^/ X ^J -/h^^L ,' 2< ICJ /<^— DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PERKINS LIBRARY Uuke University Kare DooLs TOVCHING thediverfityof Langvages^ and Religions, through the chicfe parts of the World. Written by Edvv. Brsrbvvood lately pco* fcSoat of ty^ronow^ in Grejham ColUdge in L o N 9 o M* ^^ London; aJ^ Printed by Iohw Norton, for IoyCi Norton, and Richard WHiTAKER,ac the Kings Armes in St./* rf«// Church- yard. I ^ 3 J. The Contents of the Chapters » ! ^ ; in this Book B, CicAP* Page. 2.i^~XF the ancient largenejje tfthe G re eke tongue, 2, Of (he decaying of the ancient Greeke tongue^ and of the prefmt vulgar Greeke, S 3.0/ the ancttnt Urgen^'fje of the Roman tongue in the tme ofth Rontsn Empire, 1 3 4. That the Roman tongue ahlifhed not the vulgar ^ language jyin theforraine Provinces of the Roman Em^ fire, 20 s • Of the Beginning of the Italtan^ French and Spa^ nijh la guages, jO 6« Ob]tBioni touching the extent of the Latine tongue and the Beginning of the mentioned languages mth their ohtions, 39 7. Of che ancient languages$fha,\y^Sp2LinQyVrzncey gtnd \frique. 45 8. O^the Urg''nefjeofthe Skvonirh, Turkifhj^«i Arab ; nu Lm^uages, 5 8 9. Of the Syria qiie,4»i Hebrew tongues, 62 to. Of the Jkndr^ parts of the World inhabited hy Cbriftiam. 66 IT. Of the parts of the World fjfeffed by Mahu- metans. 79 It, of the fundry regions of the World inhabited ^^Idolarers. S6 I ^ Of the lewes difperfed in fevtraH parts of the World. pa K^% Of The Contents. Chapj Pag Ho 14. Of the qudntitj/nd freptrtion of the parts $fth earth^fojjejjedbj tht fevtraU forts of the abivt mention ned religions. 118 ^ 1$ 'Of the diverfe forts orfeBt of Chrijiians in the Pforld^and of their feveraUKe\i§^\ons, Aftdjirji of the Grecians, 124 1 6. Of the SyrianSjOr Mdchites^ lap 17. Of the Georgians, CircalTians^W Mcngrel- lians. 1^4 18.0/ the MufcoviteSj and Ruffians* 1 3 ^ i9»0/rji»^ Neftorians. 159 20. Of the Indians or Chriftians o/S.Tho* 144 21. Of the lacobites. 1 5 1 32. Of the Cophtiw' Chriftians of iEgypt» i j 5 25. Of ^^5 Habaffines. iC^ 24. Of the Armenians. 170 25.o/r/;^Maronitcs. 175 16, Of the ftveraU Languages t»hereh the Litur- gies c/ Chriftians in fever all parts of the World are feldrdted, 184 27.0/ the languages of the people of Europe, j^p APREFACETO THE briefly defcribing the generall ftateof Pro- tefiants in Europe for afuppljf t§ thefameworke* >rch as art delisted mth profound fpecuU' tiensy and the diligent fearching out of kid" dm verities , thej have not all the fame projeBsy but their various cogitations are ufuall-j fixed upon divers ends.SomQ(fayth a devout Father) know that they may be knowncjand this is vanity : fome know , onely that they may knowj and this iscuriofity: others know toedifie, and this is charity. How diftaftefuH the vanity of the firjifort was unto the learned^ and judiciota {Author of this enfuing difcourfe^ his private and retired courfe of lifejhis fetledy and confimt unmllingnejje , trhileft he en- jo^ed his earthly takrnackj to expofe any of his accurate labours to the publiqut vieveofthe norld^ma'^ fitfficiently teftifie : and yet to avoyd the fruitlejje curiofity ofthefe* c^ndrankejoevffos evermojl re ady in private either By coH" ftnnce^ or writing to infiruB others repayring unto him^ if they wfre desirous of his refolution in any doubtful/ points of learning within tbe ample circuit of his deepe apprehen^ pon. A Preface to the Reader* From this his mode^ ^ and humble chanty (venues Mch rarely cohabit e with the ^xveUing windenejje of much knovpledge) ijjued this fpijje and den(e^yet pohfljed^ this copiouf^yet concife 5 this conctfe yet clear e and perfpt- aPrxftcin ^^^^ Treatiie of the variety of Lanq-uaves and rekzions parih. in , ; ; » /• r 7 ^u^ c r '^ • £pift. ad tbrougi) the cmeje regions of the rvor Id, a hraiaius^i- Kom, ^^ing the reason why S. Paul ivrneth to the Romans in //?^ Greekc, [ayth it was the large extent then of tljis language^ that his znfiruBzons might more generally be underjtood ^ to 7nake the truih^ of Erafmus ajfertion h In Mi ^^^^ evident ^ he was tntreatedto poynt out particularly ihi'iil. e Co- f^^ amplenejje , and multitude of fuch regions y wherein meiit, inl thts learned tongue w,ts anciently mo jt zulgar, b Gcf- cap.7,^'^"* ner J and Vives affirming that the Spanifb^ Italian , and Evorra in French tongues are but the Latine depraved and corrupted ^^^'if'^ ^y the inundation of the Gothes, and Vandals over the> in loan. '^ Southerne parts ofEurope^and Saint Auguftine intima- ting that the Latine was commonly fpoken in fome parts of the skins of Africke, which border upon the Me* diterrane fea • it w,is dema.>ided of him , whether in the forenamed Countries about the more ancient times ■ of the primitive Church , the L atine was the common Ian- guage^ and whether the decay of it^ was the ortginall of thevtdgar tongues ufed by their Inhabitants in after a- ges^ And forafmuch as Guido Vshnxivt^doth clearely de- monfirate the vulgar tongue of \nry inthedayes of our blefjed Saviours pilgrimage here ufon earth to be the Syriacke, which ( /4^//? « Mafius j grew ottt of the syii^um mixture of the ancient Cbaldee, and Hebrew , and ■* «**♦ wjn fo different from the later , that the one could not be G«B&? mderjiood by the other: hewM queftmed m which of A Preface to the Reader, thefe languages the Hebrew or Syriackc the fublique reading of the (acred Scriptures inthofe times were per* . formed^ Laftly^ whereas there are many Chriftians in Greece, A{^^\Ao{co\idL^J£%y^l^ and Aihio^isLytt was defired fifh/m that he would more dzJiinBfyfet downe the Coun* tries wherein they lived ^ their fuperiours to whom they are (ub)eB^ and their differences from the Roman churchy that it might more mamfejlly appeare , how idle are the common vaunts amongftthe tgnoram , of her amplitudey as though all the Chrt^ian world Cave a few Proteflants ^ ^* '^' jhut up in jome obfcure corner of tuxope ^ prof ejjeth 4imoBi$Jun^ ihe fame fayth fhe embraceih and were within the terri* pl'tudinem Hries of her lurifdiBion. The falsehood of which glori- lapmus dc Qus boafiings are in part mofl lively discovered in this Regno Po- learned TraBate^ defcribing the dnerfe conditions of^°^^^ l**' Chrijiians in the Eafi , Norih and South erne Regions <;>/compIeyeeres they have frequently held mth great celebrity y and rvith no ifjje Chriflian prudence and piety. For whereas there are divers forts of thefe Polonicke JProteftantSyfome embracing the Walden{ian,&r ^fceBo- Ijemicke, others the Augu^ane^ and fome the Heheti- an confej^ton , andfo doe differ, in fome outward circum" fiances of difcipline^ and ceremony : yet knotting vteU that a Kingdoms divided cannot fland^and that the one Cod fshomdUofthemwQrfhipinfpiritis the God ofpeace^ and concord y they joyntly meet at one general/ Synode^ and their fir ft ABalrray is^ a religious and folemne proftjsion of their unfained confent in the fubftantial/ poynt^f of Chriflian Faith^necejj'ary to falvation, Thm in C^r^erall a" Anno. Synodes at » Sendomire, ^ Ctacovia, c Petricove, b^iS73, ^ Woodiflavc , « ToTune '( unto tthich reforted in c 1578. great treo^es Chrtfiians of alt Orders.^ State s^and degrees ^ ^5*3* cut of all Provinces of this mofl potent Kingdome) they See chcAfiB declared the JBohemicke , Helvcticke ^d Auguftane **^ *^^ ^y' confellions feverally received amongft them to a« lelvcs. gree in the principall heads of Fayth, touching the holy Scripture, the Sacred Trinity, thePerfonof the fonne of God, God and man , the providence •f A Preface to the Reader, of God,Sinne,Freewill,the Law,the Gofpeiijuftifi, cation byChriftsFaithinhis name, Regeneration, the catholiqiie Church, and Supreame head thereof,: Ghrift, the Sacraments, their number, and ufc, the ftate of foules after death, the refurrcfirion, and lik e- ternalfjthey decreed, that wher&as inthe forenamed €onfeliions thQte is fome difference in phrafes, and formes of fp&ech concerning .Chrifts prefence in his holy Supper, which might breed diflenfionjall difputacions touching the manner of Ghrilh pre. fence fhould be cut off- feeing all of them doe be- lieve the prefence it felfe, and that the Eucharif^i- call elements are not naked and empty fignes , but doe truely performe to the fay th full receiver that which they fignifie, and reprefent, and to prevent future occafions of violating this facred confenr, they ordained that no man {hould be called to the facred miniflery without fubfcription thereunto^ and when any perfon fliall be excluded by excom- . municatidn from the congregation of one confef^ fion,thathe'may not' be receiucd by the congrega- tion of another ; Laflly, forafmuch as they accord in the fubftantiall verity of Chriffian ido(flrine, they. profe fie ^ them fclves content to tolerate diver- /ity of cere^onieV , according to the diverfe pra- CtiCc oftheir'parricular Churches, and to -remove the ]eaft fufpition of rebellion^ and fedition,where- with their malicious , and calumniating advcrla* rics might blemifh theGofpell, ahhdii^h they are fubjed unto many pitvom prejfures ^ from the ad- herents of Antichrifl , yet they earneff ly exhort one another to follow that worthy, and Chriflian ^3 admo- A preface to the Reader. admonition of L&Bantim: Defcndenda religio eft non occidendo, (ied tnoriendo, non fjevitia fed patienciay non fcelercjfcd fide, iilat'enin:! bonorum funt base ma* lorum^ Thi^iithefiate of the profe^ors of the G off ell in the eleBive Monarchy of Polonia^^/K) in the ad\oynmg coun» tries on the South Tranfilvania , and Hungary, are alfa exceedingly multipiyed, in the former by the favour of Gabriel Bartorius now *prince of that Region y tvho not many yeeres (ince hath expulfed thence allfuch as are of the Papall faBionyin a manner the whole body of the In» habitants ( except fame few rotten and putrid limmes of Arrians, Anticrinitarians, Ebionites, Socinians, Anabaptifts, who heereas alfoinPoloaiaLy Lituania, Boruflia have in fome publique afjemblies ) areprofefj'ed frotejlants : in the later , a greater part , fpec tally being compared onely with fuch as are there addiBed to the iJa- mift> fuperflition. But hence Eajiwardinthe Kingdome «j^ukes llfier into Spaine to he wife unto ihenorv Philip Wnonagir, theihirdfundryEmhafjadors from the Princes ^italy, If^ J('^J[f. the PopCy and the King 0/ Spaine attended imh many ftris Evan- fouUiers hadfuUpoffefsion of the Ciiy^ind prefently fourC' 8^^' ) ^'^'" teene Miniftersofihe GofpeUin one day were ly force and itsrum iiw violence thence ejeBed^ ft gationcs But the condition of the Protefiants reftding ^^''^^ pJ^ovTncTs"* the Cantons of Helvetia , an-i their confederates the City application ofGQnt\'SL^thetowneof S, G2L\hhe GrifonSjValefian^,"^^ P'"* orfcven communkies^ under the Bifjjop ofScdunc ,'«• a (Jido.pcrfe. great deale more happy^andfetled • infimuch that they are <^'« ^""s?. two third parts , having the publique and free praBife ^^/b^rhefaur ■Religion: for horvfoever ofthi i ^ Cantons.onely thefe ^ ^ PoJ.Ap9u * Zurickc,Schafau'e,Glarona5Bafi]e, Abatiftella, are ^9- intire/yProtejlant ; yet thefe in flrength^ and awpienejje of territory much exceed the other feven^and hence Zuricke thechiefeof the five, in all publiqueweettngs^andEmbaf^ fages hath thefirji place, Already then wefinde theflateof Orthodox prefejjors of the GofpeUto befuch^that we need not complameofiheir paucity ' and if we further-froceed to view the many recri- ons of the Empire^ we fbaU have caufe to magmfie the ^oodnejjeof God for their mutiittidts. A Preface to the Reader. Tht Tfhok Empire^ exclttdingBohcmia^and AufkxiA (Becanfitke King of the one is rather an Arbittr in the eldiion of the Emperour^ than an EleBir, in this file cafe giving hif voyce when the other fixe EleBgrsare e* qvtally divided^ and the Archduke of the other hath onely a Libers d-^ kind of extraordinary flace in the Dyet amongfithe ToT\\^m ^^^^^^fiajiicaU Princes^cPS [ometimesthe DukeofLonine principem had) confifleth of three Orders^ or States ^ the Princes preter im- Eccleftafttcall^ the Princes temforali^and the free Cities, agnafcunt The lafl of theft hforefome of them came to he poffeffed ScCah i/j (}je French, Polonfan, Heluetians, and others mere qu"i'qjegi- ^^ number about (a) 88. and although iff regard of this bus , oiim multitude^ at this frefent they are much diminifhed-^ yep lam '^vrero ^^^ remainders of them are fo potent, that afcw.of them^ pauciores termed the Hanfe-Cities feated in the Northerne part ftmt aiiisa of Germany inclufively betwtene Dantifck Eaflward^ ^ Polo. * Hamburg fvejfjrard^ and ioyncd in an ojfenfive, and def en" niarRcgi- five kaguey have beene able to make good their oppofition occiwath! ^l^i^flfi^^^ig^tyf^ighbour Princes infringing their Thcfpolit, tmmunmes. apot.6. j^^y^^ with the reft of the (b) Free Cities (nhich are of tiuBj ^zn^ifomenumbery andftrtngth) doe aU in a manner eyther in fequuncur fvhole'y or part {for in fome of them as in Ratisbone, at'LS A^ge^'fi"^. Augufta, Spire, Wormes, Francfort re? Princi- upon Mein both papifis and Proteflants make publique V^^^^^^^' pxcfejsion) embrace the fincere do6lrint of the Gofpe/^. licorum a ' ^^nd if n>e pajfe over the Ecclefiaflicall Princes , ttho fecularibus (excepting the three EleBour K^rchbtfhops ^ e/ColIeh pud^utBa- M«^"tz, and Trivers , the Archbifhops e^Wertzburg, var. Cle- and Saltsburg, and feme EkB Bifhopsor Adminiftra* 1 h^laur ^^^^ of Bijhopricks being lajmen^andof the reformed Re- puLApou. I'tgion) are effmall pojver ^ all the PHnc^s Temporal/ ($ ■S\ the A Preface to the Reader. the Empire (none of note excepted bejides the Dtfke o/Ba- \2Lna,)arefirmclj Protejlants. Novo what the multitudes of[ub]eBs are^rofefing the fame faith with thefe Prift" ces 5 rre may guejjt by the ampknejje of the dominions under the government offuch onely as for their commands art chiefeyandmofi eminent among them^ as of the Prince Eledor Palatine, the Duke ofSuxony^the MarqueJJe ofBrandcburgQ^the Duke (?/ Wirtenburg^Landgrave ^/Helle, MarqueJJe of BadctiyPrince of hnhak^Dukes of Bmniwickey Holft, Luenburg, Mcckelburg, Po meranc , Sweyburg, Nauburge : amongfi whom the ^^arqueJJeofBiSindcbxiigehath for his Dominion^not: onely the Marcha(ace z^ felfe containing in circuit about ^ 20, miles^ and furnished with fifty Cities^ and about threefcore other walied Townes j but Itkewife fart of PruiTiaj/^r which he is feudatary unto the King of Po- had^the region of Pngnki^the Duj^edome of CroiCen^ th^ Signiories ofSztxrithtrg^andCoihrn^the County o/Rapin, and lately the three Dukedomes ofCk\e^ Gulick^and Berg, of which the mo former have e^ ther of them in circuit 130 miles, Neere adjoyning unto thefe three laji Dukedomes.jaye thefe Provinces of the low Countries governed by the States^fjamelyZmphcTiyYtrech^ObtTyffQlfirQning'^ ham,HoIland. Zeland, Weft-frizland,/;? which onely Proteftants have the fublique (for otherwife Airians, Anabaptifts, Socinians are here privately tolerated) and free excercife of their Relipon^ its alfo in the neigh- bour dominion of the Earle o/Eaft- Freczland . hut to fafje from thefe united Provinces under the States unto France 5 in this mighty Kingdome^thofe (as * * they A Preface to tlie Reader^ they usually ft He them) of the Religion beftdes the Caftles^ 4t»d Forts that doe belong m property unto the Duke of Bullen^/^^ Duke of Rohan,Co»;?^ ofLnval^he Duke of Triruouile, Mouniieur Caftilion, the Marefhall of D'lgukxs^the Duke of Snlly, ami others, are feafed of Above jo.Tojrnfs having fffirnfons of fouldters governed by Nobles And Gentlemen of the Religion'^ they have 800 Minifters retetningfenjions out of the publique Finance^ and are [0 difperfed through the chief e Provinces of the Xingdome^that in the Pymcipalny 0/ Ofangc,Poidiou 4lmofl all the Inhabitants , in Gafcony halfe 5 in LanguedoCjNormandy /Wtfr/;f r rvefterne Provinces, a flrong party profejSe the Evangelicall truth, f^hich wultnudes^akhough they art but fmalJyAnd as itrverean. handfullin comparifon of all bearing the name ofPapifts throughout the fpacious continent (>/ France^ yet in re* gdrdoffuch as are entirely Popifb^they havefomepropor^ tim* a Vid. jniiru. For to omit a great part of French Papifts , tvho in KfTs ^^^^t ^^l^eve the ftncerity'of the Gofpell, but dare not Ttcf« Ghrift. makeprofeftonthereof for rvorldly refpeBs, as to obtaine ^1? (tT^ - ^^^^^ ^ffi^^^ 3 '^ avoyd penalties , and juftice in their council de ' Utigiotis fuits "^ almojl all the Lajvyers^and learned fort Trent. ^ ivho no doubt have many adherents of lefj'e knowledge, S^dlaa.'*'**^^^'^' That the Bifhop of Rome was anciently the Ecelc(^K * firft,atid chiefeft Bifhop according to the dignity Gailica:. o.u. Qf pj-ecgj^gfj^y^ and Older j not by any divine In- Dua*reuuinii. ftitiition , butbccaufe Rome was the chiefe City i^dobencfica, of the Empire : That be obtained bis primacy over J^"^^'''^*"^-theV\efterne Church by the gift and clemency of Tipine^ Charles the great, and other Kings of Franeej, A Preface to tbc Reader. France , and hath no power to diipole of Tempo. rail things • That it belongeth to Chriftian Kings, and Princes to call Eccleliafticall Synods , and to cftabiifh their decrees,to make Ecclefiafticall laws for the good of the Church , reforme the abufes therein , and to have the fame power^and authority over facred perfons in caufcs ccclefiafticalljas was excrcifed by lofias , and Conftantine the Great, who faid he was a Bifhop over the outward things of the Church ,, That the lavves whereby their Church is to be governed are onely the Canons ofthe more ancient Councels , and their owne Nationall Decrees j and not the Decretals of the Bifhopsof Rome j That the Councellof Con- ftanceaflembled by Sigifraund the Eraperour, and with a concurrent confent of other Chriliian Princes, decreeing a Generall Synodetobe fupe- liour unto the Pope , and correding many enor- mous abufes in the Romane Church which yet re* maine in pradife, wasatrucoecumcnicall Coun- cell,and fo iikewife the Councell of Bafill 5 Thac the Aflembly of Trent was no lawful! Councell, and the Canons thereof are rather to be cftecmed the Decrees ofthe Popes whocalled, and continu- ed it,then the Decrees ofthe Councell it felfe , be- caufeinthis Ademblic, Bifhops onely C contrary to the pradife ofthe Councell of Ba^ll ) had de- cifive vOyces, and the greareft part of Billiops were h^lmft the Popes vaflals • and befides , no- thing was then determined that was not at Rome fore -determined by the Pope j That the Sacra- "^^2 menc A Preface to the Reader. i . mcnt of the Lords Supper ought to be adminiftred under both kinds, and at thclcaft a great part of divine fcrvice is to be performed in their vulgar tongues J Thf^s are the ^naur numffcr ofLitwye^'s And learned men tn France ajjcBed^ and thofi n^ho are throughly fopifh are for the moft fart men ofthebafefi fort TPTfOiy leai-ened mth the bitter {landers ^an:^. cahtmnia- uons of malt cio m Friers . Klowtfto alltheforenamed Ki/i^dontes^Princifafities^ JDukedomeSj States^ Cities ^abounding with fro fefjors of ihetruth^rte adde the Manarchies of Great Bricanny, Denmarke, Sweden^jr/^o/y in a manner Protefiar^t^ rvs fhaHflnde them not mttch inferiourin mimher andamfli* tude to the Romifh farty '^ effecially if rve confida that the very biilke and body hereof Italy^and Spstine^are by a kinde of violence^ and n^efity^ rather than out of any free choyceand judgement deteinedzn their frperftztion'^ namely by the jealottjte^cruelty^and tyranmia vigilancy of a Vide Jr.. the Jnquifition^ and thezr orvne ignorance^ being & by *^fohi! ^til\ ^^^^^^^ tk^ S, utterly debarredfrom all reading of the kuflu. eiem. [acred Scriptures , vihereby they might come to the 8. EcA»cu knowledge of the Truth, ^ ^ixlcl^^li ^^^ ifanyfljaU except that the Proteftants in dkerfe Countries before mentioned cannot be refuted as one body^and of one Church ^by reafon of many dijjerences^and hot contentions amongfi them ^ letfuch remember^ that howfoever fome pr'rvate men in this holy fociety, rather than of it^f referring their novell and pafionate fancies^ before the peace of the Churchy fur chafed mth Chrifts frecious bloud^and the fublique irealeofChriftian Mo' narches , unnaturaU tovcard their erne dtere Mother^ rending A Preface to the Reader. rending that nomhe wherein they wen mw borne by the Uver &f regeneration ^forgetful! of their heavenly embaf^ fage^T^'ich is not enely to reconcile men unto Ged^but men rvith men Jo far re negUBing their 0]vne eternals fakation. Of t$ be unmindfaSofthat mofi imionbted truth. He that i^ not in charity, is in death, tramplingmder foote that gloriosif legacy &f their Lord and AI after . My peace I give unto you , my peace I leave with yoi?, have in h%at of content ion jAnd bitternejTe of their foules ftrained and racked their iveake under ft anding^ to make differences bett^eene themfehes^ even in th maine arti- cle t of Faith, and branded one amther mth blaffhemy, and hereftt^yet thfe ftnchriftian anduncharitable difjen- jions are not to he imptted to the whole facr^d community of Orthodox Churches^ tvhofe harmony and agreement in mcefiary foynts ofFtiyth^ are onely to be efleemed by their confejlions^ which byfubli^ue authority they have dnnl" ged unto the norld. How many are the differences both m doBrine anddtf* eifline betrveenethe PreCloi'sfor the Pa^all faBion, tou* ching Difcipline > fome teach their Cheefetaine the Pope mayerre^ others that he cannot: fomethathe is fub\eB umo agenerall Councell^ others that he is above it '.fome t hat all Ecclefiafticall authority is immediately in the Pre-- lates of the Church ^others that it is onely in the Pofe^and fromhim derived unto inferm^r Bifhops: feme that he hath temporall authorities over PrinceSy others not: con^ cerning doBrine^fome affirmethat fredeftination both by grace^and gloT'^ is meerely from Gods free plea fttre^others fromforefeene defert and merit ^fome that all the bookes orpartofihem bekngingmto the old Teftamem^ which "* ■* 2 ^ were A preface to the Reader. were not in the Canon of the lemjh Church are ^pocry - fh all ^others canonical even in the matters of Faith ifsme that there is no originaU^lnne inherent in ttfjfut only im- patedj others that u is hth inherent and imputed: fome that we are r»oJi freely juftified^ by the meanes of Faithy ITopey(^c others hy thevalue, and merits ofthefevertttes'. fon^ that faith u or^ly a general^ aJJ'ent imto dtrinetruth^ others that it is a fpeaal/ perfivafion touchiug the remzfm fon of oar firmes through Chrifi^ forne that we appear e righteotis in Gods fight ^ partly through imputed ^ partly through inherent righteoufnejjey others onely hy inherent : fome that eternaUlife is due unto ourtvorkes onely by ver^ tue of Gods free and gracious promife^ others through the merit of the tvorke done: fome that all the morall good vporkes of Infidels y and Ethnickes are fmnes ^others that they are tPithom finne ; fome that the B, Virgin tvas con^ ceived without originallfinne^ others the contrary^ and that xeithfuch eagernes^ that the one condemne the other of herefie lyet hecaufethefe contentions are betn>eene private menyandtheyall{m Spaine^c^' lisXyj^ut not in France, as hath Beene jloevped ) accord in the chiefe poynts of doBr^ne publiquely efiahlifljed in the CounceH ofTxQtity they boafl much of their vnity, t^lthough then fome private men unrvorthy to take the ivord of peace and reconciliation into their virulent and comemtousmoutheSyledmore by pajs'ion*^ and their ojpne felfe pleafing conceipt^than hy the [acred rules of the truth yond piety ^have laboured to fovp the tares ofdifjenfi* on mthevineyard of the Lord^ and heerehy have made crooked fome few branches cleaving unto them , yet the gmcrall focieties of Orthodox Churches in the publique confej^ions A Preface to the Reader, cinfefzons of their faith ^doefo agree^that there is a mo ft facred harmony betweene them in the more fubjlamiall poyms ofChrtjiian Religion necejjary to fahation. This is mam f eft out of the con fejs tons themf elves ^vohich are thefeytheAtiglicsiDtthe ScotianejFrenchjHelve- tian, former and later ^the BelgyjPoIonyj Argentine, Auguftane^Saxonicke, Wirtcnbergicke, Palatine, Bohemicke or Waldcnfian confefshn : for there is none of the Churches formerly poymed om in diver fef laces ■ill,finne^ and good workes ^ the Sacraments their nnmber and ufe^themtesofthe Church ^the dtvine au^ thorny ofMagifirates^he refurreUton^andftateoffoules afierdeatht K^ndfor the chiefepoym of difference which is conceit ved to he betweene theprofejj'ors of the Gofpell about the pre fence ofChrift tn the facredBuchari^^ fuch as are parties in this confefiion ingeniotifly confefj'e^ thatdc re ipfa , touching the thing it fclfe there is no oppoft- tion,butoneIy wevaryin feme ordinanceSjand cir- cuoajftanccs of the thing, We agreer^fp, in the " ' " "^ niiattes A preface to the Reader. matter it fclfe, although we differ according to the divprfity of Gods gifts in expreffing aptly and cleercly what we conceive concerning this matter. We all acknowledge that the holySymboIes, or figneSjare not inanes ft^nificationes^ barely fignifica- tive , but what by divine inftitution they reprcfent and teftifie unto our foulcsjis as truely and certainly delivered unto us from God as the Symboles them- felves.But the queftion is,whether as the figne with the thing fignificd is preient in refpecSi of our body, and not rather in regard of our well receiving it by fayth. Moreover, whether as both the (ignCjand thing fignified are exhibited to all , (b all receive both,fome to life, others to their perdition. So that wcallbeleeve the true communication of the true body and bloud of our Lord lefus Chrift, onely concerning the manner of communication is the controverfie.But whoc-n rightly judge that for this the facred union and fellowiTiip of Churches, is to bediflblved. There Being fo excellent a foundation and jirme ground tMrke of unity bettteene the Protefiants^ how n^rthy a worke would it he for Chrifiian Princes to imitate the froftjfours of the (j off ell in the Kingdome (?/PoIoniaj^ by ageneraHaJjimbly ofmoderate^and unparttaS Fudges and fenfible of the bleeding wounds religion receiveth by feBs^and difcords^make up the ruines and breaches of Churches ^cfiufed hitherto through private cmtentien^ and to cement thm together (if it fhaHpleafe God out of the fiches of his mercy top*offr their heroicalland religtom endeavours) with an cierlajling bond ofconciord. There were A frefdce to the Reader » f»er€ never greater hpej of thefuccefe of fo noble^aud incomparable a mrke^than in this age j^vhich hath ajjeor- tied us the bkjSmg ofowrmojl graeiom Soveraignejo re» ligioujlj fluiiotn of fubliqveftace^andfoexqvufitt^ tna- hkd Tfitio many rare endorvments to promote fo piom^aKd renowmed an aBio% In the meane time ^if any in thfe private difiraBisftr concerniffgmatters of religion excited by the malice of Satha}?^and his nretched tnjtrwments^fhaU doubt which tray to take Jet him foUow the ^rave and divim i»Jfrtt- Bions of that exceUcnt light of the Chirch S. Aug.n'/;5 firfl exhorteth m mt to bufie our ft Ives overmuch in enquiring after thofe things quae nihil cerci habent in Scriptura, tvhich have no firme footing in the Scri- ptures^ but in receiving, or rejeBing them to follow the cujiome^ and praBtce of farticiiUr Churches rvherein aEfiIl,86 rte live,othermfe (faythhe) If we will difptiCe of thefethiigSj and contend one with another : ori- etar interminata ludatio, there mil knee arife an endlef[ejlrife, i^ni his fecond admonition is^ that for the ejlablifhin^ of our confciences in poynts offayth necejj'ary to obtaine tternall life , ne miild foi/orv our blcfjed Saviours Co^mandjment j^ Search t^e Scri- ptures, Why (fsyth this dfVO'it and learned Father^bln?