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<JY)1 THE 
 
 AUGHTS 
 
 Of themofl REMARKABLE 
 
 Fortified Towns of E U R O P E^ 
 
 In ^^ Copper PLATES. 
 
 WITH A 
 
 GEOGKATHICAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 Of the laid Places. 
 
 And the Hiftory of the Sieges they have fuftainy^and-the 
 Revolutions they have undergon,'for above thtfe Two 
 hundred Years laft. 
 
 To which is prefix'd an 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 T O 
 
 Military Architeaure, or FORTIFICATION. 
 
 CONTAINING THE 
 
 Origin and Progrefs of that NOBLE ART; with tlie Explanation 
 of all the Terms belonging to the fame. 
 
 A Work veryUfefulto all GENTLEMEN, and Officers in the ARMY. 
 
 By Mt. B r E R. 
 
 LONDON, 
 
 Printed for Ifaac Cleave, next to Serjavts-hn in Chancery Lane, and John Hartley 
 next Door to tiie Kind's Head, overagainft Cr.ys-lnn, in Holhorn, MDCCI. 
 
 • m t m K ^— pw-^rgip^^i-wowi— 1>— iw— <■!»■ 
 
IV. 
 
 T O 
 
 The RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 H E N R r 
 
 EarlofGALLOWA 
 
 Y 
 
 I 
 
 MY LORD, 
 Know no Perlbn to whom this Treatife of Fortification 
 may, with more Aflurance, fue for Patronage, and from 
 whom it may expeft a more favourable Reception, than 
 your LORDSHIP. 
 
 My Defign in this Dedication is not to enlarge upon your 
 Magnanimity, Valour, Capacity for the higheft Enterprizes, 
 Depth of Judgment, Addrefs, Affability, Fidelity, and all thofe 
 Qualifications which make up your LORDSHIP's Charadrer 5 
 I leave to Hiflorians to do you full Juftice. A plain and faith- 
 ful Narrative of what you have performed in Piedmont, Flan- 
 ders and Ireland^ in the Difcharge of the moll important 
 Truftsj both in the Field, and in the Management of pub- 
 lic Affairs, will fuffice to rank your LORDSHIP among the 
 moft renowned Heroes^ and wifeft Politicians. 
 
 But I cannot forbear mentioning thofe Chriftian Virtues, 
 which ftiU heighten your LORDSHIP's Charader : I mean 
 your Exemplary Piety ^ your unaftedted Himility, and }our 
 
 ■' ^ diffu- 
 
difFufive Charity and Gcodnefs towards all the opprelfed and 
 unfortunate m general, and to thofe, in particular, who, like 
 ) our felf, have abandon'd all their Podeffions in France^ ra- 
 ther than abandon the Purity of their Faith. 
 
 'Tis no fiiiall credit, My Lord, to the whole Body of 
 French Exiles, upon account of Religion, to reckon feveral 
 ]lluftrious Perfons amongft 'em 5 But yet this bare Honour 
 is infignificant to thofe who groan under the Preflures- which 
 arc almoft infeparable from Banifliment$ and, fliall I fay it? 
 A great many of our Diftrefs'd Refugees would certainly have 
 yielded to the prevailing Temptations of Want, if they had 
 not been fupported by your Lordfhip. Their Zeal for the 
 true Religion made thenfi firfl leave their Nat^ye Country : 
 But then 'tis your LORDSHIP's Bounty that has k^pt them 
 ftedfafl in their Belief, and fecur'd their Eternal Happinefs. 
 
 This generous Protedion You afford to all the French Re- 
 ligious Exiles gives me full hopes, that I need but own my 
 felf one of them, to lay Claim to your LORDSHIEl \d^Q' 
 nage, and to have a Right to fubfcribe my felf ''''"^'' ''•''" 
 
 My tord^ 
 
 Tour LORDSHIFs 
 
 Moji humble and 
 
 Mofi obedient Servant " 
 
 A. Boycr. 
 
 A N 
 
(I ) 
 
 K'' w-r,, ,.; -^ 
 
 
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 1 i/nr; '•^ ;i 
 
 A N 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 T O 
 
 Military ARCHITECTURE, or FORTIFICATION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 The Dejinitioti, Origin and frogrefs c?/ F O R T I F I C A T I O N; 
 
 Military ArchiteBure, or Fortification is 
 an Art which teaches us to difpofe 
 the fevcral Parts of a Place in fuch 
 manner, that with a Few Perfons, we may re- 
 pel the Attacks of a Gre/tf Many. 
 
 Fortified Towns have chang'd, and encreas'd 
 their Strength, from time to time, in Propor- 
 tion of the Improvement of fuch ofFenfive 
 Arms, as were made life of to attack 'em. Firft 
 of all, a fVall jnd a Di(c/j were thought fuf- 
 ficient to Defend a Town : The \ValI was juft 
 broad enough at the Top, to hold the Soldiers - 
 and all the Service it did was to raife the Be- 
 fieged above the Befiegers, and to ftop the Pro- 
 grefs of the latter, who were forc'd either ro 
 Scale the Wall, or ro pull it Down: But then 
 thofe who defended a Place, were no lefs. ex- 
 pos'd to the Arms of the Affailants, than Thefe 
 were to theirs : Wherefore they begun to build 
 Battlementi to cover themfelves, leavihg a fjjace 
 between, thro' which they might (hoot upon 
 the Enemy, and immediately after retire. 
 
 Thofe who were attack'd took notice, that 
 the height of.the Wall was prejudicial to them,' 
 and ferved to (hclrcr the Enemy afToon as he 
 was got near it,and who then, without any Dan- 
 ger, might eafily undermine it, or batter it down. 
 Therefore they endeavour'd to prevent this In- 
 conveniency two fcveral ways ; Fird by mak- 
 ing divers Loop-holes in the Walls, thro' which 
 tiiey (hot iTpon the Befiegers ; ( but thofe Loop- 
 holes could not be many, for fear of weaken- 
 
 ing the Walls, and then the Enemy might ftill 
 eafily lie cover'd in the fpaces between ) and 
 zdly. by making Ca:(emAtes or Murdering Holes 
 (f in French, Meiirtrieres) thro' which they threv7 
 Stones upon the Enemy ; but becaufe it was 
 not very difficult to defend one's felffrom fuch 
 Blows, 'twas thought neceflary to have recourfe 
 to feme other Fortification. 
 
 Thofe who were Befieg'd confider'd that 
 'twas not enough to repel the Enemy Front- wile, 
 or ftraight forward, but that it would be a con- 
 fiderable Advantage,, if they could (hoot arhim 
 Flank-wife, and behind : This put them upon 
 building of Tovoers which flank'd the whole 
 Wall. Thefe Towers were firft of all S^unrct 
 and fo contriv'd that one of their fides faced 
 the Enemy jbut their Form was foon found to be 
 faulty ^becaufe the Front of the Tower not being 
 Flank'd, f that is, having no oblique Defence") 
 it might as eafily be atrak'd as a bare Wall. 
 Therefore they judg'd it convenient to make 
 the Towers I{cund ; not only becaufe that part 
 of them which remain'd without oblique De- 
 fenfe' tov/ards the Enemy was inconfiderable, 
 but alfo becaule the Stones wherewith they 
 were built» being cut Wedge-wife, rcfifted much 
 better the Efforts of the Battering Ram, ( a 
 Machine commonly us'd to batter down Walls ) 
 whofe ftrokes lerv'd often to make them lie 
 clofer and firmer. Others made ufe of Square 
 Towers, but otherwiTe difpos'd, for they pre- 
 fer ted one of their Angles ro the Enemy. Tb«v 
 B had 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 had this Advantage.that their fides near the Wall 
 were not fecn by the Beficgcrs, and Deverthclcfs 
 fianic'd the Wall. 'Tis probable, that frqin 
 thcfe Towers our modern Ba/^ions, have had 
 their firft Rife. 
 
 The Method of Fortiftng Places with Towers 
 has been in Vogue for many Ages, and would, 
 perhaps, have continited till now, were it noc 
 for the Invention of Cnmicn, which being a 
 Machine whofe Itrokes are much iicrccr than 
 
 thofe of any other us'd by the Ancients, has 
 confcquently oblig'd us to oppofe bigger and 
 ftronger Bodies to its violence, Therefore in- 
 ftead of Towers, we now make ufe of BAS- 
 TIONS, which are the principal Parrs of a 
 Modern Fortification. 
 
 FORTIFICATION, is generally divided 
 im^ DEFENSIVE and OFFENSIVE: The Hrft 
 reaches how to Fgnify and Defend a Place, 
 the other how to Attack^ and Take ir. 
 
 ARTICLE IJ. 
 
 The ExfU?i/ttio» of the pirici^d Parts of Fortification, 
 
 THE Effential Parts of a Fortification ara 
 a I^ampirCy Bajlions,^ Ditch, and a Cover d' 
 Wny: 
 
 All the Heights and Depths of a Fortification 
 have a Shelving or Slope, which is call'd TA- 
 LVD. 
 
 The Trench which is dug about a Place, 
 is call'd DITCH, or MOAT -, whofe breadth 
 according to Mr. Vauhan is of i8 Fathoms, 
 and its depth of 15 Feet. 
 
 The Inward Talud or Slope of the Ditch, on 
 the fide of the Town is call'd ESCAI{P, and 
 its outward Talud towards the Country Coun- 
 ttr-Scarp. Both thefe Taluds are of about i o 
 or I % Foot each. 
 
 By digging the Dltch^ and throwing up the 
 Earth dugout of it towards the Town.is form'<3 
 and rais'd a fort of Bank call'd the B^AM- 
 PIi{E or I(AMPAF(T, which is generally 3 
 Fathoms or 1 8 Foot high, 1 8 Fathoms broad 
 ac bottom and 1 2 at top, allowing 3 Fathoms 
 for the Talud towards the Ditch, and as many 
 for the Talud towards the Country. 
 
 l{pTAL-PA[{APET, or Parapet of the F(am- 
 pire, is another Bank, about 3 Fathoms broad,, 
 and 6 Foot high, plac*d upon the Brink of the 
 ^af7iplre towards the Country, to cover thofe 
 who defend the Bampire. This Parapet is alfo 
 call'd Breafi xvork^, and has a flope towards the 
 Country which ought to be level with the flope 
 of the Glacis. 
 
 That the Soldiers may (land high enough 
 to (hoot over the Parapet, there is generally 
 one or two fteps, ( z Foot high, and 3 broad ) 
 added within the faid Parapet, call'd BAN' 
 Q^UETj or Foot'ftcp, 
 
 The void fpaces left in the Parapet for the 
 Canon to (hoot thro' are call'd EMBBJSVBfiS 
 
 or Port-holes, and the folid fpaces between the 
 Port- holes, are nam'd MERJ^ONS. 
 
 The fpace or Walk between the Parapet and 
 the edge of the Rampart towards the Town, 
 is call'd TEBJ{APLAIN, which is about 9 
 Fathoms broad. 
 
 A CAVALIEB^ov Mount, is a great Body of 
 Earth rais'd on the Terraplain, and above the 
 Parapet, thereon to plant Ordinance, and imall 
 (hot to hinder the Enemies Approaches. 
 
 PLATFOBJAS, are alfo Plantations were the 
 Guns are laid. 
 
 There are certain Holes, in form of a Well, 
 contriv'd in the Terraplain, to make a Mine, 
 take vent, which are call'd CASCANES or Coun- 
 ter- mine f. 
 
 To keep the Earth of the Rampire from 
 (lipping into the Ditch, they generaly build be- 
 tween the Ditch and the I{ampire, a Stone or^ 
 Brick- Wall about 8 or 9 Foot broad, called 
 b^ the French. CHEMISE- (Shirt) At the top 
 or this Wall is a fpace 9 or i o Foot broad cal- 
 l'd the fVALK. OF 7HE I^OVNDS, with a 
 Parapet about z Foot broad and 6 Foot high, 
 having Port- holes at 4 Foot diftance. 
 
 Inftead of this Wall the Hollanders for- 
 merly made ufe of a FALS E-B I^AI, or 
 COVNTEI{:BF{EAST-rVOIiKi for the Defence 
 of the Wet- ditch; leaving a Banl{^/ide, or a. 
 fpace of Earth, about 6 Fathoms broad, from - 
 the Foot of the Bampire to the brink of the 
 Ditch; where they rais'd a Parapet about .3 Fa- 
 thoms broad and 6 Foot high. 
 
 At the Foot both of the H^alland Falfehray, 
 there is generally left a little Bank- fide call'd -. 
 in Englifh, FOBJELAND, { and in French , l{e- 
 lais, Berme, Orteil, Pas de Soiiris, and Li:(iere) 
 about 4 or 5 Foot broad, to keep the Ruins of 
 
 the . 
 
( ? ) 
 
 the Wall or Falfebra)! from falling into the 
 Ditch. 
 
 In the middle of a PVct- ditch they gene- 
 rally leave a riling ground, or gather heaps 
 of Sand, to run the Enemys Boats aground ; 
 or elfe they drive in Stakes, which reach within 
 one Foot of the Surface of the Water, for the 
 fame purpofe. But when the Ditch is Dry, fome 
 make another little Trench in the middle of 
 it call'd CVNET, about 3, 4 or 5 Fathoms 
 broad, and 5 Deep. 
 
 To defend the Country round a Place, and 
 keep the Enemy from appi-oaching the Ditch, 
 they leave on the Count erjcay-p, a Walk about 
 3 Fathoms broad call'd CokjDOB^ox COl/EB^D- 
 IVAT, which is, as it were, another Terraplain; 
 for it is cover'd by a rais'd Bank in from of 
 a Parapet, about 6 Foot high towards the 
 Ditch, with a Banquet, like the Parapet of the 
 Rampire ; and a gentle Slope towards the Coun- 
 try, about 20 Fathoms broad- this Slope is 
 call'd the GLACIS or ESPLANADE. 
 
 A BASTION or BVLtV^RF^,is a piece of For- 
 tification which has five Sides: One whereof 
 holds to the I{amj}ire, and the other four jut out 
 into the Country. If it fliould be feparated from 
 the Place, it would then become an Out-xvorkj 
 and be called Unvelin or Half-moon, altho' it 
 retain'd the Form of a BaH-ion 
 
 The COVI{TINB, or Court ain, is that part 
 of the B^mpire which is between two Baftions, 
 as fg, in the id. Figure. 
 
 The FACES of the Baftion are thofe two 
 fides of it which form its Point or Angle towards 
 the Country, as in the id. Fig. bd, be. 
 
 The FLANK, of a Baftion, is that fide of 
 it, whereby its Face is join'd to the Courtine. 
 id. Fig. dg. or cf. 
 
 The GO^pE is the Entrance of the Baftion, 
 from ftog. 
 
 DEMI-GOHGE, is a Line drawn from the 
 middle of the Entrance of the Baftion, to the 
 Pd^nt where the Flanks and Courtine meet, as in 
 the id. Fig. ef or eg. 
 
 The CAPITAL of a Bafiicn, is a Line drawn 
 from the meeting of the two Demi-gorges in e, 
 to the Point of the Baftion h. 
 
 The SHOVLDEI{_ of a Baftion is that part 
 ©f a Flanks next to the Face. It is fo called 
 when 'tis left flat, becaufe it juts out and covers 
 the Artillery plac'd in the other part of the Flayik 
 near the Courtine. 
 
 O^ILLON is the fame part of the Flank, 
 when 'tis made round, as in the Baftions forti- 
 fied after Mr. Vaiibm% Method. 
 
 OPEN FLANKi, is that part of the FLinf;^ 
 which is cover'd by the Shoulder or Orillon. 
 . HIGH- PLACE and LOH^ PLACE, are the 
 two Batteries of the Flahk^, whcrccn the Artil- 
 lery is mounted. The higher is the inncrmc ft, 
 and (hoots over the lower. Formerly they were 
 contrived one on the top of the other, by means 
 of an Arch called CAT^EMATE. But Expe- 
 rience having fliewn their Inccnvenicncy, the 
 one being rendred ufclcfs by the Smoke of 
 the other, and the Enemy's Canon eafily over- 
 throwing both the Arch and Batteries, the Mo- 
 dems have only retain'd the Name of thefaid 
 Arch, and now call Casemates the Batteries 
 which are raifed in the Flanl{. 
 
 The I^AZ^ANT {Gra:^ingJ ox Flankjng LINE 
 OF DEFENCE, is aline, which being drawn 
 along the Face of a Baftion, terminates at the 
 Point of the oppofite Baftion, v/here the Flank 
 and Courtine join, as in the id. Fig. bg or bfuve 
 the Flanking Lines of Defence. 
 
 The FICHANT, or FIX'D LINE OF DE- 
 FENCE, is drawn along the Face of the Ba- 
 ftion, and terminates in the Courtine. 
 
 The SECOND FLANK., or Flank, of the 
 Courtine, is that part of the Courtine between 
 the Flank, and the Point where the Fichnnt 
 Line of Defence terminates. This fecond Flank 
 is only found in Places fortified after the Dutch 
 and Italian Methods ; it is fo called becaufe 
 it afibrds the fame advantage as the Flank ; 
 it is alfo called Fire of the Courtine, becaufe 
 from that Place the Befiegers may fire upon 
 the Enemy, when he attacks the oppofite 
 Baftion. 
 
 A SAl LEANT- ANGLE, is that whofe Point 
 is towards the Country, as the Angle cbd'xn the 
 id. Fig. 
 
 The RfiENTRJNG- ANGLE, is that whofe 
 Point is towards the Center of the Place, as 
 ck.d. 
 
 The ANGLE OFT PIE CENTER, isform'd 
 at the Center of the Place by two Semi-Dia- 
 meters drawn from two Extremities of the Po. 
 hgon, as in the id. Fig. the Angle i ab, or bah, 
 are called Angles of the Center. 
 
 The ANGLE OP THE POLYGON, or of 
 the Circumference, is comprehended by two 
 fides of the Place or Polvgon, as the Angle, 
 / b h. 
 
 The FLANKiD ANGLE, or the Ayigle of 
 the Baftion is comprehended by the two Faces 
 of the Baftion, and is in the id. Fig. mark'd 
 by c bd. 
 
 The 
 
(4 ) 
 
 The ANCyLE VOKMJKG.FLAUK, 's that 
 by which rhe Hollanders ufe to determine the 
 grearnels of tiiC Flanks. 
 
 The In.vard FLANKJNG-AKGLE is made 
 cy the CoLirclne and che Ila^ant, FLiul^ing 
 Line of Defence, mark'd ifg, or hgf, or 
 hf?, or hg f. 
 
 The OVT'^VAi\p FLANKt!^G ANGLEy or 
 the Afig'e of the Tefiaille, is comprehended by 
 the two Flankjtig Lines of Defence, as h Ih, 
 And b l{i, in the 2d. Fig. 
 
 The ANGLE OF THE SHOVLDER^, is 
 made by the Flanks and the Face, fuch as b c f, 
 or b dg. 
 
 The DIMINISH'D AKGLE, is form'd by 
 the Face of a Bailion, and the Line drawn from 
 the Point of one Baftion to another, which is 
 called the OVTI^VAR^D-SIDE, or the SIDE OF 
 THE POLYGON. Thus in the 2^. Fig. / ^ c, or 
 hbd, are Diminifh'd Angles. 
 
