accomplished. If, after a "wine," a man is able to get through a fair amount of work, he may consider himself fortu- nate, and may be congratulated on the possession Cards. of a remarkably strong head. Generally he will drift with the rest to some rooms where cards require less intense application, or, if the gates be not closed for the night, will pay a visit to some out-College friend. With regard' to the first- mentioned amusement, there is no doubt that this fascinating game, if it be a daily amusement, 78 THE SOCIAL LIFE. in whatever form it be played — ^whist, loo, " van,"* or " Nap." — is apt to consume more time and money than is advisable for a prudent man. Some certainly are able to rise from a card-table at a stated hour to resume their reading, but we fear there are few whose interest in the game will not inveigle them into remaining to the prejudice of their work. However, a moderate participation in the pleasures of whist (or the round games) will not greatly disturb reading, nor have a particularly bad effect upon the moral nature. Many men arrange to postpone play until ten o'clock, when the proper amount of work has been done, and this plan, if practicable, should be generally Little real adopted. With regard to the second point, we gambling, ^j^ j^^^ think that cards, as played among ordinary Oxford men, will arouse that gambling spirit which is latent in many ; the stakes are not sufficiently high, nor is the play sufficiently fre- quent. Even if this spirit were roused, we do not think it would find enough scope for its activity to do much harm ; and it is a remarkable fact that, though games of chance are naturally popular among undergraduates, there is a great absence of that sordid gambling fever which so often charac- terises the meetings of men of maturer years. There are, of course, some men who wish to gain for themselves the title of "fast," among whom whist at guinea points, or " unlimited loo," are favourite occupations, but with the average under- graduate cards neither tend to immorality nor to the ruin of reading. Risks of out- If a man is often out of College in the evening College pere- ^ grinations. • * Vingt-et-un. THE SOCIAL LIFE. 79 he will labour under several disadvantages. His Tutors will not unnaturally conclude that his ab- sence from College is not connected with reading, and that therefore his time is wasted. Again, in his nocturnal peregrinations he is very liable to meet the Proctor, and thereby incur a fine if he is without his cap and gown ; while, by re-entering College any time after 9 P.M., he must pay a fine ranging from id. to 2s. 6d., according to the hour he " knocks in." If he enters after twelve o'clock, or if at that hour more than once a week, he is likely to be summoned to an interview with the Dean, or the head of the College, and to receive from him a severe lecture, with sometimes the more substantial punishment of being "gated" — that is, confined to College within certain hours. To persist in wrongdoing will always be found useless and inexpedient, whatever be the pleasure derived from tormenting those set in authority. The heads of a College exert a despotic power. The Heads of which they will not suffer to be trifled with. ^^^°^J^se ^^^ They possess the most potent means of insuring to be treated obedience to commands by their power of rustica- ^' respect. tion. If a man, after several warnings, is still contumacious, they may remove his name from the " Buttery" list, by which means he is unable to procure food in College, unless his friends take it out for him in their own names, as they some- times do for several days. If he does not now submit, they may send him down for the rest of the Term, the next Term, or entirely close his career at College. Of course the latter punishments are only reserved for the more flagrant offences of lighting a bonfire in "quad.," screwing up a Tutor's "oak," or behaviour of similar extravagance. How- 8o THE- SOCIAL LIFE. Expulsion, ever, failure to pass the ordinary examinations in reasonable time will generally cause a removal of the name from the College books. Different rules hold good at different Colleges ; but in most cases if a man has not passed his " Smalls" by the end of the Second Term, or his " Mods" by the end of the Eighth Term of residence, he is politely re- Migration quested to remove himself elsewhere. Such un- e sew ere. fg^tunate men usually migrate to a Hall or to the Unattached, where they manage to drag on a comfortable existence ; for, while their old friends are not lost,, their little escapades do not meet with such harsh reproofs as in their former place of residence. Indeed there are many men who choose a Hall or the Unattached in preference to a College for these reasons, though the system adopted at the first-mentioned abodes is more rigorous than in former days. Various addi- We have thus given a brief description of the ments ^™"^^' manner in which an ordinary undergraduate may pass his day at Oxford. Of course this method may be varied in many points. Instead of spending his afternoon on the river he may walk, play fives, racquets and tennis, ride, or drive. These two latter amusements are naturally very expensive, and by a man of hmited income should be Horses, eschewed. If a man keeps a horse at Oxford, his expenses will probably be nearly 2/. a week, or 50/. a year ; while if he hires for riding and driving to any extent, he will find that his terminal bill at the stables will come to a large amount. The charge for a hack or pony-chaise for the day (or part of the day) is i os. 6d. ; and if he indulges in this luxury three times a week he must not be astonished if his pleasure has cost him over 20/. a THE SOCIAL LIFE. 8i Term. For it is not only the bare hire (or keep) of the horse which is in question ; there are also numerous incidental expenses which only those experienced in such things can understand. For instance, when men take a drive they often put up at some hostelry, and indulge in a dinner which is not generally a cheap one. There are, too, many "tips" connected with this luxury, which will increase the total considerably. Moreover, for a hunter the charge is two guineas Hunting. a day, and it will thus be seen how bills are swelled to the astonishment and disgust of parents. Around Oxford there is fair opportunity for hunting, and several packs meet within easy distance, chief among them being the " Heythrop," to which a strong con- tingent of undergraduates is usually furnished. The mention of expenses naturally leads us to Expenses. speak of a subject which unhappily must have great interest for many men. It is impossible to give statistics upon this matter, but we shall not err greatly if we say that a large number of University men who lead a sociable life have felt the incubus of debt Expensive or careless habits which result Extravagance. in debt are common among men of all ages ; while such failings are, as might be expected, particularly numerous among youths who are perhaps enjoying for the first time the freedom of independent life, and have but an inadequate estimate of the value of money. It has always been held that a pro- pensity for running into debt is a usual charac- teristic of the true University man, and it must be allowed that there is some foundation for this opinion. Most men must have found it very difficult to ^"pTngwithin avoid exceeding their allowances ; and there are allowance. G 82 THE SOCIAL LIFE. many to whom such transgression implies not only present ipconvenience but future trouble. It is almost useless to repeat here the well-worn admonition, that it is safer to keep out of debt altogether. When once the barrier set up by prudence has been passed, the great safeguard against debt is lost, and. the descent to discomfort and perhaps ruin is easy. A man who owes no more than he can properly pay, will strive to keep his expenses within bounds, but when once these expenses exceed his allowance, he will no longer be so careful in small matters. His argument will be like that of the man who sins against his health. Small he will say — " This little can't make any difference ; beginnings. \ may as well owe 30/. as 20/." It is not difficult to see that this course, persisted in for a year or two, will land him, if not in insolvency, at least in wretchedness. The more he owes, the more reck- less probably he becomes, his life is made mise- rable, his friends wretched, and all the pleasures of existence are soured by the weight of his burden. He is afraid to enter a shop, in dread of the demands of his creditor ; he avoids the " High" or the " Corn," lest he may meet some importunate Miseryof debt, tradesman. Every step upon the stairs makes his heart sink, he " sports his oak" continually, pleads illness or feigns absence. He is reduced to every ignoble shift to stave off the evil day, and grovels before his creditors with prayers for patience. Ominous-looking correspondence crowds his table, and the sight of every letter awakens in his mind unpleasant thoughts. During his first year or two, his tradesmen may have been lenient to him, nor even have sent in their bills. But the state of his affairs must become known, and creditors naturally THE SOCIAL LIFE. 83 grow suspicious when money is not forthcoming. A polite request for settlement is followed by a threat, which in its turn is fulfilled by a despatch from a Proctor in the Vice-Chancellor's Court, {iemanding payment within a week. If this be The " Court," not complied with, the man is " put in the Court," and, if the bill be allowed, of course he is ordered to pay. Debts are not legally recoverable if con- tracted by a minor'; but at Oxford the Vice- Chancellor usually judges the necessity of a certain item, and decides accordingly. Thus one pair of trousers might be considered a necessary expense, four pairs in a Term an unnecessary one, which would be disallowed. And so with other things. Sometimes, however, the Vice-Chancellor will inquire into a man's position before giving a decision. For example, an expensive gold chain may be a perfectly justifiable item for a man with a large allowance, which it would certainly not be for one with small means. Thus it might be allowed in the first, but disallowed in the second, case. These exceptions only apply to minors ; men over age are, of course, responsible for everything. But even if a man is " put in the Court," and his bill is disallowed, does he gain anything by it } Nothing ; for his credit and reputation are ruined. The heads of his College become acquainted with the facts, and the undergraduate, if not sent down, receives a severe reprimand, and loses his cha- racter. For this the small triumph gained over a tradesman is but a sorry recompense. The evils of debt are innumerable. By his The evils of expensive habits a man may not only cripple the ^ '" means of his parents, but is very likely to ruin his own prospects in after-life. An undergraduate G 2 84 THE SOCIAL LIFE: Inexpediency, who leaves Oxford, owing a large amount, will seldom find any profession or calling open to him, which will furnish an income sufficient to pay his debts, and to maintain the position of a gentle- man. Years will elapse before he is free ; and who can tell the misery of those years } He will be unable to take advantage of an opportunity which would be open to an unincumbered man, and will probably have a hard struggle to make both ends meet ; whereas, without this burden, he Immorality, might have lived in comfort, if not in luxury. But we may adopt a higher tone, and condemn debt from the standpoint of morality. Men do not remember that to order anything for which they have no chance of paying properly, is a distinctly di.shonest action, and is nothing more nor less than obtaining goods on false pretences. Surely it should not be considered a manly characteristic to run into unnecessary extravagances, and to incur years of misery for oneself and one's friends for the sake of a popularity which is idle and fleeting. Extravagant men at Oxford may be divided into two classes : those whose extravagance is the result of carelessness and an easy-going disposition, and, secondly, those who run into debt voluntarily, Extravagance deliberately, and with malice aforethought. The resuiro/ ' ^ former are the more numerous, and must be well thoughtless- known to most men. They have no idea of the perience, ™^''' Value of money, and consider it far beneath them seldom of pre- to calculate the expense of a given object. They meditation. , j j ■ i- , . . ;, have a grand and majestic manner of waivmg all discussion as to the cost of a suit of clothes, and never deign to ask the price of a picture or a book. They fling about their silver to servants and hangers-on, and always pay double the proper THE SOCIAL LIFE. 85 amount to a cabman or a boatman. A glove the least faded, or a coat the least worn, is to be at once thrown aside, and bestowed on the scout. They will order with easy magnificence, as an afternoon's amusement, several pairs of trousers, or two or three hats. If they have a fit of economy, they will eschew " Hall" with its 3^-. dinner, and dine at an inn, where they will probably pay 5^. They are pathetically astonished when their allow- ance runs out, and are virtuously indignant when their bills are sent in. Who can tell their motives .? Is it to please themselves, or to excel others and win popularity ? Or is it not rather a combination of the two } However this may be, the above are their unfailing characteristics, and they must soon have a rude but salutary awakening from their pleasant dreams. The second class is happily not so numerous. A man who, deliberately, and with his eyes open, plunges into extravagance for mere selfish gratification, who will not be deterred by the threatened ruin of his parents or his own certain downfall, can ask for no pardon. His faults are not those of a high-spirited, kindly, careless youth, but the despicable plans of a schemer, who sacrifices to his own pleasures all that should be dear to him. But for an under- graduate of the former class, however mischievous his frailties, may be pleaded the manifold tempta- tions of an Oxford life ; and the little expenses, which, perhaps, form his largest item, can only be appreciated by those who have passed through the ordeal. If such a one learns a lesson from his Wisdom errors here, and is taught not to look upon money as mere dross to be thrown away, his Oxford career will not have acquired a perfect 86 THE SOCIAL LIFE. justification, but will not have proved entirely- useless. Cliques the Those who have had any experience of Oxford rain of a Col- jj^-^ ^^^^ j^^^^ noticed with astonishment the system which prevails at many Colleges, of splitting up the men into cliques more or less small. It is, of course, only natural that there should be men who, con- tinually meeting, should in course of time form a set. Undergraduates have naturally special friends, with whom they will generally prefer to associate ; and as a man grows "senior," especially will he turn to his particular friends, and derive more enjoyment from their society than among men whose conversation bears on topics which have become somewhat tedious to him. It is not, how- ever, necessary on that account to withdraw them- selves wholly from the society of others, and to form an exclusive coterie, /if a precedent for such action is once created, othsps will be likely to take the same course, and after some time the whole College will be separated into various small knots of men without any tastes or interests in common, and, to all outward seeming, utter strangers^ It is easy to see how ruinous such a state of things must be. A College is thus a house divided against itself; there is no accord between the several sets ; each has in view only its own interests or comforts, and, amid the jealousies and bickerings of the sectaries, the common weal is entirely hidden. . Whenever a College office becomes vacant, each clique puts forward a candidate, and a large amount of ill-feeling is naturally engendered. The officers thus lose that public support which is their due, and which is indispensable for the proper conduct of affairs. Men refuse to row, and will not trouble THE SOCIAL LIFE. 87 themselves about cricket ; do not call upon, or entertain the freshmen ; each prefers to go his own way, and leaves everything else to take care of itself Then the College Eight is filled up with "unfit" men, the Eleven is never settled, CoUege meetings are sparsely attended, and the natural result follpws : the Eight goes down, the Eleven loses its matches, and the College its popularity. The various sets accuse each other with being the cause of this calamity, barely deign to nod as they meet in the " quad," and take every opportunity of abusing their neighbours. The longer they remain, the more confirmed they become in their exclu- sive habits, and often they leave College without being on speaking terms with a quarter of the members. The picture we have drawn is not, with reference to some Colleges, an exaggerated one, and the disastrous result described has always followed. Other Colleges, with far more prudence and public spirit, tacitly set up a rule that all the under- graduates shall know each other, and, to further this general acquaintance, encourage public hospi- tality as much as possible. Large College break- fasts and "wines" are given by the men in turn, and each undergraduate is thus in a manner forced to make the acquaintance of his neighbour. Col- lege matters, too, are not decided by the arbitrary will of one or two prominent men, but are laid before the whole College, whose opinion is required. Everything is thus carried on in the light, and although the necessary union of friends is not pre- vented, it is not allowed to degenerate into a selfish cliquism, which will prove the temporary ruin of the College. 88 THE SOCIAL LIFE. A walk down It is perhaps in walking down the " High" about '^ ■ one o'clock in the day that we see with the greatest distinctness the most varied phases of University- life. As we saunter along this splendid street, unrivalled, some say, by any in Europe, passing noble edifices dedicated to religion and learning, we shall note the curious contrast caused by the juxtaposition of the learned and vulgar elements, and may appreciate the wonderful medley of men who represent Oxford society. The various Here will be seen one man rushing home from Oxford'life^ a lecture to his luncheon, his arm full of books, his academicals flying in the wind, and his head crammed full of the newest conceits concern- ing Virgil or Plato. There are two dilettanti, sauntering gracefully arm in arm, followed by a pair of pugs or spaniels of the purest breed. Their clothes are cut excellently well ; everything about them is quiet, and in good taste, inviting, not com- pelling, attention. They themselves peer through eye-glasses at the newest picture in this window, or the prettiest trifle in that, and eye with easy condescension all who meet them. Following them comes a freshman, uncomfortably prim, with cap and gown in spotless condition, and evidently proud of his elegant attire. He has been invited to lunch with an old schoolfellow, and, not wishing to trans- gress the rules of the University, has donned the official garb. A-s he passes along, he enters a tailor's, orders a hat, and gives the name of his College with great unction, firmly insisting upon immediate payment in accordance with his resolu- tion of avoiding debt. Alas ! glance at his account two years later in the same tradesman's ledger ! Next come three fast men, in coats and trousers THE SOCIAL LIFE. 89 of enormous and alarming patterns, with all about them of the newest and most advanced style. They have spent the last hour in the stables where their horses are kept, and haye been regaling them- selves with beer and choice stories. As they " swagger" along, they leer and wink at every female who passes them, and are greeted with loud shouts from noisy friends in the window opposite, whence too comes the "tootle-tootle" of a post-horn, blown by some undergraduate who considers this amuse- ment to be the height of wit. Behind them race half a dozen boating men bound for a big lunch, to which, with its slang of the barge and the water, they look forward after a hard morning's reading. From this shop creeps slowly a man with down- cast head, who has tried his best to sgothe the impatience of a large creditor, but without success. From this shop steps lightly forth one, with happy face, who has succeeded in convincing a credulous tradesman of the certain demise of an ambiguous aunt, to whose wealth he is left heir. There now passes by the " smug," the ideal " smug," that personage whom all outside folk long to see, and having seen, shudder. His lanky, un- kempt hair is covered by a hat on which is gathered the dust of ages, and from which, as from his other garments, all symmetry has long departed. His coat is buttonless, his shirt and collar proclaim him one of the " great unwashed," and his trousers by no means fall in graceful ease to his boots, for they scarcely reach farther than his knees — to use an expressive phrase, they are "half-mast high." He grasps in his hand an umbrella which " Mrs. Gamp" might have been proud to possess. His face is entirely innocent of adornment, with the exception 90 THE SOCIAL LIFE. of that shaggy tuft which hangs from his chin, and which has, from its association, gained the name of "smug beard." As he paces uneasily down the " High," it is not hard to see that he is out of his element. If, perchance, he catch a glimpse of a neighbour or fellow-Collegian, he flees down a back street to his cold, comfortless rooms, whence he will only emerge to take a solitary constitutional on the Summerton Road, or to pay a hurried visit to the Union. Here, rapidly passing, are grey-haired " dons" with happy, pleasant, port-wine features, and here young tutors proudly conscious of' their new posi- tion, intent upon impossible reforms, or revolving sharp witticisms for common-room conversation. There are the velvet sleeves of the Proctor, who stalks majestically along ; and there tradesmen who have been vainly making calls by appointment upon wary undergraduates. As we notice these various types of character, these elements, which are always changing, and ever remain similar, we may gain some superficial notion of the life which Oxford lives — of that strange incongruous mixture which fills her muster- roll. General tone We do not Suppose that the description given in of society, ^^e foregoing pages of the ordinary pursuits of an undergraduate, will contain much to shock the sternest censor of society. Indeed, many will allow that such a life is harmless and respectable ; while most will go further, and assert that it is likely to endow a man with not a few social virtues. That the latter verdict is the true one will be fully shown hereafter : it only now remains to touch lightly upon the general characteristics THE SOCIAL LIFE. 91 and tone of Oxford society, and to leave the un- prejudiced to form their own decision. There will be noticed running through the whole of the social life of Oxford two opposing currents, both of which may be called the aristocratic ; the one in the original sense of the term, the other in its ordinary and derived signification. ' That is to say, the reverence with which men regard wealth or station is liable to be counteracted by the admiration they entertain for the aristocracy of moral or intellectual excellence. 