[3,l fp^ahing to contention Chrijlians ) doe we ftrive ? we are brethren. Our Father harh not died in- teftate; hehath made his Ia(t will, heisdead,and rifen againe. There is contention ftill about an in- heritance as long as the Teftament is not made knowne,biitvvhcnit is publi<^cd in judgement all are filent to.heare ir^ The I udce attentively liftneth untoitjthe Advocates hold their peace ; the crvers • A command XI, A Preface to the Reader, command riltnce,and the whole multitude pTe(€nc, ftand in a furpence,thai the words of a d^sid man ly- ing m his grave without knfe and life maybe rc- hearled. Are the words of a dead man,and interred, ft) powcrtull andavaileable, and (hall the Tcfta- ment of Chrift fitting in Heaven be impugned? O- pen it. Jet us reade, we are brethren, why doe we drive ? Our father hath not left us deftiture of his laft will : he that made it liveth for ever, he heareth our voyce and acknowledgeth his owne voyce. Let us reade, why contend we? Having found the inheritance let us lay hold of it^ ^ipfr/jZ-fgc •. open and reade. OF TO THE MOST REVEREND FATHER inQod^the Lord Jrch-bifhop of CANTERBVRYhis Gracc, Primate of all •England,and MetropoIitaDe,and one of his Ma/efticsmof^ Honourable Privj Couftfe//, I^osl\e^erend^ ^^ I '/^^ HE Argument of this difcourfe be - ing Religion 5 to ^i^^Jb^^ ^^^^^"^ could it be ^^Tl/ST^ more fitly prefen- ted^than to your Grace^having (under his moft excellent Ma- jefty) worthily the chiefe care hereof. Befides the Author of this worke^vvhileft he livedo fo much honoured your fmcere and The Epijile Dedicatory, and religious courfes in mana- ging the publique affaires of your eminent pJace, that had he thought ot the publifliing thereofjno doubt but he would havepreilimed to gaine fome luftre unto it from your graci^ ous patronage. Succeeding him in his temporall blefsings^ 1 doe endeavour to fucceed him in his vertues, dutifull affection towards your grace^ and pray- ers to the Almighty ^ for the good of his Churchy to in- creafe daily your honours and happineffe. Tour graces in all hftmhU ehfervance to be commanded KoB. Brerevvoop* OF THE ANCIENT Largenejje of the Qreehg tongue. CHAP. I. Reece^as it was anciently knowne by the name of iff/5C^,vvas inclo- fed betwixt the Bay oiAmbracia^ with the river K^rachthui, thac falleih into it on the Weft, and the river Peneud on the North, f"t^°^*^"^" &: the Sea on other parts. So that {^carnamayand ciplo, ^ ^'^ ' TheJJaly^ were toward the Continent^ the utmoft regions o^ Greece, But yet,not the countreys onely contayned within thofe limits, but alio the King- domes of Macedon^and Epirm ; being the next ad- joyning provinces (Macedon toward the North,£- prus toward iheWeft) had anciently the Greeke tongue for their vulgar language : for although it belonged originally to Helia^s alone5yetin time it became vu Igar to thefe al fo^ Secondly, it was the language of all the lies in the Aegean fea • of all thofe Hands I fay,that are B betwixt The ancient extent of the (Sreeke tongue^ betwixt Greece^ and Ajia^ both» of the many fmall ones, that lie bctvvcenc Candy , and Megrefom^ na- med Cycladcs (there are of them 53.) and of all a* bove Negropnt alfo, as fasre as the Strait of Con^ jlantinofle, Thirdlyjof the Ifles of cWj, 5c^7^if/?5 /?ki/f/, and a part of c:*yprz«,and of all the fmall Iflands a. long the coaft'of ^jZi«,from Cand-j to Sjria, Fourthly,not onely o[ all the weft pan oi ^jio' the leiTej (now called Anatolia^and corruptly NatolU) lying toward the i^cgean fea,as being very thicke adHd c°6^°^ planted with Greeke colonies : of which, fomcone, pJin.i«ViV ^ilctusby nsLtnc ^ is regiftrcd by .Ji'^ef^, to have ifocr.in pane-ijggjjgjjjef^Q^j^gyQf ^j gy p//«jof 8o. Cities.Biit nfed! ^"^^^ ®" ^^^ North fide alfo toward the Euxine Tea , as Lucian. in dia. firre(raith Ffocrates)asSmpeymd on the South fide «on1^g'^°ab r«^pe<^i"g ^frjq^fy ^s faTre(rayth Lucian) as the jnit, * Chelidonian IdQs J which are over again ft the con. fines ofLjfwwith Pamphjlia, "And yet although within thefe limits onely, Greeke wsls generally fpoken,on the maritime coafts of >^ji4,yet beyond them 3 on both the (hores Eaftward, were many Greeke Cities (though not without barbarous Ci- ties among them.) And fpecially I finde the NorrR coaft of Afia^cven as farreas Trtbizond^ to have bin exceedingly well ftoredwith them* Butjitmaybe further obferved likewife outof hiftories^thatnot only all the maritime partof y^i^/jfo/^couldunder- ftand, and fpegkethe Greekeiov\g\.\Q^ but moftof the inland people alfo,both by reafon of the great traffique, which thofc rich Countries had for the moft part with 4««^//f5.And yctbevond them alfo ; I findemsny Grcch Cities to havebcene ScyUx Cari- planted along that coaft, (Sc)!ax of Carianda is my anri. m petiplo AuthoriVvith fomeothers}as farrcas rbeStraitcof rerG«ic.c.5. Caj\AM fpecially in Taurica, Yea.^r bpyond that ftrait alfo Eaflward^along all the Tea coafl of Cir- ca fia^'^ Mengrelia^io the river of P^^^j%and thenc<^ compa fifing to Trebtzond^l flnde mention ofnlSny fcattered Gmh Cities: that is, (to fpcake briefly) in all the ciraimfercnce of the Euxine fea. Sixtly, (from the Eaft,and North to tiirne to. ward the Wefl) it was the langUr'^^^c of all the wefl-, and South Ilandsjthat lie along ihccoaft of ^r^^<:^ from Cand^loCorfu^svhich alfo was one of them, and withall, of that fertile Sicilie^ in which one I- Jand, I ha\eobfervcd in good hiflories, above 50, strabo 1. 6, Cteeke ColonieSjto have beene planted, and fome ia ojcdio^ of them goodly Cities, fpecially K^gn^entum^and Sfacytfa^vihich latter Strabo hath recorded to have beene 180. furlongs, that is^of our miles 22. and 'in circuit* . Seventhly, Not onely of all the maritime coafl of //^/jy, that lyeth on the Tyrrhene Se^^ from the xwtx G arigliam^ (Liris it was formerly called) to . Leucopetra, the moft Southerly poynt of ftal)\ for ail that fhore being neere about 240, miles , was inha- The ancient extindmem of the Greeke tongue. inhabited with Greeke colonies: And thence for- ward, of all that end oi Italy, that lyeth towards the Ionian iea, about the great bayes diS^uiUcci, and Taranto {\\V\ch^a^ (othicke fee with great, and goodly Cities of Grecians^thdit it gayned the name o'i'^t, beyond that alio, of a great part oi Aful'ia^ ^yi"g towards the Adria- tujue ksL, Neither did thefe maritime parts onely, but, as it fecmetl-jthe Inland people alfo towards that end oi' Italy fpeake the Gncke tongue. For- 1 ha^e fcene a few ol i coines of the Bnttians , and more may befeenein G(,ltzm^ having Greeke in' fcriptions , wherein I obferve they are named (?^>7«e/, with an se, and two tt, arrd not as the Romans Golcziii Nu- writers termc them, Brml, And 1 have feene one "i^'M^.^-^g- piece 3\{Cio{Pand6[ia,3i^ Inland city of thofe parts lab. 24. with the like. Neyther was the vulgar ufe of the Cr^fi^f tongue utterly cxtin<5i: in Tome of thofe parts o^ Italy till of late.fof Galatem a learned man ©f that Countrey,hath left written, that when he Calat.ir.de- was a boy, ( and he lived about 120, yeeres agoe ) cSoli^ they fpake Greeke in CaUifdif a City on the Eaft fhoreofthebay o^Taranto, But yet it continued in Ecclefiafticall ufe infome other parts of that region of Italy much latter : for Gabriel 2?4rrw» BarJib.i. de that lived but about 40 yeeres {ince,hath left re- AntiquUXa- cordedjthat the Church of Rojsano ( an Archiepif. ^"^^* copall City in the upper Crf/^^rM) retayned the Greekt tongue,and ceremony till his"time,and then became Latin, Nay,to defcend yet a little neerer theprefent tim^, An^elm Rocca that writ but about ^o^*;* f".^*. 20. yeeres agoe^ hath dDferved, that he found in jj^^^^*" B 3 fortie 6 The CAufes offo large fpreading the Greeke ron^tte, fome part of Calabria^and ^puliafame remainders of the Greeke fpeech to be ftill recayned^ Eightlyjand laftlyjthat fliore of Frtf»fe,that lieth towards the Afediterrane fca,from Rsdanm to Italj^ ♦Strab.1.4 not! was poflefled with Grecians^ for * Mafilia was a r^iJtf''' ^°^^"y °^ ^^^ Phoceans^ and from it many other ♦'Strabilsco Colonics wcrc derived, and ^placed along that citato. /liore,as farre as nUaa^ in the beginning ofltaliy Flin.u.c.y. vvhichalfowasoaeofthem. And yet bcfideall thefeforcnamcd, I could reckon up very many other difpeifed Colonics of the Greekt shoih. in £«r(y?e,and ^jia^ and fome in ■^friqut^ for although I remember not, that 1 have read in any hiflory,any Colonics of the Grecians to have beene planted in -«^/r/^/«^fC'3- " raine concourfe, then in the inner Region. But yet , the g;reatefl: part of the corruption of that J2nguag;e. fiath beene bred at home, and proceeded from no other caufe, then their cwne negligence, or afftdation. As Firft,(for example) by mutila- tion of fome words, pronouncing, anci writing ^?» for f^"-^**.'* f or '", &c. Secondly, by companion vide Cruf- of fevctall words into ond' , as «5:r^* »* fja.^c^thsGreekexonouQ^ is become much altc- ^o^^-iT'^*" red (even in the proper, and native words of the language ) from what anciently it was , yet ne- verthelcffe it is recorded by fome , that have C z takea 1 2 The cormftntfj'e of the Greeke tongue Ancient . Gcrfach.apud taken diligent obfervation of iliat tongue, in the Cruf. 1. 7. feverall parts of Greeee^iVzi there be yet in Morea page 489. {Pelofonnefuf)htXMVin Naplty^m Monembafi {Nau. flia^ic Epidattrui they were called) (bme i4.townes the Inhabitants whereof are called Zac(mes([o: La* cones ) that fpeake yet the ancient Greeke tongue but farre out of Gramnicr rule:yet,they underftand thofe that fpeake grammatically, but underftand not the vulgar Giecke^ PLsBel/onim likevvife remem* Bcllon. obfcr. brcth another placcjneere Heracka in Anatolja^that va,l 2.C.11X. yg^ retayneth the pure Greeke for their vulgar lan- guage.But the few places being excepted,! t is cer- taine, that the difference is become fo greatjbe- twixt the prefentjand the ancient Greeke that their »Burdovbt» leiturgy,* which is jet read in the ancient Greeke inepift.ad tonguc, namely that of^^jt/jOn the Sabbath, and mlwVntiK ^olemne daies,and that of Chryfoflme on common de Statu. Ec- daies, is not underftood (or but little of it) by the '*^\l'cKxl' ^"^g^*" people , as learned men that have beene in loc. citato, & thofe parts, have related to* others, and to my Tutcograsc- feifg . yirhich may be alfo more evidently proved fc^IJiifa!//* ^o be true by tliis, becaufe the skilfull in the lear- ned Greeke, cannot underftand the vulgar. Of The ancUnt iargempof the Rman twgue. 13 Of the meient largenejjt of the Romtn tongue in time of the Roman Empire, Chap. III. He ordinary bounds of the Ko^ man Empire were, on the Eaft part o^EitphrateSy & fbmtimes Tigrif : On the North the Ri- vers o^ Rhene^SiT)d oiDambm^ and the Euxine fea ; On the Weft the Ocean :on the South the CataraSso? Nilm^'m the utmoft border of e^* gjpt^ and in Afrique^xht molintainc ^tLisyVhich beginning in the Weft^n the fhore of the Ocean^ over againft the C4«^/) Hands 5 runneth Eaftward alnioft to t/£gjpty being in few places diftant from the Afediterrane rea,more then 200 miles. Thefe I fay, were the ordinary bounds of that Empire in the Continent: for although the Roman f paf&d thefe bounds (bmetimes/pecially toward the Eaft, and Northjyetthey kept little of what they wanne, but within thofeboune^s mentioned, the Empire was firmely eftablifhed. But herejin our great Ue 0^ Brittaine^thc PiBes wall was the limit of it paCi iing by Nmcajile^ and Carleil^irom. Tinmouthon the Eaft Sea, to Sohay frith on the Weft, being ^firft * spartUn, in bcsun by the Emperour ^drian^and after finidied "^driano & - L • J L « • • « m Severe* or rather repaired, by Septimius Severui, To this greatncfleofDomirtion, ^ 1 6 The eaufe of ff reading the Roman tongue* » ' " " — ^___— ' ' ' " Digcft.la ♦ jed to the Empire of Rome^is appeareth by the te- iTomfrfum'''" ft^^nony o^rIj,fan in the Digejis. The benefit of Lfg.inOrbc vvhich i2owtf«ficedome,they that would ufCjCOuId Jioojano. jjQt ^^ith honefty doe it^remaining ignorant of the Rowan tongue, Thefc two^asl havefayd, were the principal! caufcs of inlarging that language : yet other there were alfo, of great importance, to further it. For firft, concerning AmbafTages, fuits^appeales, or whatfoever other buiinefTe of the Provincials, or forraignes, nothing was allowed to be hand led, or fpokenin the Senate at Rome^ but in the Latine,, tongue. Secondly, the Lawes whereby the Pro- vinces were governed,vvcreaIl written in that lan- guage,as beinginallofthem,e35ceptingonely mu- ^ nicipall Cities, the ordinary i?o;»^» law* Tiiird- Tic.fc re'ju** lyjthe"* Prajtorsof the Provinces, were not allows fiicata. leg. cd to deliver their judgements fave in that Ian- Decree. guage : and we read in J) ion Cajjm^ of a principal! man in Greece^ih^i by Claudtm was put from the order of ludges, for being; ignorant of the Latinc J. . . J tongue rand to the fame effe Ol in Valeriui Maximm^ VaiMa'xim, that the Roman Magiftrates would not give audi, I. ». c.2> encc to the Qrecians^(yt^^ therefore I take it to the Barbarous Nations )- fave in the Latine tongue. Fourthly, the generall fchoolcs, ereded in fundry Cities of the Provinces, whereof we finde mention InnaU ^* *^ Tacitits^Hterome^and other s(in which the Roman Hirroainep. tongue was the Ordinary ,and allowcd fpcechjas is ad Rufticum, ^,{^1^11 in univerfitics till this day)was no fmall fur- °'°^ ' therance to that language. And,to conclude that the Rmans had generally (atlcaft in the after times when Latine moftfpoken in what farts of the Empire, 1 7 when Rome was become a Monarchy , and in the fiourifh of the Empire) great care to enlarge their tongaejtogether with their dominion, isbyAu^K' fiine in his booke de Chitate Dei^ fpecially remem- Auguft. ^e bred J fayd it was To in the after times/or certain {jjJ^J'' ^^'^* ly, that the Romans were not very anciently, pof- fefled with that humour of fpreading their lan- guage, appeareth by Livicy in whom we findc re- corded 5 that it was granted the Cumanes for a fa- i\v* Hiftor; vour : and at their fuite,that they might publiquely ^°^'J'4o« ukiht Roman tongue, not fully 140 yeeres before the beginning of the Emperours : And yet was Cuma but about 100 miles diftant from Rowf, and at that time the 'Romans had conquered all Italy^ Sicily^Sardinia^^nd a great part of Spaine, But yet in ail the Provinces of the Empire,the Roman tongue found not a likeacceptance,and fuc- cede, but moft inlarged, and fpread it felfe toward theNorthjand Weft, and South bounds, for firft, that in all the regions of Pannoma it was knowne Velleim is mine Author : Secondly, that it was fpo- vdlcii iib» * ken in F/-rf»ff,and Syaine^Strabo : Thirdly, that in Strab.Ub. 3 ^fnque^ y^puleiui : And it fcemeth the fermons of Apuie.iu Cyprian^^nd ^u^ftine^yct extant,(of ^ugiifline it is Floridis^ manifeft)that they preached to the people in Latin, But in the Eaft part of the Empire, as in Greece^ and /ifia^and Co likewife in ^frique^ from the grea- ter Sjrtis Eaftwaid , I cannot in my reading finde that the Roman tongue ever grew into any com- mon u(e- And the reafon of it fccmes to be, for that in thofe parts of the Empire it became moft frequent, where the moft, and ^rcateft V.oman Co- D Ionics 1 8 ^ atin littU nfieBed in the Eaft ^arts of the Empire, lonieSjWere planted. And therefore over aJl Italy^h became in a manner vulgafjW herein I have obfcrved in hiftories,and in rcgillers of ancient infcript'ons, to have bcene planted by the Romans at feverall times above 150 Colonies: as in Afrique alfo neere 60, ( namely 5 7) in S^aine 2 9, in France^ as it ftrct- ched to Rhene i6^ and fo in lUyicum^ and other North parts of the Empire, bettveene the ^dria- tique feajand Danubm very many^And yet I doubt notjbut in all thefe parts,more there were, then any hiftory or ancient infcription that now remaines hath remcmbred. And contraryvvife in thofe Countries , where fewefl^Colonies were planted, the Latine tongue grew nothing fo common: as for example here in 1 Eboracutn Srhtawe, thcxc were but foure : thofe were 1 Torke^ % Debuna. ^ Chefler^CacTusk^m Monmouth jhirCj^nd 4 Maidon^ 4 Camalodu- ^^ Ejjex (for Zo»^i7;?,although recorded for one by num. Onufhirm^ was none, as is manifeft by his owne li7r. Rom. ■* Aiuhor,in the place that himfelfe alleageth)and * Tacit. 1. 14. therefore we finde in the Brhtifh tongue which yet Aimai, remaineth morales, but little relifh ( to account of) or reliques of the z:4^/«^, And,for this caufe al- fo partlyjthe Eaft Provinces of the Empire, favou* ^ , ,., red little or nothing; of the Roman tongue* For jam citaro. nritm -rdfjr/^M^beyond the greater 5)rf«f J hnde nc- ' vidcDigeft. vera Roman Colony: for Onufhrim^ that hath re^ Gcnfibus Leg! corded* Indicia C^renenjlum for onc,alleaging ripi. Ciendum. 4»for Author, was deceived by fome faulty Copy of the Diaefl.f, For the correded copies have Zer^ /ie?ffi%m,^r\d {oT Indicia^ is to be read in Dacia.as is lightly obfeived (for in it the City of Zerne was) t)y Latine^trhjfolittk refpeBed tn the Eaftfurts, i p by Pancireiliif* Secondly>in ^y£g)p, there were but two : and to be briefe, Syriapncly excepted, which Pancirdl. u bad about 20 Romofi Colonies, but moft of them ^o^^'i'jJJ^' late plantedjfpscially by SepimiM Severui^^ind his onemaiis fonne BafianWyio ftrengthen that lide of the Em'- "P^^i^- pire again ft the Partbians (and yet I finde not that in Syria, the Roman tongiie,ever obtained any vulgar ufe) the reftjhad but very fe^Vjin proportion to the largeneiTeof thofe regions. Of which little eftimatioDjand ufe of the Roman tongue,in the Eaft parts, befides the want of colo- nies forementioned^and to omit their Jove to their owne lano;uages, which they held to be more civill then the ^o;»d«,another great caufe was the Greeke^ which they had in farre greater account, both, for learning fake infbmuch that Cicero confefleth, Gr£ca ;laith he)le^tf»tur in omnibus ftregentihw, La- ^. tina [uis fintbAi^exigUrisfane^contineKtur)3ind for traf- pro Archu ^ fickcjto both vvhich,the Cr^^M^/jaboueall nations pacta, of the world were anciently given :to omit,both the excellency of the tongue it felfe,for round,&: copi- oufoeSj^: that it had foreftalled the Roman in thofe parts. And certainely,in how little regard, the Ro- man tongue was had in refpe(5i: of the Grnkt^m the Eafternecountries.may appeare by this, that all the learned men of thofe parts , whereof moft lived in the flourifh of the Roman Empire, have writ- ten in GYtth^^Vi(/tchAn German%Belzia^Denmarke.^' ^' f* ^/ */ i« J 1 u ^ 1^ /T I .' J.Scahg. loco Nortvey^^na Suedia : the old 7 Cauchtan^^l take it cicaro. to bethar, for in that part the Cauchi inhabited] in ' oncl in Eaft Frifidnd^for although no (Irangers they fpeake "cmah '^ ' I>utch , yet among themfelves they ufe a peculiar language of their O'vvne: the Z Slavonijh^mPolonia^ Bohemia, MefiovJa^RuJs'ia^and many other regions, (whereof I will after intrcat in due pIace)although with notable difference of dialed, as alfo the Brit- tifh ^and Diitch^ in tlie countries mentioned have : the old 9 lUjrian, in the lie of Veggia^on the Eaft fide oUftria in the bay o^ Liburnta : the i o Greeke, in Gresce, and the Hands about it,and part of ^a' «^o»,and o^ Thrace: the old 11 Eprotique *in the ^^scaiia, loeo mountaine o^Epirm : the 1 2 Hungarian in the grea. citato.'' teft part of that Kingdome : the t^laz^jgian in the [j^Vcfr^H^^ North fide o^Hmgaria betwixt Danubim,^ Tibif g^T^' ' ^ 5 cw^ i 2 Fottrteene tongues in Europe not exttngntfhed bj the RomAns, riWjUCterly differing from the Hungarian language : And laftly^the 14 Tartarianp^ the PrecepcnfeSybe- twecne the river of T'/i^^^w", ^nd Bory[lhencs y neere M^otifySc the Euxine feifatpf the Engij^j/talian^ Spanijhy andFrenchy as being derivations,or rather degenerations, the fir ft of the Z)«/r/?,and the other three of the Latine^O^clng I now fpeake onelyof originall or mother languages, I muftbe filent: And of all thcfe fourteene it is certaine, except the i^raSique , which is knowne to have en t red fince, and perhaps iht Hungarian ^ about which there is diflPercnce among Antiquaries , that they were in Europe in time of the Roman Empire , and fixe or feven of them^w^ithin the limits of the Em- pire. And indeedjhow hard a matter is it, utterly to abolifh a vulgar language, in a populous countrey, where the Conquerours arc in number fa rrc inferi- ourtothe native inhabitants, vvhatfbever arte be pradifed to bring it about, may well appeare by the vaine attempt of our Norman Conquercur -. who although he compelled the Englifh, to teach their young children in the Schooles nothing but French^and (ct downe all the Lawesof the Land in Frepich^and inforced all pleadings at the Law to be performed in that language (which cuftomc con- tinued till King'Edvard the third his daics, who difanulled it) purpofing thereby to have conque- red the language together with the Land, and to have made all French: yet the number oiEnsJijb farre exceeding the iVtfrw4»/, all was but labour ioft^and obtained no further e&6i:>thcn the ming- ling HatA to ahlijb vulgar languages in fOfulom Csuntries, 23 ling of a few Fre/fchwoxdswith the Engltfh, ^nd e- ven fuch alfo was the fucceHe of the Franks among the G auks J of the Gothes among the Italians^ and S^anUrds^^Tid may be obferved, to be fhorr, in all fuch conqueftSjwhere the Conquercurs (being yct in number farre inferiour) mingle themfelves with the native inhabitants. So thatjin thofe Countries onely the mutation of languages hath enfued upon conquefts , where eyther the ancient inhabitants have beene deflroyed or driven forth, as we fee m bur Countrey to have followed of the Saxons \icio^ ries^a^ainft the Smf4/«J,orelfeatIea{linfuch fort diminiflied, that in number they remained inferi- our , or but little fuperiour to the Conquerours, whofe reputation, and authority might prevaile morethcnafmallexcefl[eofmultitude*But(thatI digrefle no further^ becaufe ccrtaine Countries arc fpecially alleaged, in which the Roman tongue is fuppofed moft to have prevailed , 1 will reftraine mydifcourfetothcm alone. And firfl: , that both the Puntque , and GaUique tongues,remained in the time of {Alexander Stve^ runhQ Emperour (about 250 yecres after our Sa- viours birth ) appeareth by Vlfian^ who lived at that time , and was with the Emperour of prin- cipall reputation, teaching, that* P/Vf/ CommiJJa *g^'^F^Je/** might be k^Tynotondy in Latine^or in Greeke^but commiSk, in the Puniqtfe^or Ga/^ique^oranyoihtx\;u]gar lan-^ p;uage. Till that time therefore it feemeth evident, that the Roman tongue had not fwallowed up thefe vulgar languages, and it felfe become vul- gar inftead of them. But to infift alittlc in eyther feverally '24 '^^^ ^ unique tongue mt aholijhtd hy the Romans. ieverally^ Firft,touching the P unique, Aurdius Vi. Aur. viftor in ^^' ^^^^ recorded of SepimiusStvems^ihdX he was ^picom. Sep- Latittis Uteris fufficitnter tnflruBus^ but, Punica elo. a.B,bcver, quentiapromptior^quippe genitus apud Leptim provin* ci ) got thy way ( ]uoth (he) and looke nor for the vi6tory, & tmft not thy fouldiers. And though Strabo be alleaged by fome , to prove the vul- g^" '^^^.^T^^ garnefle of the Latinc tongue in France^ytt is it manifcftjthat he fpeaketh not of all the Gauks^but ofcertaineonely,in the province of iV^r^o^^j^about ^Aj^«^^, for which part of Fr^wr^?, there was fpe- ciall reafon, both for the more ancient, and or- dinary converfing of the Rsmarif^ in that region above all the reft : for of all the (eventee^le Prdvir- ces o^ France ^ that of Narhona was firft reduced into the forme of a Province: And the Giry of Narhona it {elfe,beinga Mart towne of exceeding^ traffique in thofe daycs^was the ^ firft forraine Co- ^lU J*.'^^^' - E }ony, z6 The S^Anifh^ajf Pannmtan tongues not extlnB by the Romdnu JiDny,tfaat the Romans planted out of Italy^ Carthage . otiely excepted : And yet furtbeitnorejas P/my hath Pl«>.J-5if j4« recordedjtnany townes there were in that Province^ infranchized , and indued with the liberty ^ and right of the Latins, And yet for ail this, Strah faith nor y that the Roman tongue was the native or vulgar language in that part,but that for the more part they (pake ic. Thirdijr, concerning the 5/7^«//Jb tongue : How* (over Vhei writ, that the languages of France and' S.faine were utterly cxtinguillied by the Romtn^ *Arid.Annot. sndthatthe Latinewasbccome^ rernacula Hiffo^ aa Auguft. Ac nta^SLs alfo GaUi te^nd /tali a -^ and * fomc otherSjOf Civ uei, 1,19. jjjg fame Nation vauntjthat had not the barbarous Id. 5, Jc tra- Nations corrupted it, the Latine tongue woiild dcod, Difcip. {j^yg beene at this day, as pure in Spaine, as it was dc rcb. Hif- ^^ ^^^^ ^t ^Ifc m TuUtes tinaeryet nevcrtheleiTc.ma- P3nia;.i,j,c,4 nifeft iti?,.that the Spanifh tongue was never utter- ly (upprefled by the Latine. For toonait that of • Strab.l 3, StraBo,'>^ thsLt there were divers languages in the ptuio a prin- parts o^ Spaine^as alfo in * another place, that the idTiinprm-^P^^"^^ of Aqmtone was liker the language of the cip.* ' Spaniards^ then of the other Ganles: It is a com- * r^Hi/ao. "^°" confent of the bcft Hiftorians, and Antiqua- Ti-c.^. * r^ss of Spaine^ -^ that the Cantabrian tongue, which Marin. sicwldc yet r^jjjaineth in the North part o£ Spaine (and »ati»,'& ai>b.^* hath no reliflVin a manner atall of the Roman)was eyther the ancieat, or at leaft one of the ancient ^ hagmgQs of Spaine. And although ^^fr^j^^ hath " ' ^*^''* recorded, that the Koman tongue was fpoken in Spameyyethe. fpeakcthnor indefinitely,butaddeth alimitationjnamelVjabciit^if^^.And that in tbae part The Sfamfh^& Pannonian tmgnes not extinB By the Romans, 27 pare of S^aine^ the Roman tongue fo prevailed, the reafooiseafietobeafligned, by thaC we finde in Ph»y, Namely, that in B£ticay were eight ^ow4» Colonies , eight Municipall Cities, and 29 o- Plini j. c« t: tilers indued with the right, and liberty of the 7'"* ^'*^'*^ Latines. Lailly, to rpeakc of the Panmnian ton^t^^Pan^ »5»/^contayned Hmgaryyt^ufiria^Stiria, and Ca- finthia) it is certainCjthat the Roman did not extin- guirh it '. For ^i^^P aterculus (who is the onely au- thor that I know aileaged for that purpofe) fayth notjthat it was become the language of the Coun- trey, for how could it,being but even then newly conquered by Tiberm C^fari bur 0neIy,that in the time of Aumjmpy Tihtrm his meanes the know- ledge of the Roman tongue was fpred in all Panm» nia. And fecondly,T4«tJ« after Tiberius his time, hath recorded, that the Ofi in Germany, might be Tacit, de mo- knowne to be no Gerrnans^by the Pannonian tongue, "b. Germ, which •'^a little before in the fame booke, her^-l^ J^^p,. plainely acknowledged to be fpoken even then in jumamcddo. Pannoma, Andas for thefereafons it may well feemethat the Roman tongue became not the vulgar language inanyofthofe parts of the Empire,which yet are fpecially inftanced, for the large vulgarity of it: So have I other rcalbns to perfwade me that ic was not in thole parts, ror in any other forrainc Ccuntries fubjedtothe Empire,eyther generally or perfectly fpoken. Not generally (I fayjbccauli it is hard to conceive, that any whole Countr ies^ ipecially, bccaufe fo large as the mentioned are, E a fhould ^ g l^mt^ not gmtr ally ff ohm in the Provinces* ihould generally fpeake tvvolangiuges,theif ovvne natfi^e^anci the Boman, Secondlyjthere was not any law at all of the Roma^Sy to enforce the fubdiied Nations, eyther toiife vulgarly the Roman tongue^, or not to life their ownc native languages (and very extreamc,and unrcafonable,had fuch Lords bcene, as fhould coftipeil men by lavves^both codoejand to fpeake^onely what pleafed them.) Neither doe I fee any other neceflity, or any provocation, to bring them toitjexccpt for fome fpeciall fort of men, as Merchants, and Citizens/or their better traffiqiie, and trade^Lawyers for the knowledge',and pra^iife of the Reman Lawes,which carried force through- out the Empire (except priviledged places) fcho. lers for learning, fouldiers , for their better con^ vcrfing With the Roman Legions.and with the La* mfj5Travailers5 Gentlemen J Officers, or fuch o- ther, as might have occafion of affaires, and dea- ling with the ^w»^/. But it fbundeth altogether unlikeatruthjthat thepoore fcattcred people, a- broad in the Countrey, dwelling eythcr in folitary places,orin the fmalltownesjand villages,"eyther generally fpakc it,or could poflibly attaine unto it. An example whereof, for the better evidence,may at this day be noted; in thofe parts o^ Greece ^whlch are fubjed torhe^g| ^^ He common opinion, which fup- pofeth that thelc Nations in the ftouriili of the Roman Empire, fpake vulgarly, and rightly the Latine tongue, is, that the mi- atuuc'ot tile Northerne barbarous Nations among the ancient Inhabitants, was the caufe of chan- ging the Z.4f /«^ tongue,into the Languages which now they fpeake, the Languages becomming mingled, as the Nations them felves were. Who, while they were enforced to attemper, and frame their fpeechpne to the underftanding of another, for elfc they could not mutually exprefle their mindes ( which is the end for which nature hath given fpeech to men ) they degenerated both, and to came to this medly , wherein now we finde them. "Which opinion if it were true,the Italian tongue muft of neceility have it beginning about the 480 yeerc of OUT Saviour: becaufe, at that time , the Barbarous Nations began firft to inhabite italy^ under Odoacer^ for although they had cntred,and wafted /?,whence it obtained the name o^ Hungary, Out of which difcourfcyou may obfervc thele two poynts. Firft , what the Countries were in which thofe wandring, and warring Nations af- ter many tranfmigrations from place to place,fix« ed at laft their finall refidence, and k biration^ Namely,thc Hmnes in Pannmia^xhtirandiiles in A- friquf ^thc Eaft Gcthes^ and Langhards m Italj^ iho. Weft Gothes in Aqmtane^and Spaine^ which being both originally but one Nation ,■ gained tbefa names of Eaft^ard Weft Gotks ^{rom the poiition of thefe Countries which they conquereJr and in- F 2 habited. 36 Tlj^mMttffhe'R(Hf9An^^fireyrihenyandBytthom, babitcd, the other barbarous Nations of obfcurer nameSjbeing partly confumcd with thewarre^and partly palfing into thq more famous appellations. And fecoodly^y ou tnay ob ferve5that the maine dif^ fokidon of the Empire, efpecially in Europe , and Afi'i/^ue^fdl in the time o[rakmnian the third, a-* botittheyecre 450, being caufed by the barbarous Kanonsof the North (as after did the like diflblu- tionofthe fame Empire in ^fta^bythc Arabians in the time of Heroiclm about the yeere 54o)and to- gether vviih. the raignc of the Empire in the Wcfl by the iraacdationcjf- the forefayd barbarous Nati- ons,the Lame tongue in all the countries, where it was vulgarly fpokcn (if it were rightly fpoken any where in the Weft) became corrupted. Wherefore if the ^;?<*»//& , French^ and Italian tongues, 'pK)Ceeded' from this^ caufe, as a great number of learned men, fuppofe they did, you fee what the antiquity of them is: But to deliver plain* ly my opiaiorv, having iearched as farre as I could into the origittals of thofe languages, and having pondered what in my reading, and in my reafon I found touching them, I am of another minde ( as fbme learned men aKoareJ namely, that all thofe tongues are more ancient , and have not Sprung from the corruption of the Ljj/»e tongue, by the inundation, and mixture of barbarous people in thele Provinces , but from the firft unperfedim- prefIion,and receiving of it,in thofe forraine Coun- tries. Which unperfed^nes notwithftanding of the ^(?«»tf« tongue in thofe parts, although it had, as! mke it^beginning from this evill framing of forrain tongues The true beginning of the Italian,Prench^iiit Sfanijh tonnes. 