 A RJZGVLAR^ PLACE or FOTiJIFICA- 
 TION, is that whofe Angles, Sides, Baftions, 
 in fliort, all its other Parrs are equal. It gene- 
 rally bears the Name of the Number of its 
 Angles : Thus we call a PENTAGON that 
 which has 5 Angles, and confcquently 5 Ba- 
 ftions; The EXAGON, has 6; the EPTAGON, 
 7 ; the OCTOGON, 8 ; the ENNEAGON, 9 ; 
 the DECAGON, 10, the ENDECAGON, 11 ; 
 the DODECAGON, 12; the SQXJ A f(^Ey 4 , the 
 TBJANGLE, 3. 
 
 Il\[{EGVLAI{_ PLACE or Fortification, is 
 that whofe Sides and Angles are unequal. 
 
 The INTEFiJOR^ POLYGON, is the Circuit 
 of the Place comprehended by the Courtines, 
 without entering the Baftions. 
 
 The EXTE{{IO\ POLYGON, isthecompafs 
 of the Place from one Point of one Baftion to 
 
 another, thus in the 2^/. Fig. ib, and h b, ar 
 two Sides of the Exterior Polygon. 
 
 The SIDE OF THE PLACE, is the fame 
 with that of the Interior Polygon, that is to fay, 
 the Com tine with the two Demi-Gorges, viz. 
 cgfm, or efgn. 
 
 The DISTANCE OF THE BASTIONS, is 
 the Side of the Exterior Polygon, viz. b b, or 
 b i. 
 
 The LITTLE SEMI-DIAMETEIi of the 
 Place, is drawn from the Center of the Place 
 a, to the Entrance of the Baftion c, or n, or 
 m. 
 
 The Gl{EAT SEMTDIAMETEll of the 
 Place, is drawn from the Center of the Place, 
 a, to the Point of the Baftion b, or /, or h. 
 
 A lipYAL FORTIFICATION is that, whofe 
 Line of Defence is 1 20 Fathom long ; in pro- 
 portion of which Line, all the other confider- 
 able Lines are to be drawn. 
 
 ICHNOGF^APHY, is a Draught, Reprefenta- 
 tion or Ground Plot of any Fort or other W'ork» 
 either made or to be built, drawn ordelinated 
 on Paper, fhewing and defcribing its Form 
 and Proportion with all its Lines and Angles, 
 and all other Parts belonging to it. 
 
 OBJiOGR^APm, or PRpFTL, is a perpendicu« 
 lar.orupright Draught of any Fortification, as it 
 does prefent it fclf to the View being finifh'd, 
 fliewing all the Breadths, Heights and Lengths 
 of the Rampart y Parapet, Ditch, Counter/carp, 
 &:c. 
 
 SCENOGI{APHY, is the Draught of any 
 Work prefented with its Shadows, as the Work 
 it felf (hews with its Dimenfions, according 
 to the Rules of Perfpeclive. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Of the OUT- WORKS and CITTADELS. 
 
 THE OVT^ORJ^^ are accidental Parts of 
 a Fortification ; the chief of them are, 
 K'^''^^lins, Iliif moons, Hoin worlds, Tcnnilles, 
 Croivn-vpoiks, &C. 
 
 A RjiVELlK, is a Work compos'd at kaft of 
 two Faces (and fomctimes of two Faces and 
 two Flanks, almoft like a Baflion cut 'off) ly- 
 ing br-yond eHc DacH, for the covering of the 
 Courtin?, B'/V'Vor G^ate, a'nd farrouricjed to- 
 wards the Country with a Dirch generally 10 
 
 Fathom broad. It has a Rampirealfo ro Fa- 
 thoms broad, not fo high as that of the Place, 
 with a Parapet 3 Fathoms thick, z3c. but it 
 lies open towards the Fortification. Some ufe 
 the Words of Ravelin and Half-moon prbmif- 
 cuoufly. 
 
 A HALF-MOON, is an Out- work exadly 
 refcmbling a Baftion cut oft", it is placed before 
 the Angle of the Baftion, and is Arch'd in 
 form of a Crefcent, or Half moon on that 
 
 'fid€ 
 
( 5) 
 
 fide which lies towards the faid Baft ion j from 
 whence it has its Name. Irs Ditch, [{ampire 
 and Breafl-vporkj have the fame Dimenfions as 
 thofe of the J^avelitj. 
 
 A HOI{Nl^yOf{Ki., is apiece of Fortificati- 
 on feparaced from the Place, and extended to- 
 wards the Country with Parallel Lines ; it ge- 
 nerally covers the whole Courtine, but is fome- 
 times placed before a Baftion.in order to enclofe 
 Sources of Springs, Churches, commanding 
 Places and the like. This Work is drawn 
 three feveral ways ; The firft is a SINGLE 
 TENAILLE, with two Faces and a Re-entring 
 Angle in the middle; the fecond is a DOV- 
 SLE-TENAILLE, ( fuch as G in the great 
 Figure ) with two reentring Angles and four 
 Faces ; and the third (Tuch as F in the great 
 Figure) has two Half-Bafiions aad a Courtine. 
 But generally the name of Horn-work^ is only 
 given to this laft, and that of Tenaille to the 
 two firft. 
 
 When a SINGLE TENAILLE is narrower 
 towards the Place than towards the Country, 
 it is called a Sl^ALLOlV'TAIL ; and if it be 
 a Doulple-Tenaille, it is called a PI(IEST-BON- 
 NET. Thefe two Outworks are feldom made 
 ufe of, as being of very fmall Defence, and 
 the lofs of which may prove fatal to the Be- 
 fieged. 
 
 Sometimes the Single Tenaille is drawn nar- 
 rower towards the Country than towards the 
 Place, in which Cafe 'tis call'd a COVNTEl{' 
 SI^ALLOJ^-TAIL. 
 
 Mr. Vauban us'd formerly a fort of Out- 
 work juft before the Courtine, which he call'd 
 a Tenaille, but having by Experience found 
 it ufelefs and Incommodious, he has of late 
 left it off. 
 
 A C^WN'PVO^Kj, is a piece of Fortifica- 
 tion having two Sides, two Courtines, one 
 whole Bafticn and two Half-Baftions -, which 
 
 Out-work by reafon of Its largencfs, and good 
 Defence, is to be prefer 'd before all the for- 
 
 mer. 
 
 A CRP^NED HOnfiHOP^K, is nothing 
 but a HorkjVpork, with a Crovenworli^ before it, 
 whofe Figure is not always the fame. 
 
 A COVNTE[{GVAI{p, is an Outwork which 
 fervcs fomecimes to cover a I^avelin^ fometimes 
 a Baftion, and fometimes fome other part of a 
 Fortification. Its form is different according 
 to the difpofition of the Ground, or the Fancy 
 of Ingenicrsj Both which have a great influ- 
 ence on the Figure of all the other Pieces of 
 Fortification. 
 
 The Ditch, I{ampire and Parapet of all thefc 
 Outworks are the fame with thofe oi I{avtlins and 
 Half-mocns ; and as for the Cover d-way, and 
 Glacis, they have already been defcrib'd a- 
 mong the Eflential Parts of a fortified Place. "^ 
 
 A CITTADEL is a fmall Fortrefs builc 
 partly within and partly without a Place, to 
 keep thofe Inhabitants in awe,- whofe Fide- 
 lity is djflirufted. Wherefore Cittadels ought 
 always to be rais'd higher than the City 
 Fortifications, to the end they may be able 
 to command them. 
 
 Cittadels are fometimes a StjuarP, fomecimes 
 a Pentagon, and fometimes an Exagon j for 
 their Figure and Enclofure depends rather up- 
 on the Neceffity and Nature of the Ground, 
 than a voluntary choice. 
 
 The Defences of the City, on the Cittadel 
 fide, ought always to be demolifli'd, to the 
 end, that if the Inhabitants fhould happen to 
 revolt, or the Enemy to become Mafters of it, 
 they may not be able to make any advantage 
 of their own Fortifications j efpecially the 
 Flanks of the Baftions of the Place which join 
 to the Cittadel are to be ruined, continuing 
 their Faces in a right Line, and floping dowti 
 the Ramparts to the Ditch of the Cittadel. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 Gemrd MAXIMS or PRINCIPLES of the Art of FORTIFICATIOX' 
 
 1. A LL the Parts of a Fortification ought 
 XSl to he flanked or defended. 
 
 z. The Line of Defence ought not to ex- 
 ceed Mu«ket'fliot, 
 
 3. The whole Fortification, and particularly 
 that of the Flanks ought to be ftrong enough 
 to refift the Enemy's Canon. 
 
 4. The Fortrefs ought to command fthatis, 
 be higher than) all the Places round about it. 
 
 3. The Works which lie remoreft from the 
 Center of the Place, ought to be feen and 
 commanded by thofe that are neareft. 
 
6. The Equality of Strength is the only Pro- 
 portion that ought to be obferv'd in fortifying 
 a Place. 
 
 7- The FIanl(c{ Angle ought not to be lefs 
 than 64 Degrees. 
 
 8. No Angle of a Polygon lefs than a right, 
 ('or 90 Degrees^ is proper to be fortified. 
 
 9. Too little Baftions are good for nothing. 
 
 10. The greaceft f /rt«/y ^'"^ ^^^ beft. 
 
 (6) 
 
 11. The Flank ought not to be Perpendicu- 
 lar either to the Face, or to the Line of De- 
 fence. 
 
 1 2. The greateft Gorges are the beft, 
 
 1 3. The Ihorteft Faces are the bcft. 
 
 14. Some part of the Flank, ought to be 
 covcr'd j that is, not expos'd to the Enemy's 
 View. 
 
 A R T I C L E V. 
 Of The OFFENSIVE PART of FORTIFICATION, or of SIEGES 
 
 and BLOCKADES. 
 
 THE Incamping or Sitting-down of an Ar- 
 my before a Place in order to take it 
 either by open Force, or by Famine is call'd 
 a SIEGE, 
 
 There are eleven k<Sts proper for a Siege j i . 
 Rocking up the Town ; z. The difpofjng the 
 ^amj> or Quarters; 3. Circumvallation, and Con- 
 travallation ; 4. The Opening of the Trenches ; 
 5. The carrying on the Lines of Approaches j 6 
 The Batteries for great Guns ; 7 The Line of 
 Communication; S.The Sapp; 9. The Gallery; 
 10 The Mine, and ii. The Storm, or general 
 Affault, 
 
 The BLOCKADE. 
 
 I. When the Befiegers take care to ftop all 
 ways and Paflages, and all Intelligence that 
 may be fent into or out of the Town or Fort 
 that is attack'd, this is call'd a BLOCKADE, 
 or BLOCKING VP THE TOlVN. 
 
 AfToon as the Place is Blocked up, a Gene- 
 ral ought to confider whether it be like to be 
 reliev'd by the Enemy's Army, or whether be- 
 ing Mafter of the Field, he has nothing to fear 
 but from the GAI{liISON, (^ which is a certain 
 number of Officers and Soldiers that Defend a 
 Place.) 
 
 In the firft cafe, he ought to make a CIl(- 
 CVM^ALLATION, both 10 fecure his Army, 
 and ftop the Enemy's. 
 
 In the fecond Cafe, it is Sufficient to dif- 
 pofe the Camp and Quarters, and without loHng 
 any Time in Raifing Forts, he may open the 
 Trenches, make Lines of Approaches, and raife 
 Batteries to ruin the Defences of the Place;, 
 unlefs he defigns to take the Town by Famine, 
 for in this laft Cafe it is necelTary to make a 
 
 Circumvallation y were it but to keep in the In' 
 habitants, it being certain that the more Mouths 
 there is in a Place, the fooner its Provifions 
 will be confum'd. 
 
 The CAMP and Q^A^EF^S. 
 
 II. The Place being Block 'd up, and all the 
 Army, Baggage, Provifions of War, and the Ar- 
 tillery arriv'd, then the CAMP is form'd out. 
 And here is to be well confider'd the Conditi- 
 on and Scituation of the Place, how the i^A^ 
 TE^Sy as well for the Cavalry, as Infantry may" 
 be diftributed, and how beft fecur'd with fuf- 
 ficient Trenches, Batteries, ^edoudts and other 
 "Works neceffary ; moft particularly the follow- 
 ing Circumftances muft be regarded ; i. Hills, 
 and other eminent places near a Camp, which,, 
 muft be fecur'd by ftrong Works or by a De- 
 tachment of Soldiers, or elfe altogether avoided. 
 
 2. The Camp\r\xi?i be nhovd Cannon- [hot 
 from the Town, that fo the Enemies Guns may 
 do it no damage. 
 
 3. If the Camp muft be fornri'd in a low 
 Place, great care muft be taken, that it may 
 not be ovcrflow'd and drown 'd. 
 
 4. If it happens that the Camp muft be near 
 a Wood, then the t^ood muft be included in 
 the Trenches, or elfe deftroy'd and burnt up, 
 
 5. That if the Place ttands upon a I{iver, 
 there muft be a Detachm.ent made of one Part 
 of the Army to take its Quarters on the other, 
 fide with Bridges of Communication well For- 
 tified. 
 
 6. That all Pofls and Paffages which lead, 
 to or from the Camp, muft be well Fortified 
 apd fuficiently Guarded. 
 
 Of 
 
(7) 
 
 Of the Lines oj CONrBJVALLAriO'N nnd'CIR^ 
 CVMVALLATION. 
 
 III. Afrer the C/r;;;/) is fonn'd, the next thing 
 is to chufe a fit Place to begin the Line of 
 CONTI^AVALLATION , call'd Brenkjng of 
 Groundy which is to be chofen beyond Musket 
 or Fnlcon-fhot: from the Town. This Line, if 
 the Garrifon be ftrong, is carried round about 
 the Town to keep them in, and hinder the SAL' 
 LIES of the Be/ieged, from hurting the Bejie- 
 gers. And if the Enemy have Armies near, 
 that may endeavour to raife the Siege^ before the 
 Town can be taken, then there muft be made 
 another Line farther into the Field, which is 
 call'd the Line of CIRCUMVALLATION. 
 The Breadth of either of thefe Lines is about 
 loor II Foot, and the depth 4, 5 or 6 Foot. 
 Upon thefe Lines within Musket- (hot, or 750 
 Foot one from another, are to be plac'd RE- 
 DOUBTS, LONG. SQUARES with TEN- 
 AILLES, TRIANGLES, RAVELINS.HALF- 
 MOONS, HALF- BASTIONS, STAR- 
 WORKS, FIELD-SKONCES, INDENTED- 
 LINES, TRAVERSES and other Forts with 
 I^ampartSi whofe B^/is may be fome 9 or 10 
 Foot think. The interior hight or the Parapet 
 6 Foot, The Exterior 5 Foot, The Banquet 3 
 Foot broad, and i and a half high. Thefe 
 Works indeed are various, and are made accord- 
 ing to the circumftances of the Place, the 
 Strength of the Enemy, and Danger of the 
 Army, as we faid before. 
 
 The DiflFerence between ^Line ofCircumvnlla- 
 tion and a.Lifte of Cc^itravaHation is, that in mak- 
 ing the firft the Earth is thrown up towards the 
 Fields, and in the other towards the Town. 
 
 The Line of Circumvallatjon is to be carried 
 round the Camp, enclofing ground enough for 
 all the Army to lodg in j and the Quarters of 
 the General and other great Commanders are 
 to be plac'd round about, fo as they may con- 
 veniently relieve each other. 
 
 Of OPENING the TI^ENCHES. 
 
 IV. The Lines of Cifcumvallaticn and Con- 
 travallation being finilh'd, if ,tis defign'd to re- 
 duce the Town by Famine, nothing more needs 
 to be done than to provide for the Entertain- 
 ment ai.d Subfiftance of the Army, and to be 
 upon the Guard againll the Sallies of the Gar- 
 rilon, and the Enemy from without; but if 'ris 
 relblved to take the Town by open Force, the 
 
 Ingeniers muft mark the Place for opening the 
 TRENCHES, that is the beginning of the 
 Line of APPROACHES, which may be about 
 rooo or I2CO Foot from the Countcrfcarp or 
 Glacis of the Town. There ought firft to 
 be bu?lt a Redoubt or Battery of Guns well 
 Flank'd, to keep or divert the Enem.y from 
 Firing into the Trenches, which Line is car- 
 ried on obliquely, fo that no Shot can be made 
 out of any Work of the Town that may 
 Scour the Trenches. With 3 or 4 Turnings 
 you may approach to the Glacis : An the end 
 of each Turning there muft be a I{edouit 
 built for Guards. The Breadth of thefe Tren- 
 ches may be 10, iz or 14 Foot at the Top, 
 the depth 4 Foot, lo that the Depth and Bank. 
 made of Earth thrown out towards the Ene- 
 my, may be a Good and fafe Covert for the 
 Soldiers, and may be 6 or 8 Foot at the Bot- 
 tom, with 2 or 3 fteps to get up to the Breaji- 
 vporkj, but deeper and wider as you come nearec 
 to the Town. But if the Ground be R^ckj or 
 Marfhy, then there muft be provided abun- 
 dance of Hurdles, Gabions or Cannon Baskets, 
 and Bavins, to make great EJpautements well 
 Flank'd to cover theSouldiers from the Enc* 
 mies Cannon. 
 
 The Branches of the Trenches are call'd 
 BOTAVX. 
 
 Of the Carrying on the LINES OF APPROACH- 
 ES and raijing BATTEfiJES. 
 
 V.For the Carrying on t^e'Lines of Approaches, 
 and raifing Batteries, thtr In7eniers muft be fure 
 to be provided, \ft with PILES and PALIS' 
 SADOES made of Wood, about 3 Inches, or 
 little Ids, in diameter,5 or 6 Foot high, wrought 
 round, plated or fl-.od with Iron at the Points^ 
 and having 2 or 3 great Iron Nails driven 
 through them towards the Head 8 or 9 In- 
 ches long. 
 
 2. With Chcvaux dc Frife, being Turn-pikes, 
 or fpars of 12 cr 14 Foot long, and about 6 In- 
 ches Diameter, having 6 fidc-s bored with holes 
 one right ujider another, on each fide abouc 6 
 Inches diftant one from the other. The Pick: 
 ets that are driven irito the holes are 5 or 6 
 Foot long, pointed with Iron \t both"' zrt^s^ 
 and well faftncd into the holes. Thefe are 
 of great ufe to flop the Enemy in the Bieach-.s. 
 
 3. BARRlCADOES, thr:c is a Fence made 
 of Paliffadocs ' 
 
 4. CHANDILEEPS, that is, a Fr?.mc ro 
 lay Fagots, or Iqd£^ Ihufk-rfccdui, 
 
 5. MAN- 
 
(S) 
 
 5. MANTELETS, or BLINDS made of 
 Boards or Jong Planks, and fiU'd with Earth, 
 4 or 5 Foot high, i Foot and a half thick, i, 
 3. or 5 Rod long, which are moveable to fliel- 
 ter the Musketeers and M'^orkmen. 
 
 7. CHAUSTRAPS, Cnhhrcfs, or Crowfeet 
 which are four pointed Irons, one Point where- 
 of is always upwards. 
 
 8. MUSKET-BASKETS, ox fmnllcr Ga- 
 bions about a Foot and a half high, 8 or lo 
 Inches at the Bottom, and a Foot at the Top 
 Diameter, and are ufually plac'd upon Low- 
 'Br£a(i-lJ^orks, or when the great Work is beaten 
 down. 
 