1 It is natural that a University which is composed largely of men of that middle class which is always ready to pay its tribute to good birth or great wealth, should look with favour upon the representatives of the higher classes of society. Nor is it less natural that young men, whose generous feelings are not yet hardened by contact with the world, should court the friendship of one who may have social qualifications without being heir to an earldom, or should speak with genuine enthusiasm of a man, poor in worldly wealth, but rich in intellectual re- sources. And these two tendencies, the one to measure excellence by position, the other to regard a higher standard, may always be noticed. It is to be feared that the tendency to worship social rank will in Oxford, as elsewhere, generally pre- vail. Oxford men are but human, and it 'is natural that the substantial advantages of wealth should gain attention, if not popularity. But it must not Undergradu- be supposed that undergraduates are, to use a hunters." vulgar phrase, " tufthunters ;" this would be far from the truth. They certainly will not tolerate presumption in a nobleman, or boorishness in a man of large means. There is no society which 92 THE SOCIAL LIFE. exacts in a greater degree the attributes of a gentleman from its favourites, or which is more determmed in excluding " uppishness" and vul- garity from its pale. Often the most popular men in the University are undergraduates of moderate means ; and a man has only to be well-mannered, sociably pleasant, and intellectually passable, to find himself welcomed in the best society of Oxford. Conceit and Narrow conceit undergraduates will not suffer ; and allowed^ '^ there is no place where a man is more likely to find his own level. Those who come up with an unbounded belief in themselves, and their own powers and virtues, quickly find others intolerant of pretentious affection, refusing to submit to dicta- tion from one not better or more clever than them- selves. They are treated with open ridicule, or (what is more galling) with half-expressed or silent contempt. Soon they become conscious of their own mediocrity, and careful not to give offence by an undue assumption of superior wisdom. Thus Oxford is particularly a school of manners, and there are few who enter and leave without some accession of urbanity, manliness, and toleration. Conclusion. Such then is Oxford life ; a mixture of frivolity and serious labour, pleasures and sorrows, hopes and disappointments. That it contains bad ele- ments, none will deny ; but it is certain that the good points more than counterbalance the evil ones. Oxford society may bear the criticisms of the prejudiced, for it is founded upon human nature, which always assigns to the young some levity, some recklessness, but much more of noble ambition, generous feelings, and kindly actions. THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 93 CHAPTER V. THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. The world of Oxford is of so diversified a cha- racter, its elements are so varied, and those elements are so constantly changing, that to speak of the intellectual side of its life with perfect accuracy is an impossible task. We shall, there- fore, confine ourselves to an examination of the intellectual tone of Oxford society, and to some remarks on the chief influences exerted upon it by those within and without the pale of the University. At the present day, it is a common accusation of culture that it is superficial in the extreme, and that its votaries do but skim the books to an in- telligent acquaintance with which they lay claim ; while their arrogance is sufficiently shown in the pretence they put forward of a complete grasp of subjects, the mere outlines or preface of which have cost the greatest philosophers a lifetime of labour and thought. Now, since contemporary thought is naturally Culture. reflected in the University, where every system has its disciples, and every freak in art and literature its zealous defenders, the reproach to which we have alluded will fall upon Oxford society in a similar manner. It is no part of our work to defend culture — "the knowledge of all that is best in thought and literature" — in its general aspects ; its merits and advantages should be ap- parent to every refined mind. But we may re- 94 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. Apology for mark that the outcry raised against it is scarcely c assica stu y. fgynded upon a careful consideration of the facts, more especially with regard to its classical side. If we consider those who are, or have been most distinguished in the higher walks of life, especially in politics and literature, we shall find that a very large proportion owe, in a great measure, their success to the study of those classics whose advan- tages are so vehemently denied. Most of them will gladly admit such a debt, and those who will not would find it difficult to account for the position they hold, if they do not refer it to that system of education towards which they have shown such ingratitude. If the results of classical learning are not so apparent on the outside, the inward work- ing, the subtle influence on mind and manners, to an observant eye are easily recognisable. The mental refinement, which is the almost universal result of a wide acquaintance with the splendid achievements of Greek and Roman genius, the intense sympathy with everything high and noble which is generated by the study of the glowing eloquence of the great philosophers and orators of An Oxford old, are surely no valueless gifts. If some have an"exclusive°' ^bused their opportunities by assuming an intel- one. lectual arrogance, or an exclusive contempt for other means of education, these should not be allowed to overshadow the main body of quiet, unassuming labourers in the same field. If some have devoted their whole life to a study which has brought no profit to themselves, or have thereby lost opportunities of conferring benefits upon their fellow-men, there are others who can combine an appreciation of the ancient authors with a study of their modern successors, and are able to ap- THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 9S proach the consideration of modern social problems the more successfully for their acquaintance with ancient philosophy. And it is this dual study which Oxford encourages ; she does not separate the present from the past, but in all her work she requires the one to be explained by the other. To this substantial advantage may be added another. For the proper discussion of the problems to be solved, careful application and regular industry are necessary. The mind, forced to dwell on questions of the greatest subtlety, naturally be- comes not only refined, but flexible, and adapts itself with ease to difficulties, which could only bewilder an inexperienced man. No doubt such facility may be acquired by any other study requiring concentrated attention, but not in an equal degree, nor conjoined with similar advan- tages. A man who, conscientiously, diligently, and intelligently, has passed through the Oxford classical • course, will have mounted several steps in the ladder of intellectual perfection, and have provided himself with no mean aid for any pro- fession or calling he may adopt. He is well furnished and equipped from the armoury of philosophy and political science, and has mastered and made his own the thoughts of the greatest writers on things intellectual. Whoever will glance The Classics at the examination papers of the final schools "° ^^teUectusa must notice the wide reading necessary. Physical career. and metaphysical philosophy, morality, logic, politics, economy, history, religion, philology, my- thology, are subjects to be studied again and again, accurately digested, and set forth with a facile pen, and iri a manner which will show the 96 • THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. knowledge acquired to be the result of intelligent study, not of hasty "cramming." It is, as we have said, the fashion to depreciate the Oxford classical schools, to call the work useless, and the scholars puffed up with vain conceits. Those who really appreciate true culture will reply that by such training knowledge is increased, the sym- pathies are widened, and a mental tone given, which a man, if careful, may preserve throughout life. It can surely not be denied that those whose work it will be to deal with social and political problems, will begin their task the better for having examined the conditions of the solution of such in the history of the ancient nations ; there they will find many of those questions which are baffling modern legislators met and overcome. Perfection of The jnan of letters may view with admiration the Classics. j.j^g monuments which the genius of Plato, De- mosthenes, and Cicero has left to posterity ; the orator may read with pleasure and benefit the models of all eloquence ; the student of war may follow with delight the campaigns of the most consummate strategists of all ages ; the poet may turn to works which have never been surpassed ; the historian to authors, whose writings, now more than two thousand years old, are yet the choicest products of the historic muse. These, read where the very atmosphere is classical, where every stone and tower speak of an antiquity which is perennial, of a learning which will survive the inventions of this modern age, as it has survived the struggles of a thousand years — must these not invigorate the mind and chasten the spirit, and render the whole man fitter and abler to meet and conquer THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 97 those trials and temptations which must necessarily beset him. After this defence of the most characteristic Variety of in- form of Oxford education, we may proceed to "» 'c. discuss the intellectual life itself As has been said, Oxford society is of a most varied nature, and there are few men who will not meet with companions of a kindred and sympathetic spirit Every opinion has its expositors. Republicanism takes up its abode next to a rigid Conservatism ; the rationalist meets every day the strenuous up- holder of orthodoxy ; the lover of antiquity is the near neighbour of the disciple of modern thought Even if a close and mutually profitable friendship with men of taste and culture be not formed, and the student's time be passed with companions imendowed with love for higher pleasures, the society of great men as found in their works may be sought, and their words will always raise him above the level of his daily life. But such a fate should be in store for few, and most men will be able to find associates whose opinions are in accordance with their own. In speaking of men "Smugs" not of intellectual tastes, allusion is not made to that o^cuUuS' " class to whom the expressive but opprobrious name of "smug" has been attached — men who spend the greater portion of their life in poring over their books, until mental and bodily powers are deadened together, who carefully eschew the society of their fellows, and rigidly refuse to acknowledge the utility of manly sports ; and so drag on a dreary, wretched existence, the scorn of their neighbours, martyrs to a false system, and only half enjoying the pleasure of knowledge, because they refuse to participate in what is the H 98 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. proper antecedent to all culture, a healthy ex- perience of and sympathy with their fellow-men. Those to whom we point do not place themselves above frail human nature ; they acknowledge its faults, and take delight in its pleasures in a rational and consistent manner, by which a greater zest is added to those studies and intellectual pursuits which claim the quiet portion of their existence. Thus the more keen will be their enjoyment of virtue's fruits, the more beneficial the influence exerted by the wisdom of their teachers, and the better prepared will they be eventually to play their part on the world's stage. The intellec- In a society composed almost entirely of young *gance of youth ™^" '^^ ^^^^^ naturally find the adoption of the natural nor most advanced and extravagant doctrines. The rea y ^"^ ° ■ g^dour and the enthusiasm of youth are not generally compatible with grave and sober prin- ciples. The growth of a young man's mind is so rapid, he passes from one idea to another with such ease, that systems are to him only matters of a day, the destruction of solemn dogmas but the work of a few hours' study. The mind has not yet attained its proper equilibrium ; the ex- perience is meagre and scanty ; high-sounding phrases and extravagant professions quickly in- spire him with the ardent zeal of a neophyte, zeal only to last till another creed appears, to be adopted as hastily, and as hastily rejected. Thus he travels on, tripping lightly over systems, using them merely as planks or stepping-stones to pass the stream which divides him from knowledge ; and this once crossed, he may look back and view with astonishment the flimsy means by which his course was assisted, and shudder to think how THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 99 nearly his feet had slipped from their treacherous supports ; while from the firm bank and vantage- ground of wise experience he sees others less prudent, perhaps less fortunate, meeting with a fate that might have been his, and lost in the chaos of doubt and infidelity. That this has been the history of many will surely not be denied, nor certainly is it cause for shame, for the way is Nature's. To a period of enthusiastic confidence there must come a re- action, and sound views then adopted will be held all the more firmly and consistently for the inexperienced rashness of youthful days. Young men will never put aside their eagerness for novelties, and content themselves with the sober realities of life, nor is it advisable that they should do so. Each period of existence has its proper sphere of intellectual activity, and if it be with- drawn from that sphere, the result will be not only unbeneficial, but will stunt and injure mental growth. These remarks apply not only to questions of religion and morality, but also to politics and literature ; in fact, to every branch of thought where first principles may be matters of discussion. The freshman will probably hear with wonder and The widening amazement opinions the most extravagant, and mentefview. views the most at variance with ordinary ex- perience, made the subjects of approving remarks. From bewilderment he may pass to acquiescence, and from acquiescence to enthusiastic persuasion. Of course such opinions will not be found preva- lent in every College, or among all classes of thinking men. In a society so large a man will find upholders of the most varied views, and may 100 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. make his choice accordingly. But it seems un- deniable that one of the great advantages of an Oxford education is the continual contact with men of different character and opinions, the never- ceasing flow of new ideas, or the reclothing of old ones in a new form. The mind is not allowed selfishly to dwell upon one idea, but is led to consider and fathom all. And this is so not only with regard to the various examinations (more especially "Literae Humaniores"), but also in general conversation, and in the discussion of current topics. It may be objected that by the entrance of such new impressions into his mind his faith may become unsettled, and his piety destroyed. If this be so, and from such fear he close his ears to all that contradicts his creed or may shake his firmness, then faith is empty, and firmness but a name. Belief is never so strong as when it is conscious of obstacles, and cer- tainly can never be intelligent without experience of counter-arguments and the means for their refutation. It is for Oxford that we claim such a catholic appreciation of all that is best in thought and literature. Many of the most influential writers of the day have, or have had, their abode here, and their association generally brings with it a The Tutors more* careful attention to their thoughts. And graduifeT ^^^'^ brings us to speak of the tutors, their in- fluence, and their claims. No doubt one of the great alterations that have taken place in Oxford life is in the character of the tutors. In many ways they must ever remain the same or similar, but the last twenty years have, and probably the next twenty years will THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. loi have, effected important changes in the system. There must always be a wide gulf between tutors and' undergraduates, which can never wholly be bridged over either by the condescension of the one or the willingness to receive favours by the latter. A man, when he has once gained a Fellow- ship and taken his seat at the " high table," must always feel in a degree elevated above his former companions. He will consider that it is now his duty to eschew frivolous amusements and the society of unintellectual companions. His time The youthful must now be devoted to the solution of the im- "'^°"' mense problems of philosophy or theology, which only need the application of his mind to disappear for ever. His ear, once attuned to sounds of revelry and discord, is pained at the least infrac- tion of harmony. He becomes gradually inspired with the peculiar notions of those with whom he consorts, and learns to consider all below the rank of B.A. as belonging to the class "ferae naturae." The jokes and freaks which once amused him as an undergraduate now fill him with a holy horror, nor will he admit a witticism whose point does not turn upon some subtle question of antiquity. In short, he becomes '' donnish," pompous, and priggish. This history of the genesis of the " don" is in many cases not overstrained, and will sufficiently account for the dislike with which he is viewed by undergraduates. But, fortunately. Increasing many tutors are beginning to see how much their J^e'Tutore." influence for good may be increased by mixing with the students on sociable terms, and by throwing off that assumption of lofty superiority which is harmful and ridiculous. Tutors now often ask those undergraduates with whom they I02 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. have specially to do to breakfast or wine, and endeavour to cultivate a more friendly feeling by at all events assuming an interest in the pleasures and sports with which the younger race of men is chiefly concerned. But the benefits which might result from this are neutralised, unless the under- graduates are ready on their part to meet the Advantages of advances of their tutors. The great advantages their friend- ^ ^^^ j^^^y derive from the friendship of the "dons" are evident. This favour, once gained, may be easily preserved ; for tutors only require as a condition a fair attention to College rules, a moderate" amount of reading, and some slight respect shown to themselves, requirements which are neither irksome nor useless. Naturally a tutor will not trouble himself about the success of an unruly or idle undergraduate, while, if, he sees that his. advice and assistance are appreciated, he will be proportionately encouraged and flattered. Those outside the University cannot