37 tongues to the right pronouncing of the Ldtiney yet I withall eafily beleeve , and acknowledge, that it was greatly increafed , by the mixing, and coalition of the barbarous Nations. So that naee thinkes, I have obferved three degrees of corruption in the Roman tongue,by the degene- rating whereof, thefe Languages are fuppoled to have received their beginning. The firft of them was in Rome it felfe, where, towards the latter end of the Common wealth, and after, in the time of the Empire, the infinite multitude of fervants (which exceedingly exceeded the number of free borne Citizens j together with the unfpeakeable confluence of ftrangers, from all Provinces , did much impaire the purenefTe of their Language,and as Ijidore hath obferved jbrought many barbarifmes Jii<^or-Or>gifi: and foloecifmes into it. Infomuchjthat TertuUian Term!, in a- in his timCjVvhen as yet none of the barbarous Na- pologecadu^' tions had by invafion touched Italj ( for he lived ^""*'*^' ^ under Septimm Severm government ) chargeth the Romans to have renounced the Language of their fathers. The fecond ftcppe was the unper- fed imprefTion ( that I touched before) made of the Roman tongue abroad in the fonaine Provin. ces among ftrangcrs , whcfe tongues could not perfedly frame to fpeake it aright. And certainelyj ^.^^^ j ^ if the Italians' thcmCehcs , as is remembred by C/- Oratorc.' cere failed of the right, and peried Roman pro- nounciation , I fee not how the tongues of ftrange Nations , fuch as the Gaules^SLnd Spaniards were, fhould exa let forth by Gmter^znd Scaltger^ there be fome few '^^' ^^^* monuments regi fired of thefe languages, but not underflood now of any man. In Calahiaboth the higher, and lower, and farre along the maritime coaft of the Tyrrhe?j€ rca,the Greeke.ln Latium{Y\cm Cdmfagtia di Romfi) the Latine, In Lowbardyyand G 3 Liguria 4L«- ^ J=* mLex. Peota- fiom the K^rabtqui, out the Puntque tongue tee- giotto in tocc ineth to me out oi queftion,to have bin the Canaa- rilp nitijh 01 old i/ti'fftplanguage,thoughIdoubt notQ^eo^, de fomewhat altered from the originall pronounciati- doftr. promi- on , as is wont in tra<5t of time to befall Colonies, ["'V"l;.fM planted among flransers farre from home^Forfirir,- Leo Africl Carthage it fe!fe,the Queene of the cities o^Afrique » ^^ j"**/. *^' ( and well might fhe be termed To, that contained "ffcx* *"^ in ciraiir ?4 miles(as Florus in his abridgement of Flo.iaEpkom, Zivie hath recoTded,and by the utter wall 960 fn^-gub U7. longs (that is 45 miles) as it is in ^/r^^fj: And held out in emulation with Rome^a^ is noted by Ph^y^ I20yeere,and to conclude (before the fecond Pu- Piinl ij,c.i8. viquewarre } had in fubjefSiion all thecoafl: of the medit^rrane Tea, fronn the bottome of the greater Ha . Sftis - c y 2 The Pumcks ofAfmke wtrt originally Canaamtes, S^nis in Jfrique to the river Ebro ( iberus) in Spahc^ which is about 2000. miles of length ) that the fame Carthage I fay, and divers other Cities of >^- frtque (of which P/z^ij; nameth r^/^^ and Leptis^ as being the principall)vvere Colonies of the ThcenL dans, and namely of the Tyians^ is not onely by Strab.lib.cita. StrahjMeU, Livie^ plmy ^ff'ian, and many other r^v.^lib-^sj, certaine Authors acknowledged,and by none deni- Fiin. 1. J/ 19. ed,but alfothe very names oiPxni and PumdJ:)e* Befpuni^i In ^"^ ^"^ variations or mutilations of the name Phcp* priiicipio Cur- mm import fo much^and laftly their language ailu- rms.l.4,ct A-rethit. Vor Bkromewritingy that their language '' ^ °'"' was growne fomewhat different from the VhxmcU an tongucjdoth raanifeftly in thofe words imply,it had beene the fame. And what were the VhxniczamhutCanaanhesi The Phoenicians I fay,of vi^hofe exceeding merchan«i dizingwe read lb much in ancient hiftories, what tB^JIirjD ^^^^ ^^^y ^"^ Canaanites^yjho^e. very * name fignk- fieth merchants? for, the very fame Nation, that the Grecians called Phoenicians ( ^tUtMt ) and the Ro^ mans in imitation of that name Poenos and Punicos for the excee- ding ftore of foniK,, in the Greeh^ fignifieth the good Palmes, Palme, for as touching the dedu- wherew'h that d:ion of the name Phoenicia^ ey ther Countrey a^ from p jiq by Montanm , or from bounded: In- M^u^UID by P(?/?f//»tf, fignifying Ar»as.i*ontJib fomuch that the delicacyof the inhabitants by p^fterin"/ inmonuments the firft, and their obfervation or fcdp. Synae.c, of antiquity, adoration of the fire, by the fe« de byris No- the Palme cond , they are but late fprung ^""'' , faii. Thepmickes of^frike tvereorigi/?a!iy Canaanites, 5 } fantafies, & have not any ground of reafon at all : for as much , as in all the //f^r^ff writings of the Bible, that Countrey is never termed by any name founding to. ward Vhuemcia^ but in the Grceke onely. But in many old Coynes that I have feene , I have noted the Palme tree, as the fpeciall cognifanceofP^(j?»ir/4(a5 1 have alfothe Olive branch and Coines to be of SfMneii\\Q Horfe olMm^ rhamaithe Elephantpr the fpoile of the Elephant of o^/n^af, the Camel I5 of ^r^^/4; the Cro- codilepr the bird Ibisp^^^gyft : and divers other fpecialities for other countries ) And namely I have feencjfundry old Coynes of the Emperourr'/^;f and Gaza, and Elath in Thcenicia) which very trad, to have beene the feverallpoflef- fions of Zidon^and Cheth^ and Gergafhiy and Harkiy and f^rvadi^ and ChamathifixQ of the 1 1 (bnnes of Canaan ( the other 5 inhabiting more to the Sou. h in Palefiina (they that are skilfull in the ancient Chorography of the Holy land , cannot be igno- rant.Seeing thereforeout of this part of the land of Ctf«^rf;7(forin this part Tyw was)the Carthaginians and other Colonies of the Phoenicians in K^frique Auguft. expof, came, it is out of all doubt, that they vtrere ol- the I'd iS>ma?.tA <^^^^^^kes progeny : and for fuch in very dcedc, Bicd. * and noother,they reputed and profeflfcd thcmfelves to be : for as ^ugufiine hath left recorded , who was borne and lived among them, the Countrey people of Puniques , when they were asked tou- ching thcmfelves what they were, they would make anfwcre that they were C^iSffff^i meaning, as _ — ■ -- f Ttefmkkes ofJfrike originally Canaanites, 55 ^ugufltnehimklk doth interpret thcva^Ca»aames^ Certaine therefore it is that the native Tuniquc language was not the Caf?aaniti[h tongue : but that I added for explication this claufe (or the o'd He . brcrvy meaning by the old //e/'Tw that which was vulgarly fpoken among the lenses before the ca. ptivicy)you will perhaps fufped my credit 5 and be offended ; for I am not ignorant , how fupcr- IHtioufly Divines for the moft part are affected toward the Hebir^v tongue : yet when 1 have fee downe the Africans language to have becne the CanaaninPj tongue, I thought good to adde for plainenefle fake (or the old Hebntv) becaufe I take them indeed to be the very fame language, and that Abraham and his pofterity,broughc it not out o{ Chald^a^hui learned it in the land d^ Ca?taan,*9c{iA lib.de Neyther is this opinion of mine^a meere paradox ^^**^^°'^*^*^* and fantafiCjbut I have ^threeor foure of the bcft Arias^*Monta. skilled in the language and antiquities of that^^a"^a"«p Nation , that the latter times could afford, of the OcnebrardJ. i. fame minde. And certainely^by * I[aiah it is called ciiron. an. in dired tcrmes. the language of Canaan, And it ?e!fi"*aJfeJi is moreover manifcft, that the names ofthepla rndl?sarra* ces,and Ckks of Canaan the old names I mesne ^ ^;' ^p-^** '•^" by wliich they were called before the Ifrad/tes rorain. dwelt in them^as is to be fcene in the whole courfe * i^« »^' '*♦ of the books of Mofes and of Icfhtta) were Hebrem names : touching which poynt , although I could produce other forceable reafons , fuch as might (except my fantade delude mc)vex the beft wit In the world to give them juft rolution,yet I will adde iio more, both to avoyde prolixite^and becaufe 1 Oiall 5<5 The Funickc Language tpas onginallj Hei>rei»^ (hall have in another place fitter occafion. But to fpcake particularly ot the Punique tongue which hath brought us into this diicourfe , and which I proved before to be the Canaamtifh Ian- guage : it is not onely *in one place pronounced by* k^uguftine (who knew it well , no man better) ta * Augu.in.fer. have neere affi- 3f, dc vcrb^ j^^j ^-jj^ ^^ ^ 2\s in the Punique tongue Salta Dom. in tiia J ^ a r • i gd^fGC.Lucani Hebrervion^UQ. uiXtt^Augujtan expoj,tnchoat eftjt^ which alio the ad Rom, Heb, ^abvo* Edom^ bJoud. *Ptf;?if /Swords Emr,P[alm^i^6^ Heb, mrf. J/alijratia^a.vid LibuT' sf?/>..,The Weft Macedomam ^ the Epirotfs^ the ^oji- nates^Servians^ RafcianSy Bulgarians^ Moldavians^ Po* delianSy Rufians^ Afiifcovites^ Bohemians^ PelonianSy Gt(fitiAviu\'Silefians, And in -f^/f4 the Circafians^ Mengrel^ thrtdinLing. HanSySLTidi GazAYmsi jhefc I fay arc the principal I Boccha in Ap. ^^^ ^^1 ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ' ff^xGefner and Roccha reckon pcnd. dc dia up the names of 60 Nations^that have the 5'/4i'o«f^»' 5c^m lU/nca. tongue for their vulgar language; So-, that it is kiiOwnc to be vulgar Iff poken over all the Eaft parts of Europe ( in more than a third part of the whole) even to the utmoft bounds of the rivers of Droytfa and Tanais^Greece^a.n6 Hungarj^2iii^W(illti^hiaQns:\y' excepted. Indeed the regions o^ Snvia^ Bofina^ Bui- Xaria^Raffra^Molddvia^ Rujsia and Mofiovta^ name- Jy all the Nations of the Eafternc parts, which celebrate their divine fervice after the Greeke cere- QiDny,and profefTc Ecclefiaftfcall obedience to the Patriarch of Con ftantimple write in a diverfe fort of Chaiadler fran that of the Dalmatians^ Cro' mam Thegr^At extent ef the Siatonique tongue, 59 ^uafts/ftrianSyPchmans^^ohemianSySilefians^ and o- tfaer Nations toward the Weft(bGthwhich fort of chara,in qiany places of the Turkijh dpminion5and the lani&artsand officers for the mod part can fpeake it, and many otbers- alfoofthe better fort, but yet the general! and vul- gar language of his dominion (excepting thofe pla- ces afore mentioned) it is not. But in ^i?4w//iJ,although the old languages dill: rcmainC) being for the moft part corrupt Gy eeke^zs aJfoin jirmenia^thty have their peculiar language, yet is the Turkijh tongue very frequent, and prevai- leth in them both -.which being originally none o- Michov.l.i.de thejtiian the Tartarianton^uc^sis Michovm^ and ^ arma la. cap. ^^^^^^ ^^^^ obferved, yet partajccth much, both of Rocch de the Armeman and Perfiaa^ by reafon of the Turkef iil^ *" long continuance in both thofe regions, before Turcica. they fetled the feace of their Dominion,and them- ftlves among the Grecians^ for which caufc it is not without mixture of Greeke alfo , but chicfely and above all other of the L^M^i^tf^, both by rea- fon of their religion written in that language, and tfeeir training up in fchoolcs unto it,as their learned tongue. And yet although the Turkifh be well un. derftood both in Natolia and Armenia, yet hath it neytherextinguifhed the vulgar languages of thofe parts, neither obtained toitfclfe (for ought lean by my reading finde) any peculiar ProWnce at all, wherein it is become the folc native and vulgar language,but isonelyacommon fcattered tongue, which appeareth to be fo much the more evident- ly true, becaufe the very Cities that have bccne fuc- The great extent of the .^ rahique tongue, ^ j fucceirively the feats of the Ottoman Sultans'^namz" ly honium ( now Cogna) in Lycaonia , then Prufa in BitltynU-^ihixdXy^AdrUnofk in T^fcr 4f f ^ and laftly, ConJtantimfpUy are yet knowne to retaine their old native language, the Greeke tongue ; Although the Turkijh tongue alfo be common in them all, as U • is likewife in all other Gretkc Cities both o^Gretcc and i^fia. But in the Eaft part of Cilicia beyond the river Pjramus^ as in all ^'^rw^alfo, and Mefofotamia and PalefltKa^and AraHaand v/£gyft^and thence Weft- ward in all that long trad of >^/>/^wf, thatexren- deth frorn ^gyp to the Strait of Gtbrahir^l fay in all thet lieth betwixt the Mountaine AtUs^^nd the. mediterrane fea (now termed Barbary) excepting Marocco^ and here and there fome fcatcered rem- nants of the old Africans in the Inland partSjthe ^- rabique tongue is become the vulgar language, al- though fomevvhat corrupted, and varied in dialed, asamong fb many feverall Nations it is unpoflible but it iliould be. And although I be farre from. *their opinion, which write (too overlafhinglyj ^ that the K^rabian tongue is in ufc in two third prxffrGram- parts of the inhabited world , ot in more , yet I roat. Arabic, finde that it cxtendeth very farre, andefpecially f-"g^°jj*i\.^.^g- where the religion of uuahumet is profeflcd. tud! Rer.^ad For which caufe ( over and befides the parts ^^^' above mentioned , in which it is (as I fayd ) be. come the native language ) in all the Northerne part of the Turk'tjh Empire alfo,! meane that part that lieth on the North fide of the mediterrane fea,as likewife among the Mahumetan Tartar Sy it I i is A 62 The beginning and change of the Syr'taqtte tongueS is thought not the vulgar tongue, yet famih'ar with very many,both becaufe all their religion is written in that language5and for that^every boy that goeth ♦ Bciion. Ob- to fchoole, is taught it, as in our fchooles they are tmac,i,3,c,it f^ygij^ Latineand Grteke : Infomuch, that all the Turhs write their owne language in ArAhique cha- ra6lers. So that you fee the common languages of the Turkijh Empire^to be the Slavomfh^ the Greeke^ the TurkifhsLnd ^rabiqut tongues,(erving (everally for the parts that I mentioned before. * Mafias in prxfat. Gram, mat. Syria. Sixt beneti. Bibli- oth. SanftiJ, 4, in voce. ^ Thargum. Caiiin. in prar- fat inllituc. Syria. Ar. Montan, dc ratioac Mazzorech in ilpparat. ad Bibl, Reg. Fabric, in prx- fat. ad LexiCc Syrochaldai- cum. Gcncbrard,l,^ Chronrg. ad An. 3690. Bellarmin.]. 2, dc veibo Dei, c«.4,& I5,&c. Poflevjn. Ap- parat facr. in Di£tione. Bi« blia. Of the Sjftaque and Hebrew tongue, C H A P . I X« HE Syriaqne tongue is certainely * thought to have had beginning, in the time of the captivity of the ferns in Babylon ^ while they were mingled among the Chaldeans, In which long revolution of feventy yeeres, the vulgar fort of the fettes forgot their owne language, and began to fpeake the Chaldee: But yet pronouncing it amifle, and framing it fomewhat to their owne Countrey fafliion, in no- tation of poinds, affixes, conjugations, and fbmc other properties of their ancient fpeech , it be- came a mixt languap;e of Hebrew and chaldee : a great part o^Chaldee for the fubftance of the words, but more Hebretv for rhe fafhion, and fo degenera- ting much from both : The old and right H^brett^ ., I ^ remain^ The Beginmngand change of the Syriaque tongue^ 6^ Jtmaimug after that time 5 onely among thelcar* ned men,aiid being taught in ichooles , as among us the learned tongues are accuilomcd to be. And yet , after the tini;;of our Saviour,this language began much maie to alter , and to depart further, both from the Chaldee, and i^'t^reu', as receaving much mixture of (Jret^e, fomeaKo o^Roman^ and jirMque words, as iii the Talmud (named of itrn" /t/f«») gathered by \kJtichanan^ about goo, yeeres after Chril^, is apparent being farre fuller of them, than thoie parts oiiht Chaldee paraphrafeonthe holy Scriptures, which were made by R. lonathaf;^ a little before Chryft and by R. ^quils whom they call OjiA^^ib^^not long after. But yet certaine it is >. both for the great dii^e- rcnce of the words themfelves, which are in the *^^r/4^u^ tongue for the moft part Chaldte^ and for the divcrfity of thofe adherents of words , which they call praefixa, and fulhxa,as alfo,for the difJb- ling found of fome vowels, and lundry other con- fiderations : Certaine it is-1 fay, that the unlearned Jems , whofc vulgar fpeech the Sjraque then was, could notunderf^and their m^s, and m^on, th^t their le<5^ures of Mq^(s : and the Propher«;, ufed in their fynagogucs in r.hc Hebrtte tongue- And ihat icetpeth to have beene the originallrtafon, both of the publique fpeeches • and declarations of lear- ned men to the people,ufuall in their fynasiogues on the Sabbaoths, after the readings' of the Law^nd of the Prophets, whereoi in the * new Tef^ament Aft.13.1. wcfindefomc mcntion-and alfo,..of thetranflat^ ODs of /(?«4ftojand Onhks , and others made in- to ^4 D i^trencs of Hebrew fr4m y^haldet^and Syriaque, tQ Lheir vulgar ianguage^for that the difference be- twixt the Uehreu^zndxhe ChaUee was fo greatjtliat the tongue oF the one Nation could not be under- ilood by the other. Firft, the tongues themfelves, which yet remaine with us, may be evident de- monftrations, of which we fee that one may bee skilfuil in the Hebrm^ and yet not underftand the Chatdee , and therefore neyther could they, whole fpeech the Chatdee then was (aIthough,much dege* Derated ) underftand the Htbu», Secondly , wee * Nchem.ca.8, find, that when * Ez,Ttk at the returne from the cap- v.7>8 ? • tivity , read the booke of the law before the people, others were faineto interpret that which was read tinto them» And Thirdly, the anfwere made to ^aK fhakth^ by the officers o£K^Hezektah, may put it • Rcg.i.xjcap. out of queftionrwilling him ^tofpeakeunto them x8, V. 16, jn the ChaUee tongue, that the common people of Jerufahm) mwhofc hearing it was ) might not un» derftand what was fpoken,Butyet it might be,that asatthisdaythelewesufcto dOjfoalfoinChrifts time of converfing on the Earth^they might alfo readc the Chaldee Tar^amin ( and certainely fome ♦ lunius in * learned men affirme they did fo) together with ttv^M^f^ii ^^^ Herbervkavirts o£ A^ofes^and the Prophets, for certaine it is, that /(?«4f/?rf«^tf«^;s/f/, had before the birth of our Saviour tranflated, not the Pro- phets onely into Chaldee , foritishisparaphrafe that we have at this day on the Prophets ) and the language which wee now call the Sfiaque^ was but the lewes Chaldee^ although in the af^ tcr times , by the mixture of Greeke , and ma- Exe other foiraine wordes it became fome- what The Creeke^& Chaldee tranjlations read in the Synagogues, 6 5 what changed, from what in the times afore , and about our S aviours incarnation it had beene ) but the Pentatuch alfo : at Ieaft,if that be true, which Sixtuf Senenfis hath recorded, namely, that fuch sixt. Sen cnfis is the tradition among the/ftrw, and which ^^-^szaa^i^.ta iatine vvritcth, that hinifelfe hath feene that tran- diaion'sytx ^ flation of lo/iathanx , befide^*['°r . for of that part of that of Onkelos , the beginning Arcan. Catho- tht Chaldee ^Q.i2i- of both which hee fettcthiic^verit.i.i. phrafc, which wc dovvne, differing one from a-*'^* have in the 0;»- nother , in the firft wordes.*Vid,Salme- flutenfe.Sc K. Phi- Which ( namely touching the n°"*^' ^u"^' iipi BiblcSjOn the publiqae reading of the Chaldee PrdcgoL. 3** Bookes of Msfexj Targamiv^ty thct: together with '^^ Tomo, i. O/^/e/o/istheau- the He bretv tc^x ^ or in (lead *;|^scpSa?* thor: of that on ofitj I may as well conceive ginuPioi.y. lofitah^ihQ ludgfSj to bee true , as that the fbr- the bookes of the raine * hrves. dwelling in Alexi- "^ertul. in a- Kings^ and of the Wr/4,and other parts of c^^y/^f 5^0°! ^^"^^ prophets, lena- in u^^rf alfo, and other 6^6^^^^ than. Of that on Provinces abroad , ufed pub^ Ruthy Hefter^ Toh^ liquely in i^ead of the Hebrew^ thcPfalwes^ScthQ which now they under ft ood * Novell 145. books o^ Salomon J nor, the Sepfuagintf Greeke traji- ' ^^^ ^ » . 8r 9 RJofsfh Cxcui. flation, as is evident in TtrtuLsc&li2, in *^* lian : And of fome others of Chron.tufcb^ them In the Condltutions of* luflinian. Which f^^^^"""" hrtes^ for that very caufe, are fundry times in the & iun.cortra» * A<^s of the Apoftles, termed e«s:c««-«i. For by that Beilarm. Con- 1 . , t* 1 1 1 ' trov* 1.1.2. name, in the judgement of learned men the nacu- c, ,j,§ ,„. & rail Grecians art not meant, which are alwaies tta- umf. Pr^ttt- raediMW, not l:^^«;r«J.' But the /^jj^^j difperfed ^-^nol^d^m!' K moDgAp.6»u 06 The Greeke,& Chaldee tranflamns readin the S^nagogucf,. moDg the Gentiles^ that ufed to read the Gyeeke Scriptures in their Synagogues^ And here lliall be the period of my firft Enquiry,' touching languages, and beginning of the fecond, eoncernino; the (orts of Religions , abroad in the worldjndifcourfing whereof you muft be content, to accept of modcrne Authorsjbecaufe I am to in- treat of moderne matters : And, it I hap to ftep a\vry,where I fee no path,and can difcerne but few Heps afore me,you muft pardon it. And yet this one thing I will promife you, that if eyther they that ihould diredi me,miflead me not,or( where my rea- fon fufpeds^j^Jiat my guides vvander,and I am mif- Jead)ifmycircumfpedobferving, or diligent in- quiring, may preferve me from errour, I will not depart a haire from the way of truth. Oftbefmdry parts ofthefForld inhabited by Chrillians. Chap. X, LL Eureftis poflefled by C/?W«»^ ftians^ except the utmoft cor. ners of it, toward the Eaft>and the North for the fmall com- pany of Mahumetsns , inhabit 34ici^u,^c ' l^^mi^J^ '"'g ^^^" * peculiar villages samaua, J^; ^^t^^Y^*^ abcwi Wilna in Litum'a^ or the ^^ii Xcattcred Chrtftiamfevtrall in tvhat: fan vfEurofe, sj fcactered * remnants of Idolaters, in the fame Pro- Boem. d, mo« vince,and in Same^ma^SLve not worthy mentioning. ^'^'S^^^^' But toward the North, .Lappia, Scricfinia^ Biarmia^ Bot*er. Rda c^ Corela^ and the North part o^ Finmarke (all which r"7*.''.^' together palTe commonly under the name of L^p- sc^njia! edc' hndy^vid. make a region about pco miles incircnitj ^apponia.Da^^ are inhabited by Idolaters: and toward theEaftj^j^JJ-J/^* ^' all the Region betwixt r^fztfftf^and^arjj^k^iWjalongpiis. ' ^" ^ MMtis^ and the Euxine lea, (the true native Coun ^^^'*^^o«.l*3^ trey of the ancient Gothts)hzvci% more then twice Munfter.Coi: as large as the former, and withall much better '"og«l-4>c.37» peopled, is inhabited by the Tartars called Crim^i on p"!? £"' or PrHopitpic.c. ^^ 1^-^ Court, there were Emba/Tadcurs out o^JVu- hia^to entreat him for a fupply of MiniRers,to in- ftru6l: their Nation^and repayre Chriftianicy gone to ruinc among them : but were rejedcd. -^ And yet are the Chriftians of cy£gjpt, namely thofeof the native Inhabitants,but very few in re- fped of that infinitcnefle of people, wherewith v^^yft doth, and ever did abound, as being eftec- *Botcr.Relat. med,not to palle* 5:0000, And as touching the 5^'''^*^'o'u-* Kingdomeof/Z'^/'^/fy/jjneyther is itallChriftians, . ad^E^kw. but a great part of Gentiles^ namely toward the Thom.aier.de vVe ft, and South bounds of it, and fome pattMa^ f'r"!ol^^r**^'*»i'ff^«-^5towardthe Eail border : neither fo large, and ipacious,as many mens relations nave made it thought to be. For although I cannot aflent to them, who afifigncto that great Kingdome, but a- Boter.Rcbt, .bout "^552 leagues of com pa fie, by which recko- Abaffia^**^' ^'^ ^"^§ (fuppofe they were Spamjh leagues) it fliould be Jittle larger than Germany^ (for I know full well, byinfallible obfervationSjthat fparing limitation of theirs to be untrue) yet,neither can I yeeld to them, ♦Horat. Mala, whocfleeme it* greater then the vafl dominions guxneld.fcor.Qf fjjg Emoerours o^Turky or o^ Tanary. Sec. Jo OCT, cinque ^ . * . 1 • r 1 ™/ • maffiHii Sig- Of ^^ themjthar extend it from the one Troptque^ nori. to the Other, and from the read kSy almofl to the Weft 7 he tvtake eftate ef Chrifliamy in jifrique. 7 1 Weft Ocean. For firft , certaine it is (that I may fpeakea littleof the limits of this kingdome)thatic attaineth not to the red fea( Eaft ward) neither with* in the ilraits o^Babd mandel^nov without,for with- ^^*^.''* ^'^^ , in thofe "ftraits, ^ong the bay of ^ra^a^thtK is a P'^''""-'^"'«» continual! ledge of mountaines^knowne to be inha- bited with MooieSjbetwixtthat Bayjand the domi- nion Q^Habafia : So that, onely one port there is, sommar.df along all that^roaft, (Ercoeo by name) where thofe leg^i o'nefc mountaines open to the ■rea,that at this prefent be- mof,w*^^** longechto it. Neyther without thofe Straits doth ^i^-zi^' it any where approach to the Ocean. All that coaft, as farreas Mozambipie,bdn^wd[ knowne to be inhabited with Arabians- And as touching the Weft limits of Hah/siaJ cannot finceby any certaine hiftory or reIation(un- skilfull men may rumour what they will, and I knowalfathat the common Charts reprefentito- therwife) I cannot finde I fay, that it ftretcheth be^ yond the river Nilm^^o far comraeth it Ihort of the weft Ocean.For it is knowne,thatall the weft banke oiNilus, from the river of Zaire to the confines of ^oier. Reiat; Nubia^is poirefTed by the Anzich^ being an idola. LoangoV^"^^ trous,and man-eating nation5and fubjed to a great Amichi.' Piince of their o\vne,then thus it is with thebredth of the Empire of Habajsia^ betwixt Eaft & Weft: And now to fpeake of the length of it lying North and South, neyther doth it approach Norchward oa Nilus fide,further than the South end of the lie ofMeroe^ (Meree it (elfe is inhabited by Mahume- tans^and the deadly enemies of the King of Habaf- fia)tiotoa the Sea fide farther than about the port of 7 2 The dimmfton of the Klngdome of HabaJItA , ofSuachem, And toward the South, although the bounds of chat kingdome,be not perfedly knovvne. yet that it approacheth nothing neere the circle of CapricornCjas hath bin fuppofeJ^is moft manifeft^ becaufe the great Kingdomes of m^ocrthemage^and £ enomotapa^ and [omc others, are fituate betwixt Haha-fia^^ that circIe.But as neere as I am able to conje(5lure,having made the bed fcarch that I can, in the itineraries, and relations, that are extant of thofe parts,the South limit of that Empire, palleth not the fouth parallel of fix or fevcndegrtes at the moftjVvhere it confineth with ^^oenhemage.Soihai to make refpedive eftimate of the largenefleof that dominion, by comparing it with our knovvne regions o^Eurofe^Xi feemeth equal! to Germanj^^nd Frarce^znd Sfaine^^nd Italy layd together : Equall I fay in dimenfionorground, but nothing neeie e- quall in habitation or multitude of people, which thediftemperaturc of that climate, and the dry barrennes c^the gtound5in many regions of it,will no: allowy For which caufc thetorride parts of A. st"b.l. %, f> /^aMrety Pifo in Straho refembled to a Libbards skin,theidiftanceofwhofe fpots,rcprefent ibedif. perfneficof habitations or townes in Afrique. But if I fhould abfolutely fct downc the circuit of that SSinGors. wholc dominion, I efteeme the limitation of/* '/g^- l. ^,u io« fettd^ neere about the truth, namely, that it hath ia circumference 4000. miles(about 1500. in length, and about 600, in breadth:) being inclofed with Mshumetans on the Korth,and Eaftjand with Ido- laters, on the Weft, and Souths Such then as I have declared,is the condition of Chri. TheflateofChrtfltans in ^fia, y^ Chriftians in the continent oi^frique : but the In- habitants of the lies along the weft coaft of^frique as namely Madera-^ the Canaries^ the lies o£Cah ver demand o^ S.T homos ySind fome other of lefle im- portance, are by the Ponugals ^3ind CafiUtans inftru- dion,become Chrifiian* but on the Eaft fideof -^- /r/^«^excepting on^Xy "^ Zocotoraytheic is no Chri* *Paul. VenctJ ftianllc. l'J,c.|«,. Even fuch is the ftate of Chriftians in the firme landjand the adjacent lies of ^frique. And it is not much better in ^jia^^ot excepting firft the Empire of Ru/ia^ (and yet of it,a great part is idolatrous, namely the region betweene the rivers o^ Pechora^ and O^and fome part of Permia) (econdly, the re- gions o^CircaJTia^^ Mengrelia^Xymg sdongMceotif, and the Euxine Tea, from Tanau Eaftward as farrc as the river Phafis, Thirdly, the Province of Geor^ ^w,and fourthly the mountaine Libanus in Syria^ (and yet the laft ofthefeis of the Turks dominion) excepting thefe few I fay, there is not any region in all oijitf, where Chriftians live (everall^ without mixture eythcr of -^<»^»«>cftf«/, or of Pagans, for although Vhrmcfujai man well experienced in ibmc , , ,,. . parts ot the orient, ( as being Bifhop of Ac9n^^vid aco. Hift. Ori- the Popes Legat in the Eaft, at what timQ Paiejit- cnt,c.77> »4,and SyriawQtQ in the hands of Chriftians) hath leftregiftred, that the Chriftians of the Eafterly parts ofy^/4,excceded in multitude the Chriftians of the Greeke^and Latine Churches : yet in his time (for he writ almoft 400. yeeres agoe) Chriftianity began todecline,and fince his timejt hath procee- ded infinitely to decay, in all thofe parts of /'f%A*. L ' firftj -J, Decaj ofCbiflianitpn the Eafi pans ofy^fia, firftjby the inundation of the Idolatrous r^ywr/, whofubdued all thofe regions^and after by the en- tertayning ot Mahumetanijme in man^ of them.' The time was indeed, (and but about 400. yeeres agoe) when the King of Tenducy whom the hifto- lies of thofc times name Presbjttrlohames^ a Chri- ftian but a Neflorian Prince^ ruled farre and wide, m the Northeaft part o'tt^fm ? as having under his dominion, befide Tenduc) which was his owne na- tive, and peculiar Kingdomc ) ail the neyghbou* ring Provinces , which were at that time for a great part, Ghriftian ; but after that his Empire ivas braight to ruine, and hefubdued by Chingis a rebell ot his owne dominion ( and the firft foun- der of the Tartarian ^m'^ixQ:) which happened a- bout the yeere 1 190. the ftate of Chriftian Religi- on became in fhorttimeftrangely altered in thofe partSjfor I find in Marcm Pautut^ho lived within *PauLVeiiet; 5 o. yeeres after rimWw^, and was a man of more u^c.