 9. Ca.nvas BAGGS OF EARTH, about a 
 Foot in Diameter, and a Foot and a half 
 in length, to be laid upon the Parapets, or on 
 the Edges of Intrenchments. 
 
 I o. BEETLES of all fores to drive Piles or 
 PaliJJadoes, with into the Ground. 
 
 11. GINS for lifting up and Ihifting 
 Guns. 
 
 11. Shovels, Spades, Pickaxes, TVheel-^arrovps, 
 Uand'Barrovps, and R/immers. 
 
 13. MORTAR- PIBCES, great and lefler, 
 with Granadoc-S hells or Bombs and all materials 
 belonging to them, Hand-Granadoes fitted with 
 Fuj[eeSy Carcajfes, &c. 
 
 On the Wings of the Trenches it will not be 
 improper to raile E/paulements in form of a Tra- 
 verfe, the better to hinder the Sallies, and fa- 
 vour the Progrefs of the faid Trenches, by. 
 fupporting the J^orkjuen. Thefe E/paulements 
 are little Trenches which face the Place, and 
 have Communication with the great Trenches. 
 
 Of BATT E KI ES. 
 
 VI. The PLATFO!{MS for the Batteries are 
 made between the great Trenches : the firft are 
 fartheft from the Place, and ferve only to hin- 
 der Sallies. But as the Trenches advance, other 
 Batteries arc rais'd to ruin the Defences oi 
 the Town, that is to fay, the Parapets, and 
 ro difmount the Artillery of the Be/ieg'd; laft- 
 ly, the Batteries ro make Breaches are neareft 
 to the Counter/carp. 
 
 Of THE LINE OF COMMUNICATION. 
 
 VII. When the Trenches are brought to the 
 Foe: of the Glacis, then there* ought to be 
 made a Line of COM MV NIC /IT ION, betwixt 
 the two or more Approaches that were carried 
 on at one Tim.e. This Trench is to be fiU'd 
 
 with Mufrjueteers, who are continually to hin- 
 der the Enemy from (liewing their Heads above 
 the I{ampire, while the Canons are beating 
 down the Parapets, and levelling the H^orkj. 
 
 Of the Line cali'd the SAP?. 
 
 VIII. When you can no longer draw your 
 Trenches obliquely, there is cut a ftrait deep 
 Trench or long Channel, cali'd the Sapp, through 
 the Parapet oi the Glacis, dire(5tly to that pare 
 of the Fortification which is defign*d for the 
 Mine and Attacks which is commonly at the 
 end of the Faces of the Bajlion. 
 
 This Channel or Trench is made deeper than 
 the reft of the Approaches, and is cover 'd above 
 with Boughs, Hydes or other neceflary Matter, 
 to keep the Pioneers or I^orkjnen from the fight 
 of the Befieged. 
 
 Of the filing tip the DITCH, and carrying 
 over the GALLERY. 
 
 IX, The SAPP being advanc'd through the 
 Oitt-breaji-rvork. and Cover d-way unto the Ditch, 
 then great ftore oi Pioneers mult be employ'd to 
 carry Earth, Fafcines, Stones, Sec. in l^heelbar' 
 roves or otherwife, Night and Day, to fill up 
 the Moat, whether it be wet or dry. 
 
 The Mount is to be rais'd on that fide which 
 refpedls the Enemies Courtine and oppofite Flankj 
 and fo to be wrought and carried on with 
 fuch a breadth, that the Gallery may be con- 
 veniently fet upon it ; the upper pare of which 
 muft be well lecured againlt Fire, by being 
 cover'd with a Foot and a half of Earth* 
 Thefe Galleries are made of Frames of Timber 
 fome 9 or I o Foot wide, and the height 9 Foot. 
 And that fide towards the Enemy's Flank muft 
 be double plank'd, and Musket- proof ; or Chan' 
 dileers and Faggots may be planted to lave 
 the Pioneers. Thefe Frames are to ftand 7 or 
 8 Foot one from another, till the Galleries 
 reach to the Foot of the Baflion. 
 
 Of the MINE. 
 
 X. The Gallery being brought over to the 
 Face of the Bajiicn, the next thing is to make a 
 MINE, which is done by Miners, with Inftru- 
 ments fit for thatPurpofe, and is generally made" 
 4 Foot, or 3 and a half high and wide, but. 
 narrower the nearer you come to the place ap- 
 pointed, called the CHAMBER^ of the Mine 
 The Channel is made winding by feveral turns 
 
 wrought 
 
(9) 
 
 wrought on to prevent the ftrength of the 
 Powder from coming out forwards. When 
 the Miner is come to the Place defign'd, which 
 cughc to be further than the outward Talud, 
 then he makes the Chamber for the Ponder, 
 which is about 8 or lo Foot wide, and 4 or 
 5 Foot high. Here he puts the Barrels of Pow- 
 der, which mu(t not be long there before the 
 Time of Execution, left it grow moift and be 
 fpoil'd. The Mouth of the Mine muft be 
 clofe ftopp'd, putting crofs Timbers in each 
 I^eturn, leaving a Trmili or hollow Pipe full of 
 Powder for the Traht, To that putting a Match 
 to ir, the Mine may be blown up at the Time 
 appointed. 
 
 Of a STORM or GENERAL ASSAULT. 
 
 XL The Mine being Sprung, and having 
 made a fufficient BR^EACH, the laft thing to 
 be done, in order to take a Town, is to give 
 it a GENEI{AL ASSAVLT. . 
 
 When every Thing is in a readinefs, the beft 
 time to mount the Breach is in the Day Time, 
 when Emulation fires each noble Spirit, and e- 
 ven Shame gives Courage to Cowards. Befides, 
 that the Befiegers Artillery plays more exadtly 
 upon th- Defences of the Town, and upon the 
 Head of the Breaches, than they could do in 
 the Night; befides, that they who are com- 
 manded to enter the Breach, would be in dan- 
 ger, in the dark, of being kill'd by their own 
 Shot. 
 
 The Signal being given by a Bomb, or fom^^ 
 other luminous Ball flint up in the Air, every 
 one muft go to the Affault according to his 
 Quality and the Orders he has received. Now 
 in regard it is of great concern to give the 
 Befieg'd fcvcral Diver/ions at the fame Time, 
 and to difturb them in their Defences, befides 
 the two Breaches, which are the leaft number 
 that can be made in order to a general ^Jfaulf, 
 the General therefore hotly alarms, aud threatens 
 fevcral other Places at the fame inftanc ; and 
 appoints (tout rcfolutc Men, well furnifti'd 
 with fliort Arms, Petards, Granadoes, Fire- 
 fots. Scaling Ladders, &c. fome of which, by 
 the help of Mantelets or Portable Defences (hall 
 approach the Gates, and apply the Petard, whilft 
 otliers Scale the Walls ; every one making ufe 
 of Fire-works, and continuing the Adlion with 
 Vigor until the Place be gaind. 
 
 Affoon as the Befiegers are Mafters of the 
 Head of a Breach, they ought to lodge themf elves 
 there, if they have realon to think that the 
 Town will beat a Parley, in order to Capitu- 
 late, and thereby fave themfelves from being 
 Plunder' d; for otherwife 'tis beft to carry on 
 the Afla'uk Whilft the firft vigorous Attack^ 
 has ftruck Terror thro* the Befeged. 
 
 As for lyiTBJiKCHMENTS their Form is 
 to be dctermin'd by the Nature of the Ground, 
 the Figure of the I'Vcrk^ which the Befiegers 
 have carried, and the Skill and Prudence of 
 the Ingenier. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 Moft of the TERMS us'd both in Defenfive and Offenfive FORTIFI- 
 CATION, are Comprehended in the foUor^ing French VERSES. 
 
 T)Ans les fiecles premiers rien PC flanqmit les Forts , 
 
 On ne poiivoit braver I'infulte du dehors ; 
 On connut ce defaiit, on fit des Tours quarrees, 
 IVim petit intervalle entr'elles lV*parecs ; 
 Ec la fuite d II Terns, qui dcuiHe les Yeux, 
 Arrondit ccs Qiiarrez pour flav.cjtier beaucoup mleux. 
 Mais depuis que Berthold eut invente la Potidre, 
 A chercher d'autrfS Flaiics, il faUit fe rcfoudrc. 
 On fit des Bajlious, autrement Bouki/ards, 
 Qi" (ont les vrais foutiens des Mtirs 2c des Ramparts, 
 11^ ont ^gle Fbnfie, F.ue, j4>igle de I'Epaule, 
 Fianc, Lipie Capitale, & Gorge a double Rolle j 
 
 La Courtine phcc'e cntre deux Baftions, 
 
 A qiielqucfois deux Flancs, que Ton nomme Seconds, 
 
 La Ligne de Defe-.ife en rel cas eft fchante ; 
 
 Cette Ligne autrement neft jamais que raz^nte. 
 
 V Angle diminiie, l^ Angle appeile FlaiujianT, 
 
 UAyigle de Covtrejcarpe, Sz.Jaiiia,.t, t?c rcntrairt-^ 
 
 L'Extcrieaf cAe, le Double Dianietrc, 
 
 Sont des Vermes de fArt qu'il ne taut pas ometne. 
 
 U Angle du Centre cncor du;t cere feu par coeur, 
 
 Et vous dcvez fur tout fupputer la FaUur. 
 
 Pour la trouvcr vovez h fomme refulcants 
 
 Du nombre des cotes, coupanr rrois ccns fbixantc, 
 
 D E^ 
 
p^ 
 
 ( lo ) 
 
 I'-t (le oentquatre viiigts /'y/«^/f du Centre bU 
 i^onncia la Valciir de Vy^ngU du Cote. 
 Lt: l\a7ic du grand Faiiban en cercle fe figure, 
 il touche VOril/on, il touche la Brifure^ 
 Autrefois on faifoit, peu raifonnablcment, 
 Un Ortllni ofuare qu'on nomme Epaulemtnt. 
 Cj^iant a ccs crois Dehors, Ra'velin, Demi-Lune, 
 Coiitrigardey ils ont tons qnclqiie chofe commune. 
 Qui tait qu'ils peuvent etie aifement compare z 
 Avec des Bafiions dn Rajnpart feparez. 
 Pour la Tenaille Simple, tk la Double Taiaille, 
 L'Efprit les voit bien-tor, pour peu qu'il y travaille. 
 La Simple qu'il connoit en faifant moins d'cfFort, 
 Avec VOwvrage a Come a toCijours giand rapport. 
 La Double qui reflemble a VOuvrage-d-ConronnCy 
 Ne pafle point par tout pour Defenie fort bonne. 
 Le Corridor, qu'on fait quelqucfois a Redans, 
 Eftle premier Dehors oii vont les Affiegeans. 
 h'Efplanade ou Glacis le fuit, il environne, 
 - Tous les autres Dehors ainfi qu'une Couronne. 
 Voila quels font les noms des principaux Dehors^ 
 Centre qui I'Affiegeant fait fes premiers Efforts. 
 Le Dijfnn ou le Plan fe nomme Ichnographie ; 
 La haiiceur ou Profil s'appelle Orthographie. 
 Sachez encor le Moc de Parapet, Cordon, 
 Poterjie, Fauffebraye, Emerafure, Merlon, 
 CaJ^matte, Talud, Plateforme, Banquette, 
 Pas de Sourif, Gazoti, Terre-plain Sc Cunette ; 
 Sachcz que la hauteur qu'on nomme Cavalier 
 Eft un lecond Rampart affis fur le prenaier. 
 Ija. Cajcane t{k. un Puits creufe contrela Mine; 
 LtsPortes ont Bacule^ Orgues, Pont, Sarrafine. 
 VEfcarpe 8c Contrefcarpe au Fo£e fe font voir, 
 Et ce font deux Taluds par oil I'on y peut cheoir, 
 Chaufitrape pointue, epaifle Barricade, 
 Fraiji, Che'val de Frife, Sc haute Palijjade 
 Arretent I'Ennemi dans fon premier Effort, 
 Embarraflent fes Pas, 8c lui ferment I'Abord. 
 
 Dans un Siege on fe fert dc Fortius, GalUrie, 
 Boyaux, Hute, Barraque, 8c Chars d'Artillerie ; 
 On y remirque encor Circonvallations, 
 Tr.mcbe'e 8c les Detours, Chandeliers, Gabions ; 
 Grenade, Pots d jeu. Mantelets, Sacs a Terre, 
 Mais ce qui montre mieux la Vigueur de la Guerre, 
 On y voit le Petard, joint a (on Madrier, 
 Le Boulet au Canon, 8c la Bombe au Mortier. 
 L'effroyable Carcajfe, invention recente 
 Remplit dans les Citez les Peuples d'Epouvanre ; 
 La Foudre ne fait point de Ravages plus grands. 
 Que ces'Traits ennammez qu'ont veu les Verniers terns. 
 II vous faut bien connoTtre exa£lement ces chofcs, 
 Leur Matiere, leur Nom, Icurs Efteds 8c leurs Caules j 
 Car, entre tous les Arts, Fortification 
 Dernande a votre Efprit grancfe Application. 
 11 faut ctudier d'abord la reguliere. 
 Qui fournit a voir I'auti'e une grande Lumiere ; 
 Pour I'avoir dans I'Efprit foit prefente en tout terns, 
 Retenez avec foin les Termcs Grecs fijivans : 
 Penta c'ctt. cinq; Ex, fix; Epta, fept fignifie j 
 05^0, huit ; (le Latin au Grec ici s'allie.) 
 Ennea, donne neuf ; Deca veut dire, dix; 
 Onze, c'eft Endeca, Dodeca, deux fois fix : 
 A chacun de ces Mots joignez celui de Gwf, 
 Et vous aui-ex le nom de chaque Polygene. 
 Pour les fortifier des fentiments divers, 
 On ne peut qu'en pafTant vous parler dans ces Vers. 
 Errard, que roaintenantentous lieux on furpafie, 
 Joignoit par y^ngle droit le Fiafjc avec la Face ; 
 D'autres pour decouvrir beaucoup mieux I'Aiflaillanr, 
 Joigncnt par single droit la Courtine 8c le Flanc. 
 La Ligne de defenfe eft perpendiculaire 
 Sur le Flanc de Pagan, Autheui- que I'on revere ; 
 Et dans ces derniers Jours le celebre yAUB/^N, 
 A perfe6Uonne Ic Dejfein de Pagan. 
 
 A Geo< 
 
( I« ) 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL, 
 
 AND 
 
 Hiftorical Defcription 
 
 O F 
 
 l^he mofl Kemarf^ble Fortified Towns in EUROPE. 
 
 I. S T E N D. 
 
 OS TEND, Lat OJienda, is a Sea-pore 
 Town, Seated in a Marfti, at the Moiuh 
 of the River Guele, and among divers 
 Channels ; but is chiefly encompafs'd, almoft 
 on all fides, by two of the greateft of them, in- 
 to which Ships of the greateft Bulk may en- 
 ter with the Tide. It was at firft only a 
 Village, but by reafon of its convenient Si- 
 tuation, it was waird round and very well 
 Fortified with a ftrong Rampart, a deep Ditch, 
 ten ( almoft regular) Baftions, and Tome Out- 
 Works. It is contriv'd fo, that the Sea may 
 be let in round the Town, for a great fpace, 
 which makes it much more Strong and Defen- 
 fible than before , and as it were Impregnable : 
 And to break the Violence of the Waves, they 
 have made great Chefts of Beams and Planks 
 filled with Stones. The Spaniards poflefs no 
 other Port in Flanders, but this and Newport^ 
 and this being the moft confiderableof the two, 
 they have enlarg'd the Haven, and made a great 
 Work in order to the carrying their Ships 
 over into that Cut which goes from Oftend 
 to Bruges, out of their Harbour, by theimeans 
 of a very great Lock, or Receptacle of Water 
 which communicates with both. The Town 
 
 ftands low, but the Streets are ftreighr, large 
 and Uniform; The Haven fuch that it can 
 never be block'd up. This Town was befieg'd 
 from Juljf 5. 1 60 1, to Sept. 22. 1604. by the 
 Spaniards, being then in the Hands of the Hol- 
 landers; and at laft was furrendred upon Good 
 Articles, after a Siege of 3 Years, 3 Months, 
 3 Weeks, 3 Days, and 3 Hours. Its ftout De. 
 fence againft the Arch-Duke Albert of Aiiflria, 
 and Marquefs Ambrofms Spiiiola, may be well 
 afcrib'd to the fupplies from England, and con- 
 du(5t of Sir Francis Veto. The Spaniard loft 
 78124. Men before this Place: The', when 
 the Arch-Duke Invefted it, They did not ex- 
 ped: itfhould hold out a fortnight, which made 
 the Dutchefs promife, She would near (hifc 
 her Smock until it were taken. The num- 
 ber of thofe who were kill'd, or died in the 
 Town during the Siege is computed at 150000. 
 Ofiend has ever fince been in the Hands of the 
 Spaniards : It ftands about 9 Miles N. E. of 
 Newport, i l. W. of Bruges, 20. S. W. of Slujs, 
 and almoft 35. W. of Ghent, Long. 22 D. 8. 
 m. Lat, 51. D. 1 8, m, 
 
 n. NEtr- 
 
( I^ ) 
 
 II. N E1VP0 RT, 
 
 NEPlVdRX* Lac. 'Nevus Partus, formerly 
 call'd Snnt-hojt in Dutchy that is to ("ay, 
 the Head of the Sands, is a Tcrong Sca-Porc- 
 Tcvvn in the Spnnifh Flanders, on the River 
 Tpcrle, which tho' bun a mean Channel, yet 
 where it falls into the Sea makes a confidera- 
 ble, long and fccure Haven ; altho' fcarcely 
 capable even at high Tides, of receiving Vel- 
 fels of any great Burden. It is a place of good 
 Strength, being fortified with a Rampart, with 
 I'quare and round Towers, and feverai Half- 
 Moons and Raveims. The Streets are broad 
 and ftrelghc, but the Houfes are generally low, 
 and moft part of Timber. The Inhabitants 
 fupport themfelves chiefly by the Fifhing Trade. 
 From hence the Englijh Packet Boat goes week- 
 ly to Dover. This Town being inverted by 
 the Hollanders in the Year 1600. under the 
 Command of Maurice Prince of Orange, af- 
 filed by fome Eng/i/h Troops, Commanded 
 by Sir Francis Vere, the Arch-Duke Albert of 
 Auflriai then Governor of Flanders came to its 
 Relief, with a numerous Army ; whence enfued 
 a memorable Battle, fought on the adjoinning 
 Sand-Hills, wherein Prince Maurice obtain'd a 
 very Signal Vi(ftory, and the Arch- Duke was 
 oblig'd to efcape by Flight ; in this AcStion 
 the EngUfJo diftinguifli'd themfelves by their 
 Bravery. Newport ftands 9 Miles S. W. of 
 Ofiend J 1 6. N. E. of Dunkirk, ; 1 9 almoft W. of 
 Bruges -J and 40. W. of Ghent, Long. 21. D. 
 55. m. Lat. 51. D. 14. m. 
 