understand how greatly the favour or disfavour of the " dons" may affect the happiness of a man's life. For an after career their assistance may be invaluable, and at College there are numberless small privi- leges which a tutor . has the power to grant or refuse, and where refusal often means great dis- comfort. But we may take a higher ground than this,, and assert that an entente cordiale between tutor and undergraduate will be the means of advancing a man in his intellectual career. Oxford " dons" are the depositaries of so much traditional lore, and from their position learn so much of the higher life of the University, that their friendship cannot fail to be very beneficial. In most cases they are THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 103 meji of uncommon mental powers, and to their original knowledge have added a mass of informa- tion collected in their more recent studies. Their minds are formed ; they can now regard questions with more soberness and wisdom than of old, and they are thus able to correct the errors, and mode- rate the enthusiasm of younger students. If the Proper civility " dons" are very unpopular, it is often because men 'o the ^" dons" will not treat them with even ordinary civility. Some undergraduates consider that they are fair sport and proper objects for every practical joke and insolent experiment. It is quite natural that under such treatment the " dons' " tempers should become soured, and that they should look with suspicion and dislike upon all undergraduates. These feelings they inculcate on the younger Fellows, and leave behind them a rigipte founded on terror, and assuming as its first principle the utter depravity of the undergraduate race. Such a system' of governmeat quickly proves the ruin of a College, and men will remedy this if they treat those in authority with proper respect, and endeavour to please them in small matters, feeling assured that the ultimate benefits they will derive will more than counterbalance the transitory dis- comfort which an observance of ordinary regulations and customs may inflict. In Oxford the life of England is reflected. All Oxford the national questions, every agitation, every utterance England. of public opinion finds its echo here. The Union is a mimic Parliament, and its debates are con- ducted in a manner strictly modelled after those The Union of the House of Commons ; while every question ^ ^ ^• which agitates the latter causes a corresponding, generally a more lively, emotion in the younger I04 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. House. Such an institution is of course of incalcu- lable value, and the opportunity offered by the debates is not to be ignored by those whose ambition it is to sit in the National Assembly. The practice which is necessary to fit a speaker for public life is here provided in a congenial sphere, among men of similar age and training. The most fluent speaker is often wanting in self-con- fidence, in tact, or in a readiness of repartee ; and these gifts, though usually founded on some natural qualifications, may at all events be improved by the constant opportunities allowed for their display. The audience is generally so large, and often so fastidious, that a self-possession of no ordinary kind is required, and this is in most cases the fruit of perseverance. It is for this reason that the College Debating Clubs are of less value. The audience is comparatively small, and composed perhaps largely of personal friends, who are not disposed to be over-critical ; while one feels some little hesita- tion in propounding startling theories, or display- ing powers of eloquence, before men whom one is accustomed to meet at every period of the day. These Clubs are no doubt useful for a first attempt, but higher flights of rhetoric should be carried to a larger and more appreciative audience. At the Union, though the oratory is sometimes mere verbiage, and the arguments somewhat confused, the results are very good, considering the age and inexperience of the speakers, and the fact that pro- bably no higher authority is sought for the subject matter than the leading article of some daily paper. There is certainly no better training in England for those who wish to gain fluency and a ready THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. loj knack of speaking — whether they intend to pass to the Senate, the Church, or the Bar. With regard to the politics of young Oxford, it Political is probable that if the undergraduates were polled, °P'"'""^" there would result a substantial Conservative majority. The greater portion of men who hold Liberal or Conservative opinions, have in most cases given these subjects no thought. Some who come up to Oxford with an ulterior ambition for public life, have had the political principles of their family carefully instilled into them, and these-views they generally retain throughout their career. There are, secondly, and these constitute the majority, men who simply follow the prevalent political fashion of their set. The members Conservatives of these two classes may belong indifferently to ^""^ Liberals, either party. , A large number of undergraduates always contemplate taking orders, and from them radical notions may scarcely be expected. Of those who make politics a special study it is diffi- cult to speak with accurate impartiality. If the Conservatives are in a majority, it must not be sup- posed that the Liberals form a small and unimpor- tant body. Probably within the ranks of the latter will be found the men of the greatest ability : certainly among them politics receive the most careful attention, and in such questions interest chiefly centres. There have been established several political clubs to promote the well-being of either party, among which the most important are, on the Conservative side, the " Canning," and for the Liberals the " Palmerston." It is natural that the chief influence exerted over those undergraduates who lay claim to the title of io6 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. " thinkers" should be derived from the works of the modern writers on matters intellectual. The im- portance of John Stuart Mill as a teacher will be noticed elsewhere, and we shall remark on the in- creasing popularity of another philosophical system, Influences Hegelianlsm. There has never been wanting exerted over a,inong Oxford men some one centr~al figure round whom they may congregate, whose sayings they receive with reverence, and whose doctrines they endeavour to propagate. Among such teachers the one whose authority has been most powerful Mill, in modern days is certainly Mill. His various works, more especially his " Logic," have been tacitly adopted as text-books for many years, and though now there seems a likelihood of revolt against his system, a close study of his writings is necessary both for success in the Schools, and to appreciate those doctrines ©f which, if not the founder, he was at least the most powerful exponent. The scope of his teaching is so wide, his treatment of vexed questions so decided and yet so impartial, ' his style so correct and clear, sometimes indeed rising to a noble eloquence, that we cannot wonder at the reverence and even affection with which his name is held by a large class not only of young, but also of old and experienced men. Even those who seek to demolish his philosophy in a degree borrow their weapons from his works, and those who most sneer at his influence often owe their scanty knowledge of philosophy to a study of the doctrines they abuse. We do not mean to assert that his system is free from grave errors, or that its merits will make it immortal : it is enough that his works have given the greatest impetus to sound logical and philosophical study, and have THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 107 proved the most powerful agents in destroying a profitless metaphysical method. His writings are eminently suggestive ; he who would appreciate Mill's works must " think," as a primary condition, and if acquiescence do not follow, dissent will at least be rational and intelligent. To have achieved such results ought to prove sufficiently the useful- ness of his system, and at all events accounts for its extensive and powerful influence. It is not to be supposed that the intelligence of Other Philo- Oxford is monopolised by Mill. There are many =°P'^^'^- who disown his authority, and prefer the meta- physical subtleties of Kant or Hegel, or the all- embracing system of Comte, while the adherents of the newly expounded evolutionist philosophy of Herbert Spencer are neither few in number nor deficient in intellect. We believe, however, that while the influence exerted by these great writers over the minds of their disciples is more powerful in the individual instances, and is connected with a blinder fidelity, still their authority is not so widely spread — certainly their systems (except in the case of Comte) are not so much concerned .with the practical side of social and political life. The various Schools of the period are all repre- Disciples of sented at Oxford. There are those who believe and"of'^other in Christianity as expounded by Matthew Arnold, systems. ardent lovers of "sweetness and light," turning aside with supercilious pity from the blatant " Philistinism" of the political arena, to meditate over the rhythm of some French essayist and the general prospects of their new religion. There are some to whom " Modern Painters" is a revelation, and the " Stones of Venice" the utterings of a demigod ; others to whom Landor is greater io8 THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. than Shakspeare, and Swinburne a sweeter singer than Milton. They will converse with won- drous ease on subjects they cannot appreciate, sharply criticise a book whose preface they have glanced at, and discuss with others, as ignorant as themselves, the merits of a creed or a philosophy whose outlines they have carefully prepared for the occasion. But such youthful follies may be easily condoned ; they are merely the natural out- come of freedom, after constraint, of young minds flattered by the privilege of listening to criticisms on their superiors, and of studying subjects above their comprehension ; they are , but the wild oats sown by " intellectual rou^s," the few tares amongst ' the good wheat of sound knowledge. Is the intellec- But is this tone a healthy one i" — are these sub- heau'hy one? J^*^*^^ which are taken up, these systems which are adopted, the result of an earnest yearning for the ideal, a real search after truth .-' or are they merely the occupation of a leisure hour .■■ or opinions merely interesting as novelties .-' Certainly we must allow that very often brilliant paradoxes have more power than sober truths. A startling novelty Though ex- stated in a specious and effective manner, 'must parages always possess great attraction ; for that which is mustbefasci- contrary to ordinary experience and custom ever areno'tneces- exerts, through some peculiar mental law, a fasci- sarilyvery nating influence over men. No matter how extra- mischievous it ° • , . ^ , . held in hones- vagant the System may be, how weak its foundations, ty, and ^°^^^ if only it be stated attractively, it is certain to gain disciples, who steadfastly refuse to examine the arguments by which it is supported, or to listen to the criticism of its opponents. Such influence is particularly felt among the young students of Oxford, where there are always men ready to take THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. 109 up any exaggerated opinions, of which they will loudly praise the merits, merely because that, by so doing, they know they are running counter to received ideas, and shocking the prejudices of ordinary beings. The same disposition may be noticed in men the reverse of intellectual, who gladly adopt any startling innovation in dress, and who consider the reputation gained thereby ex- tremely creditable. Some seem to value highly the notoriety of the sceptic or the Jacobin, and to bring forward aston- ishing doctrines and extravagant ideas is with them a necessary qualification for a "thinker." But happily for the comfort of society, these do not represent the whole of Oxford culture. There are a large number of thoughtful men who refuse to wound the feelings of their companions by the utterance of ribald remarks, and who consider that not the least mark of a gentleman is the wish and ability to adapt his conversation to the capacity or tastes of his hearers. Foolish and extravagant though the speculations of many may be, we believe they are adopted in all honesty, and from a real longing after some firm and lasting system of belief. If some undergraduates wander from the religious paths of their ancestors, it is in search (idle though it be) of the noblest of all things, Truth ; and when they return, weary and disheartened, from their fruitless search, and anchor once more in their old haven, who will say that such enthusiasm has been in vain, if it has taught them to look at all things The extrava- with a wider charity, and has lent a noble ambition ^"i'^re°uft°^* to their life .' They will have learnt the wisdom the settled Ofthe poet's words— wisdomofage. no THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. And spake I not too truly, O my knights, Was I too dark a prophet when I said To those who went upon the Holy Quest, That most of them would follow wandering fires, Lost in the quagmire.* They will know that he must no longer dream, To whom a space of land is given to plough. Who may not wander from the allotted field, Before his work be done.t Surfeited with the fruits of many creeds, they will return to the one which only gives them rest. Hold thou the good : define it well : For fear Divine Philosophy Should push beyond her rriark, and be Procuress to the Lords of Hell.J It cannot be said that such a tone is intellectually unhealthy ; men who really hope that they are reaching the goal of knowledge, and that they are "battling for the True, the Just," are not mere mischievous meddlers, but are honestly fighting their doubts, until they " find a stronger faith their own." There can be no doubt that rationalism — we may say atheism — numbers many adherents, and that a denial of the Christian faith is no longer a Scepticism bar to advancement or popularity. But it is not powerful, but j Qxford alone that " atheism is lisped in gilded not increasing. ^ ° saloons ;" nor do we believe that scepticism has very materially augmented its numbers. In former days its profession was a reproach, and this fact accounts for its non-appearance, but does not prove its non-existence. Now it is not inconsistent with the highest character, nor are men any longer * Tennyson, " Holy Grail." t Do., do. X Do. "In Memoriam." THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE. iii ashamed to confess such tendencies. We do not suppose that the number will largely increase or materially diminish. There will always be philosophical systems at variance with revealed religion, and these systems must ever commajnd many adherents. Perhaps we must even admit that the existence of scepticism is a condition of intelligent faith. As Mill says,* unless received opinions are vigorously and earnestly contested, they will be generally held in the manner of pre- judices, with little comprehension or feeling of their rational grounds. At all events, to charge Oxford, Unfair to as some do, with being a hotbed of intellectual with^being the immorality, is as absurd as it is untrue. Oxford home of scepti- is simply the reflection of the life of this or that period : she takes the current opinions and ideas, strains off from them what is vulgar or ephemeral, and stores up the residue, along with the monu- ments of other ages, to be the warning or en- couragement of future generations. * " On Liberty," p. 95. 112 RELIGIOUS OXFORD. CHAPTER VI. RELIGIOUS OXFORD. An attempt was made in the chapter on the Intellectual Life to show that though there must be a large amount of extravagant, and even sceptical, thought in a University where two thousand young men are collected together, yet that neither is the advance of scepticism so rapid, nor are rationalistic opinions held with such seriousness and tenacity, as to occasion very grave apprehension in the minds of those who regard with abhorrence any religious innovations in the airection of free-thought. It was pointed out that a young man rejoicing in the possession of unwonted license, and of an enlarged mental prospect, might easily be led into temporary extravagance ; but that such extreme views are soon cast aside, to make room for the more serious convictions of a ripened and experienced intellect; Religious prin- But it must not be supposed that free-thought ciplesofunder- Uq called) is the only power in Oxford, or that graduates pro- '^ . ... ■ i ^ i i fessing tlie rationalism has taken to itself the larger proportion doctnnes of ^f ^^ose who entertain fixed and reasoned views the Church of . England. on such subjects. The great majority of under- graduates would profess firm attachment to the Church of England and to the faith of their fathers : if those who deny that faith seem to occupy the prominent position in public notice, it is because a few of such are men of great and deserved reputation, or that very many are apt to RELIGIOUS OXFORD. 113 inculcate their opinions with peculiar vigour and pertinacity, probably to convince their own waver- ing minds, and to demonstrate to their neighbours the noble field which is open to one unfettered by dogma and superstition. But though these may cry so loudly, those who stand by in silence must be allowed to possess their own share of conviction on matters spiritual. If it be asked whether Oxford society is religious, in the sense of paying strict attention to formulae and their real spirit, and frequently participating in worship, the answer must be negative. But if by " religious" is under- stood simply acceptation of received opinions as members of the Church of England, then society is religious. That young men should, as a general Religious rule, be profoundly serious, or always give that j^™f4Tolly°' attention to religion which is its due, is not to be looked for. expected. It is when they are involved in some great perplexity or distress, that men's minds naturally turn to religion for assistance ; but the lives of undergraduates are for the most part passed too lightly and carelessly to feel the want of spiritual consolation. Whether such carelessness is a grave crime, is not for us to say ; at all evenfs it is natural in a degree, and incident to this period ■ of life. But though a great proportion of undergraduates are not fully conscious of their religious duties, there is a large, and not uninfluential, class which shows, by various methods, its devotion to, and belief in, the ceremonies of worship. Among these men are representatives of every Church party, and ample opportunities are offered to all for participation in their favourite rites. Among the various places of worship in Oxford it will be ^ I 114 RELIGIOUS OXFORD. strange if an undergraduate fails to find a Church suited to his tastes. The services in the College chapels are of a more stereotyped form, and would probably fail to awaken any ardent sympathy in Influence of the mind of an advocate of extreme views. But the Tutors. ^^^^^ ^^ Fellows and Tutors an undergraduate will generally find some one with whom he may converse on religious topics, in whose advice he may place confidence, and from whose knowledge and instruction he may derive much benefit. One of the changes which have taken place among the Tutors of Oxford has been an increased interest in the spiritual welfare of the undergraduates com- mitted to their charge ; and in place of the utter carelessness and disregard of things religious shown by the " dons" of fifty years ago, we see now a ' greater encouragement given to devotion, and' a readiness to foster the hopes or relieve the fears of the younger members of the University. This is certainly one of the most beneficial results of the great Tractarian movement, of which, originally connected as it was with Oxford, it may be well to give a brief description. The Tract- In the year 1833 there existed among many of docTrine*^*' the ablest members of the Church of England a great and increasing suspicion of the attempts made by the Liberals to reform the constitution and worship of the Church. From these feelings a movement grew up whose object was to counter- act the innovating tendencies of the period, by inviting men to consider the real foundations of religion, and by insisting upon the divine nature and authority of the Church. These views, at first put forward in the celebrated " Tracts for the Times," soon gained a large body of adherents RELIGIOUS OXFORD. 