^ experience in thofe parts then he, as having fpent, 17 yeeres together in 7>rftfry5pardy in the Empe^* rours Court, and partly in travelling over thofe Regions, about the Emperours affaires, that ex- cept the Province of r^^^^wr, which as I fayd was the Kingdomeof Presbyter lohns refidence (for k was the Prince sc.iigerde of that King- For ^f4//^ff/ imagination^thatit £mendac.iein. dome which is was the King of the Hahafines^ fA*com uT**^ rightly,and ufu- that enlarged his dominion fo far A«hiop» * ally, by the an- in the Northeaft o^K^fia^ till he cienter hiftori- was driven into {^friqtt^ by the ans named Pr^jt Tartars^ hath neither any foun- ~ daiion ^ \peca^ ofchriftianity in the Eafl fan of^^fia. y^ dation at all in hiftory, nor pro- Bjter John , how- babilicy in reafbn. Namely chat foever the mifta- a King in Afrique iliould fubduc king fantafies of the moftdiftant parts of all ^/?rf many5have tranf- from him , and there hold reii# ported it out of dence5al I the regions betwixt be- -^^a into Afriquc longing to other Princes.More- and by errrour over i: is certainely knowne of beftowed it on Presbyter lehn o^Afia^ that he the K. oi Habaf. was a Neftorian, whereas he of jia^) except that Mah&fiA was5and ftill is a laco- Province of Ten- bite. Be fides, it hath beene re- dw I fay, where- corded from time to time,of the of •'^ Marcus Pau- * paui^ v^nce Chriftians of 7/4^^/?/^ , that //«confe(Ieththe^'»»c«^4» they were circumcifcd^which of greater part , to thofeof the Eaft, was never re- have proFefled ported by any5&c. the Chriftian re- ligion at his be- ing in TiJrMr)!, the reft of the inhabitants, being partly Mahumetans^ and partly Idolaters : in all the other Provinces of thofe parts befide, that, he ob- *v«"«. bift* ferveth the Chriftians to be but few, as namely in oS^"'^'phJi.' the Kingdomes of ^ Tangtith^o^^ Chinchmakx^ of fingcnf. l-r, c. * Succhuir^oi * CArAiamp[ ^ Cajjarp^* Car champ? \^>^ f'' * Ergimulip^Cerguthj of Egri^aia^and in the other^ « j_\^ ' '21' regions of Tartary mentioning no Chriftians atall * l* i ,c. 48! Two Cities onely I finde in him excepted, the one * Ui.c* sp. ^ was * Cingiangifii m Mangt^ ( that is China ) where * L» i-c. 38, he notcthjthat many Chriftians dwelt, and the o- * I-'i'C»4o» ther*^/«pjy, in which latter yet, falthough the*^*'*^*^** greatcft City in the world) he hath recorded to be ^ f" ^"'^'^^* found bur one Church of Chriftians. Bitt thcfe * {^z^q Z*. L 2 places y5 Theftate ofchriftians in theregions of^fia. places excepted before mentioned, I can finde no certaine relation, neither in Paul Vent tu6^ nor any other,of any Chriftians of the native inhabitants, in all the Eaft of v4jitli^c fome old prieft hath baptifed 700000. *seduiii adui- flnothcr 300000, and certaine others very great *?™/ ^' ^il^^ multitudcs.But yet what manner of Chriftians ma- & * ny of thofe profelytes were, I am loth to remcm- Bpift. Mmin. ber,or report (and it may be by this time , they are bid.pag!x3i." better affeded, and inftiuded then they were) for ac certainely, Oviedo^ and Bcnzo^ men that had long Epift. Epifcopi j-^j 3j^^ ^^j.g ^^ Ij experienced in thofe parrs, Mexicani^pag, ' \ , ^ X n r m 1 li J35. have left recorded, the firit of * Cuba^ that there * *^^w o**^^^ ftarce any one, or but very few, that willingly cid«itaM'»i7,t>ecan:?eChriil:iansand both OwW^ofthem, and €,4.- BenzoohhtC.huQdsiVi'^o^ iSfuevaEf^ama^ihsLi thty vf^'^Al^i.^T had nothing almoft belonpino; to Chriftianity.but Nou. Orbls.U o rr^^-n^ l • r 1 a, c. 19. onely the bare name of C nrmian«4»/^ about ^//»rf, where the ufe of their religi- on is by theKingof/*(?/i«»i permitted them, for in Greece^ Macedon^ Thrace^ Bulgaria^Rafiia^ Servia, Bofi% na,Epirw^the greateft part of Hmgarta^ and fomc part of Dalmatia ( which may be together about one foureteenth part o^ Europe ) although the go- vernment be wholy the Turkes , yet M&humetans fcarcely paffe one third part of the Inhabitants, But in \^friqu€^Mahumetampne is fpred excee* ding farre/or, firft to confider the maritime coaft : . It poflefleth all the fhore of the ^tlantique Oce- an, from Cape Blanco to the Strait o^Gihaltar^ be- ing about 1 1 oo. miles. Secondly, on the fhoare of the Mediterrane,ali from the Straight to ty£g)ptjx^ bout 24oo.miles,exceptingonely on the one coaft, and on the other, fome feven townes^in the pofleiti- on of the Spaniards. ThirdIy,on the Eaft fide of ^- frique all the coaft of the bay of AraBia^cvcn from Suezt CGardafiij about i^oo. miles, excepting onelyone port (Ercofo) being of the dominion of the King of Habafia, And thence (doubling that Cape) Southwardjall the 0[iO\to{ihQty£thl9pique iea, as farre as MofAmhique ( that is over againft 'the middeft of Madaga[car)zh^xit 1 800 miles. And in all the coafts ofAfrique hitherto mentioned,be- ing The Urge ff reading of Mahumetoftifme in Afriqut • 8 1 ing altogether about 7000 milet (that is, by fome ^xcelle more then halfe the circumference of of - frique) the profeflbrs of ^W'tf/;;«;wf^/ religion, have both pofleiTion and dominion, together with the* PauUVen 1. * maritime parts, of the great He of Madagafcafy^if^^^^^^i i^ and many other I lands along the coaft of Afrique, c.j. And yet even beyond MezAmhtque alfb,as far as to the Cafe das Corrientes (it is under the circle of Ca» fricorne)3\ihQu^ they have there no rule, yet they are found mingled with idolaters. Butyetnever- theleflcjObferved it is, that along the Eaft fhore of Afrique^ namely from Sttachem to Moz.ambique(bQ* ing towards 3000 miles of the mentioned coaft) Mahometans poflefle onely the margentof the land or the fca (hore, and have gotten but little footing in the inland parts^except in the kingdomcs of Dan- gait and t^del^ confining together,the fir ft within and thefecond .without the ft rait of 54^f/^j«i:^/, which yet are but fmall Provinces»And thisalfb(to extenuate their number) isalfotrue, that from the Icingdome of Adel^ and Ca^e Gmardafu^ to (^Mofam- hiquefii^xt is found among the Mahnmetansjtomt mixture of idolaters , although the dominion be onely in the ^4/7«wct4«/ hands. But yet on the North, and Weft parts of ^- ffique , it is farre otherwife , and farrc worfe : Mahumetanifme having overfpread all the maine Land of Afrique^ betwecne the M edit err ane fea and thc^reat river TV^^fr; and along the courfe of Nilui^ as farre as the lie of Meree^ which lieth alfo about the fame parallel with the river Nc^ ger^ and is poflelled by Mahn^'tafis, And yer, M beyond 0a 7he zaft extent ofMahnmetanijke in A^a, * Leo Africj. ^bcyond iVf^ff alfo^it hath invaded, and obtained §ton, iVorf ' ^^^ ^^^ Kingdcraes of the Nigrites that border oh that river . So that all Barbarj^d,Vidi B tied- dgend^ and LibjA defertA^and the region o^ Negroes, arc become of that religion. Exeeptirg firft fome maritime parts to^A^ard the -4tUntiqne fea, namely from C. Blanco foLithv^'ard,vvhich are inhabited by Gentiles, Secondly, the Kingdome of -5(>r;?aj and fome part o^ Nubia: And thirdly, certaine fcattercd multr^. tudcs of the old African progeny, that ftill retaine their ancient Gcniilifme 3 and arc found in divers places here,and there in the mountaineSjand wilder parts of ^4y^4r)', o? Biled-e^eridy and o^ Ljbj^, iThefc Ifayjbeingexceptedjall ^/n^«f befide,from the Mediterrane Cf^a ^ fomewhat more Southward than the river Negcr^ is overfpred with the Mahtn Tnetans : which (adding thcfc before mentioned, a- iongthe Eaftcoaftofc/C^^wf/^) may byeftimatt' on, take up foure nine parts of K^frique, And yet in Afia^Mahirfnetamfme^is farther fpred, being embraced,and maintained chiefly, by foure mighty Nations, namely, tht^rabians^Perfianf, Turkes^Sc Tartars. Arabia was indeed the ncft,that bred, and foflered that uncleanc bird, and had it bin the cage alfo forever toinclofe it, it had bin but too much fpace,and Iibercy,for Arabia is in cir- cuit above 4000. miles, and except a fmall mi- xture of Chriftians in Eltor,a port towne toward theinmoftangleofthebayof Ar^^/'/j, and Petra^, (Krac now it is called ) a midland towne,and two Monaftcries about the Hillof^/»4/,all is poUcftcd wiih Mahmcta^s^ But from Ar/?^/4 that poy fori ~7^ ^ ' ^ hath The "vaji extent of Afammetanifme in ^jia , 8 j hath in fuch fort difperfed it fclfe through the vefnes of l^^^, that neere the one halL^, is atthis day corrupted by it» For although it hath hi- therto attained to the North coaft of ^ji^, which is partly inhabited by Chriftians, namely, from the river of Dfvjna to Pechora , and partly by ido- laters J from Pechora to the Eaft Ocean : nor yet to the Eaft coaft , which from thcmoft Northerly part of Tartar J , to the moft Southerly part of India J * ( except fome ftw places in the King* * Boccf . Rei, domcof Siam ) Idolaters in like fort generally ob- ^^}'lu\lo^^ tainc: yet nevertheleflc, it isas I fayd, namely, tan. lijat a very great part of ^[lads infeded with that peftilence. For firftjall the Southerly coaft of l^» Ijia from the Bay ofi^rabia to the river of Indm^ is poflefled by Mahumctans : and if vt'e proceed fur- ther along that fliore, even beyond the river of Indw alfo, the great Kingdomes of Cambaia , and BengaU^ for a great part of them, and about one fourth part of the Inhabitants of ^^4/.f^dr,areob- (ervcd to be Mahumetam, And fecondly, to confider the Inland parts : all from the Weftcrly bounds of ^/f:?, namely the river Tanais^vihh. the Euxine , ^^^ean , and Mediterrang feas , as farrc Eaftward,as the mountaine Pmam^ (which is more than halfe the length of o^^^^is polieilcd by them: Exccpt,firft the" * Kirgefii neere Prfiawy who are.tr ' dolatcrs : and fecondly, the mixture of Chriftiaris * 9'*'?^-^* amon^ them, who yet have very fmall proportion ia Kyig-fto* for their multitude ) to Mahnmetans^ in any pro- ^'^ W^^-^^ vincCjOf all the mentioned vaft circuit,foriiowfo- t\QX Bitr(hardu6^ho\Mlio, yeeres agoe^hath lefc M z record 84 State ofMahumetanifme in the lUndsofAjia, recorded of thofe parts of Ajj^jtbat there were to be found in them 3oChriftiansforone Mahometan. JOefcr. ter. fanB.f,2^c,2 .JJ.g . yet cettainely, that in tliefe prelent times the excefle of multitude is growne great on the Mahometans fide in rcfped of Chriftians, the experience of many putteth out of queftion. Andjif we fhall proceed yet farther Eaft- wardjin the inland parts of A^ia^ditid pa fie in our fpe- culation, beyond themaintaine Imauf^ even there * pauJ. Vcnct. alfb fundry provinces are obferved,as ^Peim^Cotam^ I»i,c.4i,4Zy43. Lop^JvhcieAfahumetanjare the maine and fole inha- 40^47 'ST'iji bitantSjand many more, as ^ CaJJar^ Carcham^ Chin- ^4,&c. ' chintilui^ Tanguthy Ergimul Cevgath^ T endue y &t^ where they are mingled among idolaters , which may for a great part, countervaile thofe regions of -^^[/ftfjwhich Chriftiansjand Idolaters take up on this (ide that mountaine. So that^in my eftimation,ha- ving about thefe poynts conferred Hiflory with Geography in the mofV circumfpe<5t, and con fide- rate mannerjthat I was able^about nine parts of 20» of o^/4,are pofTefled by Mahumetans, Thus then is Mahttmetanifme fpread over the ' onehalfe almoftof the firmelandoify^/<«. And yet moreover in the Hands alfo that are about Afia^ that religion hath found large intertainement. For * Nico^._^ac notonelya good part ofthefmall* Ilesof ^^4/i/- iclie tndi^. ^^'^3 namely thofe of them that are inhabited, (for BarboCap. Ra- they are above 7000. in all, and mofl without habi- tjfjgg°^' ''j^^ tation )-are poflcfled with ^Awf^/, but more- 318,319/ 'over, all the ports of the He of Cetlan^ ( except ^^^'^de^M '*. ^^^^^^ which the Portugals have; the Sea coafts of hu^Mru. ' .S«^;«^f4^tbeports of /0w touching Idolaters, they poflefTe in Europe, a region as I before obferved, about poo . miles incircuir5(although the ordinary Gcographicall charts reprefent it, (but falfelyj more than twice fo large, containing Lappia^Corelja^BjarmiayScrJcfi' niaynud the North part of Finctnarch. A 11 wh ich to. gether, may by eftimation make about one fixtieth ^diitol Europe^ or a little more, more I meane in magnitude rather than in multitude, for it is in- deed a little greater than fb. Befide which Provin- ces, there are alio to be found in divers places of * B c de * ^i*ft4a»ia,and Samagotiay^ovciQ fcattered remnants Morib^emJ. of Idolaters* 332.7. But in Afy'i que xhQiX multitude is very G;rcarjfor 5ri-i.c!Li^^^^ ftoni ^- ^^^^^ on thecoaft of /./^y^.theiiioft We- ' ■ ' fterly fvhat farts of ^friqut fojfefed by Idolaters, Sy fterly poynt of ^frique (being about the North latitude of twenty degrees) even all thecoaft of ^. frique Southward , to the cape of Buona Efferan* Z.H : And thence turning by the backe of y^frique^ as faire as the cape of Mozambique^ being (over a- gainft the middell of Madaiafcar) in the South la- titude of fifteene degrees : all this coaft, I ray,be, ing not much leile, than haife the circumference of Afrique, is inhabited by Idolaters. OneIy,on the Eaft fide from Mozambique to Cape de Corfientes (which is the South latitude of 24 degrees ) they are mingled with Mahumttans : And on the Well fide, in the Kingdome of Congo^^nd the North pare ofo^;j^(?/rf, with Chriftians : But yet in both thefe places of their mixture , idolaters arc the greater multitude. But now if we confider the inland Region of y^« frique^ ail betweenc the river Nilusy and the Wefl Tea of (^thiopia^ from about the North parallell o£ ten degrees, to the South parallell of 6, or y.de- grceSjbut from that parallell of ^3 or 7, degrees, c- ven all t/£thiofia Soutliwaid , on both the lides of Kiki fiom the Eaft fca of e>£ thiofia^to the Weft, even to the mof^ Southerly point of all ^frique^the cape of Buona Efperanza, is poiTtfled by idolaters s excepting onely fome parts of Congo^ and Angola a- fore mentioned,toward the Wefl fea, inhabited by ChriftianSj& theutmoft fhore of the Eaft rea,from Mozambique Northwardjwhich isrcplenifhed with * ^^^ .y - , Mahumetans: and yet, be fide all the regions be- 1.7,c.deBorKo fore mentioned, even all the Kingdome of * ^orw, ^^^S"®* and a arcat ^m^oimbia is poffcired by thcm^ to l^lZf'^cfol Ipeakc ^8 ff^hdt parts of ^fia f off e fed Bj Idolater s, *L Af c 1 fp<^i^c *^oj:hing of the infinite multitudes of the I, r'd/vitUs* ancient -^/nf^wf/, difperfed in iundry trads of Afror, Xarbarjpi Biled^elgeridySind o^Libyi defertaywhich ftill continue in their ancient paganifme. So that (over and betide thefe la ft) very neere about halfe AJriqftt^is poflefled by idolaters. And yetin Af%a idolaters abound more than in jifriqveytxcn as ji^a is larger then Afriquc for the continent,and for the people j better inhabited, for o^Jfia alfojvery neere about the one halfe, or ra- ther a little more is poflcfled by idolaters. For firft ifweconfider the maritime parts, all from the ri- ver of /'ff^0r4jEaftward to the Ocean, and then turning downeward, to the moft Southerly poynt of Indidy ('and of allt^Jj^ ) the cape o^Cimafura^ and from that poynt returning Weftward, by the South coaftjto the outlets of the river Indm^iiLW that maritime trad I fay,is intirely poflefled by idola* ters. Saving onely^that in the necrer part of India ^ betweene Indus^and Ganges^ there is among them fome mixture both of Mahumetms , and Chrifti- ans: and in the further part, the City, and territory o^ Maiacca^h held by Portugalfyand fome part of the feacoaftof the Kingdomc of Siam^by Mores ^ So that by this account, a good deale more than halfc the circumference of ^^^, is poflefledby I- dolaters. And although in the inland parts their proportion befomewhatlefle, than in the Mari- time^yet ifweconfiderwelljthe whole dimenfion of t^/?d,we fliall find by good cftimation as before I faydjthat the one halfcjOr rather a little more, is replenished with idolaters : for the better decla- ring what pan of ey^fia mhaBited ^y idolaters^ gp ring of which poync5you may underftand ^ that as StrahoSLTvX Ptolomy have obferved, of theMoun- strabjz.pco- XAinQTauruSy that beginning in the Well parts of ^"J^ '" ^^^'^ A{ia(in the confines oiLyda^Sind Pamphlia over a« / '^ 'gaini\ihe ChelzdomanlHes) it runneth Eaftward even to the Ocean, keeping beiweene the parallels of 50, and 4<*» degrees, and fo dividing the North^ part of Afia ftom the South. Even fo muft we ob- lerveoftheMountaine* /wtf/zx that beginning on thefhoareofthe North Ocean , it runneth along ♦vid.Ptofem'^ through themiddcft of Afiatothe South, keeping in Tab. orbis. flill abait the fame meridian , namely about the J^bS^Tab- longitude of 1 30 degrees, and croffing ( at right generaji Afuel angles in a manner) the Mountaine TMurm divideth the Eaft part of ^ji4 from the weft, Imoffs therefore in this fort dividing y^fia into two parts, not much unequal!, divideth alfo in a manner betweene the idolaters and Mahimetans o^ y^fiayior akhoagYi the hither part of yf/ttf, Weft oflmaus^and pofleiTed of Mahumetans^ take up more in the longitude of the €arth,namely Eaft and Weft ;yet in the further pare Eaft of /wfji4/ which over againft Chtna^^xt recorded upon * paul.Ven, 1. the report of Marriners long pradifed in thofe feas^ lda.%ap.4z. ^° ^^ 7448.andabout"*/»i/4,tobe 127000. And * ^ ' ' which might for their largenelTe, if they were all layd together, make a Continent as large as three foare parts of ^/^/o^f .In thofe Hands, I fay Idolatry overfpreadeth all,exoepting onely thofe ^tw^ which I before obicrvedj to be poflefKed by the Spaniards^ andby the Arabians » Finally,of all other parts of the Earth yet difco* vered , Idolatrie fpreadeth fartheft in K^mericA^ which being but little lefle, than the Eafterne con- tinent (tliat we tearme the old world) is at Icaft fixe ^ parts of feven inhabited with heathenifli and ido- Jatrais people.For except the regions above menti- oncd^poffefled namely by the Portugals and Cafi^^ Hans (and yet the inner, and wilder tradits even of thofe, remaine ftill,for a great part, in their ancient paganifme ) and many notwithftanding their bap- ^^' * K' *^^ tifme, withall wonliip Idols together with fome Tj"!^**^ ' '* latei Converts made in the region about & above ^ " ' ." ' the. The vAft extendment of idolatry m tsAmericA^, ^\ the Bay of CaliforniapEwho as yet, hiftories make fo little report, that of their number I can make no eftimate : and laftly 2 or 5 fortrefles held by the SjfoniardspQ the coaft o^Flondajflrith the Engliflt colonies in yirginia^And the French in CanadaythtCQ I fty being exccpted,aU the reft oiAmerics^ being as I fayd about fixe feventh parts remayneth in their old idolatry. And thus have I declared the three principal! fe Mendezaltw) and Staf. filietto^^xt fomewhat peopled with them) Ney ther have they at this prefent, for any thing that is cer- tainely knowne-, any other region in the world, leverall to themfelves : Yct^becaufe there be fbme provinces, wherein they arc obferved fpecially to ^ abound, as others alfo, whence they are excluded and banifhedjl will confider a little of their prefenc condition. The firft Countrey of Chriftendome , whence the /f)j?^/ were expel led, without hope of returne, was our Countrey o£ England, whence they were banifhed, Anno, iipo^by King Edtpard the firft. Not long after they were likevvife banifhed Fntnce An, tsoy,by Philipfus PMer: Onely of all the Coun* St Ate ofletfes in Europe, ^jia^and Afrique, p 3 Countries oFFrame^in the Iurirdi6lion o^Avignm (the Popes ftate ) fome are remaynlng^ Our of" Spaine^ ^n, I ^9 2 by Ferdinafid^ and Shortly after out oiFortugallyAn^i^gj by Emanuel S^ut oi iIiq Kmgdomt 0^ Naplts and Skilj^x^mo 1559. by Charles the 5. In other regions ot Europe they are foundjandinromc of them in great numbers^as in- Germanj^Bohemt^Poloma^Lztiiama^RuJ^ia^Siwdi pare of/f^/y^fpecially Venice and Rome, In CJ^d'^ff? alfoa great multitude, wherein two Cities (befide all them of other places) Confianp/no^le & ThefalonicA are cfteemedtobeabout i5oooo'/fiPi'/. As alfo they are to be found by plentiful I numbersjin many parts of the Turkes dominion, both in i^jt^, and Afrique^ And for ^^,fpecially m Aleppo, in Tri. foli^ in Dantafcuf, in Rhodes, and almoft in every City of great trade & traffique in the Turkifh Em- pire ; as likewife in divcrsvparts of the Pejjian go- vernment,in Arahia alfo,& laftly.in India (namely about Crangandr) and in fome other more remote regions. And jto come to Afrique fiity are not onely found in the cities o^y^lexandna^Sc Caire iu.^g)pt butjSs in many ether regions and places of ^/n^we, ib principa 1 ly jin the cities of F^y,and Tremifen : & ^ fpeciall/jin the Hilles o^Senfav^^und Demen'm the Kingdome of Maroccho^many of which laft, are by Leo [^fri cams, {Specially * F6rof the fej^es , as noted to be of that Std:^ touching their religion, which the /erPjes ^ameLedAfri?j,i. there be in thefe times ^ Karram^ and by the c^^a^ji^Ct three fedls^ The firfl: other lei^eso'i f^frique, uhicbis thegreateftof are reputed no, better N 3 than P4 ^^^^^ of[et»es in Eurgpe, ^^la^and ^frique. than heretiqucs. them, is named DU3t But yet, befidc tbefe, who befide the holy and fuch like difperfions Scriptures^imbrace the of the /c»'//2? NatioQjthat Talmud alfo for Au- may be elfewhere in the thenticall, and for that world , there is a phan- caufcjthey arc alfo ter- tafic of many learned med ^^n1a!7n♦Thefe- men5 not unworthy fome ^ond are called Q ^J^^lp diligent confiderationj which receive only the that the Tartars of S€y» Scriptures^ And the ^^ thia^ who abou t the yeerc DTiiD that is,the Sama • 1200 , ora little before, rhans (at this day but became firft knowne a* ve^y few; which, of all broade in the world by the holy Scripturcs^ad- that name, and hold at mit only the /*^/i!M;ev;^f^ this day a great part of or bookes o^Mofex, '^fiay'm fubjedion • That thofe Tartars I fay,are of the * Ifraehtes progeny r •Poflcli.Dcf- Namely of the tenne Tribes, which by Salmana- cript. Syria' c.;s.^K, and fomeof his predeccflbrs, were carried cKK; captive into ^/;r/4. Which although it be, as Boter, kciat * I fay d^no other than a vaine and capricious phanta- P*-*-^*^^-"jJj'fie, yet, hath it not onely found acceptance and S^ia^taWsc enter taincment, with fundry learned and under- pa.3.1. I.e. de ftanding men : but rcafonand authority are pro- ^'"'^^'* duced , or pretended to eftablifh it for a truth.For iirft, it is ailed gcd that the w#rd Tatari^ or Totari^ ^ (for fo indeed 3iey are rightly called', as * learned ^'Lcunclau, in menobferve,and not Tanari) fignifieth in the Sy, pandcft. Hift« fiaque and Hebrew tongue?, a Refidue or Remain- ■jnlrJ Hcb ^^^3^^'^^ ^^ ^^^^ Tartars arc fuppofed to be of the int^n syrV ^<2nne Tribes. Secondly^becaufe (as the Patrons of this The Tartars fufpeBed to be of the Ifr&eUtes race, 95 this phantaue lay they have alwaies embraced (the ancient chara<5teT o[ ludaijnte)QxioJimc\(\ox\* And thirdly, the authority oi fuppofed Bfdras (the very fpring I take it whence hath flowed this ftreame ^^rdrasij.v* of opinion) is aliedged. Namely, that the tcnne^^'^****^'^*' Tribes tooktthif-courje to themselves ^ thu theij would leave themulutude of the heathen^ and goe forth inte afimher Coimtrt^y where nexer mAnhnde d'vdt. That they might there ketfe thtir ftatmes , n^hich they never ktpt in their ovent Ixrid. ^nd that they entered in at the ftarroifpjjjagcs of the river Euphrates. 7 he mofi high fl^emng them fignts^an^djUytng the firings ofihefiood^ ttU they were fajsed over, ^ndy that their journey was greai^ even ofayeere and a half^^andthe region is called ^ Arfareth. Bur, to thefirftof thefcarguaicnts,! may an- fwer,that the T^r/^jr/ obtained that name, neither fi-om Hthrevp nor .Sjr/^^/^^f origi. all,and appeilati- on^but/rcm the river Tanav^U^'dxLeunchivim^d.i^di. \^^^^^' '" ' * others. Or elfe from the region, as faith Hattho, rurcV'^ °'^' where the principall of them anciently dwelled. * Boem. '^°*' SJcJ. the Colchtarts^Phile ludio ^y Strah^^'^^^^^^^^j^i^ and by*othcrs : Of the^/:a?»rfM^/,and Arahians^yde wsr. Cypriapand N'icephorm, And (to le^ve thi^accumu- JJ^''^'"'^? ^^,^,^ latingof humane teftimonies; it is not obfcurcly oiheta Cypti^ acknowledged b y the Prophet hnm^^io have beene ^"•'- ^^ ^ir- ufuali(bcfidesthe//r^e/to) vvith the e^^jp»tf»/,p"™,^^;"' ''' Edomitea , x^mmonhes^ Nlcepli Cailid * For, that the Ifmaelites MtjaBiteSySnd the inha- j'^>'^^'55« and .y^r^rw/ are the fame bitants of the defert^Hkroa. 'in Nation, is manifeft by that is the*//;»^f//?(f/,Coir.nicnt.io, Hierome ^ and Sofomen, or ^4^4^^;?/ of ^^r^-*^'^*"^ "" *' and others, which being bia: Of which Nations, anciently termed Sceni- HieromeaUo, to whom t£ ( K^mmianm hath thofe regions were well £.,}p{^„ p., ohfened ) namely of knovvne , as Epiphani- mvXiyhxi.^f the Grecians ^ ^tVcxw. m alfo of the moft »', becaufe they dwelicd of them hath \ek te- O 2 ftii^. -■ 00 Circumcifion nefufe toUn ofdefantfrsm the Ifraelius, Hicron. com- ftificd, that they retay- in tents ( for fuch to be ca^.xu "^ ^ *'* ^^^ circu':nci{ion,even in the manner of their ha- Sozom.hift.1. his tin3e,Touching{bme bitation,is not onely af* Am4!anl o^ which although it Brmed by Hierome ^ but poftnied. * may be probably con je- fignified (andnot.ob- * loco jam (Siurcd , that they recei- fcurely ) by * Davtd ia- * pfabJiiio.j. "vc^ ^t (if^ ^o^e fort from menring his dwelling in via. etjam ler, the Ifratlttts I if not as the tents of ^r\ by which 49ii8,x^, their progeny ( which name ^^rabia iieferta is yctinfomefenfemaybe termed in the Hebretv^ fayd of the inhabitants were oftheir dwelling in ofthedefcrt, being the thedefert, by the ^ra^ pofterityof//OT4f/, the hians themielves named Ibnne of Abraham : and Sarracens ( for Sana fig- iikew i^t of the Edomites, ni fietb,a defer t, & S4ka?z being the feed of Efau toinhabite, in the ^ra' the fonne of Ifaac ) %»e tongue) or elfe, if * ScaJigcr in y^t at Jea{t,by imitation not of their place, yet at animadv. Euf, o[i^ brohamj family, to Jeafi ( as * learned men p.i7.Ann 88.whoni allo in bloud certainly thinke) of their tfeccTi v/iz* they were allied , as the property^they might ob- Ammomtes and Mta* taine that name of Sar^ hues the pofterity of racens^ namely, becaufe Lot^ Abrahams brothers they lived much by ra- fon , and who had lived pine (for that the word Jong in his familiarity SarackeinArabique doih and family. Although I import j to which above fay of thefe Nations it all Nations they ever may bee conjectured, were, and ftill are addi. that their ceremony of <^ed. Forthededudion * fey Sozom. circumcifion was taken of the name Sarractns^ I6,c,'ii, up, by imitation of the from'^.^rfr^, as if they claimed Cireitmc'ifion n9fi$re token ofdefcem frem the lfra§Iites, loi claimed defcentftom her tftstliies: yet that the being indeed Hagarens^ fame rite, or Guftomc (the progeny of //"^l^r) is was alfo derived origi- a meere fancy and table, nally, from them to the They claime it not. whole Nation of the A- rabians ( which was ex- ceeding great j or iothtt/Eg^ftiAns^oi other neigh- bouring Provinces , I know not why any rhould conceivCjOr if they doe,yet appcareth it to be other- wife, becaufe they circumcifed not in the eight day, which is the inviolable cuftome of the Ifrae' lius: but the Egyptians in the foureteenth yeere^as is recorded by Kmbrofe^ and the Arabians in the thirreenth(& fome of them both fexes * as learned Ambr.I, a, dc men have recorded. Even as the Turkes alfo at this ^^^^^3" u^^* ^*"* day , who received the right of circiimciiion from * sard. de ric, the Ar4^/4«x5are knowne tocircumcifeintheeightf^"'- ^'^>^'^°i or twelfth, or fifteenth yeereor fooner,or later, as If^^^s.^'^^"* oporcunity may ferve. Of thefe Nations I fay^how GeorgcTicr. 1. circumcifion fhould proceed from the Ifraelites to *'^^ "^: ^^^ tnem,I cannot conceive ; no more then 1 can of the eumdr^ . : . great Nation of the ^ Anziachi, on the Well fide * P'g^fet, de ofiVrV/^ beyond J^ubia, or of the inhabitants of r?;""""^^'^ * lacatana in Awfr/V4,whereof the firft yet are^and ^oter. Reiac/ the fecond (till they came undetthe government of ^^•^*'" ''°^''' the Spaniards) were meere IdojaterSj fbt of chefe al- * Many. Oce- /bthe(econdhad,and thefirftdill have cireumci- =*"''*^"^*^'^*^'** fion in ufc* And although thefe inflances ^ utterly diffolve the force of this reafbn , toucl>i^g the Tartarians circumcifion ( thoigli it-were admitted to have bcene anciently in ufe among them, as beingufuall O 5 with 102 Taftanans dtt mt th frogtny »f the IfrAelitts, with many other Nations,of whom no flifpicibn at all can be conceived,to be of the Ifradites progeny) yet this may furthermore declare them,not to be of that race, becaufe namely, nothing elfe was to be found among them,that might favour of/frael^¥(X firftjthey were mecre Idolaters, and without know* •PaoLVcnct I. ^^^g^ of the true God, as is recorded by Aharon 3,c.47. * Paulus^ by Haitho^ and others* Secondly , they Hauh I. de \^^ ^q remembrance of the law at all. Thirdly, '* * " they neither obierved the Sabbath, nor other rites and ceremonies of the ffraelites^bui touch ing their matrimonies, married without impeachment the ♦vicent.Spe. Very * wives , and fifters of their fathers • and HiftorJ.3x,c.6. touching their feeding, abftaincd not at all, from !f*. •^'"•''''' uncleane bcafts, but fed on the fieOiof *horfes, Giril. de Ru-dogges^cattes,and dead carrion, anddranke their bric^ itinTzr- fjJQj^jj^ gji uxter}y fotbornc and forbidden among * sigiii com. the Jfraelites, Fourthly, they have no record s,nor, G*i/ ^^^Rh ^^S^^^ °^ their anceftors,and iinage,from whom,or iiin. Tartar. * ^Y whom , they are dciccnded, whereof IfraeliteSy 1. ?, Bocm. de were very curious. Fifthly, they have no affinity of ^ti f.io!'* i^r^guageatalljwitheyther the Hehretv or Chaldee tongues, neither had any ufe of thofe letters, nor of any other, till together with MahitmetanxcMgion^ the Arabique charadcrs came in ufe among foiue of them. Neither (in a word) doe I finde any thing at alljwherein the TartarUns favoured oUj^aelites^ for touching their abftinence from fwincs flefh, which we finde recorded of them, neythcr is it ge- nerall among thcm,but peculiar to thofe that are ^<«/j/#w?^4»i:norif it were ib, were that any good argument , becaufe we know that the ancient Scythians The 2 Bsoke of Efdras contradiBeth the Scripture, 163 * Sf^thians^And ty£gyptianSy and Arabians did, and *«erodi. 