 III. D E N J R D. 
 
 OVDENAI{p, Lar. Aldenarda, or Aldenar. 
 dam is a Town of the Spnnipo Flanders, 
 Seared on the K'wev Scheld, which divides it into 
 two Parts. It is a Town of good Wealth, by 
 means of the Trade, efpccinlly in its own Ma- 
 nnfad:ares,Tapeftry andfinel.inncn It is alfo the 
 Capital of a Cafteliany, which contains 33 Vil- 
 lages. Irs Fortificoticnsconnftin a Caftle call'd 
 Parn?!s. joln'd to the Town by a Bridge over 
 the River, a ftrong Rampart with Towers and 
 Baftions, and preic^' regular Outworks ; But is 
 Com.nandcd by a Ivgh Hill on the fide towards 
 ^Icjl, which rakes away from its odifrwife ad- 
 va itagcous Situation in 1434. this Town was 
 
 taken by ftratagem by Hilip of Cleves Lord 
 of F{aveflein ; furpriz'd by Blomart in i 567, be- 
 fieg'd and taken by the Prince of Parma in 
 1582.^ and by the French in 1658. but being 
 reltor'd to the Spaniards by the Pyrenean Treaty, 
 they again took it in 1667. and had it yielded 
 to them by the Treaty, ofAixla-Chappelle. It 
 was Befieg'd without fuccefs by the Spaniards 
 in 1674. but by the Peace of Nimeguen reftor'd 
 to rhem in 1679. ^nd it has ever fince remain'd 
 in their Hands. It ftands 14. Miles S. oi Gent, 
 and ^6. W. oi Bruffels, Long. 25. D. 48. m. 
 Lat, 51. D. 15. m. 
 
 IV. MAEST RIC HT 
 
 MAESTI^ICHT, Lat. Obtricum, Trajeaum ad 
 Mofam, or TrajeEium, Superius, to dif- 
 tinguilh it from Vtrecht, call'd TrajeEium ad 
 t(henum, or TrajeEium Inferius ftands on the 
 Weftern fide of the River Maes , ( or Meufe ) 
 which has here a beautiful Stone-Bride of 9 
 Arches, and where was always a Ferry or Pal- 
 fage, call'd Trecht in Dutch, from whence the 
 Town has its Name. On the Eaftern Bank 
 lies the Wick., which is a Suburb to the City. 
 The Bifhops of Liege and the Dukes of Brabant 
 heretofore divided the Jurifdidlion of this City 
 betwixt them, but it was in the Hands of the 
 latter, and with that Dutchy pafs'd to the Houfe 
 of Aufiria. In the War-time taking part with 
 the States of Holland, it was befieg'd by the 
 Prince of Parma in 1579, and tho' thry made a 
 very vigorous Defence they were forc'd to fub- 
 mir,and continued under the S;>/?«;>rf till 1632, 
 When it was taken by the Hollanders, who 
 kept it in Purfijance of the Treaty of Munjler. 
 The Fre^ich took it, after a (harp Siege, in 
 1672. The Hollanders cndeavour'd the Re- 
 dudion of it in 1676. without Succefs; but 
 it was reftor'd to them by the eight Article of 
 the Treaty of Niynrgucn in 1678. The old 
 Buildings here are but ordinary ; but thofe built 
 fince the Hollanders have had the Town are of 
 Brick, and very fair, particularly the Stadt. Houfe 
 ( or Guild-hall ) which is a Structure of white 
 Scone, Seated in one of the Piazza's, and very 
 well Painted in the Infide. In another Piaz- 
 za is a Fountain, a Row of Trees and a great 
 Church. The City is large being rcckon'd 4 
 FM^lifh Miles in Circuit, but not very populous. 
 There are about 20 Monafteries, three Dutvh 
 Churches, one common to the Englijh and 
 
 French 
 
(I? ) 
 
 .Fr<?«c^ Proreftants ; and a handfom Glafs-houfe. 
 The Church of Sc, Servatius was formerly a 
 Collegiate, and had the Honour to have the 
 Duke of Brabant always one of its Canons ^ 
 it was alfo a Cathedral buik in honour of 
 that Saint, who planted the Chriftian Faith 
 here, was the Firft Bifhop, and died A. C 395. 
 from whom a Succeflion of 20 Bifhops ruled 
 in this City 3 but upon the Martyrdom of St. 
 Lambert, the See was tranflarcd to Liege in 
 713. This Town is very ftrong, having bc- 
 fides a good "Wall and Trench, many Out- 
 works of Modern Form, v/cll contriv'd to 
 oppofe the advantages Befiegcrs may have by 
 the Nature of the Earth, convenient for Mines 
 and Trenches. Towards the S. E. lies a HUI, 
 which arifes gently, and over-looks the Town ; 
 under this Hill is one of the noblefi: Quarries 
 of Stone in the World. To fecure the Town 
 from the ^diCadvantsge it might receive from 
 this Hill, there was formerly a Fort or Caftle 
 built upon if, but it has been long fince flighc- 
 ■€d, and they have cut an Horn- Work within 
 Musket-fhot of it, and the Baftion anfwering 
 to it is made very high to cover the Town, 
 On the other fide of the River (lands H^ck^ very 
 well fortified alfo, ( with four double Baftions, 
 a double Ditch and three Ravelins of an irre- 
 regular Form ) and rather ftronger than Maef- 
 tricbt, into which they may retire, if the Town 
 ihould be taken by Storm. All about the Wick, 
 the Country is flat. Maeflricht ftands 50 
 Miles E. of BruJJelsj and 14. N. of Liege. 
 Long. 25. D. Lat. 50. D, 54. m. 
 
 V. T V R N AT. 
 
 TOVRJ^AT, Lat. Tcrnacum, Belg. Dornick, 
 is the Capital City of a fmall Country in 
 French-Flanders, call'd Toiirnaijis, and the Seat 
 of a Soveraign Council or high Jurifdidion fince 
 1669. It is very ancient, being mention'd in 
 Antonine's Itinerary, and in the iitb Epiftle of 
 St. Jerome. It is feated in the midft of plea- 
 fant and fruitful Meadows, on the Banks of 
 the Scheld, and is dignified with an Epifcopal 
 See under the Metropolitan of Cambra-^. It 
 is a very confiderable City, being large, well 
 built, a place of good Trade, and very Popu- 
 lous. It is divided into ten Pariihes, the Churches 
 whereof are ftately, and the Cathedral,dedicated 
 to St. Mary, magnificent ; befides which there 
 are two Abbeys, and feveral Religious Houfes. 
 
 The Buildings in general are very handfom ; 
 and here are reckoned yz Companies of Trad- 
 ers, its Fortifications confift in a ftrong old 
 Wall defended with Towers, deep Ditches 
 and regular Out-works, befides a Caftle which 
 was built by our King Hc7iry VIII. by whom 
 this City was taken, but reftor'd to the French 
 upon Conditions in 1518. Afterwards the 
 Emperor Charles V. difpofilfs'd them in 1521. 
 Letv/jXIV. who took it from the Spaniards in 
 166']. and had it yielded to him by the Treaty 
 ofAixIa-Chappel/e, has rendrcd it much ftronger 
 than it was formerly, by the addition of new 
 Fortifications, chiefly of one of the bcft Ci- 
 tadels in Euroj?e, being a regular Exagcne, 
 Tcurnay ftands 15 Miles E. of Lifle. 32 ai- 
 med H^. of Mons, and 30 nigh S. o| Ghent, 
 Long, 2Z d. 36 m. Lat. 50 d. 43 m. 
 
 VI. BERG St. JVINOX. 
 
 BEIiG St. iriNOX, or ?r/iVOXB£/^G, Belg. 
 H^inoxbergcfz, Lat. Berg^ Sancli H^inoci^ 
 or i4'^inoci Mc?!s, or Vinohcrga ; and in times paft 
 Grcemheiga snd Mons ^iridis,\s another Town of 
 F)ejich Flanders, fituated in a moft fertile Coun- 
 try, with the Title of Vifcounty and Caftel- 
 lany, and has many Villages under its Jurif- 
 didion. The Town has its Name from a 
 Monaftery ereded on a Hill, in honour of Sr. 
 ff^inox, an EngUfk-mzn. Woollen Cloth is 
 made here ; but its Trade was formerly much 
 more confiderable than at prefent. This place 
 was taken by the French in 165S. and it was 
 yielded to them by the Pyrenean Treaty in 
 1695. fince which time they have rendred it 
 much ftronger than it was before, by feve- 
 ral Baftions, a good Horn-work, and other 
 Out-works. It ftands on the River Colme, 
 6 Miles almoft S. of Dunkjrkf and 12 £- of 
 Graveling. Long. 21 d. 37 m. Lat. 51 d. 
 2 m. 
 
 D 
 
 VII. D V N K,l R Ki, 
 
 VNKJIiK., Belg. Duy72jkerkei Gal. Dr)> 
 
 quer^us, Lat. Duntjurrca, is a Soporc 
 
 Town of French Flanders, built by the Earl 
 Baldwin III. call'd the Tcung. It derives its 
 Name from the Sand-hills, call'd, in Fleml/Jr, 
 Duynen, than are ranged along the Sea-Ihore, 
 E and 
 
( H ) 
 
 And on which a large Church, term'd, K^rk., 
 by the Natives, is credVed ; the high Tower 
 thereof appearing very far off to the Mariners 
 ac Sea. It is a good large Town, well built, 
 with neat large Streets, and very populous. 
 It is one of the five Ports of Flanders, and was 
 therefore n place of good Trade in the flou- 
 rifhing time of this Country ; afterwards in the 
 War-time, it became a Retreat of Pirates and 
 Robbers, who infefted the Seas, and very much 
 difturb'd Trade. In the late War its Inhabi- 
 tants have enrich 'd themfelvcs by Prizes, taken 
 chiefly under the Command of the famous Du 
 Bart. The Emperor Charles V. firft rais'd its For- 
 tifications, which the French dcmolifti'd when 
 they took and fack'd theTo\vn in 1558 claiming 
 it as Francis do Bourbon Earl oi Vendojme's Inhe- 
 rkancc. The Spaniards retook it in 1583. and 
 here a grcr.f pare of rhe Fleet defign'd to invade 
 England in 1588. was equipp'd by the Prince 
 oi Parma, but by the Vigilance of the Dutch 
 Fleet, which lay before the Harbour, they were 
 kept '^irv and could not join the reft of their 
 Fleet, which very much facilitated their over- 
 throw. The French took it again in 1646^, 
 under the Condud: of the Duke of Enghten, and 
 the Spaniards retook it in 1652. It was after- 
 wards finally taken by the Marefhal de Turen- 
 wff in 1658. by the joint Forces of France znd 
 England, and yielded to the Engli/h, in whofe 
 Hands it remained till 1662. when it was 
 fold to the French by K. Charles II. at the per- 
 fwafion of Chancellor Hide, for the fum of 
 900000/. fterling. The French who have ever 
 fince held it, have very much enlarg'd the 
 Town, and beftow'd prodigious Expence on 
 it Fortifications. The Town is defended by 
 nine Royal Baftions, eleven Ravelins or Half- 
 moons, lome cf which are cover'd with Coun- 
 terguards, and a Cittadel of 3 Baftions, of an 
 irregular Form, Befides thefe, the French have 
 dug a large Bafon or Dock within the Town, 
 capable of receiving 1 50 Ships of Burden, and 
 cut a Canal thro' the Splinter Sands, almoft a 
 JMile into the Sea, which is fecured by a Mole^ 
 ©r Gallery on each fide j on the middle of each 
 Gallery is a wooden Fort with 8 Guns in each; 
 and towards the end of the Moles are two 
 larger -Forts wkh 16 Guns planted on them. 
 Between the faid wooden Forts on the left 
 fide of the Mole, is another ftrong Fort call'd- 
 the I{ice-bankj well fecur'd by a 100 pieces of 
 Canon, which command the Port ; a work of 
 vaft Labour, Art and Charge, by which the 
 Ki of FrAnse intended to make it an Harbour 
 
 for his Ships of War, but was difappointed 
 of his Projedl; for the Sands do fo choak 
 up the Port, notwithftanding the Mole, that 
 with all the Advantage of the higheft Tides, 
 they cannot bring in a Ship of 70 Guns, with- 
 out unlading her. The Caferncs which have 
 been built in Dunkirk, "eai* the Rampart, to 
 lodge the Officers and Soldiers, deferve the Cu- 
 riofity of Travellers. In this Town is an 
 Englifh Nunnery, and Francifcans have a Cloy- 
 Itcr for Perfons of both Sexes. Dunkirk, ftands 
 54 Miles M'^. of Ghent, 16 S.M^. of Newport^ 
 19 almoft E. of Calais, an^ 24 S. W. of Q/?- 
 end. Long. 21 d. 30 m. Lat. 51 d. 7 m, 
 
 VIIL LIEGE. 
 
 LIEGEy Belg. Liiyck., Germ. Luttyck, Lat- 
 Laodium, Laodicum, and fometimes Legi/ty 
 is fituated on the left fide of the Maefe^ or Meufe^ 
 a little below the Place where Ourt runs into it, 
 with a Bilhops See Suffragant of the Archbi- 
 ftiop of Cologne. It is a free, im,perial City, un- 
 der the Protection of its proper Bifhop, who 
 ftiles himfelf Prince of the Empire, Duke of 
 Bouillon, Marquis of Franchimont, and Earl of 
 Loots and Hasbain j which are particular Lord- 
 (hips in the Bilhoprick of Liege. It is built 
 in a pleafant Valley, furrounded with Woods and 
 Hills, amongft fweet Springs which fall down 
 from them. The publick Buildings.as the Biftiop's 
 Palace.the Churches and Bridges, are fumptuous. 
 and magnificent. The Streets are fpacious and 
 well built; the River Maefe runs thro' the 
 Town in two Arms, and many fmaller Streams,- 
 which together with the Legie, and the three 
 Rivulets of Z)te, Vefe and Amhltiat ('which fall 
 into the Maefe before ic enters this City) wa^ 
 ter almoft every Street. There are a great num- 
 ber of Abbeys and Religious Houfes, and eight 
 Collegiate Churches. The Cathedral dedicated 
 to St. Hubert, is famous for its Chapter, to. 
 which no Canon can be admitted except he be 
 Noble by Birth, or by Learning;, that is, ex- 
 cept he be a Gentleman or a Dodlor. The 
 Bilhop's See was firft at Tongres, from thence 
 removed to MaeBritcht, and at laft by St.i/«-. 
 bert, fucceflbr of St. Lambert the Martyr, fettled 
 herein 713. before which Liege was a fmaU 
 Village only, but afterwards encreas'd daily, 
 and in icoy. Bifhop Notger caus'd it to be ■ 
 Wall'd. A vaft part of the Town within the . 
 Walls is not built, but employed in Vine- 
 yards 
 
(lO 
 
 yards and Orchards, which are very fruitful. 
 It is fuppos'd by fome to have beca built by 
 Amhorix, a German Prince mention'd by Julius 
 Ccefar, Here is an Univerficy, formerly exceed- 
 ing famous for the Perfons of great Quality Stu- 
 dents in it, many Kings Sons, befidcs Dukes 
 and Lords, were frequently found here ; nay, 
 in 1 131. there were no lefs than 23 King's 
 Sons refident in it, as Meibomius relates. The 
 City is fortified chiefly with a Cittadel and fe- 
 veral Out- works, and judg'd to be four Miles 
 in compafs. Befides the Churches above men- 
 tion'd there are many others, even to the number 
 of a hundred in all ; which as alfo the Con- 
 vents, are fo ftately and well built, that this 
 City is reckon'd to outvy any in Germany. 
 Among the Religious Houfes there's one of 
 £«^/zyfe Jefuits. In St. TVilliams Convent with- 
 out the Gate, lies buried the famous Englifj 
 Traveller Sir John MandeviL This City fuf- 
 fer'd very much from the Normans^ and from 
 one of the Dukes of Brabant who took it and 
 plunder'd it in iziz. And in 1409. John 
 Duke of Burgundy, talcing advantage of their 
 difagreement in the EIe(5tion of aBifliop, griev- 
 oufly afflicted ic,killing 36000 of them in a Battle, 
 and entring into rhe City, caufed the chief of 
 thofe that had oppofed him to be caft into 
 the Maefe. After thrs, in 1468, Charles Duke 
 of Burgundy again took and fack'd- this City, 
 ^nd put 1 00000 of the Inhabitants to the 
 Sword. In this laft Age it has been ill treated 
 by its Bi(hops, and the French taking it by fur- 
 prife, in 1675. the next Year ruin'd the Citta- 
 del. In 1688. the Baron of Eldcren, great 
 Dean of the Cathedral was chofen Birtiop, and 
 Prince of Liege by Plurality of Votes, in op- 
 pofition to the Cardinal of Furftemberg, and 
 repaired the old Fortifications and added new 
 ones, efpecially in the Year 1693. upon ap- 
 prehenfion of the French Defigns againft this. 
 City. This Bifhop being dead towards the be- 
 ginning of the Year 1694. the major part of 
 the Chapter, notwithftanding the oppofition of 
 the French Fadlion, and the Proteftations of Car- 
 dinal Bouillon, firft made choice, of Prince Cle- 
 ment of Bavaria,WiQ<^ov oiCo!og?ie',znd theother 
 part of the grand Mafter of the Teutonick, Or- 
 der, to be their Prince and Bifhop ; both which 
 fenc to the Emperor and Court of I{pme about 
 ic; but Heaven decided the conteft by the 
 Death of the Grand Mafter, and fo the Eledor 
 of Cologne in fome time after got the peaceable 
 Poffefifion of this Principality and Biflioprick, 
 Lipge ftands 30 Miles aimoft N, E. ofNamur^ 
 
 and 54 E. of Brujjcls. Long. 25 d- Lar. 50, 
 d. 42. m. 
 
 IX. D 1 N J N T, 
 
 DINANT, Lar. Dinantium, Dinandiuw, or 
 Dionnntum, is a rich Town of the Bifliop- 
 rick of Liege, featcd on the Eaft-fide of rhe 
 Maefe. in the Borders of the Country of Nrf- 
 mur. It is fortified with a very ftrong Caftle 
 builc on a Rock, cut aimoft on all fides, but 
 has often been taken and retaken during the 
 Wars. The French made themfelves Mafters 
 of it in 1675. and raz'd the Cittadel, but af- 
 terwards rebuilt it, and maintained a Garrifon 
 in the Place, till by the Treaty of BJfvoick^ they 
 were oblig'd to reftore it to the Bifliop of Liege* 
 It ftands 40 Miles aimoft £. of Liege, and 14 
 S.oi Namur, Long. 24 d. lo m, Lat. 50 d, 
 12 m. 
 