115 among the clergy and laity, and the " Tractarians," as they were called, became an influential party in the Church. This result was partly due to the genius and piety of the authors of ihe movement, and partly to a natural reaction which had set in against Radical opinions and measures. The "Tractarians" numbered many of the ablest members of the University, and the names of Keble, Pusey, and Newman shortly became house- hold words wherever Church principles were matters of any interest. The first founders of the school had inculcated doctrine rather than cere- mony, spiritual religion rather than ritual : but their followers, especially among the younger clergy, naturally argued that an ornate and elaborate worship, and an unquestioning adherence to the commands of the Church and its ministers, were the proper and logical outcome of the doctrines of Apostolic Succession, Baptismal Regeneration, and the Real Presence. However sound and veri- fiable such tenets were, they held that to be practical and effective, to exert any influence over the masses, they must be presented in an attrac- tive form, and appeal to the worshipper through the senses. Such is the rationale of the Ritualism Ritualism. of the present day, a system which at Oxford is widely popular, and whose interests are supported not only among the Tutors and undergraduates, but especially by the clergy of the city in their places of worship. At several of the Oxford churches the most advanced doctrines are taught, and confirmed by the most elaborate ceremonial. There is a large class of undergraduates who attend regularly and devoutly such worship, while the clergy themselves take every means of conciliating I 2 ii6 RELIGIOUS OXFORD. undergraduates, and are always ready to encourage the ardent and confirm the wavering. It is evident that since to very many men a University career is a preliminary to Holy Orders, such a system of religion is an important factor in an Oxford education. Those who in coming years will officiate as ministers of the Church, take with them the doctrines and views which they have learnt from the followers of the original " Tract- arians," and an unbroken line of succession is main- tained. At the exactly opposite pole of the religious world stand the Evangelicals, who found their faith upon an entirely different system. The advanced views held by the " Tractarians" on Church authority and the rights and duties of the priesthood, they meet by an appeal to the Bible The Evan- as the sufficient and sole rule of conduct. Ornate ge ica s. (-gj-gjj^Qj^y^ Prayers for the dead, and Real Presence, they hold to be the proper attributes of Popery, and an advance towards idolatry. The Reforma- tion, somewhat despised by the " Tractarians," they consider to have been a beneficent movement, and the cause of England's greatness : any attempt ta recede from the results of that great revolution they denounce as an endeavour to ruip the Church of England, and as a distinct step towards the establishment of a mischievous and presumptuous creed. In Oxford the advocates of Evangelicalism are numerous and active, and are as fully alive as their opponents to the necessity of impressing young men in their favour. Their churches are not, perhaps, so numerous and attractive as those in which Ritualism is practised, but their ministers exert a great influence, and draw large numbers to RELIGIOUS OXFORD. mj their services. They promote their doctrines by- holding frequent prayer-meetings and mission- gatherings, and adopt other means (such as the distribution of tracts and pamphlets) to inspire undergraduates with a hatred of idolatry, and true notions of the nature and aims of the Christian faith. The disciples of these two different creeds are almost invariably men of single-n^inded earnest- ness, and though in their desire for promoting God's glory they may at times exhibit some ex- • travagance, no one will deny that their tender care of the poor, and their great self-denial, are worthy of all praise. Between these two systems lies a. third, which, in some degree borrowing its weapons from the armoury of either, pursues a different and definite path. This is the Broad The Broad Church, Rationalistic, or Latitudinarian system.* "^"^"^ ' The disciples of this system especially advocate a wide charity which shall extend to all creeds, denying salvation to no man, and attempting to extract from every quarter those elements of good which are always visible or latent. They refuse to believe in the verbal inspiration of the sacred books, or to pin their faith upon this or that text of Scripture. They endeavour to prove rather the * It is evident that all popular appellations of religious systems must be more or less inaccurate, and quite unable to express or define the nice shades of difference which mark the characteristics of men even of the same party. In the High Church, Low Church, and Broad Church parties there are many who, while adhering to the particular system in its general spirit, would naturally refuse to assent to the par- ticular views of individuals. If, then (for convenience), we call a body of men " Broad Church," it would be unjust to ascribe to these the extravagances of which members of the same party are guilty. And this applies similarly to Trac- tarianism and Evangelicalism. ii8 RELIGIOUS OXFORD. general spirit of Christianity than any one dogma, and allow a free choice of doctrine, and an unfet- tered exercise of the reason and judgment. The more advanced Rationalists boldly declare their disbelief in miracles, and in the divine nature of Jesus, and openly deny the authenticity of several of the Books of the Bible. They would cultivate kindly and charitable feelings rather than exclusive pretensions, morality rather than dog- matic religion. These views they inculcate with great ability and eloquence, and it is not surprising that at Oxford they find many converts among those whose young pride finds everything an object for criticism, and refuses to be bound by the ordi- nary trammels of religion. Such undergraduates prefer Roll-Call to Chapel, and find fitter subjects for meditation in " Literature and Dogma," or in "Supernatural Religion," than in the Bible or in the Book of Common Prayer. They entertain a wide but somewhat contemptuous pity for ithe superstitious follies of their neighbours ; but since the salvation of mankind does not depend upon the acceptance of a special creed, they do not attempt to make proselytes to their own opinions. Such then is the religious life of undergraduates who profess a membership of the Church of England. It will be seen that their doctrines are not widely different from those held by members Nonconform- of the Same parties without the University. There RomanCatho- ^''^' °^ course, many Nonconformists in Oxford, lies. and for these, while attendance at College Chapel is not obligatory, opportunities for worship are afforded in abundance in the Chapels of the city. The Roman Catholic Church does not allow its sons to enter the University, and any converts its ■ RELIGIOUS OXFORD. 119 priests may have made among the undergraduates are immediately removed. Within the last few- years a Roman Catholic Church has been built at Oxford, and the priests are not less active and able than the ministers of other denominations. Nor have their efforts been attended with complete failure, for a year seldom passes without one or more undergraduates professing their obedience to the authority of the "True Church." These, of course, form an infinitesimal proportion of the whole body, but still their conversion is sufficient to foster the hopes of the priests, who confidently await the time when the great University shall be a seminary for those whose glory it will be to win England back to the ancient faith. As the intellectual, so the religious life is in great Moderate measure a reflection of the practice and tenets of ™^"- the outside world. Thus there are a large number who refuse a distinctive party name, and prefer to proceed in the steps of their forefathers, and to hold those opinions (somewhat vague and colour- less) which are confessed by the generality of their neighbours. Such undergraduates will avoid the services which advanced Churchmen frequent, and attend those where their susceptibilities are shocked in no direction, but where religion is taught and practised in a cheerful and unassuming spirit. They will probably hear with fair regularity the University Sermons, and if they eventually take orders, will carry out in their own persons that system of doctrine and ritual which recommends itself to the majority of Englishmen. I20 AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. CHAPTER VII. AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. Justifications An Oxford career may be regarded from several caree" '^"'^"'^'^ points of vicw, and its usefulness judged accord- ingly. To some it may be an ordinary finishing touch of education ; to some a necessary prelimi- Soclal. nary to a profession ; to some merely a way of employing pleasantly a few idle years ; to others a means of acquiring a tone not derivable from another source ; while to those who appreciate its merits rightly it is the real commencement of a life of culture, an opportunity for study in a con- genial home, the encouraging impetus given to a mind already travelling on the road to intellectual Intellectual, excellence. It is these last who are the true sons of Oxford, they who within her walls acquire that learning which it is hers only to give, who by her aid become the familiar friends of the great men of old, but who will not refuse to participate in human pleasures and manly joys, who unite in themselves the old Hellenic virtues— excellence in " music" and " gymnastic ;" it is these who will look back upon their Oxford life with affectionate regard, will recall to mind with eager care every sign that tells them of their happy years among the old grey buildings, and will give to their Uni- versity the credit of every success and forward step in life. The latter the Such affection as this the ordinary man who proper one. fl^ishes his career with just enough of reading to AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. i^zi carry him through his examinations, and spends his whole time in empty pleasures, with no higher thoughts or aims, can never experience. The en- joyment he finds in Oxford it is not impossible to derive from another source. The companion- ship of men of the same age and of congenial tastes may be realised in many places ; the opportunities for amusement are fully as fre- quent in other large towns ; social intercourse, unrestrained by trammels of etiquette, may be found in full perfection at the London hospitals ; but besides, and above all this, there is that in- tellectual life of which we have spoken, that subtle blending of ancient and modern, by which the former loses its ruggedness, the latter its vulgarity ; in fine, those means of acquiring sound knowledge which are not offered in the same way outside a University career. It is for this reason that real Social Life appreciation of Oxford is reserved only for those ^^'^°" ^^' who determine to taste the full fruits of her culture by studying for those examinations which are her tests of merit. Certainly we do not mean to de- preciate the manifold social advantages of a Uni- versity career, and this will be fully discussed. For both the intellectual and the social life Oxford offers advantages of rare value, but she surely ranks the former above the latter. The object of her existence is the mental education of youth, though this is lost sight of by most of her sons, who consider the University merely as a con- gregation of young men collected for the purpose of spending three years or more in a happy and sociable manner, with good opportunities for amuse- ment, and with, perhaps, some slight chance of picking up a little useful knowledge from living in 122 AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. ■ the vicinity of learned or clever men. Among such there are many who do an injustice to their own talents, and who lose an important assistance for their future success by refusing to read for Honours. In many cases only some slight self- denial and extra industry are needed for a credit- able Class, which would redeem a man's career from the useless character, which, from an intel- lectual point of view, it so often beans. It is evident that to the ordinary Pass Man Oxford in her higher aspect can hardly appeal. He may have some misty notion of her intellectual magnificence, or refer with an ignorant reverence to the great men who have been her sons ; but any clear view of the proper objects and aims of her education, any conception of the true benefits she confers, it is not possible for him to possess. Intellectual Only the men who have followed those courses of men^e!^^^^™ study which she prescribes, can speak with appre- ciation of the immense assistance she has furnished to them for their future. We cannot estimate at its proper value the influence she exerts, not only for the years spent at the University, but for a lifetime. In- deed, it is especially in after-life that a man begins to . perceive the great advantages he has derived from the culture and teaching which before, perhaps, he has undervalued. And as his years go on, and his physical energies lessen, he will now, if he has not done so before, give due thanks to that noble education which furnishes to the mind it formed a strength which is able to relieve the pain and over- shadow the weakness caused by the decay of the bodily powers. Even to those outside her pale Oxford carries with her name a world and wealth of meaning. AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. 123 Nor is it difficult to discover the foundations of Oxford vener- such sentiments: indeed, it would be a marvel if able to all, and . ' ' an important they did not exist. For Oxford has all the pres- element in tige conferred by an antiquity which does not^"||^"gj^ refuse to soften its asperity by an admixture of modern elements, giving in return to the latter a charm which is its peculiar characteristic. To put aside the sympathy Oxford raises by her outward appearance, with her splendid buildings, her noble towers, her halls and cloisters, each with a history of its own, and in its quiet seclusion telling of the conquests of the mind : to put aside all this, Oxford has so entwined herself round the life of England, that the history of the quiet abode of learning is often the history of the country itself. In most of the struggles and trials of England, Oxford, despite her peaceful mission, has been a prominent actor. The part she has played may not always have been a wise one, but it has at least all the dignity which consciousness of right can confer. Systems and dynasties have fallen around her, and new creeds have taken the place of the old ones she cherished, but through all she has steadily pursued her vocation. She has been the loyal servant of her monarch against rebels or traitors, but the first to resist encroachments upon the rights and liberties of Englishmen. Through her sons, who have taken their place upon the world's stage as soldiers, statesmen, lawyers, or divines, she has exerted so marvellous an influence upon the outer and inner life of the country, that while she is the creation of England, she has in great measure founded and consolidated her coun- try's greatness. If we search through the long roll of men whom England has held in honour, not the 124 AN OXFORD CAREER CONSIDERED. least names among them all are those who owe all their fortune to Oxford's teaching. She has sent forth a constant flow, from her foundation up to the present time, of those who come to the front in every walk of life ; and if her future is not worthy of her past, the fault must not be charged to her, but to that modern spirit of Vandalism which looks only for material success, and sets aside those elements of character which have most dis- tinguished Oxford's greatest sons. These would be slow to deny that she has ever encouraged a sober industry, a widened sympathy, a great, but not excessive reverence for antiquity ; in fine, every attribute which makes a man respectful of himself and useful to his country. Social advan- What we have said above has reference chiefly, rous^ ""'"^' °^ course, to the higher aims of a University life. But there are a large number of men who come up to Oxford with the fixed and avowed intention Gain of of eschewing honours, whose object is to gain a tone. '- History from i S 17-1648 ; or, in the place of the latter, the outlines of Greek and Roman History. We certainly advise the student to take up Political Economy, for it is both interesting and useful. It is, perhaps, a subject hard to commence, but when 1 88 THE PASS EXAMINATIONS. once the first stages have been passed, and the first maxims thoroughly grasped, the remainder should easily follow. , Political Economy is to be read in Fawcett's Manual, and in Adam Smith, I., II. It will be found advisable to attend a lecture on this subject, for a clear exposition at first will save an immense amount of trouble afterwards. Many find it a useful plan to make an analysis of the whole in a note-book, though this too often de- generates into an unintelligent copy of the text- book. Law. The branch of Legal Study is usually Stephen's Blackstone, II., part i, though Justinian, Book II. (omitting Title 1 1), III., to Title I2, may be offered instead. We should certainly not advise the student to select this alternative. The subject of Law is full of technicalities difficult to master, and even when committed to memory quickly fading away. The student never knows when his subject is mastered ; new difficulties continually crop up, or incidentally present themselves. The books (in the case of the first alternative) are expensive, and often a further expense is entailed by the necessity of securing a " coach." And is the result worthy of the labour } Scarcely will it profit a professional lawyer — how much less the ordinary man. The statutes which are to be read are often obsolete, and therefore practically useless ; the labour is great, and the risk of failure is greater. Justinian does not present so many difficulties, but is open to the same objections in some measure. College Tutors generally dissuade men from adopt- ing this subject of Law, and their opinion is cer- tainly to be endorsed. With any of the Modern Historical periods, THE PASS EXAMINATIONS. 189 Political and Descriptive Geography must be offered. If the student determines to offer the outlines Greek and of Greek and Roman History, he must not sup- 1^°"^" ^''" pose that he has before him an easy task. The Examiners require here more accuracy than is generally supposed, and many men who enter the Schools after but a little study, are astonished at the searching nature of the questions set. The best and most interesting handbooks of Greek and Roman History are the General Histories of Cox and Merivale, though the Manuals of Smith and Liddell are very good and trustworthy. To re- fresh his memory before entering the Schools, the student should read over the smaller editions of the above books. He should also write papers fre- quently for his Tutor ; and this, besides its imme- diate advantage, will increase his facility in writing his own language — a qualification most rare, and necessary for success in the Composition he must also offer. Dawson Turner's Analyses of Greek and Roman History are useful, and contain some very beautiful selections from authors not generally well known. It is necessary to pay great attention to Geography ; and the student should never read Ancient History without an Atlas at his side. Kiepert's Atlas will be quite sufficient. Besides the outlines, he must take up a special period of Greek or Roman. History, and we think he will do well to choose the Persian Wars. He will have become acquainted with this from Herodotus, "VII.— IX., and may study them in Cox's "Greeks and Persians." 190 HONOUR MODERATIONS. CHAPTER XI. MODERATIONS — HONOUR. After " Smalls" have been passed, the student will be able to give his undivided attention to his Moderations work, some of which, we presume, he will already have studied for the former examina- Choice of tion. He must now definitely settle his subjects, work. ^j^(j jjjg choice will no doubt be determined in great measure by the amount of work he has read at School. A considerable number of men who compete for Honours are acquainted with the greater portion of the work required, General with the specified books. Of course such ac- papers. quaintance is necessary to enable him to answer the separate papers on these books, the questions of which can only be understood from a know- ledge of the several authors. But there is a general paper on Greek and Roman History, where a wider knowledge of the whole history is LITERS HUMANJORES. 