4' almoftdl Mahumetans at this day doe the fame, njSlji*j*'|^J' which yet are wel 1 knowne to be m no Ibrt defcen- 17. dtd of the Ifrathtet, Now touching the authority of forged * Efirai * ^^^* *» nX which hath iiirred up as it fecmcth this vapoin rais phantafic, in the braines oF new fangled an'^ tiquiries : neyther doth that which he writeth of the ten rribes,agrce at all with the Tartars : nor, if it didjCould yet the circumftances of that hiftory agree with the truth. It agreeth not with the Tar^* tarsal fay, for whereas they are noted in that rcve^. 'knoDjto be * a feaceablepeofk^(^ that thej I ft * the mnlt itudidf the heathen^that they might keepe their fia* tutes^yrhich they never kept in their orvne Und: neyther * v^ri; It*. of both thofe properties, hath any convenience or agreement at all with the lartarians. For how are ^ they a peaceable people^that with rheir warres have troubled, and overturned almoft all ^/gs, and ring Ajjyria^^xom Afmema^ and of the Chroni- ^f^itf}andiy4K4 the other billy cles was written, parts in the North fide of ^j(/)- Of which later^ei- r/*6, in the Cities of fome one region * 90 0000. fetves * pa| ^^f ^. were by him numbred , obferving fpccially, that * Pagfcaa. in the parts o£ Media many thoufand ifraelttes of- the progeny of them that Salmanafer Jedde into P cap- :\ ills T^ff ifi'aeht(s remained ftilltn the dommsn of^JJjna» %rdptivit^;Vere then Tcmaming, but wichali^he fet- reth dcvvne partiailarly and precirely,the very pla- ces of thofe regions, where certaine of the Tribes v^eifeTeated^&:: thrcregrovvnc into great multitudes: ' ■ a^. 77. As namely, in '<■ ofle place, the tribes oiRube%Gad^ ' p-g. ?7. ^nd Manafje ; And in * another, the 4. Tribes of I>^7z, Afljer^ZeUm^^nd Naphta/i, But yet if their were ney ther authority of holy Scriptirrejnor experience to refcll this fable: ^ the fancies that have fprung of it : yet ordinary reafbn, at lead of men that are not ignorant of Geography and are meanely skilled in tbeaffaires of the world, may eafily difcerne the futility of it.For firft,what C ^If^ \l'^ neede wa s tibere of liich a miracle, as to * ftay the %ekt High courfe of Eufhrates^ for the IfraeUtes paflage from then MwtA p^jjyiapx Media^toward Tartary^ihc river lying far anTfia^ycd * ^^ thc Weft, both of the one region and of the o- ihe rpringsoftherjandnowaycroflfing.or impeaching their jour. p'lfra^tes'^r^^'^i ney,vvhich lay Northward betweenethatriver,and they were pac the Cafpian fea ? Orjhow might thofe poore cap- fed oyer, -,44. tive /^/f^///^/,di(armedas they were, and difperfed in (undry Provinces of the Ajffyr/^^ Empire, and being under the ov*erfight and government of A/- fjrian prefidents,be able to leave the places, where by the Kings com mandement they were to inha- Thcy u)©ke bitc ? Or if the ij/delitex were able by force to de- thiscounfcij ^p^ft^ an^ free them Pelves from the dominion of Sat they' ^ the King o^hfouf^ yet were they fo wife airo,as to vjitouW kaye 'forfake the places where they were peiaceably fct- Sh^iflcchtn.'^^^*^"^ \'enture their fraall remainders upon pc- y,4u Ills and uncertainties, namely, to fihde cut a plaoe where nevermaiikind dwelt ? "Or,if their flomackc fcrved yfrfare th 4 fdn^d Mamiafiof thi Ifraelitex. toy ferved them To well j and their wit; fo ill, as-jn Cvick manner to forfakeAJr/^, yccwere theyaiToalxiefn^of/i^'Jy to make themfelves a way (even a w^yag^ he laitij, where never of 1 8 . monethes paflage ( througb.the fierce, and "^^^^^^^ ^ • mi§hty>Iations o to; f/?/4,whom neither the con-^ we:,v.4r. -<}tierours of the /frdcUtesyXke, A/yjam I meane,. nor the Perfia^f, ( and I might adde alfo the Gruu ms^ seadihc Romans ) were never able to fubdue, but were in the after times fubdued by them ? for diat the parts of Sc^thia (hould be without inhabi- tants (and in ScytUait mud be where they would finde that Countrcy where never mankind dvveIt,or elfe it is notin Trfi'f/jrj'^is (carceGredibIe,as^whereofi we readinhiftories^ have contended m^^^^^gypt * lufiinhiftil. for antiquity oF habitatioojand to have prevailed, »s'nprincjp, and for the aboundance of people, to be temied Hommm Officut^ I nfomuch. that the grcateft oc- caiion of fwarching^afefroad of thofe Hations-of i'rj/^/4,andoftiitir-overwheImij3gof A/?^ and E^ fdpe^wkh. their infinite 'multitudes and Cplcoifij-^is in hiftoriesrecQrded,tobe lackeofroome foy habi* ration in their o,vne Countries, Andlafl.ly,to ma;ke an^ end of this tedious dif- courfe, with the end of their imagined tedious journey: what ancient Geographer or Hiftofiaii is there (Cet our Efdras afide ) that ever remgmbre4 of fuch a Region as.^rfayethywhqre they ^e fay(J to have feated themlelves. Trip it is indeed thae \ Bcrof J.l;b.|. find theCity o^ Arfaroiha^mcmion^d boih in Bero^ \^^^^ fin fragments, and. in P/'a/^ placed tii^re the iflue laVs-Afi*. of the river Araxej into the Cajfim fca : and,k was perhaps one.oX chelfraeUtifti Co]qQies^plaiit^^n ^"^ y^ « (the laft le tter of the firfl word cut off in the C/r^^^epronounciation for {bunds fake) the Land of thciemaindcr; but ihc ralcof eighteene raonthes journey, will no more agree with this Gity, then the itgiono^ Arfareth €loth,with Geography or Hiftory. So that me thinks this forged ftory of the Ifrae' iffes\oyagc and habitation , in fuch remote regi- ons where never mankinde dwelt, (avoureth of the * UUM^I iame fantaflicall and Talmudicall fpirit, that * an other tale of the fame author doth y touching the colledion of all the waters , into a ieventh part of the earthy the other fixe being left uncovered : or l^C^o^"^ *a third , of ( the Elephant and Whale) JBehe-: ; ' *^ pfoth and Levtathtn r namely, that God appoynted the fea to one of them, and the land to the other, becaufe they were fo great that the Sea could not hold them both: for elfe belike,if the fea had becne large enough,we might have gone a fifhing for E^ lephants. For howls the fea gathered into a 7 A part of the earth , whofe cxpanfion is onely by the moft skilfull Philofophers eftecmed,but found by experience of navigation hitherto made , to* ovetfpread as necrely as may be difcerned , about balfe the compaffe of the earth ? Or, being of that bTedih,and withall of the depth jthat it is knowne to be, how fhould it notr be: fpacious enough, to receive Elephants, and Whales together ?Thedi- snenfions of the:BlephaQtjieven of die greatc{l fort ©f The dime^jions of the Ehfhm and the Whale. 1 00 oUndUn Elephants (& the eaith breedeth none to large as thofe oUndta) are/aith ^/^limuA^g cubits AEHan ds A- ^ of height ( the length in that beaft is equall to the nimaiji,. j. i», height) and five of brcdth , the greateft that have **vid.GelUum becnein Europe, being *ob(erved to be farre Icfle. inDefoipwon, The dimenfion of the Whale indeedis far greater ^^f^"'**^' (five times faith * «/£//4/zi« than the largeft fort of Coreb,!.*. Oi Elephants) Bun yet his ordinary dimenfion is but ^'^s^ ^'^i ie cubits long, and 8 cubits high, as ^ofuieleiiuiV^^nli€* hath obfervcd.But admit nocvvithftanding fomeof ca.ix. them to be 50 cubits^of which length, Searchtu in Sf ut! jirriAnvi is faid to have meafured one in the Eaft en.** Ocean: nay,to be ^00 foot long,& 3 60 foot thicke, ^^^"^ ^^^f*i as Id A in Vltny related to be found in the Bay of gnti^fi^m."^* ^r4^/ ^^fharintfs and {omcothcT Divines, Cacharin. ii namely,thac that gathering of waters and difcoverjf ^Hj*"^®"' of the earth, was made, not by any mutation la GcftI* "^ ** the earth , but by a violent accumulation of the waters , or heaping them up on high, it is coo un- teafonable. Bccaufe it is utterly againft the nature of water, being a flexible and ponderous body, fo to confift,and ftay it felfe^and not fall to the lower parts about it, where in natiire there is nothing at ail to hinder it. Or,if it be hindred and reftrayned fupernaturally , by the hand and bridle of the Al- mighty, left it fhould overwhelme and drownc the Land,it muft follow thereof, that God in the very r , inftitution of naturejimpofed a perpetuall violence "^ upon Rature : And this withall,that at the deluge^ there had beene no nccefHty at all,to breake up the fprings of the deepe, and to open the CataraBs of Heaven , and powre downe water continual- ly , fo many dayes and nights together upon the earth, feeing, the onely withdrawing of that hand, or letting goeofthat bridle, which reftray* ned the water, would prclently have oveiwhcl- medall. But, tocome to the poynt.Ii feemeth upon the former fuppofitions (of which, the holy Scripture eftablifhed the firft, experience of Travailers, and Navigators the fccond, and Reafon the ihird^ that ki making eftimation of the depth of the Sea, we arc not to reckon and con fider onely, the height of the Hilles , above the common fuperficies of the earth) unto which the extraordinary depthes or The icfth of the Sea is more than theheighpofthe mmntme. 1 13 or wiiirlpooles, that are found in the Sea^doe pro perly anfvvere ( defcending beneath the ordinary bottomeoftheSea^as thehilles afcend above the ordinary face of the Land) but the advantage or height of all the dryland above the fuperficies of the Sea JSecaufe the whole Mafleof the Earth that now appcareth above the waters , being taken as it were put of the place,which the waters now pof^ fefle, muft be equal! to the place out of which it was taken, and confequently it (eemeth, that the height or elevation of the one, (hould anfvvere the depth or dcfccndingof the other. And therefore as I (aydjineftimating thedeepeneflcof the Sea, we are not to confider oocly the ere^ion of the Hilles 5 above the ordinary land , but the advan-* tage of all the dry land above the fea. Which later, 1 meane the , height of the ordinary maineLand, (even excluding the hilles) is in my opinion more in large Continents above the Sea^than that of the HilleSjis above the Land. For firft,that the plaine and common feceof thedry Land, isnot IevelI,or equally diftant from the Center , but hath great declivity, and dcfcent toward the Sea, and acclivi- ty or rifing toward the Midland parts , although it appeare not Ibtothe common view of. the Eye, is toreafon notwithftanding manifeifti. Becaufeas it is found in that partof theeaTth,whichthe Sea covereth that it defcendcth lower, and lower to- ward the middeft of the Sea , ( for the-Sea which touching the upper face of it, is kriowneto be le- vell by nature5aiKi evenly diftant from the Center, is withallobferved towaxe deeper,and deeper, the Ill ■■ I !■■! 1— I 114 The great: Declivity of the face of the Land^ farther ofae fayleth ftom the fhore toward the maine) Even (Oyin that part which is uncovered, the conrfings, and ftreamings of rivers on all fides frotp the midland parts toward the Sea, ^ whbfe property yve * By which rule of V now ii to flide f rem the high- the proceeding of ei to the lower, evidently de- Rivers by the de- •ijjarefo much* - - clivity of the earth "!i And although I <4m not a- and ever Aiding ble pfecifcly tb determine, from the higher what the ordinary declivity of ground to the low- the earth may be^yetjif that be er, till they come convenient -In the workes of to the Sea, is evl^ nature^whkh is required in the dent to be difccr^ workes of Art, that imitateth ned^that in Conti- .Nature^ it will be foiind true nents^thofe RegiJ that before I fayd : Namely^ ' ons are the higher that ia 'great Continents^; 'land from which through wbicll Rivers have Rivers ftreame,and longcourfes fomeof looo^or thofe the lower :2c OX) ihf les, the height of the ground , to which ordinary Midland 5 above the they proceede, and face of theSei, is tiiorc, than confequently, that of thcHilles above the com- of all,thofe are the 3*n,j.|»<, 6> : monfdceof the Eartb/orP/iwjf highcft which re. in the d6rivatioii of water, re- ceiving no forrainc quired tbrie'Cubit of declining Rivers, to which -in 240 foote of proceeding they give paflage :t Idtrhc % th tiftum tuhitm in through them, doc . k^nas^ i4Bni^ & .A Bus 3s may fend forth the lon- 1rS«^ be obferved in Columella and geft Rivers on 'all i 5. c. r, * Others is a dimenfion of i ao fides to the regions f©ot© Th^ great Declivity of the face 9fthe Land. 115 found about them* iQOiQ\ovi^yitrmimy^Pal/a' ,. By which obfcrva- ^/atfintheircondudionofwaMeftur.Ls^c.r* tion is to be dip. ters,requirc indeed fomewhat PaJiad, de re cernedjthat /f^/r c- lefle, namely, thatin procee-Tii^u. ^ ^ tUandRhetia^Cen-' ding of 200 foote forward, Jing forth the Ion- there (hould be allowed one geft Rivers of Ew foote of defending downe- repCy which on all ward, which yet in the courfe fides defcend from of 1 00 o miles (as Damkim or them, and their ?^^/'4,or/»^«j, &c. have fb confines, Dambim much or more) will make five toward the Eaft, miles of defcent in perpcndi- Rhene North, Rho* cular account : And in the ^«j« Weftjbefidc courfeofaooo^or more, (ias TicinmyAddua^v\d Nilmfic Niger ^ and the River others that fall in» o^ Amazons have) ip miles or toP^^wjSouthjarc more of like defcent, thehigheftlandof And^although I know well ^ Eurofe : As the Re- enough, that water being (as gion of Pamer^sind it is; heavy ,and inflexible,will iC/rgf/f/,with fome ftide away at any inequality, other neere the and therefore am altogethei; crolUng of the perfwaded^that; this rule of A^/- great mountaines trwvius touching; conveyance Tauriu^ & Imaus a- of waters,is not to be taken as bove /«£^w,whence a ruleof ,neccfIity,to be obfcr. are directed, the yedinthedcriving of thcm,as greateft and Ion- if water coiild not runne with- geft rivers of -^jtrf, out that advantage ,(- for in Indui and Ganges that rerpe(5l tlie Coiiveyers of toward the South, waters of thefetini<^ScoiKeiit Ox/« and faxartus thcmrelvescvenwith oncinc^ 0^2 ' in J J g The greof Declivity of the face of the Lafid^ ^■- - - , — ■■■ • '■ ■ .1 ' ■■ " " .1 ■ I jiw indoofooce^ asp^/'/rf/ii/fralfo toward the Weft, PhilanamVi. onf^/Vr«t;//«^ h^th obfeTvcd) Oechdrdti North, tnitt,l.s.c 7. |)^t ij rather to be onderftood Cmtan Eaft,is pro- as a rule of commodity, name- ved by die fame lywiih relation to the exp6di- reaft)n, to be the tion, and whblefomeines of the h igheft part of A- water {q cdrfvcyed, left refting frlque and Ajj4i{) which is but a mile, and one fift part : yet what may the depth in the narrow ^qsl be, compared to the hollow deepenefleof thevaft Ocean ? Or rather ( to turne this inftancc to our advantagej if in fo narrow a fea as the Mediterrane is( whofcbredth attayneth not where it is largeft, 600 miles ) the depth be fo great , what may we eftecme the deepenefle of the huge Ocean to be, that is in many places above five times as broade f cfpeciallyjfeeing that the broader thatfeas arcjif they be withall intire, and free from Hands , they are anfwerably obfcrved to be deeper. But whither have I beene carried by thefe Ele. phants,and Whales? to what heightS5and depths, of Mountaines^and Seas ? I pray you pardon me, for I fee I have digrefled, that is, tTanfgref!ed, now I teturne into iJie way againc. 0.3 Of 1 r S Prof^rtion of Chriflia^s to Mahumetdns if I Maters, %m. ■:7i,^>!. .v. Of the Quantity andpropftim of the parts ot the earth poflfefled by the fcverall forts of the above memened religion. Chap.XIIIL' Ovv, if out of the former long dif- courfe, I fliould colled a rtiort fummc, andeftimatc the propor- tion with refped to the whole earth', that each one of the fore- mentioned religion , have to the other. It being firft fuppofed, which upon cx^ ad confiderationjand calculation, wiW be found to fwarve very little from the truth, that the propor^ tions of Europe^ /^/ri^Mf,i^jF4,and America^aiQ as X.3.4.&: 7. And that the profeflbrs of the foremen- tioned regions, poflefle the fcverall portions , and proportions, of each of them, which is before fet downe: It will be found I fay upon thefe fuppofi. tions (which thebeft Geography, and hiftories doe •perfwade me to be a true) that Chriftians profefle, neere about a fixt part of the knowne inhabited earth ; Mahuwetanf^z fift part (not as ^fome have * PoHe^ in exceedingly overla (Tied, halfe the world or more ) ^u^khtMc. ^^^ Idolaters, two thirdSjOr but little ledc. So that, Ludovic Re- if wc divide the knownctcgions of thcworld,into fiudf^J!^"}-^^ equall parts. The Chriftians part is as five^the «j nine, * Mahumetans as fixe,and the Idolaters as nineteen^, for thepoorc dirperfcd,and diftreflcd Chriftians, which are found in ^Jj4, andu<(fW^«^jmingleda- mong Preprtm ofChriftians to Mahumttans ^ Idolaters. 1 19 mong-.^^'^^f '^•''5 ^^^ Idolaters, I receive not in. to this accountj both bccaufe they were b ut thin ne diri:)erCG49 in refpe^t of th&mulcittides o^Mahume tans^ and Idolaters in thofe regions among whom they live; ^[b^ip^vvufi^lundei their dominion)and becaulc alfo, fiaany 'Mahttmetans ^ are found min- gled among Cbriftians in Eurofe^ to rccom, pence ^nd countervaiJea great part of thatnugi- ber^-: :>o! 0:: ^1 7;::-!' -:ro :!:: .-!? -vl' r " • •; . ,:-: Such therefore may be the generall proportion ofChriftians to Malmmetans^SL^d Idolarers, in the continents of the earth hithertodircoveredjnamely, in this our neigbbeiir continent okheEaft com^ prehending Europe^^frique^ and ^fia^ and in that other continent of the Weft, called i^werica^and in the Hands belonging to them both. But if the South or AntarBiqus continent , be io large, as I am verily pcrfwadcd it is (e\en no lefle, than that of the Eaft before mentioned , vi'hich containeth EufGfe^ Afrique^Sindjijialogt'^tx) then will the Idolarers^be found to furpafleall the other religi- ons5in,exceeding great proportion, for that the in- habitants of that South continent , are Idolarcrsj there is no queftion at all (as I take it) to be made, both bccaufe in>the parts hitbertoknowncjas name- . ly in the Region of *5^4r/7j0veragainft U'va^ihe.y i,-^j^^^q i»^^^ were found tobefo: Andalfo, becaufc they ate Ung^^uana* knowne to be no other than Idolaters, that, inha- bite all thofe parts of the other continents, that neighbour moft towards them j/rom whom it is likely , they fhould have received the change of their religion j if any were : for firft, in ^fia^ both Ind'tA:^ I20 The vnflgreatnefe of the South contintnt. Tftdiay and the Hands of the Indian (cd, whereof •fbme lie clofe on the South continent, Secondlyjjn ^/r/5'»e, thermions about the Cape ofBuona SpC' ftf»;£4,AndthirdIy3m v^wfr/Vrf,tbe Countries that border on the ^/a^e/4»^ Straite , which are the nccreft neighbours to the aforefayd continent ci£ the Southjareknownc to be all overfpredvt ith Ido- laters. Now that the South continent is no lefTe that! I before efteemedit, naniely, than that o^ Afia^A^ frique^and Europe altogether, although I might be probably induced to beleeve (b,becaule it is well knowne, both (touching latitude) to approach in fbme parts neere the equator, and (touching longiv tude)to Tunnealonginacontinuall circuitc about the earth, fronting both the other continents : Yet have I alfo another reafon of more certaine importance, to perfwade me: Namely, becaufc it is well knowne , that the land to the North fide of the line, in the other continents ( theold,and new world; yet altogether is atleaft foure times as largeas that part of them which lieth to the fouth. NoWjforafmuch as it is certaine, firft For touching the firft of Archlrocd.dc by Archimedes his thcfe fuppofitions. It is Ae i^lS?M ^uJe, thatthe face property of water , ever to Propoi; u ' of the (ca, is in all fall that way, where it findeth parts naturally le- declivity. Wherefore, if the veil, or equally di- water, in the upper face of it, ftant from the cen- were higher in one place than terofthewater,fbr in another, it would neci^fla- which equality it, rily foil , from thehigher po- ' iiath ^ The vaflgreatrtej'e of the Antarctique continent, i a r fltion to the lower, becauie it hath obtayned the is heavy,and flexiblCjand hath name of vSquor^ & varro 1,6. dc nothing in the open, and free ^qua^ as Gramma- {'gjf^; Q^f^^^ Sea, to let or hinder it. And riansfay;. and fc-Lj.cut&aur. conrequentIy,wouId never reft condly, by the Phi- fetled,and ftable, till the face lofophers knowne of it were levelled, in an even rule, that the earth diftance from the center, is equally poifed on And touching the fecond, both fides of her if the earth were unequally owne center^ And poyfcd on oppofite fides of thirdly,that the cen the center, thenmuft it fol- ter of the earth and Iow,that the leaft,and lighter of the water are all mafle of the earth (hould one (both of them prefle downe as forcibly, as being indeed no o- the greater,and weightier,be- ther than the center caufe it attayneth the center of the world; which as well as it. But if it be gran- though fome phan- tcd , which rcafon doth en- tafticall heads have forccjthat the weightier part called into queftion of the earth, fhould prefle yet no found philo- dowHeward , with greater fopher ever doubt- force,^ with more right chal- edof: It followeth lenge the center, than the thereupon, that the lighter part : it muft follow, earth fhould in an. that the lighter mafle or fide fwerable meafurc of the earth, muft yeeld,anJ and proportion, lift give place to the weightier, it felfe,and appeare fofaTre,tilI the center of that above the face of whole mafle of the earth take the fea,on the foutfa pofleflion of the center of fideoftheline,asit the world (for till then , one doth on the North. R And 1 22 The vafi grcMncfe of the ^ntarctiqm antment. And confequently, fide will beftili heavier than that what is wan- the other) and fo the oppofit ting in the South halfcs of the earth in idpcdi parts of the two of heavinefle, be brought on forcfaid continents all fides^about the center, un- toward s the conn- to a perfe^i: equilibration, .lervayling, of the And the third may beella* North parts(which blifliedj by manifeft demon* is about three five ftration. Becaufe, a clod of parts of both the o- earth/uffered to fall from any ther continents lay- poynr of the aire, whercfo- cd together ) muft ever on the face of the rea(the of necefiity be fup- fame doth water, falling on plyed in the conti- even and plaine land) when ^ nents of the South, all is calme, and the ^yre not And yet I omit all troubled with winds, nor the the land, that may feawith waves, will defcend be about they^rBu by a perpendicular line,on the que Pole, beyond face of the water. In fuch fort the Scythian or Sar* I fay, that the line by which matian {oa. , which it falleth maketh cxadly e- muft be alfo coun- the center of the wa- underftanding , to ter, Becaufe noftraightline be hereto replyed, infillethperpendiculaTly, on except any would the face or circumference of perhaps imagine, any fpcciall bedyCas the water shat cyther the fea is)cxcept only thofe that pro- ceed 7 he vajinejfe of the South continent » 1 2 j ceed diredly to the center ofi on the South fide of the fphere: But ccrtaifie it is, the Acquator, is very that the earth is withall di- ("hallow, or that the rcdiy carried toward it ovvne land of that continent center, therefore there i* but may be much higher one common center of the above the face of the water,and of the earth. fca, than the land of the other 2 . (and fo in equall maflfe, though lelle ia circuit)or that the earth on die fouth fide of the M^ quator,{houId be of a more ponderous difpodtion than on the north,in vvch ca(es, fome compenfaiion ofvveightines,may be made for the want of extend- on. But of thele three,the'experience of fay lers evi- dently refelleth the firft^whoinequall diftance from the land, obfervc an equall-dcepenefle of the fea,in both fouLh,and north latitude. And neither is there any experience^nor good reafon that can be alled- ged to eftabliih c^ ther of the larcr : which,but that Ihave already too much offended by digrefSons,T could prove I doubt not againft all exception. But this for a conclufion to this difcourfe, I dare pro- nounce touching that fouth continent, that it will certaincly be found (in the after times,whenit fhaJI 'be better difcovercdj much larger than any globe ormaphirherro e«ant,hath reprefcnted i\ Such thererore(as I have declaredjfs the general! ftare of Chriftianity at this predentin rht^\T0rld,8r the oro'jortion of it to other TeIi«;ions,But becaufc you require yet further tb be efpecially informed of the ctivets' forts and -fc^tsof-Chrift tans that are a- broad in rhd world, and wkhaiTof their divers re- ^ions^and rel jgions^at fcafl of thofe principal! cha- R 2 radexs X24 The Patriarch ofCmflantinoplehis large Turi[di&m, radcrs of their religion, wherein they fpecially iii^- fer each from cther,I will here fetdovvne my fecond pcriod;> touching the gencrall differences of religi- ons, and of the feverall parts of the world where they are maintained : and will now proceed to that particular confideration touching the (eds ofChri- ftianity,and endeavour to give you the bcft fatisfa- 6 ion that my poore reading^and obfervation may inablemetoperforme. - Of the dhers forts orjeEis ofQhri- ftians in the world^and of their feverall religions. ^ndfirfflof the Grecians^ Chap. XV, HE feds therefore of Chriflians, that carry name^ and report at this prefent in the World, bc- fide the Protefiants, and Romans in the Weft, of whom I will be filent, becaufe you know tbeif condition better then my felfe, are i. Grecians^ i.^eiehitesor Syriaftfy ^^ Georgians ^ 4. t^ofc9- ittes and Rufians^ 5^ Neftorians^ 6. Indians^ termed cheChriftians of S. Thomas^/Jacohites^^Xofhitefl p, Armenians^ lo. HabaJfiMs^ziidi 1 1 . Marenit€s,0£ which eleven feds, there be three principall, name- ly the Grecians Jacohites^^iidi Neftorians^with which ihe ref^ have, for the mpft part eyther fome depen- dance The Patriarch ofConfiantinofh his Urge lurifdiStion. 125 dance, and derivation, or neerer conveyance, and agreement. The Grecians acknowledge obedience to the Pa- triarch of ConfiantiKo^le^undct whofe jurifditfiiion are in A\h , the Chriftians of Natolta ( excepting „ „ ^. ^ hrmenia the leflejand Ctltcta) ot Circajsta^ot Mm- vauoii.Lx,e.35 .^?f*/45and of Rufia : As in Europe alfOjthe Chrifti- ans, oi Greece^ Macedon^Epirm^Thrace, Bulgaria^ Rafcia^SerTJayBoJina^Walachia^Moldavia^Fodolia^and Mofiovia : together with ail the Iflands of the i/£- gean Tea, and others about Greece, as farre as Corfi^y befide a good part of the large dominion o(Po!oniay and thofe parts of Dalmatia^and ofCroatia^that are fub jed to the Turkifh dominion. Of which great extendmentof the Greeke Patri- archs jurifdidionj if you demand the reafon: I* have obferved fundry occafions , from whence it hath proceeded. For firft, his originall or Primi- tive authority afligned, or rather confirmed to him (as Bi{hop of the Imperiall city) by the coun cell of Chdcedon ; contained all the Provinces of Thrace^ and o^Anatolta^ (Ifauria^and Ciliciapnoily excepted, which belonged to the Patriarch of ^»- fXllnfxan, tiochia) and they were in all, no lede then 2 8. ^o- zs* ??ian Provinces. Secondly, the voluntary fubmiC- (ion of the Grecians upon their feparation from the Latine Church greatly incK^afed it ; for thereby not onely Greece^ Macedon^Eprm^ Gandy^ and the IlesaboutG'iifff^ ( in all feven Provinces ) came under his obedience, butairo5/V;/ji, andtheEaft poynt of /r^/y, named Calabria^ revolted from the Bifhopof^offlif,and for a long time, pertained to R 3 the I2t> InrifdtBion ofCcnjlantimfk b^ trhat msanes inUrgtd^ Novell. Leon- the Patriarch oF ConJUmimfle ^ as appeareth in mcrroptiltln. ^I^c Novell o^Leo Sophf4s touching thcorder, and ini.b 1, To- precedence Oi- Mecropoh'cans , belonging to thac On *v'*'* patriarchy. And by the Ukc ordination fctdowne Cu-o'^a!at! dcby ^ndrov'umPaUeli/gMy in Curof dates ^ where we Official. fii^Jc [{^e Metropolitans ofs^racufi^ and Cat ana in t'r.o\ ^^lilll SicHie^oA RhegiuTify Sueriana,^ Rojia^snd H-^druntum fincm. in Calabrij^xQoi\\_xQd an-iong the Mctropolitanes of fl:?r°'"i>obr' ^^^^ jurifdidion. Thirdly, it was inlargcd by the Li/ 'converdon of the North regions to Chriftian Reli- *^^"^'"'^- '^^gior-jperfoTncd by his Suffragans, and Minifters, Giu^^In? ^* ^^''^^ f^'O^"'^ Thrace lO"*^ Ru/fia, and the Scythian Sea Dev-ription. (the likc whcrcof was the principall caii(e, tiiat Co M.fcou.c.x. i^j.,^ inlargcd the Billiop iS Rowe his jiirifdidiion in the Weft parts o^Eurofe.) And rourthIy,by the 7":ir/C'/ conqnefts made upon the Wefterne coim- tiies, fubje^l before, to tbc Bifhopof /?^wf : all which , wbi'c partly, the former Bill.ops, and Pa- florsficd, to avoyd the 7"«r/[vopprcirion( like the hireling that forfaketh the flocke5when he feeth the woFeccmiiinor) and partly, while the Patriarch of Conftantkofle^io fupply that default.was faine to provide them of new Minifters.they have becne by littlc,and little brOLight,and tray ned to the <7rfej('ff religion. Now as touching the proper charaders of their religion, I muft, for the better de{!gn!ng,and re- iticmbr/ng of thcnij fct before me fonne in (lance qr patterrjc, to compare it, and orher fc(^> of Ke- li^icn withall: And that is moft fit to be the Ro- »iVtv.acjct). 10. That * ' 128 7 he fropertiej of the Grecians R digion. lo. Poir uu.ii. 10, That they rejed the religious ufe of maflie &.4i.^'*^' "*'* ImagcSjOr ftatues,admicting yet piiftures or plaine Viiiam. en Images in their Churches, ^,yag !. ». c,», J , ,That they folemnize Saturday (the old Sab- it!pofleuin. 1. bath) feftivall,and eate therein flefh/oi bidding as cic.pa. 4a, unlaw fulljto faft any Saturday in the yeere, except pfit.