 X. J E T H. 
 
 i 
 
 AETHi or Ath, is a fmall neat Town of 
 Spanifh Hainaulf, featcd upon the River 
 Dender. Ic is a place of good Trade for Lin- 
 nen, and by reafonof its Situation near the 
 Borders of thefe- three Provinces, Hainnult^ 
 Flanders and Brabant^ has been at feveral times 
 well fortified, efpecially by the French^ after 
 they had taken it it 1667 ; for being yielded to 
 them by. the Treaty of Aix-la-Chafpelle, Mon- 
 GeurVauhnn was fet to work, and great ex- 
 pence was beftow'd in ftrengthening this ad- 
 vanc'd Frontier. The Fortifications, befides 
 the old Caftle, confift in feven Royal Baftions, 
 eight Ravelins or Half-moons ; one of which 
 has Counterguards ; eight Tenailles before the 
 Courtins, and a Horn-work with its Ravelin 
 on both fides of the River Dender. The 
 French kept this Place till 1678. when it was 
 reftor'd to the Spaniards by the Treaty of 
 Nimeguen ; they took it again in 1697, but 
 reftor'd it once more by the Peace of I{j/^ 
 voick. It ftands 14 Miles aimoft N. W. of 
 Mons, 22 aimoft 5. W. of Bruffels, and 24 
 5". of Qhmt, Long, ag d, 3 m, Lat. 50 d, 
 47 m. 
 
 XI- 
 
< lo 
 
 XL M N s- 
 
 MO\S, nam'd Berghen by the Natives, Lat. 
 Mantes, or Mantes Harmonise, is the Ca- 
 pital City of the Country of Hainault, Sitvwted 
 on a Bill of cafie Afcent near the River 
 Trulle. ;It is large, and well Fortified with 
 good Bulwarks, and three Ditches, with Slu* 
 ces that may drown all the Country round a- 
 ■bout, except the Eaftern fide where the Ground 
 is fonnewhat higher, and where they have rais'd 
 £Ood Baftions. This Town has fine Buildings, 
 and an old Cattle, and is famous for its Trade, 
 good Workmen, and the Abbey or College of 
 the Canoneffes of St. JValtrude. They are Vir- 
 gins of Qiiality who are prefent at the Morn- 
 ing Service in Canonical Habit, but wear fe- 
 cular Cioaths the i:eft of the Day, and are per- 
 mitted to marry, whenfoeverthey pleafe. Among 
 the publick Buildings, the Palace wherein is 
 convened the general Council of the Province 
 is-moft remarkable. The Earls of HninaiiU 
 had formerly the Title of Earls of Mons, and, 
 with the PofleiTion of the Country, receiv'd the 
 Inveftiture of the Dignity of an Abbot and 
 other Perquifites holden in Fee of the Church, 
 from the Hands of the Lady Abbefs of the fore- 
 mention *d ,College of Canoneffes. This Place 
 was furpriz'd in 1572. by Count Le-»is of 
 f^ajfau by a ftratagcm ; for 12 Souldiers in 
 Habit of Merchants, having got leave to have 
 the Gates open'd for them earlier than Ordi- 
 nary, kill'd the Porter, and let in the Count, 
 with the Soldiers he had taken along with him 
 for that Enter-pri:{e^ who made themfelves Maf- 
 t2rs of the Town without oppofition : But the 
 fame Year the Duke of Alva befieg'd and re- 
 took it, from which Time it quietJy remain'd in 
 the pofTeflion of th^ Spaniards till 1678. that 
 rhe Freyich inverted, and had reduc'd it to great 
 ftreights ; Vv^hen the Prince of Orange, now King 
 of great Brittain, came to its Relief, and gain'd 
 a fignal Vicflory over the Duke of Luxemburgh, 
 upon which rhe Peace of Nimeguen was im- 
 mediately concluded. In the late War, vi:{. 
 the 8^/; of April 1691. the French took this 
 Town, after a Vigorous Siege, and Gallant 
 Defence of the'Garifon^ but it was reftor'd to 
 the King of Spain by the Peace of i^jfvpick. 
 JWcwjftands 27 Miles S. VV. of BruJJels, 37 W. 
 of Namur ; 39 S. of Gbent^ and 48 almoft E. 
 of Arras. Long. 23 D. 12. M, Lat, 50 D. 28, m, 
 
 XII. N J M V R. 
 
 NAMVF{, Lat. Namurctim^ the Capital of 
 the Country of that Name, is ficuaced 
 at the Confluence of the Sambre and the Maes^ 
 between two fmall Hills. Some derive it? 
 Name from l^ovo Muro, a New- wall built here 
 by the I{omans. Pope Paul IV. eftablifli'd thereir. 
 an Epifcopal See under the Archbilhop oi Cam- 
 bray, and the Church of St. Albin was erc(5ted 
 into a Cathedral in 1 569. Befides the Cathe- 
 dral, there is alfo the Collegiate Church of our 
 Lady, and feveral other Churches and Monal- 
 teries. This City has a large and handfom 
 Market place, a ftately Town-houfe, and a 
 bundance of .good and fair Stone Build ,',ng^. 
 It is no lefs rich than pleafant and ,itl>C'f}g. 
 The Council Royal of the Province rcfuloft here, 
 from which They do appeal to that of Maahlen 
 ( or Malines ). This City is divided into a 
 Parts, by the Sambre, over which is a fair 
 Stone-Bridge that join's them, and from one of 
 thefe is a Bridge alfo of Stone over the Maes, 
 The Fortifications of the Town are confi- 
 derable, having befides the Wall and Ditches 
 9 great Baftions, 9 Ravelins,, and fome Te- 
 nailles. But the principal Strength of this im- 
 portant Place confifts in the Caftle, which is 
 built upon a Hill in an Angle form'd by the 
 Sambre, and the Maes, and defended by an 
 irregular Fortification, fuch as the Ground 
 could admit of. This Caftle befides a Bridge 
 over the Samhre ( whereby, it communicates 
 with the Town ) has another over the Maest 
 defended by a Ravelin, and a very regular 
 Crown-work. In 1692 the Strength of the 
 Place being difcover'd to the French by the Ba- 
 ron de BreJJe, who under Pretence of being 
 taken, did adually defert the Spani/h Service, 
 Lews XIV. with 80000 Men fat down be- 
 fore it, ( Marefchal Luxemburg covering the 
 Siege with another great Army j and carried 
 the Town after a few Days refiftance. While 
 the French continued to befiege the Caftle, 
 King H^lliam III. of great Brittain march'd 
 with 90000 Men to its Relief, but the French 
 being advantageoufly ported, they dedin'd Bat- 
 tle. His Majcfty did norwithltanding drive 
 them from fome of their Ports, and laid Bridges 
 over the River to pafs it, but in the mean 
 time a great Rain happening, fwell'd the Ri- 
 ver, carried down the Bridges, prevented his 
 attacking the Befiegers, and gave them the 
 
 oppor- 
 
(17) 
 
 opportunity to take the Caftle alfo, J^uly i. 
 
 i6^2. But the Confederates regainM both in 
 the Year i69'-. after a long, Vigorous and moft 
 memorable Siege, under the Condudt of his 
 Majefty King iViliiam, notwithftanding the 
 ftout Oppofition of a numerous Garrifon, Com- 
 manded by Marefchal de Boufflers ; and the 
 new Fortifications the French had added to the 
 Place. Namur ftands 32 Miles S. E. of Bruf- 
 
 felsy and 5 o almoft S. of Antwerp. Lon. 24. D. 
 II m. Lat. 50 D. 3- m. 
 
 XIII. CHJRLEROT. 
 
 CHAI{LERpT, Lat. Carolo-^egium,\s a Town 
 and Fortrefs built upon a Mountain near 
 the Samlre and Pieton ; it was but a Village 
 call'd Charnoy untill the Spaniards, under the 
 Condud of the Marquis of Caflel-I{pdrigo, for- 
 tified ir in 1666, on purpofe to hinder the in- 
 roads of the French Garrifons between the Sam- 
 bre and the Mnes, and call'd it Charlerojf, in 
 Honour of Charles 11. their laft King. It is 
 defended by fix regular Baftions, as many Ra- 
 velins, two Half Moons in form of Counter- 
 Gards, five Tenailles before five of the 
 Curtains, a Horn- Work before the 6th Cur- 
 tain, a Crown Work on the South fide of the 
 Sambre, and feveral detach'd and advanc'd 
 Baftions. This Place, tho' fo well forrified, 
 was taken by the French in 1667. and yielded 
 to them by the Peace of Aix-la-Chafpelle, af- 
 ter which they employ'd great diligence and 
 coft in repairing the Fortifications and adding 
 new ones. The Dutch and Spaniards attempted 
 this Town twice in vain, the firft time in 1672. 
 and the fecond in 1677. But in the Year 
 1678. it was refign'd to the Spaniards by the 
 Treaty of Nimegucn* In 1692. the French 
 Bombarded this Place j in 1693. they fat down 
 before it with a numerous Army, the Marquis 
 de Vilkroy carrying on the Siege, and Marefchal 
 Luxemburg covering him, (o that the Con- 
 federate Army, Commanded by the King of 
 great Brittain and the Elcdlor of Bavaria, not 
 being ftrong enough to attack them, they car- 
 ried the Town by furrender, after a gallant 
 Defence by the Marquis de Caflillo the Govern- 
 our, the i/?. of O&ober 1693. It was reftor'd, 
 to the Spaniards in purfuance of the Treaty of 
 I{efwicl{, It ftands 14 Miles W. of Kamtir^ 
 21 Ji. of Mons, and 26 S. of Brujjels. Lon. 
 23 D. 42. m. Lat. 50. D, 28. m. 
 
 XIV. LVXEMBURGH. 
 
 LVXEMhVBSiH, Lat. LVXEMBVRGVM, 
 or Lucibttrgum, or Augufta I{pmanduorurn, 
 is Situated partly upon a rocky hill, which 
 is almoft furrounded by the little River Alfn:{ 
 or Fife, and partjy on a Plain at the Foot of 
 the Hill. The Old Town ftands in the Plain, 
 which being commanded by the Hill,occafion'd 
 the Building of the new Town there, in which 
 the Houfes are fair, and many of Ston?. It 
 is one of the ftrongcft Places in Europe ; for 
 on one fide, the H:ll is very Jleep and furroun- 
 ded by the River, which is a good Defence ; 
 and on the other it is fortified with Strong, tho* 
 irregular, Baftions, Ravelins, Half- Moons, 
 Counter-Gards, two Cover'd-ways, and feverai 
 Redoubts. It has a Convent of the Order of 
 St. Francis, in which lies buried John King 
 of Bohemia, Father of Charles IV Emperor of 
 Germany, (lain by the Englifo at the Battle 
 of Crejjy in 1346. This City has fuffer'd 
 much by the Wars between the French and 
 the Netherlands, In 1529. the Emperor Charles 
 V. took it from Francis ift King of France, 
 In 1542. It was taken and fack'd by the 
 Duke o^ Orleans, and retaken, and treated in the 
 fame manner by the Spaniard the Year follow- 
 ing ; in whofe hands it remain'd till the Year 
 1684. when notwithftanding all the Advantages 
 of its ftrength, the French made themfelvcs 
 Mafters of it on the Ath oijune, after a Siege 
 of 26 Days j and have fo much added fince to 
 its Fortifications, as to render it amoft impreg- 
 nable. It was granted to the French, together 
 with its Dependencies, in a Truce concluded 
 the fame Year, but was reftor'd to the King of 
 Spain in 1698. in purfuance of the Treaty of 
 I^efxvic!^. Luxemburgh ftands 1 8 Miles S. W. of 
 Trier -J 31 N- of Mety^; 52 S. of Li:nburg; 
 and IOC. S. E. of BruJJeh, Lon. 25 D. 34 m. 
 Lat. 44. D. 41 . m. 
 
 XV, C A M B R A T. 
 
 CAMBI{AT, Lat. Camcractimt the Capital 
 of the County of Cambrefis, feated up- 
 on the Scheld, is great, fair, well built, and 
 one of the ftrongeft Towns in Cbriftendom. 
 Authors write that Camber King of the Sicam- 
 brians was the Founder of it. CL'iudion King 
 F Ox 
 
( i8 ) 
 
 of France eonquer'd it in 445. and afterwards 
 ic fell- to Charles the Bold in S^'-i. and 870. af- 
 ter the Death oi Loth aire 11. and fometime, 
 after it became the fubjcdt of War between 
 the Kings of France, the Emperors of Ger- 
 many ^ and the Counts of Flanders. Baldwin 
 ifi Count of Flanders took it, and gave it to 
 his Son I{aoiiU The Emperor dcciar'd it a 
 free Town, but for all that the French never 
 quitted their Claim to it. In 1542. Francis 
 I. King of France confented it (hould be Neu- 
 ter ; bui: the Emperor Charles V. took it the 
 Year after, and kept the Inhabitant? in aw 
 by two Cittadels built at their own expence. It 
 changed Mafters Tome time after, when the 
 Duke of Alenfon, Brother to King Flemy III* 
 being made Count of Flanders in 1 5S2. became 
 alfo Mafter : of C^wZ'/-jj', and left it to John 
 Montieu Sieur of Bclagny, who foon after join'd 
 himfelf to the League, and afterwards made 
 Peace with Henry IV. who made him Prince 
 of Cambray, and Marefchal of France in 1594. 
 But the Spaniards lurpriz'd this Town, and 
 forc'd iiim to deliver them the Cittadel, the 9^/j 
 O&oher X596. The Inhabitants acknowledged 
 Philip 11. of Spain, but the Arch-bilhop made 
 fuch Complaints, and fhew'd fuch Reafons, 
 that the King was fatisfied with being Mafter 
 of the Caffcle, and Protedor of the Country, 
 and left all other Jurifdicflion to that Prelate. 
 The Spaniards fortified this Town very well, 
 and kept fuch a ftrong Garrifon in it, that 
 it was look'd upon to be Impregnable, never- 
 thelefs the King of France took it by Storm 
 on the i2,th Day of April iCj-j. And it was 
 furrendred to him by the Treaty of Nimeguen., 
 in the Year enfuing. The Fortifications of 
 this Town confilt chiefly in Ravelins, Half- 
 Moons, Horn-works, Redoubts and other Out- 
 works, the Body of the Place having only a 
 Rampart with Towers, and three irregular 
 B;illi0n5;. Bcfides the Caftlcs oiCelles and Can- 
 tipre the French have built a great Citadel up- 
 on a Height which Commands all the Town, 
 with a Horn work before the Eaftern-fide ; 
 tbe-Dirch is wrought in* a Rock. The Chap- 
 ter of this City i^ one of the mofl conlidera- 
 blc of the Low Countries, confifting of 48 
 Cannons, and <)% Ecclcfialtick*;, who officiate 
 in otir Ladits Church. Its affirm'd, that Z>«V 
 enes; a Grecian by Nation, was the fiift Pre- 
 'ate of Camhray, fcnt into France by Pope 5/- 
 ricius about 408. Pope Paul IV. made it an 
 Archbifliopiitk in 15 39- upon the Requeft of 
 King Philip Oi Spain^ and the Bilhopricks of 
 
 i 
 
 Toumay. ylrras, Sr, OmeVs and Katnur were 
 given for fuffragants. The Archbilhops take 
 the Tittle of Dukes of Cambray, Counts of 
 Camhrefis, and Princes of the Empire. The 
 prefent Archbiftiop has made himfelf famous for 
 maintaining the opinions of the Sinietijls, which 
 however he was at lalt forc'd to renounce, after 
 they had been condemn'd by the fee of i^owr, 
 at the Sollicitation of the Court of France^ 
 inftigated, chiefly, by the] Bifliop oi [Meaux. 
 The Streets of Cambray are wide and vei y neat, 
 and the chiefeft and richcft end in a great 
 Place, where the Town-houfe is built, which- 
 has a very curious Clock. There are alfo very 
 good Manufadlures ac Cambray, and elpcci- 
 ally of many forts of Linnen, that bear the 
 Name of the City. It flands, 37 Miles S. 
 W. of Mons, 40 N. E. of Amiens, and 94 
 almoft N. of Paris, Long. 22 D. 24. m. Lat. 
 50 D. 51.. m. 
 
 XVI. C A L J I S, 
 
 CALAIS, or Calls, Lat. Caletum, is a Sea- 
 port Town of France, fcated in a Marfhy 
 Plain, on the Coaft of the Bridf:) narrow Sea, 
 in that part of Picardy which is called the 
 Re-conquer'd Country, fince it was taken from 
 the Englijh. Some Authors think it is the Partus . 
 Icciiis of the Ancients j but Mr. Sanfon fays, 
 that Boulogne was that Partus Iccius. It's af- 
 fur'd that iS.t/6^rv/« IV. c^Wd. Fair-beard, Count 
 of Flanders, begun the Building of the Port of 
 Calais j and that Philip Count of Boulogne, one 
 of the Malecontents that join'd together againft 
 the Regency of Blanche, Mother of St. Lewis, . 
 furrounded it with a Wall, it being but a 
 Village before Edward III. King of England 
 beat the French out of it in 1347. after aSicge 
 of 1 o or 1 1 Months. The Englijh kept it for 
 210 Years, and boafted that they had the Key 
 oi France hung at their Girdles, until the French 
 recovcr'd it under the Condud; of the Duke of. 
 G4tlfe, after a Siege of Nine or Ten Days, in 
 the Year 1558. Qiieen Mary refented the lofs 
 fo much, that it's thought (he died of Grief, 
 for it, faying not long before her Death, That 
 if fhe were open'd they (hould find C4- 
 lais at her Heart. The Arch duke Albert of. 
 Aujiria, Governor of the Low-Countries, made 
 himfelf Mafter of this Town in 1598. but it, 
 was deliver'd two. Years after to Henry IV., 
 
 by 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 by the Articles of the Peace of Vervlns. "When 
 the Duke of Guife took it, it was defended 
 by three Baftions, and had a fourth towards 
 the South where the old Cictadel was ; but fince 
 ic has been more regularly fortified, and now 
 has 9 great Royal Baftions, and many other 
 Works, all lin'd with Scone, with Ravelins, 
 Half moons and other Out-works, fo that it is 
 one of the flrongeft Places of the Kingdom. It 
 has a double Ditch, very large and deep, thro' 
 which runs the River of Hames, and fevcral Ri- 
 vulets that come from the Neighbouring Bogs. 
 There's no coming into the Town but by thefe 
 Bogs, and a Caufey commonly call'd the Bridge 
 of N'.euUay or Nieulet, and no entrance into 
 the Port without coming by the B^shnn, This 
 Port is divided into two parts; one whereof 
 is call'd C^;>^f-G/-^j', the other, the biggcft of 
 both, is defended by two Moles cover'd with 
 Scone ; part of the River runs thro* the Town , 
 and on the other fide there is a Cannal, which 
 makes it very convenient for Traffick. Calais 
 is no great Town, but is mighty populous and 
 well baiit ; the Streets are very fair and ft.rait, 
 the moft ccnfiderable is that which begins at 
 the Gate of ch.- Lands-fide, and reaches to the 
 Port ; it palfes thro' the great Square where the 
 Town-houfe is, and near the Palace of the Au- 
 ditory and the Watch- Tower. It has, befides 
 fine Buildings, magnificent Churches and Mo- 
 nafleries. The Altar of the great Church is all 
 of wrought Marble, and its Dome very fine 
 and itately. In the Marflies are to be fecn float- 
 ing Iflands, and Sluces, by which the Country 
 may be over-flow'd within a little fpace of 
 Time. In the fpring of the Year 1696. this 
 Place was Bombarded by the Englifh Fleet, 
 and received confiderable Damage, there being . 
 75 Houfes burnt and fpoii'd, befides the Church 
 and Convent, and part of the Ca:(ornes. It ftands 
 19 Miles almoft fl^. of Dunkirk, 30 S. E. of 
 Dover in England, 55 N. of Abbeville, and 
 140. almoft N. of Paris. Long. 21 d. 4 m. 
 Lat. 51 d. z m. 
 