249 required. Of course this, if possible, should be read in the works of Grote and Mommsen. We Short his- fear, however, that there are many men who will '°™^' not find time to read through nine or ten large volumes in addition to the study of their books. And to these we recommend the General Histories of Cox and Merivale, which are written in as in- teresting a style as is allowed by the space, and are generally accurate. In place of these he may read the Student's Greece and Rome, which are good and useful. In addition to these he must refer to Grote and Mommsen on particular points. There are, of course, many books dealing with particular circumstances or periods to which a reference is often advisable, and such the student's Tutor will always point out. Some very useful Additiona essays are contained in the second volume of ''°°''^- Freeman's Historical 'Essays, and Forsyth's Life of Cicero is valuable. For the early history of the Empire we may refer to a small but excellent little book. Cape's " Early Empire." Besides these we strongly advise the student to Smaller edi- read during the last month the small editions of ''°"' ^""^ ^^'^"■ Histories we have mentioned. These will give him a brief but general survey of the whole subject, and will refresh his memory, where it fails in facts. There will always be a History lecture, which may be attended generally with profit. In reading a large History the student is wont to pass over the small facts which make up the generalisation, and here the lecture, if good, will prove a great assis- tance in collecting under heads scattered notices of various subjects in different authors. In reading History a good Atlas should always Geogiaphy. be at hand. History cannot be understood with- 2SO LITERS HUMANIORES. out a fair knowledge of Geography, and there are usually in the paper some questions which can only be answered properly from such knowledge. The various mountain-passes, roads, and configura- tions of country, which assist or impede the prac- tice of warfare, must be noticed ; and plans of battles or besieged places, such as Syracuse and Plataea, should be carefully studied. The large Atlas of Dr. Smith is of course superior to all others, but its price (6/. 6j.) will place it beyond the reach of most men. Spruner's Atlas Antiquus leaves nothing to be desired, and is moderate in price. Kiepert's Atlas is good, but too small. Special attention is to be paid to the history of Colonisation, of which a good account is to be found in Rawlinson's " Manual of Ancient His- Dates. tory." The student should never think dates un- worthy of notice ; in many cases they are of the ' highest importance, while absence of all dates in an answer to a question is a' sign of slovenly study. Occasional reference may be made to the Epitomes of Fynes Clinton's Fasti Hellenici and Romani ; and Greek chronology is treated very fully by Grote. Ethnology. In the early history of Greeks and Romans, their ethnology is to be most carefully examined. Their ethnic affinities throw light on their character and conduct, which often cannot be rightly understood without knowledge of their relationships. On this point Mommsen is especially good, while Grote is inferior to Curtius. Antiquities. With regard to antiquities, a large amount of useful information may be derived from Ramsay's smaller work on the subject, and various articles in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities should be LITER JE HUMANIORES. 251 consulted. The Dictionaries of Biography and Geography will also prove useful in affording a succinct account of the history of various impor- tant persons or places — e.g., Naxos or Miletus. Logic. Moral and Political Philosophy. pvf''^^'?'^ We have now to consider those Subjects which will be most strange to the student, and the study of which will involve great labour and a large amount of steady thought. For example, under i^^"^''^' the head of Logic are included questions of the most varied character, and it is easy to see that the study of such a problem as the nature and origin of knowledge, might carry the student through the whole range of philosophy. With such a wide subject as this before him, he may refer to a mul- titude of works, until he becomes entirely appalled at the magnitude of reading required for a deep study, and finds himself at last the possessor of a large mass of conflicting opinions, but with no clear ideas, and in reality not much nearer the goal of knowledge than when he first started. Against Necessity of , 1 . , r 11 connning at- such a result as this the student must careiully tendon to a guard, and he must therefore be content to con- ^^^ books, fine himself to a comparatively few books, and to a study of the outlines rather than of. the works of the great philosophers. If he attempts to ac- quaint himself more intimately with their thoughts, or enter upon a more extensive survey of the whole sphere of philosophy, his ambition will almost certainly end in failure and disaster. It is impossible in the short time allowed, and when other subjects are to be studied, to do more than, after a few special works have been read, gain a general acquaintance with the outlines of the history, or of the various systems of philosophy ; 252 LITERS HUMANIORES. and if such be acquired, clearly and intelligently, the student may well be satisfied. We would most strongly then impress upon him the necessity of confining his attention to a few good books, and to working up carefully one system and no more. It must be understood that this refers to Moral Philosophy as well as to Logic, on a course for which we shall now offer -a few suggestions. There are, as we have said, some few books which it is quite necessary to read. Of these un- Logic. doubtedly the chief is Mill's Logic. The study of this book should certainly not be postponed long, and if possible a beginning should be made Mill, careful in the Second Term. It is not strictly necessary necessaiy. to read through the whole work, though of course such a thorough perusal is very desirable. In some cases, at all events, it will be found advis- able to omit the greater portion of the first two books, and to be contented with an analysis. The student may begin at chapter v. of Book IL, on Demonstration, and read thence to the end. If he has taken Honours in Moderations he may be especially allowed to do this, as his former studies will have familiarised him with a large portion of the first volume. The Logic is a book which re- quires the most exclusive attention, and no sentence should be allowed to pass unless thoroughly un- derstood. The study of this work will be found to colour the whole philosophical system of the student. For here the most varied questions are handled and disposed of, and the Logic has been the sole philosophical handbook of hundreds of Englishmen. It is written in an admirably clear way, and in this respect forms a pleasing contrast to other works on similar subjects. This lucidity LITERS HUMANIORES. 253 and easiness of style is, however, often likely to prove a snare. The reader passes on, charmed with the intelligible way in which the most subtle doc- trines are handled, only to find, when he is re- quired to give an account in his own language of Mill's arguments, that their connexion or foundation have entirely escaped him. The Logic should certainly be read a second time, and a thorough knowledge of this work will enable the student to answer fully and accurately a large portion of the Logic paper. Thus the reading of other Logical works may be in great measure dispensed with ; such reference being rendered inobligatory by the very full statement Mill always gives of the positions of his adver- saries. But there are several works which should be read, if only in part. Bain's Logic may be Bain, profitably consulted on many points. The work itself is of an unrelieved dulness, but useful from the large accumulation of facts and examples, thus forming a kind of appendix to Mill, and on some points correcting him. The appendices and notes to Mansel's Aldrich will be found of great use, more especially as explanatory of several points of Aristotle's Logic. Prof Fowler's manual of Inductive Logic has the merit of clearness, but does not add much to the former works. The study of Mill's Logic may Mill's exami- be supplemented by his " Examination of Sir W. Jf'io" of Hamilton's Philosophy." This discusses the greater portion of Hamilton's system, and it will be found a lucid and interesting review of a philo- sophy which once numbered among its adherents some of the most distinguished men of the day. It is too long for a thorough perusal, nor will some 2S4 LITERS HUMANIORES. chapters be worth such. We may point out as specially important — chaps. 5, 11, 12, 16, 20, 26. Even of these a large portion may be omitted with safety, but such details may well be left to Hansel, the discretion of the student. Mansel's Prolego- mena Logica may be read in parts, and is a very able defence of his system, which is a Hamiltoni- anism made more rational. Bain's Mental Science is useful, and we may refer especially to chap. 9 (Book II.), on the Origin of Knowledge, with Appendix, p. 33 ; chap. 7, on Theory of Vision ; Appendix, p. 9 1 , on the Laws of Association ; chap. 7, on Perception of a Material World. Advisability In addition to the above treatises the student of adopting a myg^ j-gg^j some History of General Philosophy, to- specinc system _ -' r j > of Philosophy, gether with a few other works bearing on the sub- ject, which we shall mention below. Men are often advised to adopt some specific system of Logic and Moral Philosophy, and to answer all questions, and resolve all problems by reference to such. It is. not necessarily implied by this that such a system is the conscientious outcome of thought and read- ing, or is the real expression of the student's opinion.s, but simply that hereby confusion will ^e avoided and consistency attained. It is generally found that men who adopt an eclectic philosophy after only slight study fail in the Schools from answering the different questions with reference to various systems, and hereby display contradiction in language, and some confusion in thought. It will be far better for the student to choosd one system, carefully work it up, and answer everything from its standpoint Whether the system be that of Mill, Kant, or H^egel, will not make a great amount of difference, provided it is clearly under- LITERS HUMANIORES. 255 stood in its general aspects. It is not in our pro- ' vince to recommend any pa;rticular philosophy, and the student, when he has read the works we shall advise, should be in a position to select one for himself. , First then he must read a History of Philosophy. History of Ueberweg's is by far the best History, and is very Pl^'losophy- accurate ; but it is too full for the ordinary student, Ueberweg. and very dry in style. On the other hand Lewes' Lewes. History is extremely interesting, and, though much affected by the Positivist opinions of the author, is probably the best fitted to instruct the student in the short time allowed. We believe it has been found an excellent plan to read Lewes, and com- pare him with the large print part of Ueberweg ; and we should imagine that such a method is likely to give the student a clear and full idea on the subject. Schwegler's Handbook is very good, especially Schwegler. for the earlier philosophers, but we do not think it will be found on the whole so useful as Lewes. Cousin's " General History of Philosophy," is Cousin, brilliant and lively, and may be read with profit ; and Jouffroy's* Lectures are extremely clear and Jouffroy. accurate. Ferrier's Lectures on early Greek Philo- Farrier, sophy are most eloquently and intelligibly written, and will well repay perusal. Zeller's Stories and Zeller. Plato are very useful, and worthy of reference.f After this we should advise the student to read carefully Ribot's Contemporary English Psychology, Ribot. * Reference must certainly be made to Ritter and Preller's Greek and Roman Philosophy, which contains a succinct account of the various systems, with copious illustrative extracts. + Chiefly on moral systems. 2S6 LITERJE HUMANIORES. which contains a clear and accurate account of the chief English systems. At this period the student may choose a system whichever commends itself to him, and be content with the general knowledge of the other systems which he gains from the Histories. Kant and On Kant it will be advisable to read Hender- antP son's Translation of Cousin's Lectures on the Critique of Pure Reason, and Mahaffy's Kant. There is a work on Kant by Prof Caird, but it is long and somewhat dull. Ueberweg gives an admirable account of Kant's system. On Hegel the student should read Wallace's " Logic of Hegel," and the account in Schwegler. There will be found an interesting criticism on this philosopher in Jowett's Plato, vol. iv., Introduction to the Sophist. We believe that the systems of Kant and Hegel are rapidly gaining ground in Oxford, and seme ac- quaintance with them is necessary. But the student should not plunge too deeply into Hegelian myste- ries. The system is most difficult to grasp, and in many cases Hegel's remarks (and those of his fol- lowers) are simply unintelligible. Berkeley. With regard to Berkeley, Prof Eraser's edition of his Life and Works leaves nothing to be desired. But this will be found probably too lengthy — and in that case the student may well be satisfied with the smaller edition, containing selections. The editor's statement of Berkeley's view should be read with care. Comte. The best edition of Comte's Positive Philosophy is the one by Miss Martineau, but this is too long, and a general sketch of his philosophy is found in Lewes' History. Mill's essay on Comte and LITERjE HUMANIORES. 257 Positivism is very able, but scarcely does justice to the system. Hume's works have been edited successfully by Hume. Messrs. Green and Grose, and his system criticised at length in the introductions from an Hegelian standpoint. For Spencer the student should read his " First H. Spence Principles'' ; if there be not time for this, the main drift of his system is well given in Ribot. Of course we do not advise the student to read all those works bearing on particular philosophers mentioned above. That would be an impossibility in the time ; and our only object is to point out a few works bearing on a system which the student may possibly select. The list does not pretend to be complete, and may be increased to a large bulk, but we advise the student not so to increase it. As we have before said, a few good books carefully read, will prove of more value than twenty ill-digested. The habit of reading, at odd times, various books on a subject, will cause gre.at confusion, and when reading is constantly broken off to refer to another author, the subject is robbed of all coherence, and the various links uniting the arguments are entirely lost sight of If the student Necessary reads only Mill's Logic, and Examination of Hamil- ^°'^- ton. Bain's Logic and Mental Science, Mansel's Pro- legomena Logica and Aldrich, Ribot, Lewes, Ferrier, and perhaps Zeller's Plato and Socrates, and Jouffroy's Lectures, together with the works on the special system adopted, he will find his time fully occupied, and his subjects fully treated. For Moral Philosophy we should strongly advise. Moral in the first place, a perusal of Mill's Utilitarianism. Pl^^Qsophy. We offer no opinion upon the justness of any one S 2S8 LITERS HUMANIORES. Mill's Utili- system ; our only task is tp give such advice as tanamsm. ^^^ conduce to the profitable study of the subject in hand, without committing ourselves to any ac- quiescence in the philosophical tenets of this or that author. Mill as a Moral Philosopher is cer- tainly not so strong as Mill treating of Logic, but the work in question will be found to contain an admirable exposition and defence of what is pro- bably the most widely adopted system of the day. Sidgwick. For a fuller and more philosophical treatment of this, with other questions, Sidgwick's Methods of Ethics may be profitably consulted. Prof. Grote's Examination of Utilitarianism is able, but written Criticisms, in an exceedingly dry style. On the other hand, Lecky's Criticism in the introduction to " History of European Morals" is brilliant, but incomplete. A cultured examination of the system is to be found in Jowett's Plato, vol. iv., introduction to the Bentham. Philebus. For a defence of the system reference may be made to Bentham's " Principles of Morals and Legislation." As in Logic, so here is, it advisable to adopt some definite system, and the student's best plan will be to read through a hand- Bain's Moral book of Moral Philosophy. Rain's Moral Science is very valuable, and, as a work of reference, indis- pensable, though its usefulness is impaired by a. singularly uninteresting style. For especial study we may mention chaps. 3 (Part I.), 2 (Book IV., Mental Science), besides the abstracts of the chief Moral systems, which are very accurate and most important. Calderwood is more interesting, but Butler, somewhat superficial. The student will probably be advised to dip into Butler's Sermons, but valu- able though these are, too much time must not be spent over them. Butler's influence has of late LITERS HUMANIORES. 259 years vastly declined at Oxford, and though an acquaintance with the outlines of his system is necessary, a knowledge of the sermons themselves may easily be dispensed with. An admirable account of Hobbes' Ethics may be found in Jouffroy's Lectures. Several essays of Hume on Hume. Ethical subjects maybe read with profit — notably the one entitled, " Why Utility Pleases." We think the above works, studied in conjunction with, and reference to, the Republic and Ethics, should be sufficient to acquaint the student with the systems of the most eminent Moral Philo- sophers. For Political Philosophy a great number of Political works may, of course, be read ; but we advise the osophy. careful study of a very few. For the " Origin and Growth of Society," Maine's " Ancient Law" is the Maine. great authority : a most profound, lucid, and inter- esting work. This should be read more than once, and, if time be found, may be supplemented by Lectures III. and, IV. in "Village Communities," and chapters 3, 4, 12, 13, in the "Early History of Institutions." For the " Sphere and Duties of Government," Humboldt, should be read, in the first place, Humboldt's treatise on the " Sphere and Duties of Government." This work, though extravagant, will be found very useful. Then Mill's " Representative Government," Mill. and his noble work " On Liberty" may be read ; and much assistance will be derived from Lewis's Lewis. "Use and Abuse of Political Terms." Buckle's " History of -Civilisation" — a most remarkable and Buckle, eccentric work — may be read in parts. The first volume will be sufficient to give the student a fair idea of the action of Moral and Intellectual Laws. S 2 26o LITERS HUMANIORES. Ancient It is almost needless to state that some of the o itics. j,jjjgf lessons to be learnt in Political Philosophy- may be gained from a careful study of the con- stitutional questions of Greek ajid Roman History ; and they are so adequately treated and illustrated by Grote and Mommsen, that there will be no excuse for ignorance on these subjects. Political For Political Economy, the most approved Economy, manual is that of Prof. Fawcett, and this will be found quite sufficient. If the student be much Fawcett. pressed for time, he may be content with Mrs. Fawcett's little book ; but a perusal of the larger work is, of course, much more satisfactory. A profound knowledge of this science is naturally not required ; it is only necessary to possess an in- telligent acquaintance with its leading principles and their grounds. The student may understand the nature of the knowledge demanded by glancing at any of the papers on Moral and Political Philo- sophy. It will not be dangerous, then, to omit several chapters in Fawcett — e.g.. Book II., chapters S-ii ; Book III., 3, 8, 9, 11-15 i Book IV., 2, 4, 6. We believe that the excision of these chap- ters will not seriously affect the student's appre-» ciation of the subject. Further changes must be left to his own discretion. Cairnes. Several of Cairnes' " Essays on some Leading Questions of Political Economy" will repay perusal. Mill. It is not advisable to read Mill's " Political Economy :" it will be found far too lengthy, unless Political Economy is offered as a special subject, which has been done with success. We have now discussed all those subjects and books which it is necessary or advisable for the student to offer, and we think that if he follows LITERM HUMANIORES. 261 our advice, he cannot fail to be successful. Much Steadyreading must be left to his own discretion ; but we repeat necessary^for" our warning against a desultory and omnivorous success in the reading. Such a course may increase his general ^ ° ^* knowledge, but will not assist him to master those special books which it is necessary to know thoroughly. Let him be on his guard, then, against those well-meaning but mischievous ad- visers who will recommend him to dip into works on Esthetics, Theology, Anthropology, or Poetics ; if he attends to their suggestions he will find him- self eloquent on Pre-Raphaelitism, but unable to give the context to a passage from the Ethics, or to describe the state of Rome in the time of Catiline. Steady, conscientious reading in the lines here laid down, combined with fair ability, will secure him a Second, if not a First, Class. 262 JURISPRUDENCE. CHAPTER XIV. JURISPRUDENCE. Subjects of , The subjects of examination in the School of " Jurisprudence will be the following : — I. General Jurisprudence. Candidates will be examined in the principles of Jurisprudence, in the theory of Legislation, and in the early history of Legal Institutions ; with special reference to Austin's Lectures, Bentham's Principles • of Morals and Legislation, and the works of Sir Henry Maine. They may also refer to Hobbes' Leviathan, Books I. and II., and to Savigny's System des heutigen romischen Rechts, Vol. I. II. History of English Law. (a) History of Constitutional Law. Candidates will be expected to have mastered the leading principles of existing Constitutional Law, and, in particular, to show a knowledge of the following topics : — The Legislative power of Parliament, the modes in which it is exercised, and its extent as to Territory and Persons ; The Prerogatives of the Crown, the Privileges of the Houses of Parliament ; The constitutional position of —the Privy Coun- cil, the Ministers of the Crown, the Established Church, the Courts of Law, and the Armed Forces. They must possess such an acquaintance with the history of the above as is necessary to explain their present character and working. They are JURISPRUDENCE. 