^ihcflaL EafterEeve. dc primatu 1 2. That they obfcrve foure lents in the yeere. ^*^* mutu™' ij.Thatxhey eate not of any thing ftranglcd, Pap^,'&ai"» nor of blood. Lco9.cp.i.ad 14. And Taftly, that they deny the BiQiopor sfAcrSaB. & ^^^es primacy,and(reputinghim,and his Church inpiurib.aUis. for fchiftTiatlckes) exclude them from their Com- chrorad^an. "^""io" • And fo havedone,as I findein Leo the p. ,0 j° . ' ' his Epiftles,and in^/^^^erf,abovc thefc joo yeeres. poaeu-dercb, ^nd if you defire to fee more differences of the &*fcqucnc?' Greeke and Roman Church, you may fee them(buc they are of lefle importance than thofc I have related) in PoJJ'evines booke of the matters of Mof- or Ori^mallofthe mme oft^JJ^naus, I2p Of the j^jjyriansoy Meichucf^ Chap. XVI. Sfyrians are the fame , that in fome hiflories are termed Mel^ * chnes: being efteemed for their I number the^greateft fed of ' Chriftians in the Orient. The * Sw.ReUt; firft, being properly ^hename Sh£'** ^^ of their Nation^ And the fe- * Poftei, in cond noting the property of their religion. Sunans ^^^["1^'*^' they were named ( to let vaine fancies goe ) of ' the City of Tjr^j * For poftels phantafie deriving which in the an- Suria from n'''iVy£; is meerely dent language of*Geliiu$,Li*,«•/ in his time: And5that the Po\UU , and o mcd. ■^^naturall inhabitants of ^^T/^, thers , that the ^^'^^^^^'^rd.deff^ fo called themfelves. Yet ne. place of rfre-,'^'"'^*''^*- verthele^e they were vulgarly ( for the City S was jj o Melchites the famefeB with the Syrians, was utterly rui- kno^vne by the name o^-^y^t a- Hirron in hb, ncd three hiui- mongthe GrecianSjbecaufe the H^brT'"^^' dred yecrcs a- City of *liyj being the maine riiniVcx?. goe)is ftillcal- mart towne of all thofe paits, led the port of was the place, where they had Sur ^Nhich. name their trade and commerccj with it feemeth to thefe i^ramitesJ^m when the have obtayned , PhoinicUn tongue began to de- eyther becaufe generate into cWi^f ^5 then the it was built on nameof 'iiy was converted in- aRockc (for fo to Tur^ the letter y being tur- Burchardm that ned into 13 & i in found made viewed the place h. As * they that ebferve the *Vid. scalig-hath obferved ; differences of the Hebren> and J«one saJlrs. " which *iiy in the the Chaldte^ and the tranfitions & Gnido. Fa- Phos/tician tong of the firft into the latter, know ^'j^iJ^^l.^f'Tignifies.-orelfe to be ordinary, as Hierome de- rives itofthefcarfeneflcjand ftraitneffe of roome, as being feated in a fmall IIand(but 19 miles in cir- cuit as Plinj noteth ) a fmall Territory forfuch a City ; or perhaps becaufe it was the ftrongeft for- trefle(for that alfo my importeth) of all thofe Re- gions, as being founded on a rocke, environed with * QjGurt J.4. the fea ( for it was before* Alexanders time* 700 * p^n ipc.cit. paces diftant from the firmc land;mightily ftreng- thened by fortifications of Art, populous as being the Metropolis of Pfefl?;?/fi^5 and exceeding rich as fometime the City of grcateft traffique in the World. Of this City then, both the region and inhabi- %s^\M%oiSum obtained their names : but Mekhita^ " ^ " as The Syrians Religion, 1311 as 1 fayd chey were termed meerely in refpedl of their religion , wherein naniely they altogether followed the examples, and decrees of the Hmpe- rours» For whereas after the Councell oi Chalce- dony infinite perplexity,and trouble began to arifc in the Eaft parts, principally about the opinion of Emjches^SLtid Diofioru^ pi one only naimc in Chrift which that Counceli had condemnedjbut notwith- ftanding found many that maintayned it, and re- jeded the Councell, in thofe Eafternc Countries And there upon the Emperour Leo began to exad, as divers other of his Succeflburs afterward did ) the fufFrages and fubfcriptions of the Eafterne Bi- fhops,for the better cftablifhment of the Councell nj^^^^^'^^^^g * Then began they that embracedjand approved the cisz. ' " authority of that Councel],becau(e they followed the Emperours decree, made in behalfe of it, to be termed by their adverfaries , Melchit ■ '-" A viiiana* en 4. ThatthcifPriefts and Deacons contra d not vojjg.j.z.c. zi niarriage, being already in orders , but yet retaine their wives before rtwrried. 5 . Thiit the fourth Matrimony is utterly unlaw- r 11 won, icco cir. 6. That they communicate the Eucharift in both kindes« 7, That they acknowledge not Purgatory, . 8. That they obferve foure Lents in the yeere, * vitiiac. loco ^^ ^n J Iq 3 word.although they be meerely * of jam citato. .* ' o J 1 t U iaJignicis, id- the lame rcIigion and communion with the Grect^^ ner.tom3,c.i a,jj » yet ate they notofihe jurifdidion ofthcPa- icg^hf u^c.p* ^"^'^ch o^ Conjiantim^le ^ but of the Archbifhop & alii, of Damafcus^y the title of the patriarch of AnttO' chia. For Amioch'u it felfe (where yet the name of Chriftians was firft heard in the worldj^ was long knowne by the name of S'^^^'f ) lying at this prc- fent in a manner wafte,or broken and difperfed in- to fmalJ villages^of whichjOnely one, of about 6q. houfes , with a fmall Temple belongeth to Chri, i'c^ch"t°2^7e ^^'^nsj* the Patriarchal 1 feat was tranflated thence ftar.cccief:p.5. ^0 Damafius{whaeas is reported are *above looo Bocei.re!ac-p. houfesof Chriftians)and there remaineth. Foral- J;n^*?^*Cr!lr!'^^0"gh*t:^cPatriarches of the Maronites,^ of the Turcogili. 4 lacobhes ^ whereof the former kepeth refidence in pa 29^, tx re- Lil^^^sJknd the later in Mefopoiamia,cmitkthQm» *Boter. loco Iclvcs Pattiatchcs of Amtochm^znd by the Chriui- j am ciiato. 2LUS of their owne fe6^s, be fo acknowledged : yet doe the -<^f/f^/^f/,whoretarnethe ancient religion of. Patriarch ofAmtechia his jurifiltBim dtftraBed. 1 3 3 ' , 1 o[Sjriaj acknowledge none for Patriarch, but the Archb iiliop o^Damafius^ reputing both the pther for fchifinatickesjas having departed from the obe- dience and communion of the true Patriarch. And yet,beiideallthefe,a fourth there is, of the Popes defignation,that uflirpech the. title of the Patriarch of ^ntzQchia, For ever fmce the Latins furprized * Borer, relat, ConfiantinopU (which was about the yeere 1200.J PaVrhrchaJa^ and held the pofleflion of the Eaft Empire about tino di Con- 70 yeeres^allivhich time the Patriarchesof Ce«/?4^ ftantinopoji, iinofle^wtxQ confccrated by the Pope : asalfo^fince the hoiy Landj&the Provinces about it,were in the hands of the Chriftian Princesof the Weil^which began to be about Anno iioo. And fo continued about 80 » yeereSjduring which feafbn the Patri- ^Tchtso^ C^nmchia alfOjandof lerufalem^werc of the Popes confecration : Ever fince then,! (ay^the Church of i?o;»^5hath5and doth ftill create fiiccef- fivcly, imaginary or titular Patriarches ( without lurirdi6iion)oi'Conflantinople^ Antiochta^ lerufaiem- and i^kxandrza^ fo I(jath is the Pope , to Jofe the remembrance oFany fuperiority or title^that he hath once compafled. s ^ Of ^34 Religion of the Georgians, Of the GeorgianSyCircaJs'ians and Mengrelians* C HAP. XVII. H E Georgians inhabice the Ccun* trey, that was anciently named /. Iferia , betwixt the Euxine and the Cafizan Seas : inclofed with Sher* ' van {Media) Eaft . with Mengre- lia{Celthis) Weft: with Turcowa- nla (Lyfywf^i^ the greater ) South: And with * VoUtctran. jilbmia {Zuiria)^oxih^ The vulgar Opinion of s'Va^'pracct*. Hiftorians is, that they have obtained thenameof d/fcais. H2* Gtorgiam^ixom their devotion to S. George ^yvhom ret. in verbo jjjgy principally honour for their patron : aiid *°'^" * whofe Image they alwaies beare in their railirar Enfignes.But yet (as I take it) this vulgar opinion is but vulgar errour : becsufe I finde mention made nthV I c. !♦ of tb^ Nation of the Georgians in thofe partsboth r'iinJ.6,c. is» in JHcla^ and Pliny^^^oxo, S. George was borne^who- foever he was. Touching the properties of whofe religion, this may be fufficient to obferve for all : That * ic is the fame both m fubftanceand cere- jV^^ c*7^""* monies with that of the Grecians^ * who yet are in */ "*' no fort fubjed (neither ever were) to the Patriarch E«k4!2^?& of Confiaminoi^le : but all their Biaiops(being 1 8) 50, ft alii. proferie abfolute obedience to their owne Metrc- politane, without any other higher dependance or relation^ WhoyetkeepethrcfidencefarreofF, 'm the Monaftery of S. Katherine in the Hill ofsinai^ VrMco, de Haret, fe^^ verh G^ergiani, Bernard, L^cemhtir^. RtUgion of the Circafiians^ and Mengnhans, 135 LuceTnburg, in Catalog, H^retAn Georgiani, Nexc tbefe, I muftrpeake a little of their next neighbours^the MengreUans and circafUns {Cclchi and Zychi they were anciently called ) feared be- twccne the Georgtam and the river Tanais^oXong the coaftofyi^'7« them, not without fome depravation, and mixture offtrangc phantafics, for the Circajs"taf?s hapdzQ not their Children till the eight yeere 5 and enter . not into the Church (the Gentlemen efpecially ) 1^"^^!? d° 2y- till the fixtieth (or as others fay, till the fourtieth) chi cap.i. yeere , but heare divine fervice ftanding without ^ciwoSo!'^^^ the Temple, that is to fay, till through age , they rmt, 2. ' grow unable to continue their rapines and robbe- p®^*""* P*^-3» ries, to which finne, that Nation is exceedingly '*' addiiStcd. So dividing their life betwixt finne and devotion , dedicating their youth to rapine , and their old a^e to repentance. Of Ijtf Progenies of the Muscovites and RufUns religm^ .'■M 11) \\ loan. Mctrop. Ruff, in epift, adepifcRom. apud Sigifm, e, rate not the third, except on very important con- cap.a. fiderations. 1 1^ DifToIving marriaee by divorcement upon: "•^**^*'*"- ^° ,• , r A-r^ \ r ^ errorib. Ru- e\ery light occalion or d ifplealure. thcnor/ c t 12. Admitting neither Deacons nor Prieftsto i» ^igirmiib! Orders.except they be married : but yet * prohibi- 1'"'' ^^^' **. ting marriage to them being attually m Orders, pjflor 1 3. c. i, f^.Reiedino; carved or mallie Images , but ad. "^o^^ vin.dc muting the painted. pag ,, ^' i4.Reputing it unlawfuli to fafton Saturdaies. Guagvin, joc, I > . Or. to eate of that which is ftrangled. or of ^'l^i'fr ... bloud^ ajjegatop.44, 1 5. Obferving 4. lents in the yeere. ^'4 loan. Me- ly.Refufingto communicate with the Ro»tanl'^bi^^^rJ^^fi Church. ^u^gvin Joe* And ( to conclude ) excepting the difference in f '^f^ire* • diftributingof the Eucharift, and exa(^ing of mar- Mofcoviai^ riagc in tht ir Prieftsjand Deacons,there is not any P^8- 4*. material! difference in points ofreligion,that 1 find cm!r "kuf betwixt them, and the (Srecians^ Withwhomjthey then cap. 2. notonely maintaine Communion, but were ^^^0,1^^ ^^^^i'''^^* and that not long (ince, (and of right ft ill ought to 17 siginr. lib. be; of the fame lurifdidionjand government, for ^'"'"'p^gss' *thcir chiefc Metropolitan or Primate (who is the p°l^^^^ tTdc ArchbiHiopof^o/fo) was wont to be confirmed **ofcoyia. by the Patriarch o? Conflantimple^but is now, and Ker.Mofc"*. hath becne about fomc^c yeeres, nominated, and Com.i,pag/i, appoynted by the PrinccCtbe EmpcTOurof -^«/f/^) ^"^e^'n* ^^^ and upon that nomination, conlccrated by two or cap.2. three of his owneSufiragans; Of whom even all T forts '.m 13 8- Proferties of the Mofcovites^and Rufisns Religion, forts tc^echer^ Bifliops and Archbifhops there are *^^f';|^^°" but*eleven,in all that large DominioooftheEm- CO proxiiuc r -n /?' citato, sigi'hi. perour or Rujita, in Mo:cov.p»g Thus is it with theft forts of Chriflians hitherta *** • related, touching their religion, and governotirs. All which ( as you may eafily perceive; are of the fanic communion, and in effc^ of the fame religi. on with the GrecUns : And bef.dc thefe,fome large part of the KingofPoloniahis dominion, [or Podo~ lia^ and for the moft part * RuJ^id Nigra , or Ru' » Botcr. Rd. ^''^ as fomecall it (the larger Rufia, fubjed for the pa,i,l. i,c. greater part to the Duke of -^o/cM;i4,they tcarme gSeS?- Rt*/iaalh)aTCo{xhe ^r^f/lr religion. And although lion/Mofcor. the Bifhopsof South i5!»j^/>,fubje6l namely to thd ^** Kingo^ Polonia^ fubmitted themfelves almoft 20. yeercsagoe (An. 1594) to the Bifhopof ^0we,as Baron. To»t,y. AnnaL infine,^ p&JJevin in i^pparfcr, in Rutheni, hath recorded , yet was it not without fpcciall refervation of the Greeke religion^and rites, as is manifeft by the articles of condition extant, ap, Thjt fef, de Conu,gent4. 6,fa.^^^a,j,fag^ 328.6* fiq» tendered by them to the Church of ^^^we^and accepted, before they would accept of the union. So that it was not any revolting from the Greeke religion,but onely (incfFe(5l) from the lurifdidion of tbe^r^e/^f Patriarchy to the Pope^ and that alfo, with fundry limitations. And in * mlva, (the Me- tropolis of LiVw/j^w ) Although the Archbifhop profefic obedience to the Pope, yet are there alio in * sigifm dt ^^^t City^as Sigifmmd hath obfervcd, more Tern. Rcb. MofcoY. pis of the Greeke religion ( * there be :? o of them J grSo^j^ than of the Roman.* EfifiMchitra/^ Relig.RnJj'or. Citato». So SeB of the Ntfidrians farre fired in the Orient, 139 So that if we ihouldcoiietl:, and put together all the Chriftian regions hitherto intreated of: which are all of the Greeke communion : And compare them with the parts^profeffing the Roman religion, vvc fhould finde the Greeke farre to exceedc , if wc except the Roman new and forraine purchalcs,made in the Weftjand Eaft Indias* Of the Neftorians, Chap.XIX.^ 0%^^^/^^^ ^^ ^^fiorians^ who have pur- chafed that name, by theit ancient imiration,and main- . taining o^Neftorim his hcre- {iCj inhabice (though every where mingled with Mahu' mttans , or with Pagans ) a. great part of the Orient , for befides the Countries of Babjlon^ and ^fjjria^and Mefipotamia^ and Parthia, and Media ^ wherein very many of them are found, that fed is fpread and fcattered farre 5 and wide in the Eafl, both ♦ q^\\, «- dedj that the Neftorians retaine yet, 15. tem- pifccp^jTorb* pies, being efleemed about 40000 foules^ T*/;.4pag.^f. lef.L j.par.j, c. 4jand the lacohits. 3. which City otJ'Ji^jnjtc, o{Mviz.aly\ eythertake with Jl^afiui, and Oneliuf^hnuik sdcu' to be the fame , that anciently was called Seleucja ^^f: . (and in Plin^ Seleufia Parthorum ) both becaufe strab/l^' i J.' Seleucia was y asStrah fayth, the Metropolis of long.antcMcd. u^fjyiapj^n as * Muzal is recorded to be : And al- *ju^'dc seUa! fo , bccaufel findcthe Ecclefiafticall jurifdidion crol.2r,c.8. of thofe parts, committed by the fathers of * the * ^°"^^^* ^'" A'iVf«£councelljtotheBirhopof5f/f»W4,aflfigning c,53*,&, jj,^ him with all,thenameof(r4fW/^we, and the next place of Seilion in counccls after the Bifhop of /^ ~ rufdlemywhich. namejand authority in thofe parts, the Biiliop of Muzd now hath.Or if SelsuciayWeTc T 3 fome 143 Patriarch oftheNefiorianjJhts feat in Muzal. Ibme ether City, vitriac bift»r. HOW 'deihoycd, as Muzal^ the patriarchall fcacc Oricnralc,;!, for certainc TQa. ohheNejlorians^iscythcrsLie^ cro 1 II c^^'s." ^""^ ^ ^^ induced maindcr of the ancient Nincve^ rather to thinke, as ritriacwy and Tyrita (who yet at leaft the therefore in his hiftory callcth Patriarchall fcate the Inhabitants of that City, •was froai Selencia iV/;2fZ7>^j)havc recorded :Orac tranflated to Mu^ leaft, built neere the ruiiies of ^^//or the opinion it: Namely, over againftitjOa Scalig ad o^ ScaiigeTy name- the other fide of the river T/- bil^'^^in ^"^^" ^y^ ^^^^ SdtiAcia grif ^asby Benjamin^ who dili- c'x 1 1 *i, ' was the fame^that gently viewed the place, isob- is now called Bag- ierved , for ATineve ( which he itbiw* " in ^^^' ^^ ^^^"^ ^^' ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ diflblved into Medio/ ^j^on , my obfer- fcattered villages,and caftles) vations in Ceo- flood on the Eaft part of Ti* graphy and h ifto • gris^ on i^JJyria fide : whereas ry , will not fuffer Muzai is fcatcd on the Weft inee to approve^ bankc on ^/e/opf<2ww fide^be- Firft , becaufe Se- ing yet both joyned together^ leucia is rcmem- by a bridge made over r/grir^ $£rabo.1, 16. bred by Strabo, to iTm. h 6yt,x6. i^g ^^^ furlongs ( 37 miles, and one or two ; Pliny fayth a great dealemorc, diftant from Babylon^ whereas Bagdet is built clofe by the ruines of it. Se- ^j^jj^^Q^Pg^cotidly^becaufe I finde the pofition oiSfleuda in i<5.c, i8,&io. Ptolomy to be two third parts of a degree, more ^'"pr ^l^r* ^^'^^^ f^^" thatof 5tf^yion^ and others Seleuciii is named for a City o^ Mefifotama^which Bagdet is not, but inthe Province of Babylon^ as being Th ffQftrties ef theNefteri/ms religion, I43 being beneath the confluence of Tigris , and £«* fhrates. The Biiliop o^ Muzahhtv\^h the Patriarch of the JVeftorioJtf.Butyet at this prefentjif the ^relations * Bcter. Rciar. of thefe times be true^ there is a diftradion of that ^^^^'\'''^? ^^ fed:: which began about 60 yeeresagoe, in the t bom"Tuf. time of Pope /u/tm the third ; the Nefiorians in the de convcrf- North ^xto^ Mefofotamia (about the City of C^. gciui.T.pai; t,. r/tw/f) fubmittingthemfelves to another Patriarch of the P^^tf-f erecting ( that revolting from the Bi- fhop o^Muzal^ taking alfo on him the title of the Patriarch of Muzd^ which the Pope beftowcd on him)having firft rendred and profefled obedience totheSeaofiSow^, in which obedience it is iayd, that i\io[t Ntfimans 2L0OUI Caramit doeftiJI con- tinue. Now touching the (pecialicies of thefe A^ifj?f- nans reh'gion , in relation to the Roman : they be* Iceve. Firftjthat there are two perfons in our Saviour,as i vjuiac. Hift. well as two natures , butyetconfelle, that Chrift 0"cnt.c,78., from the firft inftant of his conceptionjwas peife(5i: Goidjand pcrfed man. Th. a fef. ibid. Secondly, that the bleiTed Virgin oueht not to ,j 1 u- J T--U -r-ru aid kc.citar*- be termed ^sw^®- which yet now m lome 101 1 they * Betcr.UcJat. ^qualifibjConfclTing her to be the Mother of G<3d LV-l^'f"^^ the SonnCjbut yet refufing to terme her the Mother xho. Tu'\ dc of God- coQu.gcnr.l.7j Thirdly^thac-ATcj^orw condemned in the third, ^'^-^^^^ ^^^^ and fourth generall councels,and-D/Woy^ Tarfen p.oxim/cica«, fis , and Theodorm ^^opfueftenjif , condemned for Meflorianifmein the fifth, were holy men : Rejed* ing 144 HAbitMion 9f the Chriftians gfS, Thomas in India^ ing for their fake, the third generall couneellheld at ^phefui^ and all other Councels after it, and fpe. dally deteft ing the(inall oi Neftmanifm) CyriU of {Alexandria, Th^a Tef. Ii>id. ^ 4. They celebrate the Sacrament of the Eucha- rifljWith leavened bread, 5. They communicate in both kinds, 6 . They uie not auricular confellion, 7^ Nor confirmation, 8. They contra »5^ marriage in the fecond degree of confanguinity. Th, a lef, ibid. 9, Their Priefts after the death of their firfi: wives, have the liberty of the fecond or third or oftner marriage. Th, a lef, ibid, 10. They have not the Image of the Crucifix on their Crofles. 4 Vitriac, Hi- ftor.Oricnt.78 Villamonc. en ?oyage 8.1.2, c. 15. j.Vill.im. Io> citac. 6. Et7. Sul k. Neftor.profef. Tom. Bibliorh Vet. Patrura. pag,io54. 8Guilielin.de Rubric. It incr. Tsrtar, Ciy, Of the Indians or ChrifHans ofS, Thomas^ Chap.XX. He Chriftians of India y vulgarly na- med the Chriftians of S. Thomas^be* caufe by his preaching they are fup- pofed to have beenc converted to Chriftian Religion ( and his body as is thoughtjTemaineth among them, buried in the City of Maliapar on thecoa^ofCoromandei) inha- bite in the necrer part of India • namely in that great Promontory, whofe bafe lying betvirecne the out- Hdbitstim of the ChrifiUns cfS^Thomas in India, 14 j outlets of the rivers Indus and Gangesfixttcheth Out the (ides farre toward the $outh> (well nigh 1000 miles ) till meeting in the poynt o^Comeri, they make, together with the bafe line forementioned, (betwixt Camhaia^and Bengdd)thc figure almoft of an equilateral! Triangle.In the more foutherly part of this great promontory, 1 fay neererto Cape Co^ meri, about the Cities of Coulan^ and Cranganor on the Weft fide, and about Maliafur and Negapatan on the Eaft fide,doe thefe Chriftians of S. Thomas dwell, being efteemed afore the Portugah frequen- ted thofe parts about * I5000.0r*l5000. fami-* 5oramar.^^» *ch'^-^^'* Now as touching their governement: Their Arch- fthaica de"a- biiliop till 20. yeeres fince or little more,acknow- ^dc then, the Archbi- arch of it, the title of the Patri. Tfiaggi.p.3r3. £(^p of thefe In- arch of ^/^w;«r,notfarre from Maliapur, An.T55>p.made*"^* «>r.«ku. profeflion, together with his SufFragan,and Priefts / both of the Roman obedience, and religion, renoun- cing in fuch dired foit the Patriarch of Mozal^ and Nejiorianifme^ that they delivered up all their bookcsjto the cenfure of the Archbitliop of Goa^ and fufrered their Liturgy,in the point thatreiifhed o^ Nefiorianifme to be altered, even in fuch fort as now it is to be fccnein thelaft Edition of Bihlio^ tkcavtterunt Patrum^ Bibnoch vet. But before this alteration of their religion was par. Auaor.i'. procured by the Portngals^thok Chriftians o^ India '^^'^ *•"* ^"-* were N'eflffriant^as having the dependance that ! re ^ Iated,on the Patriarch of the i\rtf//m4«/,they could J^^tLt not well beany other. Some fpccialties of whofcfmci 1.3. rel igion I finde thus recorded . fiotcriid p j I. That they diftributed the Sacrament of the vcccbL** chrJ Eucharift in both kinds. ftianiw d in- a.That they celebrated it with bread feafoned ^''^^^^^^^ with Sa\t^(Pane faUto^ faythmv Hiftorian)and in sarbor.ap.Ra- flead of wine, ( becaufe India aftbrdeth none) in "^o''- Voi» «• the juice ofRaifons/ofccncd one night in water & P'^J^^* V 2 fo -S— : __— — ■ ■ 148 Properties of the ancitnt Indian Religion^ fo preffed forth. 3 Navigat. lo- 3 • That thcy baptized not their infants till they icphi iBdi, vverc 40 daies old, except in danger of death . Ss^^vi 4. That they ufcd not extreame un6Hon. orbis.c, 134. 5^ That their Priefts were marricd,but excluded fib chato ^"*^' ^^^^ ^^^^ fccond matrimony. Ofir de Reb. EmameL 134 ^» 3* 5 ofor. loco 5^ That they have no Images of Saints in their poffevan Ap. Churches,but oncly the crcfle, para, facro. in y^That detefting (the Mall o^ N'epriamfnfe) Cy Diimpericnfc rz/JTof ^/^x/f«^n4,they honourcd ;v^e^orm,and J>io- Thct.cof. 1. to fiorus as Saints, which yet me tninkes were ftrange «.M. , . beinsoffocontrarybpinionSjastheywere.thefirlL ubi fupra. e. ^^^ two pcrfons m Chtift, as well as two natures : 135. the fecond, for one nature, as well as one Perfon - ? ^'° ^?rn ^°*° but it may be that Diofcorus is by the relater mifta- ken for D todorus^ who was indeed a great Nejionan^ and for it condemned in the fifth generall Coun- eell. 8 poffev. loco 8« That they denied the Primacy of the Pope. "*p*ffc n ^' ^^^^ ^^^^'^ "^^ Teftamem which in their Apparat.fa- Churchcs thcy formerly read, f and ftiU doe) in cro in Ncfto- the Syriaquc tongue5was by the Nefiorians in fiindry nam, places, which are now altered by the Romans^ cor- rupted to the ad vantage of that herefie, wherein yetjl thinke the reporter is deceived : becaufe the fame corruptions ob jeded to them,fwhereof fome are no corruptions at all, but agree rightly viplth the original! text, and much better than doth the vulgar I.4t/»e,by comparing whereof he examines them, and cenfures them for corruptions) the fame f fay , are found in the Sfiaque edition that we have, liew Teftament in Sjridque no ancient tranflatton, 1 49 have, being fo farre from being corrupted by the A^(p^m^;t/,that itwas brought out of ^efopotamtawidtaiaCkid^ into Eur dfe {to be printed h"^ Mo[es Mardenus^ from »° pra^fTcfli. the Patriarch of the contrary fed , namely, of the ^"*"* Jacobites, But yet notwithftanding, I am indeed certainely perfvyaded^that the Sfiaque tranflation of the new Tefta- Thcimperfedionsofthe^ji- mentfwhofoever riaqut edition, confift partly in vvas tlie Authour fundry defers: namely i.ofall of it) is nothing the Revelation :*24of the Epi- neere of that An- ftle oiSJude : 3 . of the fecond tiquity,which the Epiftle of S^Peter : 4.of the fe- Sjfians(as BeUar- Beliar,dc vc^. cond, and third Epiftles of S. ^ine , and others i>oDei.I.i.c34, lohn-. 5.of the hiftory of the report of them) Woman taken in adultery, in pretend it to be^ the 8. chapter of S. Johns GoC- namely to have pelljContaining the firft eleven bin the worke of verfes : and 6. of the 7. verfe of S.Mark, Firft,bc- the 5 . chapter of the firft Epi- caufe S.Mark di- ftle of S.M;?,Of whichjthc two cd in the 8* yeere Hicroa i^ Jaft wants are no lefle found o^ NerOyZ.s IeromeScn^zor\h,i^' in fundry ancient Greeks co» with others hath ^'^J"^'**^'* pks^Sis Erafi»m, Beza, luniw, certainely recor- Erafmu« and others have obferved ; And dcd , after which ^«a* partly . befide tbefc defers, in time, many parts i"^"f**i"d ^•' fome (very few) faulty tranfla- of the new Tefta- pr«dift, ' tions, mcnt, were writ- ten: as namely S. Johns Gofpelljthe A6i:sof the ApoftIes,(foraIl the Hiftory from the 24* chapter to the end, relateth Gccurrents afcar S« U^Jarkes death) the Epiftles of V 5 S.Patd I"fO t lietv Teftament in Syriaque no ancient tranjlatm. S, Paul to the GaUtianSy EpheJians^PhjlippiaKSyCo- ioj'ians^to phtemon, and the kcond to Timothy. Se- condly,becau(e that Syriaque tanflation is not to be found once mentioned, in any of thofe ancient, and learned writers, that lived in thofe Eaft parts, and diligently fought out, and obferved the fcverali edi- tions jandtranflations of the holy Scripture. And third Iy,becau(e the dialed difcovereth it to be of a farre later age, than that of the Apoftles ; which they will foone finde to be fo^ (to omit fome other evidences ) that {hall compare the Syiaque words recorded in the new Teftament by the Evangelifts, (which all ane noted by Hiersme^ and by others) with the Sjriaque booke; as for example, ^//^-^i , M'at,6»2j\.,Mamouno,y'£c>t^x, loan, 19415. Gt^htfhto, HIeronJ, dc j^xy.^*, Mat.Z'j.'^l^Gogoultho. A»iyJ^y»y ^B»l, Ip. Hefc^r^V ' Chakal demo^mi* i^»y uCor.iS. zi^Moraneto^ And ■ ' to be fhortjthere is not almoft any Syiaque word recorded in the new Teftament, which varieth not from that ancient pronouncing that was ufuall in tlie Apoftles time,eytherin confonants,or vowels, or both : which could not be the alteration of any {hortcourfeoftime. Of Regions ofi^fia inhabited by lacobites. 151 Of the lacobites. Chap.XX]!. He lacohitesdot3i\ntA tbatappellati- on^i^^Damafcene^and Niceffhorm have DamiC. I. de recorded, of one lacohtu furnamed ^•^^'^''^;. P'^?' ZanzMus^ of 5j)r/4jWho living about Hift. Eccieilu. ^^.^^_^, . Anno y 50.\vas in his time a mighty Ki8,c,ji^ imargerot' Eutjches feiaco. owne religion, (for I finde the Patriarch of the "g*''^^''^^- la. ' I y 1 Patriarch of the lacobitesjhu A^ti^uit^ and Seat, zoitar* Ann, Ucobttes fpoken of, in the Emperour Heraclius his mX?'*""^' time(to whom they render obedience. The Patri. * Mirat.in No- atchall Chutch ot which fcdjis in the * Monaftery oib ?ag°^37. of -y4f^r4«,ntere to the city o^Merdin in the north Breter Reiac' part of Mefipotomia : But the Patriarch himfelfe pa.j,i, t, c, dc keepeth ordinary refidencejin the City of Caramtt^ Giaco iu, ^^^ ancient Metropolis of Mefopotamia^and which at this day,conrifteth for the greateft part of Chri- ftians,for that C4r4w^> is the fame City which the SabclHc. Sup- ancient writers called Ami- f\emM&oi:,l>da^Sa{fel/icmjandorhevs)ia}jc Caramity h Kara ^^* left oblervedjand Amtdaio Amid^ that is ( in have beenc anciently the Me- the Turkifh tongue) tropolis oi Mefifotamiay I blacke L^w<5^/4,be- finde in the fubfcriptions o^ caufc it was walled the ancient councelsplaine- with blacke ftone. ly recorded. * Condi. ^"^ ^^^^ Eutjchianifme fo mightily prevailed in chaiced.*A. thofepatts, as to worke in them a deteftation of aion.i, &c, jj^g councell of Chalcedon , and a departure with- all, from their ancient obedience : They belon- ged till then,I fay,tothe jurifdi6i:ion of the Patri- * N tic* pro. ^'^^^ o^Amochiay^s being*Provinces of the dioces Tinch"* of the Orientjwhich we finde inthe*fecond Ge- * ConciLCoa- jierall CouHcclljto be the circuit and limitation of PT^"cwi.»V that Patriarchs authority, which is the reafon that the Patriarch of the lacohites , keeping ever the v\2L^toi Ignatius^ entitleth himfelfe Patriarch of Aiitiochia: And that the* Patriarch oUerufalem^ * Mir«^NotU wjio {% alfOjas I faid,a /4rd^frijacknow!edgeth him, cpifcop. Ojbi« 25 (-Qj^g record) for fuperiour: Having therein (if it ^^^ ' befo^vbut infome fort returned to the ancient o- bedience. "■" I .J iu Properties of the lacobites R eiiglon, i j ? bedience,wherein the Bi Chops oderufg/pm flood to the Patriarchs o£ Mtiochia^Qvcn till the time of the Councelloi Chalced0n:{(x then began lerufaiem to beercdcd intoa Patriarchfhip: And(as wcreade in the * a»5lions of that CouncelJ)writh theconfent * Conci^, and allowance of the Patriarch of s^mmbia^ the ^^^'^'*** ^^" three proviiaces of Paleflwa^ which till then ( An. ****'* 451.) belonged to x^miechta^ were withdrawne Som it^and affigned to the Bifliop of lerufalem for his Patriarchall jurifdidtion. Now,as touching the Charaders of their religion* I. They acknowledge but one nature, and but one will and one optrsLtion,ex catechifm» racoBitar^ i,t,j,i4,Tacob ap,Th.a lef. Lj,p.i^c,is . in Chrift (as there is but ^ vicriaco. one perfon) and m token of that, they make fafcT^.^vfu^ the ilgneof the CrofTe, with one finger .onely,monu.r,c.ai, which the other Chrifliaas of the Eaft doe with two. 2. They figne their children before baptifme, ^^^^^^'"5- many in the face, fome in the arme, with the flgne piL^.ptil j. of the CrofTe^imprinted with a burning Iron. saJigniac. iti! T*!-^.. ../V _2_^ T/?^_ f .1' r . • ^ n»r T^m Q .- 3 . They ufe circumcifion, SalignJtinjam, S.r.r, "'^''' Tom.8.c, even/of both fexes. F/rmr. «f ij^/. 4. Thev confeffe their finnes to God onely, not ^^^ ^°^* ^' 7' to the priefV,& as others record,but very feldome/o TBuceblng, that many communicate without auricular confef^ lococicaior (ion. Leonam Sidon.ap.Th.a TefJ,y.p.i .r.14, c/ftrK ! 5. They admit not of purgatory, nor of prayers concr.Hirer. for the dead. ri(;.rf/f/,/.7.p.l.r.23. Tic. ConftfTn 6. They confccrare the Eucharift in unleavened nS,"! 9. ^' bread, Salignjtin. Tlieref, iom^% .f .t. They mfnifter the Sacrament of the Eucharift in both kinds. X y.The I J ^ Properties of the lacohites Rdigian, • ^ i ^ — _-—————— ————^ — » y.The Priefts are married. 