 XVII 4W XVIII. The cojsr 
 md TOWN 0/6Y. MALO. 
 
 ST. MALO, Lat. Maclovi, or Macloviopolis, 
 ' one of the chief Towns and Ports of the up- 
 per Bretagne,\i featcd on thc^Norlhern Coaft,and 
 built on a Rock it\ the Sea call'd the Ifland of St. 
 
 Aaron, and join'd to the Continent by the means 
 of a long Caufey, not above 30 Fathoms broad, 
 the Entrance whereof is defended by a ftrong 
 Caftle, flank'd with four large Towers, and a 
 large Ravelin ; and the Town furroundcd wich 
 Walls, deep Ditches, and always guarded by a 
 fufficienr Garrifon ; befides which, towards the 
 Sea, it is fecur'd by a fhoal of Sand that cncom- 
 paffes it, and feveral Rocks and fmall Iflands, 
 that make a Haven of difficult Accefs, info- 
 much that it is accounted one of the Keys of 
 France. It is alfo confiderable for its Traffick, 
 and the Skill of its Inhabitants in Sea-af!airs, 
 by which means great numbers of Privateers 
 are in time of War from hence fitted out, 
 which much dilturb the Trade of the narrow 
 Seas, and bring great Riches into the Town. 
 It was founded on the Ruins of Alet or Guid- 
 Aleth, and derives its name from that of its firfl 
 Bifhop Maclovius, or Macutus. It was at firft 
 only an Abbey, until the Bifboprick of Giiid- 
 Aleth was iranflated thither in the Year 11 72 
 But it has ever fincc prefcrv'd the Title of 
 an £pifcopal See under the Archbifliop of Towrj. 
 The Cathedral dedicated to St. Vincnt, is one 
 of the moft ancient of all France. Befides the 
 Cathedral, there are many fair ReligiousHoufes 
 and fome other remarkable publick Buildings; 
 On the 5th of July i6()^. the EngU/h Fleer, 
 under the Command of the Lord Berkjey, bom- 
 barded this Town, and deftroy'd a great part 
 of it, having thrown no lefs than 900 Bombs 
 into it. It ftands i2 Miles 'N. W. of Dol^ 
 3Z IV. of Avranches, and 42 almoft N. of 
 ^ennes. Long. 16 d. 8 m. Lat. 48. d. 40 m, 
 
 XIX a?7d XX. The MARQUISATE, 
 TOWN and PALACE^/ 
 BELLE-ISLE. 
 
 BELLE ISLE, Lat. Calcncfus, a confiderable 
 Ifland on the Southern Coafts of the Pro- 
 vince of Brstngne, lies at the diftanceof about 
 three or four Leagues from the Continent of 
 France, and is almoft furroundcd with fmall 
 Ifles or Rocks. Its extent from H^. to E. is 
 about 10 Miles, and its ^''eatcft breadth about 
 five. It has a fair Haven, and fome ftrong 
 Forts over-againft Vannes and Aurny. The 
 whole Ifland is at prefent divided into four Pa- 
 rifhes, vi\, oi the Palace, Sau:{oni Bangor and 
 
( 20) 
 
 Lomariaf and tho* of a fmall compafs, yet af- 
 fords much good Paftvire Ground for Cattle. 
 Ir is alfo remarkable for its Salt-pits, and on 
 the account of the frequent PafTage of Veflels 
 alon^ the ar-i:cerr Coarts, but efpecially be- 
 caufe it is the u.ual Rendezvous of the French 
 Fleer when they put to Sea. Belle Ijle was 
 heretofore poflefs'd by the Monks of the Ab- 
 bey of St. Croix of Guimpgr, till King Ch.trles 
 IX. erected it into a Marquifate, and beftow'd 
 it on the Count of Rjiic in 1573. The Abbey 
 has been alfo endow'd for fome time with fo 
 great a Revenue, that ic was accounted a 
 competent Preferment for Anthony of Bourbon^ 
 ba(e Brother to King Henry IV. to be made 
 Lord Abbot thereof. The principal place bear- 
 ing the Name of the Ifland, is defended by fix 
 large Baft ions, and a Cittadel or Caftle call'd 
 the Palace, fo well fortified of late, that it feems 
 to be almoft impregnable. In the Month of 
 ^uly 1696 the Lord Berkjey having bombard- 
 ed St. Martin in the Ifle of I{lJ, landed fome 
 of his Soldiers near Belle- Ijle, where they de- 
 ftroy'd about 20 Villages, burnt 1500 Houfes, 
 and brought away a Booty of i6co Head of 
 Cattle. 
 
 XXI and XXII. Of the 
 and CITT of BREST, 
 
 COAST 
 
 B?^£5T, Lat. Brivates Tons CoYixn Gefocribale, 
 and Gefcbriv^tce) is a famous Sea- Port- 
 Town, feared on the North-fide of a large com- 
 modious Bay or Harbour, which opens to the 
 Ocean in the remoreft Weftern part of the 
 Continent of Fmfice, and in the lower part 
 of the Province of Brstngne. The entrance 
 of this Haven, call'd the Goulet, is extremely 
 difficult, by reafon of certain Rocks, known 
 by the nam.es of Mhions, Filets diuA Min/^nnt, 
 which lye under Water at high Tide j it is 
 therefore the moft fecure retreat for the French 
 King's Ships of War, for which this is the 
 only Pore he has on the Ocean ; upon the 
 fame fcore it is, that B'e/i is one of the great 
 Magazines of the Admiralty of France ; the 
 Naval Stores and Prcvifions for 70 Sail of 
 Men cf War being laid up in this Town, 
 and Ships of So or 90 Guns being built here, 
 which renders it a populous and rich Place. 
 Ic is well fortified after the modern Manner, 
 
 with r 6 great Baft'ions, of an irregular Form, 
 nine Ravelins or Half-moons, one of which 
 has a Countergard, and a Cittadel or Caftle. 
 In the Month oi June 1694. part of the £w^- 
 lifk -and Du.'ch Fleets under the command of 
 the Lord Bivkley, and the Marquis of Carmar- 
 then, with fome Land Forces, commanded by 
 Lieutenant General Taltnajh and the Lord Cuts^ 
 attempted to make a delcent upon BreH, but 
 were repulled with thelofs of 400 Seamen, and 
 twice as many Land-men, General Taimaf: be- 
 ing himlelf kill'd in this ralh Expedition ; 
 which could not prove otherwife than unfor- 
 tunate, fince the French by ftrong new rais'd 
 Works and Batteries and great Forces, had 
 taken fo much precaution againft it ; having 
 no doubt had timely information of a Defign, 
 which before it was ripe for Execution, was 
 already a Town-talk in London. Bre/l ftands 
 125 Miles fV. of F{ennesy 120 almoft S. PV. of 
 St.Aialo, and 320 PV. of Pari:. Long. 13 d. 
 18 m. Lat. 47 d. 58 m. 
 
 XXIII. Th ISLAND, CITY and 
 PORT of CADIK, 
 
 THE Ifland of CADI^, lies in the Atlantick, 
 Ocean, between the Mouth of the River 
 Guadalquivir, and the Streights of Gibraltar^ 
 near the Weftern Coafts of Andalufia in Spain. 
 It was formerly call'd TartejfuSy the Ifle of Juno, 
 Catinujn, Erythia, Gadita, and Gades, from 
 which laft Name came the Word Cadi:{. It is 
 feven Miles long, its greateft breadth near four. 
 To the Eaft of it is a Bridge call'd la Ptiente de 
 Suaco, 7C0 Paces long, by which it joins with 
 the firm Land. There are both Fields, Vine- 
 yards and Mountains in it, but no Springs, 
 the want of which is fupplied by a great num- 
 ber of Wells. The entrance into the Bay of 
 Cadi:{ is very dangerous, by reafon of the Rocks 
 call'd the Diamond and los Pueros. The Port of 
 the Town, which is at the Weft-end of the I- 
 fland, looks to the Eaft. The Town is Inha- 
 bited by a great number of rich Merchants, 
 who have the fineft Store-houfes in Europe. Ic 
 is here that the Fleet and Galleons arrive with 
 the Gold and Silver which the Spaniards draw 
 from America. The Town was built by the 
 Tyrians, and the Caftle by the Moors, and was 
 lately well fortified by the care of the prelenc 
 King of Spain, The Fort of Puntal was builc 
 
 to 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 to defend the Mourh of the Gulph, and the 
 Fore of St. Philip to fecure the Pore. The 
 Town has the Title of a Bilhoprick, under the 
 Archbifliop of Sevil. It has many well buik 
 Churches, and is one of the ancient Cities in 
 Spfthi, fcarce yielding to any in that Kingdom 
 fur Grcatncfs, Magnificence, and the JiuaTbcr 
 and Riches of its Inhabitants. It was here that 
 I{obert Earl of Ljfex and Sir IJ^ahcr l{arv/cigh 
 burn'd the Spant/h h^dian Fleet, confilling of 
 40 Sail of Ships, whofe lading was valued at 
 eight Millions of Crowns, and overcame tlie 
 Sp.inipo Navy, ccnfifting of 57 Men of War, 
 took the St. Michael and St. Andreve, two great 
 Galleons with their Lading, and carried away 
 more martial Furniture than could be fupplied 
 many Years after ; forc'd the Town, in which 
 rhey flew or took Prifoners 4000 Foot, and 
 600 Her fe, and* brought a confiderable Bo(5ty 
 thence. This happen'd in 1 596. The Town afiref 
 that was taken by the EngUpo, and paid 3x5000 
 Diicars for its Ranfom. There were lococco 
 more ofter'd to prefervc the Ships in Porto P^eal 
 from being burnt ; but it was rcftis'd by the 
 Admiral, becaufe his Orders were to burn all 
 the Ships he could not bring away. The 
 whole lois was efteem'd at loooooco of Ducats, 
 The Earl of Ejfex ofFer'd to have kept this Illand 
 with ^00 Men, and three Months Provilion ; 
 but it was denied him by the other Comman- 
 ders, who were become won icrfully Rich, whilft 
 the Earl referv'd nothing but a noble Library for 
 his fliare. The Cit)' of Cadi:; ftands 24 Miles 
 VV. of Medina- Sidoni a, 52 N. 0^. oi Gibraltar , 
 and 66 S. ^. of Sevil. Long, ro d. 42 ni. 
 Lac 3'6 d. 32 m. 
 
 XXIV. COLOGNE, 
 
 COLOGNE, or Colen, Germ. Ksnlcn; Lat. 
 Crlonia Agrippiyia, and Co'onia ZJbioritm, 
 feated on the River B^nnc, is an Imperial Free 
 City, and one of the four Capital Hanfe-Tuvrns, 
 with an Univeriity and Arch bilhoprick. This 
 Place is very ancient, deriving its Origin from 
 the ZJbii, who courrcd Julius Csfars Alliance, 
 to re lift the Suevi their mortal Enemies. In 
 Auguftus'i Time they put rhemlelvcs under A- 
 ^^ripp-i's Prored:ion, and pafiing the l{hine rhey 
 founded on the left Bank ibs Town of Co- 
 lograf which they then call'd the Colony of Agrip-- 
 pa. Some fay the Place was built before 
 they came, and that they only repair'd and en- 
 
 larg'd it i .nnd aftcrW.irds Agrippina, Crand- 
 Daughtcr of this Agrippa, and Kera's Mother, 
 to {hew her Power, when married to the Em- 
 peror Claudius, made ilie Circuit of the City 
 far wider than it was before, and ellablifli'd 
 a Colony of Veterans in in. V/hcn P'itellius 
 and Vejp^'jfinn d-fnuied the Empire, Anno CLs. 
 69. this Tov^n v.'as bcficg'd by Tutor anci 
 Scibinui who had rc\o!tcd againft the l{o7na??s. 
 She obiJy'd the prefling rccelTKy, and recciv'd 
 their Garrifon, which (he afterwards mafTacrcdf 
 when Cere.ftis had beaten the Rebels. Mercuee 
 King of Era;:ce\>t^i the P.^.niLins hence- in the. 
 Reign of Vahntinian III. and focn after Attiia. 
 ruia'd it. But being rebuilt ty the H^mans^ 
 Childerlc Son to Merci'cc, took ic from therri 
 a: lecond time, and gave it to a Prince his Cou- 
 fin, Father to Sigchcrt^ caU*d the L.in.e Kjng 
 of Cologne, aiuT- I^ii'aro.'s, v.ho was kiU'd in 
 jcc. by Clodiiic his Son. Ir was then that 
 Clovis the Great, who for tliis Murder put Clo' 
 deric to Death, united the People of Cologne tQ 
 the Crown of France, under which it remain'd 
 during the Reigns of the Kings of the firft 
 Race. Under thofe of the lecond, ic fell to 
 the Princes of France, Kings of Germany. lo 
 881. when Charles the B.-^ went to h^vc him- 
 felf procraim'd Erriperor beyond the Alps, God- 
 frey and Si<lgfrey Kings of the Normans, took 
 and burnt Cologne, with 1 5 or 20 of the beft 
 Cities in Gallia Bclgica. The Emperor Otko 
 the Great under whom it was repair'd, fubjedled 
 it to its Prelates about 950. but fucceeding 
 Emperofs made it free. Predcrick^ L allow'd it 
 great Priviledges, fince which time it encreas'd 
 mightily, efpecially in 1260. when ic enter 'd 
 into the League of the Hanfe-Tovpns, and be- 
 came Capital of the fourth of their Provinces. 
 After this ic was govern'd by Senators, until 
 the Senate was chang'd in 1513. by a Rifing 
 of the People, who maffacred the Confuls, 
 Treafurers and fomc crher Magiftrates accused 
 to have cheated the Pablick. The Senate 
 is now much like that of old I{pme. It go- 
 verns and judges in civil matters, but for Cri- 
 minals, it has only the Power to Seize and 
 examine them, without the Authority of Ac- 
 q\iitting or Condemning them ; For the Elector 
 referves this to him felt, as the higbcft Degree 
 of Sovereign Authority j and 'tis for this Rea-i 
 fen, that tho' the Town be free, yet it does 
 him Homage, and fwears Allegiance, upon Con- 
 dition th.'J he xviil prcfewe the Priviledges it enjoys. 
 As for the reft Cologne is call'd the t^me of Ger- 
 intiny, for its Greatnefs, its Senate and Build- 
 G ings, 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 ings. It is certainly one of the fincft, ftrong- 
 eft and biggeft Cities of all Germany, envi- 
 ron 'd with ftrong Walls, that have 83 Towers, 
 feveral great Bailions, and a triple Ditch. It 
 is al(o very confiderable on account of its 
 great Trade in Wine and other Commodities 
 of Germany, which by the means of the Bjn'tte, 
 are brought hither, and tranfported to Holland. 
 There are 365 Churches. The Metropolitaa 
 of St. Peter's would be one of the moft Mag- 
 nificent in the whole Worlu, if quite finiOi'd j 
 befides which it has 10 Collegiate, 19 Parifh 
 Churches, 37 Monaftcrics, feveral Hofpitals, 
 and Chappels. In the Cathedral they (hew 
 the Tombs of the three Wife Men that came 
 to worfhip our Saviour, call'd hence the three 
 Kings of Colen.; whofe Bones, they pretend, 
 were remov'd to Conflantimfle by Helena the 
 Mother of Conjlnntine ; thence they were car- 
 ried to Milan, and afterwards brought hither 
 by I{ainoU Archbifhop of Colen. One of the 
 Parifh Churches is dedicated to St. Vrfttla, who 
 with her irooo Virgins, they fay, were Mar- 
 tyr'd here. The Univerfity being dcclin'd was 
 re eftablifh'd in 1488. and endow'd with large 
 Priviledges by Pope Vrban VI. Befides which 
 there is a Jefuits Colledge, built after the Italian 
 Fa(hion, with a very fine Dome. There are 
 five great Squares or principal Places in this 
 Town ; the Streets are large and neat, and 
 both the private and publick Buildings mag- 
 nificent. It has been a Billioprick. in former 
 Times Suffragant of Trier, but was eredted in- 
 to an Arch-bifhoprick in 755. The firft Arch- 
 bifhop was call'd Adolph ; he had for SufFra- 
 gants the Bifhopricks of Munfter, Liege, Of- 
 nabruckj Minden and Vtrccht, but the two laft 
 being become fccular, there are but the three 
 firft that depend on it now. The great Chap- 
 ter of iCologJie is one of the nobieft in Europe ; 
 in confifts of 69 Canons, all Princes or Counts ; 
 for they receive no meaner Perfons. The 24. 
 elder of the 60 form a Particular Chapter for 
 the Eled:ion of the Archbifhop, whofe annual 
 Revenues, in Times of Peace, amount to 
 iSoooco Livers. In 1688 Prince Clement of 
 Bavaria was chofen Arch bifhop of Cologne, in 
 oppofition to "Cardinal William of Furflemburg, 
 who being fuppovted by the King of France, 
 cnrred this Eledlorate to maintain his pretended 
 Right by force of Amis, and made himfclf 
 Mafter of Bonn, f^.^einberg, K^yferfvecrt, ScC' 
 Which were retaken in 1689, by the l^randen- 
 /'///-^erj and reftor'd to the right owner. T'^is 
 conceit about the ^lediion of the Archbifhop 
 
 of Cologne, was the firft- fpark of that War, 
 which for nine Years together has lately rag'd 
 thro moft part of Chriftendom. The Inha- 
 bitants of Cologne are fo tenacious of Liber- 
 ty, that tho* the Elccftor by his Officer sexercife 
 Juftice in all criminal Cauies in the City, they 
 will not permit him in Perfon to rcfide long 
 in -Town, nor come with a great Train, for 
 which Reafon he lives always at Bonti. Co- 
 logne ftands 28 Miles E. of Juliers j 68 almoft 
 N, of Triers ., 70 S. of Munfter, and 75 N. 
 W. of Ment:{. Long" 26 D. 32 m. Lat. 50. 
 D. 55 m. 
 
 XXV. BONN, 
 
 BONN, or Bontie, Lat. Bonna, or Colonia 
 Julia Bona, or Ara Vbiormn, from the 
 Altars eiedled here by the Vbii the ancient In- 
 habitants, is a Town belonging to the Arch"- 
 bilhoprick of Cologne, and Situate upon the 
 [{hine. Several Authors affirm that it was built 
 by the Trojans after the Deftrud:ion of their 
 City. It is regularly fortified with ten great 
 Baftions, nine Ravelins or Half- Moons, Ibme 
 Counterguards, and a fort of a Horn work on 
 the South-(ide of the Town, and upon the 
 I^jine, the Walls are fac'd with Brick, and 
 the Ditch which is dry, is pretty broad, but 
 the Counterfcarp is none of the belt. As for 
 the Town it felf it is fmall and poor, yet re- 
 markable as being the ordinary Refidence of the 
 Eledtor of Cologne, who has there a very fine 
 Caftle, and curious Gardens iu the Neighbour- 
 hood. The Town Houfe is alfo very well 
 built, with divers Paintings, and a Clock with 
 a Melodious Chime, after the fafhion of the 
 Country. There are alfo fine Churches to be 
 fecn, efpecially the Collegiate which is dedica- 
 red to the holy Martyrs CaJJ'us, Florentius and 
 Malufius whofe Bodies, with feveral other, of 
 the famous Theban Legion, are faid to be bu- 
 ried in it; being brought hither by St. Helena^ 
 who founded this Church to their Honour. 
 This Town fuffer'd much in the firft Wars of 
 the Low-Countries, and was fiercely attack'd, 
 partly by the Bavarians, and partly by the 
 iroops of the Duke of Parma, who carried 
 it at laft by Famine in 1581. In this City 
 Fredericl{_ of Auftria, cholen in oppofition to 
 Lewis of Brtt'rtr/rfjWas crown'd Emperor in 1 314. 
 It was in Times paft an imperial City, bun 
 is now fubjed: to the Arch-bifhop of Cologne. 
 