263 recommended to refer to the Constitutional por- tions of Blackstone's or Stephen's Commentaries, Mr. Stubbs' Documents illustrative of English History, Hallam's Constitutional History, and Sir T. E. May's Constitutional History ; and are required to read carefully the following Statutes : — Constitutions of Clarendon. Magna Charta. Statute of Westminster, II., 1 3 E. I., Stat. I., c. 24. Petition of Right. Habeas Corpus Act, 3 1 Car. II., c. 2. Bill of Rights, I W. and M., sess. 2, 2. Act of Settlement, 12 and 13 W. III., c. 2. (p) History of the Law of Real Property. This subject is to be studied in Blackstone's Commentaries, Book II., or Stephen's Commen- taries, Vol. I., Book II., Part i., and Mr. Digby's Introduction to the History of the Law of Real Property. The Principal Statutes referred to in the latter book should be mastered, and reference may with advantage be made to Mr. Williams' Treatise on the Law of Real Property. III. Roman Law. The Institutes of Gaius. The Institutes of the Emperor Justinian. Candidates are expected to be acquainted with the History of Roman Legislation and Roman Judicial Institutions. IV. English Law. The Principles of the Law of Contracts. V. International Law. {a) The outlines of International Law as a system. (p) The history of the Law relating to Seas, Ships, and Navigable Rivers in time of peace. _ 264 JURISPRUDENCE. Students are recommended to read Woolsey's , Introduction, and Heffter's Europaisches Volker- recht (in German or French), referring, also to Wheaton's Elements, or to the Law of Nations by Sir Travers Twiss. Upon subject {b) they may consult Ortolan, Diplomatie de la Mer, livre deuxi^me. The above are the subjects for study at present embraced by this School. Of course these subjects depend entirely on the discretion of the Board of Studies, and may be varied at their will. The above syllabus is prescribed by the last regulations issued by the board, and will remain in force until further notice. It must be understood that, with the exception of Gaius, Justinian, and the specified Acts of Parliament, none of the matter of the examination is required to be studied textually. The authorities mentioned in the re- gulations are only intended to define to some extent the nature of the topics of the examination, and to indicate the sources of information. Preliminary The student who comhiences the study of law remarks. ^^ Qxford must not allow himself to be deluded into the notion that the School of Jurisprudence The School is an easy one. It is not unusual to hear scholars, one ^° ^^^ whose lives have been almost exclusively devoted to classical or mathematical studies, speak dis- paragingly of any School which may be, relatively to their own, termed technical. But this is an opinion which the law student will quickly discover to be based on a total ignorance of the subject ; and he will find that a course of study which has laid the foundation for many a brilliant legal career is one which will require all the ability and applica- tion he can devote to it. JURISPRUDENCE. 265 To proceed, then, to a consideration of the above Order and syllabus of subjects. The student will naturally ™^J|^f °^ seek to know which subject should engage his attention first. We do not recommend him to follow implicitly the order given in the above list. It might seem a very natural plan to commence his legal studies with a review of General Juris- prudence. But he will find that the references to Roman Law made by the authors whom he must study on the subject of Jurisprudence, are so numerous, that a certain amount of Roman Law must be known as a preliminary. In fact, with regard to every subject in the syllabus, with the exception of English Constitutional Law, he will find, to a greater or less extent, that such an ac- quaintance with Roman Law is certainly a great assistance to him, and possibly may be essential for an intelligent appreciation of the subject under consideration. We therefore advise the student to Roman Law commence with Roman Law. We must not be s°udy."^^ *^"* understood to advise him not to pass to any other subject until he has, to the best of his ability, mastered this branch : such a course would be wearisome and monotonous ; we only recommend him to carefully follow the hints we shall now give him on the study of Roman Law before he applies himself to other matters. It is not possible to over- estimate the importance of an accurate acquaintance with this branch of legal learning : it is a necessary preliminary to the study of other branches, and it is the main foundation of the Continental systems. It is now receiving at Oxford and at the Inns of Court a degree of attention never before given by English lawyers. We shall now discuss in detail the subjects. 366 JURISPRUDENCE. Roman Law. > I. Roman Law. We recommend the student to commence his study of Roman Law by reading the chapter in Maine. Maine's Village Communities, entitled " Roman Law and Legal Education." This shows the historical connexion between Roman and English Law ; its importance as a factor in the production of general human knowledge ; its influence on Moral Philosophy ; the force of language it employs in order to convey legal conceptions ; its im- portance as a key to the understanding of Inter- national Law ; its connexion with Continental Law ; the assistance it may render 'in the work of the Codification of the Law ; and the importance of the position it occupies as an intermediate study between Classical Literature and English Law. General Intrp- The Student should then proceed to some work auction, -vv^hich may give him a general introduction to Roman Law, and we can advise no better one Hadley. than Hadley's " Introduction, to the Study of Roman Law." He should then take , in hand Mear. Mear's " Analysis of Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian," Parts I. and II., which give an able sketch of the history of Roman Legislation, and, a Gains and Jus- generalisation of Roman Law. Then he must read readwith^eat ^^^ carefully Poste's edition of Gaius, and then care. Sandars' edition of the Institutes of Justinian. The student must give great care and attention to these works. About 400 years elapsed between the time when Gaius wrote his commentary, and the date when Justinian published his Institutes. It is needless to say that many changes took place in Roman Law during this period ; moreover, great and radical alterations were devised by Justinian himself. The difficulty is to bear in mind the JURISPRUDENCE. 267 periods at which these changes were made, with their nature and extent. Now it is an advantage for the student that the Institutes of Justinian are based upon the model of Gaius, although his division of the law is not exactly the same. We Order of therefore advise the student to read Gaius first, ^^^ '"^' commencing with Poste's introduction, and then reading the text and the commentary on the several paragraphs of the text as they are referred to by number. Let him in this way go through Book I. of Gaius, entitled " De Personis." Then let him read S^ection I. of Sandars' Introduction to Justinian, entitled " Persons ;" and then read Justinian, Book I., which is, like Book I. of Gaius, on the Law of Persons. Then he should study Book II. of Gaius, and Poste's Commentary as above ; followed by Sandars' Introduction Sections II. and III. down to the end of paragraph "jS, and Justinian, Book II., which, like the second book of Gaius, is on the Law of Things and Succession by Will. Then Gaius, Book III., and the com- mentary should be taken in hand, and after this Sandars' Introduction, Section III., paragraph "j"], and Section IV., with Justinian, Book III. and Book IV. to the end of Title V., which covers the subjects in Gaius, Book III. — viz., Intestate Suc- cession, and the Law of Obligations. Then he will have at length reached the concluding branch, the Law of Actions, which he will find in Gaius, Book IV. and Commentary, Sandars' Introduction, ^ Section V, and Justinian commencing at Title VI. of Book IV. and reading to the end. The com- mentary of Mr. Sandars should also be read throughout under the various paragraphs of the text to which it refers. 268 JURISPRUDENCE. We think that by following these suggestions the student 'will avoid confusion, and be in a fair way to master one branch at a time. When he has gone through this course he will derive much assistance in " dovetailing" (so to speak) the two authors from a small book by Mr. Seymour Harris, entitled " The Elements of Roman Law Sum- marised," and also from that portion of Mear's Analysis following Parts I. and II. General II. General Jurisprudence. Jurisprudence. -^^hen the Student has carefully gone through the above course, he may turn his attention to General Jurisprudence. For this there are three authors specially named, Austin, Bentham, and Maine ; and reference is advised to the first two Bentham. books of Hobbes' Leviathan, and to Savigny. We recommend the student to read first Bentham, upon whom Austin comments, and whom he ampli- fies, and to some extent corrects. Two works of Bentham must be read, the " Principles of Morals and Legislation," and next the " Theory of Legis- lation." The former only is mentioned in the regulations, but both should be read, as it is clear Austin, that questions are set from each. After this Austin's Jurisprudence (omitting Lectures II., III., IV., of Vol. I., or at least reading them only once) should be carefully studied. This author's style is verbose and very tautological, almost repulsively so, according to Sir Henry Maine. A student with but little time at his disposal might, with the exercise of some discrimination, omit large portions. A safer plan, however, is to read Campbell's " Student's Austin," which contains everything of importance, excluding unnecessary portions. After Austin the student must study with the JURISPRUDENCE. 269 closest attention the works of Sir H. Maine. It Maine's is impossible to overrate the importance of the h^portant^' three books of this author — viz., " Ancient Law," the " Early History of Institutions," and " Village Communities." Moreover, the weight attached by the Examiners to an accurate knowledge of these books is very considerable. To a vast amount of historical and antiquarian knowledge, and to a wide philosophic grasp, Sir Henry Maine adds the power of conveying his thoughts in a singularly interesting and lucid style. This is at once his Care necessary chief charm and the student's snare. The style is JSaSe*™^ so flowing, and at the same time the matter is so compressed — so much is conveyed in a few roundly turned words — that the student often misses the point, and is somewhat astonished at the diffi- culty he experiences when called upon to reproduce his author's arguments. He may glide through page after page with rapidity and ease, and yet in -the end lose the thread of the whole. How little is really learnt from such a perusal will be under- stood by the student when he comes to analyse Maine, a work of some difficulty, for the author's ' style is extremely concise. An excellent plan is to write a running analysis in pencil at the head of every page. This will greatly assist a fuller analysis, and will prove useful for purposes of reference ; it insures, at any rate, a pause in reading, and suggests the inquiry whether the full meaning has been caught. The student will naturally inquire why, if Maine possesses all the excellencies we have attributed to him, he should not be read first. The excellencies are themselves the ground on which we assign to him his present place. His own mind is so stored 270 JURISPRUDENCE. with legal knowledge, and of this he presupposes so large an amount in his readers, that generally his works cannot be appreciatively read unless the student possesses some acquaintance with general jurisprudence. Again, the charm of his style is less likely to beguile the student if the latter has some preliminary knowledge of the words, phrases, and schools of thought on which Maine comments. Further, his criticisms range over the entire sub- jects of jurisprudence and Roman law, with which, therefore, some acquaintance is necessary. But we must not be understood to advise the study of these subjects ad nauseam before Maine is touched. Rather we recommend the student to go carefully through the curriculum we have suggested with regard to them, and then to find out what light . Sir Henry Maine has thrown upon them. This author's works bear chiefly on Jurispru- dence, Roman Law, and Real Property Law. The portions bearing on Jurisprudence are roughly : Ancient Law, Chapters i— S ; Early Institutions, 12 and 13 ; Village Communities, i and 2. Those bearing on Roman Law are : Ancient Law, Chapter 6 to the end ; Early Institutioas, 9-1 1. Those bearing on Real Property Law are : Early Institutions, Chapters 1—8 ; Village Com- munities, Chapters 3—6. With reference to "Village Communities" we recommend the student to read the lecture entitled, "The Effects of Observation of India on Modern European Thought," and to omit the three addresses to the University of Calcutta and the lecture on " The Theory of Evidence." Hobbes. Aftfer Sir Henry Maine, Hobbes may be read. JURISPRUDENCE. 271 He is, of course, far anterior to Austin or Bentham ; but his style is peculiar, and he is better under- stood after Austin. Then Savigny may be taken Savigny. in hand. It is not easy to procure an English translation of this author, but French translations are numerous. There are, however, English trans- lations at Oxford — one in the Codrington Library at All Souls', and in the Libraries of Wadham, Queen's, and Exeter Colleges respectively. IIL History of English Law. History of This subject is divided into two branches: {a) °^'^ ^^" Constitutional Law, (b) History of the Law of Real Property. With regard to the iirst the regulations are very precise, and we shall only give a few references to the authorities on the different statutes. Constitutions of Clarendon. Stubbs' Const. His- tory, L, 458-466, 617-18; n., 169; Stubbs' Select Charters, 13S ; Hallam's Middle Ages, H., 221-225, 414; Blackstone, IV., 562 ; III., 405. Magna Charta. Stubbs' S. C, 289, 339, 344,' 353 ; Const. Hist, I., S30-539; Blackstone, II., 478 ; IV., 283, 523, 563-565 ; I-, 69, 185, 195, 197, 202 ; III., 388, 415 ; Hallam's M. A., II., 318-335- Statute of Westminster. Petition of Right. Stubbs' S. C, 515; Hallam, I-, 389-394, 418 ; Stephen's, I., 167 ; II., 479. Habeas Corpus Act. Stubbs' S. C, 517; Stephen's, I., 145-150 ; II., 479 ! HI-, 710-719 ; IV., 418, 579 ; Hallam's Const. Hist, I., 382-387, 390; II., 2, 398; III., 10-15. Bill of Rights. Stubbs' S. C, 523 ; Stephen's, II., 479 ; Hallam's Const Hist, III., 102-107. Act of Settlement Stubbs, S. C, 5 2 8 ; Stephen's, 272 JURISPRUDENCE. II.,48o, 345,420,469; IV., 253, 581 ; Hallam's C. H., III., 92, 179-197; II., 414-417. Assize of Clarendon. Stubbs' S. C.,. 141 ; C. H., 469-471, 513-515. 618. Confirmatio Chartorum. Stubbs' S. C, 496. The student will find it most desirable, to possess an accurate acquaintance with the fourth book of Stephen's Commentaries. ih) Law of Con- IV. English Law. The principles of the Law tracts. Qf Contracts. For this subject Pollock's Principles of the Law of Contract is enough, though Chitty's (or Leathe's) work may be studied with advantage if the student has any time to spare. International V. We now come to the last subject to be ""' studied by the student. International Law. The regulations are here again precise, and further advice is scarcely needed. But we should advise the student not to devote too much time and attention to this subject. If he is at all pressed he should be content with knowing Woolsey's Introduction, and with reading over the notes of the lectures he may have attended. If there is time to read a second book we recommend Sir Travers Twiss. We have now spoken on all the subjects which Lectures, it is necessary for the student to offer. With regard to them generally we inay say that he will find it advisable to attend a fair number of lectures. Of the lectures delivered by his College Tutor it is unnecessary to speak, for attendance is more or less compulsory. But we advise him to attend regularly the lectures delivered by the University Professors. The lectures on International Law JURISPRUDENCE. ~ 273 delivered by the Chichele Professor at AH Souls', and the lectures on Real Property, the Law of Contracts, and Constitutional Law, delivered by the Vinerian Reader, do not involve the expenditure of an unreasonable amount of time, and will cer- tainly prove very profitable. He should also not fail to attend the lectures on Roman Law by the Regius Professor of Civil Law, and those of the Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence. Finally, on the whole subject, we would impress Importance of upon the student the importance of making a ^^^'"Ig careful analysis of every book he essays to master. Law is not a subject on which the facu\ty of fine writing can be brought in play. It is a mixture of antiquarian research, of history ancient and modern, of Acts of Parliament, of devised cases, of dry legal maxims and rules. Of such matters a rhetorical style is not the proper exponent. The genius of Sir Henry Maine has thrown a lustre on all these subjects of investigation, but the student should not attempt to emulate his style. If he attains to an accurate and intelligent ac- quaintance with all those subjects we have dis- cussed, he will probably satisfy the Examiners, and ought to satisfy himself To this end, to attain such accurate knowledge, we strongly advise him to analyse for himself every subject to which he applies his mind. 274 ' MODERN HISTORY. CHAPTER XV. MODERN HISTORY. Candidates for this School must offer the following : — Subjects of I. The History of England to the Accession of examination, r^ it- ^ • (jueen Victoria. II. One of the following periods of general History, to be studied in the best modern writers. 1. A.D. 476-1272. 2. A.D. 1000-15 19. 3. A.D. I 328-1648. 4. A.D. 1 643-1 8 1 5. - ' III. In the case of those candidates who aim at a place in the First or Second Class, a special portion of History or Historical subject, carefully studied with reference to original authorities. A. The following subjects or portions of History are suggested by the Board for the option of candidates : — 1. The Age of Charles the Great and his Dynasty. 2. The contest concerning investitures (from the rise of Hildebrand to the Concordat of Worms). 3. The Age of Lewis the Eleventh and Charles the Eighth. 4. The Great Rebellion (down to the Restora- tion). 5. The Establishment of the English Power in India (A.D. 1 784-1 806). 6. The French Revolution (down to the First Consulate). MODERN HISTORY. 275 B. Candidates proposing to offer any other Historical subject must give notice six months before the examination, and obtain the approval of the Board of Studies. Every application by a candidate proposing to offer a special subject or period not included in the list suggested must be accompanied by a statement of the books, docu- ments, and other authorities which the candidate proposes to use. C. The following portions of Legal Study may be substituted by candidates for the special portioq of History or Historical subject required to be offered : — 1. The History of the Law of Real Property. 2. The General History of International Law. D. In the case of a candidate offering a special subject or portion of History, other than the above suggested subjects numbered four and five, such special subject or portion must fall within the period of General History offered by him. [For authorities, vide Statutes]. A subject or period of Literature may, at the option of carididates, be offered in addition to the above-mentioned stated subjects of examination. Under this head candidates may offer any one of the following : — 1. The Elizabethan Period of Literature, the Historical Plays of Shakespeare to be studied minutely. 2. The Age of Lewis the Fourteenth, the Plays of Moli^re to be studied minutely. 