8. They belecve all the foiiles of jufi men to re- maine in the earth till the day of ludgement, ex- pelling Chiifts fccond corimungj excatuhife»t laeobit, 9. They affirme the Angels to confift of two fubilanceSifire and light, tx catechism Jacobit, 10. They honour Dwfcorm and lacobui s^rui as Saints,butyetcondemne £«r;r^w,asan Heretiquc, Pamarch^ lacabit. apj'h .a fefj.y.f. i .c, 14^ Thefe are the Properties (that I finde regiftred) of the /^ri7^ir«, religion namely of them, that arc properly fo callcd,and fti II reteine the ancient opi. nions o^ lacobus Syrm, But it (eemeth, that their principall errour, and which occafioned their firft ichifmeand reparation from the Church, Namely the herefic of Emyehesy touching one nature in Chrift, is for the raoft part, long lince abolifhed, yjtmc, Hiftor ^^^^^ VitrUcus hath longagoe recorded,they deni- ©iicnt.c,76. ed to him{then the Popes Legate in thofe partSj& demanding the queftion ) that they beleeved ons onely nature in Chrift ; And being further asked, why then making the ero{Ie5they {igned themfefves onely with one linger, their anfwer was , that they did it in acknowledgement of one divine Nature, asalfo they did in three feverall places, in acknow*- ledgcment of three perfons in that one nature. And befide of late time, Zi^fo^^?'^ another Legate of Pope Gregories the 15 in thofe parts, hath recorded of the Patriarchs profelHon nrade to himfelfc, that although they held indeedc but one per- fonate nature to be in Ghrift, jefuking of the u»ion Cophti their place of HAh'itAtkn and Religm^. ify union of two natures not pcrronatcd,yet they ac- knowledged thofe two natures to be united in his perfon,wichoutany mixtion or confu(ion,and that they themielves differ not in undcrftanding , but onely intermes from the Latine Church. Th.a lef, Ly.fA,c,\^, And although ( as is ftoriedby {bmeTom.4' BiU» writers of the(e times ) fonac there be araons them ^^^' ''^**^""- that ftill retaiaethat errour,yet certainely, that it " Apud.Baron. is no generall and received opinion among them,*" ^".^®™*^* is moft manifcft, for we have extant the confefHons * zag. zaho» of the * Idcokucf of Mefepiftamia , and of thofe of ^^^ ^ i/£thiopia , and of Armtnia^ that op?"apu^^Da- is to fay, all forts of/^ca^/ff/, out of which itismian. a Goes, evident, that that errour of £w/yf^(?/, is cleerely * ^*^^.^^* renounced , as articularly acknowlcdgmg , that Num ifi.zr; the humane nature of Chrift was taken of the ^^*}9>!^^' Virgin, and of the fame fubftance with ours, and chaitcdin? ' remamed.afrcr the adunation with the deity(with. Aftion. i. & out any mutation of properties ) diftin^. C.s. 3 .I3 , dc chri. 1. Vfing circumcifioniYet I am not very certaine ftiani del Ac virhethcr for religion, or, which ( I obfervcd itbe- ** ^ ' fofQ to havebeene] as an ancient cuftome of that nation,which cuftome yet is reported, Th,a lefj 7. p.c.6,Boter^p .^J.^^cde Chrifi, deEgttto^ to be now abrogated among them, by the perfwafionof the Bifhops Cophti their infeBion hj Eutychts his here[\€, 1 5 7 BiQiops oiRimts Legats in a Synod held at Caire about^o.yeeresagoCjAn. 1583. a. They conferre the inferior facred orders (under Priefthood ) even to infants prefently after bap- tifme,al together, their parents promifing for them and performing in their fteads(til they be 16 yceres old or thereabout) what they promife in their be- halfes,namely chaftityjand fa fting every Wednef- day and Friday and in the 4 lents of the yccre^Th.a lef, /.y.p,! . f . 5 . They repute not baptifme of any efficacy, except miniftred by thePrieft and in the Church in what neceffity Coevcr^Th^a lefXj.f, i,c,Sf> ^.Neyther baptife their children afore the 40 dayjtbough they fhoiilddie without baptifme,T/;. a, lef, ibid, 4.Miniftrin2;the Sacrament of the Eucharift in^Tbevet \n , \ , . , ° Corir.de Lc- bothkmdes. vanM48. ' 5.They minifter the Saaament of the Eucharift in leavened bread. 7.Give the Sacramentof the Eucharift to infants prefently after their baptifme. 8* To ficke perfons,they neyther minifter ex- treame undiiion nor the Eucharift, ibid, 9, Although they acknowledge the holy Ghoft to proceede from the Fathctjand the Sonne, yet in relating of the Nicene Creede^they leave out thofe words ( and from the Sonne ) as the Grecians doe ibid. I o. They admit not of purgatory nor of prayer for the dead, Th,a lef.l.y.z^, n. They contra^ marriages even in the fecond X 3 " degree 158 Coph ti their infeBion l>y Eutyches his herefie. degree of confangumicy without any difpcnfation T(cU,'^lftpn,ap, Th,a hjj.j,f,uc,i^, I a . They oblcrve noc the Lords dayes nor other fcalts,excepc in the Cints,TecU,Abifin, ibid, 1 3 . In celebrating of the Euchariltjthey elevate not the Sacrament. TuU.AbiJsinAhid. i4.Rejed all the general! Councels after that of Efhefif6^ cxpreflely condeaining the Councell of Ch^Uedm^ Id.ibtd, 15. Keade the Gofpell of l^icodemus in their. luitVir^it^,Prat€ol de Htsrtfibjin Cophti, 16. Repute tlie Roman Church hereticall, and avoyde the communion and converfation of the Latines no lelle then o^fewcs. And although Baron. infirt,Tom.6, ^nnalhave regiflred an Ambaflage from Majm the Patriarch oit^Uxmdria to Pope element the 8. wherein he is fayd to have fubmitted and reconciled himfelfe and the Provinces of iy£g)P to the Pope,yet the matter b:: ing a fter exa-,' mined was found to be but a trickc of impofturc^as Jh^a lef, l.y*p^j . c, 6. hath recorded. 17. Maintayning the opinion of one nature in Thorn, aiefu. Chrift : yet in fucb fortjthat although in the gcne- dcConu. gen, j.^|j pofition touching one nature in our Saviour, '7'par. » ^ • J jjeyfQ]]Qyy.£^^^^^^^yj^tj(jj.|,efpecia 11 declaration, at this day they differ very much from him. For they acknowledge him to be truely^and perfedly jtbom. a icf. both God and man ; And, that the divine and hu^ iocciuto.Bo- mane natures, are become in him one Nature, not t€ . occit, ^^ ^^^ confufion or commixtion of thera,as Euty. chej taught : but onely by eoadunation. Where- in Cophti their inftBton hy Eutjches his herefie, 159 in^although they catholiquely coofefle, that there is no mutation of properties in ey ther narure,being united in Chrift,froai what the divine and hiimarie natures fcveraiiy obtaine, in /overall perfons : Yet, being not well able(as it (eemcs) to diftinguiili- be. tweene the nature, and the perfbn, they dare not fay there be in Chrifl two Natures , for fcare they rhouid flip into A'f^ami^herefie.ofcvvo Perfons-, Which herefle , of one cnely Nature in our SivU our J beginning with Eut)ches,akhoi\^h after di- fperling it felfe into many branchesjhath e\er (ince the time of the Councell of Chaked&n^by which Ew t)'chiam[me was condemned , and for it, the Pacri-^ arch o^ Alexandria * Diefcorui dcpofed , bcene cha°ccd.* nourifhed and maintained, as by other Ciiriftians Aaior.3. of the Eaftj fo fpecially by the ty£gy^tUns, Info- much , that not onely fundry Patnarchcs of A~ lexandfia^ and t^miochia (but fpccial ly of Alexan, dria) together with many other Biiliops of the Eaft parts, their Suffragans,and adherents, are rcf- cordcd to have maintained and advanced , that herefieof £«^^f^f/, but we finde moreover, many^''^'-^^*"-^' Synodes of thofe parts, regiftred orremembred in&c"'^°' ^^' Euagriui^ Leant ius^ N^kefhorm , and the booke cal- Lcont.de seft. ]ed*2«oo^«», brought talight by Pappyn^ Sec. where NKc^hf U6, in ,( in the behal fe of that herefie ) , the decrees of c.z,^ &, 5. &! the Councell of C/?4Wtf« were condemned. InJ-^s.c 45,8c which Councels,aI though we readc of the greatefV-'bynod.97,ro. confluence oFBilliops/that ever metre about the 1,^0^,108,109 efiabjifliiment of any poynt in Chriftian religion fj^ ^^ (^on- (and yet befidethe 630 Biiliops prcfcnt in thateii.chakcdon. CouncelLthere are extant in the * Booke of Cour>.J°V"*'"^^'^'^ cel%. 1^0 EutychUnifme mightil) roo tectin t/£g^ft, felsthe fuffragesofabouc 50 provinciall Synods, that by their Epiftles to the Emperour Leo^ confir- med iCjtogether with all the BiQiops of the Weft, by whom it was likewife received ) yet notwith- ftandingali this, that herefiefo prevailed in the Eaft parts^and fpecially in ty£gypt^ whereof we now entreate , that from that time to this, it was never cleared of it. But as there was never hercfiethat (o grievoufly wounded the Church of Godjas that of £utyhes^ except perhaps Amm'ifme ) fo was no part of the Church fb deepely and deadly wounded byit^asthat ofiy£gjf>t. So that even at this day, although the wound be in ibme fort healed,yet the wemme or fcarrc ftill remayneth. For it is not many yceresjfince by certaine lefuitSjagents for the Botct.tei.pa.5» Birhopof^<7wf,rome conference were bad with the ^p»^.^^ ^^^^Vsitmrcho^ Alexandria and his Synode,wherein, ti*"' although they confefTed ( if true relation be made of that conference) that Ghriftis true God and true Man: yet did they purpofely refraine from mentioning two natures in Chrift, left they (hould by little and little (lippe into the herefie of two perfons. Now as touching their Ecclefiafticall government *CV''tr,deftat. jjjgy ^^^ fubjed iothe Patriarch o^^^texawina^ * Ec< ♦p.2i« vvhofe Patriarchall (eat is at this prefent tranflated (andfolonghathbeenej totheCityofC/j/>^, in * Lcgatio A" *eyther of which Cities (Caire and Alexandria) ^tin'^tom.6\n ^^^^^ remaincat this day ,but three Chriftian tem- fiiic* ' p^es a peece. whereas 5ttrfW^«*rccordcth of his time(about 520 yeeres agoe)that in one of thera {Cam) there were above j^oMtrchMfcn'. ieir,fanB, par. patriarch ofhlexandria his great ]uri[diCiion, 151 f4r.a. c,^. But yet, to the jurirdi(5tion of this Pa. triarch belong , not onely the native Chriftians of 9/£gyft^ who are but very few, confidering the ex- ceeding populoufnelTe of that Nation , ( for they are efteemed, as 1-fayd Seforejnot to palle 5 0000) which in Burchardus his time^ are by him recorded to have beene above $00000 Jd»fa^ 2.^.3. together with thefmall remaynderof Chriftians, that are found about the bay of Arabia^ and in mount Sinai EaftwardjOt in ^frique as far as the greater Syrtif Weft ward: but the Chriftians likewife o^ey£thiojte acknowledge obedience to him. For although t^l- varez inhfs ftory of e/^r^/^/«>«») in difference from them, which dwelling neerer the p^^ ;, ^^ ,^ ,^ Bay of A »^4^rrf, were called Troglodyte Qfm i^ ^»y\m,) s©lin« Poiy- becaufe they dwelling in caves, not in houfcs , as ^'•' 3** Pliny and others have recorded : whether I fay, for that reafon they have obtv^ined. the name of Hahajsins, or no, let more curious men in- quire. But, as touching their religioDjthey are in manner meerc Ucobites \ and their King ( whom by errour we call Prejler lohn) is iimdry times in hiftories termed the Prince of /<«r5^/>f/. And their* Liturg. ac leaving out of their memorials (in * their Liturgy) thiop. tom« 6, the Councell o^Chaleed9n^ by which the Iiereiie ^at^Vy&^//; maintained after by /<«fo^;/^5'y«i was condemned "' whereas theCouncels o^Nue^ of Conflantimple^ and of EfhefM are remembred, doth import (b much. And in very deed confidcring the dcpen- 2ag.'2ibo. d^ dance that the Church of Habafiafiath of the Pa- ^^^S- ^ ««• triarchof AlexAndria^ it is almoft unpoflible but ap Damian a they (liould be fo,for as^^g^ Z4^oan Hahepn Bi- Goes. y 2 {hop '54 ^ cpendance of the Church of Hahafia m Akxandria, iliip hatb left recorded , although they have a Pa- triarch of their ownc^whom ihcy call in their owne language Albma (our Father)and he chofen by the Habajsine monks of S. Anth^mes order, remayning in lerufahm^ye^tSLXQ: ihcy limited to choofe one of the jiirirdi(5lion of Alexandria^md a * monke of S» ^mhonj he muft be. And befide that, the eonfirma- lion, and con (e- cration of him, * You may obfcrvc,, which I in belongeth to the my reading have done, that all Patriarch of A. the Patriarchs and other Bi. kxandna^and by {hops of the Eaft^ arc Monkes him he is fent of the Orders eyther of S.-S4/?/, with Ecclefiafti- or SjAmhony^ for the Patriarchs call charge into of Cofjftamnople, of Antiochia HdbaJ^iai and (to and of Armenia^ are monkes of be (hort ) their S. Bafils order : the Patriarchs prayer, in their ■* of Alexandria^ o[zy£thiopia , of * Liturg. At- prefent Liturgy, the lacobites^ and of the Maro' pibi£ih"^ct ^^'' t^c Patriarch nhes , are of S. Anthmies , and Batruw/p. €i. o^ i^kxandria^ the Patriarch of the Neftorians terming him the eyther of both. Prince of their Archbiihops , and remembring him before their owne Patriarch; evidently declareth their depen- dance & fubjedion to that Sea. Which fupreame Ecclefiafticall power touching ex£t^/ep/^, to have *qoncjj.Nic, belonged very anciently to the Patriarch ofAlex- .3,car,36. andria, may appeare by the Arabique booke of the Nicene Councell, tranflated by P'tfantu^ where that authority is [found affigned, to the Patriarch of A- hxandria^ touching that Abuna o^ Ethiopia , ( by the Properties of the Hahaftnes Religion, 1 5 5 the name of Cacholique) and withall, to that Ca* tholiquc orchiefcBijliopofe^r/^/o/^/^jthe feventh place in the Seflions of generall Councels, namely, next after the BifliOp of 5^/tf/*^/tf (whofe feat was next the Patriarch o^ Ieru[Alem)hy the decree of the fame Nicene Fathers was allotted. But if you delire a regilkr of fome (peciall points of their religion, i.They ciicu liCife theirchildren the s.day,arter the manner of the lerves : Even females alfo as well 1,1,3,4,5/, 9, as males,vvherein they differ from the /^n'^/. ^°b'V ^il* 5 . They reverence the Sabbath (Saturdays kee- & mor! Aah. ping it folemne equally with the Lords day. ap. Damian, 5. They eate not of thofe beafts,which in theold Law arc cenfured for uncleane. They conlecrate the Sacrament of the Eucha* lift in unleavened bread: contrary to the cuftomefijl^pj-ap/,^^' of all the Eaft. the hrmtnians excepted. Neverthe- f Alrar,ibid> Jefle Tecla an Habafin Monke and Prieft, fayth that they celebrate ordinarily in leavened bread, but on the day of the Inftitution of the Lords Sup. per ( the Thurfday before Eafter) they doe it in bread unleavened over all HAbafia^an, Th^ a lef, l.j. 5 . And communicate in both kindSjWhich they receive ftanding. And all of them as well of the Laity as Clergy at leaftwife every weeke, the Prieft miniftring the breads and the Deacon the w ine with a fpoonc, 7 ecla.AbiJs'irt, loeLZag,ZahJe I,"^h,^^i'^^ rel.. But yet onely in the Temple, it being not loc, aiieg. lawful! for any ( not the K.or Patriarch) elfewhere CO communicate. After the receiving whereof it Jis Y 3 not l66 l^s Prepertief of the Hahajiines Migion,' not lawfull ior them to fpit that day till the fetting of the Sunne. Zah. Zah. ihid. 7. And that even to their yong infantSjprefcntly • Teda xbif- after they are baptized : * which in their males is leV^dc con* ii^oA^)xs after their birth, and in females 80. (ex- Tcrf/gent.L 7, ccpt in perill of death , for then they are prefently pa,i,ctis. h2i^tiztd,Tecla,Abiftnjb,)ii\\wh{ch. time be com- plete, their women alfb enter not into the Temple, Zag.Zab^ibid, ■ 8« They profeiTe but one nature^and one will in Chriftjyet without any mixtion or confufionof the divine and humane fubftances. TecU,ap^Th,Ale[, L 9. Bdeeve the reafonablefoulesofmen to be traduced from parents by femirali propagation* Zag.Zab, de relig.tyEthiop. in fine, Th, a /^/. /.y.fj • r.8. lo.Eelecvethe (bules of their infants departing afore Baptifme to be favedjbecaufe they are fprung from faithfull parents , and namely the vertuc of the Eucharift , received by the mother after con- ception to fandifie the childe in her wombc* Zdg^ Zabjbid, Th,a IefJ.j.p,i,c>S, jilvsr. hift,cy£thhp, r. 22. 11. They prefently upon commiflion of finne refort to the cpnfeflbur , and at every confcffion, (though it were every day ) receive the Sacrament . of the Eucharift. Z4^«Ztf^./^/V. 1 2. They have onely painted, not mafTie Images in their Chmches,TecU,ubifupra^ 19. They accept onely the three firft generall Councels, re je ding that o^Ckalcedw^ for deter- mining Proftrties efthe Haha^ines Rtligm, i g'j mining two natures to be in Chrift, and for con- demning Didjcorui the Patriarch of -^iexdndria^ 7ecU,Abi[Jbid^ 14 Elevate not the Sacrament in celebrating of thcEucbariftjbutkeepe it covered : * neyther re- ferve it after the communion*- 1 5,To excommiiniciite ob llinate finner s is peculi^ Aka.eo«l laco, ar to their Patrrarch,v\hich yet is not ufiiall among them^except incafeof n3urcher,Z/f^.z.t^./^. . i5. Their Priefts,and other inferiair Ecclcfiai^'* call minifters ( as a-fo monks ) \i\& by their labour, having no tithes for their maintenance, nor being fuffered to crave almes . Zag. Zab ior^ citato, 17. But the conferring of Billi^ipricksjand other , Ecclefiafticall benefices (except the Patriarch fhip) bclongeth onely to the KiDg^Zag,ZaJf,ibid, 1 8 . Vfe ney ther confirmationjCor extrearae un- * ^g, ^ab, lo. ' £i:ion- cocicw- 19. Admit the firft marriage in their Bi^ops and Aiva4i.c.i«ec« Prieftsjbutnot the fccond, except their Patriarch difpenfe- ao. Eatc flcfh every Friday fas on other daies) betvf ixt Eafter and \A'hitfunday : as on every Sa- aIw^ct?, turday alfo through the whole yeere. except in * ^^g^zab*. Lent, ^^^"i'^' 21. Baptize themfeh'cs'everyyeere on thedayof the. Epiphany^in Lakes or Ponds. Concerning which firft and laft poynts, namely, of their circumcifion,and annuall baptifmes,! have fomcwhat to oDfcrve : namely, firft, touching theit circumcifion , that they Obferve it j not fo much perhaps of rcligiOD , as of an ai:\cieat ciiftome of their 1 58 CircumcifioH a N'atio»afffr9pcny of the ffahfnes. their Nation. Foralthough their circumcifing on the eight dayjfueineth ro imply that they received it from the leives, yet their circumcifing of both fexes^as certa>nely argueth , that they did not fo^ ^ndjif the Hai/' /fines be of the race of the ancient ey£thi0piaHs y the doubt may be the lefle ; becaufe Hno(J.l.i,par. Herodotid ^and others have recorded it,foran anci- a Med, gj^f ccremony.of that Nation. Or,if they be not of scephan. By- ^^^ t/fp^/Vf w« race, butof the progeny ofthc A- zanc. rabiansy as by Vr&nm in Stephanm ByzantittSf it if dTftii>ne fhould appeare5recording them for a Nation of the hCiffU^oi. i_/grabianSy neere th'ip"m Tom. to the * Sah^ans : * Which feemeth to be true, 6 BibViotbecx even in this cale both becaufe m the* ty£thiopjan VecPacp.j? aifoj theoccadon Liturgy, they terme their owne and originall of Kingdome the Kingdome of circumciiion a Sheba, and alfo, becaufe the K, '^zag-Zubodc^'^^S the Habaf. o^ Habafia^ * deduce lineally Morib. {.tihi- fines Will bc dif^ their defcent , from the Q^f op. apud Da- cerned well e- Sheba that came to fee Salomon : ""*"* nough : namely, which 5W4, is to the skilful F, becaufe it is fpe- ccrtainely knowne to be in ^- cially ftoried, to r^^/d.-andeytherthefamejthit have beene a very we call Arabia felix , or fome ancient ceremony partof it. And ccrtainely it is among the ^ra^ observed by learned men, that bians : among jirabiafehx -^ intheEafterne whom it might tongue is named kju, as ^r^- have beginning, bta deferta n*n, and Arabia Pe*^ by reafon of the tr£ayn23,ot'txD. defcent of many of tHc Arabians^ from Tfmady and from the other fonnes Cifcumcijion a l^ationaH property of the Haba/ines, 169 fonnesof A^rd/j^jWjDy Keturahyphntcd in Arabia ^ of which ^/?«^4 is by name recorded for one. But *(5g„g ,j yet,if the H aba fines ob ierve circumci fion,not,as an ancient nacionail cuftorae, but in any fort for reli^ ^^j'^^JI^^^, ** gion fake, then it may be excufed in fuch manner, pentagioc'm as * one of their owne Bifhops hath profeffed, i"'^ ^ j^^ namely,that it is done onely in remembrance,'^nd uW fupra. Iove,and imitation of our Saviour, bccaufe he was circumcifed jand not for any other opinion of holi- ncfleac all. ^^ And fccondlyjtouching their annuall baptifings, in the feaft of the Epiphany , which they ( with many ancients of the Church;fuppo[c to be the day of our Saviours baptifme,it is declared by the"*^*;^. * Dc Kdigioa ^me/'/tf«Biaiop above mentioned, to be ptadifed ^„7.S"*"^ among thcm,not as any Sacrament,nor any conceit of fanciification to be obtained by it,but onely as a memonall of Chrifts baptifme,becau(eas on that day he was baptized in hrAan.^\cv\ as the ^Mofcom * Pofltvin do f/^f/alfodocthelikcon the fame day, in rivers, ^*^^**^°^*°"' and for the fame reafon,which appeareth the more ^"^ evidently to be fo,becauiethis yeerely baptifing is Tjo ancient ceremony of the Habapnesy but a fafhi- on of late taken up among them, as i^lvarezjihsit * Alvarcz.hift. 1 ived lono; in thofc parrs , hath related , as being ActhJop c ^% » namely the inftitution of* his grandfather, that then reigned in Habafia^ being ^out .100 yccres agoe. ^ Of '1 70 The di(\fn^idhAbttamnof the tirmcmms. Of ihs hrmmians^ Ch A P. XXIII I. HE i^rmtmAm ^ fft^r trafHque to which they ^rc exceedingly ad- dii(kz^ 5 are to be found in multi- tudsjin moft Cities of great trade, fpecially in thofe of the Turhflj Empire,obtaining more favour and priviledge atnong the Tmkes and other Mahame^ " s'xi. Poftci« t:f/^i',*by a patent granted that Nation under Ma* ^'^.''*^V_*.*^^?"^»wf^i6vvnehand, than any other fedofChrifti- f^np'iu Ar- ^ ans.Infomuch that no Nation feemeth more given mcnica. jo Merchandize, nor is for that caufe more difper- fed abroad, than the Armenians^ except the lewes^ But yet tlic native regions of the Armtnians^ and where they ate ftill found in the greateft mul titbde, and their religion is moftfupported,arey^/"wf;?/.? the greater ( named fince the Turka fitft pofleffion a{ iiTurcommiii)h?^^^oi\^ Euphrates ^^uA Armenia the Icfle en this fide £/^/>fc^^^f j,and Cilicia^now ter- med Carmitnia.. Now the Armenia fis touching their Eccledafti- call government, were anciently of the luiif- didion of thePitriarch o^Cenftaminople^as bcin^ "* Provinces of the diocefle called Powr^r, which -^iwonc'm.tog'^^^^^ ^vith the Provinces of the dioccffc A[maf and oiThrace (three of the thirtecne dioceflftSjinco ton-M. ciia!. ^^bich thc whole Empire was divided) were by the cedXan.iS. Counccll of r^v7A\v/.A*;, alTigned, or dCc confirmed, to Armtman Church governed by Uvo Patrurchs, 1 7 i to the Patriarch o^ConJiantmopls , for his janCdidu on.But at this day, and very long (ince^even before Phtius his timc( as is evident by his circular Epi- ftle) the Armenians are deparced,both from thego-*Photii,epiftoU vernment of that patriarch, and from the Commu- Ba^n^Tolit nion ohhtGreciansQNhom at this prefent>tbey have 10 Am'iai. in more deteftation than any other fed of Chrifti- a^'"°» 8^>- ans) and that principally^ for the very fame occafi- on jfor which the lacohtes o^ Sjria withdrew their obedience from the Patriarch o^Antiochia^ namely the hcrefic of one onely nature in Chrift. And ever fmce that departure, they acknowledge obedience_, without any further or higherdependance,totwo Patriarchs of their owne • whom they tcrme Catho- %j^j. Namely one of the greater yfr»w^, the fa- milies under whofe jurifdi6lioncxceedethe num- ber of ijoooobefidcverymany Monateies. Le-^ onard.Sidon eftfc^ap.Th.a lef.l. 'j,fa,i,c^ 1 9, who at this-prefent * kcepeth refidence , in the mona-, ^,., y . ftery o'lEcmeazin^ by the City, &c» Leonard. Szdo^ Epjfcop. Otb." epifc, ap,' Tho, a lef loc^ citato^ by the City of Er- p^s-s^' ' vaninPerfia^ being tranfla ted thither by occafion ^,^p^*^J^|'^^^^ of the late warres betwixt the Persians ^ and the dc 'DioVcoria- Turkes : but his ancient feate was Sehaflij,^ tlie Me. ^ ^ tropollf'«etf- ^ -r/jB ^ ♦ niay (ent from the Cathah'que to the Bi (l^.op of Rome in his timejthat the jurifdidionof the Cathaliqm of Armenia^^as then farre larger, as namely, that he had above a thoufand Bifhops under his obedience ? Except Otho perhaps miftooke^as I verily beleeve he did, obedience for communion, for as touch- ing the communion, which the Kyirmenians main« tayned with other lacobites , it extended indeede very farre : But the jurifdidion o^LArmenia for ought I can finde in any record of antiquity, con- tained oncly foure provinces,namcly,the two o^r- memaesbe£ore mentioned, the greater, and le(Ie,and the two provinces of CiliciaAn which fmall circuit, that fuch a multitudebf BiHiops (hould be found, is utterly uncredible, efpecially becaufe we finde ^ regifters extant, both of the Bifhops of the two oricntallx!" ^rmeniaes^ in the * JSJovelio^Leo'Sofhta the Empe- * DcBeLfacro rour , touching the precedence of Metropolitans: J.i4,c.ir. and" likewife of the Bifhops of Cilicia^ in * Guili* dmm Tyrius : and^\ of them put together, exceede fiot the number of thirty. And although I finde 'Nov ! ^^^^ ^ luftinian divided the two Armeniaes into p. J. * * * foure Provinces (which yet to have beene after re- duced againe intotwa,the A^{Wf^of /^^oeven now mentioned afTureth us) yet were not for that caufe, the number of Bifhops encreafed any whit the Now, touching the properties of their religion, I. They Properties of the i^rmenians R digion, 17^ 1. They are charged with the opinion of one » Niceph,hift. nature in Chrift: yet noigi% Eutyhes imagined it ^J^]^^^^'** ^ onCjnamelyjbyapermixtionand confufion of the divine and humane natures, but yet by fuch a con- jundion and coalition of them, that they both to- gether, make but one compounded nature in our Saviour, as the body, and foule, but one com- pound nature in man.But never the le{Ie,it fccmeth by the confeflion ©f the hrmtnUns^ which we have extant touching the Trinity, fcnt by the mandate of the Catholique o^ hrmema^ioiht pa-^o^feir. Ar; tmrcho£ cofiflammofle ^ not 5'o yeeres agoe,that"7,**aM",3eJ at this prefent, they have utterly renounced that 8^^* phantafie. ^^^^j »• 2. They beleeve the holy Ghoft proceedeth one- com. H«rei; 1^^ ly from the Father. H'^/fi^^^**' ^^^ 3. They celebrate the facrament of the Eucharift BfcmieuU with unleavened bread (as the Romans doe. j rib^cmli,c, 4. They deny the true body of Chrift to be real. ' Nicephor. ly in the Sacrament of the Eucharift under the .ype-iocfiip. citato; cits of bread & mm^Guid.fumJehdre^tb, They min. '•'tu''8'*' ^r- gle not water with wine in the Eucharift : An anci- clsSumic ent opinion and property of theirs, for I finde it re- Litwgii?, corded of them (and condemned) in the fixt gene- cIm^ luuI^* rail Councell. But they retaine it notwithftanding Ar«cnior»ubJ HiW. ^TondLCon. 5. They receive infants prefeotly after bap tifmcftanu"nip. 3?' to the communion of the EuchariA5affirming that Can. s^* baptifme cannot be conferred without the Eucba- ^^^iJ"'^*!^ ni\..Guid,fum, dehxrejilp. a,c.io,\ ^ 6. They deny the vertueof conferring grace, to belong to the facraments. GmdJoc^aUeg, They re- Z 3 jea 174 Properties of the KyifrfuniAns Religion, sumtdlw i^^ purgatory^and pray for the dead, r^.^/f/:/.7. Aifoaf, a. Ca. y. j^icy beleeve that the (bules of holy men ob- Hxre"rit!dc ^^^^^ not bkiTednefTe till the univerfall judgement. Purgatorio. _ Th,a IcfJ. 7. p. r..r. i7.They admit married Priefts, toiliico.^'^^' and as Burcbardm hath recorded, ^e/^/*. tcrr,fanB.p. 7 Beiion.'ob- 2 , f. 2 . §. p, admit nonc to be fecular Priefts,excepc Poiej ' • ^* * ^ ^^sy be raarried^They rebaptize thofe that come to tingu'a Tzcr- their communion from the Latine Church, Guid, uiana. fumJe ^^crfjj/'.butexclude their fecond marriage. cUar?*"* °^ 8. They abftaine from eating uncleane beafts. 9 Nicboi. Pc. 5. They eate fiefh on fridayes betvveene Eaftcr X^''"'* * and Afcenfion day. iiccr.kci.pa. 10, They faft lent moft ftririx.?ag.53. proachofthc Sunne.And is fcarcely^as hathbccne obferved by Poft^l^ in one Summer of thirty to be found cleere of it : for which very caufe and no o- ther,that Monntaine feemeth to have gotten the Gerun. U, name of Lebanon. For ?:)^ in the ancient language, Hifpa n.Se ^^ t^^^fe parts (the Phoenician or Hebrerv tongue) (i g- tcnaRofcj!. mRtih iVhite^andn^'n Whitenejje : Even as, for the ^'**"!?,li*^*' like whitcnefle of fnow, Gerudenfis hath remem- on, Album, . « • i n r i 1 •!• bred Canas ( the highelt part of the Py^;»f hilles j to have obtained that name. And as Fejiud fuppo- ieth the^/jpej, for the fame caufe to have gained theirsjthat in the Sabine diak^^ being termed (faith be ) Al^nm which the Romans in theirs named ^L jfidorOngini. buv>, For fo touching theoriginall of the nameZ./- 's^knCoB ^^^^^^^^ much rather thinke. then be led by the adAuan. Pe' pliantafieof //j(iflr»< and (bmeothers,namely,that ripium Mar. jD/^tf^^^^fhouldpurchace that name of frank inccnfc Adri^ffi*^'*'' which the Grecians call a«*»^ and the I cms r.'3^. Thcatr. terr. Fot i(^ it be not true , which yet Theofhraflw and Nciitaiim. ^^^""^ ^rnt , that frankincenfe is gotten onely in Nimb. 6^ -^rahiafelis (according with that o^rirnil, Solis ejl Thna FstrUrfhofthe Maronites hk npdmce^dnd lurifdiBm, 1 77 Thurea virga SahxvSjby lealon of which property of vj^^^ . place,c© burnc incenie is termed in J^rtManyalU hift,pj3ntart quid ArAbidt t.cmdirt-M^dX 1 fay be not true^for in ^«'*^y deed, I findc in Dtofcorides^xecox^ of Frank incenfe vil^'ceorg'iJ gotten in fndia^Sc m Pedro Cteza of the like in fome ^ e«"JJ. *ic part of America^ytix is there no mention or remem- cu-cTM*d'^* brance in any hiftory of nature,or other,as I take it, Diofcond *{f« that frankincenfe was ever gotten in the Hxll of f*^'^'*""*^' Libantu, '''^•''* The Patriarch of the Maron'ms (to come neerer to our purpofe ) who is noted to be a Monke of S^ ^ntoffyyixid to have under his juri(didiop.*S. or "poffcvia; 9, Bii'hopsjkeepeth refidcnce for the moft part in Appar.facrin Libanui^ m amonaftery of S»x^nthonj^ and no.v #*^'oIer*|^pj and then in Trifolit* And is* one of them, that p.;3.L»,*c,de challenge the title of the Pattiarchof /^»f /V/7/d,kee- JJ"^"'." • ping ever the name of Peter as the Patriarch of the ckatoT"' ^ lacobites^thc other challenger c f the fame dignity, doiho( Ignatitu. But touching rcligion5tbe Patri- arch of the Maronttes profclfeth obedience at this prelentto theBilTiopof ^a*»e, yet bur lately, in Clement ihQ 8. bis time: and both he, and all the * Marohhes^^re become of the Roman religion ibe- ing the onely Nation of the Eaft, except the fndU * Pofliv. kc' tf»/Jately brought alfo to the ^oman Communion, 5,"^^*^* . 