 In 
 
( 2j ; 
 
 In 167? the Prince of OrnngCt now King 
 of great Brittain^ having taken Nacrden, and 
 fecur'd HolUfid by part of his Army, march'd 
 with the reft into Gennnny, and join'd part 
 of the Confederate Troops to belicge Bonn, 
 which had been put in the French King's Hands, 
 by the Eledlor of Cologne, and having talccn 
 this Place, forc'd the French to withdraw their 
 Forces out of the United Netherlands. The 
 French made themfelves Mafters of it again in the 
 beginning of the late War, Lewis XIV. hav- 
 ing given Troops to Cardinal ^urftenburg, to 
 maintain his pretended Right to the Elciftorate. 
 It was afterwards befieg'd in 1689, by the 
 Eleiilor of Bmndenbiirgh, who after having al- 
 moft ruin'd it with Bombs, took it by Capi- 
 tulation, after a Siege of 3 Months. It ftands 
 J 4 Miles almoft S. of Cologne-^ 24 S. E. of 
 Jidiers ; 5 5 almoft N. E. of Trier, and 60. 
 N. W. of Ment:{. Lon. 26 D. 36. m; Lat; 
 50 D. 44 m. 
 
 XXVI. RHEINBERG. 
 
 RHEINBEI{G, or Rlnneberg, Lat. I{!,eno. 
 berga, is a little but very ftrong Town, 
 Icated on the Hljine, in a fmall Country often 
 Miles extent, belonging to the Archbifhoprick 
 of Cologne, tho' feparated from the reft by the 
 fmall Territority of Mcurs. A fmall River, 
 or Canal patfes by it and runs quite crofs 
 from the l{ljine to the Maefe, by means of 
 which convenient Situation,it has a good Trade, 
 audits Inhabitants are reafonably rich. This 
 Town being near the Borders of Gelderland, 
 has been claim'd by the Hollanders, and is there- ■ 
 fore ftrongly fortified with feveral irregular 
 Baftions, Ravelins, Half moons, and two advan- 
 c'd Forts on both fides the [{Inne. It was 
 taken from the Spaniards by the Hollanders 
 in 1633, and continued under them till 1672. 
 when it was taken by the French, and reftord 
 to the Eledor of Cologne the right owner. The 
 French feiz'd upon it in 1688, in favour of 
 Cardinal Fur ft em burg, but were forc'd to quit 
 it the year next following. It ftands 42 Miles 
 N. W. of Cologne, and 12 E. of Gclders, Long. 
 25 D..56m. Lar. 51 D. 26 m. 
 
 XXV If. TRIER. 
 
 TI{IEI{, Gall. Treves, Lat. Augujia Trcviro- 
 riim, is a very ancient City, fcated on the 
 .Mofelle, with an Archbifhop's Sec and Elc(5lorate 
 of the Empire. 1 was ruin'd 4 or 5 tiir.cs by 
 the Huns, Vandals, Goths and French, but al- 
 ways recovcr'd with greater Splendor ; which 
 gave the Emperors ('that ftaid any time in Gaul] 
 occafion to make it their ordinary Refidence, 
 and adorn it with a Circus and Capitol. The 
 Archbilhop of Trier^ in that Quality, is Prince 
 of the Empire, and Temporal Lord of his E- 
 ftates,' and was formerly Metropolitan of the 
 Bilhopricks of Ment:{, Cologne, Liege, Vtrecfjt, 
 Strasburg, iVorms and Spire, ail which arc 
 now feparated from his Archbillioprick; fo that 
 he has but three Suffragants, x'/:{. Met:(, To///, 
 and Verdun, which are all under rhc King of 
 France. They pretend they have our Saviour's 
 Tunick at Trier, and that kft it (hould be ftoln 
 away, they conceal the Place it's hidden in : 
 but ir's probable this care is taken the better to 
 keep the Cheat undifcovcr'd. This City is forti- 
 fied with ftrong Walls. Towers, detach'd Ba- 
 ftions, and a deep Ditch, fill'd with the Wa- 
 ters of the Mofelle ; over which River is a 
 Bridge guarded by a fort of a Horn-work. 
 A Univerfity was eftablilh'd here in 1472. 
 which is in a flourifliing Condition. Here are 
 alfo 4 Collegiate Churches, 5 ParilTies, 2 Ab- 
 beys, and feveral Religious Houfes. This was 
 formerly an Imperial and free City, but has 
 been fubjed: to its Archbifliop ever fince 1561 
 when it was lurpriz'd by the kxchh'i^ho^ James 
 III. It was put into the Hands of the French in 
 1632. to prefcrve it, as it was pretended, from 
 the Svoedes ; they kept it till 1645. Marfiial 
 Crequi was defeated near Trier, at the Bridge of 
 C cnjar br i c l{ u^on Saar, yjug.ii. 1675. ^nd af- 
 terwards retir'd to this Place, which was im- 
 mediately befieg'd by ihe Germ.tns, who forc'd 
 the Garrifon to furrender upon ignominious 
 Terms. In the late War the French put a 
 Garrilon into it in 1688. but quitted it after 
 they had almoft deftroy'd its Fortifications. Ic 
 ftands almoft 28 Miles N. £. of Luxemburg, 
 and 63 ^^ of Ment:^. Long. 16 d. Lar. 4^ 
 d; 5c m. 
 
 XXVIFL 
 
< ^4 ) 
 
 XXVIH. COBLENTZ. 4ffd 
 MJSTEIAT, ' 
 
 HER- XXrX. mENTK., or mATENCE. 
 
 COB!. riiVT;^, is a very confiderablc City op- 
 en die confluence or meeting of the two 
 Rivers I^nne and Mrfclle, for which Rcafon it" 
 is caird in Latin Conflucntcs or ConfluejnU. It 
 is a large City, builc in form ot a long Quad- 
 iTiDgie, rhe North and J^Vcft Sides whereof are 
 fecur'd by the two Rivers, and the Scuth and 
 Enfi by good Baftions. a deep Ditch fiil'd with 
 Water, and fome Out- works. It has a^ SiOiic 
 B^-idge over the Mcfelle, guarded b.y a Crow-c- 
 w.ork on the other fide j ajid another Bridge 
 over the ^nne to Herman fie in. This place, in 
 the time of the R^maw, was the flation cf tbeir 
 firft Legion. It wa^s given to the See of Triers 
 about a Thonfand Years ago by K. Dagoker.t.y 
 r.nd was afterwards an imperial City till x'-i\iZ^ 
 vs/hen it was feparatcd from the Jurildicftion cf 
 the .Enipire by Henry VU, Its lituacion ba«' 
 made it extreme populous, and of greac. Trade, 
 which, confiils chiefly in Wine. Corn, Wooxi 
 and Iron. The chief publick Buildings arq 
 the Elfcftor's Palace, two great Churches and 
 fori?e Monafteries. The private Houfes are 
 generally fair and uniform. It was firft en- 
 compaft with. Walls by Amu/phtis Elector of 
 Trier, in 1250. and afterwards regularly, for-- 
 tified by, Gnjpnr a Petra and other Arcbbilhops,. 
 fo that it is now one of the ftrongeft Cities of 
 Ger7?iMy. It ftands 13 Miles^ PV. of Naffav^^ 
 21 S. B. of Bonn, 3 5, N. TV. of Ment;{, and 
 52 N. £. of Trier. Long, 27 d. 2 m. Lat. 50 
 d. 21 m. On the other Cx^enht Hjn'ne, juft o- 
 ver againft this City, ftands. 
 
 HEl{l^UN5TEIN, or Ebrenheitflein, Lat. 
 Uremberti Lnfis, one of the ftrongeit Cittadels 
 in Europe, fituate on a fterp inacceflible Rock. 
 t\vice as high as H-^inJ/vr Caftle, . which Coni^ 
 inands thci City and the two Rivers. It was 
 befieged in. 1637, but could not be taken but by 
 5'amine. At the Foot of this Fort, on the Banks 
 of the I{ljif7e, and fronting the River, ftands the; 
 Elector's Palace, which is a rnagnificent Build- 
 ing. From hence is aPaflagc to Coblent:^, by a 
 long Bridge of Boats, in the middle whereof, 
 two or three arc ler flip upon occafioB, to let 
 any great Veflel pafs by, which they eafily fa- 
 ftcn again. 
 
 MEiVT;^, Germ. Maynts^, Gall. lidaycnce, 
 Lat. Msxnnti.i. or M^guntia, Maguntia- 
 cum, and Mognnti/icum, is Icatcd upon the left 
 B?-nk of tl«ei^^/«c. It derives its Name from 
 the River Mein, which falls into the Pj.nneover' 
 againlt it. It is the ancienteft City in that part 
 of Germany ; the Inhabitants pretend that 'ris 
 1300 Years older than Chrillianity, but others 
 thjnk it, to have been built by Dru/m a /^o-- 
 tnajz General u^dcr Aagufius,, whofe Tomb is 
 fiiili fllewi;^ hejre. It was foroe time imperial and 
 frec'r ia 745 it. was made an Archbahop's See, 
 ijiftead of /^f/tfrwj, to which it was Suftraganr be- 
 fore. Ic was very fevcrely treaiced by Frede- 
 risk JE,nobarbus the EiMpcror in 1 1 5:8;, bur re- 
 built and rcllor'd by OthoW. In i462itwj» 
 taken and Subjedfcd by Advlphus of NnJJkn its 
 ArchbiHiop, and its Succelfors ftill retain the 
 fovereign Authority. Gtiftiivus Adoiphis, King 
 of Stwtfrw, -entcr'd it in- Triumph in 1^31, and 
 oblig'd the Citizens to pay 80000 Dollars as a 
 Ranlqm. for their Lives and Houfes. Ir was re- 
 taken from the Swedes in 1635, but they took it 
 again the next Year after, and kept it till the 
 Veace of Mfmfier. In i688 Mcfnr^^ recQiv'd Z 
 French Gar,ni;ion> but being befieg'd by that 
 Confederate Forces, under the Dulceof Aorr/z/;:, 
 it. was furrendredl Sept. 11. 1689, after 6 or 
 7 NYeeks, refUtajice. It is a place oi very good 
 Stl^cngth^, having 14 Baftions, forae Outworks. 
 of an ii^reguhir Form, and a- Qiiadk-angular 
 Fort, built not many Years fince on a Hill, 
 wherein ftands the Archbiihop's Palace. It is 
 moft extended towards the. River, arid that 
 part excels the other towards the Land, as 
 being more populous and better built. The 
 Churches, Monafteries, Elcdloral Palace, and 
 the Townrhoufe, or GuildrHall, are noble 
 Strudures ; but the narrowneis of the Streets, 
 and many old Hbufcs take away from the 
 Beauty of this City. Here is an Univerfiry 
 which was founded in the Yeai* 800, and re- 
 eftablifli'd in 1482. This City claims the In- 
 vention of the Art of P[{IKTING, v/hich at leaft 
 was brought to Perfedlion jicre by Ji?/;« Fault, 
 or according to ethers John Giittvwberg, who 
 firft taught the ufe of ir in Europe (about the 
 Year 1430) which he had learnt in Chivia^ 
 where 'tis laid, they have had it for above 2000 
 Years. The Archbifhop of Me;-7t:( is Arch- 
 Chancellor of the Empire, and the firft of the 
 
 Eledoral 
 
Eledoral College. His Annual income is com- 
 puted at 1800000 Livers. This City (lands 
 21 Miles almoft ^ o^ Francfort, 28 Miles al- 
 moft N. of M^onns, 48 N.H^. of Heitdelberg, 
 and 66 E. of Trier. Long. 27 d. 43 m. Lar. 
 49 d. 57 m. 
 
 XXX. PHIL1P3BVR G. 
 
 PHILIPSBVl{G, Lat. Ph'ilohrjfum, is a very 
 important Fortrefs near the Eaftfide of the 
 I^hi/ie, tho' formerly but a Imall Town call'd 
 Vdenbeim, which was firft encompas'd with 
 Walls by Gelbert Bifhop of Spire, in 1343. It 
 took its modern Name from Philip Chrijiopher 
 de Saleren, Bifliop of Spire and Archbifliop of 
 Trier, who in 161 5. caus'd it to be fortified 
 with feven Royal Baftions. The Caftle v\as 
 founded in 1513. by George Count Palatine of 
 the /^/:?/«^ and Bifliop of S/'iVf, repair'd in 1573 
 by Bifliop Marqtiard de Harflein^ and is a mag- 
 nificent Building. The Town is feated in a 
 Plain environ'd with Marfhes, which adds much 
 to its Strength. It was confign'd to the Bifliop 
 of Spire, ''who has ever had his Refidence in 
 the CaftleJ but ftill under the Protedlion of the 
 Emperor. It fell into t'.e Hands of the Imperi- 
 alifts thro' the Cowardlinels of the Governor. 
 The Swedes drove them thence in January 1634 
 and gave it to Levcis Xlll. but as the Fortifi- 
 cations of it could not be rinifh'd, becaufe of the 
 rigour of the Winter, the Imperialifts furpriz'd 
 it by Night, Jnv. 23. 1635. Afterwards the 
 Duke oi Anguien, having defeated the Bavari/i?is 
 at Frihurg, retook Spire and Philipshurg, in 1644. 
 The French bcftow'd great coft in fortif>'ing it, 
 adding many Outworks according to the mo- 
 dern nnanner. The Gernj.ins and their AlHcf, 
 who had block'd ic up for a long time, be- 
 fieg'd it, May \6. i6'j6. and it was furrendred 
 to them upon Articles, Sept. 17. following. 
 In i683. Sept.xhe 27 it was invefted by the 
 French. The 6th of Ocioler the Dauphin of 
 France came thither, and here made his firft 
 Campagne ; the firft of November it was fur- 
 rendred, when it might have holden out much 
 longer. It was rcftor'd to the Emperor by the 
 Treaty of [{yfmck in 1697. It ftands 7 Miles 
 S. of Spire, and 18 S. IV. of Heildeilerg. Lat. 
 28 d. 10 m. Lat. 49 d. 4 m. 
 
 (25) 
 
 XXXI. M A N H E I N, 
 
 MANf-lEIN, is a pretty Town of the Pala- 
 tine of the I{/nne, fratcd on the conflu- 
 ence of the [{hine and Keckar. It was ftrcng- 
 ly fortified by Fredericl-^Wf. in i6c6. but taken 
 and difmantlcd by the Spaniards in 1622, after- 
 wards refortified by Charles Levois the laft E- 
 ledlor, and had, bcfides eight Royal Baftions 
 a great Cittadel with feven regular Baftions, 
 a Crown-work, and other Out-works, a fmall 
 Cittadel on the Rjjine, when the French bcfieg'd 
 and took it in 1688, who bdng forc'd to a- 
 bandon it in 1689, deftroy'd all the Fortifica- 
 tions, and ruin'd the Town in a moft barbar- 
 ous manner. It ftands 1 1 Miles almoft PV. of 
 Heildelberg, and i o N. of Spire. Long. 28 d. 
 10 m. Lat. 49 d. 21 m. 
 
 XXXII. STRJSBVRG. 
 
 STIiASBV I^G, Lat. Argent or a f urn, or 
 Argentina, or Tribocorum and Tribocum, and 
 by fome Moderns Strmburgum, is the Capital 
 ■ City of Alfatia, and one of the faireft of 
 Germany. It is a Bifhop's See under the Arch- 
 bifliop of Mcnf^, and vvas for many Ages a 
 free and imperial City, feared in the midft of 
 a great Plain, upon the little River J//, where it 
 falls into the Brei-fche, one Mile from the I^hine^ 
 over which it has a Timber- Bridge of great 
 length. This is a place of very great ftrength 
 and Wealth, and fo ancient, that it is faid to 
 have been bmk Antio Aitind. 1955. It is a- 
 dorn'd with many ftately Buildings, amon^ 
 which the Town-houfe, Arfenal and Cathedral 
 Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, arc chiefly 
 remarkable, bur more particularly the latter for 
 its Steeple call'd Tower of Myufler, wjiich is 
 Pyramidal and fo built that it lies all open and^. 
 pervious to the Light, being the moft eftecnVd 
 for its Workmanfhip of any other Steeple in 
 Chriftendom. It is 570 Foot high, and has 
 700 Steps, snd in it a Clock exceedingly 
 admir'd, fhewing not only the Hours of the 
 Day, but the Motions of all the Planets. In 
 the Year 1440 or thereabouts, the Arc of Print- 
 ing was firft invented by Jehu Guttemburg, a 
 Citizen of Strasburg, who rcmov'd about the 
 H ^me 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 umc time to Ment:{, and there moflly us'd and 
 improv'd this noble Art, To that a mighty con- 
 tclt has been manag'd between H.tr'cm, Strnf- 
 burg and Mcnt^, which of 'cm flia 1 have the 
 Honour of this Invention. Here is an Univer- 
 lity founded by the Senate in the Year 1538. 
 This City embraced the Lutheran Religion in 
 1529, and the Year following entred a League 
 with the Reformed Cantons for her defence ; 
 llnce that time its Government was Republi- 
 can, tWiSept. 1681, whep the F?e??cy!j King hav- 
 ing before pollefs'd himfclfof all Alfatin, fud- 
 dainly furpriz'd this important Place, in a time 
 of Peace, when no Body fuspei5lcd it, which 
 may be afcrib'd to the Pride and Folly of the 
 Town, and their over- great Love of Liberty, 
 by refudng 500 Men the Em,peror offer'd them 
 for thejr fecurity. The old Fortifications of 
 this Town were but a double Wall, and a 
 Falfe-hray ; fo that it was not capable of mak- 
 ing a long refiftanc?. But the Frevch have for- 
 tified it very ftrongly with i4Baftions, (fome 
 regular, and orhers irregular^ Ravelins, Horn- 
 works, and. a Cittadel which is a regular Pen- 
 lagon, with a Horn- work and a Crown- work 
 for its defence on that end of the Town next 
 ihei^/!?/w^; together with Forts in fome Iflands 
 in the [{Inne to fecure the Bridge, and conr'^ 
 inand the PafTage of the River. There are 
 alfo two fmall Forts at the two chief Gates, 
 which lead towards Alfatia, fo that in cale 
 of a Revolt, they can cut off all communica- 
 :ion with the Country. The Capitulation 
 made with the French in 1681 has not hither- 
 to been well obferv'd, yet there is not above 
 2,00 ^omi/h Converts. The arbitrary Govern- 
 ment of France has almoft quite funk the Trade 
 of this City. It (lands 5 5 Miles N. of Ba/il, 
 1^0 Pp^.oi Ausburgy 64 S. £. of Heildelberg, 
 and 70 £. of Nancy, long ay d. 26 m. 
 Lat. 48 d. 28 m. This City was yielded to 
 the King of Frayice by the Treaty of {{^yfrnck, 
 upon condition that the Fort KJel, in the 
 ^nne, (hould be given up to the Emperor, and 
 that of r;7/e demolilh'd. 
 