3. The Age of Dante, the Purgatorio to be studied minutely. Candidates desiring to offer any other period or subject of a like character must obtain thd leave T 2 276 MODERN HISTORY. of the Board six months before the examina- tion. General The benefit of any remarks which might be emar s. ^^^^ concerning this School is considerably neutra- lised by the very full directions for historical study which are given in the Statutes. The student will find that on each period the authorities and text- books are specified, and it is impossible here to do more than mention a few additional works likely to promote intelligent reading, together with some few suggestions on the method of study. First, then, if he aims at high Honours, the student must offer : — I. The General History of England, to 1837. II. A period of General History. III. A special portion of History, (or) A portion of Legal Study. A subject or period of Literature may be offered, but is not necessary. Periods. It is almost impossible to give definite advice as to the choice of a period of General History ; so much may be said for each, and their merits are fairly balanced. Probably no one who intends to read for the History School will be without some interest in a certain period ; and the student will naturally and properly make his selection in accor- dance with his tastes. The selection of a special period of History is not so difficult, for many men will be debarred from several of the periods by the necessity of studying the French or Latin authorities which illustrate them. Thus they will at once set aside the first, second, third, and sixth periods. Their decision must now lie between the Great Rebellion, and the English Power in India, and will be deter- MODERN HISTd'RY. 277 mined by their t;astes or the character of their probable profession. It is certainly not advisable to offer a special period of Literature, unless the student has some knowledge of such. The work to be done is already enormous, and, in the time allowed, it would be impossible to pay proper attention to all the subjects. Thus a man would run the risk of mediocrity in each, and of failure in the aggregate. Of lectures there are always a certain number Lecturesv which the student must attend, and these he will be able to choose for himself. History lectures are very unequal, and a man will often find that he is listening to a mere repetition of a standard work, while not seldom he may gain a large amount of useful knowledge. Lectures are especially valu- able where a period is illustrated by no handy work ; and some labour is thus saved by gaining an analysis and summary of a period from the lecturer in place of being obliged to make such for oneself. The student will probably find some means of taking down the chief points of the lecture, and the notes so gained will always prove valuable as a risumi to be read before entering the Schools. In the History School, especially, will industry Analyses, in filling note-books and making analyses always prove remunerative. It is almost impossible to study History intelligently and accurately without such aids, and their value in the last Term cannot be over-estimated. The system may possibly be carried too far, or used in a wrong direction ; but few will be able to commit the first error, while only ordinary discretion is needed to guard against the second. 278 MODERN HISTORY. Tutors. The value of a good Tutor is very evident. Amid the mass of authorities and books which may be read, the student will often lose himself, and he will find that the advice of his Tutor on th-ese subjects is very useful. Essays and papers, too, are to be written for the Tutor, who will thus exert an iniluence over the studies of the pupil, note his progress, and point out the line of reading necessary. To him, then, we may leave all further suggestions. With regard to books, the following may be recommended : — ConsHt. I. Constitutional History of England. Stubbs' History. Select Charters and Constitutional History ; Hal- lam's Constitutional History ; May's Constitutional History. General His- n. General History of England. land. On the General History of England there are two works which are indispensable. Green's Short History of the English People is an exceedingly brilliant and interesting book, paying special attention to the social side of English History and to home affairs. Its value is unfortunately marred by serious inaccuracies in matters of detail, against which the student must be on his guard. In addition to this he must read Bright's School History, a very full and able book. These two works should prove quite sufficient for the general outlines, and both authors give lists of authorities and works bearing on particular subjects and" periods. Works recom- For the early history it will be necessary to mended. ^^^^ Freeman's Old English History, and his great work on the Norman Conquest. Ranke's English History (chiefly in the seventeenth century) has MODERN HISTORY. 279 been translated into English, and is quite indis- pensable. The Examiners naturally attach great weight to a thorough knowledge of such an im- portant work. S. R. Gardiner's works on England under Charles I. are very valuable, and should be read if time allows. As a summary the student may read the same author's " Puritan Revolution," and " Thirty Years' War." Macaulay's History must of course be studied, and with care, lest the student be too much carried away by the brilliance and eloquence of the narrative. Lord Mahon's' History of England is valuable, and it may be supplemented by Lecky's History, which throws a new light on many points. In the latter author special attention should be paid to the chapter on Irish affairs. The prefaces to the Rolls Series are important. They are written by competent scholars, and give in a concise form all that is known of the author of whom they treat, thus forming a trustworthy history of the time. Of this series the prefaces to the lives of Becket and Roger of Hoveden are particularly valuable. The Epochs of Modern History are most useful little works and generally valuable. We may specially mention Stubbs' Early Plantagenets ; Gairdner's York and Lancaster ; Seebohm's Pro- testant Reformation ; Church's Beginnings of the Middle Ages. Gairdner's work on Richard III., and his Intro- duction to the Paston Letters, should also be read. Blaauw's Barons' War, and "The Greatest of 28o MODERN HISTORY. the Plantagenets," may be studied ; and Long- man's Edward III. is worthy of reference. It should be carefully noticed that the social and literary history, and the history of the growth of the English Colonies and Dependencies, are in- cluded under the head of General History. In the special subjects and periods a very close and accurate study of the authorities is necessary. The words and opinions of the authors must be quoted, defended, or criticised, so that a verbal study is indispensable. A knowledge of Geography is, of course, a necessary condition of proper historical study, and the student should always have at hand for reference a good manual of Geography and an Geography. Historical Atlas. The Geography generally re- commended is the French one of Lavall^e.* Spruner's large Historical Atlas (now in course of re-issue) is the only really good one, but its price will place it beyond the reach of many.f A smaller Atlas by Wolff is less expensive (14J.) and very good as far as it goes ; it includes little besides Central Europe. For General Geography, Keith Johnston's " Handy Royal Atlas" is excellent. Political Economy may be studied in Fawcett or Mill. * There is an English translation, but it is out of print. The original is only 3J. kd. t The parts are 5J. ; there are to be twenty-three parts for Europe alone. The parts may be procured separately. NATURAL SCIENCE. 281 CHAPTER XVI. NATURAL SCIENCE. Preliminary Honour Examination. 1. Mechanics and Physics. Subjects of Mechanics to the extent represented by Newth's ^''^'"'"^ '°"- " First Book of Natural Philosophy," and the first four books of Ganot's " Physics." Acoustics, Heat, Light, Magnetism, and Electricity, as represented by Ganot's " Physics." 2. Chemistry. Preliminary. The general principles of Chemistry, and the properties of the better known elements and com- pounds (excepting such as are included under Organic Chemistry), as treated of in any one of the following Manuals : — Williamson's Chemistry for Students, Roscoe's Lessons in Elementary Chemistry, Wilson's Inorganic Chemistry, Fownes' Manual of Chemistry, or more fully in Miller's Elements of Chemistry, Vol. II. The practical examination will comprise the analysis of single substances, and such elementary exercises in chemical manipulation as are included in Harcourt and Madan's Exercises in Practical Chemistry, Part I. Final Honour Examination. Final. The Final Honour Examination comprises three General Subjects — viz., I. Physics. II. Chemistry. III. Biology. 282 - NATURAL SCIENCE. And the following Special Subjects, which may be taken in as supplementary to one or more of the General Subjects : — a. Crystallography and Mineralogy. The former as included under the General Subjects of Physics and Chemistry, the latter as included under Chemistry. b. Geology and Palaeontology. The former as included under the three General Subjects, the latter as included under Biology. ■ „ ^ ^^' as subjects included under Biology. a. Botany, J •" The several sections which follow deal with the manner in which each separate subject, whether general or special, is to be studied by a candidate for Honours. The Board desire it to be understood that a knowledge of the subjects, based on practical work as well as knowledge gathered from books, will always be required at the Examinations in this School. General Subjects. I, Physics. A candidate who offers himself in the Final Honour Examination for examination in Physics as his general subject shall be required to show an accurate general knowledge of Physics, and he shall be allowed to present himself, in addition, for a more detailed examination in one or more of the following branches of Physics : Acoustics, Heat, Light, Electricity, and Magnetism. It is necessary that a student of Physics should have at least an elementary knowledge of Geo- metry, Algebra, and Mechanics. Jamin's " Cours NATURAL SCIENCE. 283 de Physique," last edition, in 3 vols., may. be men- tioned as a good text-book on general Physics. Students are, however, advised to consult their Tutors or the Professor of Experimental Philo- sophy with respect to the books to be read, inasmuch as the most desirable course of study must depend on the mathematical knowledge of each individual. II. Candidates who offer themselves for exa- mination in chemistry will be expected to show an acquaintance with the following subjects : — I. Chemical Physics. II. Inorganic Chemistry. III. Organic Chemistry. IV. General and' Theoretical Chemistry. There will also be a Practical Examination, which will comprise — V. The Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Sub- stances. VI. The Quantitative Analysis of Inorganic Substances. The use of books will be allowed to candidates in the examination in Quantitative Analysis. III. Biology. 1. Candidates who offer themselves for exami- nation in Biology will be expected to show an acquaintance, firstly, with General and Comparative Anatomy and Histology (under these terms vege- table structures are included) ; secondly, with Human and Comparative Physiology, inclusive of Physiological Chemistry ; and thirdly, with the General Philosophy of the Subject. 2. In these subjects the candidates will be examined both by paper work and practically ; and will be required to give evidence of being 284 NATURAL SCIENCE. competent not merely to verify and describe specimens already prepared for naked-eye or microscopic demonstration as the case may be, but also to prepare such or similar specimens themselves. 3. Candidates may, in addition to the amount of work indicated in the preceding paragraphs, bring up any of the special subjects contained in the list appended below. A candidate who offers himself for examination in a special subject will be expected to show, firstly, a detailed practical acquaintance with specimens illustrating that sub- ject, for which purpose the catalogues in the University Museum can be made available ; and secondly, exact knowledge of some one or more monographs treating of it. Excellence, however, in a special subject will not compensate for failure in any essential part of the general examination. Every candidate must state, at the time of entering his name for examination, what special subject, if any, he takes in. A student who offers himself for examination in a special subject is referred to the following pro- visional list : — , a. Comparative Osteology. b. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Organs of Circulation and Respiration. c. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Organs of Digestion. d. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System. e. The Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive Systems. /. Ethnology. [For the remaining recommendations with regard to books, the student is referred to the Statutes.] NATURAL SCIENCE. 285 There are then three subjects in this School in which the student may be examined for final Honours — mz., Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. It is certainly not advisable to attempt more than one of these : all are vast subjects, and are grow- ing more vast every successive year. It is quite possible to gain a First Class by a sound know- ledge of one of these subjects. The Preliminary Examinations in Chemistry and Physics may be taken together or separately at any time after Moderations have been passed ; if taken at the same time as the Final Examina- tions they will count for the Class. These Pre- liminary Examinations rank with the Final Pass Schools, so that if the student is prevented from proceeding to the Science Finals, having passed these preliminaries, he will have passed two out of the three required for the Pass' Schools. Physics. — For this subject to be studied properly Physics. a fair knowledge of Mathematics, Algebra, Geo- metry, and Mechanics is necessary. Jamin's " Cours de Physique" is the best text-book ; besides this the student should read Airy's Undulatory Theory of Optics, Lloyd's Wave Theory of Light, Aldis on Fresnel's Theory of Double Refraction, Tait's Thermodynamics, Saint- Robert's Thermodynamique, Clerk Maxwell's Theory of Heat, Balfour Stewart's Heat, Parkin- son's Optics, Fleming Jenkins' Electricity and Magnetism, Clerk Maxwell's Electricity. Heat and Light are generally taken as Special Subjects. Of course the student will attend the Clarendon Laboratory, and the Professor of Experimental Philosophy will give him all neces- sary advice. All lectures of this Professor should be attended. 286 NATURAL SCIENCE. Biology. Biology. — The student who selects Biology as his subject should first seek the advice of the Linacre Professor, who will give him all necessary information on his studies. He will first proceed to study the Osteology of the human frame, and his work will be carried on during the morning and afternoon at the Labora- tory. On this subject the text-book is Sharpey in Quain's Anatomy. It will be well for the student to employ those hours when he is disengaged in reading Michael Foster,* and Huxley's Physiology. Carpenter's Comparative Physiology may be consulted if time be found. Secondly, he will proceed to the dissection of various animals, and here he will use Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life. Then finally he will study the specimens in the Court with the aid of the Catalogues of the Ox- ford Museum. Here he should read — i. Flower's Osteology of Mammalia. 2. Huxley's Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. 3. Gegenbaur's Grund- ziige der Vergl. Anatomie. Literature of These works are technical and special to one Biology, branch of study, and the student will find it neces- sary to read in addition to them some works on the General Philosophy of Biology. The following may be safely recommended : — Darwin's Origin of Species, Van der Hoeven's Philosophia Zoologica, Herbert Spencer's Principles of Biology, Lyell's Principles of Geology, chaps. 34—41, Wallace's Distribution of Animals. * Last edition, with plates. The student should be careful to procure the last editions of all the above works. APPENDIX I. The Commissioners appointed by Parliament to inquire into the revenues, &c., of the University of Oxford — viz., Lord Selborne, the Earl of Redesdale, the Right Honourable Montagu Bernard, D.C.L., Mr. Justice Grove, the Rev. James Bellamy, D.D., President of S. John's College, Mr. Henry John Stephen Smith, Savilian Professor of Geometry, and Mr. Mathew White Ridley — have issued their report to the Vice-Chan- cellor, who has officially made it known ; as also the following official communication from the secretaries, the Rev. T. Vere Bayne, Christ Church, and Mr. Thomas Dallin, Queen's. The following is the statement : — Oxford, April i^th, 1878. Sir, — We are instructed by the University of Oxford Commissioners to transmit to you the accompanying statement, which has been framed by them in accordance with the provisions of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877 : we are further instructed to re- quest that you will have the goodness to make the state- ment publicly known in the University, in such manner as you may deem most convenient. We, the University of Oxford Commissioners, being required by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877, before approving any statute made by any College under the same Act, to publish a statement with respect to the main purposes relating to the University for which, in our opinion, pro- 288 APPENDIX. vision should be made under the Act, the sources from which funds for those purposes should be obtained, and the principles on which payments from the Colleges for those purposes should be contributed, do hereby publish the following statement : — I. As to the main purposes relative to the University for which provision should be made under the Act. (A.) The first in order of these purposes is, in our opinion, the ex- tension and proper endowment of the Professorate, and the better organisation of the University teaching. As to which two principal objects should be kept in view, the due representation at Oxford of every considerable branch of knowledge, the advancement of which can be effectually promoted by the University as a place either of education or of learning and research, and the due participation of the University itself, as distinct from its Colleges, in the direction and improvement of the studies of its undergraduates and other students, we are unable to adopt the views of those who would desire to transfer to the University the whole or the chief part of the teaching work now done by the Colleges, either separately or by means of inter-coUegiate arrangements. We think that the combination of intellectual with moral influence and discipline which is thus obtained is extremely valu- able, and that the system of inter-collegiate arrangements which has of late years grown up spontaneously, and attained a large development, has produced good results : but we also think that among the recognised studies of the University, there are some (such as Natural Science and in a less degree Law) for which the Colleges cannot be expected to make adequate provision, either without or by means of those inter-collegiate arrangements : and with respect even to those studies to which it is best adapted. The system of inter-collegiate arrangements (besides being precarious and hitherto dependent for the extent of its operation upon the will of each particular College) appears to us to be deficient in organisation and economy of power, and to be hardly adequate to the APPENDIX. 289 wants of the highest class of students, who look beyond University examinations, and we think it would be sus- ceptible of improvement if it were placed — as, under proper regulation, it might be — in more direct relations of concert and co-operation with teachers accredited by, and responsible to, the University.' As steps to- wards the attainment of that end, we think it desirable that the Professors of these subjects at least which are within any of the recognised courses of University study should become, by virtue of their office, members of the governing bodies of the Colleges to which they belong, or from the funds of which their emoluments are derived or augmented, and that (in accordance with a late recom- mendation of the Hebdomadal Council) the University should establish several new Readerships. Many of the existing Professorships are inadequately "endowed, and ought to have their emoluments increased. Of a few the emoluments are in excess of what we think necessary. There are others the constitution, designation, arid duties of which may, when they become vacant, be advantageously modified. We also think that some new Chairs should be established and adequately endowed. With this preface, and in order to make our statement more useful to the University and the Colleges, we pro- ceed to explain our present views as to the extent of the increase for which it may be desirable to make early pro- vision both in the staff and in the emoluments of the University teachers. These views have been formed on a consideration of the scheme proposed in 1877, by the Hebdomadal Council of the University, coupled with the evidence which we have received. It will be under- stood that they are not stated as final : they are subject to reconsideration throughout, and are now expressed for the sake of convenience only. It must, indeed, be re- membered that nothing in this statement is final, so as to interfere with the exercise by us hereafter, according to our discretion, of any of the powers conferred upon us by the Act. Stipends of the Professors (other than those U 290 APPENDIX. of the Theological faculty) should, in our opinion, be of varying amounts, according to the relation of their several subjects to the studies of the University, and to other cir- cumstances material to be considered. Those of the following Chairs should, we think, be augmented so that the lowest of them should be not less than 700/., nor the highest more than 900/. per annum — viz., (i) Greek, (2) Latin, (3) Comparative Philology, (4) Modem His- tory, (5) Civil Law, (6) Moral Philosophy, (7) Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, (8) Logic, (9) Astronomy, (10) Geometry, (11) Natural Philosophy, (12) Chemistry. We should also assign stipends varying between the same limits to the following Chairs, constituted by division or modification of existing foundations — viz., (13) Ancient Greek History, (14) Ancient Roman History (dividing between those two Chairs the subjects of the present Chair of Ancient History), (15) English History, so de- fining the subjects of the Chichele Professorship of Modern History, and reducing its emoluments, (16) Con- stitutional Law and Legal History, instead of the present subject of the Corpus Professorship of International Law, and Comparative Jurisprudence, instead of the present subjects of the Chichele Professorship of International Law, reducing its emoluments, (18) English Law, con- solidating the Vinerian Professorship and Vinerian Readership, (19 and 20) Physics, dividing between those two Chairs the subject of the present Chair of Experi- mental Philosophy; (21) Physiology, (22) Human and Comparative Anatomy, dividing between those two Chairs the subjects of the present Linacre Professorship. Stipends varying between the same limits should also be assigned to the following new Chairs which, we think, ought to be established, (23) English Language and Literature, (24) Pure Mathematics, (25) Mechanics and Engineering. The stipends of the following Chairs should, we think, be augmented so that the lowest of them should not be less than 400/., nor the highest more than 500/. per APPENDIX. 