11.111 11- IS jit Botrr.Jac.cita. that acknowledgeth that obedience) and have * a Mir^. N»rit. Seminary in Rome o^ Gregory the 1 5 . his foundation ^P^^^^op. c?ri for .the trayning up of the youth of their Nation in ^ho. TfeC \\e religion But before that aiteration,thefe were the Conw. Gcnr.*). charaders of their religion, ^'^'5' 1. Thatthe Holy Ghoft proceedcthoncly f om ^7^' '^/ the Father. Th.a^ ^e/.ic 7 .f *j. 2 . f . 6 • A a, 2, That 178 Theprefent and ancunt R tligim of the Maroniteu 2»That th^foulesof men were all created toge- ther from the beginnings Id, he, citato, 3 . Not to baptize male cb ildrcn together, inter^ rog,PatrUrcK MarQmt.af, Th,d,lef,l,y.pa,2,c,s, 4. That heretiqucs returning to the Church arc tobe rebaptized. Th.a^ lefj,y.pa.i,c.6. j^That the child is made imcleaneby the touch oFthe mother till (he be puriiSed^which after a m^le childeis 40 daies5and 80 after a female,{or which reafon they baptize not their Infants afore thole termes ,Th,a, lef. loc, citato, 6.That they celebrated the Sacrament of the Eu- charift in both kinds. PoJJevin, {^ppar,facjn Maro^ mt£^PAtriarch,-i^ar6nit,imerfog,i^ap,Th,arJefJ^j^ f'a, 2f c,$ . 7, And in leavened bread, Th,a,TefJ,j.fa,c,6, S^Diftributingtoall the Communicants each one a piece of the fame bread (which they conle- crate in great mafles) together with thcfc words of the Gofpelljfff blejje/^and_brah^andgave to his Dif ciffles,fayi/3g take eate^&c^ Mat, 26,26, Id.Pamarch, interro,^,af, Th^a.IefJoccitat. 9 , To diftribute the Sacrament of the Euchariii to children before the ufe of reafon, and fir ft pre- fently after baptifme, Th.a,lef,l,'j,f,2,c,yff, g,(jf cap, 6, 10. Not toreferve the Sacramentof the Eucha- tKk, patr.^^aron,ubi fupra, I i . Nor to carry it to any fickeperfon in danger of death . Th,aJef,l, 7, fa f .5 . 12. To omit cofirmationby the Biihop Patr, 'Mann, int, 2 . uli,fufr, 13. To 7f)e frefent^wd ancient Religion of the Maronites, 1 79 1 3 . To exclude the fourth matrimony, in every pcrfon as utterly uhlawfull^ id, ibid, interrog,^, 14. That mart iagc is not inferiour to fingle life, Th,a, lef.Ly. ^.a.f .6. 15 . Vtterly to diflblve matrimony in cafe of a- dultcry,and marry another, Patr^ ^arenit .inter ^^^ ubi fupra, 16. That the father may diflblve the matrimony of his (bnne or daughter if he miflikc it. Th.s, lef. 17. Not to ordaine young men Prieftsor Dca- cons except they were msinkd, Patriarch. Maromt, inter. 6. hU fitpra, PoJJevinJn y^ppar.facr.inMarom- t£. But yet to reftraine their fecond marriagc,T/?,^and 5)nii,and to thisday,boththcy,and the neighbouring Nations that bad beene infected by them, remaine in thral- dome.Butyetas in the difeafes, and difterapers of our bodies, contraries are ufually healed by contra- riesjfo feemeth it to have fallen out in the diftem- pers of thefe mens religions, for as worldly profpc- rity,and wantonncfleof wit(ordinary companions) wherewith thele Nations in thofe times aboun- ilet'jbrcd in them their ordinary children,namely, pro. The orimtdUfiBs reclamed from tk. it errors touching Chrijt. 1 83 ^_^ — I. ■ — - — ■ — — ■ — ■ I - profperity of the world, pride, and vvantonnefle of wic,errour>which couple in aiatter of faythjand re- ligion, is wont to produce no better iflue than he- refic. So on the other fide having now at length, their hearts hHmbled,and theirwits tamed by that poverty, and afflidion, wherein the tyranny, and oppreliion ofthe ^rahians^ and Turks ^ hath long holden them,it feemeth the Lord hath taken pity on them (as it is his property not to defpile humble and broken fpirits, and to remember mercy in the middeft of judgement) and reduced them, or the moft of them, to the right acknowledgment of his fonne againc. For certainely, that they and other Chriflians ofthe Eaft, have (at leaft in thefe latter times) diiclaymed,and abandoned, thofe hereticall phantafies touching our Saviour, wherein by their mifleaders they had beene anciently plunged (and which many Chriftians of the(e Weft parrs , ftill charge them withall) doth manifel^lyappeare»Firft * Bihlio. v«, of * the lacohites^^nd fecond ofthe ^ N'ejioriansjby Patr.Tom,4.p their feverall confciTions, tranflared out ofthe Syrh I " .- T ■ ■■ Of the fey er all languages ^Poherein the Liturgies of Cbnttivins in fevcrall parts of the World art lekhattd, Cha?. XXVI. ^ Nd thus have I re!arec!,the {eve- ^ rail fe(as of ChriftianSjthat are abroad in the world , with the places of their habitations,and the fpeciall charaders(that are rec?ordcd)of their religions.One point notwithftanding of their difference, have I left purpofelyas yet untouchcdj both for the amplenefltf of the matter, and becaufe I conceive you would have it declared (evcrally, Namely,touching the different languages,in which all thefefeverall forts olChriftians, celebrate Li- turgies or divine Service, But firftjtofpeak a word or two of the publique fervice of the /e^es^ and of the Mahumetans^ in their Synagogues, & Mtshds (feeing I intrcated before of thcfe religions ) The lems where they obtaine Michou.l.»,de liberty forthcir Synagogues,celcbrate their?,in the sarmaiia. c. I. gncicnt K^^fw tongue, as Michovjui, with many f^yjp'jgj^^; others 5 hath related, and as is manifefljby their ownc editions of their publique prayers , prin- ted both at Venice^ and in Polonia^ in that lan- guage But the Mahumetans ha\e theirs in the yirahique tongue ( the native language of their Prophet ) as George'- The /gwes prayers in Hebrem Mahttmetans in ^4rahique 185 and Rjcherj. »,d« Barbars^zndPaleftine^ and S^ria^owd Mefipotamia morib &inft. (in which parts the Arabique tongue is become the ^ urcog?."./. vulgar language) the i^/ch»ran is read , and their p3g.48r. publique devotions exercifed in Arabique : but al- fo in Greece, and Natelia, and other parts of the Turkilh dominion, where the Greeke^and Turkifh, and Slavomfb tongues are vulgar , as alfb in Perjia, in Tartary, mlndiay where they have other native, and peculiar languages , the Mahumetans reade the Mchoran* ( which they fuppofe were profa. ^/^^f^^^fjf ned if it were tranflated into vulgar tongues ) and saecrdoiibusc performe their publique devotions, in that lan- guage. But Chriftians in celebrating of their divine Li- turgies jdiffer touching the language very much.Ir-Durand. Rari« deed I finde it recorded mDurartdui ( but upon "";^f^^ '^' what warrant and authority I cannot finde) that till the time of Hadrian the Emperour ( that is about 120 yeeres after Chrift) their Liturgies were all ce- lebrated in the Hebrew tongue : and that then^ the Orientall Church began, firft to celebrate them in Greeke^ Indeed me thinkes it is poflible, that the Chriftians of the Gentiles might in honour of the Apoftles, retaine the Apoftlcs Liturgies, in the very tongue wherein by the Apoftles themfelves, they had beene firft ordayned, for it is not to be * vide Baron, doubtcd,but * many yeeres pafTing ( about tennej ^j'^n'r^"*" after our Saviours Afcenfion, before the Apo-s.14. ftles left Syria^ and fundred themfelves to preach the Gofpell abroad ill the ^y^'orld among the G^;2- B b tiles xS6 Z^eLitttrgieofChriJliafjsancientlyiftSyiaque. ' tiles^and forraine Nations .It is ribt to be doabtcd,! fayjbut the ApoftleSjWhile they remamed in lurf^ ordained Liturgies in the /ewiflj tongue, for theufe of thofe /firf/, whom they had converted to Chri- ftianityrwhich Liturgies by the Chriftiandifciples of the /^///b Nation, difper fed in many Provinces ofthe^f»r/7^/j might together with Chriftianre- Jigionjbcc 'iricd abroad ,and gVadly entertained a- raong the (jentilf^This is pofTible,! ray5but if it be alfo true (as I have not obfcrved any thing in anti- quity that may certainely impeach the truth of it) yet that which is fpoken by Z>(ir/r»^, and others report to * Bcllon. ob- the rites of the Latinc Church, than any other fed fer" i-s-f a. rs. of Chriftians) thatthey,! fay ,excrcire their com. o^^ty^.^'^' mon divine fervice in the Armenian zo]\^\x^ lacobm Brocard. ^e- a Kitruco^ Brocardus. Michovm. Breiunbachim. and ^^r^C^^"^^^^' many Others, fome of their ovvne experience , and sarmad 2,c»r "others of certainerelation,have left recorded. And srcitcnbach namely, as touching the tranflation of the holy ArJ^f^ Yofiel Scripture into the Armenian tongue, which at this ^^ Jing- Arm* prefent, is in folemne ufe ^"^ong them, the L.xfr-^^^^][^^,.^^^^^^ menians themfelves ^Sixtui Simtnfis hath recorded, petegrin. Ori attribute it, to no other author than to Chr^fofiome : ^' :*|<^-'9« who alfo,nutoFthe hiftoryof(jfor^^ Patriarch ofagesU^Jtr* K^lexandria^mitictio'i the liko^ chrjfojjo.me^ re Bot.Kciat.p,}^ membreth it fpecially to have ^^^^Q^^hryfeJlo^ies^^^^^J^'^^f^^'. worke after his banifhment from ConJh»tinofle^lj^,KibL[a&d:l while he lived in thofe parts o^Armima^ to which jj^ io^^'^cn- as we reade in * Sozomen^ he was by the Empe- » sojom. hift. roars decree confined , and there dicd^ And cer 1 8,c.2», ihe- tainelv, that the lioly Scriptures, were tranflated ^itnl\^'Gx^^c, into the Armemanton^ue, before Theodore t^ time, -^ffea, poft who lived Co-^ne SL^za Chryfeflome^ for he flourifhed l"^"^, . t,. 1 t t 1 1 • /* ir t t 1 Koccha m Bi- about the yeere ^/!^o<;Theodoret himfclfe (although biiotiicca va- he name not the Author of the Trarflation ) hath ^'can.pa.i jj, left recorded : as I finde alfo acknowledged by An^ gtlus Roccki^m his difcourfe of the f^athan Library, Bb 2 not 8 8 Hah/fines & Mufcovhes L hurgies in their ome language f not onely that Chryfoftome is fayd to have tranflatcd of the Scriptures into the Armenian tongue , but that he is alfo celebrated among the monuments * Up. i?5,& of the fame f^atican^as the * inventor of the Arme^ ^ul iTlcul '^^^^ chara^ers Itill in ufe. Jiibl. Vatic.p.4 f ^- Mt difcorf.n, Ai- And touening the HabafSines^ Alvarez a Portuguez uirez hift. Ac. ^^^^ jj^.^jj many yceres among them hath not or.ely t..iop. .1 . 1^^^^ recorded,that they read Scriptures in the 7/^/- an tongue, which is a diale6i: of the Habajiin ( foi: Tigja he noteth to be that part of HabaJ^ia^vfhich. firft received Chrirtianityj into which language Sam bellicus Supplem.hiftorA,^, recordethboih the old, arid new Tcftamentto have beene tranflated out of Wem. c. 1 1. the Chatdee. Bui * he,with man v ^ others, that they * pofteii d= celebrate their Liturgy in their owne language, Thcv'. Cou! though the Chaldee be efteemed among them, as a, cap. 14. ViU their learned tongue,which alfo the Liturgy it felfe ^mi'ilTvai (yci'n^^y fi"<^c it in the new Edition o^ Bibliothtca Tom. 6, p- 5f * "Vttetum Fatrum) if you marke the long anfwers of Michou. K de the people tothe Prieftjin their prayers doth evl. sighm, I de dently import. Rcb, ^4ofcov. And no lefle certame it is alfoof the Mofcovites f'jifu C^Z' and iej//?/4»/,that their Liturp;ies arc likewife mini- p.4:Tbev. Cof ftred in their vulgar tongue(bcing a kind ot Slazont' Ib^'^ M t de ^^)^^c>ugh fometimes intermingling Gredehymns RaUcnb.Rec as Guagvinui hath ohCcrved: Defmpt-Mufcov^c,2.ai chia ia BiW. is teftified by <4//?^r&/4f Michov, by Sigifmundy by Vauc.p,»6i. /^jf^;„^^byr/?wf^,andfundry others. And as evident is it of the lUjrUns^ whom we commonly call Slavonians * that they alfo excrcife their publique divine Service in their owne lan- guage ; which to have beene allowed them by the Pope> Slavonians Liturgies in the Slavonique tongue. 1 8p Pope,ac the Caizo^CyriUthQit BiChoppras ^ others * Arentii),i,4, {siyp^ Methodiu6 {but the diffcrenct is of no impor- ^'*"^' tance,for they both lived in the fame tinie,and were companions in preaching the Goipell to barbarous Nations) v/£mas Stkiu4yand others have recorded^ ^^n. Syh, in And in particular ot the Lihurnians ^ ( the morehiftBoh.c, 15. Wtfterly pare of the SUzomans) it is affirmed by r^I.^'^JS:"'* ^ventiner and of the Dai mat jam (die more Eafter^y citaco* part of them) by Angtltts Reccha^ that they cele- brate their Liturs^ics in their ovvhe language : Which, Roccha fay ih the Dalmatians are moft cer^ taincly perfwadedtohave beene of K/fro>»ej devi- ling. But yet in determining the Antiquity of that cuftome, Roccha thsit referreth it to Pope P^j*/ the fecond is greatly miftaken : Becaufe we finde it to have beene much more anciently granted them by Pope J^ohn the eighth that they might both reade the Scriptures, and celebrate maHe in their owne tongue, as app^areth by the fame ^ Popes Epiftle [J^^f'l^ll extant, to Sfentopulcher. And even Roccha himfelfe in 10.5. Co»c, (forgetting hfm^e!fe)confefleth it in another place P^''**' ^p-Bw, to have becne obtained of the Pope by C^riU, who ^iichi'ub: was about 600 yeeres anci^nter than Paul the fe- ciwcp. let, cond.And certainelyCnow I arti fpeaking of Popes) of no other judgement touching divine Service in vulgar tongues, fecmeth Pope Innocent the third to have beene ( and perhaps it was alfo the decree ot^f !^in d",* the Councell of L^^^r/j») charging that in Cities crea1.tit.31. where there was concourfe of divers Nations, that ^-h* differed in languageSjand ceremonies, divine Ser- vice,and the Sacraments, fhould be celebrated ac- cording to that difference. Bb 3 But 190 SUvonUns L hwrgks in ph Slavofti^ue tonguu But CO fpeake a litclc in particular of the vulga' * loCas de fa- tranflacion of the holy Scripture ufed among the cro vcrnacui. Dalmatians: It is notoncly aifirmedby fundry wri- ftd de Jingua tcis lo bQthtViOxkQ.ox titerame^bui Huromemoi" iiiyr. Eraf.de- f^lfe in his Epiftle to S ofhronm focvatih to * fome ccQfur. Vhcoi. learned men to intimate fo much. But yet there is Parii, Sixc. another tranfiationalfo of the Scriptures into the Sanft '^in wtj* ^^^'^^^^^^ tOHgue, later then that oiHitromes as * ronym. bcii^ ScAlt^e.Y hath obfcrvcd, being written in the Servian D?r"b dc'* ^^^^'^ ci:er(as the former is in chc Dalmatian)ukd in Jmg- turop, & J^^fiia, BeftMy Bulgariay Mold&via, RuJ^ta^ Mofcovia^ alii piurcs. and Other Nations of the SUvomjh language in the eocitato°Hiel Hafterne partSjthat celebrate their Liturgies after ron.inepift.ad ihc Gr&tke ccremony, and profefle obedience to ^''scarilSo' the Patriarch of Confiantimfie : Of which later jam citato, tranflation ■* Methodius the companion o\CyiU io Aventiii. 1. 4» preaching of the Gofpell to Ger?tile Nations is cer- dlTBdji. Vatic* taincly reported to have beene the Author* Which P4i:<4,ui©C »3.Cjn/^(if you queftion what he was) was ntythtr he of Alcxa^driayUor: hco^/erujalem^ as Mutim Pan^ p hath vainely imagined, but another farre later then either of them,whom in the SUimigue tongue they call ChimUy one that lived abait the yecre 8(5o.namely,hethatin the time of the Empcrour Michael the third, and pope NtchUs the fir ft toge- ther with Methodim^difk brought the Mevgrdtans^ * J^aityrolog. C ir {avians Siiid Gazarans^ and after that ^ many of Rom, jMartii. the S lavonians (tothefaythof Chrift,as Michovias IJw^' ^ ^^^h recorded. Neyther needc we any other tefti- l,r,c.;7, mony,to refell the phantafie of Panfa touching Cji- W^of lerujalem^thcn Panfa himfelfe,as namely, ac- knowledging, that Cjf/i^ was thejnventerof ano- Serif tures tfAfiJlMtdtnto vulgar tongues hj the Fathers. 1 9 1 thcr fort ot lUyrim chara dcrs than by 'Hurome had bccne formerly devi fed (^forof the I>dlfnati&n cha- racters that are in ufe in Dalmatta^ Liburma^ fjlna^ Moravians tkfta^BohemiayPolama^C^c. Hieumeis ac- * Vo&t], dc knowledgcd to be the author j it could not be there- feh?*BiblI {orcCyri/^offerufalem^as being ancienrerthanyFf/V- vacpa-i*,, i romey&nd by him regiftrcd in his catalogue of WH. *^" plurim. ters. And indeed (to make an end) what reafon or Gccafion might the B i lliop of lerufakm have CO dc- vife chara das for the ll^fimr ? - ^ . '^ " Buttointreatea little more ('6n this occafion) of tranflarions of the holy Scripture, made by the ancient fathers into the vulgar languages : Befides thofe already mentioned, of Hineme^ and Chryfo- _^o/»tf, bytheone, inioihz Dalmatian^ and by. the other Into the K^rmtnim tongue • It is alfb recor- ^ ded by Socrates^sind N icephorm. ,znd fundry * others euuXc 17* of /^aZ/^A/Z.^^^Biiiiopof the Gothespwo. more ancient Nicepb/ bift than eytherof the former, for he fiomifhed in the Jf^!*^ !K*.* time of Conjtantjui the Emperour, and was fuccef- 8, c, 15, PauU for to Theophilm^ vvhofc fubfcription we finde in ^^^^®"'\ ^^^ the firft Nieene Councell ( being the fame man, to so2oi.2,,c,*37 whom the invention of the Goth'tque Alphabet is socr, 1, »,c,3i likevvife attributed bv the fame Authors) that he ^,"]^^i*^-^jjjjy^, - tranflated the holy Scripture into the Gothique si,\ingvki CjqI tongue. A copy of which tranflation is remcm-*^^™; bred by Bonaventura Vulcanw^XO be yet remaining pag.^^* *** in fome Library of Germany i and it may be , that the Gothique tranflation of the fourc Evangelift?, mentioned by Gruter in the booke of ancient In- (criptionsjtobe of a thoufand ycercs antiquity and remaining in the Abbey of Wcrd'm^ might be part of I p 2 The Orient all L mrgies in the S^riaque tongue. oi that tranflation oiF^ulphilas: but yet that befides tkefe tranflations into vulgar languages, hitherto mentioned ofrulphiLts, Chy^foflome^ and Hierome^ the holy Scriptures were likewifc anciently trant lated into the languages of many Nations, is affir- ^ ' ;^ med by Hitromei And in particular ( although the Hicton. in tranflators names be not recorded) into the e/£^)'f- ^'^'^ n"c" ^ tian^erfian/ndian^Scythian^md Sarmatian tongues, Thc^Lcc. 1. nay into all the languages of other Nations^as 71&^l. y,dcCarand. odoret , that fiourifhed in thetimeof the£p/?fjf»tf ftibuTp^'mcd and Chalcedon CounceIls(almoft 1200 yeeres agoe) hath left teftified : as alfoin the following times (yet ancient) we read of the like tranflations of the Scriptures to have bin made by * lohn Archbifhop * Vafco. in o^ SivtU into thc ^rabique^ about j«. 717, which ^?^''"*^fr'' then was the vulgar fpecch of that dslxio^ Spaine^ ad AR. 717* , r r • • i - ^ -^ i-n y * loan.Trevif. and lome part or it, mtothc Saxon or EngltjbDy V'J>^-^** . Bf^4jabouc the fame time ; into the SUvonique by ^4^av""' '^* ■^^*^'. 3 >c-dc their Liturgies in the fame language ( reading yet ^/ttol*"* ^^^ the Gofpell after it is done in the Chaldee^in the ^- rabiqm tongue, which is nowjand long hath beene the vulgar language ofiy£g)pt) And it may further appeare befides the tertimonyof hiftories, by the Liturgy of Sever U6 Patriarch of ^^kxandria ^ in ulc among them tranflated out oi Syiaque into La. tine^ by Guide Fabritiiti, AndFiftly, zhn Maronites in their Liturgies, ^«'/^^^''"- '« (which PoffiZ'ine obfervctbto be the Liturgies of in'jia* onl^i? I^ner^of fames 3ind of Sixtud) u(e the fame Syri-^'oReidciing^ dque languages ( the jdrabique being alfo their vul- VjiJam?"* c gar) asb€C\dePoJ]evipte^poJieUy9iUo^zndril/amont^ti» * * ' * and others have recorded. And fodoe fixtly,and laftly (to make an end of this reckoning) the poore Chriftfans of the lie of Zeretora (aniland after Banos his dimenfion of^^^ros.cfeAfi. i5o miles in length and lyin bredth) without the f^p^" '**^*'' bay of ^f4!^/i«; for a? chough I findcit queftioncd touching their religion, whether they be Ucobues ^i Nefiorians'^ /n/i^-B^rya/ affirming the firft(aRrfrt C c 2 may j^6 Thet^gjpian (jf Maronhts liturgits in tht Sfiaque fngue^ may feeme io for their neerenes to the dominions of AruD Fabric. jJabafU) and Ananias prooving the latter,becaufe Tm.3^°a"o*°* they are uncircumcifcdjwhich /4fo^/m are not,and profefle obedience to the Patriarch of MozaI^ who is knowne to be Patriarch of the Neftorians r yet in this they both agreejthat their divine Service (fiich Botf t Rdaf. as it is ) is performed in the Chaldee tongue. And ch'(i*/ ^'.u^ although Botero relate it to be done in the Hebrew^ scMura! ** yet he mcaneth C ait of doubt) not the ancient and pure ffebrewjoixt the latter or degenerate language of the /rf^f^jr,thatis to fay the Syiaque. As the other alfo^that affirme the publique and folemne (de- votions either of thefeZflftfwW)?f,oj anyoiherChri* ftians in all the Eaft,Gr South parts of the world, to be read in the Chaldee^ require al fo the like inter- pretation : Namely tobeunderftord , not of the right , and Babylmia%h\xi of the lemfb and corru- pted Chaldee^ But now to fpeake of thofe Chriftians,that ceW brate their Liturgies in the Greeh tongue: 1 ob» Kerve them to be thefc. 1. 'Xht Grecians themfelves! Namely, all they whofe vulgar fpecch the ^y«/^c tongue is, inhabi- ting in <7r^e^^5anda great pan o( J^atoliafif Maces don^and of ZVur^, together with all the Hands of theuf^Mwfca, and the other manie fcatrered I- lands about the coafts of G'r^tf^f, But yet they doe it, not in the prefent vulgar, but in the pure and ancient Greeke tongue, whereof as I before ob- ferved, the common people underflood but little, ufing namely^on feftivalldaies,the ancient Litur- gy of -Stfjt/, and on common daics thatof cAr)L The Greci4nSy& Sjri/ms Liturgies inthe Greeke tongue. 197 fiflcnte^as feremyA Uce Patriarch of Confiantmple ier.Rerp.z a4 hath recorded . And namely, as touching the holy ^^"^*^.^ »l- SaipturcSjUlingtbe SeptiMgints Greeks tranflation, and fpecially that oiLuctans Emendation.At leaft it was fo with them in Hteromes time (and I finde no mention at all recorded of any alteration ) who obferveth the Edition of the 70 interpreters by Lu. ^'f^i "J, ^'^ ^»'ii»f«,to have beene received inuiQuovfkConfiantt" roplesis farre as Antioc ia : As alfo that of Origens emendation,from Antmhia tOe/£^^r,and in t/£ijft that of ffef)chtui. But (howfocver it may be tou- ching the edition ufuall among them) yetcertaine- ly^that the Grecians have not the Scriptures tranfla- tcd into the vulgar Gree ke^iht ^Grecians themfclves • Tkcod. zyg. have diretfily recorded. j" ep**** Cnd; 2. The5)r/4»/,namcly thofe, that for diftinai.^*"^"'*^'^^' on of religion from the lacehites (who likewife in- habite Syria}ire termed fOjthat is to fay,thc-^^/- ihitesyicx they (having the Arabique for their vul. gar language) as they agree in other poynts of their religion, arid ceremony, and order of divine Ser- vice, with the Grecians y fb doe they as touching their Liturgy, in language alfojas is obfcrvcd by «vitrite ha; ♦ Vitriacw^ HMthtt^ Breitenhachm , and many o- Oiicnt.r*Tf ^ thers. j'mi^' 5. ThcGe9rgunSy who having for their vulgar B^nPetJi, fpeech, a peculiar language of a middle temper c^^e swianis (which well agreeth with the pofition of their f^°";yj'^* Gountrey)betwixtTiir?4f/4»and Armtnian^^s GeJ- 1 »'.c»».Boter! ntr^ and PofleU and Rsceha in their bookes of Ian- ^^^'f^Jjcyt' guagcshave obferved , excercife notwith (landing *'vjirkcl their Liturgies in the Greeke tongue, as ^ Ueohus a «aK»c, %•* Cc3 * rhTm9^ ipS The GeorgianSyi^ Circa fiam Liturgies in the Greeke tongue, ritriaco, Geffter^Poftel^Roccha^and divers others have Gefner. Mi- certaintlv recorded. gua Georgian 4» Tht Ctrcaftami who yet in fuch foit celc k-oiici^ dcjti.brate their di vine fcrv ice ia the Greeke^ that their J»'g. Ttt. dc priefts themfelves by reafonof rhcir eroflc isuo* Rowha. de rance, underftand noc what they reade * as InttrcAnQ Dialed, ia ,^ that livedamong them) hath remembred, SG?«r Vet 5 . And lailly , in the Grtth tongue are celebra- Baumgarc. i«c. itedjthc Liturgies of all the monafteriesjthat are of citat. Villa- jj^g GrttU religioDjwherefoevcr difperfcd within Mnt«?aiidVLthe Turkiflj dominions myifrique or y^/w: As in lavha dc. i, mount ^i;;4/,the Cities of Petra & Eltor in Ar^hia^ BdUnObfcV-^" ^^rttfalem^/ilexarjdria^DawAfitff^ and in fuhdry iiat,Kx,«. 35. other places, as i?e/5^(?w»i with others hachleftre- corded. And to come at lafttothe Nations ^ that cele- brate their Liturgies in the Latine tongue : To fpeake of them , even this little will be enough : Namely that all the Chriftians, ihritare found of thci^ow^«Communion,in^/»er/V45and in Africa, celebrate their Liturgies in the Roman tongue. As all likewife in Europe ( except the Slavonians above mentioned) And in ^jla^ except the two new ^*- man purchafcs of the Afaronites in 5)//4, and of the Chriftians of S. Thomas in fndia^ who retaine ftiJi the eld accuftomed language, which as I obferved before, is in the Liturgies of both thofe Nations, the Sjria^ue tongue^ Of Of the languages of the people Colleded auof lo. Sca l i o b r^ Ongwes areeyther Mother tongues, or dialeds : Mother tongues are thofe, out of which many dialeds, as it were J fo many branches at« dravvne. Tbefe branches of one mother tongue have fomc affini. ty one with another; but bccweene the mother rongues themselves is no ai3inity or correipon- dency. The mother tongues which are fo wholly dif- ferent one from another, are in number eJeven^ of 'fvhich, foure are more noble- the other feven of kfle dignity : thofe we will call the greater ; thele the lefTer mother tongues . The fame word in the original! rongue^bydixers inflexions, and variati, oas makes divers dialed^s : as the fame word in Latine diverfly varied, produces the Italian , Spa- nilTi^and French dialed. So the Latine cals a fonne inlaw Gmer^ih^lx.9.]hxiG€n(ro^ the Spanifli '^^^rw^? the 2 00 Of the Language ofthefeofk efEurofe, the French Gendre : all which arc Latine in their originalljbut according to the variation, are re(pe# dively appropriated to the afbrelayd fcverall dia- ledls or languages. The foure chiefe mother tongues are Latine (Deuf) Greeke ( o*** ) Dutch (Godt) and Slavonian (Boge,) The charaders of the Slavonian tongue are of two kindes ; the Ruffian or Mofcovitc, which feeme to be nothing but the Greeke letters corrupted, being equall to them innumber, and very like to them in figure ; excepting fome few barbarous letters which are added . The other arc Dalmatian , which are of the fame found, and e- quall in number,buc of a farre differing figure. So that there is a double tranflation of the Bible, a- mongfl them, the Ruffian, which is the later , and the Dalmatian or Hieronymian, which is the more ancient. The Slavonian tongue is derived in- to many dialers ; the Ruffian,PoIonian, Boemian, Illyricks, Dalmatian, Wind icke, and others that may be added. The German tongue hath alfo divers dialeds, or idiomes : the chiefe of which are DutchjSaxon, and Danifh: of the Dutch there are two idiomes ordialeiSls, the high Dutch which pronounce Wfffer, and the low Dutch, which pronounce rr^- icr, which the Saxons, and Danes pronounce in the fame manner. The branches of the Saxon are the dialers of the North- Albingi, the Fririans,ard the Englifh : although thediale(^s of the North- Albingi and Turingii, (eeme to be meere Englifh, and ScottiHi. Of Of the languages of the feopU rfE urope, 201 Of the Danirti language there are three diffe- rences, I. of the borders or marches , which is cal- led Denmarke, 2.ofthc South- Danes^which is Sue. den^ 3 . of the Norch-danes which is Norrvaj : from whom they of //f/4/?^ borrow their language, for they underftand one another, as the Hollanders undcrftand the high- Dutch, or the Italians, the French. The third Mother- tongue is theLatine, from which have beene derived the Italian, French, and Spanifh : all which in a barbarous word have beene called Romtnfe^as you would fay Roman.-for in ftaly the Lombards, and in Spaine the Gothes were di- fiinguiflied from the Romans. The Greeke hath fundry idiomes,and dialects, which is not to be wondrcd at, in a countrey confi- fting of fo many Hands ; which as they differ one from another in place, fo in propriety of fpeech^ And fo much of the foure greater or nobler mother tongues. There are fevcn other prime or mother- langua- ges ; but of Ic/Te worth, and dignity than the for- mer : the firft is the Albanian,of a people in the Mountaines oi' Epirm : the fecond is that of the Cofaches, and Tartars ; the third is the Hungari- an , which came out of Jfia into Europe with the Huns : the fourth is of the people of Fwland^rnQre to which is that o^ Lapland , in the North part of Sueden : the fifth is the Irirh,which the wilde Scots alfo fpeakc • the fixth is the Welfh , t)r the anci. ent Brittifh, of which Britannfm Framehsiih fome touch ; the fevcnth is Bifcay , which is the reliques Dd of 20 2 Of the languages ef the people ofEurtfe, ot Old Spanilii: this Country lies on this fide, and beyond the Pyrcncan Mountaincs at leaft fcvca dayes journey. Theie are the eleven mother languages , which are fodiftinguifhedjthat they have no affinity one with another ; bui they have beene fubje^ part of them to the Church o^Conflantinofk^ and part to . the Church of Romt : their chara6l:ers were of five f kinds, Latine, Greeke, Dalmatian, Ruffian and *" Gothifh : for the ancient Gothes have their chara- cters proper to themfelves. In their rites and cere- monies, they imitate the Greckes , but therein ufe . the old Gothifh tongue,otheTwi(e in common ufe, for the moft partjthey fpeake German, We have fayd bcfore,that the branches of the Latine or Roman tongue are French, Italian, and Spanifh : of the French we will fpeake fomewhac, as being the moft neatc5clegant,and pleafantof all the vulgar tongues.The French therefore hath two chiefe dialers .that of Languedoc^^nd the other of I Provence: Languedoc is the true, and proper French idiome,ro called as Langued* otty^Si language5whcre« in they fay o«),or oe^ for a note of affirmation^as wc fayinEnglirfi^f^if. O^ this Languedoc ox French idiome, there arc two corrupt dialc(^s or deviations ; that is the fVaU /5«,and that o^PoiBou , All thofe of the Low coun- tries, which fpeake not Dutch, are Wallons ; and this language is ufed from the Countrey ' of L iege^ almoft as farre as Paris^ the language of which two places (although they both fpeake French ) is fo ' difFcrent,that a trades-man of ?4r*r,will hardly un-. derftand of the IsHgudges $ftbe feofU $fEunfe. joj derftanda boorcor countrey-man of the countrey eiLtege. The Language of P