 XXXIII. F R T-L r 1 S,: 
 
 F01(T-L0VIS, or Fort-Lems, ftands in an 
 •; Ifland of the ^)ine in lower Alfatia, al- 
 moft over-againft Baden, and about 8 Miles 
 E. ofiF Haguenaw 3 Lon. 27 D. 45 m. Lat. 48 D. 
 
 37 m. It is a Quadrangle regularly fortified 
 with four Baftions, and as many Ravelins, 
 and two Horn-works on the other fide of each 
 Branch of the I^ime, for the better fecurity of 
 this Part of the Country, and the Cdmmand 
 of the River: Bur in purfuance of the Treaty 
 of-/<;/rp/c/c the French demoliOi'd the Horn- work 
 on the Right Cidc of the ^l.une. 
 
 XXXIV. L J N D J JV, 
 
 LAKDAH^f Lat. Lnndavia) is a Town of 
 , ho^ev- Alfatia, Situate upon the River. 
 Q^eick in the Confines of the Palatinate, and 
 Territority of J-Vafgorv. It was yielded to the 
 French by the Peace of Munjler, and is now 
 in their PoflefiTion very ftrongly fortified with 
 feven Royal Baftions, fcveral Ravelins, Half- 
 Moons and Countergards, and a good Citta- 
 del, i he French having plunder'd moft Towns 
 of the Palatinate,, and a great Part of Schvo-. 
 abcn in 1688 laid the Booty up here, where 
 all was burnt by an accidental Fire, May 
 1689. This Place ftands 13 Miles W. oi Phi. 
 lipsbiirg, and 16. S. o^ Spire. Long. 27.D.,,5o 
 m. Lar. 49 D. 3 m. 
 
 XXXV. HVNNINGEN. 
 
 HVNNINGEN, is a Village in Suntgaw,. 
 in Alfatia, a quarter of a League below 
 Bafit, Situate upon the Bjiine, which the French 
 have rendred very remarkable for the ftrong 
 Caftle they had of late years credled there, 
 and which gave no little Umbrage to the Sveif- 
 fers. This Fort was a regular Pentagon, after 
 the method of Monfieur. Vauhan, with Lodg. 
 ings for 4 or 5000 Men; and had a Maga- 
 zine Vaulted with Brick fo ftrongly, that it 
 was Proof againft Bonribs. Befides the Ra- 
 velins, Tenailles, Counterfcarps and double 
 Ditch, it had two large Horn-Works to the N. 
 and S. and a third on the other fide of the 
 River; fo that it was one of the Strongcft 
 Places in Europe, being feated in a great Plain, 
 and commanded by no Rifing Ground. But all 
 this was deftroy'd in purfuance of the Peace 
 of I^fvoick. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
( 27 ) 
 
 XXXVI. B R I S J C, 
 
 B.IIISAC, Lat. Bnfacum, or Brifncm Mons^ 
 the Capital of the Brif^aw, in Upper Al- 
 fatia, ftands on the rifing Ground, on the Eaft 
 or right fide of the R^nne, which has there 
 a fine Stone-Bridge. It is efteem'd one of the 
 ftrongeft Places of Europe, whether its Situa- 
 tion be confider'd, or what Art has contri- 
 buted to render it regular; fo that fomc Au- 
 thors call it the Cittadel of Alfntia. It was 
 heretofore an imperial City, but was fubjedcd 
 to the Houfe of Aujlria. about 1330. Gujinv- 
 us Home, a Swede, made an Attempt upon it 
 in 1633, after his great Advantages over the 
 Imperialifts ; but the Duke of Feria broke his 
 Meafures, and threw fuccours into the Place. 
 The Duke of Pi'eymar being fick at Nevpembiirg 
 near Brifac in 1639, the Marquis of Guebri- 
 ant poflefs'd himfelf of this and the other Places, 
 which were left to the King of France by a 
 Treaty the Year following, and which have 
 been yielded by the Peace of M^eftphalia, and 
 confirna'd again by the Pjratiean Treaty. It 
 has ever fince been in the Hands of the French, 
 who have built a Fortres in an Ifland of the 
 I^ne call'd New Brifac, with eight great Baf- 
 tions, and a ftrong Cittadel which commands 
 both the old and new Town. Old Brifac is 
 fortified with nine great Baftions and as many 
 Ravelins or Half- Moons, fo that the Fortifica- 
 tions are a League in Circumference, and the 
 Place, tho' poor and mifeiable, Capable of 
 Garrifoning9 or loooo Men. Old- Br//rfc was 
 reftor'd to the Emperor in 1700 after the fair 
 Stone- Bridge over the I{hme was deftroy'd, pur- 
 fuant to the Treaty of ^fwick, k ftands 26. 
 Miles N. of Bafili and 30 S. of Strasburg. 
 Long. 27 D. Z2 m. Lat. 48 D. 
 
 XXXVIl. F R I B V R G H. 
 
 Fi{lBV£(pH, Lat. Friburium is a good City 
 of Brifgaw, feated upon the little River 
 Treijfeim, ( which falls into the Rjnne, ) at the 
 end of a fertile Plain, and upon a Rifing Ground 
 where the black Mountain begins. In 1450 
 Albert VI. Duke of Auftria, founded in it a 
 Univerfity, and a Sovereign Chamber, the Ju- 
 rifdidion whereof reach'd once a great vv^ay, 
 
 bur flow not above four Milcs^ The Srnedes 
 took fit three Times in 1632, 1634 and i63{i. 
 This Town is renown'd for its Riches, and 
 other Advantages, and for a memorable Battle, 
 which the Duke of Anguien won there in 1 644. 
 Marefchal Crcqui took it in 1677, for Leuis 
 XIV. who caus'd it to be well fortified vvitii 
 eight great Baffions, five Ravelins, and two 
 great advanc'd Forts. It was yielded to the 
 French by the Treaty of Nirncguen, but re- 
 ftor'd to the Emperor by the peace of I{yf- 
 wick. It has feveral Churches and Religious 
 Houfes, and is the Refidence of the Chapret 
 of Bnfil, from which Place it ftands 26 Miles 
 almoft N. and 10. Miles E. oi Brifac. Long, 
 27 D. 31 m. Lat. 47 D. 58 m. 
 
 XXXVIII. BASIL. 
 
 BASIL, or BASEL, Gall, Bnjie, Lat. Ba- 
 [ilea, once an Imperial City, is now the 
 Capital of one of the 13 Cantons of the 
 S\t>it:{ers, to which it gives its Name; it is plea- 
 fantly feated on the River Rloine, 54 Miles 
 S. of StrAsburg, 80 almoft N, E. of Bef.in- 
 %on ', 120 N. £, of Geneva^ 236 almoft of 
 Paris-,- and 400 W.of Vienna. Long. 27 D. 
 16 m. Lat. 47 D. 34 m. Some are of opinion 
 that it had its Rife from the Ruins of the old 
 Augiifta I{auracorum, or ]\aurica, fome Remains 
 of which are ftill to be feen near the Village 
 Augufl, at about 7 Miles Diftance of it to the 
 E. C/uverius believes it was formerly call'd 
 Arialbinum. As for its Name of Bajilea, ii: 
 ows it to Julian the Apoftate, who gave it 
 to this City in honour of his Matter Bafilian. 
 The t{pmr.ns lent a Colony to it under the Con- 
 duct of M'unatius Plancus, snd the Emperor 
 Gratian did very much enlarge and embel- 
 lifhit. The ////«^/r/7^?2i having deftroy'd it, the 
 Emperor Henry II. caus'd it to be rebuilt, in 
 1 010, and granted fuch great Immimities and 
 Priviledges to thofe who v^'ould fc:tle there, that 
 in a little time it was flock'd with Inhabitants 
 and became very confidcrable. The J{hine di- 
 vides it into two unequal Parts .- That which 
 ftands- on the German dde is call'd Little Bk- 
 fil, and is not much above the fourth Part of 
 the whole Town, and is join'd to the other 
 by a long Stone Bridge. The FortificaLions 
 of this City are very Irregular, and confift 
 partly of Baftions and partly of large Towers. 
 
 HeJe'fi 
 
(s8 ) 
 
 Here's a famous Univcrfity firft founded in 
 1460, and where among many orhtT great Men, 
 Ernfmus^ AtJicrbacbitu and Buxtorf were Edu- 
 cated. This City was heretofore an Epifco- 
 pal See under the Archbilhop of Befnr,%on j 
 but fince the Reformauon was cftablilh'd here, 
 the Bifhops have been oblig'd to live at Brm- 
 truty or Porentru ; on the Borders of the upper 
 yllface. Themoft remarkable Things in it are, 
 the Cathedral Church of St Mary, the Arfe- 
 nal and their Guildhalls, and the curious Paint* 
 ings in the Cloyfter of the Dominicotjs^ and in 
 the R*pofitory of Ainerb/tchim and Ernfmuiy 
 belonging to the Univerfity, particularly 20 
 original Draughts of the famous Painter Hoi- 
 ben, a Native of this City, which are there 
 preferv'd. There are alfo leveral conliderable 
 Libraries, and fonr^e fine Colledlions of Med- 
 als, efpccially that of Mr. Sebafiian Fifch. Or- 
 dinary Paper is laid to have been firft made 
 here Anno. 141 7. And Printing firft begun 
 here h'^ Bernard Ri'chel, in 1478. 
 
 XXXIX. M N T-R r J L. 
 
 M0NT-I{p7ALi is a very ftrong Town.built 
 in 1687, by the French, in the Palati- 
 nate of the Bjnne, on the Borders of the Arch- 
 bifhoprick of Triers, in a Penifle made by the 
 River Mofelle. This Fortrefs confifted of fix 
 Baftions, a Cittadcl alfo of fix Baftions, both 
 of an irregular Form, two Ravelins and as 
 many Horn-Work<;, fo that it was thought Im- 
 I regnable. But by the Treaty of Peace con- 
 cluded at I\yfmck^ between the Emperor and 
 the King of France, the latter oblig'd himfelf 
 to demolifli all the Fortifications of Mont-I{oyal, 
 and the Caftle of Traerbacbt which ftood z 
 Miles S. on the other fide of the Mofelle. 
 Mont ^pyal ftrnds 23 Miles N. E. c'i Triers, 
 r.nd 31 S. \V. of Coblent:{. Long. 26 D. 30 
 m. Lar. 50 D. 
 
 XL SJRELOVIS, cr SARLOUIS. 
 
 S/!P^LOZ.TS, Lnt. Saravum Ludovici, is a 
 very Strong Town of Lor rain, \\\ the Bail- 
 I'tfre of Vandrcvange, on the left fide of 
 the River ^r.re, and lo call'd in hon- 
 
 our of the prefent King of France, Lewis XIV. 
 who built it, and eftablifh'd therein a Prcfidial 
 Court of a large Jurifdi(5tion. It is defended 
 by fix regular and Royal Baftions, after the 
 Method of Monfieur Vaiiban, with three Ten- 
 aillcs before three of the Curtains, five Ravel- 
 ins, and a great Horn-Work, on the North 
 fide of the Town, and on the right fide of 
 the River. By the Treaty of I^^fvpicl^ the 
 King of France is to retain Sarlouis, allowing 
 an Equivalent for it to the Duke of Lorrain. 
 This Fortrefs is diftant 3 Miles from Vaudre- 
 vange, and about 36 from Trierr. 
 
 XU. P ! G N E R L. 
 
 PIGNE!{pL, Lat. Pinarolo, or Pinarolum, 
 the Capital City of a Country vyhich of 
 late has been call'd French Piedmont, is fituated 
 at the Foot of the Alps, near the Borders of 
 Dauphine, upon the River C^//7?«. This Town 
 is extremely well fortified with eight great Ba- 
 ftions, fix Ravelins, and a Cittadel in form of 
 a long Square, with double Baftions, two 
 great Horn-works, and a very good Glacis ; fo 
 that it was reckon'd one of the ftrongeft places 
 in Europe, and a terrible Thorn in the Duke of 
 Savoy's Foot, while it remain'd in the French 
 King's Hands. It belong'd formerly to the 
 Duke of Savoy, and ferv'd as an Appenagc 
 to the youngeft Sons of that Houfe, till it 
 was taken by the French Forces, under the 
 Command of Cardinal HJchlieu, in the 
 Year 1630. And afterwards, by the cunning 
 Fetches of the fame Cardinal, and of the 
 Dutchefs Dovoager of Savoy, who was of 
 French Blood, ibid by Duke Vi^or Amedeus, 
 together with the Fort and Valley of Peroufi, 
 for the fum of 494000 Crowns, who befides 
 this fum refign'd to the Dnke the Towns of 
 of Alba and Albefan, in the Durchy oi Montfer. 
 rat^ with the adjacent Territories, by a fe- 
 crcc Treaty held zt Cher afco in j63I. In the 
 Year 1693 the Duke of Savoy, at the Head of 
 the Confederate Army,laid Siege to it ; and rook 
 one of the Horn works call'd Fort St. Bridget, 
 v^/hich had communicr.rion with the Cittadcl 
 by a Cover'd-way, and a Pnffnge under Ground. 
 But irftead of goirg on vigoroufly with the 
 Siege of the Town and Cittadcl, he left 'em 
 block'd up, and went to fight Monfieur Cati- 
 nnt the French General, who lay encamp'd with 
 
 12 
 
( 29) 
 
 iz pr 14000 Men, between the Mountains of 
 Feruflrelle and Bojfa, 7 or 8 Leagues N. IV. 
 of Pigncrol; but finding it hard to come ac 
 him, went back and open'd the Trenches be- 
 fore n^nerol in September, Cntinat by this 
 time having reinforc'd his Army, and com- 
 ing to the relief of the Town, the Confede- 
 rates rais'd tlie Siege, and having blown up 
 the Fort St. Bridget, went to meet him near 
 the Village catl'd Orbnffati, 10 m. N. £. of 
 Pignero!, as many N.H^. of Carmagnole, in the 
 Plaincall'd Mrf?/^///."/^, where a bloody Battle 
 was fought on the 4?/j of Otiober 1693. in 
 which the Brevch won the Day, but loft abo\e 
 6000 Men, and the Confederates about 5500J 
 among the reft the Duke of Schomberg, who hav- 
 ing done Wonders, at the Head of his Regiment, 
 rcceiv'd a mortal Wound, of which he died 13 
 Days after. Pignerol was reftor'd to the Duke 
 of Savoy, and all its Fortifications demolifh'd 
 by the Treaty of Turin 1696. It ftands 20 
 Miles almoft S. W. of Turin, 43 almoft E. of 
 yhnbrun, 63 N. of Nice, 57 nigh H^. oi Cafal, 
 and 350. 5". E. of Paris. Long. 27 d. Lat. 44 
 d. 2 m. 
 
 XLII. C N 1. 
 
 CONI, or Conio, Lac Ctmeum^ is a ftrong 
 Town and Caftle in Piedmont, feated ac 
 the confluence of two little Rivers, the Stttra 
 and Ges. Befides its fituation on a tteepy, crag- 
 gy Hill, which renders it inacccflible on one 
 fide, it is defended by 9 Baftions, (two whereof 
 are detatchM from the Body ofrheTownj two 
 Ravelins, a Horn- work, fome Redoubts, and 
 an old Cittadel. It held out againft Francis 
 I. King of France ; but was taken by Count 
 d'Harcourt, in the Year i6^i. in the Reign of 
 Levpis Xlll. in the Year 1691 the French at- 
 tempted to take it, but were unfuccesful in their 
 Enterpri7e, being forc'd to raife the Siege. It 
 ftands 35 Miles S. of Turin, and 30 almoft 5. 
 E. oi Pignerol, Long. 27 d. 25 m. Lat. 44d. 2m\ 
 
 XLIir. C J S J L. 
 
 CASAL, or Cafale diS. Vafi, ('from St. Eva. 
 fms its Patron) Lat. Cafale, or Bodincoma- 
 gits, is a City of Montferrat, feated upon 
 the Po, bejween Turin and Valence, and was 
 
 Jately one of the ftrongeft Places in Italy. Pope 
 Sixtus IV. jn.ide it a Bilhop's See under the 
 Archbifhop of A//7^w, in 1474, at the follicita- 
 ixonoiPFilliamPaUologue, Marquefs of Mont' 
 ferrat, and then it became Capital of the 
 Countrey, and the Refidencc of the MarqucfTcs 
 of Montferrat, who before that refided at Occi' 
 mian. This Place is famous for the many Sieges 
 it has fuftain'd. The Spaniards befieg'd it un- 
 der Gon:(alcs, in the beginning of 1629. but the 
 approach of Lewis XIU's Army made them re- 
 tire in the Night. The next Year they laid 
 Siege to it under Spinola, but it was fo vigo- 
 roufly defended by the Marlhal de Toirns, that 
 their attempt had no (uccefs. The Spaniards 
 befieg'd it again under the Marquefs de Legane^^ 
 in 1640. but Count d'Harccurt drove them 
 from bciore it, took their Colours, Artillery 
 and all their Baggage, kill'd two thoutand 
 Men, and made as many . Prifoners. They 
 were more fuccesful during the Ccmmotlons of 
 France, for they made themfelves Msfters of 
 this important Place in 1552, but it was after- 
 wards lurrendred to the Duke of Mantua, of 
 whom the King of France bought it, in i68r, 
 and very much encreas'd its Fortifications. Ic 
 was lately defended on one fide by one of 
 the fineft and largeft Cittadels in the World, 
 being a regular Exagone, with double Baftion?, 
 Tenaills and double Ravelins before the Conr- 
 tines ; on the other fide, by a ftrong Caftle, 
 which had four great Towert, and has many 
 Ravelins or Half-moons, to cover the Flank, 
 The Town it kit, befides ftrong Walls, had fe- 
 veraJ great Towers, both round and fquare, fome 
 irregular Baftions, five or fix Ravelins and o- 
 ther Outworks, befides a large dry Ditch, a 
 Counterfcarp and a Coridor lin'd with Bricks. 
 This place is pleafanc enough, and has fe- 
 veral fine Churches. In the laft War the 
 Duke of Savoy block'd it up from March to 
 O^ober 1693, when he wanted the Troops 
 employ 'd at the Blockade to reinforce his 
 Army after the Battle of Marfeillane. The 
 The Duke of Savoy, at the Head of the Con- 
 federate Army, laid Siege to it in "June 1695, 
 and about the middle of July next enfuing, 
 the Town was furrendred to him upon Con- 
 dition that the Fortifications fliould be demo- 
 lilh'd, which was accordingly put in Exe- 
 cution. Cafal ftands 38 Miles E. of T«r;«, 
 and 42 almoft £. of Milan. Long. 28 d. 17 
 m. Lac, 44 d. 40 m. 
 
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