291 annum : — (i) Anglo-Saxon, (2) Political Economy, (3) Medicine, (4) Botany, (5) Zoology, (6) Geology, (7) Mineralogy. We should also propose to assign stipends varying between the same limits to the following Chairs : — (8) Arabic, Syriac, and Chaldean (consolidating the Laudian Chair with the Lord Almoner's Readership, (9) Celtic. Also to the following new Chairs : — (10) Persian and Zend, (ii)-Romance or New Latin Languages, (12) Classical Archseology. We assume that the Professors of all the above- mentioned subjects would be under some definite ob- ligation of residence which might vary in different cases. The , Chairs of Music and Poetry should have their stipend augmented to 200/. per annum, with per- haps some increase of duties. We think it unnecessary to mention those Professorships as to which we propose no change. In case of any difficulty in supplying a vacancy in any Chair requiring qualifications not ordi- narily found among the resident members of the Univer- sity, there should be power given to keep the vacancy open till a fit appointment can conveniently be made. In assigning to the Regius Professorship of Medicine a stipend upon the lower scale we have assumed that the Professor would, as heretofore, be at liberty to take private practice. The evidence and opinions which we have received lead us to the conclusion that it is ex- pedient to develop as much as possible those branches of scientific instruction which are introductory and pre- liminary to medicine rather than to attempt the estabUsh- ment of a practical School of Medicine in Oxford. The question of the manner in which endowment of the Clinical Professorship may be made most useful may be reserved for future consideration. Besides the above addition to the staff and endowment of the Professorate, we contemplate such an increase of the stipends of the existing Readerships in Ancient History and in Indian Law as will make them not less than 400/. per annum, and also the creation of nine new Readerships with U 2 292 APPENDIX. similar stipends — viz., four in the Classical Languages, one in Ancient History, two in Modern History, one in Roman, and one in English Law. It may be desirable to provide a Reader in Human Anatomy as assistant to the Professor of Human and Comparative Anatomy, with a stipend of from 250/. to 300/. a year; and we think there should also be a Reader, with a present stipend of 400/. per annum, in Invertebrate Anatomy, whose office upon a vacancy in the Professorship of Zoology should be united to that Chair, with such an increase in the emoluments of the Professor as may make them equal to those of the Chair of Human and Comparative Anatomy, conditionally on his undertaking the addi- tional duty. Additional Demonstrators appear to be required in several departments of Natural Science, who in most cases may best be paid by fees, with supple- mentary grants, when needful, from the University chest. Readers and Demonstrators should hold by terminable appointments, renewable from time to time. The Divinity and Hebrew Chairs have not been overlooked by us. The augmentation of the Chair of Exegesis, and the establishment of Readerships in the Theological Faculty, may probably be desirable, but as the resources available for such purposes are specially limited by the Act we think it unnecessary now to go into further particulars on that subject. (B.) Another main purpose relative to the University, for which we think provision should be made under the Act, is the better maintenance of the Bodleian Library. We estimate that for this purpose, in addition to the present endowment of the Library funds (of which we assume that 500/. a year will cease when the catalogue is completed), a fixed annual sum of at least 3000/. ought to be provided. Another important purpose is the formation and maintenance of a Museum of Classical Art and Archaeology (understanding these words not in a narrow or technical sense). We have not attempted to estimate the cost of the establishment of such a APPENDIX. 293 Museum, or of the purchases of antiquities, casts, or other works of art which may be necessary for that purpose. This, we think, must necessarily be defrayed out of the general revenues of the University, or the common fund hereinafter mentioned, when sufficient to provide for such an expenditure. But for the proper maintenance of the Museum when formed an annual sum will be necessary, which cannot be less than 500/. per annum. In connexion with the foregoing subjects we have considered the question of such new buildings, altera- tions of existing buildings, and purchases of plant, scientific apparatus, &c., as are or may be required for the present and future wants of the University. A very large expenditure is now being incurred by the Univer- sity in the erection of new Schools. Additional lecture rooms also appear to be urgently needed ; and in very near prospect is the necessity for further extensive and costly alterations and enlargements of, or in connexion with, the Bodleian Library and the present University Museum, not to mention other probable wants of the same kind. Large, however, as is the outlay which for a considerable time to come may thus be necessary, it does not appear to us to be of a kind for which provision ought now to be made under the Act, otherwise than by such relief of the present and such augmentation of the future revenues of the University as we are about to pro pose. Those revenues, when increased (as they may be expected to be) by considerably larger receipts from the profits of the Clarendon Press than have lately been brought into the University chest, and relieved from those charges which we think may be undertaken by the Colleges, will, in our judgment, be sufficient to keep down the interest on any Capital sums which it may be found necessary to borrow for building and other im- provements, and also to provide in the usual way for the gradual repayment of any debts incurred, as well as for the general expenses of the University, 294 , APPENDIX. There are several other purposes relating to the University which we urge as important, and for some of which definite provision ought to be made under the Act. These are: (i) The provision of pensions in proper cases for retired Professors. (2) Additional pro- vision for the instruction and discipline of unattached Students. (3) The foundation and endowment of Scholarships or Exhibitions, tenable after a certain fixed period of residence in the University, for Students in any special branches of study (including subjects which do not fall within the ordinary University course, such, for example, as Medicine), which may be usefully promoted by such encouragement, under conditions properly adapted to make their enjoyment dependent upon the bona fide prosecution of such studies. (4) The en- couragement of research by the employment of properly qualified persons, under the direction of some University authority, in doing some definite work or conducting some prescribed course of investigation in any branch of literature or science, or by offering prizes or rewards for any such work or investigation. (5) The appointment and remuneration from time to time by the University authorities of extraordinary Professors or occasional lectures in any subjects, either represented or not on the ordinary teaching staff of the University. (6) Pro- vision for the expenses of any examinations or other educational work which the University may from time to time undertake to conduct or assist in Oxford, or (sub- ject to the conditions of the sixteenth clause of the Act, sub-section 16) elsewhere. As to all these matters we think it impossible at present to speak otherwise than in general terms. For the first two of them we think some definite and sufficient provision ought to be made under the Act, but the amount of that provision, and the manner in which it should be made, must be reserved for future consideration. Under what conditions a retiring Professor should be deemed entitled to a pension, what proportion of his APPENDIX. 29s stijpend should in any case be allowed, and what annual sura should be received upon an average of years for such allowances, are important questions to be considered. It is, we think, desirable that there should be funds at the command of the University (except when any College may propose to take upon itself this charge as to Professorships which may have been endowed or augmented by it) which will enable such pensions to be made without encroaching upon the income of any successor to a Chair, or rendering necessary the practical suspension of the Chair, and the discharge of its duty by a deputy. The rest of the purposes enumerated under this head are such as we think may be best provided for by leaving to the University a very general power to use any surplus funds, from time to time at its disposal, for their promotion in such manner as, in the exercise of a large discretion, it may deem expedient, rather than by any more fixed and definite arrangements. We shall, however, be very willing to entertain proposals, if made to us by any of the Colleges, to establish out of College funds Scholarships or Exhibitions for the promotion of any special branches of study. And it will be a satis- faction to us if any well-considered plan can be devised by which special assistance can be given either by the University or by any College to such meritorious students as may labour under special difficulties in the prosecution of their University studies by reason of poverty. The last and not the least important of the mam purposes relative to the University for which, in our opinion, pro- vision should be made under the Act, is the creation of a Common University Fund, to be administered under the supervision of the University, in addition to its general corporate revenues. We look to the creation of this fund — of which the formation must be gradual — as the proper resource for the supply of all the wants enumerated under the preceding head, except such of them as any College may propose to aid in supplying, and also as an auxiliary fund for the erection, enlargement, and main- 296 APPENDIX. tenance of such buildings as may from time to time be necessary for University purposes, with all proper furniture , and apparatus, and for the maintenance in full efficiency of the University libraries and museums, &c. This fund should, in our opinion, be kept distinct from the other revenues of the University, and its proper administration should be provided for by special regulations. We are thus brought to the second question to which the Legislature has required our statement to be directed. II. As to the sources from which funds for the above purposes should be obtained, we are of opinion that these funds must necessarily be obtained from the Colleges. As a first step towards the creation of a Common Univer- sity Fund we should propose that the Colleges should take upon themselves, as soon as practicable, by such arrangements as to the Professorate as are mentioned under the succeeding head, the charge of that portion of the present stipends of the existing University Professors which has been hitherto defrayed out of the University chest. The other particular charges for which, we think, provision ought, in the first instance, to be made, are the augmentation of the numbers and emoluments of Univer- sity Professors and Readers, the proposed subsidy to the Bodleian Library, and the future annual charge of the Archseological Museum. The future increase of the Common University Fund must be left to be obtained from contributions out of such surplus revenues of the Colleges as may be free and disposable after all their own proper wants and those particular wants of the University have been satisfied. III. As to the principles on which payments by the Colleges for the^ above-mentioned purposes should be contributed, the Colleges at Oxford differ very much in their present financial position and future pro- spects. Some of them have small or very moderate Endowments, the resources of others are far more con- siderable, and in the case of several there is ground for anticipating a progressive increase of revenue which, APPENDIX. 297 ■ although gradual in its accretion, will be ultimately large. Some, again, have accommodation for and receive few. In this latter respect no fluctuations are liable to occur : there are differences which may be regarded as more or less permanent. We are directed by the Act, before imposing any charge for University purposes lipon the revenues of any College, to have regard, in the first place, to the wants of the College itself for educational and other collegiate pur- poses, and it is not, in our opinion, possible, consistently with this requirement, to obtain the whole or the greater part of the funds which will be wanted for the University purposes above mentioned, by any principle or scheme of contributions which shall be equal in its incidence on all the Colleges. It will be necessary to take into account the revenues, actual and prospective, of each College, and its actual and prospective wants for educational and other purposes, before we can form a judgment as to the amount which it should be called upon to contribute. In every College which has Fellowships some have hitherto commonly been held by Tutors and Lecturers, and have thus assisted directly or indirectly to maintain the educa- tional stamp. Even though not specifically appropriated to it, we think that a reasonable part of the revenues of each College should continue to be available for that pur- pose. We think it expedient also to retain in Oxford a considerable number of Prize Fellowships — that is. Fellow- ships not coupled with any specific duty or service to a College or to the University (for the encouragement and reward of meritorious students). Such Fellowships should, we think, as a rule be terminable, and our present im- pression is that the emolument should be of uniform aihount, and should not exceed 200/. per annum. Having to apportion charges altogether of large amount (though only capable of being provided for gradually as funds for that purpose are set free from existing interests and other prior engagements) among the several Colleges, the mode of doing so which in principle appears to us to be th 298 APPENDIX. best and most practicable, is the following : — ^We think it in the first place not unreasonable (as the students in all the Colleges might, under proper arrangements, derive material benefit from the teaching of University Readers), that some moderate Contribution, either in the shape of a small ad valorem charge on their respective ordinary revenues, or otherwise, should be made in aid of the stipends of that class of University teachers by all the Colleges. If this contribution were fixed at the rate of eleven and a half per cent, on the amount of the ordinary revenues of all the Colleges, estimated on some uniform principle, we do not doubt that it would produce a sum which we should regard as sufficient for the purpose. We do not, however, intend to exclude the consideration of any special arrangements as to Readerships which any of the Colleges may propose. The charges for the Profes- sorate of the Bodleian Library and for the Archaeological Museum, ought, in our opinion, to be fairly apportioned among those Colleges which, having regard to their pre- sent and prospective means and to their ability to suffer reduction in the number or value of their Fellowships, and other circumstances, may be best capable of bearing them with respect to the professorate. We should be glad to see this done, as far as possible, by the eventual appropriation and annexation of fellow- ships of adequate value to most of the Professorships. We do not think it proper upon this occasion to enter into special considerations affecting any College. When all the objects (as well as the proper wints of each Col- lege and the liquidation of College debts by suitable in- stalments) have been sufficiently met, such of the Col- leges as may from time to time have a further disposable surplus revenue, ought, in our opinion, to contribute, and pay over a portion, to be hereafter fixed, of that dis- posable surplus, to the Common University Fund. It is necessary in conclusion, to repeat that the realisation of the resources on which we rely can only be gradual. The changes which we contemplate in the constitution and APPENDIX. 299 emoluments of the existing Professorate will also, in the natural course of things, be gradual as vacancies happen, and it might not be found expedient, even if it were possible, at once to increase the staff of University teachers to the full extent now proposed. The supply, therefore, of those University wants which we had in view must be distributed over a considerable period of time; but we hope that within a very few years the more urgent of them may be supplied. We have already received from some of the Colleges proposals made in a liberal spirit, in harmony with the views which we have expressed, and we are confident that we shall receive such assistance from the University and the Colleges generally as may be necessary to enable us to determine when, and in what order of priority, provision shall be made for all the pur- poses specified in the first part of this statement. — April 25, 1878. — Given under our Common Seal this 2Sth day of April, in the year of our Lord, 1S78. APPENDIX II. AUTHORS AND EDITIONS. N.B. — The books are arranged thus : — i. Texts. 2. Com- mentaries. 3. Translations. 4. General Aids. The Texts required in the Schools are in italics. ^schines. i, 2. In Ctesiphontem, Oxford Pocket Classics, 2s. (cf. Demosthenes), ^schylus. 1. Dindorf, is. ^d., or in P. S. G.* 2. Paley, iSj. 3. Paley (Prose), "js. 6d.; A. Swanwick, 2 vols. I2J-. (verse). 4. Introduction to ^schylus, in A. Cf Cople- ston, 2s. 6d. Aristophanes, i. Dindorf, P. S. G. ; Bergk, 3 J. 2. Pax, Acharnenses, Paley, 4-r. dd. each; Equites, 4^. ; Nubes, Vespse, 3^. dd. each. Green, C. C.J 3. J. H. Frere. Aristotle. I. Bekker, 11 vols. 2/. los. ■ Tauchnitz Series, 1 7 J. 6d. 2. Ethics, Sir A. Grant, 32^-. ; Bks. 1-4, Moore, loy. 6d. Politics, Congreve, i8j-. ; Lang and Bol- land ; O. P. C. Poetics, O. P. C. Rhetoric, Cope. * " Poetae Scenici Grseci." Dindorf. 2 1 J. t " Ancient Classics for English Readers." I " Catena Classicorum." APPENDIX. 301 ■ Organon, Selections, Magrath, ■i^s. 6d. ; Trendelenburg, 2s. td. De Anima, Trendelenburg. 3. Ethics, Chase, 7J. 6d. ; Williams, 7^. 6d. Politics ; Walford, 5^-. 4. Grote's Aristotle, 2 vols. 3 2s. Csesar. i, 2. Bellum Galljcum, Moberly, 4?. 6d. Bellum Civile, Moberly, 3^-. 6d. Catullus. I. Ellis, i6j. ; Carmina Selecta; Ellis, 3J. 6d. 2. Ellis, 16^. 3. Ellis. 4. Elucidations, H. A. J. Munro. Cicero, i. Baiter and Kayser, 22s. ; Epistles, Watson, 4J. 2. Philippics, King, los. 6d. ; Second Phil. - Mayor, 5^. Pro Cluentio, Ramsay, 3J. 6d. In Catilinam, Wilkins, 3^^. 6d. Pro Murena, Halm, is. (German). Pro Sestio, Halm, is. (Do.). De Officiis, Holden, 7^-. 6d. \ De Finibus, Madvig, 26s. Tusc. Disput., T. K. Arnold, 5^. 6d! De Oratore, Piderit, 4^. 6d. (German). Select Epistles, Watson, iZs. 3. Bohn's Series, 8 vols. 38j-. 6d. 4. Forsyth's Life, 10s. 6d; Merivale's Abeken. Demosthenes, i. Baiter, O. A.,* Bekker, 4^. (>d. 2. De Cor., Holmes, ^s.; Simcox (et .^sc. in Ct.) 12s. De Fals. Leg., Shilleto, 6s. Olyn. and Phil., Heslop, 4?. 6d. 3. Kennedy, 5 vols. 23J. 6d. Euripides, i. Dindorf, P. S. G., Witzschel, 3^. dd. 2. Paley, 3 vols. 48J. * " Oratores Attici." Baiter and Sauppe. 2ij. 302 APPENDIX. Herodotus. Homer, Horace. 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